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4. 乌拉圭东岸共和国的一部社会立法被载入史册，该法的通过在当时被视为一种进步。关于儿童权利的专门立法，即《儿童法》于 1934 年颁布并生效。 | 4. Uruguay has historically stood out for its adoption of social legislation that is ahead of its time. Special legislation on the rights of the child dates back to 1934, when the Children’s Code was promulgated and entered into force. |
5. 在 1930 年至 1960 年期间，经济发展指标十分耀眼，儿童死亡率和识字率成为了评定大多数乌拉圭人的生活水平的主要社会指标。在 1974 年至 1985 年期间，国家经历了民事－军事独裁时期，由此在人权和基本自由方面造成了严重后果。 | 5. From 1930 to 1960, economic growth indicators were good, and child mortality and literacy rates were major social benchmarks attesting to the living conditions of the majority of the population. Between 1974 and 1985, the country was ruled by a civilian and military dictatorship, with the consequences which that sit... |
6. 社会各界在 1985 年全力促成了和平解决方案和非暴力转变。由于国家的崭新政治局势，新的领导者们可以制定长期政策来暂时解决经济赤字。 | 6. The peaceful solution and non-violent transition in 1985 were the result of a significant effort by all sectors of society. As a result of the changed political situation in the country, the new leaders were able to develop long-term policies that temporarily overcame the country’s economic deficits. |
2 资料来源：国家统计局。2011 年普查，最终数字。3 资料来源：世界银行，乌拉圭中央银行，国家统计局。4 GE.16-22968 (EXT)7. 上世纪九十年代的特点，就是在主要国际金融机构的建议下，整个拉丁美洲在各个不同领域实施了结构调整方案。此外，在区域层面，乌拉圭东岸共和国、阿根廷共和国、巴西联邦共和国和巴拉圭共和国于 1991 年签署了《亚松森条约》，据此建立了南方共同市场(南共市)。 | 7. The 1990s were characterized by structural adjustment programmes, which were applied throughout Latin America to varying degrees, based on recommendations from the major international financial institutions. At the regional level, the Treaty of Asunción establishing the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) was signed i... |
8. 在上述条件下，乌拉圭经济经历了一段增长期，直至 1999 年，不利的区域形势引发了经济危机，且国内的宏观经济政策加剧了这一危机。经济危机加剧了贫困和赤贫问题，并使得失业率和移民率显著增加，这就是为什么此次危机被视为乌拉圭现代历史上最严重的一次经济危机。危机在 2002 年达到顶峰，金融体系崩溃，进而蔓延至整个经济体系。人均国内生产总值在 1999 年至 2002 年期间下降了 30%，经过几年的稳定期后，通胀飙升，本币大幅贬值，而失业率则达到17%。 | 8. The Uruguayan economy experienced growth under the aforementioned conditions until 1999, when, triggered by an unfavourable regional context and exacerbated by domestic macroeconomic measures, a crisis arose. The economic crisis led to an increase in poverty and destitution and to a sharp rise in unemployment and em... |
9. 过去半个世纪的历史发展趋势显示，移民问题已经成为了国家的一个结构性断层现象。在经济危机影响到就业和家庭收入的困难时期，要求加快移民进度的呼声日益高涨，而乌拉圭同胞们在外国扎根后形成的聚居区，也大大促进了移民潮的发展壮大。因此，国民大量移居境外是乌拉圭在本世纪最初几年所经历危机的可预见后果，移民现象的主要特点，就是移民人口以受过中高等教育的年轻人为主。据估计，在 1996 年至 2003 年期间，约有十万人移居境外，如果将 1964年至 2004 年期间的移民数量加起来，对外移民总数为 440,000 人左右，约占乌拉圭居民人口的 13.9%。 | 9. Historical trends of the past 50 years show that emigration has become a structural phenomenon in the country. Periods of increased migration coincide with those in which the effects of economic crises on employment and on household income are heightened. The existence of colonies of compatriots abroad is also a maj... |
10. 国家自 2003 年开始经济复苏。到 2004 年，失业率已经下降了四个百分点，而在 2006 年至 2013 年期间，乌拉圭的年均增长率登记数字为 5.5%。因此，2013 年 7 月，世界银行将乌拉圭列为高收入国家，人均国民总收入高达13,580 美元。 | 10. The country’s economic recovery began in 2003. By 2004, the unemployment rate had fallen by four percentage points, while between 2006 and 2013 Uruguay posted an average annual growth rate of 5.5 per cent. In July 2013, the World Bank classified Uruguay as a high-income country, as its gross national income per cap... |
11. 上述经济形势使乌拉圭得以巩固自 2002 年危机后取得的结构性改善成果，并在面对 2008-2009 年国际危机等外部冲击时居于有利地位。尽管有种种负面影响，还要面临全球不稳定局势，但 2013 年乌拉圭的年均经济增长率达到 4.4%，失业率录得历史最低水平(6.3%)，并在减少贫困和赤贫方面取得了实质性进步(贫困率从 2004 年的 34.4%降至 2013 年的 11.5%，赤贫率从 2004 年的 2.6%降至2013 年的 0.5%)。出口市场已经实现了多样化，以降低对主要贸易伙伴的依赖度。同时，乌拉圭的公共债务相对于国内生产总值的比例保持了下降趋势。乌拉圭还降低了债务成本和美元化程度，并延长了金融债务的到期时间。 | 11. This economic performance has enabled the country to consolidate the structural improvements made after the 2002 crisis and to protect itself from external shocks such as the international crisis of 2008-2009. Despite the negative effects and global uncertainty, annual economic growth was 4.4 per cent in 2013, rate... |
12. 在乌拉圭参与的区域一体化进程方面，值得一提的有：拉丁美洲一体化协会(拉美一体协)，南方共同市场(南共市)，南美洲国家联盟(南美联盟)和拉丁美洲和加勒比国家共同体(拉共体)。这些组织，从其职权范围和领域来看，趋向于形成一个拉丁美洲区域联合体并实现共同身份认同。 | 12. The regional integration arrangements to which Uruguay is a party include the Latin American Integration Association, MERCOSUR, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. These entities, within their areas of competence and geographical scope, focus on uniting the ... |
B. 政府结构 | B. Structure of the Government |
13. 《共和国宪法》第四编，即“政体和国家权力机关”中包含了若干章节，用于规范政府各部门及其相互关系。第 82 条规定：“国家实行民主共和政体。国家主权应当依照本宪法确立的规则，由选民通过选举、倡议和公投的方式直接行使，以及通过《宪法》规定的代议制权力机构间接行使。” | 13. Section IV of the Constitution, entitled “Form and branches of government”, contains provisions governing the tasks of the different branches of the State and their relations with each other. Article 82 states as follows: “The nation shall adopt a democratic, republican form of Government. Sovereignty shall be exer... |
14. 乌拉圭是一个总统制共和国，全国划分为 19 个省和 89 个市。中央政府实行三权分立，监督机构包括审计法院、选举法院和行政诉讼法院。 | 14. Uruguay is a presidential republic divided into 19 departments and 89 municipalities. The central Government is made up of three branches, and the review bodies are the Court of Audit, the Electoral Court and the Administrative Court. |
1. 行政权 | 1. Executive branch |
15. 行政权由共和国总统与相应的部长或者部长理事会共同行使。在总统职位出现暂时或永久空缺时，共和国副总统可接替总统职务。副总统担任议会与参议院的议长。 | 15. Executive authority is exercised by the President of the Republic, acting in agreement with the respective minister or ministers or with the Council of Ministers. The Vice-President of the Republic stands in for the President in the temporary or permanent absence of the latter and presides over the General Assembly... |
16. 共和国总统和副总统均应由人民(选举主体)直接选举产生，为此每个政党可提名一个总统和副总统候选人，获得绝对多数票的候选人当选。 | 16. Both the President and the Vice-President are directly elected by the people (electorate) by an absolute majority of votes, and each political party presents a single pair of candidates for President and Vice-President. |
17. 总统或副总统必须为年满 35 周岁、出生即具备乌拉圭国籍的本国公民。总统和副总统的任期均为五年，自卸任之日起满五年后可再次参选。 | 17. The President and Vice-President must be natural-born citizens of Uruguay and have reached 35 years of age. Their term of office is five years and they may be re-elected provided that five years have elapsed since the end of their previous term. |
18. 部长理事会成员包括各部委部长或负责人，享有在政府事务和行政管理方面的专属管辖权，对共和国总统或部长在其职权范围内提出的政府和行政议案实施监督。部长理事会的成员应满足与参议员相同的任职资格要求和禁止要求。当 | 18. The Council of Ministers consists of the heads of the respective ministries and is exclusively responsible for all acts of government and administration proposed by the President of the Republic or by the Ministers on topics relating to their ministries. Membership of the Council is subject to the same requirements... |
• 国防部； | • Ministry of Defence |
• 经济和财政部； | • Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance |
• 内政部； | • Ministry of the Interior |
• 外交部； | • Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
• 劳动和社会保障部； | • Ministry of Labour and Social Security |
• 牧农渔业部； | • Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries |
• 交通和公共工程部； | • Ministry of Transport and Public Works |
• 工业、能源和矿业部； | • Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining |
• 社会发展部； | • Ministry of Social Development |
• 公共卫生部； | • Ministry of Health |
• 教育和文化部； | • Ministry of Education and Culture |
• 旅游和体育部； | • Ministry of Tourism and Sport |
• 住房、土地规划和环境部。 | • Ministry of Housing, Regional Planning and the Environment |
19. 《共和国宪法》第 168 条规定了共和国总统应在各部部长或者部长理事会的配合下行使的职权。其中主要有： | 19. Article 168 of the Constitution establishes the responsibilities of the President of the Republic, acting either with the respective minister or ministers or with the Council of Ministers. They include the following: |
(a) 对内维护国内秩序与安定，对外维护国家安全； | (a) Preserving internal order and tranquillity, and external security; |
(b) 行使所有武装力量的最高统帅权； | (b) Exercising supreme command of all the armed forces; |
(c) 颁布各类法律和发布各类政令，实施和责令实施这些法律和政令，并颁布必要的实施条例； | (c) Publishing and circulating all laws, executing and enforcing them and issuing such special regulations as may be necessary to implement them; |
(d) 向立法机关报告共和国现状以及需要关注的进步和改革； | (d) Informing the legislature of the state of the Republic and of the improvements and reforms that he or she deems worthy of its attention; |
(e) 对立法机关送交的法案提出异议或意见，以及向议会两院提出法案或对已颁布法律的修正案； | (e) Objecting to or commenting on bills sent to him or her by thelegislature, and proposing new bills or amendments to laws previously adopted; |
(f) 任命领事和外交人员，对于使团负责人的任命，必须向参议院报批，在参议院休会期间，应向常务委员会报批； | (f) Appointing consular and diplomatic personnel, with the obligation to seek the agreement of the Senate or, if the Senate is in recess, the standing committee, for heads of mission; |
(g) 经参议院或常务委员会以其所有成员的五分之三的多数同意，任命共和国公诉人和其他检察官； | (g) Appointing the Attorney General and the other State prosecutors, with the consent of the Senate or, if appropriate, the standing committee; |
(h) 宣布断绝外交关系，如果仲裁或其他避免战争的和平方法均告失败，依照议会的已决议案，宣布战争状态； | (h) Decreeing the severance of relations and, in accordance with a prior resolution of the General Assembly, making a declaration of war, in the event that arbitration or other peaceful means of avoiding war have been unsuccessful; |
(i) 缔结与签署条约，在取得立法机关批文后批准条约。 | (i) Concluding and signing treaties, with the approval of the legislature being necessary for their ratification. |
2. 立法权 | 2. Legislative branch |
20. 立法权应由议会行使。议会由众议院与参议院组成，其职权如下： | 20. Legislative authority is exercised by the General Assembly. It consists of two houses, the House of Representatives or Deputies and the Senate. The responsibilities of the General Assembly include, inter alia: |
(a) 制定涉及共和国的独立、安全、安定以及尊严的法律，制定涉及所有个人权利的保护以及促进教育、农业、工业和国内外贸易的法律； | (a) Adopting laws relating to the independence, security, tranquillity and honour of the country, to the protection of all the rights of the individual and to the promotion of education, agriculture, industry and domestic and foreign trade; |
(b) 宣布战争状态，以两院全体议员的绝对多数同意或否决行政权力机构同外国达成的和平、联盟、贸易条约以及任何性质的公约或契约； | (b) Declaring war and adopting or rejecting, by an absolute majority of the full membership of both houses, such treaties of peace, alliance or trade and conventions or contracts of any nature as the executive branch may conclude with foreign Powers; |
(c) 确定必要的税收以支付预算开支；制定税款的分布、征收和拨用以及废除、修改或增加现有的税收； | (c) Introducing the necessary taxation to meet budgetary expenditure; determining its distribution, means of collection and investment; and eliminating, altering or increasing existing taxes; |
(d) 在两院联席会议上选出最高法院、选举法院、行政诉讼法庭以及审计法庭的成员。 | (d) Electing, in a joint session of both houses, the members of the Supreme Court of Justice, the Electoral Court, the Administrative Court and the Court of Audit. |
2.1 众议院 | 2.1 House of Representatives |
21. 众议院由 99 名众议员组成。根据每一政党在全国所获得的支持票，按比例代表制由人民直接选出众议员。众议员的任期为五年。 | 21. The House of Representatives has 99 members elected directly by the people, under a system of proportional representation that takes into account the votes cast for each party throughout the country. Representatives hold office for five years. |
22. 众议员的任职条件为：出生或归化入籍的本国公民，享有公民权利的时间满五年，且年满 25 周岁。 | 22. Representatives must either be natural-born citizens or have been naturalized citizens for at least five years, and must have reached 25 years of age. |
23. 《共和国宪法》第 93 条规定：“两院议员、共和国总统与副总统、政府各部长以及最高法院、行政诉讼法庭、审计法庭、选举法院的成员，如有违宪行为或犯有其它严重罪行的，经众议员提出，众议院应进行审查，查明有理由立案后，众议院有权向参议院提出弹劾。” | 23. Article 93 of the Constitution states that the House of Representatives has the exclusive right of impeachment, before the Senate, of members of either house, the President and the Vice-President of the Republic, Ministers of State and members of the Supreme Court of Justice, the Administrative Court, the Court of ... |
2.2 参议院 | 2.2 Senate |
24. 参议院由 30 名参议员组成。参议员应由人民在全国为统一选区的情况下按照统一的比例代表制直接选出。共和国副总统也是参议院成员，在参议院具有发言权与投票权，并担任参议院以及议会的议长。参议员的任期为五年。 | 24. The Senate has 30 members elected directly by the people in a single voting district under a system of full proportional representation. It also includes the Vice-President of the Republic, who is a full member and presides over both the Senate and the General Assembly. Senators hold office for five years. |
25. 参议员任职条件为：出生或归化入籍的本国公民，享有公民权利的时间满七年，且年满 30 周岁。 | 25. Senators must either be natural-born citizens or have been naturalized citizens for at least seven years, and must have reached 30 years of age. |
26. 对于由众议院或者省议会提出的弹劾动议，根据具体情况，参议院有权提起公审，并以全体参议员的三分之二的多数同意宣布判决。但此判决仅具有撤职的效力。 | 26. The Senate has the authority to initiate public proceedings against persons impeached by the House of Representatives or by the departmental legislature, as the case may be, and to deliver judgment, the sole effect of which is removal from office, by a vote of two thirds of the full membership. |
3. 司法权 | 3. Judicial branch |
27. 司法权由最高法院、各级法院和法庭按照法定形式行使。 | 27. Judicial authority is exercised by the Supreme Court of Justice and by the courts and tribunals, as prescribed by law. |
28. 司法机关的层级结构如下： | 28. The judicial hierarchy is as follows: |
• 最高法院； | • Supreme Court of Justice |
• 上诉法院； | • Courts of appeal |
• 初审法院； | • Courts of first instance |
• 治安法院； | • Magistrates’ courts |
• 轻罪法院。 | • Courts of minor offences |
29. 最高法院由五名成员组成，由国会任命，任期为十年。最高法院有权以绝对多数票表决的方式任命各级各类法官。 | 29. The Supreme Court has five members, who are appointed for a period of 10 years by the General Assembly. The Supreme Court is responsible for appointing judges of all other ranks and categories, by an absolute majority of the members. |
30. 司法机关所有职位的任职条件中都要求具备律师或公证人的从业资格证。 | 30. All holders of positions in the judiciary must be qualified lawyers or notaries. |
31. 经认定属于贫困人口的，依法享有免费司法保护。 | 31. Access to the courts is free of charge for persons declared needy under the law. |
4. 省级行政管理 | 4. Departmental administration |
32. 19 个省的政务和管理权，除公共安全事务外，均由省委会和省长行使。 | 32. The government and administration of each of the 19 departments, with the exception of law enforcement, are the responsibility of a departmental legislature and a governor. |
33. 省长由人民直接选举产生，每届任期五年，仅可连选连任一次。政党通过内部选举的方式提名省长候选人。 | 33. The governor is elected directly by the people for a term of five years and may be re-elected only once. Political parties present one gubernatorial candidate each, chosen through primary elections. |
34. 省长承担省政府的行政和管理职能，省委会行使立法权和监督权。 | 34. The governor is responsible for the executive and administrative functions of the departmental government, whereas the departmental legislature is responsible for legislative and supervisory functions. |
35. 省政府享有独立于国家政府的行政和财政自主权。 | 35. The departmental governments have administrative and financial autonomy vis-à-vis the national Government. |
36. 市一级的选举与省一级的选举同时进行，以选举出市政委员。市政选举在市辖区内进行，每个市设五名市政委员。 | 36. Municipal elections are held at the same time as departmental elections to elect members of the municipal governments. Each municipal government has five members, who are elected by voters in the corresponding municipal voting district. |
37. 在市辖区的候选人名单中得票数排在第一位的担任市长，主持市政工作。市长的任职要求是合法当选并宣誓就职。 | 37. The first person on the list receiving the largest number of votes of the party with the largest number of votes in the municipal district is appointed as mayor and presides over the municipal government. In order to serve as mayor, a candidate must have been elected and declared a member of the municipal governmen... |
38. 其他市政委员称为市政会议成员，属于荣誉性质的职位。 | 38. The remaining members are known as councillors, who serve ad honorem. |
39. 市委会成员的任职要求同省委会成员。 | 39. The requirements for becoming a member of a municipal government are the same as those for serving as a departmental legislator. |
40. 省委会成员、省长、在省政府任职的官员和国家公务员，均不得担任市政委员职务。 | 40. Members of departmental legislatures, governors, employees of departmental governments and civil servants, among others, may not become members of municipal governments. |
5. 行政诉讼法庭 | 5. Administrative Court |
41. 行政诉讼法庭负责审理行政申诉案件，具体指的是关于请求撤销政府在履行公务过程涉嫌违反法规或滥用职权的行为的申诉。行政诉讼法庭由五名成员组成，行使对国家行为的司法审查权。请求撤销的诉讼只能由具有诉讼权者提出或者由正当利益直接受到行政行为的侵犯或者侵害的个人提出。 | 41. The Administrative Court hears applications to nullify administrative decisions of the Government that are contrary to a rule of law or have been taken ultra vires. It exercises judicial review over State actions and has five members. Nullification proceedings may be initiated by anyone having a right or a direct, ... |
42. 法庭判定行政行为无效后，接下来可通过行政诉讼途径寻求救济，认定损害并要求赔偿。索赔主张的受理主体应当是主管行政诉讼事务的初审法院。 | 42. When the Court nullifies a decision, the claim for redress must be entered in the ordinary courts to determine the injury caused. Such cases are heard by the ordinary administrative courts. |
6. 选举法院 | 6. Electoral Court |
43. 选举法院负责审理涉及选举行为或选举程序的所有事项，并对选举机构行使监督权。 | 43. The Electoral Court has jurisdiction over all electoral acts and procedures and has supervisory authority over the electoral bodies. |
44. 选举法院由九名成员组成，其中五名由国会任命，必须是没有政治偏向、立场公正的公民。其余四名成员由国会从多数派政党的代表中选举产生。 | 44. It has nine members, of whom five are appointed by the General Assembly and must be citizens whose position on the political spectrum guarantees their impartiality. The other four members are elected by the General Assembly and represent the main political parties. |
三. 保护人权的总体法律框架 | III. General legal framework within which human rights are protected |
45. 基本人权已经得到宪法保障，宪法中涵盖了公民权利和政治权利(第 7 至 40条)以及经济、社会和文化权利(第 40 至 71 条)。然而，《共和国宪法》第 72 条承认，受宪法保障的权利并不限于前面列举的内容，不得将人类固有的以及共和政体所产生的其它权利排除在外。 | 45. Fundamental human rights are protected by the Constitution, which provides for civil and political rights (arts. 7-40) and economic, social and cultural rights (arts. 40-71). Article 72 recognizes that the list is not exhaustive, since the other rights that are inherent in the human person or that derive from the r... |
46. 这就意味着，在共和国作为缔约国加入的各类国际人权保护文书中所载的基本权利，已经得到了宪法的承认，在大多数情况下，可在法律的规范下行使这些权利。 | 46. The fundamental rights set out in the various international human rights instruments to which Uruguay is a party have thus been enshrined in the Constitution, and the exercise of those rights is, in most cases, regulated by law. |
47. 在原则上，共和国批准的现行条约可以在国内法中直接适用，也可以由国内法官加以援引，除非条约本身另有规定，或者由于国际标准的结构而无法适用或援引。48. 让国际标准在国内适用的程序，要求行政机关表明国家愿意签署、签订或 | 47. In principle, a treaty that is in force and has been ratified by Uruguay is directly applicable under domestic law and may be invoked before the country’s courts, unless the treaty itself provides otherwise or the structure of the international standard makes this impossible. |
或援引。48. 让国际标准在国内适用的程序，要求行政机关表明国家愿意签署、签订或加入某项国际文书。立法机关有权批准国际文书并将之纳入国内法，然后行政机关对已获批准或加入的文书进行交存。因此，乌拉圭做出国际承诺的国家意志形成机制，需要在国内法中通过立法进行批准。 | 48. For an international standard to be applicable domestically, the executive must express the will of the State by signing or acceding to an international instrument. It is the responsibility of the legislature to adopt and incorporate the instrument into domestic legislation, after which the executive deposits the i... |
确保尊重人权的主管部门 | Authorities responsible for ensuring respect for human rights |
49. 乌拉圭有一系列人权方面的体制机构，其中值得强调的是共和国总统府人权秘书处。根据 2012 年关于行政问责的第 19149 号法律(第 67 条)成立了该秘书处，以替代原先的教育和文化部人权局。秘书处的领导工作由一个领导委员会承担，委员会成员包括共和国总统府秘书，外交部长，教育和文化部长，内政部长和社会发展部长，该领导委员会是负责将人权观点纳入行政机关公共政策中的主管部门。 | 49. Uruguay has a number of institutional human rights mechanisms, in particular the Human Rights Secretariat of the Office of the President. The Secretariat was created by Act No. 19.149 on the statement of accounts for fiscal year 2012 (art. 67) to replace the Human Rights Directorate of the Ministry of Education and... |
50. 最近，还在共和国总统府的组织架构中加强了人权秘书处的职责，这标志着人权秘书处作为原先的和平委员会监测秘书处的延续，对其使命和职权进行了扩展。 | 50. The mission of the Human Rights Secretariat for the Recent Past, which is also part of the Office of the President and is continuing the work of the former Secretariat for Follow-up to the Peace Commission, has been strengthened through an expansion of its mandate and areas of responsibility. |
51. 目前，多个国家机构设立了职能部门，专门负责落实各自职权领域内的人权事务。以外交部为例，外交部设有人权和人道主义法事务局、种族−民族股和性别事务委员会，其主要目的就是确保在体制架构上和部委决策中实现人权观点的主流化。 | 51. Currently, a number of national institutions have offices with specific responsibility for human rights issues in the areas that are within their competence. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for example, has a Directorate of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, an Ethnicity and Race Unit and a Gender Commission, with... |
52. 此外，为了落实措施、接收申诉和预防侵权，成立了许多委员会，其中包括：打击种族主义、仇外心理和一切其他形式的歧视荣誉委员会，国家反家庭暴力咨询委员会，少年儿童权利荣誉委员会，等等。 | 52. In addition, in order to implement measures, receive complaints and prevent rights violations, many commissions have been established, including the Honorary Commission against Racism, Xenophobia and All Other Forms of Discrimination, the National Advisory Council to Combat Domestic Violence and the Honorary Counci... |
53. 通过 2003 年 8 月 29 日的第 17684 号法律设立了监狱事务议会专员，其职责是在司法程序中为立法机关提供咨询，以监督落实与被剥夺自由人员状况相关的国内法规和国家批准的相关国际公约，并对负责监狱管理工作和囚犯或获释人员重返社会工作的责任单位实施监督。 | 53. Act No. 17.684 of 29 August 2003 established the position of Parliamentary Commissioner of Prisons, whose responsibilities include advising lawmakers on monitoring compliance with domestic legislation and international conventions ratified by Uruguay concerning the situation of persons deprived of liberty as a resu... |
54. 监狱事务议会专员是一个独立机制，具备以下权限：(a) 促进尊重所有因卷入司法诉讼而被剥夺自由的人的权利；(b) 要求监狱主管部门提供与囚犯生活条件有关的资料；(c) 向监狱主管部门提出建议。这些建议并没有强制约束力，但是如果不予落实，被提建议的主管部门会因疏忽而接到问责警告，且必须以书面形式在规定期限内向监狱议会专员作出解释，说明建议没有得到落实的原因；(d) 接收关于侵犯囚犯权利的投诉和申诉；10 GE.16-22968 (EXT)(e) 对监狱进行视察；(f) 申请宪法权利保护令或人身保护令，同时提起刑事起诉；(g) 与负责促进尊重人权的各单位开展合作。 | 54. The Commissioner, who is independent, is empowered to: (a) Promote respect for the rights of all persons deprived of liberty as a result of judicial proceedings; (b) Request information from the prison authorities on the living conditions of prisoners; (c) Make recommendations to the prison authorities. These recom... |
55. 同时，2008年还成立了国家人权和权利监察员机构，作为一个立法领域的自治机构，旨在落实联合国大会通过 1993 年第 48/134 号决议采纳的《巴黎原则》的指导方针，以及落实在 1993 年的世界人权会议上颁布的《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》中做出的承诺。 | 55. In addition, in 2008 the National Human Rights Institution and Ombudsman’s Office was established as an autonomous institution within the legislative branch, in compliance with the 1993 Paris Principles adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolution 48/134 and with the commitments made under the Vienna Decla... |
56. 该机构的使命是捍卫、增进和保护人权，可以提出体制性建议，确保处理侵犯人权的申诉，进而采取相应行动。该机构的一项宗旨，就是为让人们切实享有权利提供更多保障，并检查各项法律、行政做法和公共政策是否符合国际人权标准。 | 56. This institution is responsible for the defence, promotion and protection of human rights, and it may recommend institutional mechanisms for ensuring the processing of complaints of human rights violations and take appropriate action. One of its objectives is to provide greater safeguards for individuals’ effective... |
57. 2013 年，在国家人权和权利监察员机构中设立了国家防范酷刑机制。该机构已经就接受少年刑事司法制度惩治的少年犯遭受酷刑问题开展了工作。 | 57. In 2013, the National Mechanism for the Prevention of Torture, which has worked on the issue of adolescents entering the juvenile justice system, was established as part of the National Human Rights Institution and Ombudsman’s Office. |
58. 监狱事务议会专员还在成人监狱体系中履行国家防范酷刑机制的职能。 | 58. The Parliamentary Commissioner of Prisons also acts as a national mechanism for preventing torture in the adult prison system. |
59. 最后，值得一提的是监狱事务议会专员和国家人权机构的运作，以及这些机构开展调查、发布报告和执行预算等工作，均不受国家的任何干预。 | 59. Finally, it should be noted that the operations of the Parliamentary Commissioner of Prisons and the National Human Rights Institution and Ombudsman’s Office, including their investigations, publication of reports and implementation of budgets, are not subject to any form of control by the State. |
国家向国际体系的承诺 | International commitments |
60. 乌拉圭已经批准了所有的核心人权条约及其任择议定书。此外，乌拉圭还与联合国系统的所有机构开展工作，对联合国特别程序保持开放性邀请，国家对联合国系统的自愿承诺和捐款持续有效。 | 60. Uruguay has ratified all the fundamental treaties for the protection of human rights and the optional protocols thereto. The country also cooperates with all the bodies of the United Nations system and has extended a standing invitation to the special procedures, while continuing to honour its commitments and to ma... |
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