id stringlengths 30 30 | corpus stringclasses 3 values | sentence stringlengths 10 1.38k | token stringlengths 1 16 ⌀ | complexity float64 0 0.86 | difficulty stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3DWGDA5POF4T1WYYSB66U6T3TLB1V1 | biomed | Moreover, the observed transcriptional shift in ETS signaling is paired with the onset of appropriate regulation of neuronal subtype specification and establishment of axonal projections into the target area. | specification | 0.359375 | easy |
3ATYLI1PRT256T55HOQY3EVHR8LOJV | biomed | As of yet there is no evidence for quinine activation of T2Rs from functional assays of these receptors in heterologous cells or membrane preparations, likely due to the lipophilic nature of quinine [23]. | receptors | 0.222222 | easy |
3QTFNPMJC6IDONAXYVT7CJJ2KWNZN6 | biomed | The total number of olfactory receptors for which gene structure is known is vastly increased by our study. | receptors | 0.357143 | easy |
36FQTHX3Z3RA2LE7AYTPHNETOCBB3X | biomed | Alternatively (or in addition), another male-specific factor normally dependent on Sry may be required to sustain SOX9 expression, possibly FGF-binding proteins in the extracellular matrix or FGF receptors. | receptors | 0.361111 | easy |
3XUY87HIVPE77YQE75ODR2YT021MMI | biomed | However, it appears that these two TGF-β/BMP type I receptors contribute to OFT rotation through different mechanisms. | receptors | 0.397727 | easy |
3VCK0Q0PO5EGM247U1GF6KGG2PAN08 | biomed | In most cases the receptors on phagocytes that recognize these PS-bridging molecules have not been defined, but it has been reported that GAS-6 is a ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor Mer and that MFG-E8 can bind to the vitronectin receptor αvβ3 [16,24]. | receptors | 0.472222 | neutral |
3XU80RHWHZGBZIC2VXOLJE0TSKQ445 | biomed | Consequently, our data, and data from other studies, suggest that the complete lack of D2Rs in the olfactory bulb does not prevent transduction of olfactory stimuli; rather it affects the ability to habituate, or tune, olfactory nerve activity associated with repeatedly encountered concentrations of chemical stimuli [32]. | chemical | 0.222222 | easy |
34D9ZRXCYRU93SUUUZUUUK2ZYAUSAG | biomed | We screened mice treated with the chemical mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) for lines with developmental defects that present in the perinatal period [14]. | chemical | 0.233333 | easy |
3OZ4VAIBEXF0WDE2I0CCY6PPN1IVJ4 | biomed | It has been reported that inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by chemical inhibitors of Dhcr7 also led to a disturbance of the Shh signaling with abnormal embryogenesis [27,28], and severe sterol deprivation can indeed inhibit the processing of transfected Shh in cultured mammalian cells [29]. | chemical | 0.326087 | easy |
3QQUBC64ZEEOJSAIXD5MFY3RCWQXN8 | biomed | Thus, impaired gas exchange, as opposed to poor inflation and alveolar tension, may be the cause of respiratory failure in these pups. | tension | 0.222222 | easy |
32L724R85LKRWIX0E6IDGDL7OYNIPP | biomed | In natural environments, color variation is a nearly universal mechanism for recognition, camouflage, or both; consequently, a large number of pigment patterns have been characterized from an evolutionary and ecological perspective (Boughman 2001; Jiggins et al. 2001). | environments | 0.223684 | easy |
34YWR3PJ28ALYWIBW73O4M7E43G0X1 | biomed | A positive perchlorate discharge test and an enlarged vestibular aqueduct appear to be the most reliable clinical signs of Pendred syndrome [5]. | discharge | 0.265625 | easy |
31SIZS5W59FPPT1Y46RBUAC8GRQQRS | biomed | The exchange strategy is detailed in Figure 3A. | exchange | 0.223684 | easy |
3MJ9GGZYO36GYTDW0KFO32PV0HOA2Q | biomed | Together, previous studies indicate that an optimal RMCE requires (i) inverted heterologous loxP sites diverging by at least 2 nt to maximize the efficiency of exchange and (ii) an expression cassette enabling both positive selection to identify the initial recombinant and then negative selection to obtain a ‘marker-free’ mutant allele (14). | exchange | 0.28125 | easy |
35ZRNT9RUIYULF3GE3YBN7ESVBUO3E | biomed | In the vertebrate limb, each digit can be uniquely identified based on its size, length, number of phalanges, and location within the autopod. | location | 0.223684 | easy |
3E9VAUV7BWE6ZE63T5MJC6Q0FVLAY7 | biomed | Since virtually all M-opsin–expressing cells are localized at the outer edge of the ONL by P28 in the rd7 mutant (Figure S8), any increase in M-opsin transcript in the mutant must have occurred in cells in that location. | location | 0.263889 | easy |
32TMVRKDGNYCIJZ470EY0QGYU6M48C | biomed | In natural environments, color variation is a nearly universal mechanism for recognition, camouflage, or both; consequently, a large number of pigment patterns have been characterized from an evolutionary and ecological perspective (Boughman 2001; Jiggins et al. 2001). | mechanism | 0.225 | easy |
3BVS8WK9Q0VPSOWQV10CLTGI7U8IB4 | biomed | ITPR1 mutations have more than one potential pathogenic mechanism. | mechanism | 0.265625 | easy |
3GL25Y6843UI1APILCQM2JER76GMXX | biomed | These results were thought to support a direct role for annexin A7 in surfactant secretion, but in these studies annexin A7 mediated membrane fusion was separated from a second GTP-dependent mechanism [38]. | mechanism | 0.266667 | easy |
33N1S8XHHMLAAG38T8V9FC6ZHVIZ1Y | biomed | Similarly, although the liver secretes free cholesterol into bile, it can preferentially excrete non-cholesterol sterols into bile and the mechanism(s) of this process has yet to be elucidated as well. | mechanism | 0.267857 | easy |
3DA79LNS59VAY78OAKKAHHKFUK93TF | biomed | The deficient capacity of D2R-/- mice to disengage inappropriate decision strategies strongly argues that mesolimbic dopamine signaling, mediated by dopamine D2Rs is essential for efficient reversal learning to occur. | reversal | 0.225 | easy |
362E9TQF2HQLJ541BNSQM47FN75IGQ | biomed | Additionally, a previous report demonstrated that excitotoxic lesions of terminal field targets of mesocortical dopamine have been shown to disrupt reversal learning [19]. | reversal | 0.573529 | neutral |
3Z33IC0JC0MBQ11TWOLZ9CBMRXYV93 | biomed | Mice with forebrain-specific GluR-B depletion appeared almost completely normal throughout life with no developmental abnormalities, thus permitting a detailed, quantitative investigation of olfactory behavior. | depletion | 0.225 | easy |
3VGET1QSZ0ZKR7D571SBHI3U3FF7WE | biomed | In contrast, centric domains showed an intensity and shape similar to control cells, suggesting that they remain unaffected by p150CAF-1 depletion (Figure 4C and 4D). | depletion | 0.265625 | easy |
341YLJU21IZV4BWUC871K0DEDPTI22 | biomed | In contrast, in undifferentiated cells that are already lineage committed (such as MEFs) genome architecture might be more stable than in ES cells and thus cannot be disrupted by CAF-1 depletion. | depletion | 0.333333 | easy |
3BAWBGQGYLZ7CID0HRNFVGKGW6D7V4 | biomed | Here, we have analyzed the importance of CAF-1 during early mouse development by genetic ablation and in ES cells by depletion using RNA interference (RNAi). | depletion | 0.388889 | easy |
3SNR5F7R92TNZR8A5S22M1M3ARQEI5 | biomed | The enhanced sensitivity to cadmium toxicity that we found for mouse embryonic fibroblasts upon a combination of Mtf1 deletion and depletion of glutathione further corroborates the importance of MTF-1 and its target genes as well as reduced glutathione for an efficient anti-cadmium defense. | depletion | 0.45 | neutral |
3RDTX9JRTY19FB0XEQIJ3YVJ5FS79O | biomed | Gender differences in CIA susceptibility are dependent on many factors, including genetic, hormonal and behavioral influences [9]. | influences | 0.225 | easy |
3VW0145YLYCH6QKT48BLBA6CW81JM6 | biomed | In a simple model, such a binding could interfere with the accessibility of the transcriptional start site for RNA polymerase II and/or general transcription factors, thus preventing transcription initiation of the gene. | accessibility | 0.225 | easy |
3ICOHX7ENCBCSWRU12DWGXM7OY20ER | biomed | The mab-3 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans has been shown to function analogously to DSX in several respects and can be functionally replaced by the male isoform of DSX, suggesting that the similarity in the sequence of these genes may stem from conservation of an ancestral DM domain sexual regulator [18,21,22]. | respects | 0.225 | easy |
3XEIP58NL0NN0N7CMIDSZRFDF1TLZW | biomed | At 6 mo, half of the animals were switched from normal chow to food containing dox at 200 mg/kg until they were sacrificed at 9 or 12 mo of age. | chow | 0.225 | easy |
38O9DZ0A62NFBR1TA7YCNXN94X026S | biomed | Abcg8-/- mice appeared normal and healthy maintained on a regular rodent chow diet. | chow | 0.275 | easy |
3IWA71V4TIGGC74QYWJ5DNH5H7Z6X7 | biomed | The remaining control animals were kept on standard chow (untreated). | chow | 0.275 | easy |
3CVDZS288H011OYXLIK0WCEK31KFMZ | biomed | We did not find evidence for glucose intolerance or insulin resistance in the PGC-1α−/− animals on standard chow. | chow | 0.367647 | easy |
37G6BXQPLQL0GPWTI07BV3DP117QEK | biomed | We compared the levels of human transgene-derived Aβ40 and Aβ42 in untreated mice at 4 and 6 wk of age to animals that had either been born and raised on dox or that had been left untreated for 4 wk and then placed on dox chow for 2 wk prior to harvest (the same groups described above for immunoblot analysis of APPswe/ind levels, line 107). | chow | 0.411765 | neutral |
3ZZAYRN1I6RZKW1ATI425KIQPB5TO0 | biomed | Similar observations have been made by Furuta and colleagues when they used recombinant sindbis virus for the labeling of dendrites and axons within the CNS of adult mice [10]. | virus | 0.22619 | easy |
3IHWR4LC7DD6QQYJSPG2URQHZOSI8A | biomed | In further support of this conclusion, analysis of protein levels of ITPR1 in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immortalized lymphocytes from affected and unaffected AUS1 family members revealed that all affected members showed a dramatic decrease in ITPR1 levels when compared with the family member without the deletion (Figure 4). | virus | 0.25 | easy |
3P458N04Q1HSU6LPBU72NA0T1152XS | biomed | Interestingly, the lower lung/body ratios at E18.5 in Dhcr7-/- embryos compared to wild-type suggested a disproportionate inhibition of lung growth than other organs. | embryos | 0.230769 | easy |
32LAQ1JNT9PUX1L7P4GB4QAF7WVUTE | biomed | Since we were unable to obtain ES cells, embryos or mice with widespread expression of a RFP (DsRed1) we conclude that this reporter is not developmentally neutral or that its expression cannot be sustained at levels high enough for detection, and as such is not as versatile as other gene-based fluorescent reporters. | embryos | 0.28125 | easy |
3X55NP42EOGC6FFHT3BQC7JI5GQ3PA | biomed | In agreement with a recent report [40], our analysis of heterochromatin in pre-implantation embryos has revealed drastic changes in nuclear organization between the two-cell and blastocyst stages. | embryos | 0.366667 | easy |
3PKVGQTFIHKYYVSKVG857WFAFZERY1 | biomed | To investigate the role of this protein during mouse development, we generated a conditionally deleted allele of the Atrx gene in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, and used these cells to examine the effect of ablating expression of the full-length Atrx protein in ES cells and in mouse embryos. | embryos | 0.375 | easy |
3THR0FZ95PTB1JT5K92BJT89VXLLOP | biomed | In a recent in vitro study [43], mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from Dhcr7-/- embryos, grown in lipid-depleted culture and transiently treated with cyclodextrin, showed no affect on Shh processing. | embryos | 0.40625 | neutral |
3NRZ1LDP7W6DR8MAEA6ZG8OXKBPPZT | biomed | This mutant demonstrates slow retinal degeneration and abnormal lamination of the ONL with rosette formation [15,16]. | degeneration | 0.232143 | easy |
33NOQL7T9OZSLGNTST4OUMT7V1OZ8I | biomed | Histological evaluation of cryosections revealed an enlargement of scala media with a large bulging of Reissner's membrane and an apparent degeneration of the organ of Corti, as described earlier [14]. | degeneration | 0.264706 | easy |
3XAOZ9UYRZR1WO2H6CCWOJUVCS41QD | biomed | The diffuse cardiomyopathy with multifocal myocyte degeneration and necrosis observed in MCAD−/− mice has not been reported in human MCAD patients, however, cardiac arrhythmias and dysfunction have been reported in MCAD-deficient patients [17, 18]. | degeneration | 0.359375 | easy |
362E9TQF2HQLJ541BNSQM47FN70GIJ | biomed | The observation that endolymphatic and perilymphatic K+ concentrations were normal in Slc26a4-/- mice suggests that stria vascularis was able to secrete K+ in spite of the apparent signs of degeneration. | degeneration | 0.375 | easy |
33EEIIWHK77HI0IFDQWLV71B1X3QVL | biomed | Interestingly, sensory hair cells in the cochlea appear normal until postnatal day (PD) 7 but show clear evidence of degeneration by PD 15 [14]. | degeneration | 0.434211 | neutral |
329E6HTMSW2BVOI1GB6IGQXJB6L3KA | biomed | However, the XY body appeared intact in most mutant spermatocytes upon probing with several markers of XY heterochromatinization (unpublished observations). | markers | 0.232143 | easy |
3Y3N5A7N4G971FFSQ8COLXL09CFMY8 | biomed | Although advances in the medical management of pulmonary hypoplasia may have decreased the mortality associated with CDH patients who survive to receive care at high-volume centers [2,3], the population-based mortality has been reported to be as great as 62%, and there are a large number of deaths prior to birth or to transfer to a tertiary care facility [4]. | management | 0.315789 | easy |
3GMLHYZ0LEXQENK1ZA3AC72UMZAUY2 | biomed | An animal model for MCAD deficiency is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of MCAD deficiency and to develop better management regimens for human patients. | management | 0.369565 | easy |
3M93N4X8HKNK4LXYO577NJ5IOXOSJW | biomed | As discussed subsequently, the ATP deficits in the retina likely account for the reduced electrophysiological responses of retinal neurons (Figure 8). | responses | 0.232143 | easy |
3SR6AEG6W5TL91EHZBWBTSD4SR9HYP | biomed | It is somewhat puzzling that 22 of the 24 Tas2rs examined encode variant proteins in B6 and D2 mice even though these strains exhibit similar taste responses to bitter compounds such as DB or cyclohexamide [47]. | responses | 0.233333 | easy |
3T2HW4QDUV7FRSVT57QUJKNX6PLC9M | biomed | Human DMRT1 maps to an autosomal locus, which, when hemizygous, is associated with defective testicular development and consequent XY feminization [30]. | maps | 0.232143 | easy |
3ACRLU860NEDCJU4ZIAL0EIQF16BET | biomed | Mutations in two different ligands in the BMP family, Gdf5 and Gdf6, the Bmpr1b receptor, and in the human Noggin locus (Storm and Kingsley 1996; Gong et al. 1999; Baur et al. 2000; Yi et al. 2000; Settle et al. 2003) also produce defects in joint formation at specific locations in the limbs. | limbs | 0.233333 | easy |
3IZVJEBJ6AK5H245ZE7QA8XGP656ZA | biomed | A considerable percentage of cardiac birth defects is caused by a failure in normal migration, differentiation or patterning of the cardiac neural crest (CNC). | patterning | 0.233333 | easy |
3PGQRAZX02KAZASXA58AX6K612QYSR | biomed | To investigate the roles of BMP signaling at various stages of limb patterning and skeletogenesis, we constructed a series of mice deficient singly or in combination in the ability to produce BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7. | patterning | 0.25 | easy |
3RQVKZ7ZRKJYFRFYTH34TBN5Z8Q27X | biomed | BMP activity also plays an indirect role in limb patterning as a key component of a feedback loop between SHH production in the posterior limb bud and fibroblast growth factor production in the overlying apical ectodermal ridge (AER). | patterning | 0.3375 | easy |
3NRZ1LDP7W6DR8MAEA6ZG8OXKCMPZS | biomed | A second study in Drosophila examined the effects of Pygo mutation on cuticle patterning, midgut constriction, central nervous system, and cardiac development, and concluded that "Pygo is an essential component in the Wg signal transduction pathway". | patterning | 0.338235 | easy |
3TTPFEFXCTKJQH4BTS1JA1TBTGO6HK | biomed | Our data suggest that ALK5 is required cell autonomously in the NC to mediate non-redundant signaling events that are essential for appropriate patterning of the pharyngeal organs and cardiac OFT. | patterning | 0.359375 | easy |
3JVP4ZJHDPSO81TGXL3N1CKZGQHI0O | biomed | Actin filament formation has been shown to be necessary for the differentiation of lens epithelial cells [15], however, the significance of alpha-crystallin interaction with actin in differentiation is not known. | significance | 0.233333 | easy |
3INZSNUD80QPWK1753L53Q5FRPXD9N | biomed | Although actin filament formation has been shown to be necessary for differentiation of lens epithelial cells [15], the significance of alpha-crystallin's interaction with actin in differentiation is not known. | significance | 0.25 | easy |
3Q2T3FD0ON86LCI41NJYV3PN0BL3MK | biomed | Here we report the application of this integrated approach to study the significance of sex on the genetic determinants of obesity and the associated regulation of liver gene expression in an F2 intercross derived from the inbred strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) on an apolipoprotein E null (ApoE−/−) background. | significance | 0.3 | easy |
3L2OEKSTW9ASGQDOW725GFK5P7Q8Y6 | biomed | The adaptive significance of such a change, if any, is unknown, and it may simply be due to relaxation of selective pressure for night vision in this strictly diurnal species. | significance | 0.35 | easy |
3U18MJKL1UM0GUZN6H9Z1LIHBE8CNR | biomed | In those two misexpression cases, Sox9 expression may have been artificially sustained by exogenous regulatory sequences that bypass the fine dosage balance in this signaling network. | dosage | 0.233333 | easy |
3TZDZ3Y0JS6V4PLVPA1A2O462SU91T | biomed | In 54 wk alphaA/BKO lenses, large, irregularly shaped cells were observed, interspersed among regions of high membrane staining density per unit area. | unit | 0.233333 | easy |
32FESTC2NHQDBKJW3ILLFGABJBTCUD | biomed | SLC co-conceived of the study, participated in establishment and phenotypic analysis of cell lines, and drafted the manuscript. | lines | 0.233333 | easy |
3X2YVV51PU46GLY3ILB2G8CH0UD1WB | biomed | For example, the BXD RI lines exhibited a range of quinine sensitivity, with several strains having similar sensitivities to that of B6, some strains with sensitivities similar to that of D2, and a third group with a more intermediate phenotype (Figures 1, 7). | lines | 0.25 | easy |
351S7I5UG9WNO85TG9QLOPVC1YGNJF | biomed | To confirm these results biochemically, we transfected the same cell lines (wild-type AQP2 or vector) with F204V-GFP, biotinylated surface proteins after forskolin stimulation, and precipitated the biotinylated proteins (Figure 5D). | lines | 0.288462 | easy |
3NSCTNUR2ZN8XQWJI3HM19S7KQH5AM | biomed | Second, forced expression studies in adipogenic and myogenic mammalian cell lines demonstrated that PGC-1α activates mitochondrial biogenesis through a group of transcription factor targets including nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF-1 and -2) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), key transcriptional regulators of mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication [8]. | lines | 0.305556 | easy |
3ZTE0JGGCESIYFZZ7W9CGAIM1OCOCH | biomed | AQP2-F204V-GFP is expressed approximately equally in both cell lines (Figure 5D, total cells), but is biotinylated only when wild-type AQP2 is also expressed (Figure 5D, surface biotinylated). | lines | 0.333333 | easy |
3KQC8JMJGCSKTYHTAQ3L3YHRJPH3H6 | biomed | With the completion of the genome sequencing projects of human, mouse, rat, fruit fly and nematodes, we are now in a position to ask fundamental questions in regard to how genes interact in the context of the whole organism. | sequencing | 0.233333 | easy |
3OJX0UFJ0Z7BDMCTRYBUDQ93DPXU9J | biomed | More importantly, sequencing hg modifier candidates allowed us to identify nonsynonomous polymorphism, which may underlie QTL. | sequencing | 0.392857 | easy |
306996CF6WKESI0SNUF6TUZWQSX1BV | biomed | Therefore, signature genes of the diseases could be identified by detecting the expression patterns of the disease-related cells/tissues and their ideal controls. | signature | 0.234375 | easy |
3J6BHNX0U9SIZSBBYUQXP4VPGNGKNB | biomed | Such aggregates, which are often found at the nuclear periphery, are also revealed by DAPI staining as a typical signature of p150CAF-1 loss-of-function. | signature | 0.46875 | neutral |
3126F2F5F83FGDVEINSMVYNFW5MEPI | biomed | The ability of Abcg8-/- mice to secrete bile salt and phospholipid into bile as compared to wild-type mice was not significantly impaired. | salt | 0.234375 | easy |
344M16OZKIFFDSJ128FUR9IKWQFENG | biomed | These are problems because multiple infrequent polymorphisms at different sites may all contribute to risk and unless the key polymorphisms can be identified through a functional test, a statistically valid assessment would require much larger study populations [27]. | populations | 0.234375 | easy |
3R0WOCG21M9NGCPA3EGWZMST4ACUD0 | biomed | Patients with TTD additionally display hallmark sulphur-deficient brittle hair and nails and scaling skin [13], resulting from a basal transcription defect in specific cell types [16,17]. | nails | 0.271739 | easy |
3QO7EE372ON29MK9895LUV74Y4PBQ0 | biomed | These studies provide a clear link between PAX6 function in the retina and the brain, and are of particular relevance to the neurological phenotypes of individuals with PAX6 mutations. | individuals | 0.234375 | easy |
3VDVA3ILIDFAJZ833G7KU5QT66O1GD | biomed | However, there are alternative explanations for the observed correlation of CEBPG with antioxidant and DNA repair genes in non-BC individuals. | individuals | 0.235294 | easy |
3EHIMLB7F7Z6UVNZM7YHUFP2ZB8H8B | biomed | When sensory axons contact developing myotubes, they induce muscle spindle differentiation, forming ring-like spiral nerve endings around them. | endings | 0.234375 | easy |
3L60IFZKF3IZN6OSPBSN7SI12U4HHW | biomed | In contrast, we selected not only against known QTL, we also screened for genome wide heterozygosity increasing the probability that effects observed are due to genetic variation within each donor region. | variation | 0.234375 | easy |
3LAZVA75NIR50X7XA3K64X90PXUO23 | biomed | At 54 wk, these cells in the alphaA/BKO lenses were larger in cross sectional diameter than wild type, and exhibited a much greater variation in the cross sectional size and cell shape. | variation | 0.25 | easy |
3N2YPY1GI6YSLXSA4Z1L1QCXITHEVX | biomed | First, that there is inter-individual variation in regulation of key antioxidant and DNA repair genes by one or more transcription factors. | variation | 0.265625 | easy |
3WGCNLZJKF877FYC1Q6COKNWTDF1D8 | biomed | In the laboratory, color variation has been the subject of vertebrate genetics for more than a century (Searle 1968; Silvers 1979), and many pigmentary components have been identified whose actions are understood in a cellular or organ-based context (reviewed in Bennett and Lamoreux 2003). | variation | 0.283333 | easy |
38LRF35D5LWPYKNDAPAKMD6HDYGU3X | biomed | For example, ectopic application of BMP antagonists demonstrates that BMP signaling is necessary for this process, and in its absence, webbing occurs [17–19]). | application | 0.235294 | easy |
3LN50BUKPVBTMJ56Z9FQ8TDZ52MPLF | biomed | Thus, with the appropriate application of bioinformatics, it is now possible to trace the lineage of particular genes and gene families, with related gene families in other organisms. | application | 0.309524 | easy |
3I01FDIL6M8EW0G8KU6QT3X1LJND2V | biomed | The strong expression levels produced with the tet-off vectors, combined with the ability to reduce this expression by several orders of magnitude with tetracycline [14], allowed for a stringent test of how a highly effective pharmaceutical inhibitor of Aβ production would impact the progression of amyloid pathology and whether reversal of these lesions might be possible following such treatment. | orders | 0.235294 | easy |
356TQKY9XFX916HN9YC53208L8C870 | biomed | In the absence of a dominant (wild-type [wt]) allele, genetic interactions between recessive alleles (referred to here as “biallelic” effects) could result in different phenotypic outcomes including interallelic complementation. | outcomes | 0.235294 | easy |
32CAVSKPCEPTOH9YNLW1YKRKFE21UC | biomed | In undifferentiated cells the protein is equally distributed between cytosol and membrane fractions while in differentiated cells it is exclusively present in the membrane fraction [7]. | fractions | 0.235294 | easy |
3MQY1YVHS3KLH3IO6YFKYD91IYB2BD | biomed | In all animals harboring amyloid deposits, we found that the vast majority of Aβ (>99%) was extracted into the SDS and FA fractions (Figure 5A and 5B). | fractions | 0.25 | easy |
3PIOQ99R7YMW2OGNS8UZVR4NIE9NU6 | biomed | Our initial observations suggested the affected mice suffered from an apparently paroxysmal movement disorder, often induced by touch. | touch | 0.235294 | easy |
375VMB7D4JJI7LUA9XRIGJ4IAFKDI6 | biomed | The progressive loss of afferent and efferent innervation in Brn3c null mutants shows neither in spatial nor in temporal pattern a resemblance to losses reported in simple BDNF or NT-3 null mutations [6]. | losses | 0.235294 | easy |
3HA5ODM5KASTVGXS5ULQQ7GCJKQSVC | biomed | These studies indicate that Sox9 plays a central role in sex determination. | determination | 0.235294 | easy |
3S4TINXCC0NZOA7TTWDH5QC4J3CBOX | biomed | Indeed, the ectopic expression of the QKI-6/7 isoforms in vivo led to the formation of glial cells rather than neurons from neural progenitor, demonstrating its role in cell fate determination [34]. | determination | 0.361111 | easy |
308KJXFUJR6AIS79JZZK4PYL0T8TA6 | biomed | During the last few years the Wnt1-Cre transgenic driver line has proven to be a powerful tool for tissue-specific gene deletion in NCCs [12,13,27,28]. | deletion | 0.235294 | easy |
391JB9X4ZY8CHAQBMTBXCP6PBX6MKD | biomed | The data provided by these approaches provide compelling evidence that heterozygous deletion of ITPR1 causes SCA15. | deletion | 0.272727 | easy |
3Y3CZJSZ9KT0W7I0KE38WZHHKUAR5L | biomed | These experiments showed deletion at the SCA15 locus in all affected members assayed, from SUMF1 through ITPR1. | deletion | 0.275 | easy |
35A1YQPVFEGN38FHUR9ZI7GQXYM5IQ | biomed | Inactivation of this gene due to chromosomal rearrangement or deletion would result in a heterozygous null mutation similar to that found in the patient we report. | deletion | 0.426471 | neutral |
3TKXBROM5TAVA7U2JTDTJHZVFZMIJU | biomed | Here we describe this effort and the discovery of deletion at the ITPR1 locus as a cause of this disorder in mice and of spinocerebellar ataxia 15 (SCA15) in humans. | deletion | 0.453125 | neutral |
3QQUBC64ZEEOJSAIXD5MFY3RCWVXND | biomed | The murine Tif1α and Tif1γ genes have not yet been subjected to gene targeting experiments, whereas analysis of mouse mutants demonstrates that Tif1β is required for postimplantation embryogenesis and mesoderm induction in particular (Cammas et al. 2000). | targeting | 0.236111 | easy |
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