id
stringlengths
30
30
corpus
stringclasses
3 values
sentence
stringlengths
10
1.38k
token
stringlengths
1
16
complexity
float64
0
0.86
difficulty
stringclasses
5 values
3D7VY91L65XBO7MHGGY4DMNZO3XBMI
biomed
Another possibility is that TRIP13 is required for disassembly of NCO recombinational repair complexes [51] containing those proteins that persist abnormally on Trip13Gt/Gt pachytene chromosomes.
complexes
0.416667
neutral
3IVEC1GSLPZKA1Y4BMSNRII9YXC1JM
biomed
Chromatin regulation may be a common mechanism for DM domain proteins, as we find that other DM domain proteins associate with chromatin modifying complexes (M. W. Murphy, D. Zarkower, and V. J. Bardwell, unpublished data).
complexes
0.546875
neutral
39O0SQZVJN7FJBWJ87I5UJVDB1YR7V
biomed
Recently, Patel et al. (2003) reported their observations on Bax/NT-3 double KO mice they bred.
Patel
0.347826
easy
3Y7LTZE0YTMQJDU6VW5TQEBWSSMUZZ
biomed
In preliminary studies, when knockout mice are placed on a low sitosterol diet, the activity of this enzyme, as well as the mRNA levels are increased (E Klett and S Patel, unpublished observations).
Patel
0.516667
neutral
31MBOZ6PAORASUW2U4TKOTES6K0CLJ
biomed
Animals carrying the at allele express only the ventral-specific Agouti transcript (Bultman et al. 1994; Vrieling et al. 1994) and have black dorsal hairs and cream-colored to yellow ventral hairs, with a sharp boundary at the level of the limb-body wall articulations and in the middle of the whisker pad.
whisker
0.35
easy
3EGKVCRQFWSBIOBVZJMF7HA6XD6BY3
biomed
The switch that initiates divergent development of the gonad is highly diverse among species; however, the underlying mechanisms that lead to the establishment of ovary or testis pathways are likely to be conserved.
ovary
0.35
easy
3NOEP8XAU42OMDMVDSIEJN8MCBWPX1
biomed
MCAD-deficient patients have abnormal plasma and urine metabolites associated with the medium chain–length enzyme specificity.
medium
0.35
easy
39KV3A5D187RKQWWNWIAKT09X2P7S5
biomed
Although great effort was put forth to eliminate non-donor region direct genetic effects, other factors such as maternal genotype (maternal genotype for each congenic versus control dams differed) and environmental effects could confound our results.
dams
0.35
easy
34XASH8KLQMDS1NRZLG586SO57CPMH
biomed
It is the first time to report the existence of multiple Acdp genes in other mammals in addition to human, while Acdp appears to be a single copy gene in lower organisms such as in C. elegans, yeasts and bacteria.
yeasts
0.35
easy
311HQEI8RSGOL2IAIOCIGMXCKHOZ71
biomed
On the other hand, the effects of CF on organs including the airways and intestines is less well correlated with specific CFTR mutations and their effects on CFTR protein function [4-8].
intestines
0.35
easy
3M67TQBQQHORYDYVLTU3DPX96M69AN
biomed
Furthermore, complete loss of Abcg8/sterolin-2 results in an inability to secrete cholesterol into bile, although secretion of sitosterol seemed to be preserved.
bile
0.352273
easy
3HXK2V1N4KFH8KQZMK7YZO0YYB8G2D
biomed
Additionally, the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis, CYP7a1, is reduced, although no changes at the mRNA level are noted.
bile
0.482143
neutral
3909MD9T2ZH3P06K4KWHJ49BUZTEF9
biomed
Further support for this idea has been provided by recent work in our lab showing widespread derepression of cone genes in the Notch1−/− retina (unpublished data).
cone
0.352941
easy
3QXFBUZ4ZKGQSWZ154H457VQH2SGUW
biomed
Of these, DsRed1 (referred to as drFP585 by Matz et al., [12]), a 28 kDa protein isolated from the IndoPacific sea anemone Discosoma sp, posseses the longest excitation (558 nm) and emission (583 nm) wavelength maxima known for a wild-type autofluorescent protein.
wavelength
0.352941
easy
3SBX2M1TKDNIONZ0TUVYMH1YOD64QN
biomed
As in our tet-off APP mice, SantaCruz et al. found that tau neurofibrillary tangles, like amyloid plaques, are not cleared efficiently following transgene suppression.
tangles
0.352941
easy
356ZPKYPUHHDMIC5IO4G21FVEHQYPG
biomed
This has been reported for knockout mice lacking the complement protein C1q [15], for mice with a mutation in the tyrosine kinase receptor gene Mer [16] and, more recently, in mice lacking transglutaminase 2 or milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) [17,18].
mutation
0.352941
easy
30ZKOOGW2W6998V0HGFAYJFQ8AC1A0
biomed
This is the first reported mutation associated with these abnormalities in a human.
mutation
0.366667
easy
36AZSFEYZ40UEUGQU8ZV0I6CFW4VBE
biomed
To test its function, we generated a conditional null mutation of Dmrt7 in the mouse.
mutation
0.416667
neutral
3CMV9YRYP31X08284WA6BXRNW3GJL9
biomed
XX gonads with a null mutation in Wnt4 display some obvious aspects of testicular differentiation [ 28].
mutation
0.421875
neutral
3QD8LUVX4XYKT34CTD90LH35LCNX5H
biomed
One possible candidate is Dot1 (PCH1 in yeast), a histone methyltransferase silencing factor that is required for pachytene arrest of zip1 and dmc1 mutants in yeast [58], and for preventing RAD54-mediated recombinational DSB repair between sister chromatids.
silencing
0.352941
easy
3421H3BM9AH2Z61ZFZ7G6O0SW909J3
biomed
The PcG proteins are transcriptional repressors that maintain gene silencing during development [28-30].
silencing
0.365385
easy
3PKJ68EHDNWVECJIDBV8J5YGFM2HJV
biomed
PRC2 is involved in the initiation of silencing and contains histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone methyltransferases, which can methylate histone H3 lysine 9 and 27, marks of silenced chromatin.
silencing
0.375
easy
3LEG2HW4UFNBUKU4B01GH30MXW9F2E
biomed
While we did not address the question whether the SAM domain of mr-s forms a polymeric structure in the present study, the phylogenetic analysis of SAM domain of mr-s and other SAM domain-containing molecules suggests that mr-s can form head-to-tail polymer and mediate gene silencing by spreading repressive complexes along the chromatin similar to ph and/or TEL.
silencing
0.390625
easy
3BC9H1KCYUC36R96UAIBUVNR7FMYW6
biomed
We are currently working to determine whether hyperactivity correlates with expression of the APPswe/ind holoprotein or its proteolytic derivatives.
derivatives
0.352941
easy
3PGQRAZX02KAZASXA58AX6K611SSYL
biomed
Second, in an independent study, Powell was able to compare derivatives of CAPAN-1 that differed only in their ability to express full-length BRCA2 protein (S. Powell, personal communication, 2001).
derivatives
0.472222
neutral
3X7837UUADYFHNZ1HS44ME9Q68MJ6W
biomed
However, our results also demonstrate that significant hypoplasia of the aortic sac leads to a severe shortening of the ascending truncal arch, which masks possible defects in derivatives of the 4th PAAs, i.e., interruption of the aortic arch.
derivatives
0.5
neutral
3PN6H8C9R4Q313BCX9Z5ZLGZX8DADZ
biomed
The BAT-gal transgene reporter indicated the presence of canonical Wnt signaling in the ureteric bud and its derivatives in the developing kidney.
derivatives
0.514706
neutral
3I7KR83SNADXAQ7HXK7S7305BY09K2
biomed
In particular, dermis of the flank has at least two distinct origins: dermatomal derivatives of somites and loose mesenchyme derived from the lateral plate mesoderm (Mauger 1972; Christ et al. 1983; Olivera-Martinez et al. 2000; Nowicki et al. 2003); these lineages are established early in development and could, in principle, set up compartments whose identity contributes to dorsoventral differences in adult skin.
derivatives
0.533333
neutral
39I4RL8QGJH5BU0XA484D39XXPI4HX
biomed
Thus, it is possible that the cholesterol levels (roughly 50% of normal levels) in Dhcr7-/- embryos were enough for completion of Shh autoprocessing or 7DHC accumulated in Dhcr7-/- embryonic tissues can also participate efficiently as a sterol adduct in the Shh processing reaction [20].
tissues
0.352941
easy
3YOAVL4CA0HR2F0RGQEBDAD2TFZ4ZN
biomed
PGC-1α is enriched in brown adipose tissue (BAT), heart, slow-twitch skeletal muscle, and kidney—all tissues with high-capacity mitochondrial systems.
tissues
0.45
neutral
3T5ZXGO9DEOYRKNPENLOGDE7P7GQZQ
biomed
We also make use of a classical mouse mutation, droopy ear (Curry 1959), that produces a dorsal-to-ventral transformation of flank coat color by allowing expansion of the ventral-specific Agouti transcript.
Curry
0.352941
easy
3M93N4X8HKNK4LXYO577NJ5IOXJSJR
biomed
The HG9 strain represents a major epistasis-based obese mouse model and promises to aid in the understanding of obesity and specifically the modulation of adipose tissue deposition by Gh.
modulation
0.352941
easy
39HYCOOPKOL434K1UCPA8CBZRO9DMR
biomed
Adult skeletal muscle shows plasticity and can undergo conversion between different fiber types in response to exercise training or modulation of motoneuron activity (Booth and Thomason 1991, Jarvis et al. 1996; Pette 1998; Olson and Williams 2000; Hood 2001).
modulation
0.553571
neutral
3QREJ3J433XSBS8QMHAICCR0BT9LK5
biomed
We have focused on developing the mouse system for IOP and glaucoma studies [13-19].
glaucoma
0.355263
easy
3VZYA8PITOYCWDY1Q1KTC3GUB4B501
biomed
Identifying such loci allows screening for individuals with an increased risk of developing glaucoma [11].
glaucoma
0.440476
neutral
3RWB1RTQDJNY7CLN5K6M3ORTL2N8PC
biomed
Lateral inhibitory circuits were postulated, in analogy to retina [34,35], to mediate contrast enhancement [24], for which physiological recordings [24,36,37] and modeling data, based on the well-known anatomy [29], provide additional support.
modeling
0.357143
easy
3DWGDA5POF4T1WYYSB66U6T3TKIV10
biomed
Thus, it should be possible to identify independent genetic determinants of susceptibility to pathological haemostasis and thrombosis.
determinants
0.357143
easy
37AQKJ12TXOFXO6IPZQ1ZUODOITTTR
biomed
These deficits are likely due to impaired muscle strength in the PGC-1α−/− mice, but contributions by peripheral or central nervous system determinants (or both) could be contributory.
determinants
0.382353
easy
3BFF0DJK8XCEIOT30ZLBPPSRMZASTW
biomed
Polymorphisms and mutations in coagulation factors, fibrinolytic factors, platelet surface receptors, methylenetetrahydrofalate reductase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and antioxidant enzymes have been implicated as genetic determinants of susceptibility to thrombosis [6,7].
determinants
0.388889
easy
3EKZL9T8Y8M86YDC3JEMW1LLP3RCHC
biomed
The marked independent differences demonstrated in the B6 and A/J mice can be exploited to identify genetic determinants of thrombosis and haemostasis.
determinants
0.425
neutral
3H1C3QRA01JWMOMADI6GBYO8XNZCEW
biomed
Here we report the application of this integrated approach to study the significance of sex on the genetic determinants of obesity and the associated regulation of liver gene expression in an F2 intercross derived from the inbred strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) on an apolipoprotein E null (ApoE-/-) background.
determinants
0.6
difficult
37YYO3NWHDQHPQ2WHR0LLAO5CAOCC3
biomed
To mimic therapeutic intervention with inhibitors of Aβ production, we raised a group of 25 double transgenic mice (CaMKIIα-tTA × APP line 107) on normal food until 6 mo of age, when we knew amyloid formation was already well underway in the brain.
inhibitors
0.357143
easy
3TX9T2ZCB913BHJBQWKU82WTD8XZW3
biomed
We have now applied the tools of molecular homology modeling to predicting a structure of CLN2 that could be used as a basis for a search for the biological substrates of this family of enzymes and for the design of specific inhibitors.
inhibitors
0.359375
easy
3L7SUC0TTUUA4KJ7I01FT5RGXZW0MH
biomed
HO, KO and BMD contributed their experience gained from studies of serine-carboxyl peptidases and the design of their inhibitors, aimed at analysis of substrate-enzyme interactions and enzyme specificity.
inhibitors
0.375
easy
3FTID4TN8LYNVXX7QWB9LK6B97PYLI
biomed
Rb knockout (KO) RTCs continue to proliferate inappropriately and some (rod, ganglion, and bipolar cells) die by apoptosis [2,3].
KO
0.357143
easy
3IJ95K7NDXCDX6FS835IRC3W96ZGN4
biomed
These observations suggest that axonal targeting defects in Bax/NT-3 double KO mice cannot be simply due to lack of PV expression in proprioceptive cells.
KO
0.477273
neutral
3J9L0X0VDFMO5Q1YMYQVVEU0Y599WY
biomed
Thus, it is controversial whether E2f3 is required for apoptosis of any Rb KO cell type.
KO
0.541667
neutral
32XN26MTXZJQY21MIO00TSCRXU60LF
biomed
Recently, Patel et al. (2003) reported their observations on Bax/NT-3 double KO mice they bred.
KO
0.666667
difficult
3OPLMF3EU5NTJYTTJU2Y44845NGNLC
biomed
The use of mouse models has provided valuable insight into the etiology of monogenic syndromes caused by single gene mutations.
syndromes
0.357143
easy
3L55D8AUFAXUST31DJIAI1GOFZ4CYB
biomed
Many XPD mutations are associated with an exclusive disease phenotype (e.g., XPDR722W with TTD and XPDR683W with XP) and are thus viewed as causative of the corresponding syndromes.
syndromes
0.383333
easy
37M4O367VJI9ZR58F67RA0N7E76M5N
biomed
Recognition of other dysmorphology syndromes caused by defects in the post-squalene cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, such as desmosterolosis, lathosterolosis, X-linked chondrodysplasia punctanta and CHILD syndrome [6-15], has strengthened this concept.
syndromes
0.384615
easy
3VCK0Q0PO5EGM247U1GF6KGG2Q2N02
biomed
JCW and ELC each have significant equity interest in Gene Express, Inc., which produces and markets StaRT-PCR™ reagents used in this study.
equity
0.359375
easy
38DCH97KHH28R5ILW1I2SJQH693JQY
biomed
PGC-1α was discovered in a yeast two-hybrid screen for brown adipose-specific factors that interact with the adipogenic nuclear receptor PPARγ [2].
screen
0.359375
easy
3DZKABX2ZI5DOZ8W88VQB2CUXH4CV2
biomed
Correlation between CEBPG and target gene transcript levels may not be associated with correlation at the protein level.
Correlation
0.359375
easy
3XU9MCX6VOC8XAZD2V1AYSE50KJR2K
biomed
We base this conclusion on two observations: (1) oocyte elimination is dependent upon DSB formation and (2) synapsis is normal in spermatocytes of adult testes.
testes
0.359375
easy
33K3E8REWWV3GLNERBG3X1DWN1QX8J
biomed
RNA binding proteins of the KH type are known regulators of cellular differentiation.
regulators
0.361111
easy
3Z3R5YC0P3N5EJOHUFLCIQ9CX9LTFJ
biomed
The PAX6 protein is a member of the PAX (paired-box) family of transcriptional regulators and is essential for normal ocular and neural development [1].
regulators
0.423077
neutral
3ABAOCJ4R84YSDO6ZYVU8BIYA3TMQ0
biomed
Several chromosome regions have been previously linked to arthritis phenotypes in humans using either association studies in populations or linkage studies in families.
linkage
0.359375
easy
3B9J25CZ25DXW7RSEDQL0FSNYDFSCI
biomed
Analysis of these data showed a single genomic region with significant linkage to disease, providing a two-point LOD score of 5.13 at marker 20.
linkage
0.366667
easy
3MA5N0ATTCB8MMKPQVHKLN8G9ZKKW2
biomed
To map the location of the disease-causing lesion, we performed genome-wide linkage analysis using strain-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 120 loci across the mouse genome.
linkage
0.466667
neutral
302U8RURJZ1WF35NXY44RD66WLNVN8
biomed
First, we performed the linkage analysis in three datasets, including all 290 F progeny, 76 C5+/+ F2 progeny and 133 C5+/- F2 progeny.
linkage
0.466667
neutral
3S1L4CQSFX50ZNP8OFUVNLJK9KVAFA
biomed
Finally, the NFR/N strain had not previously been used in linkage analyses for detection of CIA-associated loci, which opened (up) the possibility of detecting new polymorphic genes of importance in this disease.
linkage
0.5
neutral
3OWZNK3RYLP0D2RU6PWF331P7JHU2L
biomed
Due to the paucity of experimental evidence of the olfactory function of most genes in the family and suggestions of extra-olfactory roles, we embarked on an olfactory receptor expressed sequence tag (EST) project to confirm olfactory epithelial expression of hundreds of mouse odorant receptor genes.
tag
0.359375
easy
3BO3NEOQM0HK9ERYPN0GQIWCPCNAI1
biomed
These analyses, including DNA microarray analyses [7] and expressed sequence tag analyses [8-12], identified several common transcripts, including ESG1 that was also designated dppa5 or ECAT2.
tag
0.397059
easy
3WJGKMRWVI9RUI8AHNVW5G6NXA0CD3
biomed
Biochemically rafts are defined as membranes that are resistant to extraction by cold Triton X-100 and can be floated to low densities in sucrose gradient centrifugation [36].
densities
0.361111
easy
35XW21VSVGEQZBLYRQJK3YIASMOSLT
biomed
Strial hyperpigmentation has also been observed in other conditions that are associated with free radical stress, such as acoustic trauma [37].
trauma
0.3625
easy
3OZ4VAIBEXF0WDE2I0CCY6PPN2AVJY
biomed
The unique 86 amino acid c-terminal tail lacks the lysosomal targeting signal and does not contain any conserved domains when compared against the current profile databases.
databases
0.364583
easy
3A3KKYU7P3H3CAKSB7U0000KY4AMW4
biomed
This allele gave rise to multiple mRNA species, detectable by RT-PCR, reading through from the first half of exon 9 to at least two different cryptic splice sites in the PGK promoter sequence [31].
promoter
0.366667
easy
37Y5RYYI0P5LZ52N59M8ESDXZV3SXK
biomed
Do the favored olfactory receptors have stronger promoter sequences?
promoter
0.441176
neutral
3HXCEECSQMT70MEB5X2ITZH9OGXYZ1
biomed
Pierce et al have designed a set of recombination substrates for measuring the level of homologous recombination in vivo (Fig. 1) [25].
Pierce
0.366667
easy
3WGCNLZJKF877FYC1Q6COKNWTDED1J
biomed
This process of RTC “birth” requires coupling of differentiation and cell cycle exit.
coupling
0.366667
easy
36AZSFEYZ40UEUGQU8ZV0I6CFW4BVU
biomed
Transcription of apparent 'singleton' olfactory receptor genes (0.5 Mb or more from the nearest other olfactory receptor gene) suggests that there is no absolute requirement for genomic clustering for an olfactory receptor to be transcribed, consistent with observations that small olfactory receptor transgenes can be expressed correctly when integrated outside native olfactory receptor clusters [35].
clusters
0.367647
easy
38DCH97KHH28R5ILW1I2SJQH69YQJ0
biomed
Moreover, to delineate the brain areas involved in these distinctive olfactory processes we used transgenic “rescue” of GluR-B ablation, specifically in piriform cortex and hippocampus.
hippocampus
0.367647
easy
3UQVX1UPFSHKXGFE8IIVEWDIRUE02P
biomed
Amyloid burden worsens significantly with age, and by 9 mo, the hippocampus and cortex of untreated mice are largely filled with aggregated peptide.
hippocampus
0.485294
neutral
3V8JSVE8YYQ9PRNF9AO58PGR0APEYC
biomed
The contribution of the hippocampus to olfactory memory is presently controversial [2,13–18], but is deemed unlikely for simple olfactory discrimination tasks [9,19].
hippocampus
0.517857
neutral
3VGZ74AYTGGU62I1JDW4B19KA2MCGJ
biomed
The subsequent transgene-driven re-introduction of GluR-B, specifically in piriform cortex and hippocampus, reversed the Cre-induced loss of GluR-B and partially rescued the odor memory deficit, but left unaltered the enhanced olfactory discrimination.
hippocampus
0.53125
neutral
30QQTY5GMKK7Z3O0C1DAZUIXIZ9U77
biomed
It is unlikely that morphological changes during development led to impairment of spatial learning and motor coordination, and morphological alterations in the cytoarchitecture of the hippocampus and cerebellum were not observed in ADAM11-deficient mice after histological investigation using HE staining.
hippocampus
0.640625
difficult
34OWYT6U3WH64VHTXHMGUNLSJV39IL
biomed
The high-mannose core oligosaccharide is added in the ER and is later modified and elaborated in the Golgi apparatus [26].
apparatus
0.367647
easy
3NCN4N1H1GHH6P7HSHD4Q1CZTT2BND
biomed
In the chicken embryo, limb ablations or anti-NT-3 antibody injections into limb buds lead to elimination of TrkC-positive neurons and decreased innervation of motor neurons (Oakley et al. 1995, 1997).
buds
0.368421
easy
39N6W9XWRDN795J6F5ET8S13DQYGYP
biomed
However, the identification in recent years of XP complementation group D patients with atypical disease presentation, including symptoms of both XP and TTD [8], casts doubt on the ability of such a monoallelic paradigm to explain clinical heterogeneity in compound heterozygotes.
paradigm
0.369048
easy
3N7PQ0KLI5P89OQRKPVFIVKER9TE35
biomed
It is generally assumed that μ- and m-calpain maintain their differential sensitivities to calcium in vivo, although this has not yet been strictly demonstrated.
sensitivities
0.369048
easy
3PKVGQTFIHKYYVSKVG857WFAF07RYW
biomed
Whether inhibiting Aβ production longer than 6 (or 12) mo may ultimately result in clearance of amyloid is under investigation; unfortunately, the life span of the model eventually limits this experiment.
span
0.37
easy
3P7RGTLO6EDBF9HMPQLS3YBPHGHAKH
biomed
Although we have tried to monitor the expression of L-Sox5 or Sox6 in postnatal articular cartilage, and test the phosphorylation state of SOX9 using previously described reagents (Lefebvre et al. 1998; Huang et al. 2000), we have been unable to obtain specific signal at the late postnatal stages required (unpublished data).
reagents
0.375
easy
3UY4PIS8QRLGTRPPQKKFKPZQ7IA1NL
biomed
Clearly, the amyloid-lowering approach should be rigorously examined in animal models before these reagents are tested in patients.
reagents
0.4
neutral
3BJKPTD2QCC2H9TQLAL6ZFNV0YPTR9
biomed
JCW and ELC each have significant equity interest in Gene Express, Inc., which produces and markets StaRT-PCR™ reagents used in this study.
reagents
0.427083
neutral
3AQN9REUTFG4XL9FDFDL27Y60YNYD2
biomed
A combination of splice site predictions and similarity to other olfactory receptors has allowed some investigators to predict 5' exon locations for around 15 genes [25,28].
splice
0.375
easy
31SIZS5W59FPPT1Y46RBUAC8GRQRQT
biomed
MOG, myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, has many different splice variants in humans that are not found in mice [17].
splice
0.404762
neutral
3ZFRE2BDQ9EI0HO101GGALA0MA3ZXW
biomed
MDCK cells stably expressing wild-type AQP2 were transiently transfected with GFP expression constructs encoding GFP-tagged wild-type AQP2, AQP2-F204V, or GFP alone.
constructs
0.375
easy
30EV7DWJTVV5CCU03S57W1OEJDT6YD
biomed
On top of these, we transiently transfected AQP2-GFP or AQP2-F204V-GFP expression constructs.
constructs
0.375
easy
3ZTE0JGGCESIYFZZ7W9CGAIM1O7CO0
biomed
Although our results in the immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that the N-terminal constructs lacking a SAM domain still interact with each other, these results do not fit into the head-to-tail polymer model.
constructs
0.386364
easy
3Q2T3FD0ON86LCI41NJYV3PN0BKM32
biomed
In rodents and probably other mammals, this dorsoventral difference in hair color is brought about by differences in pigment type as determined by allelic variation of the Agouti gene (Bultman et al. 1992; Miller et al. 1993).
Miller
0.375
easy
359AP8GAGGKBD970QASA5OWRBZX7C5
biomed
Subsequent exchanges between the placode and nascent dermal papilla result in further growth of the follicle into the underlying dermis, or down-growth, and eventual differentiation into the six concentric layers of the mature follicle.
dermis
0.375
easy
386T3MLZLNVVJVH3OZRWONQLDU6800
biomed
In particular, dermis of the flank has at least two distinct origins: dermatomal derivatives of somites and loose mesenchyme derived from the lateral plate mesoderm (Mauger 1972; Christ et al. 1983; Olivera-Martinez et al. 2000; Nowicki et al. 2003); these lineages are established early in development and could, in principle, set up compartments whose identity contributes to dorsoventral differences in adult skin.
dermis
0.519231
neutral
3087LXLJ6MG4YARQWDX2YF770YPF0U
biomed
It occurs in a surgical model of CDH in which a hernia is physically created in an in utero lamb [47,48].
utero
0.375
easy
32PT7WK7DMF3HICROUKVCD2TRXS3D1
biomed
As part of a large-scale forward genetic screen, we previously identified bloodless zebrafish mutants that failed to express the erythroid transcription factor gata1 normally in embryonic hematopoietic precursors (Ransom et al. 1996).
Ransom
0.375
easy
3CVDZS288H011OYXLIK0WCEK31PFM4
biomed
There may be another possibility that mr-s is involved in cell fate determination of rod photoreceptors versus cone photoreceptors.
rod
0.383333
easy
3LB1BGHFL2WBEA5CZ5D07BGS3K5YTF
biomed
This conclusion raises this question: Why does loss of a single transcription factor within rod precursors lead to two alternative fates—a hybrid cell type on the one hand and apparently normal S-cones on the other?
rod
0.40625
neutral
3OEWW2KGQJBS375D7S4N0G04MOOODH
biomed
The coexpression of both rod and cone genes in the same cell could predispose the cell to apoptosis.
rod
0.4375
neutral
30U1YOGZGAW71ZX6E9LWKLA5JDMSDD
biomed
Finally, there is the maintenance of associative learning relationships over time (a stimulus light always signifies a food pellet is available subsequent to a lever press) [see refs.
refs
0.375
easy
32PT7WK7DMF3HICROUKVCD2TRXO3DX
biomed
Hyperactivity nonspecifically inhibits choice-driven changes in movement, the key element behind all cognitive behavioral paradigms.
paradigms
0.375
easy