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1. 任意拘留问题工作组系根据前人权委员会第 1991/42 号决议设立。人权委员会第 1997/50 号决议对工作组的任务作出明确说明并延长其任期。根据人权理事会第2006/102 号决定，工作组的任务由人权理事会接管。人权理事会 2010 年 9 月 30 日第 15/18 号决议将工作组任期延长 3 年。2013 年 9 月 26 日第 24/7 号决议将工作组任期再延长 3 年。工作组按照其工作方法(A/HRC/16/47, 附件和 Corr.1, 附件)，将上述来文转交该国政府。 | 1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of the former Commission on Human Rights, which extended and clarified the Working Group’s mandate in its resolution 1997/50. The Human Rights Council assumed the mandate in its decision 2006/102 and extended it for a three-year period in... |
2. 工作组视下列情况为任意剥夺自由：(a) 显然提不出任何剥夺自由的法律依据(如：某人刑期已满或尽管大赦法对其适用，却仍被关押)(第一类)；(b) 剥夺自由系因行使《世界人权宣言》第七、第十三、第十四、第十八、第十九、第二十和第二十一条、以及(就缔约国而言)《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十二、第十八、第十九、第二十一、第二十二、第二十五、第二十六和第二十七条所保障的权利或自由(第二类)；(c) 完全或部分不遵守《世界人权宣言》以及当事国接受的相关国际文书所确立的关于公正审判权的国际准则，情节严重，致使剥夺自由具有任意性(第三类)； | 2. The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following cases: (a) When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to the detain... |
(d) 寻求庇护者、移民或难民长期遭受行政拘留，且无法得到行政或司法复议 | . |
(d) 寻求庇护者、移民或难民长期遭受行政拘留，且无法得到行政或司法复议或补救(第四类)；(e) 由于存在基于出生、国籍、种族或社会出身、语言、宗教、经济情况、政治或其他见解、性别、性取向、残疾或其他状况的歧视，剥夺自由违反国际法，且目的在于或可能导致无视人权平等(第五类)。 | United Nations A/HRC/WGAD/2015/16 General Assembly Distr.: General 19 June 2015 Original: English (d) When asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolongedadministrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or remedy (category IV); (e) When the deprivation of liberty con... |
来文方提交的来文 | Submissions Communication from the source |
3. 向任意拘留问题工作组报告的案件概况如下： | 3. The case summarized below was reported to the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention as follows: |
4. 穆罕默德·礼萨·普沙贾里先生(笔名 Siamak Meher)生于 1960 年 3 月 21 日，是卡拉季市戈哈尔达什特的一名博客写手，于 2010 年 9 月 12 日下午 1 时在卡拉季的家中被 4 名突然闯入的伊朗革命卫队队员逮捕。卫队队员还对住所进行了长达五六个小时的搜查，没收了一部电脑、一台卫星接收器、个人证件、光盘、家庭录影、照片和信件。 | 4. Mr. Mohammad Reza Pourshajari, also known by his pen name of Siamak Meher; born on 21 March 1960; a blogger; addressed in Gohardasht, Karaj, was arrested at his home in Karaj on 12 September 2010 at 1.00 p.m. by four members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), who broke into his house. They also carrie... |
5. 据来文方称，普沙贾里先生被捕时没有逮捕令或法院的命令，也没有获得事先通知。他被逮捕完全是因为在名为“伊朗境内新闻”(Gozareshe Khak-e-Iran)的博客中发表的政治见解和报道活动所致。 | 5. According to the source, Mr. Pourshajari was arrested without any warrant, court order or prior notice, purely due to his political views and journalistic activities in the blog named Gozareshe Khak-e-Iran (“News from Iranian Territory”). |
6. 普沙贾里先生受到殴打和审讯。他被单独关押在伊朗革命卫队在拉贾伊·萨赫尔的一处监狱中，遭受了8个月的严厉审讯和精神折磨。审讯者反复以死亡相威胁，还实施了一次假处决，逼他认罪。 | 6. Mr. Pourshajari was beaten and took for interrogations. He was put in solitary confinement and was subjected to harsh investigation and psychological torture during eight months in a prison of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps in Rajai Shehr. His interrogators repeatedly threatened him with death. They also sim... |
7. 2010 年 12 月 13 日，普沙贾里先生受到卡拉季革命法庭的审判，主审法官是萨马迪，被控罪名包括危害国家安全、反体制宣传、污蔑最高领袖、企图非法离境、接触反革命分子和犹太复国主义组织。经过仅 15 分钟的秘密审理后，普沙贾里先生被判处 3 年徒刑。被告人根本没获得申辩的机会，也没有辩护律师。2011 年 5月 9 日，普沙贾里先生被转移到拉贾伊·萨赫尔监狱的普通牢房。 | 7. On 13 December 2010, Mr. Pourshajari was put on trial at the Revolutionary Court of Karaj, under Judge Samadi, on charges of acting against national security; propaganda against the system; insulting the Supreme Leader; attempts to leave the country illegally; contacts with anti-revolutionary individuals and Zionist... |
8. 2011 年 6 月 20 日，普沙贾里先生在厄尔布尔士省法院第 109 庭受审，主审法官是吴拉姆·塞拉比。审理持续了 5 小时，结束时未作宣判。2011 年 11 月 23 日，他又因被控亵渎和诽谤宗教圣贤罪再获判 1 年徒刑，刑期总计为 4 年。目前他在卡拉季的格萨尔·海塞尔监狱服 4 年徒刑。他在此苦捱时日，21 平方米的牢房中还关押着其他 40 名囚犯，其中有精神病人、杀人犯、强奸犯和亵童犯。然而，虽然他已被两次定罪，但案件仍未结案。法官称，情报部为了继续调查本案要求查阅并已拿到卷宗，这可能使他获判更多罪名。 | 8. On 20 June 2011, Mr. Pourshajari was presented before Branch 109 of Alborz Province Court under Judge Gholam Sarabee. The session’s trial, which lasted for five hours, ended without any judgement. On 23 November 2011, he was sentenced to an additional year in prison on new charges of blasphemy and defamation of reli... |
9. 来文方还报告称，普沙贾里先生自被捕后便无法接触律师，法庭上也不准他为自己辩护。在法官面前受审时，他手脚被铐。逮捕的过程好似绑架，当局既未通知家人也不准他与亲属联络。他被单独关押 8 个月，与外界(包括寻找他下落的家人)没有任何联系。普沙贾里先生的家人在其出庭受审时方知他被拘留。法庭没有向普沙贾里先生宣读判决，也没给他提供判决书副本。他是从监狱当局和其他囚犯那里得知自己的罪名。 | 9. The source further reports that Mr. Pourshajari has been denied access to a lawyer since his apprehension. He was not allowed to defend himself in the courts. He was handcuffed and shackled when presented before the judges for the trials. Hisarrest resembled abduction, where the authorities did not notify the family... |
10. 据来文方称，2013 年 9 月，当局强迫普沙贾里先生寻求最高领袖的宽恕，遭到他的拒绝，他辩称自己并未犯罪。 | 10. According to the source, in September 2013 the authorities pressured Mr. Pourshajari to seek a pardon from the Supreme Leader, which he refused to do arguing that he had not committed any crime. |
11. 来文方补充说，普沙贾里先生在拘留中死亡的风险极高。他急需在监外接受专科治疗。尽管狱医建议他接受紧急治疗，但监狱当局一直剥夺他这项权利。2012年 9 月和 2013 年 2 月，普沙贾里先生在狱中两次心脏病发作。他患有前列腺疾病、肾结石、高血糖、呼吸疾病和高血压。由于身体受到虐待、监狱条件恶劣、长期遭受单独监禁和反复受到其他形式的酷刑和虐待，他的健康状况每况愈下。 | 11. The source adds that Mr. Pourshajari is facing a very high-risk of dying in detention. He requires urgent access to specialist medical treatment outside prison. The prison authorities have so far denied this right, despite prison physicians recommending such urgent care. Mr. Porshajari suffered two heart attacks in... |
12. 格萨尔·海塞尔监狱当局不准医生按照狱医的请求做血管造影术，还不准对动脉血栓做紧急治疗。 | 12. Prison authorities at Ghezal Hessar have prevented doctors from performing an angiogram requested by prison medical doctors and have also denied urgent treatment for the blockage in his arteries. |
13. 来文方补充说，普沙贾里先生的家人采取了一切可能步骤，申明拘留和定罪具有任意性。他们多次联系司法部门、检察官办公室、情报部和监狱当局。他们两次致函卡拉季总检察长和主审法官，但没有得到任何积极回应。某些司法部门和行政当局反而威胁其家人，因为他们提出上述问题要对其实施逮捕或起诉。 | 13. The source adds that Mr. Pourshajari’s family took all possible steps to address the arbitrariness of his detention and conviction. The family reached out to the Judiciary; the Prosecutor’s Office; the Ministry of Intelligence and prison authorities on numerous occasions. They wrote on two occasions to the Prosecut... |
14. 来文方得出结论，普沙贾里先生因为和平行使言论和见解自由权身陷囹圄。对他的拘留违反了《世界人权宣言》第九、第十和第十九条及伊朗伊斯兰共和国已经加入的《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的第九、第十四和第十九条。对他的拘留具有任意性，因为不是出于必要、而且既不合理又不相称。 | 14. The source concludes that Mr. Pourshajari has been imprisoned for peacefully exercising his right to freedom of opinion and expression. His detention is contrary to articles 9, 10 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to articles 9, 14 and 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Ri... |
政府的回应 | Response from the Government |
15. 工作组已将上述指控转交伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府，要求政府在答复中提供详细资料说明穆罕默德·礼萨·普沙贾里目前的状况，澄清为持续拘留他提供依据的法律条款。 | 15. The Working Group transmitted the above allegations to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran requesting that it to provide, in its reply, detailed information about the current situation of Mohammad Reza Pourshajari, and to clarify the legal provisions justifying its continued detention. |
16. 工作组遗憾的是，没有收到该国政府作出的回应。 | 16. The Working Group regrets that it has not received a response from the Government. |
讨论情况 | Discussion |
17. 在该国政府没有作出回应的情况下，工作组可以按照其工作方法，根据收到的资料提出意见。 | 17. In the absence of a response from the Government and in accordance with its Methods of Work, the Working Group is able to render an Opinion in light of the information submitted to it. |
18. 穆罕默德·礼萨·普沙贾里先生于 2010 年 9 月 12 日在卡拉季的家中被突然闯入的伊朗革命卫队逮捕，被捕时没有逮捕令或法院的命令，也没有获得事先通知。他被逮捕完全是因为在名为“伊朗境内新闻”的博客中发表的政治见解和报道活动所致，而这些活动受到《世界人权宣言》第十九条及伊朗伊斯兰共和国已经加入的《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条的保护。 | 18. Mr. Mohammad Reza Pourshajari, was arrested at his home in Karaj on 12September 2010, by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), who broke into his house, and was arrested without any warrant, court order or prior notice. He was arrested due to his political views and journalistic activities in the blog name... |
19. 工作组认为，本案违反了公正审判的要求和《世界人权宣言》第五、第九、第十和第十一条及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第七、第九、第十和第十四条规定的免遭酷刑的权利： | 19. The Working Group considers that there was a violation of the fair trail requirements and the right not to be subject to torture established in articles 5, 9, 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights as well as in articles 7, 9, 10 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: |
(a) 普沙贾里先生被单独关押 8 个月，在出庭受审之前与外界(包括寻找他下落的家人)没有任何联系； | (a) Mr. Poushajari was held incommunicado for eight months, with no contact with outside world including his family members, who were searching for his whereabouts until the date he stood a trial in court; |
(b) 被捕期间，普沙贾里先生受到殴打和审讯。他被单独关押在伊朗革命卫队在拉贾伊·萨赫尔的一处监狱中，遭受了 8 个月的严厉审讯和精神折磨。审讯者反复以死亡相威胁，还实施了一次假处决，逼他认罪； | (b) In his arrest, Mr. Pourshajari was beaten and took for interrogations. He was put in solitary confinement and was subjected to harsh investigation and psychological torture during eight months in a prison of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps in Rajai Shehr. His interrogators repeatedly threatened him with deat... |
(c) 2010 年 12 月 13 日，普沙贾里先生受到卡拉季革命法庭的审判，被控罪名包括危害国家安全、反体制宣传、污蔑最高领袖、企图非法离境、接触反革命分子和犹太复国主义组织。审理过程没有公开，仅持续了 15 分钟。普沙贾里先生根本没获得申辩的机会，也没有辩护律师，被判处 3 年徒刑； | (c) On 13 December 2010, Mr. Pourshajari was subject to trial by the Revolutionary Court of Karaj on charges of acting against national security; propaganda against the system; insulting the Supreme Leader; attempts to leave the country illegally; contacts with anti-revolutionary individuals and Zionist organizations. ... |
(d) 2011 年 6 月 20 日，普沙贾里先生在厄尔布尔士省法院第 109 庭受审，审理持续了 5 小时，但未作宣判。2011 年 11 月 23 日，他又因亵渎和诽谤宗教圣贤罪再获判 1 年徒刑； | (d) On 20 June 2011, Mr. Pourshajari was presented before Branch 109 of Alborz Province Court and tried for five hours without a judgement. On 23 November 2011, he was sentenced to an additional year in prison for blasphemy and defamation of religious sanctities; |
(e) 法庭没有向普沙贾里先生宣读判决，也没为他提供判决书副本。 | (e) The sentence was not pronounced to Mr. Pourshajari nor he was provided with a copy of the court decision. |
20. 普沙贾里先生在关押着其他 40 名囚犯的 21 平方米的牢房中服刑，在拘留中死亡的风险极高。他急需在监外接受专科治疗。尽管狱医建议他接受紧急治疗，但监狱当局一直剥夺他的这项权利。2012 年 9 月和 2013 年 2 月，普沙贾里先生在狱中两次心脏病发作。他患有前列腺疾病、肾结石、高血糖、呼吸疾病和高血压。由于身体受到虐待、监狱条件恶劣、长期遭受单独监禁和反复受到其他形式的酷刑和虐待，他的健康状况每况愈下。格萨尔·海塞尔监狱当局不准医生按照狱医的请求做血管造影术，还不准对动脉血栓做紧急治疗。 | 20. Mr. Pourshajari serves in a 21-square-meter cell where he was kept with 40 other inmates and is facing a very high-risk of dying in detention. He requires urgent access to specialist medical treatment outside prison. The prison authorities have so far denied this right, despite prison physicians recommending such u... |
21. 工作组关切地注意到伊朗伊斯兰共和国境内的任意逮捕和拘留行为，但最主要的是该国政府越来越倾向于保持沉默，对于工作组就收到的据称任意拘留案件提出的指控不做答复(例如，见工作组关于伊朗伊斯兰共和国的第 52/2013、55/2013、28/2013、18/2013、54/2012、48/2012、30/2012、8/2010、2/2010、6/2009、39/2008、34/2008、14/1996、28/1994 和第 1/1992 号意见)。1 因此，有必要指出，鉴于在本 | 21. The Working Group notes with concern the arbitrary arrests and detentions in the Islamic Republic of Iran but mostly as increasing pattern of a silence on the part of the Government by not availing the opportunity of responding to allegations put forth by the Working Group in cases alleging arbitrary detention pres... |
34/2008、14/1996、28/1994 和第 1/1992 号意见)。1 因此，有必要指出，鉴于在本案中基本人权未得到尊重，工作组将本案视为严重关切的问题。 | It is therefore pertinent to mention that the Working Group sees the present case as a matter of grave concern since basic human rights are not being respected. |
22. 工作组重申，禁止任意拘留是习惯国际法的组成部分。这借鉴了人权机构的既定做法，即将禁止任意拘留视为习惯国际法的一项准则，被权威性地公认为国际法的强制规范或强制性法规；除其他外，见人权事务委员会在关于在紧急状态期间克减《公约》条款的第 29 号一般性意见(2001 年)中表述的联合国的既定做法(CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11,第 11 段)。工作组在其各项意见中遵循这项准则。《世界人权宣言》第九条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第九条所载禁止任意逮捕和拘留的准则，是一项根深蒂固的人权规范，在国家实践和法律意见中均得到体现。(除其他外，见国际法院，Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和... | 22. The Working Group reiterates that the prohibition of arbitrary detention is part and parcel of international customary law. This draws upon the established practice of human rights bodies regarding the prohibition of arbitrary detention as a norm of customary international law, authoritatively recognised as a perem... |
处理意见 | Disposition |
23. 鉴于上述情况，任意拘留问题工作组提出以下意见： | 23. In the light of the foregoing, the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention renders the following opinion: |
剥夺穆罕默德·礼萨·普沙贾里先生的自由违反《世界人权宣言》第五、第九、第十、第十一和第十九条及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第七、第九、第十、第十四和第十九条，系任意剥夺自由，属工作组在审议提交案件时所指类别的第二类和第三类。 | The deprivation of liberty of Mr. Mohammad Reza Pourshajari is arbitrary, being in contravention of articles 5, 9, 10, 11 and 19 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights as well as of articles 7, 9, 10, 14 and 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; thus it falls within categories II and III... |
24. 基于上述意见，工作组请伊朗伊斯兰共和国立即采取必要步骤，对穆罕默德·礼萨·普沙贾里先生的状况进行补救，使之符合《世界人权宣言》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》规定的义务。工作组还请该国政府确保穆罕默德·礼萨·普沙贾里先生不再受到酷刑和虐待。 | 24. Consequent upon the Opinion rendered, the Working Group requests the Islamic Republic of Iran, without delay, to take the necessary steps to remedy the situation of Mr. Mohammad Reza Pourshajari and to bring it into conformity with its obligations under the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and the Internationa... |
25. 工作组认为，考虑到本案的所有情节，适当的补救措施是由伊朗伊斯兰共和国当局立即释放穆罕默德·礼萨·普沙贾里先生，并根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第九条第 5 款保障他获得赔偿的权利。 | 25. The Working Group considers that, taking into account all the circumstances of the case, the adequate remedy would be the immediate release of Mr. Mohammad Reza Pourshajari by the authorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran and to guarantee his right to reparation in accordance with article 9.5 of the International... |
26. 考虑到被拘留者受到的酷刑和虐待及其岌岌可危的健康状况，工作组认为，宜依照经修订的工作方法第 33 条(a)项的规定，将上述指控转交酷刑问题特别报告员，供其采取适当的行动。 | 26. The Working Group taking into accounts the torture and ill treatment inflected to the detainee as well and its delicate medical condition the Working Group considers appropriate, in accordance with article 33 (a) of its Revised Methods of Work, to refer these allegations to the Special Rapporteur on Torture for app... |
27. 工作组回顾指出，人权理事会曾呼吁所有国家考虑工作组的意见，必要时采取适当步骤对被任意剥夺自由者的情况给予补救。还请各国在工作组请求提供资料时 | 27. The Working Group reminds of the Human Rights Council’s call for all States to take into account the Working Group’s views and, where necessary, to take the appropriate steps to remedy the situation of persons arbitrarily deprived of their liberty. States are also |
予以合作，并适当考虑工作组提出的建议。2 | requested to extend their co-operation to the Working Group’s requests for information and to give due consideration to the recommendations it has made.2 |
大 会 Distr.: General | General Assembly Distr.: General |
28 July 2016 | 28 July 2016 |
Original: English240816 260816 | Original: English (E) 220816 |
*1613133* | *1613133* |
临时议程* 项目 19(a) | Item 19 (a) of the provisional agenda* |
可持续发展：《21 世纪议程》、《进一步执行〈21 世纪议程〉方案》以及可持续发展问题世界首脑会议和联合国可持续发展大会成果的执行情况 | Sustainable development: implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development |
2005-2015“生命之水”国际行动十年和实现水资源可持续发展的进一步努力 | International Decade for Action, “Water for Life” , 2005-2015, and further efforts to achieve the sustainable development of water resources |
秘书长的报告 | Report of the Secretary-General |
摘要 | Summary |
大会 2003 年 12 月 23 日第 58/217 号决议决定，为了履行在国际论坛上以及按照千年发展目标和《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)制定和商定的与水有关的目标和具体目标的承诺，并提高会员国和利益攸关方对水的重视，有必要宣布 2005-2015 年“生命之水”国际行动十年。“十年”于 2005 年 3 月 22 日与世界水日一起启动，其目的是促进各级更注重与水有关的问题以及执行与水有关的方案和项目，同时尽力确保妇女参与同水有关的发展努力，并进一步在各级开展合作。在同一决议中，大会吁请联合国系统及其合作伙伴协调活动和行动，以实现“十年”目标。 | In its resolution 58/217 of 23 December 2003, the General Assembly decided that, in order to meet the commitments on water-related goals and targets, as formulated and agreed in international forums, as well as under the Millennium Development Goals and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Deve... |
尾声，大会 2014 年 12 月 19 日第 69/215 号决议请秘书长向大会第七十一届会议报告对国际行动十年的评价情况，重点说明所取得的成就、所汲取的经验教训和对未来的建议。* A/71/150。 | Pursuant to a series of activities and achievements noteworthy for their richness and diversity and with the Decade drawing to a close, the General Assembly, in its resolution 69/215 of 19 December 2014, requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its seventy-first session on the evaluation of the Deca... |
本报告概述了通过“十年”开展的活动，对其成功至关重要的各种要素和各个组织及关键结果，以供将来在开展旨在促进和实施与水有关的国际商定目标和具体目标的联合国有关活动时加以考虑。 | The present report outlines the activities that have been carried out through the Decade, the elements and organizations that were key to its success and the key findings, to be taken into consideration within the context of future United Nations-related activities directed towards the promotion and implementation of i... |
一. 导言 | I. Introduction |
1. “生命之水”一词经常出现在与水有关的发言中。要回答为什么水对人类和社会及人类所居住的环境十分重要的问题，这是根本。将水作为一个政治问题予以重视可追溯到 1977 年通过的《马德普拉塔行动计划》，然后是 1981 年至 1990年国际饮供水和卫生十年。11992 年，在联合国环境与发展会议上，世界各国领导人在《21世纪议程》中(环发会议主要成果文件)专门以一个章节阐述了水问题，包括将淡水资源确定为地球水圈的一个基本组成部分和整个地球生态系统不可缺少的一部分。2 水的作用，包括它的跨领域性质日益得到宣传和决策圈的支持，同时，为落实《21 世纪议程》第 18 章的内容，可持续发展委员会也做出了重要的决定。 | 1. The phrase “Water is life” is commonly used in speeches on water. It is the foundation of the response to the question why water is important to humans and the society and the environment in which they reside. Focus on water as a political issue can be traced back to the Mar de la Plata Action Plan, adopted in 1977,... |
2. 随着人口增长，城市人口流动增加，气候变化越来越明显，经济发展变化导致土地用途发生变化，以可持续方式管理水资源变得至关重要。水对满足种种生活需要(例如粮食、能源、环境卫生、生境、运输、生态系统和娱乐)十分重要，公众和政界对此认识日益加深，并产生了一种紧迫感，由此在 2000 年通过了千年发展目标，并随着在 2002 年通过《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》《约(翰内斯堡执行计划》)，产生了新的承诺。32003 年，利用成功举办国际淡水年的势头，会员国同意启动整个“十年”，致力于提高对水的认识和更好地执行关于水的项目和方案。为重点关注水和填补空白作出了努力，将以有利于可持续发展的方式处理水的问题。因此，2005-2015 年“... | 2. With the growth of populations, the increasing movement of people to cities, the taking hold of climate change and the occurrence of land-use changes due to changes in economic development, the need to sustainably manage water resources became critical. Public and political awareness of the importance of water for s... |
3. 2015 年底，“生命之水”十年结束，此前，一大批政府和非政府利益攸关方和组织，包括联合国系统，积极促进了有关活动，从而成功地提升了水在政治议程中的地位。下文回顾了为“十年”的成功做出了贡献的各种举措。 | 3. At the end of 2015, the “Water for Life” Decade came to a close after its active promotion by a broad range of governmental and non-governmental stakeholders and organizations, including the United Nations system, through which the place of water in the political agenda was successfully raised. What follows is a rev... |
二. 背景 | II. Background |
4. 虽然水一直是一种重要资源，但其对社会和地球的重要性却被低估了。对这一事实的认可可以追溯到 1992 年 6 月在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国环境与发展会议。如上文所述，在《21 世纪议程》中有一章专门讨论有关水的行动，从此，为让世界各地的决策者重视水的作用，开始了漫漫长路。 | 4. While water has always been a crucial resource, its importance for society and the planet has been undervalued. Acknowledgement of this fact can be traced back to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. As noted, an entire chapter of actions was dedicate... |
5. 推动在可持续发展委员会第六届会议期间做出的与淡水有关的决定(见E/1998/29)。在 2000 年联合国环境与发展会议举行八年后，《联合国千年宣言》规定了联合国系统发展议程，其中制定了千年发展目标中的一项具体目标，目的是在 2015 年前将无法持续获得安全饮用水的人口减少一半。4 两年后，即 2002年，在南非约翰内斯堡举行的可持续发展问题世界首脑会议上，将无法持续获得安全饮用水的人口减少一半这一目标被列入《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所载目标(第8 段)。同时，会议还商定，尽管这一目标没有成为千年发展目标的一部分，但各国应在 2005 年前制定水资源综合管理计划和用水效率计划。一般而言，这些是当时最完善的关于水的国际商定目标。 | 5. In 2000, furthering decisions related to freshwater which were taken during the sixth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (see E/1998/29) and eight years after the holding of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the United Nations Millennium Declaration4 set out the developm... |
6. 显然，千年之交是水的一个转折点。上述文书获得通过后，水的问题受到更多关注，人们也认识到实现这些文书所载目标所需的工作，在此背景下，大会 2000年 12 月 20 日第 55/196 号决议宣布 2003 年为国际淡水年，目的是提高对淡水重要性的认识，并推动在地方、国家、区域和国际各级采取行动。 | 6. It was clear that the turn of the millennium was a turning point for water. Within the context of the increased attention centred on water, as garnered through the adoption of those instruments, and the awareness of the work needed to make their goals a reality, the General Assembly, in its resolution 55/196 of 20 D... |
7. 国际淡水年结束后，大会 2003 年 12 月 23 日第 58/217 号决议决定，为利用在国际淡水年期间形成的势头，将发起一个“十年”，其目标是让各级更重视执行与水有关的方案和项目，同时尽力确保妇女参与同水有关的发展努力，并进一步在各级开展合作，以便帮助实现国际商定的与水有关的目标。2005-2015 年“生命之水”国际行动十年于 2005 年 3 月 22 日世界水日开始，由联合国水机制负责协调。 | 7. As the International Year of Freshwater ended, the General Assembly, in resolution 58/217 of 23 December 2003, decided that in order to build on the momentum created during the Year, a Decade would be initiated whose goal would be to achieve a greater focus on the implementation of water-related programmes and proje... |
8. 在开展了整整 10 年与水有关的活动和行动之后，“十年”(如上所述)在 2015年年底结束。按照经济及社会理事会 1980 年 7 月 25 日第 1980/67 号决议，并根据大会第 69/215 号决议的要求，请秘书长向 2016 年大会第七十一届会议报告“十年”评价情况。评价是根据专门适用于“十年”的主题的报告安排进行的，目的是为“十年”后续进程提供信息和协助，并就是否考虑今后是否可能宣布“十年”的问题提供指导。 | 8. After 10 full years of activities and actions promoting water, the Decade (as already indicated) came to a close at the end of 2015. In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1980/67 of 25 July 1980, and pursuant to the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 69/215, the Secretary-General w... |
三. “生命之水”国际行动十年(2005-2015)执行情况中期全面审查简明概况 | III. Brief overview of the midterm comprehensive review of the implementation of the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015 |
9. 大会在 2009 年 12 月 21 日通过的关于“十年”中期全面审查的第 64/198 号决议中，请秘书长向大会第六十五届会议提交一份关于该决议执行情况的报告。大会同一决议邀请大会主席于 2010 年 3 月 22 日就“十年”执行情况举行一次大会第六十四届会议高级别互动对话，并欢迎塔吉克斯坦政府提出于 2010 年 6 月主办一次“十年”执行情况中期全面审查高级别国际会议，两个活动的重点都是“十年”的执行情况。 | 9. In its resolution 64/198 of 21 December 2009 on a midterm comprehensive review of the Decade, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session on the implementation of that resolution. In the same resolution, the Assembly invited the President of the General A... |
10. 本报告在许多方面反映了中期审查报告的结构，其中概述了联合国系统开展的活动和行动，包括在经济和社会委员会范围内在区域一级开展的活动和行动。5 各有一个简短的章节分别重点介绍了联合国对国家方案的援助(第四节)和为支持“十年”宣传活动而通过的宣传战略(第七节)。报告简明扼要地指出，在“十年”头五年期间，联合国与许多合作伙伴开展了密切合作。 | 10. The present report mirrors in many ways the structure of the report on the midterm review, 5 which outlined activities and actions carried out by the United Nations system, including those at the regional level within its economic and social commissions. A short section focused on United Nations assistance to count... |
11. 通过中期审查工作获得的主要收获和建议为“十年”剩余五年的工作提供了指导，从而形成了目前对 2005 年至 2015 年期间的执行情况的全面审查。中期审查的成果涉及三个主要问题：(a) 调动资源：需要调动更多的资源，以执行 2005-2015 年“生命之水”国际行动十年。这需要在所有利益攸关方，包括各国政府、非政府组织和私人的积极参与下进行。报告建议，感兴趣的利益攸关方群体可以通过在剩余五年向联合国水机制提供自愿捐款支持“十年”的工作；(b) 利益攸关方的参与：在建议中重申，需要增加所有利益攸关方对“十年”执行工作的参与。这应包括，但不应仅限于，支持制定和执行国家环境卫生和饮用水计划，以及将利益攸关方在“十年”期间开展的各项活... | 11. The main takeaways and recommendations derived from the midterm review guided the work of the Decade for the remaining five years, which has led to the present comprehensive review of the implementation over the period from 2005 to 2015. The outcomes of the midterm review encompassed three main issues: (a) Resource... |
四. 2005-2015 年“生命之水”国际行动十年期间政府间进程的演变 | IV. Intergovernmental processes evolving during the International Decade, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015 |
A. 水之友 | A. Friends of Water |
12. 水之友是一个由志同道合的国家自愿组成的协会，作为一个平台，支持在2010 年对“十年”的执行情况进行中期全面审查。水之友由塔吉克斯坦常驻联合国代表团发起，目前有 40 多个会员国，其共同目标是促进联合国水事议程，负责协调工作的是指导委员会，成员来自芬兰、匈牙利、瑞士、塔吉克斯坦和泰国。该团体在协助筹备大会第六十四届会议高级别互动对话和国际行动十年执行情况中期全面审查高级别国际会议过程中发挥了关键作用。这两个进程的重点都是总结“十年”头五年的工作情况。 | 12. The Friends of Water is a voluntary association of like-minded countries which came together as a platform in support of the implementation of the Decade ’s midterm comprehensive review in 2010. Initiated by the Permanent Mission of Tajikistan to the United Nations, the Friends of Water, which currently comprises o... |
B. 高级别互动对话 | B. High-level Interactive Dialogue |
13. 在“十年”中期，大会主席根据大会第 69/215 号决议的恳求，于 2015 年 3月 30 日第六十九届会议期间召开了 2005-2015 年“生命之水”国际行动十年执行进展情况全面审查高级别互动对话。互动对话强调，最佳做法和经验教训是促进实现可持续发展的一种手段。在对话期间，有与会者强调指出，在该“十年”下半期已经取得重大进展，水现在不仅被认为是促进可持续发展的最高优先事项之一，而且是实现其他可持续发展目标(即目标 6，“为所有人提供水和环境卫生并对其进行可持续管理”，以及其它目标)的重要贡献力量。需要加强合作、能力建设和适当的技术。有与会者强调，就可持续发展而言，水具有交叉性质，在这方面，需要将更周密、可量化和更明确的... | 13. As was the case at the midpoint of the Decade, the President of the General Assembly, as invited by the Assembly in its resolution 69/215, convened, during its sixth-ninth session, on 30 March 2015, a High-level Interactive Dialogue of the sixty-ninth session of the Assembly on a Comprehensive Review of the Progres... |
C. 高级别会议 | C. High-level Conference |
14. 如上所述，大会第 69/215 号决议欢迎塔吉克斯坦政府提出在国际行动十年中点，主办一次关于 2005-2015 年“生命之水”国际行动十年执行情况的高级别国际会议，作为对国际行动十年全面审查的贡献。国际会议于 2015 年 6 月 9 日至 11 日在杜尚别举行，包括两个高级别执行小组会议和六个高级别圆桌会议，以及会前会议和会外活动，其中包括妇女水论坛。会议强调了“十年”对于促进努力实现与水有关的国际目标的重要性，并呼吁为支持《2030 年可持续发展议程》，在实现这些目标的过程中，改善各级利益攸关方之间的协调。6 会议的主要成果包括一项建议，即全球努力实现绿色经济，加强应对全球变化的复原力，增加水的项目和方案资金，改善水治... | 14. As already noted, in its resolution 69/215, the General Assembly welcomed the offer of the Government of Tajikistan to host a High-level International Conference on the Implementation of the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, as it had at the midpoint of the Decade, as a contribution to a... |
五. 联合国系统通过国家方案等开展的方案和活动 | V. Programmes and activities conducted by the United Nations system including through country programmes |
A. 联合国水机制(协调员) | A. UN-Water (coordinator) |
15. 在几乎整个 10 年期间，联合国水机制一直是与“十年”有关的活动的总协调员，利用其方案、项目、成员和合作伙伴来执行“十年”的活动。联合国水机制是联合国系统各机构和外部利益攸关方合作伙伴的协调机制。联合国水机制是秘书长在 2003 年设立的，最初由联合国各组织的高级方案管理人员组成，随后选举其中一人担任主席。大会日益依赖联合国水机制围绕水问题进行协调和提供技术咨询，联合国水机制的作用越来越重要。2011 年，主席职位提升为联合国实体行政首长级别，这反过来在“十年”后半部分促使会员国提供了更好的支持。联合国水机制协助开展了一系列旨在落实“十年”的活动和行动，帮助促进实现“十年”的目标，并在世界范围内实现可持续水管理方面取得进一步... | 15. UN-Water was the overall coordinator of activities related to the Decade over nearly the entirety of its 10-year duration, utilizing its programmes, projects, members and partners to implement the Decade. UN-Water is a coordinating mechanism for United Nations system bodies and external stakeholder partners. Create... |
B. 联合国水机制“十年”能力发展方案及宣传和推广方案 | B. UN-Water Decade Programmes on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC) and Advocacy and Communication (UNW-DPAC) |
16. 在“十年”启动后不久，设立了两个联合国机制水“十年”方案，以支持相关活动。设立联合国水机制“十年”能力发展方案是为了加强与“十年”有关的能力建设内容的一致性和有效性，支持联合国水机制成员和合作伙伴协助各国政府努力实现国际商定的与水有关的目标和具体目标。联合国水机制“十年”宣传和推广方案的作用是在“十年”期间保持甚至提高从地方到全球各级对水和环境卫生主题的关注。联合国水“十年”方案及其代表“十年”开展的活动详情载于下文第七章 C 节。 | 16. Two UN-Water Decade Programmes were created shortly after the launch of the Decade in order to support the activities related to it. UNW-DPC was established to strengthen coherence and effectiveness of the capacity-building elements related to the Decade and support the members and partners of UN-Water in assisting... |
C. 世界水评估方案 | C. World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) |
17. 世界水评估方案是“十年”开始前不久于 2003 年设立的，管理者为联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)，负责监测世界水资源。评估方案汇集了联合国水机制成员和合作伙伴以及来自世界各地的专家，经常提出建议，进行案例研究，加强国家一级的评估能力，并为决策进程提供参考。世界水评估方案定期发布各种出版物。自 2014 年以来，每年制作一期联合国水机制重点出版物——《世界水事发展报告》，深入研究与水有关的具体问题，就可持续水管理方面的关键问题为决策者提供参考。 | 17. The World Water Assessment Programme, which was created shortly before the start of the Decade, in 2003, and is hosted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), is charged with monitoring the world’s water resources. Bringing together members and partners of UN-Water as well ... |
D. 世界卫生组织/联合国儿童基金会供水和环境卫生联合监测方案 | D. World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) |
18. 鉴于“十年”的重点是帮助落实与水有关的国际目标，因此，在“十年”期间，联合监测方案一直是千年发展目标中与饮用水和环境卫生有关的具体目标的主要监测机制。该方案将继续按照可持续发展目标具体目标 6.1 和 6.2，履行与获取水和环境卫生有关的相同职能。 | 18. Given the Decade’s focus on helping to implement international water-related goals, the Joint Monitoring Programme has, over the course of the Decade, been the primary mechanism for monitoring the targets related to drinking water and sanitation under the Millennium Development Goals; and the Programme will continu... |
E. 秘书长水和环境卫生咨询委员会 | E. Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation |
19. 水和环境卫生问题咨询委员会是时任秘书长科菲·安南于 2004 年设立的，职责是就与水和环境卫生有关的问题提供咨询意见，促使水资源界内外采取行动，调动资金用于水和环境卫生。咨询委员由各国政府、民间社会和私营部门的水问题知名人士和专家代表组成。水和环境卫生问题咨询委员会帮助支持“十年”期间为实现与水有关的商定目标所做的努力。大会 2010 年 12 月 20 日第 65/153 号决议提出了“可持续的环境卫生：2015 年前的五年奋斗”的倡议，将其作为行动纲要。咨询委员会促进和支持了该倡议，重点是努力缩小差距，以实现涉及环境卫生的千年发展目标，这是颇为引人注目的。2015 年 11 月 20 日，咨询委员会最后一次会议向秘书长提... | 19. The Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation was created in 2004 by the then Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, to provide advice on water- and sanitation-related issues, spur action both within and outside the water community and mobilize funds for water and sanitation. The Board was composed of eminent persons and expe... |
六. 区域举措 | VI. Regional initiatives |
A. 非洲经济委员会 | A. Economic Commission for Africa |
20. 在“十年”期间，非洲为实现 2005 至 2015 年期间的目标取得了重大进展。水问题在非洲大陆政治议程中的地位出现前所未有的提高，甚至成为国家元首一级关心的重要问题。非洲部长级水事理事会成立于 2002 年，以 2025 年非洲水资源设想(2000)为基础，旨在促进合作、安全、社会和经济发展，消除贫穷，促进加强政治意愿，实现千年发展目标中与水有关的具体目标。2008 年，各国政府通过了集中关注环境卫生和个人卫生的《特克维尼宣言》。随后在同一年通过了非洲国家元首的《沙姆沙伊赫宣言》，在其中同意致力于实现千年发展目标和水安全。非洲部长理事会为实现与“十年”有关的目标采取了进一步行动和执行工作，如非洲卫生会议、非洲水周和非洲水事... | 20. During the Decade, Africa made significant progress towards achieving the objectives that had been laid out for the period of 2005-2015. Water rose higher than it ever had in the political agenda of the continent, becoming a key issue even at the level of Heads of State. The African Ministers’ Council on Water was ... |
B. 欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会) | B. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) |
21. 欧洲经委会区域主要通过《跨界水道和国际湖泊保护和利用公约》来落实“十年”的工作，这既是在区域一级制定政策的正式机制，也为公约缔约方在实地执行政策发挥了关键作用。《公约》的适用不仅成功促进了在跨界河流流域方面的合作，还通过执行项目和交流知识经验，有效推动了各国之间的合作。《公约》的适用还通过国家政策对话促进了国家一级的政策发展，改善了该区域的水资源管理，使“十年”的目标得以实现。《公约》通过重点关注适应气候变化活动和与水-粮食-能源-生态系统之间的联系有关的工作，促进了“十年”的目标和原则。 | 21. The ECE region focuses on implementation of the Decade primarily through the lens of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, which has been both an official mechanism through which policies are established at the regional level and an instrument critical to th... |
C. 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会) | C. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) |
22. 自“十年”启动以来，拉丁美洲和加勒比区域在实现国际商定的水和环境卫生目标及具体目标方面取得了重大进展。虽然与环境卫生相比，在饮用水供应方面取得了更大的进展，但拉加经委会努力在体制框架内缩小存在的差距，确保实现经济效率、社会平等和环境可持续性，这是可持续发展的支柱，也是促进水安全、合作和水资源综合管理的基础。在“十年”后五年中举办的世界水论坛的推动下，美洲水论坛明确了前进方向，汇集非洲大陆各次区域的不同利益攸关方和行为体，努力达成可持续水资源管理的共同愿景。8 | 22. Since the inauguration of the Decade, the region of Latin America and the Caribbean has made substantial progress towards the achievement of internationally agreed water- and sanitation-related goals and targets. While headway has been made more significantly with regard to drinking-water supplies compared with san... |
D. 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会) | D. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) |
23. 亚洲在人口和地理方面都是世界上最多样化的区域之一。亚洲面临着当今最为关键的水资源挑战和机遇。随着中国和印度在实现水和环境卫生目标方面实现重大进步，亚洲见证了与水有关的千年发展目标中一些最显著的进展。尽管亚洲仍有许多工作要做，但依然取得了长足进展，通过亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会和亚太水论坛等机制，在国家和区域一级改善水安全、加强实施水资源综合管理和促进合作。“十年”在总体上集中关注与水有关的灾害，而亚洲在这十年的时间内经历了由此类灾害造成的前所未有的损失。这促使该区域加大力度执行《2005-2015 年兵库行动框架：加强国家和社区的抗灾能力》9 以及水与灾害问题高级别专家和领导小组的活动。 | 23. Asia is one of most diverse regions of the world, in terms of both demographics and geography. Today’s most critical water-related challenges and opportunities are being faced on that continent. Some of the largest gains in terms of achieving the water-related Millennium Development Goals were made because of progr... |
E. 西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会) | E. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) |
24. 西亚是地球上最缺水的地区，在 22 个国家中有 18 个低于每人每年 1 000 立方米的“水贫困线”。在“十年”期间，该区域受到人口增长、城市化、气候变化以及冲突的不利影响；冲突在该区域的许多地区都对水资源产生了负面影响。在实现千年发展目标中提供水和卫生设施的具体目标方面，只取得了很小程度的进展；自“十年”开始以来，该区域一直处于全球平均水平以下。但是，仍然做出了有关努力，西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)与阿拉伯水理事会合作，努力实现“实现阿拉伯区域水安全、应对可持续发展挑战和今后需求的阿拉伯战略(2010-2030)”中设定的目标。 | 24. Western Asia is the most water-stressed region on the planet, with 18 of its 22 countries below the “water poverty line” of 1,000 cubic metres/person/year. The region has been adversely affected, over the course of the Decade, by population growth, urbanization and climate change, as well as conflict, which has had... |
七. 实现“十年”的目标 | VII. Achieving the Decade’s goals |
A. 总体目标：实现与水有关的目标 | A. Overall objective: achieving water-related goals |
25. 根据大会发起“十年”的第 58/217 号决议，“十年”的所有主要目标都集中于促进实现与水有关的国际商定目标，包括《21 世纪议程》、《进一步执行 21 世纪议程的方案》、《联合国千年宣言》和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》中设定的目标，以及在可持续发展委员会第十二届和第十三届会议期间确定的适当目标。 | 25. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/217, by which the Assembly launched the Decade, all of the primary objectives of the Decade were focused on facilitating the achievement of internationally agreed water-related goals that had been set out in Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda... |
26. 这些目标中最引人瞩目的是千年发展目标中有关饮用水和环境卫生的目标。千年发展目标具体目标 7.C 是“到 2015 年将无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半”。在实现饮用水目标方面，有关努力取得了成功。该目标在 2010 年提前五年实现，自 1990 年以来，有 26 亿人获得了饮用水，目前有91%的世界人口在使用经改善的饮用水源。虽然这是一项重大成就，10 但在千年发展目标期间结束的 2015 年，仍有 6.63 亿人生活在缺乏经改善饮用水源的条件下。11 | 26. The most visible of these goals were the targets included in the Millennium Development Goals concerning drinking water and sanitation. Millennium Development Goal target 7.C was to “halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation”. For the target on drinkin... |
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