id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b81 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul? | {
"text": [
"the Jews from different parts of Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b82 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe? | {
"text": [
"their Christian counterparts"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b83 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded? | {
"text": [
"the conclusion of Reconquista"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478871 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler? | {
"text": [
"consolidation and extension of the ruler's power"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478872 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on? | {
"text": [
"the Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478873 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system? | {
"text": [
"making the productive classes prosperous"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478875 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | What did the state economic system hope to avoid? | {
"text": [
"the emergence of social disorder"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae88 | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what? | {
"text": [
"the treasury and chancery"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae89 | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | What were the scribes of the chancery known as? | {
"text": [
"men of the pen"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8a | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what? | {
"text": [
"ulama"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8b | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | What did the scribal bureaucracy become? | {
"text": [
"a professional body"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8c | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century? | {
"text": [
"the 17th century"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f1 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire? | {
"text": [
"its geopolitical structure"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f2 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient? | {
"text": [
"Spanish and Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f3 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled? | {
"text": [
"Marco Polo"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f4 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | When were direct trade links established with India? | {
"text": [
"1498"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f5 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas? | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b8f | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b90 | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what? | {
"text": [
"the Ottoman Empire itself"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b91 | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman? | {
"text": [
"The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b92 | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets? | {
"text": [
"opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b93 | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | In what direction did land routes lose their importance? | {
"text": [
"East"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a93 | Ottoman_Empire | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"commercial centres and routes"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a94 | Ottoman_Empire | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | What dominated all economic and political interests? | {
"text": [
"interests of the state"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a95 | Ottoman_Empire | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe? | {
"text": [
"capitalist and mercantile economies"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a96 | Ottoman_Empire | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what? | {
"text": [
"developing commercial centres and routes"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa3 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | The rise of ports caused what in populations? | {
"text": [
"the clustering of populations"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa4 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | Steamships and railroads rose with what else? | {
"text": [
"The rise of port cities"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa5 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase? | {
"text": [
"1700"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa6 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in? | {
"text": [
"Improvements in health and sanitation"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa7 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | What was the population of Salonica in 1800? | {
"text": [
"55,000"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc865f | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire? | {
"text": [
"the Crimean and Balkan regions"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc8660 | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja? | {
"text": [
"Crimean Tartars"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc8661 | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913? | {
"text": [
"3.8 million"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc8662 | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called? | {
"text": [
"Muhacir"
],
"answer_start": [
867
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc8663 | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | In what year did the Ottoman Empire end? | {
"text": [
"1922"
],
"answer_start": [
925
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aeb8 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman Turkish"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aeb9 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire? | {
"text": [
"Persian and Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aeba | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia? | {
"text": [
"Turkish"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aebb | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq? | {
"text": [
"Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aebc | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | What language was used for religious uses in the Empire? | {
"text": [
"Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc866f | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire? | {
"text": [
"about 2–3%"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc8670 | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be? | {
"text": [
"15%"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc8671 | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government? | {
"text": [
"people had to hire scribes"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc8672 | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | What were hired scribes known as? | {
"text": [
"\"special request-writers\" (arzuhâlcis)"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc8673 | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish? | {
"text": [
"Turkish"
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc8679 | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | The Empire had a Christian majority until what time? | {
"text": [
"the second half of the 15th century"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc867a | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | What group ruled the empire until the 15th century? | {
"text": [
"a Muslim minority"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc867b | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century? | {
"text": [
"the non-Muslim population"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc867c | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s? | {
"text": [
"60%"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc867d | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims? | {
"text": [
"19.1%"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8683 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | The Muslim sect known as the Druze is considered what? | {
"text": [
"heretical"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8684 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | What was Sultan Selim I's nickname? | {
"text": [
"the Grim"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8685 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics? | {
"text": [
"1514"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8686 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter? | {
"text": [
"Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash)"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8687 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt? | {
"text": [
"Mamluk Sultanate"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac1 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law? | {
"text": [
"the millet system"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac2 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire? | {
"text": [
"Justinian's Code"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac3 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State? | {
"text": [
"zimmi"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac4 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes? | {
"text": [
"higher taxes"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac5 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | What millet was subject to Justinian's Code? | {
"text": [
"The Orthodox millet"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad5 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elab... | The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate? | {
"text": [
"Sultanate of Rum"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad6 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elab... | What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture? | {
"text": [
"Persianate empire"
],
"answer_start": [
670
]
} |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad7 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elab... | When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire? | {
"text": [
"some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad8 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elab... | The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"Persianised"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
572a5a23d562191400bc868d | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or less prescribed. Divan po... | What type of Ottoman poetry is ritualized? | {
"text": [
"Divan poetry"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
572a5a23d562191400bc868e | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or less prescribed. Divan po... | What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry? | {
"text": [
"Persian poetry"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
572a5a23d562191400bc868f | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or less prescribed. Divan po... | What type of framework was Divan poetry based on? | {
"text": [
"a strict metrical framework"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
572a5a23d562191400bc8690 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or less prescribed. Divan po... | What was the romance genre of Divan poetry known as? | {
"text": [
"mesnevî"
],
"answer_start": [
697
]
} |
572a5abcd562191400bc8697 | Ottoman_Empire | Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which presc... | Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century? | {
"text": [
"the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
572a5abcd562191400bc869a | Ottoman_Empire | Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which presc... | Who wrote Muhayyelât? | {
"text": [
"Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi"
],
"answer_start": [
601
]
} |
572a5abcd562191400bc869b | Ottoman_Empire | Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which presc... | When was Muhayyelât written? | {
"text": [
"1796"
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aece | Ottoman_Empire | Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman ... | What was the biggest influence from the west on Ottoman literature? | {
"text": [
"French literature"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aecf | Ottoman_Empire | Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman ... | During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west? | {
"text": [
"the latter half of the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aed0 | Ottoman_Empire | Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman ... | During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen? | {
"text": [
"the influence of Romanticism"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aed1 | Ottoman_Empire | Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman ... | The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements? | {
"text": [
"the Symbolist and Parnassian movements"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aed2 | Ottoman_Empire | Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman ... | Romanticism, and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene, what was the third? | {
"text": [
"Naturalist"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
572a5df77a1753140016aede | Ottoman_Empire | Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ("Awakening"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi"... | What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write? | {
"text": [
"İntibâh (\"Awakening\")"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
572a5df77a1753140016aedf | Ottoman_Empire | Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ("Awakening"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi"... | What did İbrahim Şinasi write in 1860? | {
"text": [
"the one-act comedy \"Şair Evlenmesi\" (\"The Poet's Marriage\")."
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
572a5df77a1753140016aee0 | Ottoman_Empire | Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ("Awakening"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi"... | Who wrote Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr? | {
"text": [
"Ahmed Midhat Efendi"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
572a5df77a1753140016aee1 | Ottoman_Empire | Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ("Awakening"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi"... | What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881? | {
"text": [
"Henüz On Yedi Yaşında"
],
"answer_start": [
833
]
} |
572a5df77a1753140016aee2 | Ottoman_Empire | Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ("Awakening"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi"... | What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications? | {
"text": [
"contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures"
],
"answer_start": [
1089
]
} |
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae5 | Ottoman_Empire | Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic ra... | Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else? | {
"text": [
"traditional Byzantine art"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae6 | Ottoman_Empire | Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic ra... | The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built? | {
"text": [
"fountains and schools"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae7 | Ottoman_Empire | Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic ra... | Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did? | {
"text": [
"the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae8 | Ottoman_Empire | Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic ra... | Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period? | {
"text": [
"Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
572a600cfed8de19000d5bb9 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (c... | Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman's created illuminated decorations? | {
"text": [
"muraqqa"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
572a600cfed8de19000d5bba | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (c... | What is another name for an Ottoman miniature? | {
"text": [
"taswir"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
572a600cfed8de19000d5bbb | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (c... | Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"hat"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
572a600cfed8de19000d5bbc | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (c... | Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire? | {
"text": [
"the Sultan or the administrators of the court"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
572a600cfed8de19000d5bbd | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (c... | What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts? | {
"text": [
"Topkapi Palace"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
572a60d8d562191400bc86a1 | Ottoman_Empire | The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated... | Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire? | {
"text": [
"carpet weaving"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
572a60d8d562191400bc86a2 | Ottoman_Empire | The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated... | What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire? | {
"text": [
"it was customary to remove one's shoes"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
572a60d8d562191400bc86a3 | Ottoman_Empire | The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated... | Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate? | {
"text": [
"the nomadic cultures of central Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
572a60d8d562191400bc86a4 | Ottoman_Empire | The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated... | Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire? | {
"text": [
"Anatolia"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
572a60d8d562191400bc86a5 | Ottoman_Empire | The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated... | Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where? | {
"text": [
"walls and doorways"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd7 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music, Ar... | The elites of the Ottoman empire found what type of music important? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman classical music"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd8 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music, Ar... | Many of the Sultans of the Ottoman empire were accomplished at being what? | {
"text": [
"musicians and composers"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd9 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music, Ar... | The sultan known by what name has compositions which are still performed today? | {
"text": [
"Selim III"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bda | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music, Ar... | What rhythmic units does Ottoman classical music use? | {
"text": [
"units called usul"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
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