id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a301c3f37b31900478791 | Ottoman_Empire | The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavi... | What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"the \"sick man\""
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155354 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861? | {
"text": [
"571"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155355 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861? | {
"text": [
"140,000"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155356 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911? | {
"text": [
"528"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155357 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe? | {
"text": [
"consuls and citizenship"
],
"answer_start": [
1009
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155358 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911? | {
"text": [
"654"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983b | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | During what years did the Crimean War take place? | {
"text": [
"1853–1856"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983c | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war? | {
"text": [
"4 August 1854"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983d | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war? | {
"text": [
"Crimean Tatars"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983e | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars? | {
"text": [
"Circassians"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983f | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus? | {
"text": [
"Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a1 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? | {
"text": [
"Eugene Rogan"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a2 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy? | {
"text": [
"1875"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a3 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman Public Debt Administration"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a4 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain."
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a5 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what? | {
"text": [
"the detriment of local Ottoman interests"
],
"answer_start": [
854
]
} |
572a36fe3f37b319004787c5 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman bashi-bazouks"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
572a36fe3f37b319004787c6 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | What war occurred from 1877 to 1878? | {
"text": [
"Russo-Turkish War"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
572a36fe3f37b319004787c7 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war? | {
"text": [
"The Russo-Turkish War"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
572a36fe3f37b319004787c8 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war? | {
"text": [
"Romania"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
572a37f06aef051400155398 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places? | {
"text": [
"Anatolia and Eastern Thrace"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
572a37f06aef051400155399 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | When did the Balkan Wars take place? | {
"text": [
"1912–13"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
572a37f06aef05140015539a | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913? | {
"text": [
"East Thrace (European Turkey)"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
572a37f06aef05140015539b | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies? | {
"text": [
"400,000"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
572a37f06aef05140015539c | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century? | {
"text": [
"Justin McCarthy"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c7 | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire? | {
"text": [
"Second Constitutional Era"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c8 | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"the Young Turk Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c9 | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | The restoration of what happened in 1876? | {
"text": [
"the Ottoman constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8ca | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | What were two major parties established by Young Turk members? | {
"text": [
"Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8cb | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908? | {
"text": [
"Bosnia and Herzegovina"
],
"answer_start": [
1176
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e5 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war? | {
"text": [
"Middle Eastern theatre"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e6 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman victories"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e7 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | The Arab Revolt began in what year? | {
"text": [
"1916"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e8 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed? | {
"text": [
"30 October 1918"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e9 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | When did the Turkish War of Independence take place? | {
"text": [
"1919–22"
],
"answer_start": [
832
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e3 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia? | {
"text": [
"In 1915"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e4 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia? | {
"text": [
"ethnic Armenian"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e5 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide? | {
"text": [
"1.5 million"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e6 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert? | {
"text": [
"the Syrian desert"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e7 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they? | {
"text": [
"Greek and Assyrian minorities"
],
"answer_start": [
817
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478801 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"Sultan was the highest position"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478802 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? | {
"text": [
"local administrative units based on the region's characteristics"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478803 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire? | {
"text": [
"the state"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478804 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands? | {
"text": [
"to defend and extend the land of the Muslims"
],
"answer_start": [
726
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478805 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities? | {
"text": [
"orthodox Islamic practice"
],
"answer_start": [
859
]
} |
572a3f281d0469140077987d | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | What was another name for the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"House of Osman"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
572a3f281d0469140077987e | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as? | {
"text": [
"House of Habsburg"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
572a3f281d0469140077987f | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be? | {
"text": [
"Turkish"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
572a3f281d04691400779880 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed? | {
"text": [
"eleven occasions"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
572a3f281d04691400779881 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI? | {
"text": [
"1918–1922"
],
"answer_start": [
911
]
} |
572a40941d0469140077988f | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam? | {
"text": [
"The highest position"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a40941d04691400779890 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government? | {
"text": [
"pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\""
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
572a40941d04691400779891 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | What was the importantance of the imperial Harem? | {
"text": [
"one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
572a40941d04691400779893 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate? | {
"text": [
"Enderûn"
],
"answer_start": [
1343
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478831 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific? | {
"text": [
"the supreme monarch"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478832 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | What was the council that handled state politics named? | {
"text": [
"Divan"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478833 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | What type of people were initially in the Divan? | {
"text": [
"elders of the tribe"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478834 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups? | {
"text": [
"military officers and local elites"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478835 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year? | {
"text": [
"1320"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553d8 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate? | {
"text": [
"Qanun (or Kanun)"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553d9 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | What was religious law known as? | {
"text": [
"Sharia"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553da | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies? | {
"text": [
"central and local authority"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553db | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have? | {
"text": [
"three court systems"
],
"answer_start": [
694
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553dc | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | What were the laws of the court system based upon? | {
"text": [
"Turkic Yassa and Töre"
],
"answer_start": [
984
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798ab | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | What were the primary courts of the empire? | {
"text": [
"Islamic courts"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798ac | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | From what works was Sharia developed? | {
"text": [
"the Qur'an; the Hadīth"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798ad | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system? | {
"text": [
"the prophet Muhammad"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798ae | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | Where were the empire's law schools? | {
"text": [
"in Istanbul and Bursa."
],
"answer_start": [
805
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798af | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | What other religious groups went to Islamic courts? | {
"text": [
"Jews and Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
572a44253f37b3190047884f | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts? | {
"text": [
"Qadi"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
572a44253f37b31900478850 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent? | {
"text": [
"closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
572a44253f37b31900478851 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked? | {
"text": [
"an appellate structure"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
572a44253f37b31900478852 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | What did Qadis focus on in some areas? | {
"text": [
"local customs and traditions"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
572a44253f37b31900478853 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | What is another word for Qadi? | {
"text": [
"judge"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
572a44ec6aef0514001553f2 | Ottoman_Empire | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model? | {
"text": [
"French models"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
572a44ec6aef0514001553f3 | Ottoman_Empire | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
572a44ec6aef0514001553f4 | Ottoman_Empire | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | What was the new Ottoman court system known as? | {
"text": [
"Nizamiye"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
572a44ec6aef0514001553f5 | Ottoman_Empire | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | What code regulated marriage? | {
"text": [
"the Mecelle"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91d | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form? | {
"text": [
"13th century"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91e | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate? | {
"text": [
"the hills of western Anatolia"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91f | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they? | {
"text": [
"Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa920 | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology? | {
"text": [
"muskets and cannons"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa921 | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets? | {
"text": [
"Siege of Constantinople"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa927 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most? | {
"text": [
"European continent"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa928 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century? | {
"text": [
"North Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa929 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year? | {
"text": [
"1517"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa92a | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece? | {
"text": [
"1821"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa92b | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830? | {
"text": [
"Algeria"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae78 | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war? | {
"text": [
"Sultan Abdülhamid II"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae79 | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war? | {
"text": [
"Midhat Pasha"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7a | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay? | {
"text": [
"the Golden Horn"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7b | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | When was the Young Turk Revolution? | {
"text": [
"1908"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7c | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century? | {
"text": [
"the Committee of Union and Progress"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b75 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit? | {
"text": [
"June 1909"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b76 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school? | {
"text": [
"Yeşilköy"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b77 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | On what date was the Aviation School founded? | {
"text": [
"3 July 1912"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b78 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | What happened at the aviation school in May 1913? | {
"text": [
"the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b79 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | What new military academy was formed in June 1914? | {
"text": [
"the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)"
],
"answer_start": [
742
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b7f | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what? | {
"text": [
"commercial and industrial centres"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b80 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | Who was Mehmed's successor? | {
"text": [
"Bayezid"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
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