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values | sentence stringlengths 10 1.38k | token stringlengths 1 16 ⌀ | complexity float64 0 0.86 | difficulty stringclasses 5
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3J06WJ78HNK9N8EWZPQV1U0JIPIVVK | biomed | Rather, the impaired ability of D2R-/- mice to assign appropriate discriminative stimulus relationships in an operant discrimination task argues that D2R-mediated signaling contributes to the neuronal processes involved in attaching salience to environmental stimuli. | task | 0.293478 | easy |
3SMIWMMK615MPIP1K9LMRAHEBQIWUB | biomed | As we have shown previously, such effects can confound the quantification of bitter taste behaviors [29]. | behaviors | 0.15625 | very easy |
3MD8CKRQZZN836XL9G72X90M2V5RJ7 | biomed | K+ secretion and the generation of the endocochlear potential were measured using electrophysiological techniques. | techniques | 0.15625 | very easy |
3L1EFR8WWT5MU4F3W9GVRQ8032DF90 | biomed | Successfully targeting Acadm produced a mouse model for MCAD deficiency with features that mimic the clinical, biochemical, and pathologic phenotype found in human patients. | patients | 0.15625 | very easy |
3XBXDSS888JYVS7XL0P726Z271QXL6 | biomed | These neurologic symptoms may result from reduced levels of glutamate, glutamine, alanine, and other similar neuroactive amino acids, which are considered the culprit for MSUD encephalopathies in patients [1,37]. | patients | 0.211538 | easy |
3PMR2DOWOO1TV1G2927VO667SHJ54B | biomed | An animal model for MCAD deficiency is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of MCAD deficiency and to develop better management regimens for human patients. | patients | 0.23913 | easy |
30IRMPJWDZJ3EQ33R17EYO0ZHLYKRU | biomed | Although the trials were halted because of adverse effects in a subset of volunteers [4,5], further analysis of several patients found evidence that amyloid pathology, and to a lesser degree cognitive function, was improved in proportion to the patient's titer of Aβ-specific antibody [6,7]. | patients | 0.28125 | easy |
3U74KRR67MLH2B1YS34PQVILZ07TNQ | biomed | Western blot of total membranes showed that wild-type AQP2 is equivalently expressed in all three cases (Figure 5B, lower blots). | Western | 0.15625 | very easy |
3NBFJK3IOHIVFRF49I5V6131ZGZGOE | biomed | In addition, Western blot analysis revealed that CAF-1 depletion did not result in altered levels of chromatin architectural proteins such as histone H3 and HP1α (Figure S1). | Western | 0.214286 | easy |
3MG8450X2OAW59S08N7RZG9IITAUP9 | biomed | Second, we cannot rule out the existence of an alternate start site for ITPR1 that may result in a product that confers a pathogenic gain of function to the protein; however, Western blot analysis of cells derived from affected AUS1 family members, which was performed using an antibody raised against the C-terminal por... | Western | 0.306818 | easy |
3RSBJ6YZECQP1RJ9YYZDOG3PY2XFOE | biomed | The testing of gene and cell based therapies on appropriate animal model systems provides a preliminary method of establishing not only the efficacy, but also short- and long-term safety. | testing | 0.15625 | very easy |
3DQYSJDTYLBKPMX54E23PB9IY4VEX6 | biomed | We will explore five points in this discussion: How the limited expression of neurotrophins relates to the apparent survival of primary neurons until P8; how the known absence of apical hair cells and of classical neurotrophins can be related to the presence of large numbers of apical turn spiral neurons; how absence o... | points | 0.176471 | very easy |
3NOEP8XAU42OMDMVDSIEJN8MCBWXP9 | biomed | Lean mass was unchanged at the time points examined. | points | 0.2 | easy |
3ZQX1VYFTD5GMC9MQKT7EOM3BXM8OQ | biomed | Agouti protein has a short radius of action (Silvers and Russel 1955) and can be switched on and off during a single hair cycle (Bultman et al. 1992, 1994; Miller et al. 1993; Vrieling et al. 1994); thus, its regulated expression is thought to be responsible for the cream-colored or yellow ventral surface of mice carry... | points | 0.225 | easy |
3VGET1QSZ0ZKR7D571SBHI3U3FL7WK | biomed | In addition to increasing the quantum yield and solubility of the proteins these mutations shift the spectral profiles of the translation products [4,11]. | translation | 0.4125 | neutral |
368IUKXGA58B3Y2ZC59OJAV2F7Y6PP | biomed | The quest to understand the HD mechanism, therefore, is aimed at delineating the huntingtin activity that may explain the striatal cell specificity of the polyglutamine mutant version of huntingtin. | version | 0.369565 | easy |
3DIIW4IV8PV57PBHGMQPDFACX2RI4Y | biomed | We report here that K14 promoter-driven loss of Apc resulted in aberrant development of several organs that require inductive epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, including hair follicle, teeth, and thymus, and resulted in neonatal death in mice. | teeth | 0.160714 | very easy |
3XJOUITW8UR258EQ8VW6UPDQ4BUTQD | biomed | MCAD-deficient patients exhibit clinical episodes often associated with fasting. | fasting | 0.160714 | very easy |
3RSBJ6YZECQP1RJ9YYZDOG3PY1ZOFN | biomed | Mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids provides energy, especially during fasting conditions. | fasting | 0.230769 | easy |
3IH9TRB0FBZOFQEYT47NFH39LIHI1L | biomed | In one study, 12 distinct measures of Wnt signaling in Pygo mutants were performed, including analysis of leg, wing, and eye imaginal discs. | eye | 0.160714 | very easy |
344M16OZKIFFDSJ128FUR9IKWRDNEP | biomed | Only a single study exists where the developing eye of an infant was examined [24]. | eye | 0.1625 | very easy |
338431Z1FLFM4HOIPTZ755H81PFORN | biomed | In humans, genetic diseases of the eye are common and the primary site of disease is most frequently photoreceptors (for review see [1-3]). | eye | 0.171875 | very easy |
3T5ZXGO9DEOYRKNPENLOGDE7P7AZQT | biomed | All wild type lenses were transparent upon removal from the eye (Figure 1D,1E and 1F) and had well defined posterior sutures. | eye | 0.171875 | very easy |
3MJ28H2Y1E8XZUQKSMM424CC97LO54 | biomed | Neural defects such as foveal hypoplasia and optic nerve hypoplasia are common in PAX6-associated eye disease [3-5]. | eye | 0.236111 | easy |
3MYASTQBG7BVOJITM5WRPLV41P1QDM | biomed | To confirm that the arrest of plaques without any sign of clearance was not unique to the line 107 mice, we repeated the dox-suppression experiment in a second line of tet-off APP mice (CaMKIIα-tTA × tet-APPswe/ind line 18; n = 22). | experiment | 0.160714 | very easy |
3X4Q1O9UBHMCMY43GF110OQ80DG7O2 | biomed | The surface biotinylation experiment (Figure 5D) suggests that no mutant protein gets to the surface, but this does not necessarily reflect the situation in vivo. | experiment | 0.220588 | easy |
33IXYHIZB5IJO6U8GPHAZLFMLVTE2U | biomed | Olfactory receptors were originally identified in an elegant experiment based on the hypothesis that they would be seven-transmembrane-domain proteins encoded by a large, diverse gene family whose expression is restricted to the olfactory epithelium [3]. | experiment | 0.375 | easy |
3909MD9T2ZH3P06K4KWHJ49BUZTFEA | biomed | Studies of ADAM17-null mice have revealed that ADAM17 is critical in embryogenesis and plays an essential role in the supply of growth factors [6,8]. | supply | 0.160714 | very easy |
3ZRKL6Z1E83ADJ7XGZM4Q6D2W57SGS | biomed | For example, a skeletal muscle phenotype was unveiled in PGC-1α−/− mice under conditions in which energy supply becomes limiting. | supply | 0.178571 | very easy |
3L21G7IH47WA5QT3XMTQ15XXB1FY17 | biomed | The comparison of liver gene expression of cadmium- and mock-treated mice also revealed a number of genes that were responsive to cadmium exposure, independent of the presence or absence of MTF-1. | exposure | 0.216667 | easy |
3Y3N5A7N4G971FFSQ8COLXL09CFYMK | biomed | Moreover, BMP signaling has a weak ability to posteriorly polarize the limb in ectopic grafting experiments [10], an activity enhanced by prior low-level exposure to SHH [11]. | exposure | 0.216667 | easy |
3UQ1LLR26A8MZFZ4AQXTIYO46HFALF | biomed | Indeed, we found that exposure of the PGC-1α-/- mice to cold, another relevant physiologic stress, resulted in an untoward drop in core body temperature consistent with an abnormality in thermogenesis despite normal cold induction of UCP-1 mRNA in BAT. | exposure | 0.225 | easy |
32CAVSKPCEPTOH9YNLW1YKRKFD3U14 | biomed | The exposure of the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells has been described as one of the hallmarks of the induction of apoptosis and is considered to be one of the most important signals required for apoptotic cell recognition and removal [19]. | exposure | 0.266667 | easy |
37SQU136V7ODFKI0LXMHNIMN4GC11I | biomed | Mice deficient in NT-3, its tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkC, or in TrkC-positive neuron-specific transcription factor Runx3 display severe ataxia associated with the absence of muscle spindles, and loss of proprioceptive neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) or their axons (Ernfors et al. 1994; Klein et al. 1994; Tessar... | root | 0.388889 | easy |
3HEA4ZVWVDMBRKK2N7Q5TYCLSCG55G | biomed | However, the realization that multiple dopamine receptor subtypes would be concurrently targeted with the presently commercially available antagonists, such as D2Rs, D3Rs, and D4Rs would have to be rectified. | realization | 0.161765 | very easy |
3Q7TKIAPOTAKXM2GU0OV8ZWARKCLDS | biomed | Pendrin-expressing surface epithelial cells in the spiral prominence region are located in an area where basal cells, which are interconnected by tight junctions, form additional tight junctions with surface epithelial cells [29]. | area | 0.161765 | very easy |
3MQY1YVHS3KLH3IO6YFKYD91IYGB2R | biomed | In 5 wk alphaA/BKO lenses there was a high density of stained membranes per unit area throughout the cortex, with no nucleic acid staining in these regions. | area | 0.173077 | very easy |
3IJ95K7NDXCDX6FS835IRC3W96UGNZ | biomed | Fifty-four wk old alphaA/BKO lenses (Figure 2B) did not stain for nucleic acid in the posterior subcapsular region, however, the entire anterior subcapsular lens region stained for nucleic acid (refer to Figure 3I for high magnification/resolution image of this area). | area | 0.232143 | easy |
3JU8CV4BRLC1S483C1VI0AHT08JPOQ | biomed | The hippocampal area showed typical signs of Ammon's horn sclerosis, but the adjacent temporal neocortex tissue did not show any histopathological alterations. | area | 0.235294 | easy |
3ABAOCJ4R84YSDO6ZYVU8BIYA4RMQ0 | biomed | Due to conservation in mammalian physiology and the powerful tools of mouse genetics, mice are a very important experimental system for probing the functions (both in health and disease) of many genes recently identified by sequencing the human genome [12]. | tools | 0.161765 | very easy |
3SV8KD29L4SCGHPU1I1RKR2YQ1OZK7 | biomed | With controllable environmental factors as well as the known genetic background, animal models are powerful tools to search for susceptibility genes for complex diseases, and have been intensively employed for that purpose. | tools | 0.203125 | easy |
3UDTAB6HH6ZVX00DTRXAOJLWX0O90Q | biomed | Quinine may directly activate G proteins, and both quinine and denatonium can block K+ channels [31-36] ; caffeine, another bitter-tasting substance, directly inhibits intracellular phosphodiesterase [33]. | caffeine | 0.166667 | very easy |
38DCH97KHH28R5ILW1I2SJQH69YJQT | biomed | These sensory neurons are a shared element in all organisms capable of sensing light. | organisms | 0.166667 | very easy |
3X55NP42EOGC6FFHT3BQC7JI5GW3PG | biomed | All organisms have evolved mechanisms to cope with a variety of stress situations. | organisms | 0.171875 | very easy |
371QPA24C2OEO4U9NG6RTO5IWZ31TR | biomed | Notably, A. thaliana does not appear to have a meiotic checkpoint activity that eliminates mutant meiocytes in a manner analogous to organisms such as mice, budding yeast, and female Drosophila [11,57], and mammalian TRIP13 is more similar to Arabidopsis PCH2 than the fly or worm proteins (Figures 1A and S1). | organisms | 0.283333 | easy |
3D5G8J4N5A4UAGA7UUQG0CCYL39TV7 | biomed | PCH2 orthologs are present in organisms that undergo synaptic meiosis, but not asynaptic meiosis, prompting the suggestion that a Pch2-dependent checkpoint evolved to monitor synaptonemal complex (SC) defects from yeast to humans [12]. | organisms | 0.40625 | neutral |
3U74KRR67MLH2B1YS34PQVILZ10NTF | biomed | Ovaries of Dmrt4 mutant females have polyovular follicles (follicles containing multiple oocytes), but it is unknown whether this reflects a defect in the germ line or the soma. | line | 0.166667 | very easy |
37ZQELHEQ0YDPGBEJ63D4HNT5S6NME | biomed | The localization of RAD51 was examined in CAPAN-1 cells, the same human tumor line examined by Moynahan et al [24]. | line | 0.225 | easy |
36JW4WBR06KF9AXMUL4N476OMGJHFS | biomed | Quantification of fluorescence along a line randomly drawn across the nucleus revealed lower fluorescence intensity and a broader distribution of DAPI and major satellite hybridization signals in p150CAF-1-depleted cells (Figure 4C and 4D), indicating decondensation of pericentric heterochromatin domains. | line | 0.27381 | easy |
34ZTTGSNJXOC0ZNV81FHG6A2TISQHV | biomed | Determining which activating E2fs promote death in distinct Rb KO tissues requires conditional rather than germ line models of Rb deletion to avoid secondary indirect effects (such as hypoxia). | line | 0.315789 | easy |
3TRB893CSJAOULN5SWOTVFH69SN7GF | biomed | Because the mutation is not in BCKDH, the validity of this mutant mouse line for modeling human MSUD is questionable. | line | 0.416667 | neutral |
31ANT7FQN82N7D4XO9REIVFBXM5H59 | biomed | In the current study, the observation of a disorganized pattern of nuclei localized to the equatorial bow region of alphaA/BKO lenses, and nucleic acid staining of structures throughout the anterior cortex of 54 wk alphaA/BKO lenses, is consistent with a role for alpha-crystallin in the nucleus. | region | 0.2 | easy |
34OWYT6U3WH64VHTXHMGUNLSJV3I9U | biomed | The morphological observations presented in this study demonstrate that fiber cells in lenses lacking alphaA and alphaB fail to elongate symmetrically from the bow region and therefore do not establish the typical "onion skin" conformation in which cells extend from the anterior epithelium to the posterior capsule. | region | 0.203125 | easy |
36AZSFEYZ40UEUGQU8ZV0I6CFX1VBD | biomed | One possible candidate is Dot1 (PCH1 in yeast), a histone methyltransferase silencing factor that is required for pachytene arrest of zip1 and dmc1 mutants in yeast [58], and for preventing RAD54-mediated recombinational DSB repair between sister chromatids. | sister | 0.166667 | very easy |
3EKTG13IZU3N1G8T7TNYRPJ40X6LMA | biomed | A recent report estimates that the carrier frequency of MLIV in the Ashkenazi Jewish population is 1 in 100, and mutations have been reported in Jewish and non-Jewish families [6-9]. | carrier | 0.166667 | very easy |
3SNR5F7R92TNZR8A5S22M1M3ARLEI0 | biomed | One of the most curious findings in the rd7 mutant retina was the occurrence of two different types of changes: an increase in the number of S-opsin-expressing cones and a transformation of rods into hybrid photoreceptors. | hybrid | 0.166667 | very easy |
3RZS0FBRWKA0JFB0MWMR5ANCBT8PCZ | biomed | As with the Itpr1opt/opt mice, where the deletion of exons 43 and 44 is also predicted to leave the translational reading frame unaffected, the in-frame Itpr1Δ18/Δ18 deletion mutation results in markedly decreased levels of Itpr1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells. | reading | 0.194444 | very easy |
3X878VYTIEIIGLRAHCIBDUHU8CPF7O | biomed | Most aniridia patients are heterozygous for mutations that introduce a premature termination codon into the PAX6 open reading frame [2,52]. | reading | 0.294118 | easy |
33J5JKFMK6YX6RGWTGQFCC9SACCQ3O | biomed | Furthermore, the results also suggest that Sam68 expression levels, hypomorphism, and mutations in humans may influence susceptibility to marrow adipocyte accumulation and osteoporosis. | accumulation | 0.166667 | very easy |
3JUDR1D0D6R8L9KDPGCAT2404YCQ2D | biomed | However, it is still possible, that a mild impairment in Sam68-/- mice osteoclast function may manifest itself later in life in overall accumulation of bone and this will require further detailed studies. | accumulation | 0.2 | easy |
3MQKOF1EE2O08GEFYEVXHADQPRGDWD | biomed | However, membrane organelle disruptions precede subunit c accumulation in homozygous CbCln3Δex7/8 cells, since they are observed without aging at confluency. | accumulation | 0.308824 | easy |
3MDWE879UH2WHN3NR7UZ80HFO5JB9E | biomed | The activity of BCKDH in livers of homozygous knockout mouse pups was undetectable, accounting for the accumulation of unmetabolized BCAA. | accumulation | 0.315789 | easy |
3YLPJ8OXX8D2XK0CF8QQGPXRLF0X4I | biomed | Nevertheless, the evolutionary relationships between animals, fungi, and plants (which are discordant with PCH2 sequence phylogeny) do not allow parsimonious models addressing the points in time that checkpoint functions in PCH2 were gained or lost. | plants | 0.202381 | easy |
3TC2K6WK9G22F5KH3MVA7BJ0ASW82Q | biomed | The high SNP frequency (0.312%; 295 SNP in 94.492 kbp) in CAST genes may lead to a higher rate of false positives using DNA microarrays or quantitative real-time PCR assays, most of which are based on B6 sequence. | rate | 0.173077 | very easy |
3APP19WN71E5QL909MJ1P1HAEGAG6U | biomed | In fact, levels of PBS-soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the 6 mo + 3 mo and 6 mo + 6 mo treated cohorts were most similar to that of the 9 mo untreated cohort, suggesting that age, as opposed to synthetic rate (which would be negligible in the treated animals), may determine the fraction of PBS-soluble Aβ in these animals. | rate | 0.2625 | easy |
3I7KR83SNADXAQ7HXK7S7305BYU9KW | biomed | The morbidity in those who survive is high, and many patients survive with chronic respiratory insufficiency, cognitive and neuromotor deficits, and hearing loss as a result of necessary intensive interventions and associated structural and irreversible developmental abnormalities [8-11]. | deficits | 0.166667 | very easy |
3WJGKMRWVI9RUI8AHNVW5G6NXA5DC9 | biomed | Moreover, acute dosing does not recapitulate the marked learning deficits produced in rodents [15,16] by chronic exposure to dopamine D2R antagonists [6,7]. | deficits | 0.265625 | easy |
3KLL7H3EGD1457JCU09RMT9AAA6VHT | biomed | These data suggest that deficits in RanBP2 and parkin may share (patho) physiological pathways and support a multifaceted role of RanBP2. | deficits | 0.354167 | easy |
34R0BODSP1ZBN3DVY8J8XSIY55FE5Q | biomed | Homozygous Cln3Δex7/8 knock-in mice exhibit a progressive JNCL-like disease, with perinatal onset of subunit c deposition in many cell types and later onset of neuronal dysfunction and behavioral deficits [12]. | deficits | 0.381579 | easy |
3SZYX62S5G0QEOYLB052RIQHJIH571 | biomed | These deficits are likely due to impaired muscle strength in the PGC-1α−/− mice, but contributions by peripheral or central nervous system determinants (or both) could be contributory. | deficits | 0.446429 | neutral |
3FW4EL5A3LORTQISN5M9XK6XOTW22B | biomed | There are also no published reports of the crystallization of this enzyme. | reports | 0.282609 | easy |
3FCO4VKOZ4DQA7REM1Y5VCWUWBG7E4 | biomed | Previous reports suggested that the SAM domain is a protein-protein interaction module. | reports | 0.357143 | easy |
3VP28W7DUNK10VXG07AU4EATI57FZL | biomed | There was no impairment in the grip strength and wire suspension test in ADAM11-deficient mice. | strength | 0.375 | easy |
3DWGDA5POF4T1WYYSB66U6T3TKJ1V7 | biomed | This classification of alleles as either causative or null currently defines what we refer to as a “monoallelic” paradigm of XPD disease. | classification | 0.233333 | easy |
3X52SWXE0X5Q3O81YI0MX4V84Q6CWC | biomed | Early support for this hypothesis came from genetic studies linking early-onset AD to mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), from which Aβ is derived, and presenilins 1 and 2, which are interchangeable components of a endoprotease complex that releases Aβ from APP (for review see [2,3]). | review | 0.183333 | very easy |
3IV1AEQ4DRD2L1IPA7126S5HC3C8J7 | biomed | Other molecules that bind PS with varying specificity are the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) and the scavenger receptors CD36 and CD68 (for review see [5] and references therein). | review | 0.233333 | easy |
3CMIQF80GNQW3A3ECIODJFLCK3JQ6Z | biomed | [1,2] for review]. | review | 0.293478 | easy |
3MYASTQBG7BVOJITM5WRPLV41P6DQE | biomed | In addition to colorectal neoplams, these individuals can develop extracolonic symptoms, among which are upper gastrointestinal tract polyps, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, desmoid tumors, disorders of the maxillary and skeletal bones, and dental abnormalities [6], suggesting the importance o... | organ | 0.166667 | very easy |
3G4VVJO6PZGI2DNOE93PTT0KG2CPK7 | biomed | However expression of the RFP reporter could not be detected in any organ of adult mice nor in embryos (data not shown). | organ | 0.171053 | very easy |
32CAVSKPCEPTOH9YNLW1YKRKFD41UC | biomed | Histological evaluation of cryosections revealed an enlargement of scala media with a large bulging of Reissner's membrane and an apparent degeneration of the organ of Corti, as described earlier [14]. | organ | 0.220588 | easy |
3YCT0L9OMM9GNBOJ33ZZGQMZXHOSNV | biomed | Abnormal lysosomal storage bodies and large vacuoles have been found in skin and conjuctival biopsies using electron-microscopy and, prior to gene identification, served as the only means of diagnosis [3-5]. | means | 0.175 | very easy |
3S8APUMBJXJ5IXU0UTURIW3QR2GFBA | biomed | In other cell types where Rb may promote differentiation directly, such as muscle and bone, it seems to do so through E2f-independent means by potentiating tissue-specific transcription factors (Figure 1B) [30–33]. | means | 0.175 | very easy |
3S1L4CQSFX50ZNP8OFUVNLJK9K1FAL | biomed | Given that neuronal circuits underlying odor discrimination, as well as olfactory memory, rely on properties of fast excitatory neurotransmission mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors (AMPARs), we sought to alter, by genetic means, the specific functional contribution of α-amino-3-hydro... | means | 0.25 | easy |
3L60IFZKF3IZN6OSPBSN7SI12VWHHQ | biomed | The experimental conditions used for real-time PCR can be found in Additional data file 2. | data | 0.166667 | very easy |
3D5G8J4N5A4UAGA7UUQG0CCYL42TV2 | biomed | At present our data must be considered preliminary because the interactions have not been confirmed by any other approach. | data | 0.176471 | very easy |
33P2GD6NRNSQPWP0VWVKKKYTUB2HKU | biomed | Although we found Elovl2 to have a cone-enriched pattern of expression (see Figure 1), in situ hybridization analysis of Fabp7 failed to show a signal in wild-type or mutant retina (unpublished data). | data | 0.183333 | very easy |
3QE4DGPGBRBRBY5MQYQMS3XWIPZ4GS | biomed | However, there is no evidence showing that NT-3 mRNA or protein expressed in the ventral spinal cord is exclusively from motor neurons, and there are no available data indicating that in islet2DTA mice, NT-3 expression in the ventral spinal cord is abolished (Yang et al. 2001; Pun et al. 2002). | data | 0.277778 | easy |
3WA2XVDZEMH767D93RTDPYWY11OE66 | biomed | A breakthrough in the availability of spectrally distinct autofluorescent proteins came with the cloning of six anthozoan fluorescent proteins all having 20-30% identity to wtGFP [12]. | cloning | 0.166667 | very easy |
34XASH8KLQMDS1NRZLG586SO57CMPE | biomed | The study was performed as follows: CYW, PY, JDS and HA contributed to the molecular cloning part of the manuscript. | cloning | 0.294118 | easy |
302U8RURJZ1WF35NXY44RD66WLIVN3 | biomed | Positional cloning identifies the mon gene as the zebrafish ortholog of mammalian transcriptional intermediary factor 1γ (TIF1γ), a member of the TIF1 family of transcriptional coactivators and corepressors (Le Douarin et al. 1995; Friedman et al. 1996; Kim et al. 1996; Venturini et al. 1999; Peng et al. 2002). | cloning | 0.357143 | easy |
3ZQA3IO31BRYBCP1RZKSZEZVXRGO1M | biomed | Positional cloning also permitted the identification of the Tas2r responsible for the majority of variance of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity in humans [18]. | cloning | 0.434211 | neutral |
34OWYT6U3WH64VHTXHMGUNLSJU59IL | biomed | In addition, we observed a resulting decrease in ureteric tip density, reduced kidney size and altered morphology of the ureteric tree in mutants, indicating a role for canonical Wnt signaling in branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud. | tree | 0.3 | easy |
3M4KL7H8KVN8M6JXR3YYIED4CRM61F | biomed | Does activity-dependent neuronal competition [37] contribute to increased representation of the olfactory receptors that respond to common environmental odorants? | Does | 0.166667 | very easy |
3PEG1BH7AERGYJMEV4LOY9VVZY2BKD | biomed | Second, mitochondrial respiratory capacity is modestly but significantly altered in skeletal muscle and liver of PGC-1α−/− mice. | capacity | 0.288462 | easy |
3SD15I2WD2U4W9XCE7CH67S1AB1638 | biomed | Several lines of evidence, based on the results of overexpression studies, indicate that PGC-1α is sufficient to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and regulate mitochondrial respiratory capacity. | capacity | 0.295455 | easy |
30U1YOGZGAW71ZX6E9LWKLA5JDRDS3 | biomed | In this report, we generated targeted mutations of Pygo1 and Pygo2 to determine their functions, with a particular interest in the contributions of these genes to canonical Wnt signaling during kidney development. | kidney | 0.166667 | very easy |
38LRF35D5LWPYKNDAPAKMD6HDXO3UC | biomed | We would predict these genes to show greater changes in expression level in a developing kidney with a more complete removal of canonical Wnt signaling. | kidney | 0.203125 | easy |
31MBOZ6PAORASUW2U4TKOTES6J8CLP | biomed | In mammals, cadmium tends to accumulate in the kidney and liver as a cadmium-metallothionein complex that has an extremely slow turnover (75,76). | kidney | 0.210526 | easy |
3XAOZ9UYRZR1WO2H6CCWOJUVCTX1Q8 | biomed | Immunostaining of kidney shows that AQP2-F204V does not efficiently transport water, because it fails to localize to the apical cell surface after dDAVP treatment. | kidney | 0.2375 | easy |
3M4KL7H8KVN8M6JXR3YYIED4CRS16G | biomed | There was thinning of the kidney as measured from renal capsule to renal pelvis. | kidney | 0.352941 | easy |
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