zh stringlengths 1 4.19k | en stringlengths 1 3.42k |
|---|---|
27. 环境卫生领域的努力没有取得成功，因为会员国未能实现将无法持续获得基本卫生设施的人口比例减半的千年发展目标。虽然在 1990 年至 2015 年期间，可获得基本卫生设施的人口从 54%提高到 77%，有 21 亿人获得了此类设施，但到千年发展目标期间结束的 2015 年，仍有 24 亿人无法获得经改善的卫生设施，近10 亿人仍随地便溺。12 在持续获得安全饮用水和卫生设施方面仍然存在重大差距，这也是为什么可持续发展目标的具体目标 6.1 和 6.2 侧重于普遍获得安全饮用水和卫生设施的问题。 | 27. Efforts in the area of sanitation were not as successful, inasmuch as Member States were not able to achieve the Millennium Development Goal target of halving the population without sustainable access to basic sanitation. While access was extended from 54 to 77 per cent between 1990 and 2015, with 2.1 billion gaini... |
28. 《约翰内斯堡执行计划》致力于“通过在所有各级采取行动，到 2005 年时制定水资源综合管理计划和用水效率计划，并向发展中国家提供支持”。在约翰内斯堡举行世界首脑会议后三年内制定此类计划的目标过于雄心勃勃；然而，经过各方的共同努力，特别是联合国开发计划署(开发署)和联合国水机制的合作伙伴——全球水事伙伴关系的努力，在“十年”期间，在实现这一目标方面取得了重大进展。根据关于采用综合性办法开发、管理和利用水资源的 2012 年状况报告，“80%的国家已经着手进行改革，根据在《21 世纪议程》中阐明、由《约翰内斯堡执行计划》确认的综合性办法，为水资源管理创造更加有利的环境”。13 | 28. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation committed to “develop integrated water resources management and water efficiency plans by 2005, with support to developing countries, through actions at all levels”. The goal of developing such plans within three years of the holding of the World Summit in Johannesburg had be... |
内斯堡执行计划》确认的综合性办法，为水资源管理创造更加有利的环境”。13 | 13 |
29. 可持续发展委员会第十二和第十三届会议还设定了其他目标，包括呼吁在改善城市和农村地区获得安全饮用水的情况时，“把重点从基于需求转向基于权利的办法”。虽然尚未建立框架，监测和评价在获得安全饮用水和卫生设施方面转向基于权利的办法所取得的进展，但大会在 2010 年 7 月 28 日通过的第 64/292号决议中确认了享有安全清洁饮用水和卫生设施的人权，这标志着在这方面取得的一项重大进展。 | 29. One of the other goals formulated at the twelfth and thirteenth sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development was set forth in the call to “shift emphasis from a needs-based to a rights-based approach” when it comes to improving access to safe drinking water in urban and rural areas. While a framework has n... |
B. 更为重视与水有关的问题 | B. Greater focus on water-related issues |
30. 在“十年”下半期，联合国水机制举办的活动取得了巨大成功，提高了公众对水问题的认识，所影响的公众范围超过了联合国系统的历史记录。这些活动包括：(a) “十年”本身；(b) 世界水日，14 每年 3 月 22 日举行，通过介绍与水有关的一个具体专题，激发水资源界和其他各界的兴趣和关注；(c)“向 2015 进发：人人享有环境卫生”运动，旨在使卫生设施成为全球发展优先事项；(d) 世界厕所日，15 自 2013 年以来每年 11 月 19 日举行的庆祝活动，目的是提高全世界对环境卫生问题的认识。 | 30. In the second half of the Decade, campaigns became one of the major success stories of UN-Water, having raised water awareness among members of the public — a public wider than any reached before by the United Nations system. These included (a) the Decade itself, (b) World Water Day,14 an event held yearly on 22 Ma... |
31. 在整个“十年”期间，联合国水机制在世界各地传播信息材料，提供与水有关的诸多问题的知识，以支持“十年”。此类材料多种多样，从《联合国水机制关于 2015 年后发展议程中水问题专门目标的技术咨询意见》，到每年的《世界水事发展报告》。前者已证明对在《2030 年可持续发展议程》中列入专门的水目标(目标 6)发挥了至关重要的作用；后者旨在向决策者提供循证信息，协助在不同专题领域开展水资源的可持续管理。这些工作由联合国水机制的分析和政策简报提供支持。在饮用水和卫生设施方面，世卫组织/儿基会联合监测方案的年度进展报告和联合国水机制全球环卫与饮水年度评估为监测这些领域的相关国际目标提供了所需的数据和分析。 | 31. The informational materials of UN-Water have been disseminated everywhere throughout the Decade, providing knowledge on a multitude of water-related subjects in support of the Decade. These materials range from the UN-Water Technical Advice on a Dedicated Water Goal in the Post-2015 Development Agenda, which proved... |
C. 方案/项目的执行情况16 | C. Implementation of programmes/projects16 |
1. 联合国水机制十年能力发展方案 | 1. UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development |
32. 该能力发展方案由位于波恩的联合国大学主办，促进了“十年”的能力建设层面。该方案从 2007 年以来，依托于 30 多个联合国水机制成员和合作伙伴的努力，开展了 100 多项能力发展活动。除了开展能力建设项目，联合国水机制十年能力发展方案还管理联合国水机制活动信息系统，这是一个信息共享平台，在联合国水机制成员和合作伙伴之间共享与水有关的项目和学习活动的信息。 | 32. Hosted by the United Nations University in Bonn, the Programme on Capacity Development facilitated the capacity-building dimension of the Decade. Capitalizing on the efforts of over 30 UN-Water members and partners, the Programme carried out more than 100 capacity development activities dating back to 2007. In addi... |
2. 联合国水机制十年宣传和推广方案 | 2. UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication (UNW-DPAC) |
33. 该宣传和推广方案的任务是通过宣传和推广活动支持“十年”的执行工作，由联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部管理，总部设在西班牙萨拉戈萨，开展了提高人们对“十年”和水问题总体认识的一系列活动。该方案通过多种途径实现上述目标，特别是通过举行萨拉戈萨年度国际会议，帮助联合国水机制、其成员和合作伙伴筹备下一年的世界水日。该方案还协调了与“十年”直接相关的“生命之水”联合国水机制最佳做法奖活动，以此凸显有助于履行水和水问题国际承诺的最佳做法。17 该方案还负责领导其他两个重要活动，即管理可追踪“十年”进展情况的“十年”网站，18 以及管理汇集了联合国系统水问题资料的联合国水和卫生设施文献中心。 | 33. Mandated to support the implementation of the Decade through advocacy and communications, the Programme on Advocacy and Communication, managed by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat and based in Zaragoza, Spain, carried out a series of activities focused on raising awaren... |
3. 联合国水机制的其他主要项目 | 3. Other UN-Water featured projects |
34. 支持“十年”的其他联合国水机制项目包括：(a) 联合国水机制联合水监测系统和主要水指标门户网站倡议；(b) 联合国水机制国家简报项目；(c) 安全使用农业废水项目；(d) 支持国家干旱管理政策的能力发展项目。 | 34. Other UN-Water projects that supported the Decade included the (a) UN-Water Federated Water Monitoring System and Key Water Indicator Portal initiative, (b) the UN-Water country briefs project, (c) the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture project and (d) the Capacity Development to Support National Drought Managem... |
D. 妇女参加与水有关的发展努力的情况 | D. Participation and involvement of women in water-related development efforts |
35. 大会在规定了“十年”具体目标的第 58/217 号决议中明确指出，这些目标应使“各级更为注重与水有关的问题以及执行与水有关的方案，同时尽力确保妇女参与同水有关的发展努力”。从历史上看，将妇女纳入水资源界的此类行动一直是一项挑战，尽管这对社会、生计和水本身都会带来好处。“十年”的目标之一就是促进妇女参与“十年”活动，弥合这一差距。 | 35. In its resolution 58/217, which set forth the specific goals of the Decade, the General Assembly clearly stated that those goals should be “a greater focus on water-related issues at all levels and on the implementation of water-related programmes and projects, while striving to ensure the participation and involve... |
36. 在“十年”的上半期，为将妇女纳入与水有关的发展努力，联合国水机制建立了水与性别平等工作队，促进在水和环境卫生国际商定目标的执行工作中普遍纳入性别平等观点，这一工作一直开展到 2010 年。该工作队在制作政策简报，组织讲习班、会外活动、培训活动和关于这一主题的小组讨论方面，发挥了十分积极的作用。虽然工作队在 2010 年解散，但许多联合国水机制成员和合作伙伴将有关工作纳入了自身活动中，进而延续了工作队的工作。例如，世界银行集团、开发署、供水和环境卫生合作理事会、儿基会、性别平等与水问题联盟、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部、国际减少灾害... | 36. The first half of the Decade witnessed an effort to include women in water-related development efforts through the creation by UN-Water of the Task Force on Water and Gender, which, until 2010, had promoted gender mainstreaming in the implementation of internationally agreed upon goals related to water and sanitati... |
E. 加深水合作 | E. Furthering water cooperation |
37. 大会在 2010 年 12 月 20 日第 65/154 号决议中宣布 2013 年为国际水合作年，以加强和改善全球水合作，应对对水资源、社会和自然不断增加的压力。鉴于“十年”的一个重点领域是根据大会第 58/217 号决议的要求，在水资源领域加深合作，该国际年活动在“十年”的下半期促使各方集中努力，增加会员国之间与水有关的合作。正如秘书长在关于国际年的报告(A/69/326)中所指出的，国际年有效加强了水合作的有关知识，并强化了这样一种理念，即“政治意愿、法律框架、问责制和体制结构为水合作奠定了坚实的基础”。国际水合作年是成功的，因为活动在全球范围内创造了合作势头，并吸引了青年的积极参与。 | 37. In its resolution 65/154 of 20 December 2010, the General Assembly declared 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation with a view to increasing and improving water cooperation globally in response to the growing pressure on water resources and on societies and nature. Given that one of the Decade’s focus are... |
38. 这类合作的例子包括摩尔多瓦共和国和乌克兰在 2012 年签署关于合作保护和可持续发展德涅斯特河流域的条约，50 多万人参与与国际水合作年相关的活动，以及联合国水机制各类成员和合作伙伴合作开展关于 2015 年后全球水目标的工作，为将一项单独的水目标列入《2030 年可持续发展议程》提供了依据。 | 38. Examples of such cooperation ranged from the signing of the Treaty on Cooperation on the Conservation and Sustainable Development of the Dniester River Basin in 2012 by the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine and the engagement of over 500,000 people in activities related to the International Year of Water Cooperation ... |
39. 大会在第 58/217 号决议中呼吁为落实“十年”工作，“进一步在各级开展合作”。另一方面，联合国水机制本身自成立以来如何促进内外部合作的情况往往被忽视。联合国水机制存在的时间现在几乎与“十年”一样长；在此期间，联合国水机制作为联合国各实体和外部利益攸关方伙伴的协调机制，克服困难，为了提高水在政治议程中的地位，促进了这些实体之间的合作，这些进展不可忽略。 | 39. In its resolution 58/217, the General Assembly called for the “furtherance of cooperation at all levels” with regard to the implementation of the Decade. On the other hand, the way in which UN-Water has itself promoted cooperation, both externally and internally, since its creation, has often been neglected. The li... |
八. 经验教训和前进方向 | VIII. Lessons learned and the way forward |
40. “十年”取得了许多成就。在联合国历史上，没有任何其他十年期开展了如此多与水有关的活动，取得了如此多的成就。 | 40. The Decade is responsible for many accomplishments. No other 10-year period in the history of the United Nations has witnessed as many water-related activities and achievements. |
41. “十年”取得的成功在很大程度上归因于在这十年间一直能按时实现重大目标，从在 2007 年为支持“十年”建立两个有时限的联合国水机制方案，庆祝 2008国际环境卫生年，到大会在 2010 年承认享有安全和清洁饮用水和卫生设施的人权；这些成绩只用了“十年”一半的时间就得以实现。在“十年”下半期，首先在 2011 年通过了大会决议“可持续的环境卫生：2015 年前的五年奋斗”，然后在联合国可持续发展大会题为“我们希望的未来”的成果文件中强调了水问题，庆祝了国际水合作年(2013)，并在“十年”即将结束之前，将水列为一项单独的可持续发展目标。19 | 41. The successes of the Decade can be attributed in great measure to its ability to have consistently reached milestones over the course of those 10 years, ranging from the establishment of two time-bound UN-Water programmes in support of the Decade in 2007 and the International Year of Sanitation (2008) to the recogn... |
42. 而这些仅仅是一些突出的例子。通过围绕世界水日、世界厕所日和环境卫生运动持续开展的宣传活动，以及在各种活动、培训和研讨会上散发信息材料和吸引利益攸关方的参与，“十年”有助于保持势头，为持续开展行动和活动提供了动力，使水问题继续得到前所未有的关注。 | 42. And these are just highlights! Through sustained campaigns centred around World Water Day, World Toilet Day and the sanitation drive, along with the dissemination of information materials and stakeholder engagement at events, training sessions and seminars, the Decade helped maintain momentum, provided the impetus ... |
43. 尽管“十年”取得了很多积极成果，但仍有许多工作要做。秘书长关于实现可持续发展目标进展情况的报告(E/2016/75)指出，在 2015 年，估计仍有 6.63 亿人在使用未经改善的水源或地表水；在 2012 年，估计至少有 18 亿人曝露于受到污染的饮用水。2015 年，有 24 亿人仍在使用未经改良的卫生设施；其中有 9.46亿人没有任何设施，继续露天便溺。对排泄物和废水的不安全管理继续对公共卫生和环境造成重大风险。在合作方面，永远存在改进的余地。不仅在跨界水域问题上的国家合作是如此，国家各部委之间的合作以及实施水资源综合管理方面的合作也是如此。水资源综合管理在大多数国家处于发展中，但仍要求取得显著进展。在水资源的可持续管... | 43. Notwithstanding all the positive outcomes of the Decade, there is still much work to be done. In the report of the Secretary-General on progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (E/2016/75), it is stated that an estimated 663 million people in 2015 were still using unimproved sources or surface water and t... |
44. “十年”还表明了在哪里存在短板，是什么使实现与水有关的目标和具体目标的进展缓慢。人力、体制和财政资源仍面临多种限制。在获得清洁安全的饮用水和卫生设施方面，歧视和不平等现象在许多社会仍然普遍存在，处于社会边缘地位的群体被剥夺了分享“十年”成果的机会。 | 44. The Decade has also shown where the shortfalls lie and what slows down progress on water-related goals and targets. There are still a myriad of constraints on human, institutional and financial resources. With respect to access to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation, discrimination and inequalities are sti... |
45. 为了促进取得进展，不仅需要按“十年”中期审查中所指出的，在财政领域更多地投资于水资源的可持续管理，还要更多地投资于增进知识，改善研究和创新，所有这些都应伴以健全的政策和适当的执行手段，着重于供资、能力发展、技术和善治。为了保持承诺和需要，必须开展一致和持续的监测、评价和报告，并应扩展到饮用水和卫生设施以外的领域。还需要特别注意利益攸关方的参与和采用参与性的办法，特别是在涉及妇女时。虽然在“十年”期间，在妇女参与与水有关的项目和方案方面取得了进展，这也是“十年”的目标之一，但在这一领域的差距仍然很大。 | 45. For the advancement of progress, there needs to be greater investment in the sustainable management of water resources, not only in the financial sphere, as was noted in the midterm review of the Decade, but also in terms of improving knowledge, research and innovation, all of which should be accompanied by sound p... |
46. “十年”表明，需要在最高级别提供领导。一旦满足了这一要求，行动就会产生。关于联合国系统内今后的水活动，需要会员国提供更多的领导，采取更多的行动。如“向 2015 年进发”活动所体现的，在环境卫生领域和纪念世界厕所日的活动中，这种领导的确在高度优先的问题上发挥了作用。 | 46. The Decade demonstrated that leadership is needed at the highest levels. When this need is fulfilled, action occurs. With regard to future activities on water within the United Nations system, more leadership and action are needed on the part of Member States. Such leadership within the context of high-priority iss... |
47. 由于千年发展目标在“十年”开始前的几年内才启动，当时不可能预测到联合国系统是否会在 2015 年商定范围超越饮用水和卫生设施、与水有关的一套新目标。现在可持续发展目标已经制定，并为水问题建立了更全面的发展议程，下一步目标是宏伟的，但也恰如其分，因为可持续发展目标和议程都考虑到了水问题涉及生计和生态系统的诸多方面。 | 47. As the Millennium Development Goals had been launched only a few years before the commencement of the Decade, it was impossible to predict at that point whether the United Nations system would agree upon a new set of water-related goals in 2015, which would extend beyond drinking water and sanit ation. With the Sus... |
联合国国际贸易法委员会 | United Nations Commission on |
联合国国际贸易法委员会 | International Trade Law |
第三工作组（运输法） | Working Group III (Transport Law) |
第十届会议 | Tenth session |
2002 年 9 月 16 日至 20 日，维也纳 | Vienna, 16-20 September 2002 |
大 会 Distr.: Limited21 August 2002*ChineseOriginal: English and French[海上]货物运输文书草案初稿加拿大的提案秘书处的说明为筹备预计将继续审读 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.21 号文件所载文书草案的第三工作组（运输法）第十届会议，加拿大政府于 2002 年 8 月 20 日提交了关于文书草案的范围和结构的提案案文，供工作组审议。本说明附件按秘书处收到的形式转载该提案的案文。附件. 加拿大的提案1. 加拿大欢迎贸易法委员会采取此项新举措，促进在一个堪称头绪纷杂的法律领域中统一国际法的事业。我们还感谢国际海事委员会（海事委员会）不仅在本项主题上、而且还在国际海事法... | Preliminary draft instrument on the carriage of goods [by sea] Proposal by Canada Note by the Secretariat In preparation for the tenth session of Working Group III (Transport Law), during which the Working Group is expected to proceed with its reading of the draft instrument contained in document A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.21, t... |
3. 同时，工作组认识到，对于审查多式联运问题存在着相当大的兴趣和需要，因此，妥当的做法应当是一方面研究基于港到港原则的严格海事制度，另一方面则研究基于门到门原则的还延伸到陆路运输的制度，即“多式联运制度”，而无须在此阶段就未来文书的范围作出决定。 | without taking a decision at this stage on the scope of the future instrument. |
4. 对于这两种办法，有人支持，也有人反对。加拿大表示支持制定一项港到港文书，这并不是因为我们不承认门到门运输已成为普遍做法这一现实，而是因为我们坚信：a) 海事委员会的最初目标是首先着重于恢复海运方式国际法的统一，这一目标是正确的，对尚未制订国际管理规则的领域（例如电子单据）采用统一的规则是非常重要的；b) 这一目标不应因工作组的工作范围延伸至其他运输方式而被延误或损害；c) 制定一项严格限于海运方式的新文书，会比一项还旨在管理其他运输方式的文书更有望被广泛采用，因为其他运输方式迄今在大多数国家仍由本国法律管辖，只有那些目前已适用其他运输方式的国际公约的国家除外，其中主要是欧洲国家。 | 4. Both approaches received support as well as objections. Canada indicated its support for the development of a port-to-port instrument not because we do not recognize the reality of the widespread practice of door-to-door transport, but because we strongly believe that: a) the initial objective of CMI to focus first ... |
5. 显然，那些支持延伸工作范围以便包括基于门到门原则的其他运输方式规则的人，同样相信这是工作组应采取的正确办法。他们认为，对于今日及明日的运输概念需要提出全新的办法，特别是在集装箱运输领域，从而增加未来文书的价值，不过新办法应首先从海运方面产生。 | 5. It was evident that those who supported the extension of work to include rules for other modes, on a door-to-door principle, were equally convinced that that is the right approach for the Working Group to pursue. They argued that the transport concepts of today and tomorrow especially in the field of container trans... |
6. 因此，在我们看来，此时如将工作组的工作范围仅限于一种办法而将其他办法排除在外，并无任何好处。如果接受这一前提，工作组就必须找出缩小港到港办法与门到门办法之间的距离的途径。这显然是一个政策上难以两全的问题，因此，应在 9 月份会议上拿出充足的时间讨论这一问题，或许应在工作组继续审议各条款草案之前的会议上提前讨论，以期就工作组未来的工作方向达成共识。 | 6. Thus, it seems to us that no useful purpose would be served at this juncture by restricting the scope of work in the Working Group to only one approach, to the exclusion of the other. If this premise is accepted, then the Working Group must look for ways of bridging the gap between the port-to-port and door-to-door ... |
7. 我们认为可以作为可能共识的基础审查下列三种办法： | 7. The following three (3) options could, in our view, be examined as the basis of a possible consensus: |
8. 继续审议现行文书草案，包括第 4.2.1 条，但应增加一项保留意见，使缔约国能够决定是否实施该条款和管辖海洋运输之前或之后的货物运输的有关规则。 | 8. Continue to work on the existing draft instrument, including Article 4.2.1, but add a reservation that would enable contracting States to decide whether or not to implement this Article and the relevant rules governing the carriage of goods preceding or subsequent to the carriage by sea. |
a) 本办法有助于希望恢复海运方式法律统一性的国家增进这一目标并在其他运输方式中确立这一目标。同时，不采取这一目标的国家仍将属于新的海事制度的一部分，今后可以撤消其保留意见并全面适用本文书。 | a) This option would advance the objective of restoring uniformity of law in the marine mode, and would establish it in other modes, for those States that wish to pursue that goal. At the same time, States that do not share that goal would still be part of the new marine regime, and possibly in the future could revoke ... |
b) 在批准文书时宣布保留意见，就不会分不清哪些缔约国适用文书的全部条文，哪些国家对文书适用于第 4.2.1 条中提到的内陆运输有保留意见。 | b) By declaring their reservation at the time of ratification, there could be no confusion as to which contracting States apply all provisions of the instrument and which States reserved on the application of the instrument to inland carriage under Article 4.2.1. |
9. 继续审议现行文书草案，包括第 4.2.1 条，但在“国际公约”一词（第 4.2.1.b 款） | 9. Continue to work on the existing draft instrument, including Article 4.2.1 but insert “national law” after “international convention” (in paragraph 4.2.1.b). |
9. 继续审议现行文书草案，包括第 4.2.1 条，但在“国际公约”一词（第 4.2.1.b 款）之后添加“本国法律”一词。评注 | Commentary |
a) 本办法再一次向有意制定海运方式新制度、而把其他运输方式的规则留给本国法律处理的国家提供一个重要的信息。据认为，按照本办法，由于这方面的声明无案可查，将更难以在某一特定时期确定任何缔约国适用何种法律：是关于内陆运输的强制性国际公约，还是本国法律。 | a) Again, this option would provide an important signal to those States that are interested in the development of a new regime for the marine mode, leaving the rules for other modes to national law. It is recognized that under this option it would be more difficult to establish, at any point in time, what law applies i... |
b) 如采用办法 1 和 2，可能还需就地点来确定的损坏的赔偿责任进一步拟订第4.2.1 条。 | b) In both Option 1 and 2, Article 4.2.1. could also be subject to further elaboration regarding the liability for non-localised damages. |
10. 修订现有文书草案使之确定： | 10. Revise the existing draft instrument in a manner that would establish: |
第 1 章 第 2、第 3 和第 4 章共用的定义和所有条文； | Chapter 1 - definitions and all provisions common to Chapters 2, 3 and 4; |
第 2 章 关于海上货物运输（即港到港）的条文； | Chapter 2 - provisions governing carriage of goods by sea (i.e. port to-port); |
第 3 章 关于海上货物运输的条文以及海运之前和之后其他运输方式（即门到门）的条文。 | Chapter 3 - provisions governing carriage of goods by sea and by other modes before or after carriage by sea (i.e. door-to-door); |
这方面似乎有两种基本方式：a) 统一制度—同样适用于涉及门到门货运的所有运输方式的单一制度；b) 网络制度—与上面的 a)相同，但有一项附加条件，即当一项国际文书适用于某一海上货物运输合同的内陆运段而且灭失和损坏显然完全是在内陆运输过程中发生时，统一制度即不适用。 | There seem to be two basic models for this purpose: a) uniform system –a single regime that applies equally to all modes of transport involved in the carriage of goods from door-to-door; b) network system – same as in (a) above, but with the proviso that the uniform system is displaced where an international convention... |
第 4 章 最后条款和保留意见，列入一项条文，规定可以对以下两章提出明确保留意见：· 第 2 章，针对那些希望实施适用于多式联运新文书（门到门制度）的国家；或· 第 3 章，针对那些希望实施仅适用海上货物运输新文书（港到港制度）的国家。 | Chapter 4 - final clauses and reservations, including a provision for express reservations for: . Chapter 2 for those contracting States that wish to implement the new instrument for multimodal carriage of goods (door-to-door regime); or . Chapter 3 for those States that wish to implement the new instrument only for th... |
这是一个比较扎实的办法，其目的在于：a) 兼顾第 2 章和第 3 章中分别提出的港到港办法和门到门办法，在统一货物运输国际法律方面迈出重大的一步。实际上这是在单一项文书中包括两项单独的公约，同时分别载列这两章共有的条文。按此办法，哪些缔约国加入第 2 章规定的海事制度，哪些国家加入第 3 章规定的多式联运制度，一目了然。b) 从长远来看有增进统一性的可能，因为只加入第 2 章的国家只要撤消其对第章的保留意见即可加入第 3 章。这或许是办法 3 与办法 1 之间的一个关键差别，在办法 1 中，撤消这种保留意见可能因不同的政策考虑而变得复杂，可能需要就是否为配合第 4.2.1 条而通过一项内陆运输国际公约而作出决定。此外，虽然这些公约往... | This is a more robust option designed to: a) make a major step in harmonization of international law for carriage of goods by accommodating both the port-to-port and door-to-door approaches in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, respectively. Effectively, there would be two separate conventions in a single instrument, sharing tho... |
11. 如果决定在第 3 章中采用“网络制度”，那么该章中的海事制度很有可能与第 2章相同，海运方式的法律因此可以实现最广泛的统一性。照此设想，办法 3 可以简化 | 11. If it were decided to adopt a “network system” in Chapter 3, then presumably the marine regime in that Chapter could be identical to Chapter 2, thus achieving the widest possible uniformity of law in the marine mode. Under that scenario, it would be possible to simplify Option 3 as follows: |
第 1 章 第 2、第 3 和第 4 章共用的定义和所有条文； | Chapter 1 - definitions and all provisions common to Chapters 2, 3 and 4; |
第 2 章 关于海上货物运输（即港到港）的条文； | Chapter 2 - provisions governing carriage of goods by sea (i.e. port to-port); |
第 3 章 关于海运之前和之后的其他货运方式（即门到门）的条文。 | Chapter 3 - provisions governing carriage of goods by other modes before or after carriage by sea (i.e. door-to-door); |
第 4 章 最后条款和保留意见，针对那些希望只对海上货物运输（即港到港运输）实施新文书的国家列入一个允许对第 3 章提出明确保留意见的条文。 | Chapter 4 - final clauses and reservations, including a provision for express reservation for Chapter 3 for those contracting states that wish to implement the new instrument only for the carriage of goods by sea (i.e. only for port-to-port). |
大 会 Distr.: Limited | General Assembly Distr.: Limited |
14 September 2007 | 14 September 2007 |
V.07-86813 (C) GP 270907 270907 | V.07-86814 (E) |
V.07-86813 (C) GP 270907 270907*0786813* | *0786814* |
联合国国际贸易法委员会 | United Nations Commission on |
联合国国际贸易法委员会 | International Trade Law |
第三工作组（运输法） | Working Group III (Transport Law) |
2007 年 10 月 15 日至 25 日，维也纳 | Vienna, 15-25 October 2007 |
运输法：拟定[全程或部分][海上]货物运输公约草案 | Transport Law: Preparation of a draft convention on the carriage of goods [wholly or partly] [by sea] |
非政府组织的意见 | Comments from Non-Governmental Organizations |
秘书处的说明* | Note by the Secretariat* |
为筹备第三工作组（运输法）第二十届会议，国际货运代理协会联合会和国际多式联运协会向秘书处提交了其对[全程或部分][海上]货物运输公约草案（公约草案）的意见，载于附件中。 | In preparation for the twentieth session of Working Group III (Transport Law), the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA) and the International Multimodal Transport Association (IMMTA) submitted to the Secretariat their comments on the draft convention on the carriage of goods [wholly or pa... |
附件中的文件按秘书处收到的原样转载。 | The document in the attached annex is reproduced in the form in which it was received by the Secretariat. |
附件 | Annex |
国际货运代理协会联合会的意见—公约草案的范围 | Comments from the International Federation of Freight ForwardersAssociations (FIATA) – Scope of the draft convention |
1. 货运代理人作为订约承运人行事时，需要了解强制性法律制度的适用范围。目前，这并没有构成主要的难题，但若扩大预期的海上运输公约的范围以涵盖“门到门”运输，情况就大不相同了。 | 1. Freight forwarders need to know to what extent mandatory legal regimes become applicable when they act as contracting carriers. At present, this does not present any major difficulties, but the situation will become significantly different with any expansion of a contemplated convention on carriage by sea to cover c... |
2. 因此，如先前所述，国际货运代理协会联合会反对如此扩大范围，认为这样会在必要的运输单证和适用的赔偿责任规则方面造成混乱。特别是，据认为，对于公路和（或）铁路和（或）航空运输，客户预期的是传统的赔偿责任，在这些情况下便不宜适用海上赔偿责任。例如，若合同是从斯堪的纳维亚北部经由公路和（或）铁路运输到意大利南部，中途包括海上短途轮渡到德国，或者合同是从波兰沿西伯利亚铁路运输到海参崴，再由海路运至日本，那么适用所设想的公约似乎不合逻辑。 | 2. This explains why FIATA, as has been earlier stated, opposes such expansion, which it believes would lead to confusion with respect to the required transport document, and applicable liability rules. In particular, it is thought to be inappropriate to apply a maritime liability to cases where customers expect the tr... |
3. 如果所设想的公约要扩大范围以涵盖海上运输以外的运输，便有必要明确限定适用范围，以便该公约不适用于绝大部分运输段不在海上的情形。此种限定将从实际意义上根本解决各公约之间的冲突这一争议颇多的问题，事实上，也符合贸易法委员会各项公约中最为成功的 1980 年《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》所采用的办法，即在货物和服务同属一项合同而服务占绝大部分的情形下，限制公约的适用（第 3(2)条）。若设想的公约在特别需要的情况下不使用这种办法，贸易法委员会将因未使用迄今为止最为成功的公约所使用的限制手段而受到批评。 | 3. With any expansion of the contemplated convention to cover more than the carriage by sea, it is necessary to clearly delimit the applicability, so that the contemplated convention does not apply when the preponderant part of the carriage is non-maritime. Such delimitation would, for all practical purposes, solve the... |
国际多式联运协会（多式联运协会）的意见 | Comments from the International Multimodal Transport Association (IMMTA) |
4. 在 2007 年 4 月 3 日于卡拉奇举行的多式联运协会的多式联运问题国际会议（多式联运协会会议）上，讨论集中于多式联运的各个方面，包括经营、法律和保险等方面。关于法律问题，多式联运协会成员详细审议了贸易法委员会[全程或部分][海上]货物运输公约草案。本说明反映了这次会议的有关成果，供工作组第十九届会议审议。 | 4. At the IMMTA International Conference on Multimodal Transport (the IMMTA Conference), held in Karachi, on 3rd April 2007, discussions focused on various aspects of multimodal transportation, including operational, legal and insurance aspects. In relation to legal issues, IMMTA members considered in some detail the U... |
5. 关于管辖多式联运的法律框架，多式联运协会会议回顾，目前并没有值得广为接受的现行国际制度。1980 年《联合国国际货物多式联运公约》没有达到所要求的批准数，因而未能生效；1992 年《贸发会议/国际商会多式联运单据规则》是一套合同规则，因而对实现国际统一的作用有限。目前的国际法律框架由各种单式运输公约、多种多样的区域、次区域和国家法律及标准条款合同组成。因此，不同案例所适用的赔偿责任规则也大相径庭，这对某一特定情形下承运人的赔偿责任问题造成了不确定性。 | 5. In relation to the legal framework governing multimodal transport, it was recalled at the IMMTA Conference that presently there was no widely acceptable international regime in force. The United Nations Convention on the International Multimodal Transport 1980 had not received the required number of ratifications to... |
6. 在多式联运协会会议上，与会者普遍同意，随着集装箱化的发展，多式联运正变得日益重要，需要一种统一、简单而透明的法律框架来管辖这类运输所发生的灭失、损坏和迟延赔偿责任。在这方面，多式联运协会会议研究了贸易法委员会公约草案。多式联运协会会议的与会者普遍一致认为，贸易法委员会公约草案只是将海运赔偿责任制度延及所有含海运段的多式联运合同。 | 6. It was generally agreed at the IMMTA Conference that with the development of containerisation, multimodal transport was becoming increasingly important and there was a need for a uniform, simple and transparent legal framework to govern liability for loss, damage and delay arising from this type of transportation. I... |
7. 多式联运协会会议的与会者确实对于公约草案中对多式联运有直接影响的若干条款表示担忧。根据管辖多式联运的现行法律和条例，多式联运经营人对整个运输全程承担责任。但是，多式联运协会会议认为，根据公约草案则可能不会如此。涉及承运人责任期限的公约草案条文1允许承运人在合同中决定交接货物的时间和地点。此外，草案还设想了承运人仅作为代理人行事时2可能对运输的某些部分不承担责任的情况，或可能由托运人履行装载或卸载等某些职能的情形。3因此，多式联运协会会议认为，根据公约草案，可能没有人对运输全程统一负责。虽然这些规定试图适应海运惯例，但多式联运协会会议的与会者认为，这些规定给多式联运造成了不确定性和混乱。 | 7. Indeed, concerns were expressed by the participants at the IMMTA Conference regarding a number of provisions of the Draft Convention having a direct impact in relation to multimodal transport. Under existing laws and regulations governing multimodal transport, a multimodal transport operator (MTO) is responsible thr... |
8. 至于赔偿责任制度，多式联运协会会议认为，适用于多式联运的法律制度原本就存在不确定性，现在第 26 条又使之更进了一步。对于已确定事发地的灭失，该条采用了一种最小联体制度，优先适用任何对发生灭失或损坏的运输段所适用的国际公约的某些强制性条款。这样，如果可确定灭失发生地点，又有适用于该特定运输段的强制性国际制度，那么该国际制度中涉及赔偿责任、赔偿责任限制和诉讼时间的条款将和公约草案的其余条款一并适用。多式联运协会会议认为，这是将原本不合并适用的两种制度拼凑在一起适用于多式联运。多式联运协会会议还认为，各国法院可能难以确定应当适用每项公约的哪些条款，因而会妨碍对公约的统一解释和适用。 | 8. As for the liability system, it is the view of the IMMTA Conference that article 26 takes the existing uncertainty concerning the legal regime applicable to multimodal transport one step further. By introducing a minimal network system, in cases of localized loss, it gives precedence to certain mandatory provisions ... |
9. 对于事发地点不确定的灭失，或者如果没有可适用的强制性公约，公约草案的综合海运赔偿责任制度便将适用于多式联运全程，即使其中的海上运输段很短。多式联运协会会议认为，这种情形是常有的，因为集装箱装运的货物很难确定灭失发生地点，而且实际上单式运输公约主要是欧洲公约，并未在全球适用。 | 9. In cases of non-localized loss or if no mandatory convention is applicable, then the complex maritime liability regime of the Draft Convention will apply to the entire multimodal transport, even if only a short sea carriage is involved. It is believed by the IMMTA Conference that this will often be the case, bearing... |
10. 多式联运协会会议认为，公约草案似乎并没有提供超过现有制度的任何优势。以单一而透明的公约管辖所有国际货物运输合同，无论是港到港还是门到门的运输，或许是可取的，但将一种单式运输制度扩大范围以管辖其他运输方式，在多式运输协会会议看来，似乎不是一种恰当的解决办法。在公约草案的一百条中，仅有三条与多式运输有关。4多式运输协会会议认为，有必要严肃地考虑公约草案可能对多式联运产生的影响。总之，多式联运协会会议认为，公约草案极为冗长复杂，我们认为这不利于实现国际统一性。 | 10. It is the view of the IMMTA Conference that the Draft Convention does not seem to provide any advantage over the existing system. While it may be desirable to have a single and transparent convention to govern all contracts for international transport of goods, whether port-to-port or door-to-door, the extension of... |
大 会 Distr.: General | General Assembly Distr.: General |
14 September 2001 | 14 September 2001 |
01-53677 (C)170901 170901 | 01-53678 (E) 170901 |
01-53677 (C)170901 170901 | *0153678* |
临时议程 项目 108 110 112 和 118 | Items 108, 110, 112 and 118 of the provisional agenda* |
谨随函附上 2001 年 8 月 18 日至 22 日在德黑兰举行的政府间后续行动和发展中国家间经济合作协调委员会第十届会议于 2001 年 8 月 22 日通过的德黑兰共识请将本函及其附件作为大会第五十六届会议临时议程项目 108 110 112 和118 的文件分发为荷77 国集团主席伊朗伊斯兰共和国大使巴盖尔 阿萨迪 签名A/56/150附件年 9 月 7 日伊朗伊斯兰共和国驻联合国大使给秘书长的信的附件德黑兰共识南南合作 共同需要年 8 月 22 日 德黑兰2001 年 8 月 18 日至 22 日在德黑兰举行的政府间后续行动和发展中国家间经济合作协调委员会第十届会议标志着通过 加拉加斯行动纲领 二十周年 我们这次会议的与会... | Sectoral policy questions Environment and sustainable development International migration and development, including the question of the convening of a United Nations conference on international migration and development to address migration issues Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries Letter... |
我们注意到南南合作的必要性和潜力日益增强而且在一些领域内取得重大进展 同时也充分了解到存在着各种问题 差距和挑战 我们也认识到在许多方面有巨大的潜力仍未开发和利用 必须处理这个问题 应有效弥合既定目标和商定行动与实际执行之间的差距 | and significant progress in a number of areas, we are fully cognizant of problems, gaps and challenges that exist. We also recognize the enormous potentialities, both unrealized and untapped, in many domains that need to be harnessed. The gap between the set objectives and agreed actions and the actual implementation s... |
过去二十年来情况有所演变 出现了新的挑战 问题和条件 应实际而客观地评估集团的计划和行动纲领及其执行情况 以综合为更新的纲领 并提交根据哈瓦那首脑会议的决定将于 2003 年举行的南南合作高级别会议审议并采取行动为此目的 应采取一切必要措施向 77 国集团成员国提供新全球环境战略概览及其相互关系以及对当今南南合作具有重大关系的发展中国家内的变化 包括可以富有成果地执行这种合作的新领域 | The situation has evolved over the last two decades, and new challenges, issues and conditions have emerged. A realistic, objective assessment of the Group’s plans and programmes of action, and the status of their implementation, should be undertaken with a view to consolidating them into an updated platform to be subm... |
2. 在全球一级上建立更强大的南方机构 | 2. Building stronger South institutions at the global level |
协调对国际议程上重大问题的政策和共同谈判立场是很重要的 而且需要充足的知识和技术支助 内部协调和相称的筹备进程 77 国集团应利用它最近在一些重大国际进程中取得的成功处理南方的合理关注和要求 多哈 蒙特里和约翰内斯堡会议同样积极处理这些问题 77 国集团应继续加强其新的自信感以作为主要的可靠而强大的谈判力量 | The coordination of policy and joint negotiating positions on major issues on the international agenda are essential, and require adequate intellectual and technical support, internal coordination and a commensurate preparatory process. The Group of 77, drawing on its recent successes in major international processes, ... |
全球一级的南南合作需要充分而且分阶段的体制支助 应立即采取步骤扩大和加强 77 国集团设在纽约的秘书处以向集团的活动提供更大的支助 应热切地推行体制建设进程作为在全球舞台上更有效进行南南合作的基础材料 首先 这需要南方调集充足的财政资源和技术人力资源以支助本身的机构 | South-South cooperation at the global level requires adequate and structured institutional support. Immediate steps should be taken to expand and strengthen the secretariat of the Group of 77 in New York in order to provide greater support to the activities of the Group. The process of institution-building should be pu... |
弥合知识和信息差距 | 3. Bridging the knowledge and information gap |
未能轻易获得根据经验提供的数据和南南合作全球概览 这一信息和知识差距必须紧急弥合 这需要作为优先事项建立集体能力 特别是通过着手编写关于南南合作情况的 南方报告 作为促进南南合作的基本参考和主要政策及分析工具 | Easily accessible empirical data and a global overview of South-South cooperation are lacking. This information and knowledge gap needs to be closed urgently, which calls, as a matter of priority, for the creation of a collective capacity, inter alia, through the launching of a “South Report” on the state of South-Sout... |
4 建立基础广泛的伙伴关系 | 4. Building broad-based partnerships |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.