id stringlengths 30 30 | corpus stringclasses 3 values | sentence stringlengths 10 1.38k | token stringlengths 1 16 ⌀ | complexity float64 0 0.86 | difficulty stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3X0EMNLXEPPWIOH0DDHWV2B1W1GPVS | biomed | Both receptors can bind BMP2, BMP4, and GDF5, although GDF5 shows higher affinity for BMPR1B (Koenig et al. 1994; ten Dijke et al. 1994; Yamaji et al. 1994; Nishitoh et al. 1996; Chalaux et al. 1998). | affinity | 0.413043 | neutral |
35U0MRQMUJ7EXO5ZYD4H626BMWLOVB | biomed | Positional cloning identifies the mon gene as the zebrafish ortholog of mammalian transcriptional intermediary factor 1γ (TIF1γ), a member of the TIF1 family of transcriptional coactivators and corepressors (Le Douarin et al. 1995; Friedman et al. 1996; Kim et al. 1996; Venturini et al. 1999; Peng et al. 2002). | Kim | 0.413043 | neutral |
3K8CQCU3KE19US5SN890DFPK3UKNW5 | biomed | However, up-regulation of Sox9 is not sufficient to establish testis development in this mutant, as occurs in Odsex and other gain-of-function mutants where Sox9 is misexpressed in the XX gonad [ 24, 25]. | XX | 0.416667 | neutral |
362E9TQF2HQLJ541BNSQM47FN70IGL | biomed | In the absence of Sry expression—in XX embryos, or in XY embryos carrying a deletion of Sry—cells in the gonad follow an ovarian differentiation pathway. | XX | 0.578125 | neutral |
3VDI8GSXAFTSUZSO21GZ9FD1KCT8G3 | biomed | As the LTM7 ES cell line that we used in our RNAi experiments is a female (XX) cell line, DNA methylation is globally reduced in these cells [26]. | XX | 0.6 | difficult |
3KI0JD2ZU1IMXSYZGJF7JO4HFDM76D | biomed | Disruption of Sox9 expression in the XY gonad causes male-to-female sex reversal [ 21, 22], whereas increasing the dose of Sox9 in the XX gonad leads to testis development [ 23– 25]. | XX | 0.609375 | difficult |
3XAOZ9UYRZR1WO2H6CCWOJUVCSYQ1W | biomed | In light of the observation that the Wnt4 -/- XX gonad does not increase significantly in size ( Figure 6), it is possible that the FGF9/SOX9-expressing population did not reach a critical threshold. | XX | 0.625 | difficult |
3YGE63DIN8X69WDLM27223T7V1EW08 | biomed | The strong expression levels produced with the tet-off vectors, combined with the ability to reduce this expression by several orders of magnitude with tetracycline [14], allowed for a stringent test of how a highly effective pharmaceutical inhibitor of Aβ production would impact the progression of amyloid pathology and whether reversal of these lesions might be possible following such treatment. | lesions | 0.416667 | neutral |
373L46LKP76MG2KQJWY5WXE873BKJ7 | biomed | However, this reduction in bone resorption occurred with normal osteoclast activity, as assessed by in vitro culturing. | culturing | 0.416667 | neutral |
3RKHNXPHGWWVUIVKVV2J3ZNJOJ9KU3 | biomed | Collectively, these findings have challenged the dogma that alpha-crystallin is purely a structural protein necessary for light refraction, and have led to the realization that alpha-crystallin may have a variety of biological functions in the lens. | dogma | 0.416667 | neutral |
3C8QQOM6JP115XI2MEP6ZWCNJORLIZ | biomed | Collectively, these findings have challenged the dogma that alpha-crystallin is purely a structural protein necessary for light refraction, and have led to the realization that alpha-crystallin may have a variety of biological functions in the lens. | dogma | 0.578125 | neutral |
337F8MIIMZDU0UU1CW1J7BAGB8G40V | biomed | HY performed Northern blotting. | blotting | 0.416667 | neutral |
3KTCJ4SCVG1AB94PEJ5F7AAQ2R71MQ | biomed | In addition, we could not detect full-length or smaller PGC-1α proteins by Western blotting. | blotting | 0.48913 | neutral |
322ZSN9Z5GKVG3RSAYPTRMCL8J7T4Q | biomed | While this small fraction of protein may not be detectable by immunofluorescence, Western blotting shows that some mutant protein does progress beyond the ER (35-45 kDa species in Figure 3A). | blotting | 0.5 | neutral |
3DA79LNS59VAY78OAKKAHHKFUJH3TL | biomed | ELK, AK, EV and MHL performed Western blotting and immunohistochemistry experiments. | blotting | 0.5 | neutral |
3JMQI2OLFZ5ALM516D4ALR0ZWEEDNM | biomed | Our in situ hybridization data suggest that rhodopsin expression is markedly reduced at P6, but that it attains levels indistinguishable from wild-type by P14. | hybridization | 0.416667 | neutral |
3OREP8RUT2BBWXQV5D090H32SHGBG5 | biomed | Microarray and in situ hybridization analyses revealed a modest increase in the number of S-opsin-positive cells and widespread derepression of many cone-specific genes within rod photoreceptor cells. | hybridization | 0.425 | neutral |
3H781YYV6TID85OLZ41608OCL86TE1 | biomed | Moreover, Cot-1 hybridization and analysis of RBMY expression demonstrated that MSCI initiates normally in the XY body of mid-pachytene Dmrt7 mutant cells. | hybridization | 0.5 | neutral |
3PKJ68EHDNWVECJIDBV8J5YGFM8HJ1 | biomed | MX generated the null mutation, bred all the mice used for this study and generated the statistical data and the immunocytochemical data with MyoVII, AM conducted the tract tracing studies of cochlear afferents and helped with the histological analysis and assembly of image plates, UP carried out the in situ hybridization for neurotrophins and assembled the plates for these data, BF wrote the manuscript, carried out most of the neuronal tracing and immunocytochemistry for acetylated tubulin and data presentation. | hybridization | 0.546875 | neutral |
3E24UO25QZQTIYQYX5W9UAQC52W6O2 | biomed | In order to better characterize the defects in heterochromatin organization, we performed two-color DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments to reveal the spatial distribution of pericentric and centric chromosomal regions, which in mouse are mainly composed of large blocks of major and minor satellite repeats, respectively [20]. | hybridization | 0.65 | difficult |
3RIHDBQ1NEYLFKP3G880ZXQXJGXHMZ | biomed | Such a dietary management of the disease, however, is not entirely satisfactory especially in times of metabolic decompensation due to infection, injuries and other stressors. | stressors | 0.420455 | neutral |
3126F2F5F83FGDVEINSMVYNFW6EEPC | biomed | Furthermore, according to our unpublished data, loci 8 on chromosome 17 controls lymphocyte adherence during development of CIA. | CIA | 0.421053 | neutral |
3XQ4XW3OD9CKYPZQHK1FO2J1MM2S29 | biomed | Therefore, the gene within the small-effect QTL could affect CIA severity through controlling arthritis-related phenotypes. | CIA | 0.458333 | neutral |
3UQ1LLR26A8MZFZ4AQXTIYO46GHALF | biomed | We present an extensive study of gene expression patterns in LNs of both genetically susceptible and resistant strains at four different phases of CIA. | CIA | 0.484375 | neutral |
3J94SKDEKIP6VXZV2D8ORA0D5TK5DU | biomed | CIA = collagen-induced arthritis; CII = collagen type II; LOD = logarithm of the odds; MHC = major histocompatibility complex; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; QTL = quantitative trait locus; RA = rheumatoid arthritis. | CIA | 0.555556 | neutral |
3EKTG13IZU3N1G8T7TNYRPJ40X6MLB | biomed | No other CIA genes have previously been typed in this region, but the central part of chromosome 11 is known to contain a number of inflammation loci, such as Eae22, Eae6b, Eae23 and Eae7 [20-22]. | CIA | 0.642857 | difficult |
3IZPORCT1F9CC02VLG4HLWK7P31RH2 | biomed | It has been shown that CorA mutants confer resistance to cobalt toxicity [9]. | cobalt | 0.421875 | neutral |
3J9UN9O9J3SK3CDMF3ONDDZZT560JI | biomed | HY performed Northern blotting. | HY | 0.421875 | neutral |
3ZCC2DXSD747VW469B0ZFS87IMTYYA | biomed | Suppression of transgene expression abruptly arrested progression of pathology (Figure S6), but again without any sign of reduction. | Suppression | 0.421875 | neutral |
3IZVJEBJ6AK5H245ZE7QA8XGP6Z6Z4 | biomed | Further, although the polymorphism assessed typically resides within a gene known to protect bronchial epithelium from carcinogens, oxidants, or DNA damage, the selection of the particular polymorphism for study is largely empiric, and not based on known functional properties. | carcinogens | 0.484375 | neutral |
3XQ4XW3OD9CKYPZQHK1FO2J1MNV2SE | biomed | Hyperactivity nonspecifically inhibits choice-driven changes in movement, the key element behind all cognitive behavioral paradigms. | Hyperactivity | 0.425 | neutral |
302OLP89DZ7TWB5YXD4UFFYHC81CA1 | biomed | In the mice with deficiencies of the Plg network [27], thrombus formation time was reduced in the Plg-/- mice, but increased in the PAI-/- mice, suggesting that alterations in plasmin activity that affect the rate of clot lysis, can modulate the events leading to occlusive thrombus formation. | clot | 0.425 | neutral |
3FCO4VKOZ4DQA7REM1Y5VCWUWBA7EY | biomed | Chemokines and adhesion molecules were upregulated in the joint at the initiation phase of arthritis in animal models [21,22], while genes involved in cartilage destruction and bone erosion were differentially expressed at the late phase of arthritis in animal models of RA [15,16]. | erosion | 0.425 | neutral |
30EV7DWJTVV5CCU03S57W1OEJCVY65 | biomed | In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms within the human PGC-1α gene have been shown to be associated with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes [25,26,27,28,29,30]. | hypertension | 0.428571 | neutral |
33EEIIWHK77HI0IFDQWLV71B1W5QVL | biomed | Bmp2 and Bmp4 are also expressed in the AER, where Prx1::cre is inactive, and these domains of expression are not affected (Figure 1A–1D, black arrows). | AER | 0.431818 | neutral |
3HXCEECSQMT70MEB5X2ITZH9OGRYZV | biomed | BMP activity also plays an indirect role in limb patterning as a key component of a feedback loop between SHH production in the posterior limb bud and fibroblast growth factor production in the overlying apical ectodermal ridge (AER). | AER | 0.5 | neutral |
3UEDKCTP9VQTW7JOIN98T79ZG867KI | biomed | However, the morphologic features of the glomeruli and proximal/distal tubules were unremarkable (Figure 2D). | tubules | 0.431818 | neutral |
3NFWQRSHVEE19E2BAFM5J7UN7FDGFX | biomed | Instead, a distinct lung hypoplasia at the saccular stage, characterized by arrested or partially developed distal epithelial tubules, reduced terminal sac space, delayed type I AECs differentiation and delayed vascular development, was consistently observed at late gestational stages in Dhcr7-/- embryos. | tubules | 0.578125 | neutral |
37VUR2VJ6APX2NSY1UB14E5E8D31C8 | biomed | By the same token, huntingtin shuttles through the nucleus, where it is required for proper nuclear localization of its transcription factor partners, suggesting that huntingtin may play a role in transcription cascades in extraembryonic tissues that pattern the embryo [18]. | shuttles | 0.433333 | neutral |
3ZURAPD288N45ZC8SW12CKQH5QVF1X | biomed | They are also not essential for the formation of specific membrane domains such as lipid rafts, as exogenously added recombinant annexin A7 redistributed to similar positions in a density gradient containing membranes derived from red blood cells of anxA7-/-mice. | gradient | 0.433333 | neutral |
3IYI9285WS04X482RJH78E102UXCJH | biomed | Neurons that are generated prenatally in the proliferative ventricular layer of the neopallial cortex subsequently migrate through the intermediate zone to form the different cortical cell layers in a declining inside-out gradient of cell maturation. | gradient | 0.5625 | neutral |
3EFNPKWBMSO9IYBXCIW0X6IAX8K036 | biomed | The binding sites have been localised to the amino terminal GGYY and GYGG motifs in sorcin and to the GYPP motif in the amino terminus of annexin A7. | motifs | 0.433333 | neutral |
3E24UO25QZQTIYQYX5W9UAQC52WO6K | biomed | In the latter three models, some or all olfactory receptor genes might share transcription factor binding motifs, and in the first model, olfactory receptor genes might share a common recombination signal. | motifs | 0.460526 | neutral |
3I6NF2WGIGW97H9M439WXV3AIL05G4 | biomed | These data provide tentative locations of a large set of promoter regions, allowing computational searches for shared sequence motifs that might be involved in the intriguing transcriptional regulation of olfactory receptors. | motifs | 0.515625 | neutral |
3LCXHSGDLT6CT5B6A4WGQ3SQJPSSEB | biomed | Since mr-s does not contain obvious DNA binding motifs, we suppose that there is a sequence-specific transcription factor(s) which interacts with mr-s. | motifs | 0.666667 | difficult |
3TKSOBLOHLGF5GIKPR8VZ6C5C4TBBT | biomed | Many of the double transgenic mice showed similar circular patterns of swimming near the edge of the tank when tested in the Morris water maze. | Morris | 0.433333 | neutral |
3K2CEDRACB1BKTGYG2PPDGTLUAXMTJ | biomed | Previous studies with exogenous or local applications of NT-3 to developing primary sensory axons have indicated that this neurotrophin can attract and induce axonal branching (Ulupınar et al. 2000; Özdinler and Erzurumlu 2001, Özdinler et al. 2004). | applications | 0.433333 | neutral |
3Z33IC0JC0MBQ11TWOLZ9CBMRW1V94 | biomed | Two prominent pathologies were characterized in the Crx-/- retina: (1) An absolute block in outer segment morphogenesis was noted, with the block occuring at the elongation stage of outer segment formation; (2) Crx-/- photoreceptors exhibited a severe perturbation in synapse formation. | elongation | 0.434211 | neutral |
3PUV2Q8SV448KDG43NZ1UW05FP5BD0 | biomed | The relative proportion of alphaA and alphaB changes from a molar ratio of 1:3 in the pericentral and germative zones to a molar ratio of 3:1 in the elongation zone and fiber cells [2,3]. | elongation | 0.484375 | neutral |
30OITAWPBQ368069RZ4VUBKDJIOH90 | biomed | Such aggregates, which are often found at the nuclear periphery, are also revealed by DAPI staining as a typical signature of p150CAF-1 loss-of-function. | periphery | 0.434211 | neutral |
3MWOYZD5WVO1PJWQWMIQWLCY0SLNOT | biomed | At the periphery of each pericentric domain, centric regions form individual entities (Figure 4A). | periphery | 0.4375 | neutral |
3K3IX1W4S6RCQ0E22IQ0ZFXOBQNAPI | biomed | In various manipulations of the neurotrophins it has been noted that molecular markers for proprioceptive axons such as PV or calcitonin gene-related peptide for nerve growth factor–responsive axons are compromised (Ringstedt et al. 1997; Patel et al. 2000), thus PV immunostaining in Bax/NT-3 double KOs cannot reveal the extent of proprioceptive axons in the periphery. | periphery | 0.5 | neutral |
3KA7IJSNW65H9AJU8WQWUQHUT83BP9 | biomed | Carrier females occasionally manifest haemoglobin H inclusions, but are otherwise intellectually and physically normal. | inclusions | 0.4375 | neutral |
38G0E1M85M59ATPWUZGQ58Y04HGVU0 | biomed | Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a key requirement for the development of proprioceptive inputs to motor neurons (Chen and Frank 1999; Chen et al. 2003). | inputs | 0.4375 | neutral |
3TL87MO8CMPHV6GCL6JLWZZV3WUFLX | biomed | The precise need for sterols in biological membranes still remains poorly defined, though its link with microdomains (variously termed rafts, caveoli etc.) may be part of the answer [1]. | rafts | 0.4375 | neutral |
38B7Q9C28G5QBBMSVGDRXKVNA3A96R | biomed | They are also not essential for the formation of specific membrane domains such as lipid rafts, as exogenously added recombinant annexin A7 redistributed to similar positions in a density gradient containing membranes derived from red blood cells of anxA7-/-mice. | rafts | 0.455882 | neutral |
3XJOUITW8UR258EQ8VW6UPDQ4BUQTA | biomed | Thus, PPARδ activation, rather than merely an increase of PPARδ levels, is an essential element for fiber switching and its associated functional manifestations. | manifestations | 0.4375 | neutral |
3G57RS03HH5JSN1F5OO7VR9982P25C | biomed | Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by CAG repeats in the HD locus that extend a polyglutamine tract in a ubiquitous HEAT domain protein called huntingtin [1]. | tract | 0.4375 | neutral |
3JGHED38EDROGC85M2AZ2FOAENL7YJ | biomed | Positional cloning identifies the mon gene as the zebrafish ortholog of mammalian transcriptional intermediary factor 1γ (TIF1γ), a member of the TIF1 family of transcriptional coactivators and corepressors (Le Douarin et al. 1995; Friedman et al. 1996; Kim et al. 1996; Venturini et al. 1999; Peng et al. 2002). | Le | 0.4375 | neutral |
3QHITW7OYO9XQCFH2V5PZKNYGM9QAP | biomed | Beaded filament mRNA levels are greatly increased in differentiating lens epithelium and have been suggested as a pan-specific marker for lens fiber development [17]. | filament | 0.440476 | neutral |
31JUPBOORN48GR6PDSDFM7I9GSML8R | biomed | Although actin filament formation has been shown to be necessary for differentiation of lens epithelial cells [15], the significance of alpha-crystallin's interaction with actin in differentiation is not known. | filament | 0.454545 | neutral |
356TQKY9XFX916HN9YC53208L8C78Z | biomed | Research on calpains has linked them with a wide variety of functions including muscle growth, development, degeneration (3), neuronal growth and neurodegeneration [4], cell cycle progression [5,6], signal cascades triggered by integrins and growth factors [7], membrane protrusion [8], remodeling of the cytoskeleton and cell migration [9-15], and regulation of cell death via both necrosis and apoptosis [16-22]. | cascades | 0.441176 | neutral |
3RWB1RTQDJNY7CLN5K6M3ORTL2I8P7 | biomed | By the same token, huntingtin shuttles through the nucleus, where it is required for proper nuclear localization of its transcription factor partners, suggesting that huntingtin may play a role in transcription cascades in extraembryonic tissues that pattern the embryo [18]. | cascades | 0.473684 | neutral |
3OQQD2WO8I6KPTSDG8L63AI6J2VI3D | biomed | At their apex, these neurons have a membranous outer segment, which contains proteins involved in the phototransduction cascade. | cascade | 0.442308 | neutral |
3T8DUCXY0N6WD9X4RTLK8UN1UBQT9R | biomed | Alternatively, PPARδ may be activated by a distal upstream signaling component such as a kinase cascade. | cascade | 0.640625 | difficult |
3ACRLU860NEDCJU4ZIAL0EIQF2ZEBR | biomed | Nuclei were incubated in buffers with different salt concentrations ranging from 100 mM NaCl to 1 M NaCl. | Nuclei | 0.444444 | neutral |
3CMIQF80GNQW3A3ECIODJFLCK3EQ6U | biomed | The Capn4 targeting strategy employed by Arthur and colleagues involved disrupting the C-terminus of the calpain small subunit by insertion of the PGK-Neo cassette into the middle of exon 9, which caused truncation of the protein [31]. | Arthur | 0.444444 | neutral |
371QPA24C2OEO4U9NG6RTO5IWZXT1D | biomed | In the embryo, alterations in the determination or migration of melanoblasts from the neural crest affect the number or distribution of pigment cells in the skin (reviewed in Reedy et al. 1998). | Reedy | 0.446429 | neutral |
3ZG552ORAM40QHGUBF6KZP38LQX2VP | biomed | Cholesterol is a necessary membrane constituent of all mammalian, reptile and avian cells, as well as a few other organisms, but not all eukaryotic organisms. | constituent | 0.446429 | neutral |
306W7JMRYYYW3IKDMFOL84M44Y38BM | biomed | Surprisingly, we did not observe this severe alteration in heterochromatin organization in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) following p150CAF-1 depletion by RNAi. | alteration | 0.447368 | neutral |
3YCT0L9OMM9GNBOJ33ZZGQMZXHTSN0 | biomed | Linkages for human RA have been found in this particular region [24]. | Linkages | 0.447368 | neutral |
3MQKOF1EE2O08GEFYEVXHADQPQNDWI | biomed | Since receptor activation causes dissociation of HOMER proteins [35], PAX6 may be released as a result of synaptic activity, allowing it to interact with DNCL1. | dissociation | 0.45 | neutral |
3JMQI2OLFZ5ALM516D4ALR0ZWEJND1 | biomed | Indeed, in past studies where hyperactivity was not a factor, we established a clear relationship between amyloid load and cognitive ability [31]. | load | 0.45 | neutral |
3OND0WXMHWFN3WXQZAKHMPLOAE6EH7 | biomed | Salzer et al. [7] not only demonstrated the presence of annexin A7 in red blood cells, they also showed that annexin A7 and sorcin were enriched in membrane raft domains of nanovesicles formed from red blood cells in vitro. | raft | 0.45 | neutral |
3FI30CQHVKJ9Z41PT0RNOQQDY3E6BZ | biomed | All four ES cell lines transmitted through the germline, leading to the establishment of, CK4/ECFP and CK6/ECFP, two strains of mice having cyan fluorescent protein expression and, YC5/EYFP and 2A4/EYFP, two strains having widespread yellow fluorescent protein expression. | cyan | 0.45 | neutral |
3P4ZBJFX2V3X60SBPKQN5AGB14WFWQ | biomed | Indeed, homozygous HD patients make no wild-type huntingtin, and, in the mouse, a single mutant Hdh allele's worth of mutant huntingtin can fully rescue huntingtin deficiency embryonic phenotypes [15,51]. | worth | 0.45 | neutral |
371Q3BEXDH9A40226RATBDT87VWSZC | biomed | A related disorder with the cancer predisposition of XP combined with the neurodevelopmental complications of CS (XPCS), although rare, has also been described [18]. | predisposition | 0.45 | neutral |
3QD8LUVX4XYKT34CTD90LH35LBVX5N | biomed | For example, a QTL for PROP avoidance has been suggested on chromosome 7 [16], and we observe a suggestive QTL for quinine taste on chromosome 8 (Figure 2); in neither case are Tas2rs found at these loci (data not shown). | PROP | 0.45 | neutral |
3PUOXASB573SZL63XLA2UIOIF76Z97 | biomed | Gametes differ between the sexes in size and morphology, sometimes dramatically so, reflecting their very different roles in zygote formation. | morphology | 0.45 | neutral |
374UMBUHN5PYB7473DVBAKO90WOTC3 | biomed | The grossly abnormal collecting duct morphology makes it impossible to pinpoint the molecular defect in these knock-in mice. | morphology | 0.464286 | neutral |
3OID399FXG7YXUSK8PLXDMRQUNXDFK | biomed | The fate of the nucleic acid-containing cells in the posterior capsular region of younger lenses is not known at this time, nor is the morphology of earlier stage lenses. | morphology | 0.55 | neutral |
3VP28W7DUNK10VXG07AU4EATI51ZFZ | biomed | Grafting and extirpation experiments have shown that it is this polarized interdigital tissue which directs digit morphology [15]. | morphology | 0.666667 | difficult |
3MQKOF1EE2O08GEFYEVXHADQPRGWDW | biomed | BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 are all expressed in the interdigital mesenchyme [4,14], and experiments inhibiting BMP signaling in this tissue suggested that differential levels of BMPs in the interdigital mesenchyme might be the relevant factor directing digit morphology [15]. | morphology | 0.6875 | difficult |
3KA7IJSNW65H9AJU8WQWUQHUT91BP9 | biomed | Taken together, mr-s is a novel repressor molecule possibly involved in the development of retinal photoreceptors and pineal gland. | pineal | 0.452381 | neutral |
3S8APUMBJXJ5IXU0UTURIW3QR2LBFB | biomed | Here we identified mouse mr-s, which is predominantly expressed in retinal photoreceptors and the pineal gland. | pineal | 0.515625 | neutral |
3UV0D2KX1MJLXY9RFEK4AIXKHA5F4A | biomed | In the present study, we identified a novel gene, mr-s, which is predominantly expressed in retinal photoreceptors and the pineal gland. | pineal | 0.575 | neutral |
3CVBMEMMXBG2UHIGC26BGFT7OS07HE | biomed | In situ hybridization and RT-PCR showed significant reduction of mr-s signal in the Crx KO retina and pineal gland. | pineal | 0.65 | difficult |
34O39PNDK682LNZ9LOULZLH9UQRBR1 | biomed | Other defects included absence or hypoplasia of the pineal gland, cortical polymicrogyria, white matter changes in the corpus callosum and grey matter changes in the cerebellum [11-13]. | pineal | 0.65 | difficult |
30UZJB2POHC8D5XY9O2CE1E1EHN35O | biomed | In this assay, serial dilutions of protein homogenate are passed through a cellulose acetate filter; particles larger than the pore size of the filter become trapped in the membrane and are revealed by immunoblotting [22]. | cellulose | 0.453125 | neutral |
3RIHDBQ1NEYLFKP3G880ZXQXJG2MH9 | biomed | As well as the full-length ATRX protein of ~280 kDa, which is encoded by a transcript of ~10 kb, we recently demonstrated that a truncated isoform called ATRXt (~200 kDa) is produced from a transcript of around 7 kb, which arises when intron 11 fails to be spliced from the primary transcript and an alternative intronic poly(A) signal is used [4]. | poly | 0.453125 | neutral |
3SR6AEG6W5TL91EHZBWBTSD4SQBHYP | biomed | Recent experiments addressing the temporal constraints of transcription factor action in proliferating neural progenitor cells adds to the idea that defined temporal windows, during which transcription factors act to control distinct downstream target genes, are of key importance to neuronal fate acquisition. | progenitor | 0.453125 | neutral |
3Y40HMYLL1I1EIURUEH8TTVLKSOXU5 | biomed | The first, or primitive, wave of hematopoiesis originates from ventral mesoderm and gives rise to progenitor cells that differentiate in embryonic blood islands. | progenitor | 0.589286 | neutral |
329E6HTMSW2BVOI1GB6IGQXJB7IK3Q | biomed | This production of different cell types at different times appears to derive from differences in the intrinsic properties of progenitor cells involved in the transcription or chromatin modification. | progenitor | 0.642857 | difficult |
39WICJI5ATS6KJHNGC9S35LWFGVZ3R | biomed | In the development of the mammalian retina, a diverse range of cell types is generated from a pool of multipotent retinal progenitor cells. | progenitor | 0.6875 | difficult |
3PUOXASB573SZL63XLA2UIOIF859ZI | biomed | Hematopoiesis in vertebrates, from zebrafish to humans, is an evolutionarily conserved program that produces two waves of stem or progenitor cells that differ both in their embryonic origins and in the lineages of differentiated blood cells produced (Palis and Yoder 2001; Orkin and Zon 2002; Galloway and Zon 2003). | progenitor | 0.75 | difficult |
31MBOZ6PAORASUW2U4TKOTES6J7LCX | biomed | The presence of a reduced but detectable amount of protein in the 35–45 kDa range indicates that mutant protein is transported out of the ER, but with greatly reduced efficiency. | ER | 0.454545 | neutral |
3FBEFUUYRK54GUWXNMRRTF67GLSA67 | biomed | Diminished response to dDAVP, diminished abundance of mature glycosylated protein in mutant animals, and the transport of a fraction of mutant protein beyond the ER in MDCK cells are all consistent with the notion that AQP2-F204V misfolding is limited and that it may retain some residual water transporting activity. | ER | 0.5 | neutral |
3538U0YQ1FU0F2QNF0FL0D5E3A43F8 | biomed | The high-mannose core oligosaccharide is added in the ER and is later modified and elaborated in the Golgi apparatus [26]. | ER | 0.625 | difficult |
35F6NGNVM8JSZQ9BCWN0UYWVZMV7TO | biomed | Both type II AECs, producing pulmonary surfactants, and type I AECs, lining the expanded alveoli, are important for alveolar maturation. | alveoli | 0.458333 | neutral |
3PKJ68EHDNWVECJIDBV8J5YGFM2JHX | biomed | Overexpression of Shh in the distal lung epithelium resulted in the absence of functional alveoli and an increase in interstitial tissue caused by an increased proliferation of both epithelial and mesenchyme cells [26]. | alveoli | 0.578947 | neutral |
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