id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e1773f | Alps | The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonna... | What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak? | {
"text": [
"folded and fractured"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e17740 | Alps | The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonna... | Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what? | {
"text": [
"layers of rock from the various orogenies"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e17741 | Alps | The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonna... | What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt? | {
"text": [
"steep vertical peaks"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56f88bb0aef2371900626170 | Alps | The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-t... | What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m? | {
"text": [
"Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f88bb0aef2371900626171 | Alps | The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-t... | What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains? | {
"text": [
"subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56f88bb0aef2371900626172 | Alps | The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-t... | The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence? | {
"text": [
"500 m (1,640 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774d | Alps | While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com... | When was Mont Blanc first climbed? | {
"text": [
"1786"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774e | Alps | While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com... | When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber? | {
"text": [
"first half of the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774f | Alps | While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com... | When was the ascent of the Matterhorn? | {
"text": [
"1865"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e17750 | Alps | While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com... | What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark? | {
"text": [
"the end of the golden age of alpinism"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e17751 | Alps | While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com... | Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks? | {
"text": [
"Karl Blodig"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17757 | Alps | The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa... | When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent? | {
"text": [
"1788"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17758 | Alps | The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa... | When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc? | {
"text": [
"1819"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17759 | Alps | The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa... | When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks? | {
"text": [
"the mid-1850s"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e1775a | Alps | The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa... | What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn? | {
"text": [
"1865"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e1775b | Alps | The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa... | When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed? | {
"text": [
"1938"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
56f88f71aef237190062619e | Alps | The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo... | What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years? | {
"text": [
"minerals"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56f88f71aef237190062619f | Alps | The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo... | What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps? | {
"text": [
"copper"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56f88f71aef23719006261a0 | Alps | The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo... | What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area? | {
"text": [
"gold"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56f88f71aef23719006261a1 | Alps | The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo... | What does Erzberd in Styria furnish? | {
"text": [
"high-quality iron ore"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56f88f71aef23719006261a2 | Alps | The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo... | The cinnabar deposits are found in what area? | {
"text": [
"Slovenia"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
56f89035aef23719006261a8 | Alps | Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu... | How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected? | {
"text": [
"hundreds of years"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56f89035aef23719006261a9 | Alps | Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu... | When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified? | {
"text": [
"the 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56f89035aef23719006261aa | Alps | Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu... | Who studied the shapes of crystals? | {
"text": [
"Leonhard Euler"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56f89035aef23719006261ab | Alps | Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu... | By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions? | {
"text": [
"crystal hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56f89035aef23719006261ac | Alps | Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu... | Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals? | {
"text": [
"David Friedrich Wiser"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56f8928baef23719006261bc | Alps | In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig... | Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion? | {
"text": [
"Miocene Epoch"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56f8928baef23719006261bd | Alps | In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig... | What was the cause of the severe erosion? | {
"text": [
"glaciation"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56f8928baef23719006261be | Alps | In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig... | Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains? | {
"text": [
"Louis Agassiz"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56f8928baef23719006261bf | Alps | In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig... | What was Louis Agassiz also known as? | {
"text": [
"the \"father of the ice-age concept\""
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777d | Alps | Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to t... | Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s? | {
"text": [
"the Unteraar Glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777e | Alps | Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to t... | Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year? | {
"text": [
"100 m (328 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777f | Alps | Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to t... | The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part? | {
"text": [
"the middle"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c53 | Alps | Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the ... | What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages? | {
"text": [
"The Inn valley"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c54 | Alps | Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the ... | What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley | {
"text": [
"Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c55 | Alps | Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the ... | The top of the Inn Valley consists of what? | {
"text": [
"erosion from earlier ice ages"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c57 | Alps | Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the ... | Where have moraines accumulated? | {
"text": [
"at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers."
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
} |
56f897739b226e1400dd0c71 | Alps | Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be hom... | How do Piedmont glaciers appear? | {
"text": [
"spread in a fan-like shape"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f897739b226e1400dd0c72 | Alps | Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be hom... | What causes the ice to break and crack loudly? | {
"text": [
"The stress of the movement"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56f897739b226e1400dd0c73 | Alps | Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be hom... | What does the cracking of the ice create? | {
"text": [
"unpredictable and dangerous crevasses"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b7 | Alps | Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-It... | What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life? | {
"text": [
"a piece of glacier will detach or break"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b8 | Alps | Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-It... | What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century? | {
"text": [
"an avalanche"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b9 | Alps | Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-It... | How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"120 homes"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb7 | Alps | High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resul... | What cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas? | {
"text": [
"High levels of precipitation"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb8 | Alps | High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resul... | From 1876 to 1973, how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink? | {
"text": [
"to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi)"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb9 | Alps | High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resul... | What resulted from the loss of the area the glaciers over the Alps? | {
"text": [
"decreased river run-off levels."
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cba | Alps | High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resul... | How much of the glaciation in Austria disappeared? | {
"text": [
"Forty percent"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cbb | Alps | High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resul... | How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland? | {
"text": [
"30%"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccb | Alps | The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 per... | What provides Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power? | {
"text": [
"The Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccc | Alps | The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 per... | How much of Europe does the Alps cover? | {
"text": [
"11 percent of the surface area"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccd | Alps | The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 per... | How much water does the Alps provide to lowland Europe? | {
"text": [
"90 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56f89db09b226e1400dd0cce | Alps | The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 per... | How much water does Milan depend on from the Alpine runoff? | {
"text": [
"80 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccf | Alps | The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 per... | Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants? | {
"text": [
"500"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
56f89f569b226e1400dd0cdf | Alps | Major European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the Danube have m... | The Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po rivers flow from what Country? | {
"text": [
"Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce0 | Alps | Major European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the Danube have m... | Where do the major tributaries that flow through the Danube originate from? | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce1 | Alps | Major European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the Danube have m... | Which river is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean? | {
"text": [
"The Rhone"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce2 | Alps | Major European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the Danube have m... | What does The Rhone begin as? | {
"text": [
"glacial meltwater"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce3 | Alps | Major European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the Danube have m... | Where does the Rhine originate? | {
"text": [
"a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
56f8a2749e9bad19000a0225 | Alps | The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee, accessible only by boat or by climbing over the... | Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located? | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56f8a2749e9bad19000a0226 | Alps | The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee, accessible only by boat or by climbing over the... | What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built? | {
"text": [
"south side"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
56f8a2749e9bad19000a0227 | Alps | The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee, accessible only by boat or by climbing over the... | What do the rivers form? | {
"text": [
"lakes"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d23 | Alps | Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipita... | Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use? | {
"text": [
"Scientists"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d24 | Alps | Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipita... | Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose? | {
"text": [
"snowmaking in the ski resorts"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d25 | Alps | Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipita... | What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers? | {
"text": [
"unknown"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d33 | Alps | The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the tempe... | What are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain? | {
"text": [
"The Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d34 | Alps | The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the tempe... | Elevations around the world that have a cold climate similar to that of the polar region have been called what? | {
"text": [
"Alpine"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d36 | Alps | The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the tempe... | What is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south? | {
"text": [
"The height of the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3b | Alps | The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the ... | Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied? | {
"text": [
"the 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3c | Alps | The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the ... | Particularly what part of the weather has been studied? | {
"text": [
"the weather patterns"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3d | Alps | The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the ... | What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century? | {
"text": [
"Numerous weather stations"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3e | Alps | The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the ... | Where is the Aosta valley located? | {
"text": [
"Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3f | Alps | The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the ... | Where is the Valais located? | {
"text": [
"Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4b | Alps | The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,0... | What areas experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff? | {
"text": [
"The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4d | Alps | The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,0... | Where do the higher levels of precipitation occur? | {
"text": [
"high altitudes"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4e | Alps | The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,0... | At what altitude does snowfall begin in November? | {
"text": [
"At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d65 | Alps | The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone ex... | How many zones are the Alps split into? | {
"text": [
"five climatic zones"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d66 | Alps | The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone ex... | What is the lowest zone of the Alps called? | {
"text": [
"colline zone"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d67 | Alps | The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone ex... | Where does the lowest zone of the Alps exist? | {
"text": [
"between 500 and 1,000 m"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d68 | Alps | The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone ex... | Where does the montane zone extend from? | {
"text": [
"from 800 to 1,700 m"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d69 | Alps | The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone ex... | Where does the sub-Alpine zone extend from? | {
"text": [
"from 1,600 to 2,400 m"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
56f8a8639e9bad19000a0277 | Alps | Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff. | What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps? | {
"text": [
"Various models of climate change"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8a8639e9bad19000a0278 | Alps | Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff. | What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff? | {
"text": [
"increased temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56f8a8639e9bad19000a0279 | Alps | Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff. | What have the various models been of? | {
"text": [
"climate change"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d7f | Alps | Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and ridges. A natura... | How many species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions? | {
"text": [
"Thirteen thousand"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d80 | Alps | Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and ridges. A natura... | How are Alpine plants grouped? | {
"text": [
"by habitat and soil type"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d81 | Alps | Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and ridges. A natura... | Oak, beech, ash, and sycamore maple make up what group of trees? | {
"text": [
"chief deciduous trees"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d8f | Alps | Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Ab... | What is often above the forestry? | {
"text": [
"a band of short pine trees"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d90 | Alps | Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Ab... | What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer? | {
"text": [
"acidic soil"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d91 | Alps | Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Ab... | What is the area above the treeline defined as? | {
"text": [
"alpine"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d92 | Alps | Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Ab... | Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly? | {
"text": [
"because of regional fluctuations in tree lines."
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
56f8aa359e9bad19000a0295 | Alps | Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gentians in Swit... | What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental? | {
"text": [
"Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8aa359e9bad19000a0296 | Alps | Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gentians in Swit... | What are Gentians named after? | {
"text": [
"the Illyrian king Gentius"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f8aa359e9bad19000a0297 | Alps | Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gentians in Swit... | How many species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps? | {
"text": [
"40 species"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dbf | Alps | At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive ... | What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes? | {
"text": [
"isolated cushions"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc0 | Alps | At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive ... | Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps? | {
"text": [
"above 4,000 m"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc1 | Alps | At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive ... | What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as? | {
"text": [
"the King of the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc2 | Alps | At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive ... | What is the best known of the alpine plants? | {
"text": [
"Edelweiss"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dcf | Alps | The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps. | What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes? | {
"text": [
"extreme and stressful climatic conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dd0 | Alps | The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps. | Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties? | {
"text": [
"medicinal"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dd1 | Alps | The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps. | Where are Urtica dioica found? | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
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