id
stringlengths
14
20
title
stringlengths
4
131
text
stringlengths
52
43k
source
stringclasses
1 value
wiki_3559_chunk_19
Expectation–maximization algorithm
M-step Use the filtered or smoothed state estimates within maximum-likelihood calculations to obtain updated parameter estimates. Suppose that a Kalman filter or minimum-variance smoother operates on measurements of a single-input-single-output system that possess additive white noise. An updated measurement noise var...
wikipedia
wiki_27727_chunk_1
Aubrey Mather
Young Woodley (1931) – Mr. Woodley Aren't We All? (1932) – Vicar Love on the Spot (1932) – Mr. Prior The Impassive Footman (1932) – Dr. Bartlett Tell Me Tonight (1932) – Balthasar Red Wagon (1933) – Blewett The Man Changed His Name (1934) – Sir Ralph Whitcombe The Lash (1934) – Colonel Bush The Admiral's Secret (1934) ...
wikipedia
wiki_17461_chunk_2
Map (higher-order function)
Visual example Below, you can see a view of each step of the mapping process for a list of integers X = [0, 5, 8, 3, 2, 1] that we want to map into a new list X' according to the function : The map is provided as part of the Haskell's base prelude (i.e. "standard library") and is implemented as: map :: (a -> b) -> [a...
wikipedia
wiki_17601_chunk_28
Softmax function
(0.023640543021591385 0.06426165851049616 0.17468129859572226 0.4748329997443803 0.023640543021591385 0.06426165851049616 0.17468129859572226) See also Softplus Multinomial logistic regression Dirichlet distribution – an alternative way to sample categorical distributions Partition function Notes References
wikipedia
wiki_34963_chunk_7
Venus Williams career statistics
Elena Likhovtseva 9–0 Silvia Farina Elia 9–1 Tamarine Tanasugarn 7–0 Alizé Cornet 7–1 Shahar Pe'er 6–0 Fabiola Zuluaga 6–0 Amy Frazier 5–0 Barbora Strýcová 5–0 Lisa Raymond 5–1 Meghann Shaughnessy 5–2 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 4–2 Dája Bedáňová 3–0 Alona Bondarenko 3–0 María José Martínez Sánchez 3–0 Aliso...
wikipedia
wiki_51_chunk_33
Biostatistics
Use in high-throughput data New biomedical technologies like microarrays, next-generation sequencers (for genomics) and mass spectrometry (for proteomics) generate enormous amounts of data, allowing many tests to be performed simultaneously. Careful analysis with biostatistical methods is required to separate the signa...
wikipedia
wiki_35487_chunk_6
Software testability
The testability of software components (modules, classes) is determined by factors such as: Controllability: The degree to which it is possible to control the state of the component under test (CUT) as required for testing. Observability: The degree to which it is possible to observe (intermediate and final) test res...
wikipedia
wiki_13913_chunk_12
Computational phylogenetics
UPGMA and WPGMA The UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) and WPGMA (Weighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) methods produce rooted trees and require a constant-rate assumption - that is, it assumes an ultrametric tree in which the distances from the root to every branch tip are equal. Neig...
wikipedia
wiki_4_chunk_66
Algorithm
Linear programming When searching for optimal solutions to a linear function bound to linear equality and inequality constraints, the constraints of the problem can be used directly in producing the optimal solutions. There are algorithms that can solve any problem in this category, such as the popular simplex algorit...
wikipedia
wiki_24843_chunk_1
Critical Power Coalition
The CPC's mission is to address operational, technology, and policy issues relating to on-site quality, reliability, and continuity of electric power where and when it is vital. Over the past two decades, data centers, financial institutions, hospitals, airports, telecommunications facilities. emergency response center...
wikipedia
wiki_26610_chunk_1
Centre of Mathematics and Design
This Centre received several research and development grants from the Secretary of Science and Technology of the University of Buenos Aires. At the Scientific Renewable Programming 2004–2007, they got a stipendium for the creation of a Mathematics & Design Laboratory MyD_Lab. This Laboratory was officially inaugurated ...
wikipedia
wiki_26240_chunk_16
Double layer (plasma physics)
The possible role of precipitating electrons from 1-10keV themselves generating such observed double layers or electric fields has seldom been considered or analysed. Equally, the general question of how such double layers might be generated from an alternative source of energy, or what the spatial distribution of ele...
wikipedia
wiki_8832_chunk_1
Loop dependence analysis
The process of organizing statements to allow multiple processors to work on different portions of a loop is often referred to as parallelization. In order to see how we can exploit parallelization, we have to first analyze the dependencies within individual loops. These dependencies will help determine which statement...
wikipedia
wiki_21742_chunk_21
Cellular manufacturing
Another cellular case study includes quantitative estimates of the extent to which cells contributed to overall benefits. At Hughes Ground Systems Group (Fullerton, Calif.), producing circuit cards for defense equipment, the first cell, which began as a pilot project with 15 volunteers, was launched in 1987. One month ...
wikipedia
wiki_38380_chunk_1
Organogold chemistry
Gold(I) Gold(I) complexes are 2-coordinate, linear, diamagnetic, 14 electron species. They typically exist as adducts LAuR with as ligand L for instance a triphenylphosphine or an isocyanide. The ligand prevents reduction of Au(I) to metallic Au(0) with dimerization of the organic residue. Gold(I) can also exist as the...
wikipedia
wiki_34155_chunk_0
Arithmetic circuit complexity
In computational complexity theory, arithmetic circuits are the standard model for computing polynomials. Informally, an arithmetic circuit takes as inputs either variables or numbers, and is allowed to either add or multiply two expressions it has already computed. Arithmetic circuits provide a formal way to understan...
wikipedia
wiki_32047_chunk_12
Computational thinking
Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh has a Center for Computational Thinking. The Center's major activity is conducting PROBEs or PROBlem-oriented Explorations. These PROBEs are experiments that apply novel computing concepts to problems to show the value of computational thinking. A PROBE experiment is generally a...
wikipedia
wiki_20680_chunk_1
List of online databases
CAMPUS Catholic-Hierarchy.org CellarTracker ChEBI Chemical Abstracts Service Chessgames.com China Pollution Map Database CIDOB Foundation Cinema and Science CiteSeer ClassRanked.com Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies Comic book price guide Comics Buyer's Guide Credo Reference Croatian National...
wikipedia
wiki_14671_chunk_7
Roadway air dispersion modeling
The ESL model received endorsement from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the form of a major grant to validate the model using actual roadway tests of tracer gas sulfur hexafluoride dispersion. That gas was chosen since it does not occur naturally or in vehicular emissions and provides a unique tracer...
wikipedia
wiki_30119_chunk_6
China State Construction Engineering
Participated in constructing Daxing International Airport Construction of the Great Mosque of Algiers ($1.5 billion) Realization of the new university town of Constantine ($520 million) New extension of Algiers airport ($550 million) Construction of the proposed new capital of Egypt Cairo International Conference Cent...
wikipedia
wiki_588_chunk_30
Taxonomy (biology)
Partial classifications exist for many individual groups of organisms and are revised and replaced as new information becomes available; however, comprehensive, published treatments of most or all life are rarer; recent examples are that of Adl et al., 2012 and 2019, which covers eukaryotes only with an emphasis on pro...
wikipedia
wiki_17820_chunk_14
List of Quantum Leap characters
Captain Thomas "Tom" Jarret 1 (Dean Denton) - A recently liberated WWII prisoner of war. A stand-up comic - An entertainer working the Catskills dealing with a bitter custody hearing. Lester Fuller (Owen Rutledge) - A minor league baseball player trying to get back into the majors. Archie Necaise (Bob Hamilton) - A ...
wikipedia
wiki_15274_chunk_26
Parallel adoption
A series of lessons learned from a number of actual case scenario’s implementing a new portfolio system, performed by a business-consultancy firm (Venture, 2004) show some interesting lessons learned from the field. they seem to fit perfectly with the issues mentioned for a generic parallel adoption process, based on ...
wikipedia
wiki_17771_chunk_8
Javad Mojabi
Under the Low Ceiling Chairs arrive from the jungle To the veranda, So that I can sit in the jungle. Sip a mouthful of wine To your memory, the loveliest stars, My earthly mother! With its sharp chips, This old jungle Tears up within the distance of wound and the rust. - Do you hear the news? - No. - Do you see? - Yes....
wikipedia
wiki_21691_chunk_3
Interface-based programming
Software evolution in interface-based programming The use of interfaces to allow disparate teams to collaborate raises the question of how interface changes happen in interface-based programming. The problem is that if an interface is changed, e.g. by adding a new method, old code written to implement the interface wil...
wikipedia
wiki_115_chunk_19
Computer vision
Automatic inspection, e.g., in manufacturing applications; Assisting humans in identification tasks, e.g., a species identification system; Controlling processes, e.g., an industrial robot; Detecting events, e.g., for visual surveillance or people counting, e.g., in the restaurant industry; Interaction, e.g., as th...
wikipedia
wiki_12036_chunk_5
Software assurance
For the DoD, SwA is defined as "the level of confidence that software functions only as intended and is free of vulnerabilities, either intentionally or unintentionally designed or inserted as part of the software, throughout the life cycle. DoD is developing SwA as a sound systems engineering practice as demonstrated ...
wikipedia
wiki_1019_chunk_60
Three Laws of Robotics
In the July/August 2009 issue of IEEE Intelligent Systems, Robin Murphy (Raytheon Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at Texas A&M) and David D. Woods (director of the Cognitive Systems Engineering Laboratory at Ohio State) proposed "The Three Laws of Responsible Robotics" as a way to stimulate discussion abo...
wikipedia
wiki_31569_chunk_2
Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis
17th century 1606 - Luca Valerio applies methods of Archimedes to find volumes and centres of gravity of solid bodies, 1609 - Johannes Kepler computes the integral , 1611 - Thomas Harriot discovers an interpolation formula similar to Newton's interpolation formula, 1615 - Johannes Kepler publishes Nova stereometria...
wikipedia
wiki_33588_chunk_36
Kernel (operating system)
Per Brinch Hansen presented arguments in favour of separation of mechanism and policy. The failure to properly fulfill this separation is one of the major causes of the lack of substantial innovation in existing operating systems, a problem common in computer architecture.Jürgen Nehmer, "The Immortality of Operating Sy...
wikipedia
wiki_26629_chunk_3
Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
Capgemini, Cognizant, Wipro, Genpact, TCS, SAP Labs, British Telecom, Flipkart, Delhivery, InterraIT, BYJU'S, Just Dial, FL Smidth, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, Federal Bank, VIVO Camera & Music, Spicejet Airlines, Atos Origin, l&t, godrej, bosch, lpsen, IOT, Hexaware, PlanetSpark, XL Dynamics, Elcome Integrated Systems Pvt...
wikipedia
wiki_6681_chunk_24
Feature selection
Here, is the average value of all feature-classification correlations, and is the average value of all feature-feature correlations. The CFS criterion is defined as follows: The and variables are referred to as correlations, but are not necessarily Pearson's correlation coefficient or Spearman's ρ. Hall's dissertat...
wikipedia
wiki_22218_chunk_4
Immunogenetics
Current research fields Since 1972, numerous H&I (histocompatibility and immunogenetics) organizations have been founded specializing in research activities on a large number of different questions in immunogenetics. Both the acceleration of and the decreasing costs for the sequencing of the genes have resulted in more...
wikipedia
wiki_17614_chunk_12
Computational hardness assumption
For cryptographic applications, one would like to construct groups and a map such that the map and the group operations on can be computed efficiently, but the discrete log problem on is still hard. Some applications require stronger assumptions, e.g. multilinear analogs of Diffie-Hellman assumptions. For the speci...
wikipedia
wiki_35409_chunk_2
Matérn covariance function
Simplification for ν half integer When , the Matérn covariance can be written as a product of an exponential and a polynomial of order : which gives: for : for : for : The Gaussian case in the limit of infinite ν As , the Matérn covariance converges to the squared exponential covariance function Taylor series ...
wikipedia
wiki_12767_chunk_11
Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
Each department of the college in combination of faculty members and students have produced several innovations which have won prizes at various national and international level competitions. Some of them include generation of water from Dew Drops, Smart Helmet to reduce the accidents on road, Artificial Leaf that conv...
wikipedia
wiki_1833_chunk_7
The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
Table of contents Contents of The Nine Chapters are as follows: 方田 Fangtian - Bounding fields. Areas of fields of various shapes, such as rectangles, triangles, trapezoids, and circles; manipulation of vulgar fractions. Liu Hui's commentary includes a method for calculation of π and the approximate value of 3.14159...
wikipedia
wiki_21970_chunk_28
Energy audit
The following procedure proposes to make an intensive use of modern BES tools at each step of the audit process, from benchmarking to detailed audit and financial study: Benchmarking stage: While normalization is required to allow comparison between data recorded on the studied installation and reference values deduce...
wikipedia
wiki_12076_chunk_10
Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
Both Arab and Indian scholars made discoveries before the 17th century that are now considered a part of calculus. According to V.J. Katz, they were yet to "combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the grea...
wikipedia
wiki_30140_chunk_8
Science and Civilisation in China
Summaries There have been two summaries or condensations of the vast amount of material found in Science and Civilisation. The first, a one-volume popular history book by Robert Temple entitled The Genius of China, was completed in a little over 12 months to be available in 1986 for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to ...
wikipedia
wiki_9989_chunk_15
Octahedral molecular geometry
Ligand strength has the following order for these electron donors: weak: iodine < bromine < fluorine < acetate < oxalate < water < pyridine < cyanide :strong So called "weak field ligands" give rise to small Δo and absorb light at longer wavelengths. Reactions Given that a virtually uncountable variety of octahedral co...
wikipedia
wiki_4944_chunk_6
Intermediate logic
Let A be a propositional formula. The Gödel–Tarski translation of A is defined recursively as follows: If M is a modal logic extending S4 then ρM = {A | T(A) ∈ M} is a superintuitionistic logic, and M is called a modal companion of ρM. In particular: IPC = ρS4 KC = ρS4.2 LC = ρS4.3 CPC = ρS5 For every intermediate logi...
wikipedia
wiki_1003_chunk_21
Question mark
Here, a script on the page search.php on the server www.example.com is to provide a response to the query string containing the pairs query=testing and database=English. Games In algebraic chess notation, some chess punctuation conventions include: "?" denotes a bad move, "??" a blunder, "?!" a dubious move, and "!?" a...
wikipedia
wiki_35822_chunk_3
Geospatial predictive modeling
Inductive method The inductive method relies on the empirically-calculated spatial relationship between historical or known event occurrence locations and factors that make up the environment (infrastructure, socio-culture, topographic, etc.). Each event occurrence is plotted in geographic space and a quantitative rel...
wikipedia
wiki_7031_chunk_23
James Bond uncollected and other miscellaneous short stories
In 1997 Phillip and Robert King published a collection of bridge-related short stories entitled Your Deal, Mr. Bond was published by B. T. Batsford (). The title piece is a short story featuring James Bond, who is assigned by M to defeat a villain named Saladin who is threatening to explode nuclear bombs in several maj...
wikipedia
wiki_33444_chunk_5
Collision/reaction cell
Collision cell technology with kinetic energy discrimination Thermo Scientific's XSeries2 instrument utilizes a collision/reaction cell for interference removal, consisting of a non-consumable hexapole and chicane ion deflector, which takes the ion beam off-axis and leads to low instrument backgrounds of <0.5 integrate...
wikipedia
wiki_33424_chunk_10
Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences
Summer Associate Research Programme (SARP) CEBS offers a 2-months of internship opportunity to students who are 2nd year or above pursuing their B.Sc. or Integrated M.Sc. in the fields of Chemistry (organic, inorganic and physical), biology, mathematics, and physics-astronomy, condensed matter, quantum mechanics, etc. ...
wikipedia
wiki_3691_chunk_23
Randomized algorithm
Where randomness helps When the model of computation is restricted to Turing machines, it is currently an open question whether the ability to make random choices allows some problems to be solved in polynomial time that cannot be solved in polynomial time without this ability; this is the question of whether P = BPP. ...
wikipedia
wiki_2864_chunk_18
Magic number (programming)
Examples Compiled Java class files (bytecode) and Mach-O binaries start with hex CAFEBABE. When compressed with Pack200 the bytes are changed to CAFED00D. GIF image files have the ASCII code for "GIF89a" (47 49 46 38 39 61) or "GIF87a" (47 49 46 38 37 61) JPEG image files begin with FF D8 and end with FF D9. JPEG/JF...
wikipedia
wiki_30521_chunk_18
Plancherel theorem for spherical functions
There are several methods for deriving the corresponding eigenfunction expansion for this ordinary differential equation including: the classical spectral theory of ordinary differential equations applied to the hypergeometric equation (Mehler, Weyl, Fock); variants of Hadamard's method of descent, realising 2-dimensi...
wikipedia
wiki_360_chunk_29
Materials science
Industry Radical materials advances can drive the creation of new products or even new industries, but stable industries also employ materials scientists to make incremental improvements and troubleshoot issues with currently used materials. Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-be...
wikipedia
wiki_407_chunk_7
Natural language processing
Despite the popularity of machine learning in NLP research, symbolic methods are still (2020) commonly used: when the amount of training data is insufficient to successfully apply machine learning methods, e.g., for the machine translation of low-resource languages such as provided by the Apertium system, for preproc...
wikipedia
wiki_29804_chunk_9
Panopticon Software
Technology overview Panopticon's technology relies on in-memory OLAP cubes, which are displayed through a series of visualizations including treemapping. This allows the user to load data, select variables and hierarchical structures, and navigate through the resultant visualization, filtering, zooming and drilling (so...
wikipedia
wiki_36313_chunk_1
Rejecta Mathematica
After almost two years since the inaugural issue, the second issue was published in June 2011 and contains topics such as subspace classification and distributions of pseudoprimes. , the original website is no longer online, but an archival copy is hosted on GitHub. A similar operating model is implemented by unconvent...
wikipedia
wiki_39237_chunk_14
Hydropower Dams in Myanmar
The Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) has been one of the most active Chinese companies in Myanmar's hydropower sector. Since the 1990s, YMEC has been involved in more than 25 projects of varying size, including the Ching Hkran, Chinshwehaw, Dattawgyaing, Hopin, Kunhein, Kunlon, Kyaing Ton, Kyaukm...
wikipedia
wiki_32776_chunk_3
Virtual sensor network
Geographically overlapped applications E.g., monitoring rock slides and animal crossing within a mountainous terrain. Different types of devices that detect these phenomena can relay each other for data transfer without having to deploy separate networks. Here the advantage is saving in hardware cost. While logically...
wikipedia
wiki_15004_chunk_5
The Algebra of Infinite Justice
Reception Mithu C Banerji , in a review in The Observer (2002) stated: Roy's writing reflects her fiction, and meanders between polemic and sentiment. Yet whether she is talking about the 'death of my world' or about 'one country's terrorist being another's freedom fighter', she is always passionately intense.S. Prasa...
wikipedia
wiki_4546_chunk_9
Metabolic theory of ecology
Researchers have debated two main aspects of this theory, the pattern and the mechanism. Past debated have focused on the question whether metabolic rate scales to the power of or w, or whether either of these can even be considered a universal exponent. In addition to debates concerning the exponent, some researcher...
wikipedia
wiki_19_chunk_23
Kolmogorov complexity
The following indirect proof uses a simple Pascal-like language to denote programs; for sake of proof simplicity assume its description (i.e. an interpreter) to have a length of bits. Assume for contradiction there is a program function KolmogorovComplexity(string s) which takes as input a string s and returns K(s). A...
wikipedia
wiki_6521_chunk_11
Garden of Eden (cellular automaton)
Existence of orphans By definition, every orphan belongs to a Garden of Eden: extending an orphan to a configuration of the whole automaton, by choosing a state for each remaining cell arbitrarily, will always produce a Garden of Eden. But the reverse is also true: every Garden of Eden contains at least one orphan. To ...
wikipedia
wiki_1763_chunk_33
Computer-assisted language learning
Image storage and sharing Social bookmarking Discussion lists, blogs, wikis, social networking Chat rooms, MUDs, MOOs and MUVEs (virtual worlds) Podcasting Audio tools Video sharing applications and screen capture tools (referring to both video screen capture tools and screenshot tools) Animation tools – comic s...
wikipedia
wiki_27780_chunk_0
List of power stations in Wisconsin
This is a list of electricity-generating power stations in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, sorted by type and name. In 2019, Wisconsin had a total summer capacity of 15,312 MW through all of its power plants, and a net generation of 66,774 GWh. The corresponding electrical energy generation mix was 42.0% coal, 32.4% nat...
wikipedia
wiki_226_chunk_50
Functional programming
Functional "platforms" have been popular in finance for risk analytics (particularly with the larger investment banks). Risk factors are coded as functions that form interdependent graphs (categories) to measure correlations in market shifts not unlike Gröbner basis optimizations but also for regulatory compliance such...
wikipedia
wiki_17268_chunk_11
Pendulum (mechanics)
Approximate formulae for the nonlinear pendulum period Though the exact period can be determined, for any finite amplitude rad, by evaluating the corresponding complete elliptic integral , where , this is often avoided in applications because it is not possible to express this integral in a closed form in terms of e...
wikipedia
wiki_599_chunk_15
International Obfuscated C Code Contest
#include <math.h> #include <sys/time.h> #include <X11/Xlib.h> #include <X11/keysym.h> double L ,o ,P ...
wikipedia
wiki_5476_chunk_1
Von Neumann programming languages
The isomorphism between von Neumann programming languages and architectures is in the following manner: program variables ↔ computer storage cells control statements ↔ computer test-and-jump instructions assignment statements ↔ fetching, storing instructions expressions ↔ memory reference and arithmetic instructions...
wikipedia
wiki_7308_chunk_2
Max Planck Institute for Mathematics
Research The Max Planck Institute for Mathematics offers mathematicians from around the world the opportunity to visit Bonn and engage in sabbatical work lasting from weeks to several months. This guest program distinguishes the MPIM from other Max Planck institutes, and results in only a limit number of permanent pos...
wikipedia
wiki_3676_chunk_26
Power Rangers in Space
Divatox's Space Pirates - The enemies of the Turbo Rangers. Divatox - The leader of the Space Pirates and Elgar's aunt who becomes a rival of Astronema. She later led her army to fight the Alien Rangers on Gratha where she is disappointed that Astronema succeeded Dark Specter. When Zordon's Energy Wave was released, D...
wikipedia
wiki_885_chunk_16
Computer engineering
Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer systems. Projects such as designing processors for multi-threading and parallel processing are included in this field. Other examples of work in this field include the development of new theori...
wikipedia
wiki_1229_chunk_6
Bytecode
Examples ActionScript executes in the ActionScript Virtual Machine (AVM), which is part of Flash Player and AIR. ActionScript code is typically transformed into bytecode format by a compiler. Examples of compilers include one built into Adobe Flash Professional and one built into Adobe Flash Builder and available in t...
wikipedia
wiki_7554_chunk_4
Biomedical Informatics Research Network
Resources Users range from small research groups to larger researching groups. Like the National consortias such as the Nonhuman Primate Research Consortium (NHPRC) and the Cardiovascular Research Grid (CVRG), both funded by NIH. By using BIRN's capabilities both to access data and perform research, groups can conduct...
wikipedia
wiki_7206_chunk_3
Micro-Controller Operating Systems
μC/OS-II Based on the source code written for μC/OS, and introduced as a commercial product in 1998, μC/OS-II is a portable, ROM-able, scalable, preemptive, real-time, deterministic, multitasking kernel for microprocessors, and digital signal processors (DSPs). It manages up to 64 tasks. Its size can be scaled (between...
wikipedia
wiki_2046_chunk_34
NASA Deep Space Network
JPL DSN – official site. Basics of Space Flight – Chapter 18. Deep Space Network DSN Now, NASA, live status of antennas and spacecraft at all three facilities. Deep Space Communications and Navigation Series – a series of books published by Wiley detailing specifics on the Deep Space Network, JPL's site on Douglas...
wikipedia
wiki_20919_chunk_5
Nelson complexity index
The Oil and Gas Journal annually calculates and publishes a list of refineries with their associated Nelson complexity index scores. Complexity factors Some factors for various processing units: Example If an oil refinery has a crude distillation unit (100 kbd), vacuum distillation unit (60 kbd), and catalytic reformin...
wikipedia
wiki_22733_chunk_9
Dose (biochemistry)
Cancer Calculating drug dosages for treatment for more serious diseases like cancer is commonly done through measuring the patient's body surface area. There are approximately 25 different formulae for measuring a patient's body surface area, none of them exact. Studies show that selecting the best method for an indiv...
wikipedia
wiki_1271_chunk_18
A* search algorithm
Example An example of an A* algorithm in action where nodes are cities connected with roads and h(x) is the straight-line distance to target point:Key: green: start; blue: goal; orange: visited The A* algorithm also has real-world applications. In this example, edges are railroads and h(x) is the great-circle dista...
wikipedia
wiki_20326_chunk_7
Shrinkage (statistics)
The use of shrinkage estimators in the context of regression analysis, where there may be a large number of explanatory variables, has been described by Copas. Here the values of the estimated regression coefficients are shrunk towards zero with the effect of reducing the mean square error of predicted values from the ...
wikipedia
wiki_67_chunk_22
Boolean satisfiability problem
Schaefer gives a construction allowing an easy polynomial-time reduction from 3-SAT to one-in-three 3-SAT. Let "(x or y or z)" be a clause in a 3CNF formula. Add six fresh boolean variables a, b, c, d, e, and f, to be used to simulate this clause and no other.
wikipedia
wiki_2604_chunk_3
Quine–McCluskey algorithm
Step two of the algorithm amounts to solving the set cover problem; NP-hard instances of this problem may occur in this algorithm step. Example Input In this example, the input is a Boolean function in four variables, which evaluates to on the values and , evaluates to an unknown value on and , and to everywhere e...
wikipedia
wiki_32367_chunk_15
Z88 FEM software
Application in teaching and research Z88 has been used to educate engineering students at the University of Bayreuth since 1998. The possibility of manual creation of the structure and the application of boundary conditions enables a simple visualization of the function of FEM software. Due to the open file sources th...
wikipedia
wiki_10449_chunk_3
Verifiable random function
Constructions In 1999, Micali, Rabin, and Vadhan introduced the concept of a VRF and proposed the first such one. The original construction was rather inefficient: it first produces a verifiable unpredictable function, then uses a hard-core bit to transform it into a VRF; moreover, the inputs have to be mapped to prim...
wikipedia
wiki_14169_chunk_10
California Psychological Inventory
CPI focuses on measuring and understanding common interpersonal behaviors (e.g., self-control, dominance etc.) in the general population. Extreme scores on some of the scales provide important information on specific maladjustments an individual may be experiencing. Thus, it provides good coverage of information for th...
wikipedia
wiki_35931_chunk_1
National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center
Resources The States, Major Cities and Counties Regional Center offers a resource and outreach mechanism for state, major city and county criminal justice system partners, with a mission of ensuring that larger criminal justice agencies (those having 50 or more sworn personnel) have unbiased access to a full range of r...
wikipedia
wiki_29312_chunk_8
Network science
The U.S. military first became interested in network-centric warfare as an operational concept based on network science in 1996. John A. Parmentola, the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management, proposed to the Army's Board on Science and Technology (BAST) on December 1, 2003 that Network Science becom...
wikipedia
wiki_19555_chunk_14
Enterprise systems engineering
Applications There are two types of ESE application: Information Enterprise Systems Engineering and Social Enterprise Systems Engineering. Information Enterprise Systems Engineering (IESE) It is a system that builds up to meet the requirements and expectations of different stakeholders in the organization. There must...
wikipedia
wiki_16918_chunk_4
List of MT-32-compatible computer games
Games that falsely claim MT-32 compatibility The following games claim to be MT-32 compatible but in fact are not. The most common case is that they allow MT-32 or compatible devices to be chosen as configuration options, but they play General MIDI music instead: 3 Skulls of the Toltecs: sends GM data, inappropriate i...
wikipedia
wiki_29804_chunk_11
Panopticon Software
This support for streaming data with its products has allowed financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase , Citigroup , Citadel , and BlackRock to implement the Panopticon within their real-time trading and risk applications. Euromoney has stated that it provides the trader community with a way of quickly dige...
wikipedia
wiki_1145_chunk_18
Poker probability
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- !Hand !! Frequency !! Probability !! Cumulative !! Odds against |- | 5-high ||align=right| 781,824 || 0.584% || 0.584% ||align=right| 170.12 : 1 |- | 6-high ||align=right| 3,151,360 || 2.36% || 2.94% ||align=right| 41...
wikipedia
wiki_38672_chunk_9
Danny Cohen (computer scientist)
External links "Sun Microsystems Bolsters Top Technical Roster and Recognizes New Member of the National Academy of Engineering" 2006 "Smart Computing Reference Series", Encyclopedia May 2002, Volume 6, Issue 5 1937 births 2019 deaths American computer scientists California Institute of Technology alumni Commercial a...
wikipedia
wiki_25833_chunk_27
The Wealth of Networks
Although The Wealth of Networks has been the target of pointed criticism, the vast majority of published reviews are very emphatic about the fact that despite certain criticisms, The Wealth of Networks is an incredibly important book, and brings to the table many issues that are pertinent to the future of information p...
wikipedia
wiki_2938_chunk_16
Ring of symmetric functions
This symmetric function corresponds to the monomial symmetric polynomial mα(X1,...,Xn) for any n large enough to have the monomial Xα. The distinct monomial symmetric functions are parametrized by the integer partitions (each mα has a unique representative monomial Xλ with the parts λi in weakly decreasing order). Sinc...
wikipedia
wiki_6535_chunk_8
Raku (programming language)
Rakudo Perl 6 targets a number of virtual machines, such as MoarVM, the Java Virtual Machine, and JavaScript. MoarVM is a virtual machine built especially for Rakudo and the NQP Compiler Toolchain. There is a layer between Raku and the virtual machines called Not Quite Perl 6, or NQP, which implements Raku rules for pa...
wikipedia
wiki_6345_chunk_9
Fowler–Noll–Vo hash function
There are several different FNV offset basis for various bit lengths. These FNV offset basis are computed by computing the FNV-0 from the following 32 octets when expressed in ASCII: chongo <Landon Curt Noll> /\../\ which is one of Landon Curt Noll's signature lines. This is the only current practical use for the de...
wikipedia
wiki_406_chunk_28
NP (complexity)
The decision problem version of the integer factorization problem: given integers n and k, is there a factor f with 1 < f < k and f dividing n? The Subgraph isomorphism problem of determining whether graph contains a subgraph that is isomorphic to graph . The boolean satisfiability problem, where we want to know wheth...
wikipedia
wiki_15961_chunk_0
List of MeSH codes (J01)
The following is a partial list of the "J" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (I03). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (J02). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH c...
wikipedia
wiki_13204_chunk_11
TVG Network
Current programming The Barstool Sports Advisors – A Sunday morning program featuring personalities from the website Barstool Sports, including David Portnoy, Dan Katz and PFT Commenter (Pardon My Take), and Stu Feiner. Drive Time – A harness racing program, featuring action from Meadowlands, home of the Hambletonian...
wikipedia
wiki_16403_chunk_0
Jv16 powertools
jv16 PowerTools, developed by Macecraft Software, is a utility software suite for the Microsoft Windows operating system that according to its Web site can remove unneeded, erroneous, and left-over data, including in particular registry cleaning and optimisation, searching for files and registry entries, and finding th...
wikipedia
wiki_23443_chunk_9
2007–08 United States network television schedule
Returning series20/20ABC Saturday Movie of the WeekAccording to JimAmerica's Funniest Home VideosThe BachelorThe BacheloretteBoston LegalBrothers & SistersDancing with the StarsDesperate HousewivesExtreme Makeover: Home EditionGrey's AnatomyJust for LaughsLostMen in TreesNotes from the UnderbellyOctober RoadPrimetimeSa...
wikipedia
wiki_11073_chunk_11
Divine Proportions: Rational Trigonometry to Universal Geometry
A final issue raised by multiple reviewers is inertia: supposing for the sake of argument that these methods are better, are they enough better to make worthwhile the large individual effort of re-learning geometry and trigonometry in these terms, and the institutional effort of re-working the school curriculum to use ...
wikipedia
wiki_37187_chunk_0
Proofs related to chi-squared distribution
The following are proofs of several characteristics related to the chi-squared distribution. Derivations of the pdf Derivation of the pdf for one degree of freedom Let random variable Y be defined as Y = X2 where X has normal distribution with mean 0 and variance 1 (that is X ~ N(0,1)). Then, Where and are the cdf an...
wikipedia