id stringlengths 30 30 | corpus stringclasses 3 values | sentence stringlengths 10 1.38k | token stringlengths 1 16 ⌀ | complexity float64 0 0.86 | difficulty stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3X4Q1O9UBHMCMY43GF110OQ80DLO7O | biomed | To our knowledge, no abnormalities of retinal function have been reported. | knowledge | 0.266667 | easy |
3ZXNP4Z39RL4GD163NL987ME58BL7Z | biomed | This activity led to the proposal of annexin A7's involvement in the exocytotic secretion of catecholamines [1]. | involvement | 0.214286 | easy |
3A9LA2FRWSEW9WO7UFA9AE6VQKHXHZ | biomed | Past experiments seeking to explore the possible involvement of dopamine D2Rs in associative learning have utilized low to moderate doses of drugs [2,5,6] and site-specific administration [7,9] in order to avoid the confounding effect that locomotor disruption associated with acute D2R blockade can have on learning performance in rodents. | involvement | 0.235294 | easy |
368IUKXGA58B3Y2ZC59OJAV2F7S6PJ | biomed | likened the disorder to episodic intermittent ataxia or kinesiogenic paroxysmal dystonia and predicted the involvement of an ion channel mutation in the etiology. | involvement | 0.28125 | easy |
37M4O367VJI9ZR58F67RA0N7E7C5MC | biomed | The NFR/N mouse, which is an inbred NMRI mouse of the H-2q haplotype, is larger in size than the B10.Q mouse and is also known for its extraordinarily good breeding properties. | breeding | 0.214286 | easy |
3JTPR5MTZSCE9355UUUBVNV3P2BK5G | biomed | EH carried out the vascular injury model and analyses and the tail bleeding assay, participated in the tail collagen analyses, and coordination of the mouse breeding. | breeding | 0.25 | easy |
3MQKOF1EE2O08GEFYEVXHADQPQIDWD | biomed | However, using homologous recombination in ES cells to generate mutant mice is an inefficient, slow and expensive method because (i) homologous recombination typically occurs at low frequency in ES cells, requiring sophisticated selection schemes and screening of hundreds of clones to identify the desired mutant; (ii) large (15–20 kb) plasmids, often difficult to clone, are required to increase targeting efficiency and (iii) breeding mice to homozygosity and housing a mouse colony generate further delays and costs. | breeding | 0.291667 | easy |
3DTJ4WT8BDF9UHXK5WQOMWPT64TEZ3 | biomed | The PcG proteins are transcriptional repressors that maintain gene silencing during development [28-30]. | gene | 0.214286 | easy |
3087LXLJ6MG4YARQWDX2YF770YP0FF | biomed | Huntingtin's large number of diverse cytoplasmic and nuclear protein binding partners strongly suggest that huntingtin may participate in a variety of cellular processes that range from trafficking of growth factor complexes to gene transcription (reviewed in [5,8,9]. | gene | 0.25 | easy |
3SCKNODZ0XGU4D4RF01OLZQ3A497NN | biomed | In support of normal differentiation of type II AECs, no alteration in the gene expression patterns for surfactant proteins A, B, C or D was noted, nor was the pattern of distribution of SP-C altered in lungs from knockout embryos. | gene | 0.3 | easy |
3ZXV7Q5FJBOOS2M68TQMTG989NMCFK | biomed | Brady et al. [22] demonstrated, by targeted disruption of the mouse alphaA gene, that this protein was essential for the maintenance of lens transparency, possibly by maintaining the solubility of alphaB, or associated proteins, in the lens. | gene | 0.352941 | easy |
37PGLWGSJT6QLR0K1ED5KWZ8UOMKIV | biomed | The ATR-X syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene (ATRX) that comprises 36 exons spanning 300 kb of genomic DNA at Chromosome Xq13.3 [3]. | gene | 0.361111 | easy |
3IKMEYR0LWVMA6MICBSDXGSR5SKK2F | biomed | An alternate approach to understand the role of Apc in development and/or in specific tissues is to generate a mouse strain that carries a conditionally modified allele and mate it with a mouse strain that facilitates the modification of the conditional allele in specific cell lineages. | modification | 0.214286 | easy |
31KSVEGZ34SU9QXKGFQHMZUU4S7RWX | biomed | These data report the development and implementation of an improved RMCE approach that enables efficient allele modification in ES cells to generate mice and in heterozygous MEFs to accelerate phenotypic analyses. | modification | 0.346154 | easy |
33NKDW9FFXI5SODR8NW8ZN9FDSCCX5 | biomed | These results, together with the altered pattern of gene expression seen in our Bmpr1a-deficient mice, suggest that BMPR1A signaling may normally act to stimulate SOX9 by post-translational protein modification, or to induce L-Sox5 or Sox6 in cartilage to maintain expression of ECM components. | modification | 0.361111 | easy |
3XUSYT70IT170QDU572CAF4MOL40DZ | biomed | Would precocious expression of ETS proteins in post-mitotic neurons also direct the appropriate sensory neuron developmental programs? | programs | 0.214286 | easy |
3I7SHAD35MWOMVJR3ZMO8K135D6M77 | biomed | But whether the orderly expression and activity of transcriptional programs at much later developmental stages, well after cell cycle exit, is an essential step in the progression of neuronal differentiation and circuit assembly has yet to be resolved. | programs | 0.296875 | easy |
3S8A4GJRD33O8IZVYHINP2KK1VZ6VA | biomed | To test the hypothesis that a temporal delay in the onset of transcriptional programs is crucial for the control of appropriate neuronal maturation, we studied the development of proprioceptive DRG neurons, since transcriptional effectors regulated by target-derived signals, as well as some of their downstream biological actions, have been identified for these neurons. | programs | 0.35 | easy |
3P520RYKCH6SCZAHO8YD1A41RTEU5S | biomed | Second, mitochondrial respiratory capacity is modestly but significantly altered in skeletal muscle and liver of PGC-1α−/− mice. | liver | 0.216667 | easy |
3P520RYKCH6SCZAHO8YD1A41RU75UY | biomed | Previous experiments with this technique revealed that deletion of Mtf1 from the liver after birth is no longer lethal under non-stress conditions (26). | liver | 0.216667 | easy |
3IV1AEQ4DRD2L1IPA7126S5HC4AJ8I | biomed | The comparison of liver gene expression of cadmium- and mock-treated mice also revealed a number of genes that were responsive to cadmium exposure, independent of the presence or absence of MTF-1. | liver | 0.315789 | easy |
374UMBUHN5PYB7473DVBAKO90WOCTM | biomed | Studies with a β3-adrenergic agonist confirmed that the peak oxygen consumption rate in thermogenic tissue is diminished in PGC-1α−/− mice. | oxygen | 0.216667 | easy |
3GONHBMNHVY765PXMUE7Z4U2F6DZM6 | biomed | In situ hybridization and RT-PCR showed significant reduction of mr-s signal in the Crx KO retina and pineal gland. | signal | 0.216667 | easy |
3S37Y8CWI80N8KVM53U4E6JKCDP4WR | biomed | The interaction of olfactory (or odorant) receptors with their odorant ligands is the first step in a signal transduction pathway that results in the perception of smell. | signal | 0.266667 | easy |
3ZTE0JGGCESIYFZZ7W9CGAIM1O7OCC | biomed | Patel et al. argue that since motor neurons are absent in these mice, NT-3 secreted by them could not be a signal for proprioceptive axons to enter the lateral motor columns. | signal | 0.275 | easy |
39TX062QX1OHFOH8FUL76K5L7F53X4 | biomed | TGF-β subfamily ligands signal via a receptor complex composed of two type II receptors and two type I receptors [14,15]. | signal | 0.3125 | easy |
368IUKXGA58B3Y2ZC59OJAV2F7XP67 | biomed | For example the nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization of Annexin A2 is controlled by sequestration of the AnxA2/p11 complex modulated by phosphorylation and by a nuclear export signal found in the AnxA2 3–12 region [33]. | signal | 0.333333 | easy |
356TQKY9XFX916HN9YC53208L8I785 | biomed | Gene targeting in mice has provided a powerful approach to examine the physiologic roles of individual calpain isoforms. | roles | 0.216667 | easy |
3IQ9O0AYW6ZPOAQ7VNRXLNM4D26ITU | biomed | Even in the context of the morphogenesis of a single structure, these molecules can play a series of quite divergent roles. | roles | 0.294118 | easy |
3EPG8DX9LKQFKU2L7MZJR4H2JCMP5R | biomed | This process of RTC “birth” requires coupling of differentiation and cell cycle exit. | exit | 0.216667 | easy |
38F60IALAGHEHF9RRX2RFJM8R7S0TI | biomed | Family history [1] is the strongest risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). | Family | 0.216667 | easy |
356ZPKYPUHHDMIC5IO4G21FVEHQPY7 | biomed | One or both DNA ends formed by the break invade(s) the homologous sequence in the second mutant GFP copy, resulting in repair of the DSB via a homology-mediated gene conversion event. | event | 0.216667 | easy |
3PCPFX4U40QSM3WPDBRHDLYPD2MQF2 | biomed | This process is thought to represent a protective method of the red blood cell against an attack by for example complement components. | attack | 0.216667 | easy |
3QE4DGPGBRBRBY5MQYQMS3XWIQXG44 | biomed | An obstacle to developing novel treatments for MSUD has been the lack of a suitable animal model to perform necessary preclinical studies. | obstacle | 0.216667 | easy |
3BAKUKE49HC18PHHJR1WT9408E61RE | biomed | Ringstedt et al. considered the possibility that NT-3 may play a chemoattractant role during the innervation of ventral horns by proprioceptive afferents. | horns | 0.283333 | easy |
3M0556243SK7J6JXXJZ09R3K8RZNFC | biomed | It is possible that B6 and D2 mice, which have a similar origin in the early 20th century, inherited different Tas2r haplotypes present in wild mouse populations prior to inbreeding. | century | 0.216667 | easy |
3FCO4VKOZ4DQA7REM1Y5VCWUWBFE7A | biomed | In the absence of this interaction with BRCA2, RAD51 might exist in a form that is not capable of being recruited into a functional repair complex when damage occurs. | complex | 0.21875 | easy |
301KG0KX9CLV8GLA6QPGKOCZDBLH2D | biomed | Rather than focus initially on natural or induced mutants of single genes, we utilize the complex endogenous genetic variation between strains in genetic crosses to identify causative genetic loci and ultimately the underlying variations responsible for trait differences [6]. | complex | 0.25 | easy |
36FQTHX3Z3RA2LE7AYTPHNETOCGB32 | biomed | Among histone chaperones, chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) is a three-subunit (p150, p60, and p48) complex which promotes histone H3 and H4 deposition onto newly synthesized DNA during replication or DNA repair [9,10]. | complex | 0.339286 | easy |
3UOMW19E6D6WQ5TH2HDD74IVKT8C51 | biomed | These findings suggest that mr-s functions as a member of a transcriptional repressor complex in retinal photoreceptor development. | complex | 0.345238 | easy |
3XD2A6FGFNUVY9KP2TGUYPRFSS79SD | biomed | Pygo and Lgs interact with β-catenin during the formation of the canonical transcriptional complex and are required for accumulation of β-catenin in the nucleus [12]. | complex | 0.40625 | neutral |
359AP8GAGGKBD970QASA5OWRBZ3C7G | biomed | An additional consideration we recognize is that a small amount of transgene expression continues in the presence of dox and that endogenous mouse Aβ continues to be produced. | consideration | 0.21875 | easy |
3ZC62PVYDHATVMOMZJSVD0UPEA0XXS | biomed | In male germ cells there is another sex-specific consideration during meiosis. | consideration | 0.3125 | easy |
3HXK2V1N4KFH8KQZMK7YZO0YYB92G0 | biomed | Altogether, our data demonstrate that loss of p150CAF-1 function in ES cells and early embryos alters first the organization of heterochromatin in the nucleus and, in a subsequent step, cell cycle and viability. | organization | 0.21875 | easy |
3X2LT8FDHWIORLIOH6KHVIZPE0J8W2 | biomed | Alternatively, 3-D organization of heterochromatin and epigenetic marking might represent two independent functions of CAF-1. | organization | 0.236842 | easy |
3IZVJEBJ6AK5H245ZE7QA8XGP7XZ6X | biomed | One possibility would be a scenario in which incorporation of H3.1 into chromatin is required for the proper nuclear organization of constitutive heterochromatin in an embryonic context. | organization | 0.25 | easy |
32ZCLEW0BZKNRTH6WO3DSE071EAJP2 | biomed | For this purpose, we examined the status of heterochromatin organization between the two-cell and blastocyst stages. | organization | 0.26087 | easy |
3D1TUISJWI04ON5WVSH7QJ86WFKIUQ | biomed | Previous results in which annexin A7 was shown to play a role in membrane aggregation might be explained by a supportive function of annexin A7 in that it interferes with the local Ca2+ homeostasis thus influencing membrane organization. | organization | 0.4 | neutral |
39HYCOOPKOL434K1UCPA8CBZRO9MD0 | biomed | However, despite dramatic reductions in Aβ synthesis, neuritic plaques are stable structures in vivo that do not quickly disaggregate. | reductions | 0.21875 | easy |
3VDVA3ILIDFAJZ833G7KU5QT65PG1R | biomed | Joint formation begins during embryogenesis, when stripes of high cell density called interzones form across developing skeletal precursors (Haines 1947). | stripes | 0.21875 | easy |
3INZSNUD80QPWK1753L53Q5FRPX9DJ | biomed | Wnt14 is expressed in stripes at the sites where joints will form, and it is capable of inducing expression of other joint markers when misexpressed at new locations in the limb (Hartmann and Tabin 2001). | stripes | 0.236111 | easy |
3CZH926SICETRK9VK30YS0CK59PE4Q | biomed | Dual labeling experiments demonstrated that pendrin is expressed in spindle-shaped cells, which are surface epithelial cells in stria vascularis adjacent to strial marginal cells near the borders of both the spiral prominence and Reissner's membrane (Fig. 1c). | borders | 0.21875 | easy |
37M4O367VJI9ZR58F67RA0N7E7BM5S | biomed | We found that Apc plays a crucial role in determinations of cell fates during the embryonic development, possibly via temporal and tissue-specific regulation of β-catenin levels in the skin, its appendages, and in the thymus. | determinations | 0.21875 | easy |
324N5FAHSXBV7XKK0LCOZLP22QIKVS | biomed | EF participated in establishment and characterization of cell lines and performed ATP determinations. | determinations | 0.333333 | easy |
3SSN80MU8CONBMPF00D6N6MNI1QXK8 | biomed | However, it is still possible, that a mild impairment in Sam68-/- mice osteoclast function may manifest itself later in life in overall accumulation of bone and this will require further detailed studies. | impairment | 0.21875 | easy |
3QGTX7BCHP29YY4RUVXLI2JGTBO5ZN | biomed | However, in the current study, we feel that although the poor performance of the tTA/APP mice in the maze tests could technically be scored as cognitive impairment, the animals' severe hyperactivity made interpretation of the cognitive tasks impossible. | impairment | 0.25 | easy |
388CL5C1RJN1927IGW7LZKB8JB7HLX | biomed | It is widely accepted that the hippocampus is involved in the performance of the hidden platform version of the water maze test, since lesions of the hippocampal pathways lead to a severe impairment of learning in this task [29]. | impairment | 0.265625 | easy |
3DZKABX2ZI5DOZ8W88VQB2CUXI2CV2 | biomed | This impairment may also explain the failure of huntingtin deficient embryos to properly restrict the expression of Fgf8, Nodal and Gsc. | impairment | 0.328125 | easy |
3NCN4N1H1GHH6P7HSHD4Q1CZTT7NBU | biomed | A cursory analysis of our data might suggest to some that the genetic manipulation of the drd2 locus conferred a gross olfactory impairment to the D2R-/- mice. | impairment | 0.375 | easy |
3W0XM68YZPVFLL4MT7SZSXIMDMC1KL | biomed | In a reciprocal manner, expression of Wnt4, which is also initially common to gonads of both sexes, becomes female-specific [ 8]. | manner | 0.21875 | easy |
35YHTYFL1G3KRBS6ZALRJ8XXUVTVFV | biomed | By positional cloning and gene targeting, we identify an allele of droopy ear, deH, as a loss of function for Tbx15, which encodes a T-box transcription factor expressed in a dynamic and spatially restricted manner in the developing skin and musculoskeletal system. | manner | 0.291667 | easy |
3W3RSPVVGSR6EOD2GVEKIZ0YDJELU7 | biomed | Notably, A. thaliana does not appear to have a meiotic checkpoint activity that eliminates mutant meiocytes in a manner analogous to organisms such as mice, budding yeast, and female Drosophila [11,57], and mammalian TRIP13 is more similar to Arabidopsis PCH2 than the fly or worm proteins (Figures 1A and S1). | manner | 0.305556 | easy |
3FO95NVK5C0129GBWAGGPAR9YEIRSN | biomed | Joint formation begins during embryogenesis, when stripes of high cell density called interzones form across developing skeletal precursors (Haines 1947). | formation | 0.21875 | easy |
3IQ9O0AYW6ZPOAQ7VNRXLNM4D18ITU | biomed | Moreover, it remains unclear how genetic background influences the function of molecules and pathways known to regulate thrombus formation and lysis and, thereby, contributes to the risk of thrombotic disease. | formation | 0.277778 | easy |
3VP28W7DUNK10VXG07AU4EATI57ZF5 | biomed | Cox11 inhibits noncompetitively the activity of HKI with ~2–3 molecules of Cox11 (assuming formation of Cox11 dimer) required to inhibit completely the activity of a molecule of HKI (Figure 2A and 2B). | formation | 0.28125 | easy |
307L9TDWJYSC3U34DOYY8IEN51UN33 | biomed | Our data suggest that the efficiency of micro- and nanovesicle formation is not significantly different in wild type and mutant red blood cells. | formation | 0.3125 | easy |
3GV1I4SEO9PLCDN1KDGH2TMIAXRL60 | biomed | TIF1β has been shown to act as a corepressor for the large family of Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain zinc-finger transcription factors (Friedman et al. 1996; Abrink et al. 2001). | box | 0.21875 | easy |
3SMIWMMK615MPIP1K9LMRAHEBQDUW4 | biomed | Consistent with the idea that cells in this primordium are poised between two developmental pathways, some of the genes that are involved in establishing sexual dimorphism, including Dax1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal-congenital adrenal hypoplasia critical region on the X chromosome protein 1), Sox9 (Sry-like HMG box 9), Fgf9 (fibroblast growth factor 9), and Wnt4 (wingless-related MMTV integration site 4), are initially expressed in similar patterns in XX and XY gonads [ 3- 8]. | box | 0.222222 | easy |
3W0XM68YZPVFLL4MT7SZSXIMDN4K1Y | biomed | During the last few years the Wnt1-Cre transgenic driver line has proven to be a powerful tool for tissue-specific gene deletion in NCCs [12,13,27,28]. | tool | 0.21875 | easy |
3MQY1YVHS3KLH3IO6YFKYD91IYH2BJ | biomed | Sedolisin and its several variants (e.g., kumamolisin, aorsin [9], and physarolisin [10]) have now been found in archaea, bacteria, fungi and amoebae, whereas the higher organisms seem to contain only variants of CLN2 [8]. | fungi | 0.21875 | easy |
36U4VBVNQODHHM8FLFBG4B9XJB3UR6 | biomed | In the latter cases, such as plants and fungi, cholesterol-like sterols (phytosterols, ergosterol etc.) seem to substitute for cholesterol. | fungi | 0.296875 | easy |
3QX22DUVOOHQXLKNLXP4EYH6RVDMVZ | biomed | Nevertheless, the evolutionary relationships between animals, fungi, and plants (which are discordant with PCH2 sequence phylogeny) do not allow parsimonious models addressing the points in time that checkpoint functions in PCH2 were gained or lost. | fungi | 0.333333 | easy |
3MJ28H2Y1E8XZUQKSMM424CC97L5OL | biomed | By 6 mo of age, amyloid burden became severe, covering large areas of the cortex and hippocampus (Figure S3). | burden | 0.333333 | easy |
3IHWR4LC7DD6QQYJSPG2URQHZONI85 | biomed | Although the trials were halted because of adverse effects in a subset of volunteers [4,5], further analysis of several patients found evidence that amyloid pathology, and to a lesser degree cognitive function, was improved in proportion to the patient's titer of Aβ-specific antibody [6,7]. | volunteers | 0.220588 | easy |
34ZTTGSNJXOC0ZNV81FHG6A2THUQHV | biomed | In this regard, it is of note that hybrid strains between 129 and C57BL/6 mice, widely used in the generation of gene-targeted mice, are spontaneously predisposed to development of humoral autoimmunity with low levels of glomerulonephritis (Obata et al. 1979; Botto et al. 1998; Bickerstaff et al. 1999; Santiago-Raber et al. 2001). | strains | 0.220588 | easy |
30ZKOOGW2W6998V0HGFAYJFQ8AI1A6 | biomed | The initial experiments demonstrated that in our hands careful ocular cannulation has a very minor effect on IOP (average of -0.3 mmHg, mode -0.5 mmHg) and demonstrated significant differences in intraocular pressure levels between four mouse strains. | strains | 0.234375 | easy |
3SZYX62S5G0QEOYLB052RIQHJIB57V | biomed | Furthermore, the differential expression of a gene could result not only from allele difference between two strains, but also from other factors. | strains | 0.25 | easy |
3BFNCI9LYKQN09BHXHH9CLSX5NI737 | biomed | First, the density of chromosomal markers and number of recombinant inbred (RI) strains used in these earlier studies did not permit the physical definition of the intervals containing each QTL. | strains | 0.275 | easy |
30UZJB2POHC8D5XY9O2CE1E1EGU35T | biomed | These two strains have diverse responses to diet-induced obesity [8] (B6 susceptible; A/J resistant), diet-induced atherosclerosis (B6 susceptible; A/J resistant) [9], arterial ligation-induced neointimal hyperplasia (B6 resistant; A/J resistant), and ligation induced vessel remodeling (B6 resistant; A/J susceptible) [10]. | strains | 0.407895 | neutral |
3AC6MFV69KILEROMVXYU7ZM6YLCZHX | biomed | Changes in neuron excitability in the hippocampus, such as decreases in the post-burst after hyperpolarization (AHP), have been thought to affect long-term potentiation (LTP) [36], an experimental model of the synaptic changes thought to underlie learning and memory [37]. | Changes | 0.220588 | easy |
3VW0145YLYCH6QKT48BLBA6CW9ZMJ9 | biomed | Type IIb fibers have the lowest levels of mitochondrial content and oxidative enzymes, rely on glycolytic metabolism as a major energy source, and are susceptible to fatigue, while the oxidative and contraction functions of type IIa and IIx lie between type I and IIb (Booth and Thomason 1991; Berchtold et al. 2000; Olson and Williams 2000). | content | 0.220588 | easy |
3A9LA2FRWSEW9WO7UFA9AE6VQLFHXJ | biomed | Interestingly, Dhcr24 null mice are viable but contained almost no cholesterol in plasma and tissues at 3-months, whereas cholesterol content in Dhcr24 null embryo tissues accounts for ~60% at E11.5 and ~30% at E17.5, of total tissue sterols [38]. | content | 0.383333 | easy |
32LAQ1JNT9PUX1L7P4GB4QAF7W0TUI | biomed | Subsequently cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) delaminate, undergo a phenotypic transformation from an epithelial to mesenchymal cell type, and migrate latero-ventrally into the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries [1-3]. | layer | 0.220588 | easy |
3WRAAIUSBJZHZ9GTO90HTSJRDPWXAT | biomed | Although PAX6 is clearly involved in multiple developmental processes, common themes are now emerging concerning the role of PAX6 in neural tissues. | themes | 0.220588 | easy |
32CXT5U14G3BZHTJM65GDUESTJ9U8O | biomed | We therefore wished to investigate the feasibility of non-invasive multiple reporter imaging in mice, and as a first step we wanted to ascertain whether we could establish viable and fertile mice with widespread expression of GFP variant reporters. | feasibility | 0.220588 | easy |
3FTID4TN8LYNVXX7QWB9LK6B97KLY0 | biomed | These experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring multiple FP reporters non-invasively within a single animal, and have shown the developmental neutrality of the FP reporters employed. | feasibility | 0.25 | easy |
3IYI9285WS04X482RJH78E102U3CJN | biomed | This has not been explored; however, insulin resistance in the elderly is confined mostly to skeletal muscle and may be due to reduction of mitochondrial number and/or function (Petersen et al. 2003). | resistance | 0.220588 | easy |
3ODOP6T3ASK1W4XFRJ5XQZ3V86042F | biomed | Our current study uncovers PPARδ as the first transcription factor able to drive the formation of functional type I muscle fibers, whose activation entrains complex pathways both enhancing physical performance and creating a state of obesity resistance. | resistance | 0.25 | easy |
3CO05SML7V5110WZN8XWF4LQ3MZR00 | biomed | We did not find evidence for glucose intolerance or insulin resistance in the PGC-1α−/− animals on standard chow. | resistance | 0.264706 | easy |
3FVBZG9CLJEOC6IWR3L210JKGD20HD | biomed | The ability of PPARδ to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative function suggests that PPARδ could be important for control of insulin resistance during normal aging. | resistance | 0.328947 | easy |
3UXQ63NLAAMRIP4WG4XPD98AOY7LBQ | biomed | Of interest, mice lacking the nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor α, a known target of PGC-1α, exhibit resistance to diet-induced obesity similar to that of male PGC-1α null mice [38]. | resistance | 0.347826 | easy |
3K3G488TR280K6307ZE8R97CO885QY | biomed | Both directed and random mutagenesis approaches, including the technologies of transgenesis and gene targeting in ES cells, have become commonplace. | commonplace | 0.222222 | easy |
34ZTTGSNJXOC0ZNV81FHG6A2THUHQM | biomed | With three cerebellar ataxia families segregating a SUMF1–ITPR1 deletion, and this deletion not observed in a control population, we may reasonably conclude that the association is causal, and that the deletion is indeed the genetic basis of the disease, with SCA15 the diagnosis in the two British families as well as the original Australian family. | population | 0.227273 | easy |
3R4QIDVOJPCBJM6O99CB1MOBIYEEER | biomed | In light of the observation that the Wnt4 −/− XX gonad does not increase significantly in size ( Figure 6), it is possible that the FGF9/SOX9-expressing population did not reach a critical threshold. | population | 0.235294 | easy |
38O9DZ0A62NFBR1TA7YCNXN94X5621 | biomed | Secondly, the NCC death seen in Alk5 mutants affects a predominantly postmigratory population of NCCs, while genes located in the DGCR, i.e., Tbx1 and CrkL, control NCC survival earlier at E8.5-E10 by regulating proliferation of the secondary heart field (SHF), and endoderm expansion, which in turn provides survival signal for NCCs allowing them to populate the pharyngeal region [36-39]. | population | 0.25 | easy |
3NBFJK3IOHIVFRF49I5V6131ZGZOGM | biomed | The BXH.ApoE−/− population was designed to recapitulate several of the phenotypes associated with the so-called metabolic syndrome. | population | 0.326923 | easy |
3TC2K6WK9G22F5KH3MVA7BJ0ASQ82K | biomed | Most literature reviews identify dopamine D1Rs with dopamine-mediated learning and D2Rs with motor related behaviors [e.g. [24]]. | literature | 0.222222 | easy |
3VMHWJRYHVGCV0X1ZPM97TUIA54FXJ | biomed | During Drosophila neuroblast generation, the transcription factor Hunchback controls specification and differentiation of early-born neuroblasts [38]. | specification | 0.222222 | easy |
3R868ACW4SC7EVTBBRGCMZA5JK7ZG4 | biomed | Together, these data indicate that PPARδ and its ligands comprise a key molecular switch to regulate muscle fiber specification, obesity resistance, insulin sensitivity, and, most surprisingly, physical endurance. | specification | 0.25 | easy |
3MXX6RQ9EV5XOBYLTHG9MCBOJGM4PW | biomed | Our data reveal that a PPARδ-mediated transcriptional pathway can regulate muscle fiber specification, enabling the generation of a strain of mice with a "long-distance running" phenotype. | specification | 0.3 | easy |
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