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Number theory
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An example of an active area of research in algebraic number theory is Iwasawa theory. The Langlands program, one of the main current large-scale research plans in mathematics, is sometimes described as an attempt to generalise class field theory to non-abelian extensions of number fields. Diophantine geometry The central problem of Diophantine geometry is to determine when a Diophantine equation has solutions, and if it does, how many. The approach taken is to think of the solutions of an equation as a geometric object.
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wikipedia
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Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
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An extensive, up-to-date archive of the Institute's varied research activities is readily available to the public via the internet. The Perimeter Institute Recorded Seminar Archive (PIRSA), is a permanent, free, searchable, and citable archive of recorded seminars, conferences, workshops and outreach events. Seminars with video and timed presentation materials can be accessed on-demand in Windows and Flash formats together with MP3 audio files and PDFs of the supporting materials. The PIRSA project is enlarged by the creation of SciTalks (See below).
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wiki_6604_chunk_10
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Crime Writers of Canada Awards of Excellence
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1984 - Derrick Murdoch
1985 - Tony Aspler
1986 - Margaret Millar
1987 - The CBC Drama Department
1988 - J.D. Singh and Jim Reicker
1989 - not presented
1990 - Eric Wilson
1991 - not presented
1992 - William Bankier, James Powell and Peter Sellers
1993 - not presented
1994 - not presented
1995 - Jim and Margaret McBride
1996 - not presented
1997 - not presented
1998 - Howard Engel and Eric Wright
1999 - Ted Wood
2000 - Eddie Barber, Rick Blechta, John North and David Skene-Melvin
2001 - L.R. Wright
2002 - James Dubro and Caro Soles
2003 - Margaret Cannon
2004 - Cheryl Freedman
2005 - Max Haines
2006 - Mary Jane Maffini
2007 - not presented
2008 - Edward D. Hoch
2009 - Gail Bowen
2010 - Peter Robinson
2011 - Louise Allin and N.A.T. Grant
2012 - Don Graves and Catherine Astolfo
2013 - Lyn Hamilton
2014 - not presented
2015 - Sylvia McConnell
2016 - not presented
2017 - Christina Jennings
2018 - not presented
2019 - Vicki Delany
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wikipedia
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wiki_18255_chunk_2
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Computeractive
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News – summary of recent technology news
Question of the Fortnight – essay on a chosen question
Protect Your Tech – summary of recent security news and latest preventative measures
Letters – letters from readers
Consumeractive – legal help for items bought online
Grow Your Family Tree – tips for making family trees
Best Free Software – reviews of free software
Named & Shamed – warns readers of unsafe programs
Reviews – reviews of consumer hardware and software by the magazine's staff and various freelance journalists.
Workshops & Tips – demonstrates processes which can be done on a device
What's All The Fuss About? – summarises a new technology
Cover Features – special features
Problems Solved – solved reader problems
Reader Support – solves reader problems with software bought from the Computeractive Store
Jargon Buster – explains jargon
Easy When You Know How – special workshop
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wikipedia
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wiki_17614_chunk_10
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Computational hardness assumption
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Phi-hiding assumption For a composite number , it is not known how to efficiently compute its Euler's totient function . The Phi-hiding assumption postulates that it is hard to compute , and furthermore even computing any prime factors of is hard. This assumption is used in the Cachin–Micali–Stadler PIR protocol. Discrete log problem (DLP) Given elements and from a group , the discrete log problem asks for an integer such that .
The discrete log problem is not known to be comparable to integer factorization, but their computational complexities are closely related.
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wiki_17614_chunk_7
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Computational hardness assumption
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Given a composite number , and in particular one which is the product of two large primes , the integer factorization problem is to find and (more generally, find primes such that ).
It is a major open problem to find an algorithm for integer factorization that runs in time polynomial in the size of representation ().
The security of many cryptographic protocols rely on the assumption that integer factorization is hard (i.e. cannot be solved in polynomial time).
Cryptosystems whose security is equivalent to this assumption include the Rabin cryptosystem and the Okamoto–Uchiyama cryptosystem.
Many more cryptosystems rely on stronger assumptions such as RSA, Residuosity problems, and Phi-hiding.
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wikipedia
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Organoruthenium chemistry
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Important compounds, at least for academic studies, are the carbonyls such as triosmium dodecacarbonyl and decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium. The phosphine complexes are analogous to those or ruthenium, but hydride derivatives, e.g. OsHCl(CO)(PPh3)3, tend to be more stable. References
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wikipedia
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wiki_23209_chunk_4
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PowerPC e500
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e500v2
Key improvements in the e500v2 over the e500v1 include:
Increase from 32-bit (4 GiB) to 36-bit (64 GiB) physical address space. This change means that e500v2-based devices often use a more advanced board support package (BSP) than e500v1-based devices, as various peripheral units have moved to physical addresses higher than 4 GiB.
Addition of 1 GiB and 4 GiB variable-page sizes
Addition of DPESFP (double-precision embedded scalar floating point) support. Building on top of SPESFP, these instructions access both halves of the 64-bit integer register.
Doubling in size and associativity of the MMU's second-level 4K-page array (from 256-entry 2-way to 512-entry 4-way)
Increase from 3 to 5 maximum outstanding data cache misses
Addition of the Alternate Time Base for cycle-granularity timestamps
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wikipedia
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wiki_8775_chunk_8
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Frobenius algebra
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The correspondence between TQFTs and Frobenius algebras is given as follows:
1-dimensional manifolds are disjoint unions of circles: a TQFT associates a vector space with a circle, and the tensor product of vector spaces with a disjoint union of circles,
a TQFT associates (functorially) to each cobordism between manifolds a map between vector spaces,
the map associated with a pair of pants (a cobordism between 1 circle and 2 circles) gives a product map or a coproduct map , depending on how the boundary components are grouped – which is commutative or cocommutative, and
the map associated with a disk gives a counit (trace) or unit (scalars), depending on grouping of boundary.
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wikipedia
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wiki_17797_chunk_25
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Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
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Cellular/Molecular Laboratory: Used for the manipulation and analysis of biological samples. Equipped with cell culture incubators, laminar flow hoods, microwaves, refrigerators, -80°C and -20°C freezers, micro-weight scales, pH meters, electrophoresis stations, HPLC equipment, thermo cyclers, iQ5, Experion, Millipore pure water systems, DNA synthesizers, DNA sequencers, spectrophotometers, micro-centrifuges, liquid nitrogen storage, electroporator, vacuum transfer systems, light microscopes, inverted microscopes, CO2 incubators, a Coulter Particle Counter, slide stainer, cytospin, luminometers, Western blot imagers, sonicators, plate readers, plate washers, chemical hoods, flammable cabinets, acid solvent cabinets, wash stations and water baths.
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wikipedia
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wiki_9094_chunk_16
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Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project
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Example studies There has been a broad scope of studies performed on the BDFFP site focusing on many elements of fragmentation effects on organisms and habitat conditions. Subjects from a range of biota are studied, including trees and other flora, microorganisms, and a variety vertebrate and invertebrates. Soil chemistry and development, as well as human and environmental factors in fragments have also been researched. Some notable studies performed on the BDFFP site are summarized below. Edge effects
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wikipedia
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wiki_4742_chunk_91
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List of important publications in mathematics
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Fractals How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension Benoît Mandelbrot
A discussion of self-similar curves that have fractional dimensions between 1 and 2. These curves are examples of fractals, although Mandelbrot does not use this term in the paper, as he did not coin it until 1975.
Shows Mandelbrot's early thinking on fractals, and is an example of the linking of mathematical objects with natural forms that was a theme of much of his later work. Numerical analysis Optimization Method of Fluxions
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wikipedia
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wiki_1119_chunk_18
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List of operating systems
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On S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
OS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
OS/360 (first official OS targeted for the System/360 architecture)
PCP (Primary Control Program, a kernel and a ground breaking automatic space allocating file system)
MFT (original Multi-programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, replaced by MFT II)
MFT II (Multi-Programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, had up to 15 fixed size application partitions, plus partitions for system tasks, initially defined at boot time but redefinable by operator command)
MVT (Multi-Programming with a Variable number of Tasks, had up to 15 application regions defined dynamically, plus additional regions for system tasks)
M65MP (MVT with support for a multiprocessor 360/65)
OS/VS (port of OS/360 targeted for the System/370 virtual memory architecture (OS/370 is not the correct name for OS/VS1 and OS/VS2.) OS/VS has the following variations:
OS/VS1 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 1, Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MFT II)
OS/VS1 Basic Programming Extensions (BPE) adds device support and VM handshaking
OS/VS2 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 2, Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MVT)
OS/VS2 R1 (Called Single Virtual Storage (SVS), Virtual-memory version of OS/360 MVT but without multiprocessing support)
OS/VS2 R2 through R3.8 (called Multiple Virtual Storage, MVS, eliminated most need for VS1).
MVS/SE (MVS System Extensions)
MVS/SP (MVS System Product) V1
MVS/370 refers to OS/VS2 MVS, MVS/SE and MVS/SP Version 1
MVS/XA (MVS/SP V2, supports S/370 Extended Architecture, 31-bit addressing)
MVS/ESA (MVS supported Enterprise Systems Architecture, horizontal addressing extensions: data only address spaces called Dataspaces)
MVS/SP V3
MVS/ESA SP V4 (a Unix environment was available for MVS/ESA SP V4R3)
MVS/ESA SP V5 (the UNIX environment was bundled in this and all subsequent versions)
OS/390 replacement for MVS/ESA SP V5 with some products bundled
z/OS z/Architecture replacement for OS/390 with 64-bit virtual addressing
Phoenix/MVS (Developed at Cambridge University)
DOS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
BOS/360 (early interim version of DOS/360, briefly available at a few Alpha & Beta System/360 sites)
TOS/360 (similar to BOS above and more fleeting, able to boot and run from 2x00 series tape drives)
DOS/360 (Disk Operating System (DOS), multi-programming system with up to 3 partitions, first commonly available OS for System/360)
DOS/360/RJE (DOS/360 with a control program extension that provided for the monitoring of remote job entry hardware (card reader & printer) connected by dedicated phone lines)
DOS/VS (First DOS offered on System/370 systems, provided virtual storage)
DOS/VSE (also known as VSE, upgrade of DOS/VS, up to 14 fixed size processing partitions )
VSE/Advanced Functions (VSE/AF) - Additional functionality for DOS/VSE
VSE/SP (program product including DOS/VSE and VSE/AF)
VSE/ESA, replaces VSE/SP, supports ESA/370 and ESA/390 with 31-bit addresses
z/VSE (latest version of the four decades old DOS lineage, supports 64-bit addresses, multiprocessing, multiprogramming, SNA, TCP/IP, and some virtual machine features in support of Linux workloads)
CP/CMS (Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System) and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
CP-40/CMS (for System/360 Model 40)
CP-67/CMS (for System/360 Model 67)
Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370) - the CP virtual machine hypervisor, Conversational Monitor System (CMS) operating system and supporting facilities for System/370 (24-bit addresses)
VM/370 Basic System Extensions Program Product (VM/BSE, AKA BSEPP) is an enhancement to VM/370
VM/370 System Extensions Program Product (VM/SE, AKA SEPP) is an enhancement to VM/370 that includes the facilities of VM/BSE
Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP) replaces VM/370, VM/BSE and VM/SE.
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture (VM/XA) refers to three versions of VM that support System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA) with 31-bit virtual addresses
Virtual Machine/Extended architecture Migration Aid (VM/XA MA) - Intended for MVS/370 to MVS/XA migration
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture Systems Facility (VM/XA SF) - new release of VM/XA MA with additional functionality
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Product (VM/XA SP) - Replaces VM/SP, VM/SP HPO and VM/XA SF
VM/ESA (Virtual Machine/Enterprise Systems Architecture, supports S/370, ESA/370 and ESA/390)
z/VM (z/Architecture version of the VM OS with 64-bit addressing)
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wiki_1447_chunk_8
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Computational biology
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Computational genomics is a field within genomics which studies the genomes of cells and organisms. It is sometimes referred to as Computational and Statistical Genetics and encompasses much of Bioinformatics. The Human Genome Project is one example of computational genomics. This project looks to sequence the entire human genome into a set of data. Once fully implemented, this could allow for doctors to analyze the genome of an individual patient. This opens the possibility of personalized medicine, prescribing treatments based on an individual's pre-existing genetic patterns. This project has created many similar programs. Researchers are looking to sequence the genomes of animals, plants, bacteria, and all other types of life.
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wikipedia
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wiki_11348_chunk_14
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Pair of pants (mathematics)
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A cobordism between two n-dimensional closed manifolds is a compact (n+1)-dimensional manifold whose boundary is the disjoint union of the two manifolds. The category of cobordisms of dimension n+1 is the category with objects the closed manifolds of dimension n, and morphisms the cobordisms between them (note that the definition of a cobordism includes the identification of the boundary to the manifolds). Note that one of the manifolds can be empty; in particular a closed manifold of dimension n+1 is viewed as an endomorphism of the empty set. One can also compose two cobordisms when the end of the first is equal to the start of the second. A n-dimensional topological quantum field theory (TQFT) is a monoidal functor from the category of n-cobordisms to the category of complex vector space (where multiplication is given by the tensor product).
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Predicate functor logic
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Bacon also:
Discusses the relation of PFL to the term logic of Sommers (1982), and argues that recasting PFL using a syntax proposed in Lockwood's appendix to Sommers, should make PFL easier to "read, use, and teach";
Touches on the group theoretic structure of Inv and inv;
Mentions that sentential logic, monadic predicate logic, the modal logic S5, and the Boolean logic of (un)permuted relations, are all fragments of PFL.
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wikipedia
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wiki_4287_chunk_2
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
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Timeline
Major events in the history of the institute include:
1961 Foundation of working group Lüst
1963 Foundation as a sub-institute within the MPI für Physik und Astrophysik; director R. Lüst; Institute moves to Garching (barrack X1)
1964 Partial move from barrack (X1) to MPE building (X2) in February
1965 Official inauguration of the MPE main building (X2) on February 15, 1965
1966 Klaus Pinkau becomes scientific member (cosmic rays, gamma-astronomy)
1969 Klaus Pinkau becomes director at the institute, Gerhard Haerendel becomes scientific member (plasma physics)
1972 Gerhard Haerendel becomes director at the institute; reimar Lüst is elected president of the MPG (on leave from the institute), Klaus Pinkau becomes acting director
1975 Joachim Trümper becomes director and scientific member at the institute (X-ray astronomy)
1981 Founded by J. Trümper, the MPE X-ray test facility "Panter" located in Neuried starts operation
1981 Klaus Pinkau on leave and becomes director at the IPP; Gamma-astronomy is carried on by Volker Schönfelder
1985 Gregor Morfill becomes director and scientific member at the institute (theory)
1986 Reinhard Genzel becomes director and scientific member at the institute (infrared astronomy)
1991 Transformation of the MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics into an autonomous institute
1990 Joachim Trümper together with the MPI for Physics (MPP) founds the semiconductor laboratory as a joint project between the MPE and the MPP (since 2012 operated by the MPG)
1998 September: Start of construction work for the expansion building X5
2000 R. Genzel together with the University of California Berkeley founds the "UCB-MPG Center for International Exchange in Astrophysics and Space Science"
2000 G. Morfill together with the IPP founds the "Center for Interdisciplinary Plasma Science" (CIPS) (until 2004)
2000 December: official opening of the expansion building X5
2001 The "International Max-Planck- Research School on Astrophysics" (IMPRS) is opened by MPE, MPA, ESO, MPP and the universities of Munich
2001 Joachim Trümper retires; Gerhard Haerendel retires and joins the International University Bremen as vice president; Günther Hasinger becomes scientific member and director at the institute (X-ray astronomy)
2002 Ralf Bender becomes scientific member and director at the institute (optical and interpretative astronomy)
2008 Günther Hasinger leaves MPE and becomes scientific director at the IPP. The former independent X-ray and Gamma-ray departments are merged into the new high-energy astrophysics department.
2010 Kirpal Nandra becomes scientific member and director at the institute (high-energy astrophysics)
2013 Gregor Morfill retires, part of his plasma crystal group moves to DLR
2014 Paola Caselli becomes scientific member and director at the institute (Center for Astrochemical Studies)
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Ecological farming
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Principles
Certain principles unique to ecological farming need to be considered.
Food production should be ecological in both origin and destiny.
Integration of species that maintain ecosystem services whilst providing a selection of alternative products.
Minimise food miles, packaging, energy consumption and waste.
Define a new ecosystem to suit human needs using lessons from existing ecosystems from around the world.
Apply the value of a knowledge-base (advanced data base) about soil microorganisms so that discoveries of the ecological benefits of having various kinds of microorganisms encouraged in productive systems such as Forest Gardens can be assessed and optimised; for example in the case of naturally occurring microorganisms called denitrifiers.
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wikipedia
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wiki_18877_chunk_48
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Atlanta in the American Civil War
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General Sherman instructed Col. Cogswell and Capt. Poe to develop plans for the destruction of Atlanta as a transportation hub and as a war material manufacturing center. In late October Col. Cogswell ordered his officers in the three provost regiments to begin planning the demolition of designated buildings and areas of the city assigned to them and the railroad. The plan of destruction was to include the buildings to be destroyed, the method and manpower needed and time estimates to complete the work. The 33rd Massachusetts was to destroy the area around Whitehall and Peachtree. The 2nd Massachusetts was assigned the Car Shed and structures to its east while the 111th Pennsylvania would target things to the Northwest including the Western and Atlantic roundhouse and gasworks. In addition to these troops, four regiments of the XXIII Corps would tear up railroad tracks in the city. The plan of destruction as drawn up by Col. Cogswell and his provost marshals did not include any private homes. On November 7, Gen. Sherman sent instruction to Capt. Poe to:
Hdqrs. Military Division of the Mississippi
In the field, Kingston, Ga., November 7, 1864.
Capt. O. M. POE, Atlanta, Ga:
I want you to take special charge of the destruction in Atlanta of all depots, car-houses, shops, factories, foundries, & c., being careful to knock down all furnace chimneys, and break down their arches; fire will do most of the work. Call on General Slocum for details and be all ready by the 10th. Beauregard still lingers about Florence, afraid to invade Tennessee, and I think slightly disgusted because Sherman did not follow him on his fool's errand.
W. T. SHERMAN,
Major-General
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wikipedia
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wiki_13442_chunk_1
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Karmarkar's algorithm
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using FFT-based multiplication (see Big O notation). Karmarkar's algorithm falls within the class of interior point methods: the current guess for the solution does not follow the boundary of the feasible set as in the simplex method, but it moves through the interior of the feasible region, improving the approximation of the optimal solution by a definite fraction with every iteration, and converging to an optimal solution with rational data. The algorithm
Consider a linear programming problem in matrix form:
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wikipedia
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wiki_19329_chunk_16
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Soft engineering
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The first step in implementing soft engineering is conducting a preliminary assessment of the site and determining whether soft engineering is applicable and practical. A typical assessment includes identifying the extent of the project area, evaluating existing uses, documenting amenities and characteristics such as habitats, species, public access, development, and considering impact of future desired use. If the team decides the site is fit to implement soft engineering, a complex process is designed in order to achieve the predetermined goals of the development and complete with objectives. Standards and targets must then be created to measure project development and progress. Interdisciplinary partnerships must be established at an early stage in the process to ensure the incorporation of environmental, social, and economic values, as well as target objectives implemented to measure progress. Priorities and alternative are established, with the team working together to decide on the best management practices to achieve maximum effectiveness. After best management practices have been determined and incorporated, project success is based upon the meeting of objectives and effective preservation and conservation efforts.
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wikipedia
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wiki_1123_chunk_7
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Electron energy loss spectroscopy
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Thickness measurements
EELS allows quick and reliable measurement of local thickness in transmission electron microscopy. The most efficient procedure is the following:
Measure the energy loss spectrum in the energy range about −5..200 eV (wider better). Such measurement is quick (milliseconds) and thus can be applied to materials normally unstable under electron beams.
Analyse the spectrum: (i) extract zero-loss peak (ZLP) using standard routines; (ii) calculate integrals under the ZLP (I0) and under the whole spectrum (I).
The thickness t is calculated as mfp*ln(I/I0). Here mfp is the mean free path of electron inelastic scattering, which has been tabulated for most elemental solids and oxides.
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wikipedia
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Civil War (album)
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Track listing
All songs written by Dillinger Four (Patrick Costello, Erik Funk, Bill , and Lane Pederson)
"A Jingle for the Product" - 3:47
"'Contemplate This on the Tree of Woe.'" - 3:03
"Parishiltonisametaphor" - 2:59
"Gainesville" - 3:39
"Ode to the North American Snake Oil Distributor" - 2:29
"Minimum Wage is a Gateway Drug" - 2:24
"The Classical Arrangement" - 2:24
"Americaspremierefaithbasedinitiative" - 3:21
"The Art of Whore" - 3:14
"Fruity Pebbles" - 3:06
"A Pyre Laid for Image and Frame" - 2:51
"Like Eye Contact in an Elevator" - 3:10
"Clown Cars on Cinder Blocks" - 3:18
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wikipedia
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Building (mathematics)
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When L is an archimedean local field then on the building for the group SL2(L) an additional structure can be imposed of a building with complex multiplication. These were first introduced by Martin L. Brown (). These buildings arise when a quadratic extension of L acts on the vector space L2. These building with complex multiplication can be extended to any global field. They describe the action of the Hecke operators on Heegner points on the classical modular curve X0(N) as well as on the Drinfeld modular curve X0Drin(I). These buildings with complex multiplication are completely classified for the case of SL2(L) in
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wikipedia
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wiki_37773_chunk_3
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Statistics education
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In the text rising from the 2008 joint conference of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction and the International Association of Statistics Educators, editors Carmen Batanero, Gail Burrill, and Chris Reading (Universidad de Granada, Spain, Michigan State University, USA, and University of New England, Australia, respectively) note worldwide trends in curricula which reflect data-oriented goals. In particular, educators currently seek to have students: "design investigations; formulate research questions; collect data using observations, surveys, and experiments; describe and compare data sets; and propose and justify conclusions and predictions based on data." The authors note the importance of developing statistical thinking and reasoning in addition to statistical knowledge.
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wikipedia
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1955–56 United States network television schedule
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ABCReturning SeriesThe Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin
The Big Picture
Break the Bank
Chance of a Lifetime (moved from DuMont)
Cheyenne
Disneyland
Dollar a Second
The Dotty Mack Show
Down You Go
Du Pont Cavalcade Theater
Ethel and Albert
John Daly and the News
Kings Row
Kukla, Fran and Ollie
Life Begins at Eighty
Life is Worth Living
The Lone Ranger
Make Room for Daddy
Masquerade Party
The Original Amateur Hour
Ozark Jubilee
Paris Precinct
Star Tonight
Stop the Music
Tomorrow's Careers
TV Reader's Digest
The Vise
The Voice of Firestone
You Asked For ItNew SeriesThe Alcoa HourCasablancaCheyenneCombat Sergeant *CrossroadsDown You GoFamous Film FestivalGeneral Electric Summer Originals *Grand Ole OpryKing's RowThe Lawrence Welk ShowLawrence Welk's Dodge Dancing PartyThe Life and Legend of Wyatt EarpMedical HorizonsMGM ParadeOutside U.S.A.Talent VarietiesWarner Bros. PresentsNot returning from 1954–55:Boxing from Eastern Parkway
Cavalcade of America
College Press Conference
Come Closer
The Elgin TV Hour
Enterprise
Fight Talk
Flight No. 7
Jamie
The Jane Pickens Show
Let's See
The Mail Story
The Martha Wright Show
Mr. Citizen
The Name's the Same
Pond's Theater
The Ray Bolger Show
The Saturday Night Fights
So You Want to Lead a Band
Soldier Parade
Star Tonight
The Stork Club
The Stu Erwin Show
Talent Patrol
Treasury Men in Action
Twenty Questions
What's Going On
Where's Raymond?
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wikipedia
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wiki_33342_chunk_18
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Psychometric software
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dexter
dexter, first published February 2017, is an R package intended as a robust and fairly comprehensive system for managing and analyzing test data organized in booklets. The package includes facilities for importing and managing test data, assessing and improving the quality of data through basic test-and-item analysis, fitting an IRT model, and computing various estimates of ability. Many psychometric methods not found elsewhere are provided, such as Haberman’s (2007) interaction model generalized for polytomous items, efficient generation of plausible values or scores, new methods for exploratory and confirmatory DIF analysis, support for the 3DC method of standard setting, and many more. The central IRT model is a polytomous generalization of the extended marginal Rasch model. Estimation is by CML or Bayesian techniques. There are two companion packages: dextergui, first published June 2018, and providing an easy graphical interface to the most widely used functions in dexter; and dexterMST, first published July 2018, for managing and analyzing data from multi-stage test designs. All packages are extensively documented both for the beginner as for the professional (see also the blog).
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wikipedia
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The Health Improvement Network
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Since 2004, the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework, a performance-related pay scheme for primary care practitioners, has effectively mandated the use of computer systems (such as Vision) to maintain patient medical records, and has imposed standardised recording methods for a wide range of important medical conditions. In addition, practitioners contributing data to THIN receive training to ensure consistent recording of important clinical outcomes and indicators including:
Asthma
Coronary heart disease
Diabetes mellitus
Epilepsy
Menopause
Hypertension
Hypothyroidism
Leg ulcers
Heart failure
Warfarin use
Lithium use
Use of hormonal contraception
Pernicious anaemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Secondary stroke prevention
Lower back pain
Mental health
Smoking status
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Stanford University School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences
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A goal of this project is to install instruments to record data near the source of these earthquakes. In addition to the installation of these instruments, rock and fluid samples were continuously collected during the drilling process, and will also be used to analyze changes in geochemistry and mechanical properties around the fault zone. The project will lead to a better understanding of the processes that control the behavior of the San Andreas fault, and it is hoped that the development of instrumentation and analytic methods will help evaluate the possibility of earthquake prediction which is of primary importance for earthquake engineering.
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wikipedia
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Machine learning
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Based on the concept of strong rules, Rakesh Agrawal, Tomasz Imieliński and Arun Swami introduced association rules for discovering regularities between products in large-scale transaction data recorded by point-of-sale (POS) systems in supermarkets. For example, the rule found in the sales data of a supermarket would indicate that if a customer buys onions and potatoes together, they are likely to also buy hamburger meat. Such information can be used as the basis for decisions about marketing activities such as promotional pricing or product placements. In addition to market basket analysis, association rules are employed today in application areas including Web usage mining, intrusion detection, continuous production, and bioinformatics. In contrast with sequence mining, association rule learning typically does not consider the order of items either within a transaction or across transactions.
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wikipedia
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wiki_11115_chunk_5
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Code bloat
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Reducing bloat
Some techniques for reducing code bloat include:
Code refactoring commonly used code sequence into a subroutine, and calling that subroutine from several locations, rather than copy and pasting the code at each of those locations.
Re-using subroutines that have already been written (perhaps with additional parameters), rather than re-writing them again from scratch as a new routine. See also
Dead code elimination
Minimalism (computing)
Muntzing
Polymorphism (computer science)
Software optimization
Software bloat
Lightweight software References Anti-patterns
Software optimization
Software engineering folklore
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Software engineering
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Notable definitions of software engineering include:
"The systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods, and experience to the design, implementation, testing, and documentation of software"—The Bureau of Labor Statistics—IEEE Systems and software engineering – Vocabulary
"The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software"—IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology
"an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production"—Ian Sommerville
"the establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to economically obtain software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines"—Fritz Bauer
"a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, and maintenance of complex computer programs"—Merriam-Webster
"'software engineering' encompasses not just the act of writing code, but all of the tools and processes an organization uses to build and maintain that code over time. [...] Software engineering can be thought of as 'programming integrated over time.'"—Software Engineering at Google
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Reflective programming
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Brian Cantwell Smith's 1982 doctoral dissertation introduced the notion of computational reflection in procedural programming languages and the notion of the meta-circular interpreter as a component of 3-Lisp. Uses
Reflection helps programmers make generic software libraries to display data, process different formats of data, perform serialization or deserialization of data for communication, or do bundling and unbundling of data for containers or bursts of communication. Effective use of reflection almost always requires a plan: A design framework, encoding description, object library, a map of a database or entity relations.
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Frame technology (software engineering)
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invoke a frame (a procedure call that occurs at construction time, while constructing program texts);
assign a (list of) expression(s) to a frame parameter (a construction-time variable assignment);
insert frame-text before, instead-of, or after blocks of frame-text, labeled by parameter expressions;
instantiate a frame parameter (a construction-time expression evaluation);
select frame-texts for processing (a construction-time case statement);
iterate a frame-text while varying certain frame parameters (a construction-time while statement).
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Energy (psychological)
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Thus, as of the date of this citation, there have been over 200 review articles, research studies, and meta-analyses published in professional peer-reviewed journals. This includes over 70 randomized controlled trials, 50 clinical outcomes studies, 5 meta-analyses, 4 systematic reviews of various energy psychology modalities, and 9 comparative reviews of energy psychology with other therapies such as EMDR and cognitive behavioral therapy. All but one of the experimental studies have documented the effectiveness of energy psychology modalities. Also, the studies document the efficacy of energy psychology methods for the treatment of physical pain, anxiety, depression, cravings, trauma, PTSD, and peak athletic performance.
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Korea Aerospace University
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CDSRC (the Defense Specialized University Research Center), 2011–
Maritime Transport Education Project, 2011–
GSRC (Global Surveillance Research Center), 2010–
Logistics Specialized Education Project, 2010–
Seoul Accord Activation Center, 2010–
Industrial Technology Development Project, 2010–
WPM (World Premier Materials Project), 2010–
The Korea Electric Vehicle and Transportation Safety Convergence System Research Consortium, 2010–
Haneul Project (for Aerospace Engineers and Global Aviation Experts), 2009–
Seven NSLs (National Space Laboratory) and three NRLs (National Research Laboratory), 2008– Organization Undergraduate
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Reverse engineering
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Machines
As computer-aided design (CAD) has become more popular, reverse engineering has become a viable method to create a 3D virtual model of an existing physical part for use in 3D CAD, CAM, CAE, or other software. The reverse-engineering process involves measuring an object and then reconstructing it as a 3D model. The physical object can be measured using 3D scanning technologies like CMMs, laser scanners, structured light digitizers, or industrial CT scanning (computed tomography). The measured data alone, usually represented as a point cloud, lacks topological information and design intent. The former may be recovered by converting the point cloud to a triangular-faced mesh. Reverse engineering aims to go beyond producing such a mesh and to recover the design intent in terms of simple analytical surfaces where appropriate (planes, cylinders, etc.) as well as possibly NURBS surfaces to produce a boundary-representation CAD model. Recovery of such a model allows a design to be modified to meet new requirements, a manufacturing plan to be generated, etc.
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Homology modeling
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Benchmarking
Several large-scale benchmarking efforts have been made to assess the relative quality of various current homology modeling methods. CASP is a community-wide prediction experiment that runs every two years during the summer months and challenges prediction teams to submit structural models for a number of sequences whose structures have recently been solved experimentally but have not yet been published. Its partner CAFASP has run in parallel with CASP but evaluates only models produced via fully automated servers. Continuously running experiments that do not have prediction 'seasons' focus mainly on benchmarking publicly available webservers. LiveBench and EVA run continuously to assess participating servers' performance in prediction of imminently released structures from the PDB. CASP and CAFASP serve mainly as evaluations of the state of the art in modeling, while the continuous assessments seek to evaluate the model quality that would be obtained by a non-expert user employing publicly available tools.
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Luhn algorithm
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Pseudocode implementation
function checkLuhn(string purportedCC) {
int nDigits := length(purportedCC)
int sum := integer(purportedCC[nDigits-1])
int parity := (nDigits-2) modulus 2
for i from 0 to nDigits - 2 {
int digit := integer(purportedCC[i])
if i modulus 2 = parity
digit := digit × 2
if digit > 9
digit := digit - 9
sum := sum + digit
}
return (sum modulus 10) = 0
} References
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Decagram (geometry)
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Applications
Decagrams have been used as one of the decorative motifs in girih tiles. Isotoxal variations
An isotoxal polygon has two vertices and one edge. There are isotoxal decagram forms, which alternates vertices at two radii. Each form has a freedom of one angle. The first is a variation of a double-wound of a pentagon {5}, and last is a variation of a double-wound of a pentagram {5/2}. The middle is a variation of a regular decagram, {10/3}.
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Genealogical bewilderment
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<blockquote>
"The term genealogical bewilderment refers to a group of psychological problems stemming from lack of knowledge of one's ancestors. Adopted children and children conceived by artificial insemination from an anonymous donor are two examples of groups who may suffer from this problem. The literature is reviewed. Early papers suggested that not knowing about one's ancestors keeps one from developing a secure self-image. More recent work suggests that good surrogate family relationships lead to good development, regardless of the lack of information about biological ancestors, and that the drive to search out biological ancestors usually reflects poor relationships with the surrogate parents."<ref>Storm, J.E. (1988). British Journal of Medical Psychology. LIX, 1986. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 57, 288-288. Information retrieved from PEP Web</ref>
</blockquote>
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American Meteorological Society
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Statements
AMS issues and periodically updates four different types of statements on topics that fall within the scope of AMS expertise:
Information statements aim to provide a trustworthy, objective and scientifically up-to-date explanation of scientific issues of concern to the public at large. They deal with subjects such as climate change and drought.
Policy statements are aimed at officials of government or international bodies and may articulate the state of scientific understanding, raise awareness of a scientific issue, or make policy recommendations based on the professional and scientific expertise and perspectives of the AMS (examples: Weather, Water, and Climate Priorities; Geoengineering the Climate System; Space Weather)
Professional guidance statements alert AMS members to urgent or important AMS, professional or scientific matters. (examples: Strengthening Social Sciences in the Weather–Climate Enterprise; Green Meetings)
Best Practice statements inform AMS members and the public about AMS endorsed best practices across the weather, water, and climate enterprise and promote scientifically-based standards and practices. (example: Best Practices for Publicly Sharing Weather Information Via Social Media)
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FX.25 Forward Error Correction
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Technical Implementation
A composite FX.25 entity is called a "frame," distinguishing it from the AX.25 "packet" contained within. The FX.25 frame contains the following elements:
- Preamble
- Correlation Tag
- AX.25 Packet
- - AX.25 Packet Start
- - AX.25 Packet Body
- - AX.25 Packet Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
- - AX.25 Packet End
- Pad for bit-to-byte alignment
- FEC Check Symbols
- Postamble
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Illuminating Engineering Society
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Special Citation
2021 Expolight for Freedom Square in Mariupol, Ukraine (Use of technology to create a community experience)
2020 Chris Werner Design for Night Garden Miami (Use of Interactive Technology)
2019 Gwen Grossman Lighting Design for Art in The Mart, Chicago (Seamless Artistic Integration Between Projection and Lighting)
2018 Skira for Hendrix Bridge, Zagreb, Croatia (Controls)
2017 Steensen Varming for Australian War Memorial, Campbell Act, Australia (Applying Restraint While Balancing the Emotional Aspects of a War Memorial); COOP HIMMELB(L)AU – Wolf D. Prix & Partner ZT GmbH, agLicht, Grand Sight Design International Limited for Mocape Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China (Artful Illumination of a Unique Glass Envelope Responsive to the Architecture); Shanghai Grandar Light Art & Technology Co., Ltd. for Fuzhou Strait Olympic Sports Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (Coordinated Large-Scale Integration of Dynamic Lighting)
2016 ArtSci Lighting Design Studio for University Of California-San Diego Warren College Douglas Hall Pedestrian Bridge Replacement (Lighting Intervention that Improves Safety and Enhances the User's Experience)
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Actrix (computer)
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Software
Digital Research CP/M-80 2.2 operating system
Microsoft MS-DOS 1.25 (only with optional 8088 co-processor board)
M: Drive utility (to utilise 256KB RAM on optional 8088 co-pro board as M: RAM disk under CP/M)
Personal Pearl database system
FancyFont text markup and layout software
Perfect Series office suite (Filer (database), Calc (spreadsheet), Writer (word processor))
Digital Research CBASIC compiler
Microsoft MBASIC interpreter
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Topology (electrical circuits)
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Network synthesis
Graph theory can be applied to network synthesis. Classical network synthesis realises the required network in one of a number of canonical forms. Examples of canonical forms are the realisation of a driving-point impedance by Cauer's canonical ladder network or Foster's canonical form or Brune's realisation of an immittance from his positive-real functions. Topological methods, on the other hand, do not start from a given canonical form. Rather, the form is a result of the mathematical representation. Some canonical forms require mutual inductances for their realisation. A major aim of topological methods of network synthesis has been to eliminate the need for these mutual inductances. One theorem to come out of topology is that a realisation of a driving-point impedance without mutual couplings is minimal if and only if there are no all-inductor or all-capacitor loops.
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2004–05 United States network television schedule
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Returning series20/208 Simple RulesABC Saturday Movie of the WeekAccording to JimAliasAmerica's Funniest Home VideosThe BachelorThe BacheloretteExtreme MakeoverExtreme Makeover: Home EditionGeorge LopezHope & FaithLess than PerfectMonday Night FootballMy Wife and KidsNYPD BluePrimetime LiveThe Wonderful World of DisneyNew seriesThe BenefactorBlind Justice *Boston LegalBrat Camp *Complete SavagesDancing with the Stars *Desperate HousewivesEyes *Grey's Anatomy *Jake in Progress *Life as We Know ItLife of Luxury *LostMy Kind of Town *RodneyThe Scholar *Supernanny *Wife SwapNot returning from 2003–04:10-8: Officers on DutyThe Big HouseThe D.A.The Drew Carey ShowI'm With HerIt's All RelativeKaren SiscoKingdom HospitalLine of FireMarried to the KellysNHL on ABC (returning for 2021–22)The PracticeThreat MatrixThe Ultimate Love TestCBS
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Center Excellence in Molecular Biology
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External links
http://www.cemb.edu.pk
https://web.archive.org/web/20130907124706/http://twas.ictp.it/prog/exchange/fells
http://www.nation.com.pk/national/18-Feb-2012/uaf-to-get-idb-prize-for-science-tech-services
http://www.dawn.com/news/852207/low-cost-hepatitis-drug-stuck-in-official-machination
http://technologytimes.pk/english-news.php?title=CEMB%20exploring%20research%20on%20Molecular%20Biology
http://tribune.com.pk/story/451300/fia-probe-govt-bars-low-cost-hepatitis-vaccine/
http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/14687/why-was-dr-riazuddin-labelled-a-thief-for-helping-pakistan/
https://web.archive.org/web/20101210083833/http://greenbio.checkbiotech.org/news/cembs_two_bt_cotton_varieties_approved_pakistan
https://web.archive.org/web/20131229091356/http://pcga.org/cotton_varieties.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065830/http://www.texglobe.com/content/2009-11/200911615208.html
http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/10/12/punjab-university-genes-research-a-break-through-in-the-treatment-of-deafness/
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International Commission for Optics
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The organizers also formulated the objectives of ICO: the study of optical theory, the theoretical study and construction of optical instruments, and the physiological optics of the eye. The organizers were grateful to both UNESCO and IUPAP for travel, secretarial and publication support during the initial organizational stage, but in order to ensure smooth functioning of ICO in 1948 and beyond it was decided to assess each member country for an annual contribution based on the same population scale used by IUPAP: countries with less than 5 million inhabitants, 1 unit; 5 to 10 million, 2 units; 10 to 15 million, 3 units; 15 to 20 million, 5 units; and greater than 20 million, 8 units.
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Mathematical and theoretical biology
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Areas of research
Several areas of specialized research in mathematical and theoretical biology as well as external links to related projects in various universities are concisely presented in the following subsections, including also a large number of appropriate validating references from a list of several thousands of published authors contributing to this field. Many of the included examples are characterised by highly complex, nonlinear, and supercomplex mechanisms, as it is being increasingly recognised that the result of such interactions may only be understood through a combination of mathematical, logical, physical/chemical, molecular and computational models.
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Algorithmic trading
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Low-latency traders depend on ultra-low latency networks. They profit by providing information, such as competing bids and offers, to their algorithms microseconds faster than their competitors. The revolutionary advance in speed has led to the need for firms to have a real-time, colocated trading platform to benefit from implementing high-frequency strategies. Strategies are constantly altered to reflect the subtle changes in the market as well as to combat the threat of the strategy being reverse engineered by competitors. This is due to the evolutionary nature of algorithmic trading strategies – they must be able to adapt and trade intelligently, regardless of market conditions, which involves being flexible enough to withstand a vast array of market scenarios. As a result, a significant proportion of net revenue from firms is spent on the R&D of these autonomous trading systems.
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The Indiana College Mathematics Competition
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Sample Question
A sample question from 1968: "Let us assume that a given pair of people either know each other or are strangers. If six people enter a room, show that there must be at least three people who know each other pairwise or there must be at least three people who are pairwise strangers." See also
Marian College
Wabash College References
A Friendly Mathematics Competition, Rick Gillman Editor. 2003 External links
Past Results Education in Indiana
Wabash College
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Evolution of insects
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Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics has usually given Hexapoda the rank of superclass, and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that Hexapoda is polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.
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Wason selection task
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Evaluation of social relations hypothesis
Davies et al. (1995) have argued that Cosmides and Tooby's argument in favor of context-sensitive, domain-specific reasoning mechanisms as opposed to general-purpose reasoning mechanisms is theoretically incoherent and inferentially unjustified. Von Sydow (2006) has argued that we have to distinguish deontic and descriptive conditionals, but that the logic of testing deontic conditionals is more systematic (see Beller, 2001) and depend on one's goals (see Sperber & Girotto, 2002). However, in response to Kanazawa (2010), Kaufman et al. (2011) gave 112 subjects a 70-item computerized version of the contextualized Wason card-selection task proposed by Cosmides and Tooby (1992) and found instead that "performance on non-arbitrary, evolutionarily familiar problems is more strongly related to general intelligence than performance on arbitrary, evolutionarily novel problems", and writing for Psychology Today, Kaufman concluded instead that "It seems that general intelligence is very much compatible with evolutionary psychology."
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Helitron (biology)
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Future
Although it is generally accepted that Helitrons are RC transposons and through numerous investigations, the role of Helitron transposition in gene duplication and shaping the genetic architecture has been proven, but neither the various mechanisms by which this occurs nor the frequency is well understood. At this point, it is even unclear whether the 3' terminus in a Helitron transposon initiates or terminates the Helitron replicative transposition. An important step towards investigating this mechanism would be the isolation of autonomous Helitrons active in vitro and in vivo. This can be done by computational identification of complete young Helitrons. In a near future, detailed computer-assisted sequence studies allow investigators to understand the evolutionary history of Helitrons, together with their mechanism of gene capture and their overall significance for gene evolution.
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Java Native Access
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Memory byte alignment for data structures
Native libraries have no standardized memory byte alignment flavor. JNA defaults to an OS platform specific setting, that can be overridden by a library specific custom alignment. If the alignment details are not given in the documentation of the native library, the correct alignment must be determined by trial and error during implementation of the Java wrapper. Example The following program loads the local C standard library implementation and uses it to call the printf function. Note: The following code is portable and works the same on Windows and POSIX (GNU+Linux / Unix / macOS) platforms.
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Sunflower (mathematics)
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The main research question arising in relation to sunflowers is: under what conditions does there exist a large sunflower (a sunflower with many sets) in a given collection of sets? The -lemma, sunflower lemma, culminating in the sunflower conjecture give successively weaker conditions which would imply the existence of a large sunflower in a given collection, with the latter being one of the most famous open problems of extremal combinatorics. Formal definition
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List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures
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E
edge
eb tree (elastic binary tree)
edge coloring
edge connectivity
edge crossing
edge-weighted graph
edit distance
edit operation
edit script
8 queens
elastic-bucket trie
element uniqueness
end-of-string
enfilade
epidemic algorithm
Euclidean algorithm
Euclidean distance
Euclidean Steiner tree
Euclidean traveling salesman problem
Euclid's algorithm
Euler cycle
Eulerian graph
Eulerian path
exact string matching
EXCELL (extendible cell)
exchange sort
exclusive or
exclusive read, concurrent write (ERCW)
exclusive read, exclusive write (EREW)
exhaustive search
existential state
expandable hashing
expander graph
exponential
extended binary tree
extended Euclidean algorithm
extended k-d tree
extendible hashing
external index
external memory algorithm
external memory data structure
external merge
external merge sort
external node
external quicksort
external radix sort
external sort
extrapolation search
extremal
extreme point
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Aerospace Heritage Foundation of Canada
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Over the years since its formation the A.H.F.C. has also conducted an underwater search in Lake Ontario in an attempt to recover one or more of the Avro Arrow Aerodynamic Test Models fired aboard a Nike (rocket) over the lake. Much interest in this project has been expressed with programs such as the History Channel, Discovery Channel, and the National Geographic Channel. The Sea Hunters have also produced a program on the A.H.F.C. involvement in the ongoing search for the models.
In 2004 the Canadian Navy along with A.H.F.C. members, using two Navy vessels as a training exercise, conducted searches of areas previously identified in 2003. Search efforts have continued in a limited capacity in the years since through other organizations.
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Space Solar Power Exploratory Research and Technology program
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The Space Solar Power Exploratory Research and Technology program (SERT) program, conducted by NASA, was initiated by John C. Mankins and led by Joe Howell in March 1999 for the following purpose:
Perform design studies of selected flight demonstration concepts;
Evaluate studies of the general feasibility, design, and requirements.
Create conceptual designs of subsystems that make use of advanced SSP technologies to benefit future space or terrestrial applications.
Formulate a preliminary plan of action for the U.S. (working with international partners) to undertake an aggressive technology initiative.
Construct technology development and demonstration roadmaps for critical Space Solar Power (SSP) elements. It was to develop a solar power satellite (SPS) concept for a future gigawatt space power systems to provide electrical power by converting the Sun’s energy and beaming it to the Earth's surface. It was also to provide a developmental path to solutions for current space power architectures. Subject to studies it proposed an inflatable photovoltaic gossamer structure with concentrator lenses or solar dynamic engines to convert solar flux into electricity. The initial program looked at systems in sun-synchronous orbit, but by the end of the program, most of the analysis looked at geosynchronousing unimaginably large initial investments in fixed infrastructure before the emplacement of productive power plants can begin.
Space solar power systems appear to possess many significant environmental advantages when compared to alternative approaches.
The economic viability of space solar power systems depends on many factors and the successful development of various new technologies (not least of which is the availability of exceptionally low cost access to space) however, the same can be said of many other advanced power technologies options.
Space solar power may well emerge as a serious candidate among the options for meeting the energy demands of the 21st century.
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Logic model
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History of logic models
Citing Funnell and Rogers's account (2011), Joy A. Frechtling's (2015) encyclopedia article traces logic model underpinnings to the 1950s. Patricia J. Rogers's (2005) encyclopedia article instead traces it back to Edward A. Suchman's (1967) book about evaluative research. Both encyclopedia articles and LeCroy (2018) mention increasing interest, usage and publications about the subject. Uses of the logic model
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FY postcode area
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|-
! style="background:#FFFFFF;"|FY0
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|BLACKPOOL
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"|non-geographic
|-
! FY1
| BLACKPOOL
| Blackpool Town Centre, North Shore, South Shore
| Blackpool
|-
! FY2
| BLACKPOOL
| Bispham, Moor Park
| Blackpool
|-
! FY3
| BLACKPOOL
|Grange Park, Layton, Marton, Staining, Stanley Park
| Blackpool, Fylde, Wyre
|-
! FY4
| BLACKPOOL
| Marton, Peel, South Shore, Squires Gate, Starr Gate
| Blackpool, Fylde
|-
! FY5
| THORNTON-CLEVELEYS
| Anchorsholme, Little Bispham, Skippool, Thornton-Cleveleys
| Wyre, Blackpool
|-
! FY6
| POULTON-LE-FYLDE
| Carleton, Hambleton, Knott End-on-Sea, Poulton-le-Fylde, Preesall, Singleton, Stalmine
| Wyre, Fylde, Blackpool
|-
! FY7
| FLEETWOOD
| Fleetwood, Rossall
| Wyre
|-
! FY8
| LYTHAM ST. ANNES
| Lytham St. Annes, Moss Side
| Fylde
|}
Some regions of the FY5 postcode area such as Little Bispham and Anchorsholme are generally considered to be suburbs of Blackpool due to being in that town's unitary authority area, despite having the Thornton-Cleveleys post town.
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Edge disjoint shortest pair algorithm
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In the transformed graph of the edge disjoint shortest pair algorithm, which contains negative arcs, a given vertex previously "permanently" labeled in Step 2a of the modified Dijkstra algorithm may be revisited and relabeled in Step 3a, and inserted back in vertex set S (Step 3b). The efficiency of the modified Dijkstra in such a transformed graph becomes O(d2|V|), being O(|V|3) in the worst case. Most graphs of practical interest are usually sparse, possessing vertex degrees of O(1), in which case the efficiency of the modified Dijkstra algorithm applied to the transformed graph becomes O(|V|) (or, equivalently, O(|E|)). The edge-disjoint shortest pair algorithm then becomes comparable in efficiency to the Suurballe's algorithm, which in general is of O(|V|2) due to an extra graph transformation that reweights the graph to avoid negative cost arcs, allowing Dijkstra's algorithm to be used for both shortest path steps. The reweighting requires building the entire shortest path tree rooted at the source vertex. By circumventing this additional graph transformation, and using the modified Dijkstra algorithm instead, Bhandari's approach results in a simplified version of the edge disjoint shortest pair algorithm without sacrificing much in efficiency at least for sparse graphs. The ensuing simple form further lends itself to easy extensions to K (>2) disjoint paths algorithms and their variations such as partially disjoint paths when complete disjointness does not exist, and also to graphs with constraints encountered by a practicing networking professional in the more complicated real-life networks.
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A. James Clark School of Engineering
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Alumni
The following individuals are alumni of the A. James Clark School of Engineering at the University of Maryland. Graduating class year is denoted in parentheses.
Ashish Bagai (1990, M.S. 1992, Ph.D. 1995) - Pioneer in aerodynamic design of rotorcraft blades, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Angel P. Bezos (1969) - Co-founder of Pulse Electronics, Inc., member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Frederick S. Billig (M.S. 1958, Ph.D. 1964) - pioneer of scramjet technology, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Nathan Bluzer (1967, Ph.D. 1974) - Pioneer in infrared, visible, and multispectral sensors, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Romald E. Bowles (Ph.D. 1956) - Father of fluidics, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Robert Briskman (1961) - Co-founder of Sirius Radio, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Harry Clifton Byrd (1908) - President of the University of Maryland from 1935 to 1954
S. Joseph Campanella (M.S. 1957) - Pioneer in digital satellite communications, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Robert S. Caruthers (1926) - Pioneer in multiplexing and long distance telephony, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
A. James Clark (1950) - Chairman and CEO of Clark Enterprises, Inc.
William P. Cole Jr. (1910) - Lawyer and U.S. Congressman
Gordon R. England (1961) - Deputy Secretary of Defense
Jeanette J. Epps (M.S. 1994, Ph.D. 2000) - NASA astronaut
Emilio A. Fernandez (1969) - Co-founder of Pulse Electronics, Inc., member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Michael D. Griffin (1977) - Director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Hamid Jafarkhani (M.S. 1994, Ph.D. 1997) - Contributions to space-time algorithms for wireless communications systems, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Jerry Krill (Ph.D. 1978) - Developer of Cooperative Engagement Capacity sensor network system, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Raymond J. Krizek (M.S. 1961) - Advanced field of geotechnical engineering and slurry mechanics, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Fritz Kub (Ph.D. 1985) - Innovator of gallium nitride LEDs and microwave transistors, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Rajiv Laroia (M.S. 1989, Ph.D. 1992) - Advancements in telephone and mobile wireless communication, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
George J. Laurer (1951) - Developed the Universal Product Code (UPC), member of the Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Edward A. Miller (1950) - 2005 Charles Stark Draper Prize recipient, Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Development, member of the Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Naomi Leonard (Ph.D. 1994) - Research in control and dynamical systems, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Yagyensh C. Pati (1986, M.S. 1988, Ph.D. 1992) - Development of phase-shift lithography, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
James W. Plummer (M.S. 1953) - 2005 Charles Stark Draper Prize recipient, Director of the National Reconnaissance Office, member of the Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Charles H. Popenoe (1957) - Inventor of SmartBolts, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Tim Regan (1977) - Chief Executive Officer for the Whiting-Turner Contracting Company
Judith Resnik (1977) - Astronaut killed aboard the
Paul W. Richards (M.S. 1991) - Astronaut on Discovery mission
Lloyd M. Robeson (Ph.D. 1967) - Technological contributions in polymer blends, copolymers, membranes, adhesives, and plastics, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Harry B. Smith (M.S. 1949) - Inventor of Pulse-Doppler radar, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Edward St. John (1950) - Founder of St. John Properties
Robert Stoll (1969) - Former U.S. Commissioner of Patents
Tim Sweeney - Game developer, founder and CEO of Epic Games
Florence Tan (1987) - NASA Engineer
Millard Tydings (1910) - U.S. Congressman and Senator
C. Frank Wheatley Jr. (1951) - Inventor of insulated gate bipolar resistor, member of Clark School Innovation Hall of Fame
Philip Wiser (1990) - Chief Technology Officer of CBS
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wikipedia
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wiki_2543_chunk_16
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Partition function (number theory)
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Techniques for implementing the Hardy–Ramanujan–Rademacher formula efficiently on a computer are discussed by , who shows that can be computed in time for any . This is near-optimal in that it matches the number of digits of the result. The largest value of the partition function computed exactly is , which has slightly more than 11 billion digits. References External links
First 4096 values of the partition function Arithmetic functions
Integer sequences
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wikipedia
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wiki_4874_chunk_5
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OpenMath
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<OMOBJ xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
<OMA cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
<OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
<OMV name="x"/>
<OMA>
<OMS cd="arith1" name="divide"/>
<OMA>
<OMS cdbase="http://www.example.com/mathops" cd="multiops" name="plusminus"/>
<OMA>
<OMS cd="arith1" name="unary_minus"/>
<OMV name="b"/>
</OMA>
<OMA>
<OMS cd="arith1" name="root"/>
<OMA>
<OMS cd="arith1" name="minus"/>
<OMA>
<OMS cd="arith1" name="power"/>
<OMV name="b"/>
<OMI>2</OMI>
</OMA>
<OMA>
<OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
<OMI>4</OMI>
<OMV name="a"/>
<OMV name="c"/>
</OMA>
</OMA>
</OMA>
</OMA>
<OMA>
<OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
<OMI>2</OMI>
<OMV name="a"/>
</OMA>
</OMA>
</OMA>
</OMOBJ>
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wikipedia
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wiki_4927_chunk_10
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Rainforest Action Network
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We Can Change Chevron: toxic waste oil
Launched in December 2009, the We Can Change Chevron campaign targets the California-based oil corporation for their subsidiary Texaco's dumping of of waste oil into the Amazon Rainforest in Ecuador. We Can Change Chevron aims to pressure Chevron into paying for the cleanup of the waste oil pits abandoned by their subsidiary, and to develop an environmental and human rights policy that will prevent future scenarios like this from occurring in the future. Chevron acquired Texaco in 2001, and asserts that Texaco completed its agreement to clean up its share of the waste generated by the joint venture between Texaco and Petroecuador, the state run oil company. The company claims it cleaned up one third of the waste, more than its share of the agreement with Petroecuador, and the rest of the responsibility lies with the state who has had sole ownership of the oil fields since 1992. The case resulted in a historic ruling against the oil giant, who was ordered to pay $18 billion in damages to the plaintiffs. After an appeal by Chevron, the judgement was upheld by an Ecuadorian court in January 2012.
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wikipedia
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wiki_24329_chunk_2
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The Edge of Evolution
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Contents
Behe begins the book with an observation that the theory of evolution consists of a coherent relationship of three related ideas: common descent, natural selection, and random mutation. He continues by stating he believes they are distinct ideas, with implications for the theory as a whole; common descent and natural selection he accepts without question but questions the scope and power of random mutation to produce beneficial mutations that lead to novel, useful structures and processes. He terms "Darwinian evolution" the type of evolution relying on all three of these factors, applies the label "Darwinists" to scientists who hold the view that Darwinian evolution is the only existing form of evolution, and who take exception to intelligent design as well as other theistic and non-theistic complexity theories.
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wikipedia
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wiki_34319_chunk_17
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Biological network
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Researchers interested in ethology across many taxa, from insects to primates, are starting to incorporate network analysis into their research. Researchers interested in social insects (e.g., ants and bees) have used network analyses better to understand the division of labor, task allocation, and foraging optimization within colonies; Other researchers are interested in how specific network properties at the group and/or population level can explain individual-level behaviors. Studies have demonstrated how animal social network structure can be influenced by factors ranging from characteristics of the environment to characteristics of the individual, such as developmental experience and personality. At the level of the individual, the patterning of social connections can be an important determinant of fitness, predicting both survival and reproductive success. At the population level, network structure can influence the patterning of ecological and evolutionary processes, such as frequency-dependent selection and disease and information transmission. For instance, a study on wire-tailed manakins (a small passerine bird) found that a male’s degree in the network largely predicted the ability of the male to rise in the social hierarchy (i.e., eventually obtain a territory and matings). In bottlenose dolphin groups, an individual’s degree and betweenness centrality values may predict whether or not that individual will exhibit certain behaviors, like the use of side flopping and upside-down lobtailing to lead group traveling efforts; individuals with high betweenness values are more connected and can obtain more information, and thus are better suited to lead group travel and therefore tend to exhibit these signaling behaviors more than other group members.
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Grand Comics Database
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Sources
Allred, Will. "Credit Where Credit Is Due." Quantum Zone - Behind the Scenes. N.p., 06 Apr. 1999. Web. 14 May 2019.
Cronin, Brian. "Grand Comic Book Database Is Good | CBR." Archive.is. N.p., 12 July 2018. Web. 14 May 2019.
Cronin, Brian. "Grand Comic Book Database Is Good." CBR. CBR, 13 July 2007. Web. 14 May 2019.
"Formatting Documentation." Formatting Documentation - GCD. N.p., 24 Nov. 2018. Web. 14 May 2019.
"The GCD Charter." The GCD Charter - GCD. N.p., 2 Sept. 2017. Web. 14 May 2019.
"How To Contribute FAQ." How To Contribute FAQ - GCD. N.p., 30 Nov. 2016. Web. 14 May 2019.
"International Statistics." GCD. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2019.
Katz, Linda S. "The Image and Role of the Librarian." Google Books. N.p., 27 June 2003. Web. 14 May 2019.
Keltner, Howard. The Revised Edition GOLDEN AGE COMIC BOOKS INDEX 1935 - 1955. Gainesville: GOLDEN AGE COMIC BOOKS INDEX, 1998. PDF.
Lent, John A. "Comic Books and Comic Strips in the United States Through 2005." Google Books. Greenwood Publishing Group, n.d. Web. 14 May 2019.
White, Mark D. "The Virtues of Captain America." Google Books. Wiley, 2014, 13 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 May 2019.
"Who's Who." Who's Who - GCD. N.p., 29 Sept. 2015. Web. 14 May 2019.
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wikipedia
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Medically unexplained physical symptoms
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Some high quality studies have been conducted examining the effectiveness of antidepressants in MUPS. Those antidepressants that have been investigated include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). For example, TCAs have effects on IBS, fibromyalgia, back pain, headaches, and possibly tinnitus, and single studies show a possible effect in chronic facial pain, non-cardiac chest pain, and interstitial cystitis. SSRIs are usually not effective or have only a weak effect. One exception is menopausal syndrome, where SSRIs are "possibly effective" as well as a third class of antidepressants, the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
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wikipedia
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wiki_13672_chunk_31
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Computational electromagnetics
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The uniform theory of diffraction approximates near field electromagnetic fields as quasi optical and uses ray diffraction to determine diffraction coefficients for each diffracting object-source combination. These coefficients are then used to calculate the field strength and phase for each direction away from the diffracting point. These fields are then added to the incident fields and reflected fields to obtain a total solution. Validation
Validation is one of the key issues facing electromagnetic simulation users. The user must understand and master the validity domain of its simulation. The measure is, "how far from the reality are the results?"
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wikipedia
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wiki_15959_chunk_0
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List of MeSH codes (I01)
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The following is a partial list of the "I" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (H01). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (I02). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM. – social sciences
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wikipedia
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wiki_12745_chunk_17
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Metabolic network modelling
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Extreme pathways
Price, Reed, and Papin, from the Palsson lab, use a method of singular value decomposition (SVD) of extreme pathways in order to understand regulation of a human red blood cell metabolism. Extreme pathways are convex basis vectors that consist of steady state functions of a metabolic network. For any particular metabolic network, there is always a unique set of extreme pathways available. Furthermore, Price, Reed, and Papin, define a constraint-based approach, where through the help of constraints like mass balance and maximum reaction rates, it is possible to develop a ‘solution space’ where all the feasible options fall within. Then, using a kinetic model approach, a single solution that falls within the extreme pathway solution space can be determined. Therefore, in their study, Price, Reed, and Papin, use both constraint and kinetic approaches to understand the human red blood cell metabolism. In conclusion, using extreme pathways, the regulatory mechanisms of a metabolic network can be studied in further detail.
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wikipedia
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Region connection calculus
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The region connection calculus (RCC) is intended to serve for qualitative spatial representation and reasoning. RCC abstractly describes regions (in Euclidean space, or in a topological space) by their possible relations to each other. RCC8 consists of 8 basic relations that are possible between two regions:
disconnected (DC)
externally connected (EC)
equal (EQ)
partially overlapping (PO)
tangential proper part (TPP)
tangential proper part inverse (TPPi)
non-tangential proper part (NTPP)
non-tangential proper part inverse (NTPPi)
From these basic relations, combinations can be built. For example, proper part (PP) is the union of TPP and NTPP.
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wikipedia
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wiki_20911_chunk_21
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Java performance
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Comparison to other languages
Objectively comparing the performance of a Java program and an equivalent one written in another language such as C++ needs a carefully and thoughtfully constructed benchmark which compares programs completing identical tasks. The target platform of Java's bytecode compiler is the Java platform, and the bytecode is either interpreted or compiled into machine code by the JVM. Other compilers almost always target a specific hardware and software platform, producing machine code that will stay virtually unchanged during execution. Very different and hard-to-compare scenarios arise from these two different approaches: static vs. dynamic compilations and recompilations, the availability of precise information about the runtime environment and others.
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wikipedia
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ATS (programming language)
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In ATS code:
dataprop FACT (int, int) =
| FACTbas (0, 1) // basic case: FACT(0, 1)
| {n:int | n > 0} {r,r1:int} // inductive case
FACTind (n, r) of (FACT (n-1, r1), MUL (n, r1, r)) where FACT (int, int) is a proof type Example
Non tail-recursive factorial with proposition or "Theorem" proving through the construction dataprop.
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wikipedia
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wiki_27918_chunk_3
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List of unsolved problems in statistics
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Problems of a more philosophical nature
Sampling of species problem: How is a probability updated when there is unanticipated new data?
Doomsday argument: How valid is the probabilistic argument that claims to predict the future lifetime of the human race given only an estimate of the total number of humans born so far?
Exchange paradox: Issues arise within the subjectivistic interpretation of probability theory; more specifically within Bayesian decision theory. This is still an open problem among the subjectivists as no consensus has been reached yet. Examples include:
The two envelopes problem
The necktie paradox
Sunrise problem: What is the probability that the sun will rise tomorrow? Very different answers arise depending on the methods used and assumptions made.
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wikipedia
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Society for Neuroscience
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Awards
SfN offers the following awards, fellowships, and honors:
Award for Education in Neuroscience
Bernice Grafstein Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Mentoring
Donald B. Lindsley Prize in Behavioral Neuroscience
FENS Forum Travel Awards
FENS Member Travel Awards to SfN Annual Meeting
The Gruber Foundation Neuroscience Prize
IBRO Member Travel Awards to SfN Annual Meeting
IBRO World Congress Travel Awards
Jacob P. Waletzky Award
Janett Rosenberg Trubatch Career Development Award
JNS Meeting Travel Awards
JNS Member Travel Awards to SfN Annual Meeting
Julius Axelrod Prize
Louise Hanson Marshall Special Recognition Award
Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award
Nemko Prize in Cellular or Molecular Neuroscience
Neuroscience Scholars Program
Next Generation Award
Patricia Goldman-Rakic Hall of Honor
Peter and Patricia Gruber International Research Award
Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience
Science Educator Award
Science Journalism Student Award
Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience
Trainee Professional Development Awards
Young Investigator Award
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IEEE Nanotechnology Council
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Non-voting members
Council Secretary
Non-Voting society representatives
Editor-in-Chief, Transactions on Nanotechnology (T-NANO)
Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine (INM)
Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Nanotechnology Web Content / Facebook / e-Newsletter
Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology (new)
Chair, Awards Committee
Chair, Constitution & Bylaws Committee
Chair, Education Committee
Chair, Fellows Committee
Chair, Finance Committee (VP Finance per Bylaw B4.1, Rev. 1)
Chair, Industry Advisory Committee
Chair, Liaison and Transnational (Past-President per Bylaw B4.1, Rev. 1)
Chair, Meetings Committee (VP Conferences per Bylaw B4.1, Rev. 1)
Chair, Nominations & Appointments Committee (Past-President per Bylaw B4.1, Rev. 1 unless Past-President elects not to serve then appointed)
Chair, Publications Committee (VP Publications per Bylaw B4.1, Rev. 1)
Chair, Chapters and Regional Activities Committee
Chair, Standards Committee
Chair, Technical Activities Committee (VP Technical Activities per Bylaw B4.1, Rev. 1)
Chairs/Co-Chairs of Council Technical Committees
Chairs of Council 100% financially sponsored conferences.
Division I Director
Vice president TAB
Secretary TAB
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Boolean satisfiability problem
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3-SAT is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems, and it is used as a starting point for proving that other problems are also NP-hard. This is done by polynomial-time reduction from 3-SAT to the other problem. An example of a problem where this method has been used is the clique problem: given a CNF formula consisting of c clauses, the corresponding graph consists of a vertex for each literal, and an edge between each two non-contradicting literals from different clauses, cf. picture. The graph has a c-clique if and only if the formula is satisfiable.
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wikipedia
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European Distributed Energy Partnership
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Studies related to the project
To address the wide range of challenges associated with operating the electricity system of the future, the leading Transmission system operator (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs), manufacturers and research establishments in the EU have formed a consortium of 18 partners to undertake a 4-year project code named FENIX whose overall aim is:
"To conceptualize, design and demonstrate a technical architecture and commercial framework that would enable DER based systems to become the solution
for the future cost efficient, secure and sustainable EU electricity supply system."
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wikipedia
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wiki_21071_chunk_1
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Multiplicity (statistical mechanics)
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A simplified model of the two-state paramagnet provides an example of the process of calculating the multiplicity of particular macrostate. This model consists of a system of microscopic dipoles which may either be aligned or anti-aligned with an externally applied magnetic field . Let represent the number of dipoles that are aligned with the external field and represent the number of anti-aligned dipoles. The energy of a single aligned dipole is , while the energy of an anti-aligned dipole is ; thus the overall energy of the system is
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wikipedia
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Robotics conventions
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Jaques Denavit and Richard S. Hartenberg presented the first minimal representation for a line which is now widely used. The common normal between two lines was the main geometric concept that allowed Denavit and Hartenberg to find a minimal representation. Engineers use the Denavit–Hartenberg convention(D–H) to help them describe the positions of links and joints unambiguously. Every link gets its own coordinate system. There are a few rules to consider in choosing the coordinate system:
the -axis is in the direction of the joint axis
the -axis is parallel to the common normal: If there is no unique common normal (parallel axes), then (below) is a free parameter.
the -axis follows from the - and -axis by choosing it to be a right-handed coordinate system.
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Service science, management and engineering
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There is a long history of academic and industrial interest in the service sector – starting with Adam Smith and continuing right up to the present day. Yet most such interest in service has focused narrowly on marketing or management or economics. With the rise of technology-enabled services, many traditionally manufacturing-based companies have begun to see more and more revenue generated by service operations. So in industry, there was a growing recognition that service innovation is now as important – if not more important than – technology innovation. Yet, service innovation is generally unknown (save for a few economists studying the relationship between investment and innovation in service industries; e.g., GADREY & GALLOUJ). The key to service science is interdisciplinarity, focusing not merely on one aspect of service but rather on service as a system of interacting parts that include people, technology, and business. As such, service science draws on ideas from a number of existing disciplines – including computer science, cognitive science, economics, organizational behavior, human resources management, marketing, operations research, and others – and aims to integrate them into a coherent whole. Definitions of 'service science' can be misleading. An analogy can be made with Computer Science. The success of CS is not in the definition of a basic science (as in physics or chemistry for example) but more in its ability to bring together diverse disciplines, such as mathematics, electronics and psychology to solve problems that require they all be there and talk a language that demonstrates common purpose. Services Science may be the same thing – just bigger – as an interdisciplinary umbrella that enables economists, social scientists, mathematicians, computer scientists and legislators (to name a small subset of the necessary disciplines) to cooperate in order to achieve a larger goal – analysis, construction, management and evolution of the most complex systems we have ever attempted to construct.
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Biostatistics
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Ronald Fisher developed several basic statistical methods in support of his work studying the crop experiments at Rothamsted Research, including in his books Statistical Methods for Research Workers (1925) end The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (1930). He gave many contributions to genetics and statistics. Some of them include the ANOVA, p-value concepts, Fisher's exact test and Fisher's equation for population dynamics. He is credited for the sentence “Natural selection is a mechanism for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability”.
Sewall G. Wright developed F-statistics and methods of computing them and defined inbreeding coefficient.
J. B. S. Haldane's book, The Causes of Evolution, reestablished natural selection as the premier mechanism of evolution by explaining it in terms of the mathematical consequences of Mendelian genetics. Also developed the theory of primordial soup.
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Copycat (software)
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Since the 1995 book Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies describing the work of the Fluid Analogies Research Group (FARG) book, work on Copycat-like models has continued: as of 2008 the latest models are Phaeaco (a Bongard problem solver), SeqSee (number sequence extrapolation), George (geometric exploration), and Musicat (a melodic expectation model). The architecture is known as the "FARGitecture" and current implementations use a variety of modern languages including C# and Java. A future FARG goal is to build a single generic FARGitecture software framework to facilitate experimentation.
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EGL (programming language)
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function sayHello(name String in)
SysLib.writeStdOut(GREETING + name + "!");
end end Record
An EGL Record part defines a set of data elements. In this example, a record with the name CustomerRecord is defined with 6 fields. Record CustomerRecord type BasicRecord
customerNumber INT;
customerName STRING;
customerAddr1 STRING;
customerAddr2 STRING;
customerAddr3 STRING;
customerBalance MONEY;
end EGL has a specialized type of record called SQLRecord that is used to exchange data with a relational database.
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wikipedia
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Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network
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External links
"STDN User's Manual" - Goddard Space Flight Center, (NASA-TM-X-72932) STDN User's Manual N75-78163, Baseline Document (NASA) 124 pages, UNCLAS 00/98 03939
GSFC X-202067-26 William R. Corliss (1967). Evolution of the Satellite Tracking And Data Acquisition Network (STADAN).
NASA CR-140390 - William R. Corliss (June 1974). Histories of the Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN), the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), and the NASA Communications Network (NASCOM).
NASA SP-2007-4233 - Sunny Tsiao (2007). "Read You Loud and Clear!" The Story of NASA's Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network.
Network stations list
STADAN Station in Shoe Cove, Newfoundland
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Code review
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Although direct discovery of quality problems is often the main goal, code reviews are usually performed to reach a combination of goals:
Better code quality improve internal code quality and maintainability (readability, uniformity, understandability, etc.)
Finding defects improve quality regarding external aspects, especially correctness, but also find performance problems, security vulnerabilities, injected malware, ...
Learning/Knowledge transfer help in transferring knowledge about the codebase, solution approaches, expectations regarding quality, etc.; both to the reviewers as well as to the author
Increase sense of mutual responsibility increase a sense of collective code ownership and solidarity
Finding better solutions generate ideas for new and better solutions and ideas that transcend the specific code at hand.
Complying to QA guidelines, ISO/IEC standards Code reviews are mandatory in some contexts, e.g., air traffic software, safety-critical software
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Low-complexity art
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In respect to the trajectory of science and technology, for example, low-complexity art may represent another case in which the relatively new discipline of computer science is able to shed fresh light on a disparate subject — the classic example being those insights into the functioning of the genetic code garnered in no small part because of a familiarity with issues already raised in the practice of software engineering. We may thus expect the topic of low-complexity art to help foster a continued and fruitful interaction between the fields of computer science and aesthetics. Nor will the insights gained be purely qualitative; indeed, the formalizations on which low-complexity art is based are essentially quantitative.
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wikipedia
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Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
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The VKI provides education in these specific areas for students from all over the world. A hundred students come to the Institute each year to study fluid dynamics, for a PhD programme, a research master in Fluid Dynamics, a final year project and also to gather further knowledge while doing a work placement in a specific area.
Each year, Lecture Series and events are being organized inside and outside of the organization. These events emphasize on topics of great importance such as aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer with application to aeronautics, space, turbomachinery, the environment and also industrial fluid dynamics. The Institute has built an international renown in these domains. Students who study these fields, researchers, industrials and engineers want to follow these Lecture Series. The information presented is accurate and reliable.
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United States Geological Survey
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The USGS produces several national series of topographic maps which vary in scale and extent, with some wide gaps in coverage, notably the complete absence of 1:50,000 scale topographic maps or their equivalent. The largest (both in terms of scale and quantity) and best-known topographic series is the 7.5-minute, 1:24,000 scale, quadrangle, a non-metric scale virtually unique to the United States. Each of these maps covers an area bounded by two lines of latitude and two lines of longitude spaced 7.5 minutes apart. Nearly 57,000 individual maps in this series cover the 48 contiguous states, Hawaii, U.S. territories, and areas of Alaska near Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Prudhoe Bay. The area covered by each map varies with the latitude of its represented location due to convergence of the meridians. At lower latitudes, near 30° north, a 7.5-minute quadrangle contains an area of about . At 49° north latitude, are contained within a quadrangle of that size. As a unique non-metric map scale, the 1:24,000 scale naturally requires a separate and specialized romer scale for plotting map positions. In recent years, budget constraints have forced the USGS to rely on donations of time by civilian volunteers in an attempt to update its 7.5-minute topographic map series, and USGS stated outright in 2000 that the program was to be phased out in favor of The National Map (not to be confused with the National Atlas of the United States produced by the Department of the Interior, one of whose bureaus is USGS).
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wikipedia
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Reliability engineering
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Consistent with the creation of safety cases, for example per ARP4761, the goal of reliability assessments is to provide a robust set of qualitative and quantitative evidence that use of a component or system will not be associated with unacceptable risk. The basic steps to take are to:
Thoroughly identify relevant unreliability "hazards", e.g. potential conditions, events, human errors, failure modes, interactions, failure mechanisms and root causes, by specific analysis or tests.
Assess the associated system risk, by specific analysis or testing.
Propose mitigation, e.g. requirements, design changes, detection logic, maintenance, training, by which the risks may be lowered and controlled for at an acceptable level.
Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.
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wikipedia
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wiki_1833_chunk_13
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The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
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Gou Gu mutual seeking discusses the algorithm of finding the length of a side of the right triangle while knowing the other two. Gou Gu integer is precisely the finding of some significant integer Pythagorean numbers, including famously the triple 3,4,5. Gou Gu dual capacity discusses algorithms for calculating the areas of the inscribed rectangles and other polygons in the circle, which also serves an algorithm to calculate the value of pi. Lastly, Gou Gu similars provide algorithms of calculating heights and lengths of buildings on the mathematical basis of similar right triangles.
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wikipedia
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wiki_30027_chunk_52
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Zonal spherical function
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for some constant α. The change of variables t = sinh r transforms this equation into the hypergeometric differential equation. The general solution in terms of Legendre functions of complex index is given by {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" |
|} where α = ρ(ρ+1). Further restrictions on ρ are imposed by boundedness and positive-definiteness of the zonal spherical function on G.
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wiki_29007_chunk_34
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Lie sphere geometry
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Suppose [x], [y] ∈ RP3, with homogeneous coordinates (x0,x1,x2,x3) and (y0,y1,y2,y3). Put pij = xiyj - xjyi. These are the homogeneous coordinates of the projective line joining x and y. There are six independent coordinates and they satisfy a single relation, the Plücker relation
p01 p23 + p02 p31 + p03 p12 = 0.
It follows that there is a one-to-one correspondence between lines in RP3 and points on the Klein quadric, which is the quadric hypersurface of points [p01, p23, p02, p31, p03, p12] in RP5 satisfying the Plücker relation.
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wikipedia
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wiki_20649_chunk_11
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Logic model
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Logic model of the problem, which is a graphical depiction of at-risk population and its social environment behaviors (factors) leading to the health problem and their respective causal pathways (attitudes, beliefs, skills, etc.). This may include as well at-risk population physical environment related causes such as pollutants or lack of physical activity infrastructure and their respective causes, i.e. environmental agents behaviors leading to the physical environment causes and their respective causal pathways;
Once the most relevant behaviors and causal pathways are identified, planners develop a logic model of change. This is a model of behavioral changes (performance objectives) that should happen and their corresponding necessary changes higher up in the cause-effects chain.
Finally, a logic model of the intervention is developed. This model describes the various activities that will happen and the cascades of effects they are expected to cause toward the desired outcome.
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wikipedia
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wiki_29192_chunk_5
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Holodomor genocide question
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What I want to speak about is perhaps the classic example of Soviet genocide, its longest and broadest experiment in Russification — the destruction of the Ukrainian nation. ... The third prong of the Soviet plan was aimed at the farmers, the large mass of independent peasants who are the repository of the tradition, folklore and music, the national language and literature, the national spirit, of Ukraine. ... As a Soviet politician Kosior declared in Izvestiia on 2 December 1933, 'Ukrainian nationalism is our chief danger', and it was to eliminate that nationalism, to establish the horrifying uniformity of the Soviet state that the Ukrainian peasantry was sacrificed. ... The crop that year was ample to feed the people and livestock of Ukraine, though it had fallen off somewhat from the previous year, a decrease probably due in large measure to the struggle over collectivization. But a famine was necessary for the Soviet and so they got one to order, by plan, through an unusually high grain allotment to the state as taxes.Roman Serbyn related Lemkin's view to Article 2 of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide and summarized his view as such:As integral components of the same genocidal process, Lemkin speaks of it as having four prongs:
the decimation of the Ukrainian national elites,
the destruction of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church,
the starvation of the Ukrainian farming population, and
its replacement with non-Ukrainians from the RSFSR and elsewhere.
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wikipedia
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wiki_24740_chunk_16
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Quantum chemistry composite methods
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This approach, developed at the University of North Texas by Angela K. Wilson's research group, utilizes the correlation consistent basis sets developed by Dunning and co-workers. Unlike the Gaussian-n methods, ccCA does not contain any empirically fitted term. The B3LYP density functional method with the cc-pVTZ basis set, and cc-pV(T+d)Z for third row elements (Na - Ar), are used to determine the equilibrium geometry. Single point calculations are then used to find the reference energy and additional contributions to the energy. The total ccCA energy for main group is calculated by:
EccCA = EMP2/CBS + ΔECC + ΔECV + ΔESR + ΔEZPE + ΔESO
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wikipedia
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