id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f8ae129b226e1400dd0ded | Alps | Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high a... | What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas? | {
"text": [
"Human interference"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8ae129b226e1400dd0dee | Alps | Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high a... | What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries? | {
"text": [
"forests of deciduous trees"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
56f8ae129b226e1400dd0def | Alps | Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high a... | What has changed since the second half of the 20th century? | {
"text": [
"The vegetation"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56f8ae129b226e1400dd0df0 | Alps | Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high a... | The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what? | {
"text": [
"the underlying tundra"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
56f8af259b226e1400dd0dff | Alps | The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line. | How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps? | {
"text": [
"30,000 species"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56f8af259b226e1400dd0e00 | Alps | The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line. | What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps? | {
"text": [
"made adaptations"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56f8af259b226e1400dd0e01 | Alps | The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line. | Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment? | {
"text": [
"directly above or below the snow line"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0313 | Alps | The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are... | What is the largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes? | {
"text": [
"alpine ibex"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0314 | Alps | The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are... | How high have the Alpine Ibex been sighted? | {
"text": [
"as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0315 | Alps | The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are... | Where do the ibex live? | {
"text": [
"in caves"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0316 | Alps | The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are... | What animal that live in the Alps are classified as antelopes? | {
"text": [
"chamois"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0317 | Alps | The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are... | What year was the last brown bear recorded to have been killed? | {
"text": [
"1792"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e0f | Alps | Many rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vultures are th... | Where do many rodents live? | {
"text": [
"underground"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e11 | Alps | Many rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vultures are th... | Where do marmots build their colonies? | {
"text": [
"beneath the alpine pastures"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e12 | Alps | Many rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vultures are th... | What is the most common bird found in the Alps? | {
"text": [
"the alpine chough"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
56f8b1949e9bad19000a0339 | Alps | Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs.... | Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line? | {
"text": [
"they cannot bear the cold temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f8b1949e9bad19000a033a | Alps | Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs.... | What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures? | {
"text": [
"they hibernate underground"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56f8b1949e9bad19000a033c | Alps | Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs.... | What can be found in the streams up to the snow line? | {
"text": [
"Brown trout"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0351 | Alps | A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to... | How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat? | {
"text": [
"120 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0352 | Alps | A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to... | What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt? | {
"text": [
"Blue moths"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0353 | Alps | A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to... | The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much? | {
"text": [
"1,800 m (5,906 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0354 | Alps | A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to... | What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected? | {
"text": [
"Rosalia alpina"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e55 | Alps | Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period. | Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what? | {
"text": [
"having been indigenous to the area"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e56 | Alps | Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period. | How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous? | {
"text": [
"the Alpine orogeny"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e57 | Alps | Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period. | Where is Emosson located? | {
"text": [
"Valais, Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e58 | Alps | Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period. | When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson? | {
"text": [
"the 1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a0369 | Alps | About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles... | When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores? | {
"text": [
"About 10,000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036a | Alps | About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles... | What has been found in caves near Vercors? | {
"text": [
"Evidence of human habitation"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036b | Alps | About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles... | Why were houses built on piles? | {
"text": [
"to keep them dry"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036c | Alps | About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles... | What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy? | {
"text": [
"Standing stones"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036d | Alps | About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles... | How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica? | {
"text": [
"more than 5000 years old"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e7f | Alps | In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one pla... | Who was Otzi the Iceman? | {
"text": [
"a mummy of a neolithic body"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e80 | Alps | In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one pla... | When was Otzi the Iceman found? | {
"text": [
"In 1991"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e81 | Alps | In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one pla... | Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered? | {
"text": [
"the Similaun glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea1 | Alps | Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t... | When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland? | {
"text": [
"between 1000 to 1500 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea2 | Alps | Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t... | The Raetians lived in what region? | {
"text": [
"the eastern regions"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea3 | Alps | Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t... | The Helvetii occupied which region? | {
"text": [
"the west"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea4 | Alps | Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t... | What did the Celtic tribes mine? | {
"text": [
"salt"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea5 | Alps | Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t... | Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes? | {
"text": [
"The Celts"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eab | Alps | During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or... | When was the Second Punic War? | {
"text": [
"218 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eac | Alps | During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or... | Who was the Carthaginian general? | {
"text": [
"Hannibal"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0ead | Alps | During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or... | What did the Romans build along the mountain passes? | {
"text": [
"roads"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eae | Alps | During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or... | What can still be found on the mountain passes? | {
"text": [
"Roman road markers"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a7 | Alps | The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem... | What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi? | {
"text": [
"The Roman expansion"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a8 | Alps | The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem... | When were the Allobrogi defeated? | {
"text": [
"in 121 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a9 | Alps | The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem... | When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii? | {
"text": [
"58 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03aa | Alps | The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem... | What tribes settled much of the Alpine region? | {
"text": [
"Germanic tribes"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed1 | Alps | Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ... | Who established Christianity in the region? | {
"text": [
"Romans"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed2 | Alps | Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ... | What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce? | {
"text": [
"feudalism"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed3 | Alps | Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ... | What area still has intricate frescoes? | {
"text": [
"Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed4 | Alps | Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ... | What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture? | {
"text": [
"Château de Chillon"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f01 | Alps | Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ... | Much of the medieval period was a time of what? | {
"text": [
"power struggles"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f02 | Alps | Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ... | Where were the Visconti from? | {
"text": [
"northern Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f03 | Alps | Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ... | What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia? | {
"text": [
"the House of Habsburg"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f04 | Alps | Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ... | What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century? | {
"text": [
"Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f13 | Alps | During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions. | What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century? | {
"text": [
"the Napoleonic Wars"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f14 | Alps | During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions. | Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys? | {
"text": [
"Napoleon"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f15 | Alps | During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions. | When was the Helvetic Republic established? | {
"text": [
"1798"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f16 | Alps | During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions. | Where was the Helvetic Republic established? | {
"text": [
"Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2d | Alps | After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lo... | When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion? | {
"text": [
"After the fall of Napoléon"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2e | Alps | After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lo... | Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley? | {
"text": [
"Savoy"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2f | Alps | After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lo... | Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built? | {
"text": [
"to protect the major alpine passes"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f30 | Alps | After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lo... | Who ordered the construction of a paved road? | {
"text": [
"Napoléon Bonaparte"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3d | Alps | In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians... | What became tourist destinations during the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"the monasteries built in the high Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3e | Alps | In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians... | Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau? | {
"text": [
"The Benedictines"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3f | Alps | In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians... | Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken? | {
"text": [
"the Augustinians"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f40 | Alps | In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians... | When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built? | {
"text": [
"the 9th or 10th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f4f | Alps | Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peak... | How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave? | {
"text": [
"50,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f50 | Alps | Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peak... | What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove? | {
"text": [
"the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f51 | Alps | Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peak... | What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people? | {
"text": [
"Seven bear skulls"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f52 | Alps | Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peak... | People blindfolded themselves to cross what? | {
"text": [
"Alpine passes"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f71 | Alps | Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit... | Where was Charles VII from? | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f72 | Alps | Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit... | What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do? | {
"text": [
"climb Mont Aiguille"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f73 | Alps | Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit... | What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone? | {
"text": [
"a bronze triptych of three crosses"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f74 | Alps | Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit... | When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille? | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f75 | Alps | Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit... | When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc? | {
"text": [
"18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} |
56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0474 | Alps | Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Tw... | Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains? | {
"text": [
"Conrad Gessner"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0475 | Alps | Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Tw... | Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born? | {
"text": [
"Geneva"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0476 | Alps | Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Tw... | Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc? | {
"text": [
"Saussure"
],
"answer_start": [
827
]
} |
56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0484 | Alps | Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that d... | Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty? | {
"text": [
"Jean-Jacques Rousseau"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0485 | Alps | Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that d... | Who wrote the poem Die Alpen? | {
"text": [
"Albrecht von Haller"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0486 | Alps | Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that d... | When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians? | {
"text": [
"After the end of the Napoleonic Wars"
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
} |
56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0487 | Alps | Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that d... | What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries? | {
"text": [
"the sublime effects of monumental nature"
],
"answer_start": [
785
]
} |
56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0f9f | Alps | In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, c... | Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery? | {
"text": [
"Geneva"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0fa0 | Alps | In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, c... | What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva? | {
"text": [
"Mont Blanc"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0fa1 | Alps | In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, c... | When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region? | {
"text": [
"the mid-19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fab | Alps | Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Ob... | Where was Adolf Hitler born? | {
"text": [
"Austrian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fac | Alps | Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Ob... | What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with? | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fad | Alps | Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Ob... | Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s? | {
"text": [
"the Obersalzberg region"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fae | Alps | Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Ob... | When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps? | {
"text": [
"1923"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc7 | Alps | By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t... | By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries? | {
"text": [
"the Third Reich"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc8 | Alps | By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t... | What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich? | {
"text": [
"Austria"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc9 | Alps | By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t... | What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich? | {
"text": [
"Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fca | Alps | By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t... | Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland? | {
"text": [
"The Swiss commanders"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
56f8c8379e9bad19000a04be | Alps | Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had h... | Who were trained for the war? | {
"text": [
"Ski troops"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8c8379e9bad19000a04bf | Alps | Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had h... | Where was the battle at Riva Ridge? | {
"text": [
"Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56f8c8379e9bad19000a04c0 | Alps | Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had h... | Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war? | {
"text": [
"Austria"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
56f8c8379e9bad19000a04c1 | Alps | Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had h... | Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins? | {
"text": [
"The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
56f8c9319e9bad19000a04da | Alps | The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be... | What is the population of the Alpine region? | {
"text": [
"14 million"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56f8c9319e9bad19000a04db | Alps | The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be... | What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains? | {
"text": [
"manufacturing and service jobs"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
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