id stringlengths 30 30 | corpus stringclasses 3 values | sentence stringlengths 10 1.38k | token stringlengths 1 16 ⌀ | complexity float64 0 0.86 | difficulty stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
301KG0KX9CLV8GLA6QPGKOCZDBG2HT | biomed | Therefore, we have established cerebellar neuronal precursor cell lines from Cln3Δex7/8 knock-in mice. | precursor | 0.357143 | easy |
3TX9T2ZCB913BHJBQWKU82WTD8RZWX | biomed | Neonatal mice homozygous for the Dhcr7 gene disruption are deficient in cholesterol and have increased accumulation of the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC). | precursor | 0.375 | easy |
34D9ZRXCYRU93SUUUZUUUK2ZYAUASY | biomed | In two-cell stage wild-type embryos, DAPI staining is diffuse and fibrillar, with regions of higher density around the nucleolar precursor bodies (Figure 1E). | precursor | 0.575 | neutral |
3R16PJFTS3RWDK15GPB1QVPPP6GK4B | biomed | Rather, the impaired ability of D2R-/- mice to assign appropriate discriminative stimulus relationships in an operant discrimination task argues that D2R-mediated signaling contributes to the neuronal processes involved in attaching salience to environmental stimuli. | discrimination | 0.303571 | easy |
341YLJU21IZV4BWUC871K0DEDOV2IM | biomed | Given that neuronal circuits underlying odor discrimination, as well as olfactory memory, rely on properties of fast excitatory neurotransmission mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors (AMPARs), we sought to alter, by genetic means, the specific functional contribution of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) channels containing the dominant subunit GluR-B. | discrimination | 0.367647 | easy |
3DTJ4WT8BDF9UHXK5WQOMWPT64NEZX | biomed | It has been established that aquaporins, although functional as a monomer, tetramerize before their insertion into the plasma membrane [4,6]. | insertion | 0.303571 | easy |
3OWZNK3RYLP0D2RU6PWF331P7KG2UU | biomed | The Capn4 targeting strategy employed by Arthur and colleagues involved disrupting the C-terminus of the calpain small subunit by insertion of the PGK-Neo cassette into the middle of exon 9, which caused truncation of the protein [31]. | insertion | 0.3125 | easy |
3VIVIU06FKCLBF0NMQQLZ9RCJTHMI2 | biomed | At the periphery of each pericentric domain, centric regions form individual entities (Figure 4A). | entities | 0.304348 | easy |
3UV0D2KX1MJLXY9RFEK4AIXKHA54FZ | biomed | Plg concentration was increased in A/J mice compared to B6 mice. | concentration | 0.305556 | easy |
3FVBZG9CLJEOC6IWR3L210JKGD1H0T | biomed | It has been demonstrated that micromolar changes of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration exert a profound effect on the membrane properties that regulate red blood cell deformability [48,49]. | concentration | 0.365385 | easy |
371DNNCG442WZ4EUM1F68YSQA618TC | biomed | Fluorescent protein reporters currently represent a superior alternative to other gene-based reporters such as the bacterial lacZ or human placental alkaline phosphatase in that their visualization is non-invasive, and as such does not require chromogenic substrates. | alkaline | 0.305556 | easy |
3HJ1EVZS2OJXISVW6VFFH2JX6YER3Q | biomed | No other CIA genes have previously been typed in this region, but the central part of chromosome 11 is known to contain a number of inflammation loci, such as Eae22, Eae6b, Eae23 and Eae7 [20-22]. | inflammation | 0.305556 | easy |
32FESTC2NHQDBKJW3ILLFGABJAVCUD | biomed | And, similar to CF airways, there is also an inflammation of the CF intestines [14,15]. | inflammation | 0.325 | easy |
31GN6YMHLPS6A5XXV4QMC9ZQQTXWSV | biomed | Mice deficient in TGF-β2 display fourth aortic arch artery defects [7], while neural crest cell specific abrogation of TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) results in interruption of the aortic arch and PTA [8,9]. | artery | 0.305556 | easy |
3CZH926SICETRK9VK30YS0CK59Q4EH | biomed | Although specific receptors, enzymes and channels have been implicated in the transduction of bitter stimuli, how interactions of bitter stimuli with taste receptor cells lead to cellular activation and signaling to the central nervous system is still poorly understood. | enzymes | 0.305556 | easy |
3QO7EE372ON29MK9895LUV74Y4PQBF | biomed | We show that targeted expression of an activated form of PPARδ produces profound and coordinated increases in oxidation enzymes, mitochondrial biogenesis, and production of specialized type I fiber contractile proteins-the three hallmarks for muscle fiber type switching (Figure 6C). | enzymes | 0.35 | easy |
3IQ9O0AYW6ZPOAQ7VNRXLNM4D1DTIA | biomed | The two enzymes share 62% sequence identity and are very similar in their structure and biochemistry. | enzymes | 0.441176 | neutral |
3K1H3NEY7LZ4BUOFJ9RFV7R2V2SDGE | biomed | Articular cartilage is a key component of synovial joints and is one of the few regions in the skeleton where cartilage is maintained into adulthood. | adulthood | 0.305556 | easy |
3Z8UJEJOCZDRESZACEFTQHJ30C893L | biomed | In addition, we found that triglyceride synthesis was abnormally activated, and the expression of genes encoding SREBP-1c and SCD-1, key proteins in the hepatic lipogenic pathway, failed to be appropriately down-regulated in fasted PGC-1α-/- mice. | synthesis | 0.305556 | easy |
3K3IX1W4S6RCQ0E22IQ0ZFXOBRGAPD | biomed | Our results indicate that the apparent uniformity of the dorsoventral boundary represents the sum of independent mechanisms that affect melanocyte density and/or differentiation, pigment-type synthesis, and hair length; surprisingly, none of these coincide with the somite–lateral plate lineage boundary. | synthesis | 0.328947 | easy |
3HEM8MA6H9C4DGLJRENMPFCTF89PQ4 | biomed | Concomitantly, levels of the amino acids alanine, glutamate, and glutamine, whose synthesis is linked with normal metabolism of BCAA, were decreased (Table 1). | synthesis | 0.381579 | easy |
3S8APUMBJXJ5IXU0UTURIW3QR2MFBG | biomed | Consistent with the reduction in full-length APPswe/ind synthesis shown by immunoblot (see Figure 1), we found that transgene-derived Aβ levels were completely suppressed in animals born and raised on dox, and were sharply reduced following acute (2 wk) antibiotic treatment. | synthesis | 0.390625 | easy |
3RIHDBQ1NEYLFKP3G880ZXQXJHVHMZ | biomed | Given the known role of CAF-1 in the deposition of histone H3.1 and H4 associated with DNA synthesis [11,12], we wondered whether this defect in higher-order chromatin organization could reflect an aberrant nucleosomal organization. | synthesis | 0.40625 | neutral |
3TY2U1TEB7AR5IE81BYTVIEVSE6JJ2 | biomed | RMCE with a p53ΔPGFP replacement plasmid was again very efficient and western blots revealed an additional band of the predicted molecular weight only in p53+/ΔPGFP ES cells (Figure 3B). | band | 0.305556 | easy |
38O9DZ0A62NFBR1TA7YCNXN94X162X | biomed | We cannot exclude the possibility that the resulting protein-protein interaction of mr-s is an artifact of the overexpression conditions. | artifact | 0.306818 | easy |
3P4C70TRMRHN96C7WQP3EKZ74BUGLX | biomed | It could be argued that although the biliary sterol output is comparable to that seen in wild-type mice that this is inappropriately low, since the tissue and plasma pools of sitosterol are so elevated in the knockout mice. | plasma | 0.307692 | easy |
3W1K7D6QSBHBNEL0V5OYLOJ837FZBN | biomed | Thus, there is support for at least four loci that may be involved in regulating plasma plant sterol levels. | plasma | 0.340909 | easy |
3XDSWAMB22SLJRCFM91G5FDMGPPQCM | biomed | Annexin A7 translocates to membranes in a Ca2+-dependent fashion and, when intracellular Ca2+ levels rise, sequentially redistributes to the plasma and the nuclear membrane as well as to intracellular vesicles. | plasma | 0.361111 | easy |
3AFT28WXLF29BILZZ65YRDGHEUPOIE | biomed | In addition, it is required for the metalloregulation of Znt1, encoding the major plasma membrane-localized zinc efflux transporter (19), the hypoxic/anoxic induction of the gene for placental growth factor (Plgf), an angiogenic protein of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family (20), and has recently been invoked in tumor development (21,22). | plasma | 0.368421 | easy |
3EKTG13IZU3N1G8T7TNYRPJ40XBMLG | biomed | Interestingly, plasma triglyceride levels of the Abcg8-/- mice were slightly higher than wild-type animals and this increased triglyceride is carried in the LDL fraction range, as measured by FPLC. | plasma | 0.431818 | neutral |
3HO4MYYR12OOV3AVTR8ITGI1NOK6UF | biomed | Recently, it has been shown that increasing oxidative fibers can lead to improved insulin action and reduced adipocyte size (Luquet et al. 2003; Ryder et al. 2003). | Ryder | 0.307692 | easy |
3O4VWC1GEW6GK4CJYQ66FBX6WHPJ3V | biomed | We were unable to amplify the deletion-specific fragment in the family member of unknown affection status, or in 275 neurologically normal controls. | affection | 0.307692 | easy |
3HEA4ZVWVDMBRKK2N7Q5TYCLSCM55M | biomed | Currently it is held that excitatory dopamine D1Rs mediate the acquisition and expression of several conditioned behaviors involving food reinforcers [e.g. [6,7]] as well as responding for conditioned cues predictive of cocaine delivery [9] – consistent with the interpretation that D1R mediated signaling might modulate the maintenance of stimulus-response outcomes. | cocaine | 0.308824 | easy |
3PCPFX4U40QSM3WPDBRHDLYPD2HFQM | biomed | Upon stimulation with forskolin, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase activator, wild-type AQP2 translocated to the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells (Figure 4B, second column). | activator | 0.308824 | easy |
3I7SHAD35MWOMVJR3ZMO8K135D17MN | biomed | Our expression studies also suggest that MTF-1 represses basal transcription of Slc39a10, in contrast to its role as activator for the expression of other target genes like Mt1, Mt2, and Znt1 (4,19). | activator | 0.326923 | easy |
3NCN4N1H1GHH6P7HSHD4Q1CZTT2NBP | biomed | Thus the same transcription factor apparently serves as an activator or repressor, depending on the target gene. | activator | 0.333333 | easy |
30QQTY5GMKK7Z3O0C1DAZUIXIZ3U71 | biomed | For example, mice lacking the neuron-specific activator of cyclin 5, p35, exhibit seizures and a severe neuronal migration defect [23]. | activator | 0.428571 | neutral |
3SU800BH86SH5LTF80MGZLZSNP1QU1 | biomed | The PST domain, which encompasses the C-terminal 145 amino acids of PAX6, has been shown to act as a transcriptional activator [6]. | activator | 0.45 | neutral |
3MA5N0ATTCB8MMKPQVHKLN8G9ZFKWX | biomed | In most cases the receptors on phagocytes that recognize these PS-bridging molecules have not been defined, but it has been reported that GAS-6 is a ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor Mer and that MFG-E8 can bind to the vitronectin receptor αvβ3 [16,24]. | molecules | 0.308824 | easy |
3T6SSHJUZFAZFWAW1BST7GKV2KSIID | biomed | Several members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of secreted signaling molecules are also expressed in stripes at sites where joints will form, including those encoded by the genes Gdf5, Gdf6, Gdf7, Bmp2, and Bmp4 (Storm and Kingsley 1996; Wolfman et al. 1997; Francis-West et al. 1999; Settle et al. 2003). | molecules | 0.3125 | easy |
3VJ4PFXFJ37PI5MYJ4PU9LKNJ7FAUE | biomed | A number of cell-surface and bridging molecules can interact with exposed PS on apoptotic cells. | molecules | 0.3125 | easy |
302OLP89DZ7TWB5YXD4UFFYHC73ACZ | biomed | The factor(s) controlling these differences are unknown, but may be intrinsic, as cocultures of older and younger retinas, conditioned media from older retinas, and addition of a variety of small molecules were unable to promote the expression of M-opsin in the P0-initiated cultures [32]. | molecules | 0.3125 | easy |
306996CF6WKESI0SNUF6TUZWQTVB15 | biomed | Photoreceptor cells in the Crx knockout (KO) mice exhibit a dramatic reduction of many photoreceptor molecules including visual pigments and develop neither photoreceptor outer segments nor a synaptic terminus [8,10]. | molecules | 0.342105 | easy |
3D0LPO3EABZV1I043OR1D1A54CUYOZ | biomed | CA = chronic arthritis; CIA = collagen-induced arthritis; CV = coefficiant of variation; GO = Gene Ontology; LN = lymph node; LOD = logarithm of the odds; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; NC = naive control; OA = onset of arthritis; PI = post-immunisation; QTG = quantitative trait gene; QTL = quantitative trait loci; RA = rheumatoid arthritis. | node | 0.308824 | easy |
3OZ4VAIBEXF0WDE2I0CCY6PPN1DVJZ | biomed | DNA extracted from probands from these two families (family H33 and family H27) were also analyzed using Illumina Infinium HumanHap550 genotyping chips. | chips | 0.309524 | easy |
3INZSNUD80QPWK1753L53Q5FRP39DP | biomed | To what extent the pregnancy history (parity) affects the incidence of CIA later in life has, to our knowledge, not previously been studied. | incidence | 0.309524 | easy |
3SBX2M1TKDNIONZ0TUVYMH1YOC84QN | biomed | The results of a recent study of RA in women, however, indicate that pregnancy history does not increase the incidence of the disease later in life [8]. | incidence | 0.3125 | easy |
3LG268AV3860SQBTVFWB0TNUXN9REM | biomed | Although these unusual findings have been difficult to interpret under the usual assumptions of “duplicity theory” [56], we would like to suggest that ground squirrels may have experienced a naturally occurring down-regulation or loss of Nr2e3 expression in their “rods” that transformed them into a hybrid photoreceptor cell type. | assumptions | 0.3125 | easy |
3W3RSPVVGSR6EOD2GVEKIZ0YDK7LU2 | biomed | This susceptibility was important to investigate for various reasons. | susceptibility | 0.3125 | easy |
33P2GD6NRNSQPWP0VWVKKKYTUB2KHX | biomed | Furthermore, the results also suggest that Sam68 expression levels, hypomorphism, and mutations in humans may influence susceptibility to marrow adipocyte accumulation and osteoporosis. | susceptibility | 0.315789 | easy |
3ULIZ0H1VA5C32JJMKOTQ8Z4GWB51Y | biomed | Although not significant, there is evidence that most of the eight small-effect QTL likely contain susceptibility genes for CIA. | susceptibility | 0.34375 | easy |
3PIOQ99R7YMW2OGNS8UZVR4NIEEUNI | biomed | Apart from the obvious gender-specific diseases such as cervical or prostate cancer, sex influences susceptibility to nearly all highly prevalent diseases that affect both women and men, including atherosclerosis and diabetes and their precursor conditions of hyperlipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. | susceptibility | 0.359375 | easy |
3HYV4299H0WUALWXW6QB9CSP7VLE8X | biomed | This suggests that there must be other susceptibility genes whose contributions were not big enough to reach the stringent significance threshold value of linkage analysis. | susceptibility | 0.383333 | easy |
309D674SHZLYFLAQ3R4QAQINUPOBCV | biomed | However, the possibility that primary pulmonary developmental abnormalities occur with, rather than secondary to, diaphragmatic defects has been suggested by others based on a teratogenic model of CDH [49–51] and has long been suspected by clinicians who care for these patients. | clinicians | 0.3125 | easy |
3MJ9GGZYO36GYTDW0KFO32PV0GQA2Q | biomed | Again, long-term dox treatment was begun at 6 mo of age, and mice were harvested after 3 mo of transgene suppression (6 mo untreated, n = 8; 9 mo untreated, n = 6; 6 mo + 3 mo treated, n = 8). | suppression | 0.3125 | easy |
3L84EBDQ372HRMQ81HYHXCELMT4KK1 | biomed | Immunoblotting for APP confirmed full transgene suppression in the treated animals (Figure S5). | suppression | 0.34 | easy |
30Y6N4AHYPWV0KXTZKLRUB59XB8RDT | biomed | The sub-stochiometry effect of the LD of RanBP2 over the inhibition of HKI by Cox11 supports that a LD-dependent chaperonin-like mechanism underlies the suppression of Cox11-dependent inhibition of HKI by RanBP2, and that RanBP2 acts as a molecular “buffer” over HK1 and Cox11 activities. | suppression | 0.397059 | easy |
34R3P23QHS1HKWJHKAEN8VSOHIBHWQ | biomed | We focused on one of the four lines, line 107, to examine in more detail the time dependence and extent of transgene suppression following either acute or chronic treatment with dox. | suppression | 0.426471 | neutral |
3TX9T2ZCB913BHJBQWKU82WTD8XWZ0 | biomed | It was nevertheless clear that dox-induced suppression of transgenic APP had completely halted the progression of pathology. | suppression | 0.440476 | neutral |
3LEG2HW4UFNBUKU4B01GH30MXW92F1 | biomed | Red blood cells, which were thought to be devoid of annexin A7, were recently shown to harbor the 47 kDa isoform together with its binding partner sorcin [7]. | binding | 0.3125 | easy |
375VMB7D4JJI7LUA9XRIGJ4IAFPIDG | biomed | However, the inhibition of Slc39a10 expression by MTF-1 may well be more complex than a competition for promoter binding. | binding | 0.3125 | easy |
3BS6ERDL9372E1Z97WITJGED1OV6DB | biomed | Transplantation of wild-type zebrafish marrow cells carrying a gata1:GFP transgene into 2-d-old embryos reconstitutes erythropoiesis, but not viability, in montg234 homozygous mutants. | Transplantation | 0.3125 | easy |
3VEI3XUCZRX4PH0J4TCMU5MYBUBRP7 | biomed | ADAMs are also involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion through their interaction with integrins or syndecans. | adhesion | 0.3125 | easy |
3D1TUISJWI04ON5WVSH7QJ86WGDIUL | biomed | The remaining half, which are non-protease-ADAMs, are thought to be adhesion molecules. | adhesion | 0.375 | easy |
3P7RGTLO6EDBF9HMPQLS3YBPHGCKAM | biomed | More than 10 ADAMs have been shown to support integrin-mediated cell adhesion in vitro [9]. | adhesion | 0.383333 | easy |
3E22YV8GG16JAJ8RBMV5LLHOAYEPNB | biomed | Chemokines and adhesion molecules were upregulated in the joint at the initiation phase of arthritis in animal models [21,22], while genes involved in cartilage destruction and bone erosion were differentially expressed at the late phase of arthritis in animal models of RA [15,16]. | adhesion | 0.4375 | neutral |
386T3MLZLNVVJVH3OZRWONQLDUC806 | biomed | These interactions suggest that APC can potentially regulate many cellular functions, including intercellular adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, regulation of plakoglobin levels, regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis, orientation of asymmetric stem cell division, and control of cell polarization [2,3]. | adhesion | 0.483333 | neutral |
367O8HRHKG8U13EDLYK3HHGZ61R4SC | biomed | We have generated antibodies specific for Acdp1 and all Acdp proteins. | antibodies | 0.3125 | easy |
3ICOHX7ENCBCSWRU12DWGXM7OX9E0A | biomed | In experiments shown here, using three separately developed anti-Abcg5/sterolin-1 antibodies, we have obtained inconsistent data regarding the trafficking of Abcg5/sterolin-1 in Abcg8-/- mice. | antibodies | 0.315217 | easy |
3H5TOKO3D9JPE5GGELH0GCK7OBX64T | biomed | Cln3Δex7/8 knock-in mice harbor the ~1 kb common JNCL mutation and express a non-truncated mutant battenin isoform that is detectable with antibodies recognizing C-terminal epitopes. | antibodies | 0.34375 | easy |
3S8A4GJRD33O8IZVYHINP2KK1WQV6S | biomed | SOX9 up-regulates Fgf9, which initiates a Sox9/Fgf9 feed-forward loop that accelerates commitment to the male pathway. | commitment | 0.315217 | easy |
3G9UA71JVVUYLND6029WSS9M1J67JJ | biomed | We propose that the brain anomalies that have been observed in aniridia patients may be partly explained by impaired interaction between PAX6 and HOMER3, DNCL1 and TRIM11. | anomalies | 0.315789 | easy |
3H6W48L9F4P9XDH53NMSH4UF39KWP9 | biomed | We also propose that some of the neural anomalies in patients with PAX6 mutations may be explained by impaired protein-protein interactions. | anomalies | 0.425 | neutral |
3TTPFEFXCTKJQH4BTS1JA1TBTGNH6U | biomed | Additionally, two patients with deletions apparently encompassing the FOG2 locus have died from multiple congenital anomalies including CDH [38-40]. | anomalies | 0.527778 | neutral |
3UEDKCTP9VQTW7JOIN98T79ZG8C7KO | biomed | Outside of the centromeric H3 variant, S. cerevisiae possesses only H3.3, which is expressed and incorporated into chromatin in a replication-independent fashion in higher eukaryotes [12]. | fashion | 0.323529 | easy |
3W31J70BASWZ8OEK94HJ9T1DHJ3CKM | biomed | In the mice with deficiencies of the Plg network [27], thrombus formation time was reduced in the Plg-/- mice, but increased in the PAI-/- mice, suggesting that alterations in plasmin activity that affect the rate of clot lysis, can modulate the events leading to occlusive thrombus formation. | network | 0.315789 | easy |
3J6BHNX0U9SIZSBBYUQXP4VPGNGNKE | biomed | The μ-80 k and m-80 k subunits share 62% amino acid sequence identity, and are very similar in terms of structure, protein chemistry, and in vitro substrate specificity. | chemistry | 0.315789 | easy |
3X7837UUADYFHNZ1HS44ME9Q68S6JP | biomed | As an initial step, growth and carcass composition QTL were identified in a cross between CAST/EiJ (CAST) and HG [24]. | carcass | 0.316667 | easy |
311HQEI8RSGOL2IAIOCIGMXCKIH7Z4 | biomed | Indeed, genes involved in arthritis show distinct expression patterns in certain tissues and pathological stages of the disease. | arthritis | 0.316667 | easy |
3MVY4USGB6NO9ADS6NM7BIQIBIZSIK | biomed | The second conclusion from this study is that loci of possible importance for CIA have been detected, two associated with arthritis susceptibility (chromosomes 1 and 11) and one associated with anti-CII titers (chromosome 13). | arthritis | 0.375 | easy |
3K8CQCU3KE19US5SN890DFPK3UJWND | biomed | Pregnancy in mice, like pregnancy in women, normally causes remission of arthritis [5,10], while exacerbation often occurs postpartum [7,10,11]. | arthritis | 0.4 | neutral |
3ZCC2DXSD747VW469B0ZFS87IMNYY4 | biomed | Two independent laboratories observed embryonic lethality in Capn4 knockout mice, albeit at different stages of development [31,32]. | laboratories | 0.316667 | easy |
30OITAWPBQ368069RZ4VUBKDJHQH90 | biomed | Expression of pendrin mRNA in the inner ear has been found in several places including the cochlea, the vestibular labyrinth and the endolymphatic sac [8]. | Expression | 0.316667 | easy |
3CVBMEMMXBG2UHIGC26BGFT7OR27HE | biomed | Expression has been found in the inner ear and thyroid gland consistent with the clinical signs of deafness and goiter [2,3,8]. | Expression | 0.328947 | easy |
3MA5N0ATTCB8MMKPQVHKLN8G90DWK9 | biomed | It is also clear that in this genetic system, we have raised the production of Aβ to levels not found in humans to accelerate pathology into an experimentally feasible time frame. | frame | 0.317308 | easy |
3MGHRFQY2LPAY18L13PQN0EN699Y04 | biomed | Other defects included absence or hypoplasia of the pineal gland, cortical polymicrogyria, white matter changes in the corpus callosum and grey matter changes in the cerebellum [11-13]. | gland | 0.318182 | easy |
3WGZLY9VCHMPIFIX0BFR3UA47JF8DT | biomed | Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) followed by postnatal failure to thrive is a universally observed phenotype in SLOS patients [2,18]. | retardation | 0.319444 | easy |
3WUVMVA7OB3644G8PRO2QDZ2LPPAZY | biomed | In spite of dietary intervention, there is significant mortality associated with MSUD and there is a high incidence of mental retardation in survivors [9]. | retardation | 0.321429 | easy |
3UV0D2KX1MJLXY9RFEK4AIXKHAZ4FT | biomed | In the past decade, the story has been further complicated by the discovery of a number of previously unknown isoforms which may be differently regulated and have different substrate specificity. | story | 0.319444 | easy |
3JY0Q5X05J67NEY6LZSN1SUZ8UDGGW | biomed | Similarly, cardiac performance of PGC-1α−/− mice was compromised following severe exertion. | exertion | 0.321429 | easy |
360ZO6N6J1JS0E7KIWK8MGS903V9M7 | biomed | RMCE also proved to be precise, as no aberrant bands were detected in PCR and Southern blots (Figure 3A). | Southern | 0.321429 | easy |
3RDTX9JRTY19FB0XEQIJ3YVJ5E079U | biomed | Our data reveal that a PPARδ-mediated transcriptional pathway can regulate muscle fiber specification, enabling the generation of a strain of mice with a “long-distance running” phenotype. | running | 0.321429 | easy |
3XD2A6FGFNUVY9KP2TGUYPRFSSD9SJ | biomed | However, FGF9 may act to trigger cell proliferation, increasing the number of Sertoli precursors above a threshold needed to stabilize the male pathway, consistent with threshold requirements deduced from earlier studies using XX↔XY chimeric gonads [ 15]. | proliferation | 0.45 | neutral |
3O4VWC1GEW6GK4CJYQ66FBX6WII3JA | biomed | In the present study, we discovered that Snail is expressed briefly at an early stage of hair bud formation, when E-cadherin down-regulation and activation of proliferation take place. | proliferation | 0.470588 | neutral |
32W3UF2EZOLEUMPHOCU32CCHKX74CI | biomed | Postnatal mitochondrial biogenesis involves multiple signaling and transcriptional regulatory pathways that control the coordinate expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes involved in mitochondrial structure, metabolism, and proliferation [1]. | proliferation | 0.527778 | neutral |
3OPLMF3EU5NTJYTTJU2Y44845NLLNF | biomed | For example, both proliferation [ 9] and migration of cells to trigger testis cord formation [ 10, 11] appear to be closely integrated with Sertoli cell differentiation. | proliferation | 0.53125 | neutral |
35ZRNT9RUIYULF3GE3YBN7ESVBZO3J | biomed | In addition, whereas Lin et al. found an abnormal expression profile for CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein β and δ and the gluconeogenic genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase at baseline and with fasting in the PGC-1α−/− mice, we did not (unpublished data). | baseline | 0.321429 | easy |
3VAOOVPI3ZS3VYQ87HMJRC4F0SGLL8 | biomed | Gdf5-Cre recombination bypasses the early embryonic lethality of null mutations in Bmpr1a, and shows that this receptor is required for early joint formation at some locations and for initiation of programmed cell death in webbing between digits. | webbing | 0.321429 | easy |
3HJ1EVZS2OJXISVW6VFFH2JX6ZC3R2 | biomed | For example, ectopic application of BMP antagonists demonstrates that BMP signaling is necessary for this process, and in its absence, webbing occurs [17–19]). | webbing | 0.352941 | easy |
367O8HRHKG8U13EDLYK3HHGZ60TS40 | biomed | ADAM11 is the closest paralog of ADAM22 and ADAM23, and its orthologs have been found in vertebrates, but not in invertebrates. | invertebrates | 0.321429 | easy |
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