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特别回顾大会在其第 52/133 号决议中请秘书长就一切形式及表现的恐怖主义对充分享受人权和基本自由的影响征求会员国的意见， | Recalling in particular that in its resolution 52/133 it requested the Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States on the implications of terrorism, in all its forms and manifestations, for the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms, |
回顾人权委员会以前的决议，特别注意到 2001 年 4 月 23 日第 2001/37 号决议，8 以及促进与保护人权小组委员会的有关决议，特别是 2001 年 8 月 16 日一致通过的第 2001/18 号决议，9 | Recalling previous resolutions of the Commission on Human Rights, and taking note, in particular, of resolution 2001/37 of 23 April 2001,8 as well as the relevant resolutions of the Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, particularly its resolution 2001/18, adopted unanimously on 16 August 2001,... |
注意到所有其他相关的大会决议， | Noting all other relevant General Assembly resolutions, |
还注意到相关的安全理事会决议， | Noting also relevant Security Council resolutions, |
意识到在 21 世纪的开端，世界目睹着有深远影响的历史性转变，在此过程中，激进民族主义以及宗教和族裔极端主义的力量继续带来新的挑战， | Aware that, at the dawn of the twenty-first century, the world is witness to historical and far-reaching transformations in the course of which forces of aggressive nationalism and religious and ethnic extremism continue to produce fresh challenges, |
感到震惊虽经国家和国际努力，但是旨在破坏人权的一切形式及表现的恐怖主义行为仍继续发生， | Alarmed that acts of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations aimed at the destruction of human rights have continued despite national and international efforts, |
考虑到生命权是基本的人权，没有生命权就无法行使其他权利， | Bearing in mind that the right to life is the basic human right, without which a human being can exercise no other right, |
又考虑到恐怖主义制造一种环境，破坏人民在生活中免于恐惧的权利， | Bearing in mind also that terrorism creates an environment that destroys the right of people to live in freedom from fear, |
重申所有国家均有义务促进和保护所有人权和基本自由，人人均应努力使这些权利和自由获得普遍而切实的承认和遵守， | Reiterating that all States have an obligation to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms and that every individual should strive to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, |
严重关切恐怖主义集团严重侵犯人权的行为， | Seriously concerned about the gross violations of human rights perpetrated by terrorist groups, |
深感痛惜妇女、儿童和老年人等无辜者遭受恐怖主义分子杀害、屠杀和残害的人数日增，此种不分青红皂白、任意的暴力和恐怖行为，无论在何种情况下，都不得视为正当行为， | Profoundly deploring the increasing number of innocent persons, including women, children and the elderly, killed, massacred and maimed by terrorists in indiscriminate and random acts of violence and terror, which cannot be justified under any circumstances, |
对所有恐怖主义被害人及其家人表示最深切的同情和悼念， | Expressing its deepest sympathy and condolences to all the victims of terrorism and their families, |
极感关切地注意到恐怖主义集团与国内和国际从事非法贩运军火和毒品的其他犯罪组织的联系日益密切，以及因此而实施的严重犯罪如谋杀、勒索、绑架、殴打、劫持人质和抢劫， | Noting with great concern the growing connection between terrorist groups and other criminal organizations engaged in the illegal traffic in arms and drugs at the national and international levels, as well as the consequent commission of serious crimes such as murder, extortion, kidnapping, assault, the taking of hosta... |
对恐怖主义集团可能借助新技术实施可造成大规模破坏，包括巨大人命损失 | Alarmed in particular at the possibility that terrorist groups may exploit new technologies to facilitate acts of terrorism, which may cause massive damage, including huge loss of human life, |
强调有必要在国家一级加强反对恐怖主义的行动，并加强有效国际合作以依照国际法打击恐怖主义，同时加强联合国在这方面的作用， | Emphasizing the need to intensify the fight against terrorism at the national level, to enhance effective international cooperation in combating terrorism in conformity with international law and to strengthen the role of the United Nations in this respect, |
还强调会员国务必采取适当步骤， 确保逮捕、起诉或引渡那些策划、资助或实施恐怖主义行为的人，不给他们有藏身之所， | Emphasizing also the importance of Member States taking appropriate steps to deny safe haven to those who plan, finance or commit terrorist acts, by ensuring their apprehension and prosecution or extradition, |
重申所有反恐怖主义的措施必须严格遵守国际法的有关规定，包括国际人权标准， | Reaffirming that all measures to counter terrorism must be in strict conformity with the relevant provisions of international law, including international human rights standards, |
注意到有必要按照有关的人权原则和文书保护个人人权和对个人的保障，特别是生命权， | Mindful of the need to protect the human rights of and guarantees for the individual in accordance with the relevant human rights principles and instruments, in particular the right to life, |
注意到国际社会内日益认识到一切形式和表现的恐怖主义对根据《联合国宪章》和国际人权盟约的规定，充分享受人权和基本自由以及建立法治和民主自由所产生的不利影响， | Taking note of the growing consciousness within the international community of the negative effects of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations on the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms and on the establishment of the rule of law and democratic freedoms as enshrined in the Charter of the Unite... |
1. 声援恐怖主义的被害人； | 1. Expresses its solidarity with the victims of terrorism; |
2． 强烈谴责对在生活中免于恐惧的权利，以及对享有生命、自由和安全的权利的侵犯； | 2. Strongly condemns the violations of the right to live free from fear and of the right to life, liberty and security; |
3. 重申毫不含糊地谴责一切形式和表现的恐怖主义行为、手段和做法，是旨在摧毁人权、基本自由和民主的活动，威胁到领土完整和国家安全，动摇合法政府的稳定，破坏多元化文明社会，不利地影响各国的经济和社会发展； | 3. Reiterates its unequivocal condemnation of the acts, methods and practices of terrorism, in all its forms and manifestations, as activities aimed at the destruction of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democracy, threatening the territorial integrity and security of States, destabilizing legitimately constitute... |
4. 重申各国国家元首和政府首脑在《千年宣言》中决定采取协调一致行动反对国际恐怖主义，并尽快加入所有有关的区域和国际公约； | 4. Reaffirms the decision of the heads of State and Government, as contained in the Millennium Declaration, to take concerted action against international terrorism and to accede as soon as possible to all the relevant regional and international conventions; |
5. 敦促国际社会按照有关国际文书，包括与人权有关的国际文书，加强区域和国际合作打击恐怖主义，以期根除恐怖主义； | 5. Urges the international community to enhance cooperation at the regional and international levels in the fight against terrorism, in accordance with relevant international instruments, including those relating to human rights, with the aim of its eradication; |
6. 吁请各国按照国际法的有关规定，包括国际人权标准，采取一切必要的有效措施，以防止、打击和消除在任何地方由任何人所实施的一切形式和表现的恐怖主义行为，同时还吁请各国酌情加强本国立法打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义； | 6. Calls upon States to take all necessary and effective measures in accordance with relevant provisions of international law, including international human rights standards, to prevent, combat and eliminate terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, wherever and by whomever committed, and also calls upon States to... |
7. 敦促各国不给恐怖主义分子藏身之所； | 7. Urges all States to deny safe haven to terrorists; |
8. 吁请各国在给予难民地位以前依照国内法和国际法的相关规定，包括国际人权标准，采取适当措施，以确保寻求庇护的人没有策划、便利或参与实施恐怖主义行为，包括暗杀，并在这方面敦促各国复核已经将难民地位给予参与恐怖主义行为或自称实施恐怖主义行为的人的情况； | 8. Calls upon States to take appropriate measures, in conformity with relevant provisions of national and international law, including international human rights standards, before granting refugee status, for the purpose of ensuring that an asylum-seeker has not planned, facilitated or participated in the commission of... |
9. 谴责煽动族裔仇恨、暴力和恐怖主义的行为； | 9. Condemns the incitement of ethnic hatred, violence and terrorism; |
10. 赞赏响应秘书长 1999 年 8 月 16 日和 2000 年 9 月 4 日普通照会的呼吁，对恐怖主义的影响表达了本国看法的政府； | 10. Commends those Governments that have communicated their views on the implications of terrorism in response to the notes verbales by the Secretary-General dated 16 August 1999 and 4 September 2000; |
11. 欢迎秘书长的报告，10并请他就一切形式和表现的恐怖主义对充分享受所有人权和基本自由的影响，为恐怖主义被害人设立自愿基金的可能性，以及恐怖主义被害人的康复与重新融入社会的办法，继续征求各会员国的意见，以期将其调查结果反映于提交大会的报告； | 11. Welcomes the report of the Secretary-General,10 and requests him to continue to seek the views of Member States on the implications of terrorism, in all its forms and manifestations, for the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and on the possible establishment of a voluntary Fund for the vic... |
(C) 301118 070319 | GE.18-20073(E) |
关于白俄罗斯第五次定期报告的结论性意见* | Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Belarus* |
1. 委员会在 2018 年 10 月 8 日和 9日举行的第 3530 次和 3531 次会议(见CCPR/C/SR.3530 和 3531)上审议了白俄罗斯的第五次定期报告(CCPR/C/BLR/5)。委员会在 2018 年 10 月 25 日举行的第 3556 次会议上通过了本结论性意见。 | 1. The Committee considered the fifth periodic report of Belarus (CCPR/C/BLR/5) at its 3530th and 3531st meetings (CCPR/C/SR.3530 and 3531), held on 8 and 9 October 2018. At its 3556th meeting, held on 25 October 2018, it adopted the present concluding observations. |
A. 导言 | A. Introduction |
2. 委员会对根据《公约》第四十条提交报告的长期拖延表示遗憾，感谢缔约国接受简化报告程序并按照依该程序所拟报告前问题清单(CCPR/C/BLR/QPR/5)提交第五次定期报告。委员会赞赏有机会再次与缔约国代表团开展建设性对话，讨论缔约国在报告所述期间为执行《公约》规定而采取的措施。委员会感谢缔约国代表团对问题清单作出的口头答复。 | 2. The Committee regrets the significant delay in reporting under article 40 of the Covenant, and is grateful to the State party for having accepted the simplified reporting procedure and for submitting its fifth periodic report in response to the list of issues prior to reporting prepared under that procedure (CCPR/C/... |
B. 积极方面 | B. Positive aspects |
3. 委员会欢迎缔约国采取以下立法和政策措施： | 3. The Committee welcomes the following legislative and policy measures taken by the State party: |
(a) 2016 年 10 月 24 日通过了“2016-2019 年机构间人权行动计划”(部长会议第 860 号决定)；(b) 2016 年 7 月通过了新的《难民法》； | (a) The adoption of the inter-agency action plan on human rights for 2016–2019 (Decision No. 860 of the Council of Ministers) on 24 October 2016; |
(b) 2016 年 7 月通过了新的《难民法》； | (b) The adoption of the new Refugees Act in July 2016; |
(c) 2014 年 12 月 16 日对《打击人口贩运行动法》进行了修订，设立了一个贩运受害者国家识别和转介机制。 | (c) The amendments to the Action against Human Trafficking Act made on 16 December 2014, setting up a national mechanism for the identification and referral of victims of trafficking. |
4. 委员会又欢迎缔约国批准或加入以下国际文书： | 4. The Committee also welcomes the State party’s ratification of, or accession to, the following international instruments by the State party: |
(a) 《残疾人权利公约》，2016 年 11 月 29 日； | (a) The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, on 29 November 2016; |
(b) 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》，2004 年 2 月 3 日；(c) 《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》和《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》，日期分别为 2002 年 1 月 23 日和 2006 年 1 月 25 日。 | (b) The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, on 3 February 2004; |
* 委员会第一百二十四届会议(2018 年 10 月 8 日至 11 月 2 日)通过。 | * Adopted by the Committee at its 124th session (8 October–2 November 2018). |
联 合 国 CCPR/C/BLR/CO/5 | United Nations CCPR/C/BLR/CO/5 |
公民权利和政治权利国际公约 | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |
C. 关注的主要问题及建议 | C. Principal matters of concern and recommendations |
《公约》在国内法律秩序中的地位 | The Covenant in the domestic legal order |
5. 委员会注意到缔约国称，没有援引《公约》的法院裁决是因为《公约》的主要条款已纳入国内法，但委员会仍感关切的是，法院裁决没有援引未被纳入国内法的《公约》条款，也没有援引委员会的解释和具体建议，例如与关于行使集会自由和表达自由的法规有关的解释和具体建议。鉴此并注意到委员会的《意见》没有广泛散发，委员会感到关切的是，政府官员、法官、检察官和律师对《公约》的认识和了解仍然有限(第二条)。 | 5. While noting the State party’s argument that the absence of court decisions referring to the Covenant stems from the incorporation of the main provisions of the Covenant into domestic law, the Committee remains concerned about the lack of reference to provisions of the Covenant that have not been incorporated, and t... |
6. 缔约国应采取一切必要措施，确保所有《公约》权利在国内法律秩序中得到充分落实，国内法院参照《公约》和委员会对《公约》的解释援引这些权利并解释国内法，向政府官员、法官、检察官和律师提供关于《公约》的具体和充分的培训，包括将《公约》和委员会的工作纳入法律教育。 | 6. The State party should take all measures necessary to ensure that all Covenant rights are given full effect in its domestic legal order, that domestic courts refer to them and interpret domestic law in the light of the Covenant and its interpretation by the Committee, and that specific and adequate training on the C... |
根据《任择议定书》通过的意见以及临时保护措施 | Views under the Optional Protocol and interim measures of protection |
7. 委员会感到遗憾的是，缔约国仍然不遵从委员会的临时措施请求，主要是在根据《任择议定书》提交的死刑案件中，并在委员会结束对个人案件的审议之前对这些个人执行死刑，辩称这种临时措施请求依据的是委员会的议事规则，因此不具约束力。委员会了解到，有 10 人被以这种方式处以死刑，并对另外 3 名被判处死刑的人的命运表示关切，委员会发出了关于他们 3 人的临时措施申请。此外，委员会感到遗憾的是，缔约国的立场是，根据《任择议定书》通过的意见仅仅是咨询性质的，因此没有执行委员会迄今为止通过的认定违反《公约》的 104 项意见中的任何一项。委员会感到遗憾的是，缔约国明确拒绝在个人来文的框架内与委员会充分合作，缔约国提出的理由是，委员会登记案件而不要... | 7. The Committee regrets that the State party continues not to comply with its requests for interim measures, mainly in death penalty cases submitted under the Optional Protocol, and executes individuals before the Committee has concluded its consideration of their cases, arguing that such requests for interim measures... |
8. 委员会回顾其判例，其中规定《公约》第三十九条第 2 款授权委员会制定自己的议事规则，根据《公约》第三十九条通过的议事规则第 92 条规定的临时措施对于委员会根据《任择议定书》行使职能至关重要，其目的是避免据称违反《公约》的行为对受害者造成不可弥补的损害。无视这一规则，特别是采取不可逆转的措施，如在委员会结束对其来文的审议之前处决被判死刑的个人，损害了对《公约》权利的保护，严重违反了《任择议定书》。 | 8. The Committee recalls its jurisprudence providing that article 39 (2) of the Covenant authorizes it to establish its own rules of procedure, and that interim measures under rule 92 of its rules of procedure, adopted in accordance with article 39 of the Covenant, are essential to its role under the Optional Protocol ... |
9. 委员会还注意到，《公约》缔约国通过加入《任择议定书》，承认委员会有权接受并审查该国管辖下的个人声称为该缔约国侵害《公约》所载任何权利的受害者的来文(《任择议定书》序言和第一条)。一个国家加入《任择议定书》意味着承诺善意地与委员会合作，缔约国采取任何行动阻止或阻挠委员会审议和审查来文以及发表意见，都不符合《任择议定书》第一条规定的义务。 | 9. The Committee further observes that, by adhering to the Optional Protocol, a State party to the Covenant recognizes the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications from individuals subject to its jurisdiction who claim to be victims of a violation of any of the rights set forth in the Covenant... |
10. 委员会还回顾其在关于缔约国在《公民权利和政治权利国际公约任择议定书》下的义务的第 33 号一般性意见(2008 年)中阐明的长期立场，即委员会的意见呈现一项司法决定所具有的某些主要特点，是根据《公约》设立的、由所有缔约国授权解释该文书的机构的权威性裁决。因此，委员会认为，落实其意见中提出的补救办法是缔约国根据《公约》第二条第 3 款和《任择议定书》承担的义务的重要组成部分。 | 10. The Committee further recalls its long-standing position, articulated in its general comment No. 33 (2008) on the obligations of States parties under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, that its Views exhibit some of the principal characteristics of a judicial decision... |
11. 此外，委员会重申其长期以来的判例，即监督复审程序是一种特殊的补救办法，不是提交来文之前必须用尽的补救办法，个人来文的提交人在与委员会接触时享有法律代表权(《公约》第二条和《任择议定书》第一条)。 | 11. Moreover, the Committee reiterates its long-standing jurisprudence that the supervisory review procedure constitutes an extraordinary remedy and is not a remedy that must be exhausted before the submission of a communication, and that authors of individual communications have the right to legal representation in ap... |
12. 缔约国应重新考虑其立场，以期履行其根据《任择议定书》承担的义务，在委员会根据《任择议定书》审议和审查来文时善意地与委员会充分合作，包括遵守临时保护措施的请求及充分执行委员会通过的所有意见，以便根据《公约》第二条第 3 款，保障受害者在发生违反《公约》情况下有权获得有效补救。 | 12. The State party should revisit its position with a view to fulfilling its obligations under the Optional Protocol by fully cooperating with the Committee in good faith in the consideration and examination of communications under the Optional Protocol, including by complying with requests for interim measures of pro... |
国家人权机构 | National human rights institution |
13. 委员会注意到，缔约国通过研究相关国际经验，一直在探索建立独立的国家人权机构的可能性，但委员会对进展缓慢和没有关于完成这一进程的时间表表示关切。委员会注意到，缔约国提到的负责人权事务的专门机构都不符合《关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的地位的原则》(《巴黎原则》)(第二条)。 | 13. While noting that the State party has been exploring the possibility of establishing an independent national human rights institution by studying international experience in that regard, the Committee is concerned about the slow progress and the lack of a timeline to complete this process. It notes that none of the... |
14. 缔约国应毫不拖延地建立一个任务为保护所有人权的独立的国家人权机构，该机构完全符合《巴黎原则》，独立、透明和有效地促进和保护人权。 | 14. The State party should establish, without undue delay, an independent national human rights institution with a mandate to protect the full range of human rights, which is fully compliant with the Paris Principles and which functions independently, transparently and effectively to promote and protect human rights. |
反歧视框架 | Anti-discrimination framework |
15. 委员会注意到《宪法》和各种法律中载有法律面前人人平等和不歧视等一般原则，但感到关切的是，现有法律框架没有提供全面保护，防止基于《公约》禁止的所有理由的歧视，也没有针对歧视提供有效补救。有报告称，这些缺点是由于缺少全面的反歧视法。委员会注意到，缔约国正在修订法律，以加强禁止歧视理由的开放式清单，目前正处于第二阶段的三年期法律审查将查明通过一项具体的反歧视法是否可取(第二和第二十六条)。 | 15. The Committee, while noting that the general principles of equality before the law and non-discrimination are enshrined in the Constitution and in various legislative acts, is concerned that the existing legal framework does not afford comprehensive protection against discrimination on all the grounds prohibited un... |
16. 缔约国应采取一切必要措施，例如通过一项全面的反歧视法，确保其法律框架提供充分和有效的实质性和程序性保护，防止基于《公约》禁止的所有理由的一切形式的直接、间接和多重歧视，包括私人领域的歧视，并确保对任何形式的歧视提供有效和适当的补救。 | 16. The State party should take all measures necessary, such as adopting a comprehensive anti-discrimination law, to ensure that its legal framework provides adequate and effective substantive and procedural protection against all forms of direct, indirect and multiple discrimination, including in the private sphere, o... |
歧视罗姆人 | Discrimination against Roma |
17. 委员会注意到缔约国提供的关于为保护罗姆少数群体的利益而采取的措施的资料，但仍感关切的是，有报告称，存在一些形式的歧视罗姆人行为，包括仇恨言论和执法人员的种族定性行为，还对罗姆儿童文盲率高和失学率高感到关切(第二、第二十六和第二十七条)。 | 17. While noting the information provided by the State party on measures taken to protect the interests of the Roma minority, the Committee remains concerned about reports of manifestations of discrimination against Roma, including hate speech and racial profiling by law enforcement officials, and about the high rates ... |
18. 缔约国应采取有效措施，消除对罗姆人的歧视，打击针对他们的仇恨言论，并消除执法人员的种族定性做法，特别是提供关于处理仇恨犯罪和不允许种族定性做法的强制性培训。缔约国应加强努力，确保罗姆儿童在与其他儿童平等的基础上上学并达到适当的教育标准。 | 18. The State party should take effective measures to address discrimination against Roma, to combat hate speech directed at them and to eliminate racial profiling by law enforcement officials, inter alia by providing mandatory training on addressing hate crimes and on the impermissibility of ethnic profiling. It shoul... |
基于性取向和性别认同的歧视 | Discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity |
19. 委员会注意到缔约国在这方面提供的信息，但仍感关切的是，有报告称，存在基于性取向和性别认同的歧视行为，包括骚扰、仇视同性恋的言论、仇恨言论以及针对男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者的暴力行为，在法律和实践中没有充分防止这种歧视。委员会还感到关切的是，有报告称，变性者的隐私和其他权利遭到侵犯，特别是在护照上使用性别身份号码，使政府官员可了解变性信息，在变性者的军事身份证件中标明根据卫生部和国防部批准的疾病一览表第 19a 类(严重精神疾病)，他们不适合服役(第二、第七、第十七和第二十六条)。 | 19. While noting the information provided by the State party in this regard, the Committee remains concerned about reports of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, including harassment, homophobic discourse, hate speech and violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals, a... |
20. 缔约国应采取有力步骤，切实消除基于性取向和性别认同的一切形式的歧视和暴力，特别是：(a) 在全面的反歧视法中明确将性取向和性别认同列为禁止歧视的理由之一；(b) 向执法人员和其他人员提供关于打击对男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者的歧视态度的适当培训；(c) 适当处罚此类行为，包括迅速有效地调查关于出于性取向和性别认同动机的暴力或仇恨的任何报告，并将犯罪人绳之以法。缔约国应修订关于变性的相关法规和程序，以确保它们符合《公约》，包括尊重隐私权。 | 20. The State party should take vigorous steps to eradicate effectively all forms of discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, inter alia by: (a) explicitly listing sexual orientation and gender identity among the prohibited grounds for discrimination in comprehensive anti-disc... |
残疾人权利 | Rights of persons with disabilities |
21. 委员会认可缔约国为处理残疾人权利问题采取的积极步骤，但对这一领域的改革步伐以及关于包括 2017-2025 年执行《残疾人权利公约》国家行动计划在内的各种方案资金不足的报告表示关切。委员会感到关切的是，有报告称，在确保公共空间、公共交通、建筑和其他设施的无障碍环境以及将残疾儿童纳入全纳教育方面进展缓慢(第二和第二十六条)。 | 21. The Committee, while acknowledging the positive steps taken to address the rights of persons with disabilities, is concerned about the pace of reforms in this field and about the reported inadequate funding of various programmes, including the national plan of action to implement the Convention on the Rights of Per... |
22. 缔约国应加强为促进和保护残疾人权利而采取的措施，并为切实落实这些权利提供充足的资金。除其他外，缔约国应确保公共交通、建筑和其他设施对残疾人无障碍，并确保残疾人不受歧视地利用这些设施，还应在将残疾儿童纳入全纳教育方面取得进展。 | 22. The State party should strengthen the measures taken to promote and protect the rights of persons with disabilities and provide adequate funding for their effective implementation in practice. It should, inter alia, ensure improved accessibility for, and non-discriminatory access by, persons with disabilities to pu... |
暴力侵害妇女，包括家庭暴力 | Violence against women, including domestic violence |
23. 委员会欢迎为消除暴力侵害妇女行为而采取的措施，包括 2014 年通过了《预防犯罪原则法》，该法规定了禁止令，但委员会仍感关切的是，基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为非常普遍。此外，自 2013 年以来，根据《行政犯罪法》第 9.1 (2)条(故意造成身体伤害)而不是根据《刑法》处理的行政犯罪数量大幅增加。此外，仍然没有专门将家庭暴力和婚内强奸定为犯罪的法律。委员会注意到，已经制定了一项关于家庭暴力的概念法律，正在等待通过，但感到遗憾的是，缔约国没有规定通过该法律的时间表。委员会还对缔约国的立场(CCPR/C/BLR/5，第 115 段)感到遗憾，其中表示，“没有必要制定专门规则将婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪”，因为这种规则将“构成对家庭范围... | 23. While welcoming the measures taken to address violence against women, including the adoption in 2014 of the Principles of Crime Prevention Act, which introduced restraining orders, the Committee remains concerned at the reported prevalence of gender-based violence against women. In addition, since 2013, there has b... |
24. 缔约国应加强努力，防止并消除一切形式的暴力侵害妇女，包括： | 24. The State party should strengthen its efforts to prevent and combat all forms of violence against women, including by: |
(a) 毫不拖延地通过专门法律，将暴力侵害妇女行为，特别是家庭暴力和性暴力(包括婚内强奸）定为刑事罪行，并确保在实践中切实执行； | (a) Adopting without undue delay legislation specifically criminalizing violence against women, particularly domestic and sexual violence including marital rape, and ensuring its effective implementation in practice; |
(b) 加强预防措施，包括提高对暴力侵害妇女的不可接受性和不利影响的认识，系统地向妇女宣传她们的权利，并鼓励向执法当局报告这种暴力行为； | (b) Strengthening preventive measures, including by raising awareness of the unacceptability and adverse impact of violence against women, systematically informing women of their rights and encouraging the reporting of such violence to law enforcement authorities; |
(c) 确保执法人员、司法部门和其他相关利益攸关方接受适当的培训，以便对性别问题具有敏感认识的方式发现、处理和调查暴力侵害妇女案件； | (c) Ensuring that law enforcement officials, the judiciary and other relevant stakeholders receive appropriate training on gender-sensitive detection, handling and investigation of cases of violence against women; |
(d) 确保全面收集关于暴力侵害妇女行为的数据，迅速和彻底地调查所有此类案件，将犯罪人绳之以法，并确保受害人获得有效补救和保护手段，包括在全国范围内设立数量足够、安全可靠、资金充足的庇护所和危机中心并提供适当的支助服务。 | (d) Ensuring that comprehensive data on violence against women is collected and that all such cases are promptly and thoroughly investigated, that perpetrators are brought to justice and that victims have access to effective remedies and means of protection, including sufficient, safe and adequately funded shelters and... |
强迫失踪 | Enforced disappearance |
25. 委员会感到关切的是，缔约国没有进行彻底和有效的调查，以确定被认定为强迫失踪受害者的 Viktar Hankhar、Yuri Zakharenko、Dimitry Zavadsky 和Anatoly Krasovsky 的命运和下落，从而违反了与《公约》第六和第七条一并解读的第二条第 3 款规定的义务，委员会对缔约国在建设性对话期间没有提供关于这些案件的任何进一步资料表示遗憾(第二、第六、第七、第九和第十六条)。 | 25. The Committee is concerned about the State party’s failure to conduct a thorough and effective investigation to establish the fate and whereabouts of Viktar Hanchar, Yuri Zakharenko, Dimitry Zavadsky and Anatoly Krasovsky, who have been identified as victims of enforced disappearance, in violation of its obligation... |
26. 缔约国应： | 26. The State party should: |
(a) 按照国际标准，切实将强迫失踪定为刑事犯罪； | (a) Criminalize enforced disappearance effectively, in accordance with international standards; |
(b) 对被确认为强迫失踪受害者的 Viktar Hankhar、Yuri Zakharenko、Dimitry Zavadsky 和 Anatoly Krasovsky 的命运和下落进行彻底、可信和公正的调查；确保向受害者及其亲属通知调查的进展和结果；查明责任人，确保对他们进行起诉并根据其罪行的严重程度给予适当的惩罚；确保强迫失踪受害者及其家人得到充分赔偿，包括康复、补偿和保证不重犯；并考虑到委员会对 Krasovskaya和 Krasovskaya 诉 白 俄 罗 斯 案 (CCPR/C/104/D/1820/2008) 的 意 见 以 及 对Zakharenko 和 Zakharenko 诉白俄罗斯案(CCPR/C/119/D... | (b) Conduct a thorough, credible and impartial investigation into the fate and whereabouts of Viktar Hanchar, Yuri Zakharenko, Dimitry Zavadsky and Anatoly Krasovsky, who have been identified as victims of enforced disappearance; ensure that the victims and their relatives are informed of the progress and results of th... |
27. 委员会感到遗憾的是，缔约国在废除死刑和批准《公约第二项任择议定书》方面缺乏进展。委员会仍然感到关切的是，缔约国仍判处和执行死刑，包括在委员会已经发布临时措施的案件中，仍然没有反对最高法院作为初审法院所作的死刑判决的有效上诉机制。委员会感到关切的是，未能对委员会在下文第28 (c)段提及的根据《任择议定书》就七份个人来文通过的《意见》中确定的侵犯行为作出补救，详细情况包括:(a) 违反第十四条规定的公正审判保障，包括获得有效法律代表的权利、无罪推定和由更高一级法庭复审的权利。委员会回顾其这方面的长期判例，即拒绝提供这些基本保障会导致违反《公约》第六条；(b) 死囚及其亲属没有被告知执行死刑日期，被执行者的尸体不归还亲属，埋葬地... | 27. The Committee regrets the lack of progress made by the State party towards the abolition of the death penalty and ratification of the Second Optional Protocol to the Covenant. It remains concerned that the death penalty continues to be imposed and enforced, including in cases with regard to which the Committee has ... |
28. 委员会强调，死刑与充分尊重生命权是无法调和的，废除死刑对于增强人的尊严和人权的逐步发展而言既是可取的，也是必要的。鉴于上述并适当考虑到缔约国《宪法》所载的死刑的暂时性，缔约国应考虑暂停执行死刑，作为从法律上废除死刑和批准《公约第二项任择议定书》的第一步，将所有未执行的死刑减刑为徒刑，并加大努力改变公众对维持死刑必要性的看法。在废除死刑之前，缔约国应： | 28. The Committee underscores that the death penalty cannot be reconciled with full respect for the right to life, and abolition of the death penalty is both desirable and necessary for the enhancement of human dignity and the progressive development of human rights. In the light of the foregoing, and taking due accoun... |
(a) 确保即使判处死刑，也绝不违反《公约》，包括违反公正审判保障，并确保保障对死刑提出上诉的有效权利； | (a) Ensure that, if imposed at all, the death penalty is never imposed in violation of the Covenant, including in violation of fair trial guarantees, and provide for an effective right of appeal against death sentences; |
(b) 修订《刑罚执行法》第 175 条，使其符合缔约国根据《公约》第七条承担的义务； | (b) Amend article 175 of the Penalties Enforcement Code with a view to bringing it into line with the State party’s obligations under article 7 of the Covenant; |
(c) 迅速和充分遵守委员会就 Vasily Yuzepchuk、Pavel Selyun、OlegGrishkovtsov、Andrei Burdyko、Vladislav Kovalev、Andrei Zhuk 和 AlexandrGrunov 的案件通过的意见。 | (c) Promptly and fully comply with the Views adopted by the Committee in the cases of Vasily Yuzepchuk, Pavel Selyun, Oleg Grishkovtsov, Andrei Burdyko, Vladislav Kovalev, Andrei Zhuk and Alexandr Grunov. |
酷刑和虐待 | Torture and ill-treatment |
29. 委员会注意到 2015 年《刑法》第 128 条增加了对酷刑的具体定义，但感到关切的是，该定义及其适用性仍然存在缺陷，因为该定义没有涵盖构成酷刑的所有行为，对酷刑的处罚与这种罪行的严重程度不相称。委员会还感到关切的是，持续有指控称：(a) 执法人员使用酷刑和虐待手段对嫌疑人逼供，这种供词在法庭上被用作证据；(b) 关于酷刑和虐待的指称往往得不到调查，调查委员会缺少对这些指称进行有效调查所需的独立性；(c) 被要求记录囚犯伤情的医疗单位在结构上属于监狱系统的一部分。委员会关切地注意到，缔约国称，直到2016 年才出现了根据《刑法》第 128 条和第 394 条作出的定罪，对缔约国没有提供这方面的最新信息表示遗憾。委员会还感到遗... | 29. The Committee, while observing the note added to article 128 of the Criminal Code in 2015 that specifically defines torture, is concerned that shortcomings in the definition and its applicability remain, as not all acts that constitute torture are covered by the definition and the penalties for torture are not comm... |
30. 缔约国应采取有力措施消除酷刑和虐待，特别是以下措施:(a) 使酷刑定义符合《公约》第七条和其他国际公认的标准，包括确保酷刑罪不受时效法限制，并受到与罪行的性质和严重程度相称的处罚；(b) 向执法人员提供关于酷刑防范和人道待遇的充分培训；(c) 确保对伤情进行独立可靠的医疗检查和记录；(d) 确保法院在任何情况下都不接受以违反《公约》第七条方式获得的供词；(e) 确保由有效、完全独立和公正的机构对所有酷刑和虐待指称进行迅速和彻底的调查；起诉犯罪人；给予被定罪者与罪行严重程度相称的处罚；并向受害者及其家属提供充分赔偿，包括康复和适当补偿。 | 30. The State party should take vigorous measures to eradicate torture and ill-treatment, inter alia, by: (a) Bringing the definition of torture into conformity with article 7 of the Covenant and other internationally accepted standards, including by ensuring that the crime of torture is not subject to a statute of lim... |
拘留的司法控制 | Judicial control of detention |
31. 委员会感到关切的是，根据现行立法：(a) 包括检察官、副检察官、调查委员会主席、国家安全委员会负责人或履行这些职能的人以及进行初步调查机构或调查员(如果得到检察官或副检察官的授权)在内的许多人都可能授权对因刑事指控而被捕或拘留的人进行审前拘留；(b) 对拘留的司法审查(人身保护)仅限于检查程序的合法性(第九条)。 | 31. The Committee is concerned that, according to the legislation in force: (a) pretrial detention of persons arrested or detained on a criminal charge may be authorized by a large number of individuals, including the procurator, the procurator’s deputy, the Chair of the Investigative Committee, the head of the State S... |
32. 缔约国应使其法律和实践与《公约》第九条相一致，特别是确保：(a) 因刑事指控而被捕或拘留的人通常在 48 小时内被迅速带见法官或其他经法律授权行使司法权力的官员，以便使他们的拘留处于司法控制之下；(b) 对任何被剥夺自由者的拘留进行的司法审查符合《公约》第九条第 4 款要求的标准，并审查拘留的事实依据。委员会提请注意其关于人身自由和安全的第 35 号一般性意见(2014 年)，特别是第 32、第 33 和第 39 段，其中特别指出，检察官不能被看做根据《公约》第九条第 3 款行使司法权的官员。 | 32. The State party should bring its legislation and practice into line with article 9 of the Covenant, in particular by ensuring that: (a) persons arrested or detained on a criminal charge are brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power, ordinarily within 48 hours, in ... |
对人权维护者进行预防性拘留和强迫送入精神病院 | Preventive detention and forced psychiatric hospitalization of human rights defenders |
33. 委员会感到关切的是，有报告称，为确定被提起行政诉讼的人的身份而进行的行政拘留据称被过度宽泛地使用和滥用。委员会特别关切的是，在政治或社会事件之前对个人的预防性拘留据称经常被使用，特别是针对人权维护者和记者，而且这种拘留是正式依据关于行政拘留的法律框架作出的。此类报告的案件包括 2017 年 3 月 25 日逮捕和拘留 57 名参加维亚斯纳人权中心办公室为筹备当天晚些时候计划举行的示威而举行的关于监测和平集会的培训的人员，以及在2018 年 3 月自由日游行前夕逮捕政治反对派领导人和前总统候选人 MikalayStatkevich 等人并拘留 10 天。委员会感到关切的是，持续有报告称，人权维护者可能会遭到任意的强制住院治疗，... | 33. The Committee is concerned at reports that administrative detention for the purposes of establishing the identity of a person against whom an administrative case has been opened is reportedly applied overly broadly and in an abusive manner. The Committee is particularly concerned that preventive detention of indivi... |
34. 缔约国应使其关于行政拘留的法律和做法符合《公约》第九条，同时考虑到委员会关于人身自由和安全的第 35 号一般性意见(2014 年)。缔约国应确保在任何限制个人自由和安全权的决定都严格遵守合法性和相称性原则，并充分尊重正当程序权利。缔约国应停止对人权维护者和记者的预防性拘留和任意强迫人权维护者入住精神病院的做法，这些做法不符合缔约国根据《公约》第九、第十四、第十九和第二十一条承担的义务。 | 34. The State party should bring its administrative detention legislation and practices into compliance with article 9 of the Covenant, taking into account the Committee’s general comment No. 35 (2014) on liberty and security of person. It should ensure that the principles of legality and proportionality are strictly o... |
囚犯待遇 | Treatment of prisoners |
35. 委员会注意到，为减少被拘留者人数和改善拘留条件而采取的立法和其他措施，但仍感关切的是，有报告称，存在过度拥挤、自杀和拘留期间因缺乏适当医疗而死亡的事件，包括分别于 2016 年 6 月和 2017 年 1 月在格卢博科耶第 13刑事拘留营死亡的 Siarah Ishtchuk 和 Valentyn Pishchalau 的案件，以及在莫吉廖夫第 15 刑事拘留营死亡的 Alexander Lebovich 的案件。委员会注意到，缔约国正在努力修订公共监督委员会地位的程序，但感到关切的是，有报告称，这些委员会缺乏充分的独立性且效力有限，其主要原因是它们无法进入所有剥夺自由场所(第六、第七和第十条)。 | 35. The Committee notes the legislative and other measures taken to reduce the number of detainees and improve conditions of detention, but remains concerned at reports of overcrowding, suicides and deaths in custody due to a lack of proper medical care, including in the cases of Siarhei Ishchuk and Valentyn Pishchalau... |
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