id
stringlengths
30
30
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stringclasses
3 values
sentence
stringlengths
10
1.38k
token
stringlengths
1
16
complexity
float64
0
0.86
difficulty
stringclasses
5 values
3B9J25CZ25DXW7RSEDQL0FSNYDASCD
biomed
Furthermore, the intracellular Ca2+ was shown to regulate the membrane stability through modulation of cytoskeletal protein interactions [50].
membrane
0.236111
easy
3Q7TKIAPOTAKXM2GU0OV8ZWARJJDLP
biomed
These results were thought to support a direct role for annexin A7 in surfactant secretion, but in these studies annexin A7 mediated membrane fusion was separated from a second GTP-dependent mechanism [38].
membrane
0.266667
easy
38F60IALAGHEHF9RRX2RFJM8R7RT0A
biomed
Furthermore these proteins can also be differentially targeted to distinct regions of the PM; for example, AQP2 is routed to the apical membrane of cells surrounding the collecting duct, whereas other aquaporins (AQP3 or 4) are inserted into the basolateral face.
membrane
0.367647
easy
3QTFNPMJC6IDONAXYVT7CJJ2KWTZNC
biomed
They result from the clustering of sphingolipids and cholesterol in the outer leaflet of the membrane connected to phospholipids and cholesterol in the inner leaflet and are enriched in special proteins.
membrane
0.368421
easy
3I7KR83SNADXAQ7HXK7S7305BZRK96
biomed
TI and KT performed most of the experiments, interpreted the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.
draft
0.23913
easy
341H3G5YF0EA3RIQXPR917NPC3CZ0V
biomed
This property of translocation and membrane binding is common to all annexins and commercially available kits for apoptosis detection employ recombinant AnnexinA5.
property
0.289474
easy
3JHB4BPSFK9JLT5CAPRP3PCEA4RQ9A
biomed
Although this property may be a major contributor to the maintenance of lens clarity, the early changes in the alphaA/BKO lenses indicate a much broader cellular function for alpha-crystallin.
property
0.336957
easy
3IV1AEQ4DRD2L1IPA7126S5HC3H8JC
biomed
The sequence of DsRed1 has recently been modified and optimized for high levels of expression in mammalian cells by the introduction of 144 silent base pair changes corresponding to human codon usage preferences.
introduction
0.302632
easy
33CLA8O0MIBSY4BPQQGHIB8U9OORF4
biomed
We have thus validated the similarity-based prediction of over one-third of the intact olfactory receptor genes annotated in the mouse genome [1,2], thereby vastly increasing the proportion of the family for which experimental evidence of olfactory function is available.
prediction
0.23913
easy
37VE3DA4YUHPWTL6PJIRLHF37IRHBA
biomed
However, it has been noted that deletion of the Fc receptor (the primary receptor for microglial opsinization of antibody–antigen complexes) in APP transgenic mouse models has no impact on the effectiveness of antibody-mediated therapy [56,57].
effectiveness
0.302632
easy
3YZ7A3YHR5TCXMIDZ33DM9MD6WOS55
biomed
Nuclei were incubated in buffers with different salt concentrations ranging from 100 mM NaCl to 1 M NaCl.
concentrations
0.25
easy
38O9DZ0A62NFBR1TA7YCNXN94YY62W
biomed
The endocochlear potential and the endolymphatic and perilymphatic K+ concentrations were measured in young adult mice (1–4 month of age) that either have (Slc26a4+/+) or lack (Slc26a4-/-) a functional gene for pendrin [14].
concentrations
0.357143
easy
382GHPVPHSRQHMTYVJJ2998NEKV34K
biomed
These analyses, including DNA microarray analyses [7] and expressed sequence tag analyses [8-12], identified several common transcripts, including ESG1 that was also designated dppa5 or ECAT2.
transcripts
0.25
easy
39HYCOOPKOL434K1UCPA8CBZRO4MDV
biomed
Efforts were made to detect transcripts or calpain activities derived from the Arthur Capn4 allele.
transcripts
0.382353
easy
3RWSQDNYL9MVVE6GZVGN1MUB60EFFY
biomed
The basis for the observed abnormalities of cardiac heart rate, including a blunted response to β-adrenergic stimulation, is unknown, but could be related to the effects of late-stage growth arrest and corresponding derangements in energy metabolism on sinus node function.
arrest
0.25
easy
33TGB4G0LPHME5F2U9RYOX9J1ECXT9
biomed
To confirm that the arrest of plaques without any sign of clearance was not unique to the line 107 mice, we repeated the dox-suppression experiment in a second line of tet-off APP mice (CaMKIIα-tTA × tet-APPswe/ind line 18; n = 22).
arrest
0.25
easy
3SA4EMRVJV2GPNGKAGT7A9LB24BP06
biomed
We did, however, observe three specific defects in the sex chromatin of Dmrt7 mutant germ cells that avoided arrest in pachynema and were able to enter diplonema.
arrest
0.25
easy
351S7I5UG9WNO85TG9QLOPVC1YBJN6
biomed
In females, germ cells synchronously initiate meiosis in the embryo and arrest during meiotic prophase I.
arrest
0.347222
easy
34R0BODSP1ZBN3DVY8J8XSIY55L5EN
biomed
Complete lack of huntingtin results in developmental arrest during gastrulation, while severe reduction of huntingtin levels results in abnormal neurogenesis and perinatal lethality [15].
arrest
0.46875
neutral
3OLZC0DJ8JF412UW0IRCM5APAMOVIN
biomed
The human gene MCOLN1 (GenBank #AF287270) maps to chromosome 19p13.2-13.3 and encodes a novel protein that is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel gene superfamily [7-10].
channel
0.25
easy
3UAU495MIISEK9GZTNUCAG4S8OJOUR
biomed
The extent of pendrin expression in spiral prominence cells and stria vascularis was determined by labeling KCNQ1, a K+ channel that is expressed in strial marginal cells, and ZO-1, a tight junction protein that labels basal cells and thereby delineates the boundaries of stria vascularis.
channel
0.266667
easy
3GL25Y6843UI1APILCQM2JER76LMX2
biomed
The 2P unique region (Region I) contains an hg modifier with large effects on growth and smaller effects on obesity (Table 3).
Region
0.25
easy
3QO7EE372ON29MK9895LUV74Y5NQBF
biomed
Similar conclusions may apply to other gene-targeted animals carrying mutations of genes mapped in the 129-derived susceptibility allele on Chromosome 7 (O'Keefe et al. 1996, 1999).
mutations
0.25
easy
3M7OI89LVYOS99TV70NIZAWVGOE6C6
biomed
The use of mouse models has provided valuable insight into the etiology of monogenic syndromes caused by single gene mutations.
mutations
0.277778
easy
3RHLQY6EDT4OZEVVO8PEMIUZ5XP4DO
biomed
In humans, NDI is caused by mutations in Avpr2 or Aqp2.
mutations
0.293478
easy
3SD15I2WD2U4W9XCE7CH67S1AB1365
biomed
It is also possible that evolutionary factors may be responsible for reduced pseudogene content of clustered olfactory receptors - gene conversion between neighboring olfactory receptors could rescue inactivating mutations in clustered genes, but not singletons.
mutations
0.3375
easy
32W3UF2EZOLEUMPHOCU32CCHKXDC4W
biomed
This is this first in vivo proof of a long-standing hypothesis that comes from in vitro studies with recessive Aqp2 mutations.
mutations
0.340909
easy
35F6NGNVM8JSZQ9BCWN0UYWVZLX7TO
biomed
Interestingly, AVPR2-deficient male pups also die within the first week after birth.
pups
0.25
easy
3FI30CQHVKJ9Z41PT0RNOQQDY3IB68
biomed
However, two thirds of the Sam68-/-, but not the Sam68+/- pups, were killed by their Sam68+/- mothers.
pups
0.35
easy
3W0XM68YZPVFLL4MT7SZSXIMDM6K1Y
biomed
Annexin A7 is a Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding protein, which was isolated as the agent that mediated aggregation of chromaffin granules and fusion of phospholipid membranes in the presence of Ca2+.
agent
0.25
easy
3L84EBDQ372HRMQ81HYHXCELMSBKK6
biomed
During Drosophila neuroblast generation, the transcription factor Hunchback controls specification and differentiation of early-born neuroblasts [38].
transcription
0.25
easy
3TD33TP5DL2AM6DSJD8Z4VSZUN1BAT
biomed
This production of different cell types at different times appears to derive from differences in the intrinsic properties of progenitor cells involved in the transcription or chromatin modification.
transcription
0.319444
easy
3VJ4PFXFJ37PI5MYJ4PU9LKNJ88AU9
biomed
The residual expression remaining in acutely treated mice represents less than 4% of the transgenic protein produced in the absence of dox (Figure 1C), and likely results from slight leakage at the level of transcription (data not shown).
transcription
0.319444
easy
36QZ6V1589DTI18S04BLULET5DHUSP
biomed
As mentioned above, Nrl is a retinal transcription factor that, when mutated, results in en masse conversion of rods into S-opsin–expressing cones [24].
transcription
0.352941
easy
35U0MRQMUJ7EXO5ZYD4H626BMVSVON
biomed
By the time its expression is first detectable, the floxed Bmp2 allele appears to be completely recombined in the limb mesenchyme, as whole mount in situ hybridization does not detect any mesenchymal Bmp2 transcription (Figure 1B).
transcription
0.359375
easy
3OYHVNTV5TY0HDBNZ9QA4TVU6XLOKU
biomed
We used the tet-off transgene system to express a double mutant version of chimeric mo/huAPP695 (swe/ind KM570, 571NL, and V617F) from a tetracycline-responsive promoter [12,13].
system
0.25
easy
31GN6YMHLPS6A5XXV4QMC9ZQQTXSWR
biomed
The initial reports of patients with ESCS attributed the unusual ERG to an abnormally functioning rod photoreceptor system with persistent activity under light adaptation [6–8].
system
0.25
easy
34YWR3PJ28ALYWIBW73O4M7E43KX02
biomed
The Gdf5-Cre system provides a new method for restricting gene expression or inactivation primarily to articular regions, thus avoiding the pleiotropic functions of many genes in other tissues.
system
0.25
easy
3O71U79SRBPA5T3JR2KZ3BXZSSBSMU
biomed
Thus, even after accounting for the much higher APP expression levels in our mice than in the Tg2576 and TgCRND8 lines, we have achieved better absolute suppression of Aβ production with the tet-off system than is currently possible with published γ-secretase inhibitors.
system
0.35
easy
3ZRKL6Z1E83ADJ7XGZM4Q6D2W57GSG
biomed
It has been reported that the Xenopus ADAM11 ortholog, xMDC11a, has an expression pattern associated with neural development, with a proposed role in cell migration [24]; and it has been reported in analyses using Northern blot and in situ hybridisation methods that the murine Adam11 gene is expressed in both the developing and adult nervous system [19,25].
system
0.359375
easy
3Z56AA6EK405IV5MKPHW2617A2HM63
biomed
Loss of APC is associated with stabilization of the cytosolic β-catenin that ultimately results in its migration to the nucleus and activating a cascade of events leading to tumorigenesis.
migration
0.25
easy
3HYV4299H0WUALWXW6QB9CSP7VGE8S
biomed
We assume that these ADAMs might contribute to cell migration, differentiation and survival or synaptic regulation by binding to integrins, cell-surface proteins or intracellular signalling molecules [20,21].
migration
0.289474
easy
3NQUW096N688UWPZIKJTM3DK0ZXL9B
biomed
The roles of PAX6 in brain development have mainly been studied in homozygous mutant mice or rats and include arealisation of the cerebral cortex [7], formation of the prosencephalon-mesencephalon boundary [8], axon guidance [8], differentiation of neurons from glia [9] and neuronal migration in the cerebellum [10].
migration
0.308824
easy
3ZURAPD288N45ZC8SW12CKQH5RNF1R
biomed
A small subset of olfactory receptors appears to be expressed in non-olfactory tissues, principally the testis [8], but also taste tissues [9], prostate [10], erythroid cells [11], notochord [12] and perhaps other tissues.
subset
0.25
easy
3CIS7GGG65JS8I3AZ9RG54AE4M7UEN
biomed
A nuclear role for alphaB in the lens was supported by the findings that a subset of lens epithelial cells derived from alphaB knockout mice demonstrated hyperproliferation and genomic instability [20].
subset
0.352941
easy
336OE47KI2KM2XE1PZVRNWJXPXRVWZ
biomed
E2f3 is also present in a specific subset of other CNS neurons, implying that this may be a general mechanism by which Rb facilitates neurogenesis.
subset
0.382353
easy
39I4RL8QGJH5BU0XA484D39XXPC4HR
biomed
A subset of CNCCs continues to migrate deeper into the aortic sac to form the aortico-pulmonary septum; a vital structure, which separates the pulmonary trunk from the aorta [4].
subset
0.416667
neutral
3ULIZ0H1VA5C32JJMKOTQ8Z4GWH150
biomed
Each olfactory receptor is expressed in a subset of cells in one of four zones of the epithelium [14,15].
subset
0.428571
neutral
39TX062QX1OHFOH8FUL76K5L7F4X3X
biomed
An immediate extension of this approach is toward dissecting the genetic regulation of complex phenotypes, which would greatly improve the progression from candidate locus to candidate gene.
extension
0.25
easy
3GONHBMNHVY765PXMUE7Z4U2F7BZM6
biomed
The neurobehavioural phenotype associated with 1615del10 and the polymicrogyria associated with X423L may result from a specific effect of these unusual C-terminal extension mutations.
extension
0.391304
easy
3QHITW7OYO9XQCFH2V5PZKNYGM4AQ4
biomed
Sex-specific regulation of gonad organogenesis in vertebrates may occur in a similar manner, where some cells are cell-autonomously responsive to the sex-determining switch; however, the establishment of the male or female program occurs through the non-cell-autonomous activity of classic signaling pathways that act in an antagonistic manner and coordinate growth, cell differentiation and morphogenesis in the gonad.
vertebrates
0.25
easy
3BA7SXOG1JQJJP12ICAB8JR8MK68RZ
biomed
One of the most obvious aspects of regional color variation in vertebrates is a dark dorsal surface juxtaposed to a light ventral surface, apparent in the color of skin, scales, feathers, or hair, in which the boundary between dorsal and ventral compartments is often sharp and lies in register with the limbs.
vertebrates
0.263889
easy
3FHTJGYT8N0D0RR5OIIAV18R9MTGPV
biomed
Our studies establish that tif1γ functions as an essential regulator of embryonic and adult hematopoiesis in vertebrates.
vertebrates
0.361111
easy
3HRWUH63QU2FH9Q8R7MRNFC7JXG5N6
biomed
An emerging principle from work in Drosophila and vertebrates is that target-derived factors play a crucial role in the induction of these transcriptional programs [10].
vertebrates
0.4375
neutral
32204AGAABCLNATH55A5MS60NUQGHV
biomed
In vertebrates, a number of receptors have been identified that can mediate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
vertebrates
0.4375
neutral
3W31J70BASWZ8OEK94HJ9T1DHJXKCO
biomed
XP is marked by sun-induced pigmentation anomalies and a greater than 1,000-fold elevation in skin cancer risk.
pigmentation
0.25
easy
3QQUBC64ZEEOJSAIXD5MFY3RCWVNX3
biomed
In addition, we observed an apparent degeneration of stria vascularis, including an increase in pigmentation and an irregular pattern of the tight junctions of marginal cells (Fig. 2c, 6,7).
pigmentation
0.28125
easy
3D3B8GE892RYLH4XACC03KM459YP9D
biomed
The expression profiles of wild-type and Nrl KO retinas at P2, P10 and 2 months were analyzed and mr-s was not included in 161 differentially expressed genes in the Nrl KO retina.
retinas
0.25
easy
3B286OTISEHG4PB475LG2JBC2RHAJI
biomed
JCW and ELC each have significant equity interest in Gene Express, Inc., which produces and markets StaRT-PCR‚Ñ¢ reagents used in this study.
Gene
0.25
easy
3P6ENY9P79WZJ1ZCVTA874JG27IIHP
biomed
Gene targeting in mice has provided a powerful approach to examine the physiologic roles of individual calpain isoforms.
Gene
0.294118
easy
3UUIU9GZC55DCMVSO383WEIZ8F35T8
biomed
Traditionally, congenic strains are developed by introgressing QTL alleles from a donor strain, whose boundaries are defined by genetic markers, on the genetic background of a recipient strain via 10 backcrosses [4].
boundaries
0.25
easy
3KLL7H3EGD1457JCU09RMT9AA9EVHZ
biomed
In addition, it is required for the metalloregulation of Znt1, encoding the major plasma membrane-localized zinc efflux transporter (19), the hypoxic/anoxic induction of the gene for placental growth factor (Plgf), an angiogenic protein of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family (20), and has recently been invoked in tumor development (21,22).
transporter
0.25
easy
3UQ1LLR26A8MZFZ4AQXTIYO46GMLAV
biomed
Previous studies on sitosterolemia have suggested a defect involving a putative sterol 'transporter' expressed in the intestinal brush border and/or the hepatic canalicular membrane [10,11].
transporter
0.338235
easy
3DTJ4WT8BDF9UHXK5WQOMWPT64MZEH
biomed
The RanBP2/Nup358 is a unique vertebrate and large scaffold protein comprised of multiple structural and functional domains [1-4].
vertebrate
0.25
easy
3X2YVV51PU46GLY3ILB2G8CH0TKW1B
biomed
The three members of the vertebrate TIF1 family (α, β, and γ) are large nuclear proteins that each contain an N-terminal RBCC or TRIM domain (Reymond et al. 2001) composed of a RING finger, two B-boxes, and a coiled-coil domain.
vertebrate
0.294118
easy
3PUV2Q8SV448KDG43NZ1UW05FP5DB2
biomed
In the vertebrate limb, each digit can be uniquely identified based on its size, length, number of phalanges, and location within the autopod.
vertebrate
0.3625
easy
33KMQD9OFJE51SC4ZTKZP24DAO677C
biomed
The availability of homozygous animals demonstrated that both reporter gene expression and the site of transgene integration were developmentally neutral.
integration
0.367647
easy
34HEO7RUG6UX2DUHFAUP4AX3C94RAM
biomed
Consistent with the idea that cells in this primordium are poised between two developmental pathways, some of the genes that are involved in establishing sexual dimorphism, including Dax1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal-congenital adrenal hypoplasia critical region on the X chromosome protein 1), Sox9 (Sry-like HMG box 9), Fgf9 (fibroblast growth factor 9), and Wnt4 (wingless-related MMTV integration site 4), are initially expressed in similar patterns in XX and XY gonads [ 3– 8].
integration
0.453125
neutral
3421H3BM9AH2Z61ZFZ7G6O0SW9ZJ9C
biomed
It should also be stressed that Capn4-/- ES and MEF cells from the presumptive hypomorphic allele can be maintained in culture despite an apparent lack of calpain activity, as assessed by casein zymography or by the appearance of characteristic spectrin breakdown products.
breakdown
0.265625
easy
3M93N4X8HKNK4LXYO577NJ5IOYHJSI
biomed
More recently Tomas and Moss [32] showed, that Annexin A11 and S100A6 assemble at the nuclear envelope during nuclear breakdown.
breakdown
0.302083
easy
3XT3KXP24ZYJMCFVZAJ4ADUQTT36ID
biomed
Loss of function mutants of the MCOLN1 C. elegans homologue, cup-5, result in an increased rate of endocytosis, accumulation of large vacuoles, and a decreased rate of endocytosed protein breakdown; while over-expression of this gene reverses the phenotype [13].
breakdown
0.3125
easy
31MBOZ6PAORASUW2U4TKOTES6J2LCS
biomed
ROE, AG, NM, GS and SBP were responsible for supervision, data analyses of experiments and for providing funding of these experiments.
analyses
0.25
easy
38EHZ67RIMS7FOUSW2QIEXEW4HIMG5
biomed
These data report the development and implementation of an improved RMCE approach that enables efficient allele modification in ES cells to generate mice and in heterozygous MEFs to accelerate phenotypic analyses.
analyses
0.323529
easy
3NI0WFPPI9G8FHYFVKUY49UU70E60C
biomed
Extensive phenotypic analyses demonstrated that mice lacking PGC-1α are unable to cope with physiologic stressors relevant to postnatal survival.
analyses
0.333333
easy
3N2YPY1GI6YSLXSA4Z1L1QCXITHVEE
biomed
ML is responsible for genotyping, phenotyping, analyses and, together with RM, for interpretation and for writing the manuscript.
analyses
0.339286
easy
3FDWKV9VCN2QK6VNG7FZICFNDPXUMD
biomed
In this report, in order to clarify the mode of action of the Mcm helicase and obtain insight into how it may function at the replication forks in vivo, we have conducted detailed analyses of helicase action and DNA binding of mouse Mcm4/6/7 helicase using various forked and bubble substrate DNAs.
analyses
0.355769
easy
3TZDZ3Y0JS6V4PLVPA1A2O462SU19L
biomed
This approach, termed "QTL-Marker-Assisted Counter Selection" or QMACS, has been previously used to characterize QTL for hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol [31].
ethanol
0.25
easy
39RRBHZ0AU1QWSJ60MFYM0DF60NZVN
biomed
After puberty, oocytes are selectively recruited for ovulation, when they proceed to metaphase II and then complete meiosis after fertilization occurs [2].
ovulation
0.25
easy
371Q3BEXDH9A40226RATBDT87VVZSI
biomed
Filter trap analysis of line 18 tTA/APP mice yielded similar results: the increase in aggregated Aβ observed in untreated animals between 6 and 9 mo of age was completely arrested by transgene suppression (Figure S5C and S5D).
trap
0.384615
easy
3XU9MCX6VOC8XAZD2V1AYSE50KK2RW
biomed
Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is a pore-forming protein belonging to a family of water channels [4], and it is expressed in collecting-duct principal cells in the kidney [5].
principal
0.25
easy
3HRWUH63QU2FH9Q8R7MRNFC7JXL5NB
biomed
This occurs through the sex-specific regulation of WNT, FGF, and transforming growth factor beta signaling, which in turn regulate the growth, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis of the disk [ 41, 42].
disk
0.25
easy
3GKAWYFRAPTAO7HEMSH2PG5UWTFPDU
biomed
The Drosophila genital disk is also a field of cells that normally follows one of two sexually dimorphic fates.
disk
0.326923
easy
3YKP7CX6G2FS34FUCAWFU4Q9TE37B4
biomed
For many years it was believed that the fate of each cell in the genital disk was under the cell-autonomous control of double sex (dsx), the key regulator of the sex determination pathway.
disk
0.347826
easy
38G0E1M85M59ATPWUZGQ58Y04HBUVU
biomed
Intraocular pressure (IOP), C57BL/6J (B6), chromosome (Chr), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), carbonic anhydrase (CA)
pressure
0.25
easy
3566S7OX5DJRQ6X2AD3QOSD072C17F
biomed
Glaucoma involves retinal ganglion cell death and optic nerve damage that is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) [1-5].
pressure
0.271739
easy
3OLZC0DJ8JF412UW0IRCM5APAMOIVA
biomed
The initial experiments demonstrated that in our hands careful ocular cannulation has a very minor effect on IOP (average of -0.3 mmHg, mode -0.5 mmHg) and demonstrated significant differences in intraocular pressure levels between four mouse strains.
pressure
0.276316
easy
3ZVPAMTJWN3YC47K1AMZ0W86A4HRGY
biomed
We also found that full-length mr-s fused to the GAL4 DNA binding domain (DBD-mrs) functions as a transcriptional repressor.
domain
0.25
easy
3HJ1EVZS2OJXISVW6VFFH2JX6YF3R3
biomed
The C-terminal domain is formed by either a four- or eightfold repeat of approximately 70 amino acids, each repeat carrying a Ca2+-binding site, and is responsible for phospholipid binding.
domain
0.3125
easy
32K26U12DNONTREA84Q1V8UCIHLVDQ
biomed
In eutherian and marsupial mammals, these unpaired chromosome regions are associated with a specialized chromatin domain termed the XY body or sex body.
domain
0.383333
easy
39WICJI5ATS6KJHNGC9S35LWFFWZ3Q
biomed
BRCA2 may thus promote RAD51 assembly into recombinational repair complexes via a negative regulatory mechanism (i.e. by blocking RAD51–BRCA2 interaction until damage has occurred and factors required for 'productive' assembly of RAD51 at damaged sites are in place).
interaction
0.25
easy
3YD0MU1NC21NKUA26WWJZT63BWC7A3
biomed
However it is interesting to speculate that the interaction of PAX6 with HOMER3 and DNCL1 may be the basis of a mechanism by which synaptic signalling causes changes in gene expression.
interaction
0.283333
easy
3UY4PIS8QRLGTRPPQKKFKPZQ7I9N16
biomed
If wild-type and mutant proteins are indeed interacting in the cell, is this interaction sufficient to rescue the localization of mutant protein?
interaction
0.333333
easy
3K3IX1W4S6RCQ0E22IQ0ZFXOBQIPAS
biomed
At the helm of these molecular communication pathways are Wnts, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), transforming growth factor βs (TGF-βs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs).
communication
0.25
easy
3I4E7AFQ2KZLJLADD5CXXO14QHVTJH
biomed
One report of a duplication of the region of human Chromosome 1, which includes WNT4, led to an intersex phenotype [ 53].
duplication
0.25
easy
31SIZS5W59FPPT1Y46RBUAC8GQSQRS
biomed
Two of these pseudogenes exhibit a similar exon-intron structure as the ESG1 gene, indicating their generation by gene duplication.
duplication
0.285714
easy
3WA2XVDZEMH767D93RTDPYWY11O6EY
biomed
Thus, Dmrt7 likely arose, presumably by duplication and divergence of another Dmrt gene, shortly before or coincident with the mammalian radiation.
duplication
0.357143
easy
3ZTE0JGGCESIYFZZ7W9CGAIM1P5CO0
biomed
Using the Campbell-Switzer silver stain to distinguish different forms of amyloid, we found diffuse plaques were as persistent as cored deposits (Figure S4).
deposits
0.25
easy
3AXFSPQOYQYB0GSCIL78GKM3Z8NFJV
biomed
In isolation, mild activation of microglia by injection damage or opsinization may not be adequate to induce substantial phagocytosis, but when combined with an Aβ-lowering agent, such as neprilysin or Aβ-targeted antibodies, the two may work in concert to clear peptide deposits.
deposits
0.34375
easy
3GMLHYZ0LEXQENK1ZA3AC72UMYIUY8
biomed
Green fluorescent variants of wild type GFP (wtGFP) with improved thermostability and fluorescence emission, including enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP, [4]), and mMGFP [5], have gained popularity for use in mice.
variants
0.25
easy
3M67TQBQQHORYDYVLTU3DPX96M09AH
biomed
More systematic analyses of structure-function relationships between these T2R variants and an array of bitter stimuli are necessary to determine which changes may impact ligand binding, interactions with other proteins, or overall receptor structure.
variants
0.279412
easy