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57064c4575f01819005e7b1c
Black_people
In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.
What did he call his slave army?
{ "text": [ "Black Guard" ], "answer_start": [ 137 ] }
57064c4575f01819005e7b1d
Black_people
In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.
What did the Black Guard do?
{ "text": [ "coerced the country into submission." ], "answer_start": [ 154 ] }
57064c4575f01819005e7b1e
Black_people
In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.
When did the Black Guard exist?
{ "text": [ "In the 18th century" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
57064d0675f01819005e7b24
Black_people
According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Am...
Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?
{ "text": [ "because they have some distant white ancestry." ], "answer_start": [ 355 ] }
57064d0675f01819005e7b25
Black_people
According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Am...
Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?
{ "text": [ "Brazil's University of the State of Bahia" ], "answer_start": [ 51 ] }
57064d0675f01819005e7b26
Black_people
According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Am...
How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?
{ "text": [ "in ways that resemble multi-racials" ], "answer_start": [ 198 ] }
57064d8c52bb8914006899ce
Black_people
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".
Who was the Egyptian President?
{ "text": [ "Anwar Sadat" ], "answer_start": [ 19 ] }
57064d8c52bb8914006899d0
Black_people
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".
What ethnicity was his father?
{ "text": [ "Egyptian" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
57064d8c52bb8914006899d1
Black_people
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".
What color did he refer to himself as?
{ "text": [ "reddish" ], "answer_start": [ 296 ] }
57064fb952bb8914006899d6
Black_people
Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female...
Who was enslaved more often?
{ "text": [ "black women" ], "answer_start": [ 121 ] }
57064fb952bb8914006899d7
Black_people
Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female...
What were female slaves used for?
{ "text": [ "domestic service and agriculture" ], "answer_start": [ 181 ] }
57064fb952bb8914006899d8
Black_people
Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female...
What did the Qur'an permit?
{ "text": [ "sexual relations between a male master and his female slave" ], "answer_start": [ 267 ] }
57064fb952bb8914006899d9
Black_people
Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female...
What is the term for a pregnant slave?
{ "text": [ "umm walad" ], "answer_start": [ 511 ] }
57064fb952bb8914006899da
Black_people
Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female...
What does umm walad mean?
{ "text": [ "\"mother of a child\"" ], "answer_start": [ 524 ] }
5706511d52bb8914006899e0
Black_people
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Moroc...
Who was the ruler in Morocco?
{ "text": [ "Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur" ], "answer_start": [ 48 ] }
5706511d52bb8914006899e1
Black_people
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Moroc...
When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?
{ "text": [ "from 1578 to 1608" ], "answer_start": [ 90 ] }
5706511d52bb8914006899e2
Black_people
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Moroc...
What ethnicity was his mother?
{ "text": [ "Fulani" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }
5706511d52bb8914006899e3
Black_people
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Moroc...
What Arabic term is still used for black people?
{ "text": [ "(Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning \"slave\")" ], "answer_start": [ 403 ] }
5706511d52bb8914006899e4
Black_people
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Moroc...
Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?
{ "text": [ "sub-Saharan peoples" ], "answer_start": [ 348 ] }
570652ab75f01819005e7b46
Black_people
In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against ...
When did the Arab apartheid intensify?
{ "text": [ "early 1991" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
570652ab75f01819005e7b47
Black_people
In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against ...
Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?
{ "text": [ "non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe" ], "answer_start": [ 15 ] }
570652ab75f01819005e7b48
Black_people
In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against ...
Where did these people live?
{ "text": [ "Sudan" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
570652ab75f01819005e7b49
Black_people
In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against ...
Who controlled the government?
{ "text": [ "Sudanese Arabs" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
5706602375f01819005e7b88
Black_people
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apart...
Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?
{ "text": [ "George Ayittey" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
5706602375f01819005e7b89
Black_people
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apart...
Who executed the apartheid?
{ "text": [ "the Arab government" ], "answer_start": [ 53 ] }
5706602375f01819005e7b8a
Black_people
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apart...
Who was excluded?
{ "text": [ "blacks" ], "answer_start": [ 211 ] }
5706602375f01819005e7b8b
Black_people
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apart...
Where were they?
{ "text": [ "Sudan" ], "answer_start": [ 290 ] }
5706602375f01819005e7b8c
Black_people
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apart...
What is George Ayittey's profession?
{ "text": [ "economist" ], "answer_start": [ 20 ] }
5706621052bb891400689a04
Black_people
Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.
Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?
{ "text": [ "Irwin Cotler" ], "answer_start": [ 154 ] }
5706621052bb891400689a06
Black_people
Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.
Who argeed with Dershowitz?
{ "text": [ "Irwin Cotler" ], "answer_start": [ 154 ] }
5706621052bb891400689a07
Black_people
Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.
Where did Irwin Cotler live?
{ "text": [ "Canadian" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
5706931c52bb891400689a8b
Black_people
In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. ...
What was a result of these marriages?
{ "text": [ "mixed-race children" ], "answer_start": [ 155 ] }
5706931c52bb891400689a8c
Black_people
In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. ...
What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?
{ "text": [ "second-class" ], "answer_start": [ 299 ] }
5706931c52bb891400689a8d
Black_people
In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. ...
Who was included in the Coloured group?
{ "text": [ "Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent" ], "answer_start": [ 558 ] }
5706931c52bb891400689a8e
Black_people
In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. ...
What does apartheid mean?
{ "text": [ "a system of legal racial segregation" ], "answer_start": [ 791 ] }
5706939352bb891400689a94
Black_people
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be consid...
What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?
{ "text": [ "the Population Registration Act of 1945" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
5706939352bb891400689a95
Black_people
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be consid...
What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?
{ "text": [ "pencil test" ], "answer_start": [ 349 ] }
5706939352bb891400689a97
Black_people
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be consid...
Who administered the "Pencil Test"?
{ "text": [ "Minor officials" ], "answer_start": [ 158 ] }
57069d2c75f01819005e7c4a
Black_people
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based ...
Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?
{ "text": [ "Sandra Laing" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
57069d2c75f01819005e7c4b
Black_people
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based ...
What year was the movie "Skin" made?
{ "text": [ "2008" ], "answer_start": [ 412 ] }
57069d2c75f01819005e7c4c
Black_people
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based ...
At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?
{ "text": [ "age 10" ], "answer_start": [ 237 ] }
57069d2c75f01819005e7c4d
Black_people
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based ...
What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity?
{ "text": [ "South African" ], "answer_start": [ 18 ] }
57069d2c75f01819005e7c4e
Black_people
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based ...
How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
{ "text": [ "three" ], "answer_start": [ 193 ] }
57069fe575f01819005e7c68
Black_people
During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townsh...
Who was oppressed and discriminated against?
{ "text": [ "those classed as \"Coloured\"" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
57069fe575f01819005e7c69
Black_people
During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townsh...
What era did this discrimination take place?
{ "text": [ "During the apartheid era" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
57069fe575f01819005e7c6a
Black_people
During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townsh...
Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?
{ "text": [ "those classed as \"Black\"" ], "answer_start": [ 187 ] }
57069fe575f01819005e7c6b
Black_people
During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townsh...
Where were the "black" areas?
{ "text": [ "large townships located away from the cities" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }
5706a30b75f01819005e7c8e
Black_people
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Colour...
What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?
{ "text": [ "a \"Non-racial democracy\"" ], "answer_start": [ 91 ] }
5706a30b75f01819005e7c8f
Black_people
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Colour...
What laws did they introduce to support blacks?
{ "text": [ "affirmative action policies" ], "answer_start": [ 211 ] }
5706a30b75f01819005e7c90
Black_people
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Colour...
Who does the term "black" people include?
{ "text": [ "\"Africans\", \"Coloureds\" and \"Asians\"" ], "answer_start": [ 301 ] }
5706a30b75f01819005e7c91
Black_people
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Colour...
Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?
{ "text": [ "ANC (African National Congress)" ], "answer_start": [ 729 ] }
5706a30b75f01819005e7c92
Black_people
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Colour...
Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies?
{ "text": [ "\"Africans" ], "answer_start": [ 378 ] }
5706a58a75f01819005e7cb6
Black_people
In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chine...
Who declared Chinese South Africans as "Black People"?
{ "text": [ "the High Court in South Africa" ], "answer_start": [ 9 ] }
5706a58a75f01819005e7cb7
Black_people
In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chine...
What year did this ruling happen?
{ "text": [ "2008" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
5706a58a75f01819005e7cb8
Black_people
In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chine...
Why was this classification made?
{ "text": [ "solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits" ], "answer_start": [ 184 ] }
5706a58a75f01819005e7cba
Black_people
In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chine...
Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits?
{ "text": [ "they were also \"disadvantaged\" by racial discrimination." ], "answer_start": [ 258 ] }
5706ab5375f01819005e7cf6
Black_people
Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.
What is another way "Coloureds" can be distinguished from "Blacks"?
{ "text": [ "language" ], "answer_start": [ 84 ] }
5706ab5375f01819005e7cf7
Black_people
Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.
What languages are most common?
{ "text": [ "Afrikaans or English" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
5706ab5375f01819005e7cf8
Black_people
Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.
What are less common languages spoken?
{ "text": [ "Zulu or Xhosa" ], "answer_start": [ 185 ] }
5706ab5375f01819005e7cf9
Black_people
Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.
What types of names do "coloureds" have?
{ "text": [ "European-sounding names" ], "answer_start": [ 228 ] }
5706ab5375f01819005e7cfa
Black_people
Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.
What type of names do "blacks" have?
{ "text": [ "Bantu names" ], "answer_start": [ 257 ] }
5706ac8d52bb891400689b66
Black_people
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the nu...
How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?
{ "text": [ "10 to 18 million" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
5706ac8d52bb891400689b68
Black_people
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the nu...
Who enslaved these people?
{ "text": [ "Arab slave traders" ], "answer_start": [ 202 ] }
5706ac8d52bb891400689b69
Black_people
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the nu...
Why were women slaves more popular?
{ "text": [ "for them to serve as concubines" ], "answer_start": [ 544 ] }
5706ac8d52bb891400689b6a
Black_people
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the nu...
Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?
{ "text": [ "The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners" ], "answer_start": [ 767 ] }
5706ad8c52bb891400689b70
Black_people
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.
How many people in Yemen have African lineage?
{ "text": [ "average of 38%" ], "answer_start": [ 153 ] }
5706ad8c52bb891400689b71
Black_people
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.
How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?
{ "text": [ "16%" ], "answer_start": [ 229 ] }
5706ad8c52bb891400689b72
Black_people
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.
How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?
{ "text": [ "10%" ], "answer_start": [ 252 ] }
5706ad8c52bb891400689b73
Black_people
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.
Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
{ "text": [ "African female-mediated gene" ], "answer_start": [ 39 ] }
5706b0492eaba6190074ac30
Black_people
Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of t...
Who is seeking minority status from the government?
{ "text": [ "African-Iraquis" ], "answer_start": [ 186 ] }
5706b0492eaba6190074ac31
Black_people
Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of t...
Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?
{ "text": [ "Parliament" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
5706b0492eaba6190074ac32
Black_people
Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of t...
How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
{ "text": [ "as Arab" ], "answer_start": [ 512 ] }
5706b0492eaba6190074ac33
Black_people
Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of t...
What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?
{ "text": [ "Distinctive and self-identified black communities" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5706b0492eaba6190074ac34
Black_people
Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of t...
Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
{ "text": [ "Alamin M. Mazrui et al." ], "answer_start": [ 350 ] }
5706b0e42eaba6190074ac44
Black_people
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the Afri...
How many East African and black people live in Israel?
{ "text": [ "About 150,000" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5706b0e42eaba6190074ac45
Black_people
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the Afri...
What percent of Israel's population is black?
{ "text": [ "just over 2%" ], "answer_start": [ 73 ] }
5706b0e42eaba6190074ac46
Black_people
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the Afri...
When did they migrate to Israel?
{ "text": [ "during the 1980s and 1990s" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
5706b0e42eaba6190074ac47
Black_people
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the Afri...
Where did they migrate from?
{ "text": [ "Ethiopia." ], "answer_start": [ 249 ] }
5706b0e42eaba6190074ac48
Black_people
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the Afri...
Where are most of the black converts from?
{ "text": [ "the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States." ], "answer_start": [ 619 ] }
5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d8d
Black_people
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.
How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?
{ "text": [ "around 60,000" ], "answer_start": [ 24 ] }
5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d8e
Black_people
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.
What have these immigrants sought?
{ "text": [ "asylum" ], "answer_start": [ 104 ] }
5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d8f
Black_people
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.
Where are most of them from?
{ "text": [ "Sudan and Eritrea" ], "answer_start": [ 157 ] }
5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d90
Black_people
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.
What languages do they speak?
{ "text": [ "Niger-Congo" ], "answer_start": [ 193 ] }
5706b77e0eeca41400aa0d91
Black_people
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.
Where are the non jewish immigrants from?
{ "text": [ "southern Nuba Mountains" ], "answer_start": [ 233 ] }
5706baed2eaba6190074aca2
Black_people
Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities an...
When did the slave trade begin?
{ "text": [ "during the period of the Ottoman Empire" ], "answer_start": [ 33 ] }
5706baed2eaba6190074aca3
Black_people
Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities an...
Where were the slaves brought?
{ "text": [ "Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey" ], "answer_start": [ 195 ] }
5706baed2eaba6190074aca4
Black_people
Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities an...
Where did former slaves go for work once freed?
{ "text": [ "İzmir area" ], "answer_start": [ 431 ] }
5706baed2eaba6190074aca5
Black_people
Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities an...
What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?
{ "text": [ "1923" ], "answer_start": [ 503 ] }
5706bbd42eaba6190074acbe
Black_people
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is...
Who are the Siddi?
{ "text": [ "an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan" ], "answer_start": [ 14 ] }
5706bbd52eaba6190074acbf
Black_people
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is...
Who did the Siddi descend from?
{ "text": [ "Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa" ], "answer_start": [ 93 ] }
5706bbd52eaba6190074acc0
Black_people
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is...
What does the word "Siddi" derive from?
{ "text": [ "\"Sayyid\"" ], "answer_start": [ 343 ] }
5706bbd52eaba6190074acc2
Black_people
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is...
When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?
{ "text": [ "1960s" ], "answer_start": [ 644 ] }
5706bddb0eeca41400aa0ddd
Black_people
The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish dimin...
Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?
{ "text": [ "The Negritos" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5706bddb0eeca41400aa0dde
Black_people
The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish dimin...
Where do the Negritos reside currently?
{ "text": [ "Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands." ], "answer_start": [ 174 ] }
5706bddb0eeca41400aa0ddf
Black_people
The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish dimin...
What does Negrito mean?
{ "text": [ "\"little black people\"" ], "answer_start": [ 258 ] }
5706bddb0eeca41400aa0de0
Black_people
The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish dimin...
What language does the term Negrito come from?
{ "text": [ "Spanish" ], "answer_start": [ 283 ] }
5706bddb0eeca41400aa0de1
Black_people
The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish dimin...
What term is interchangable with Negrito?
{ "text": [ "Semang" ], "answer_start": [ 718 ] }
5706beac0eeca41400aa0df1
Black_people
The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Bla...
What does the term "Moors" refer to?
{ "text": [ "Muslims" ], "answer_start": [ 93 ] }
5706beac0eeca41400aa0df2
Black_people
The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Bla...
What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?
{ "text": [ "Arab or Berber descent" ], "answer_start": [ 122 ] }
5706beac0eeca41400aa0df3
Black_people
The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Bla...
In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?
{ "text": [ "Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans" ], "answer_start": [ 294 ] }