id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bdb | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music, Ar... | What are the melodic units used by Ottoman classical music? | {
"text": [
"makam"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b01 | Ottoman_Empire | The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the... | What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music? | {
"text": [
"the saz, the bağlama, the kemence"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b02 | Ottoman_Empire | The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the... | Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music? | {
"text": [
"the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b03 | Ottoman_Empire | The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the... | In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they? | {
"text": [
"the violin and the piano"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b04 | Ottoman_Empire | The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the... | There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they? | {
"text": [
"classical music, and folk music"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b05 | Ottoman_Empire | The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the... | What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces? | {
"text": [
"Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
572a6389d562191400bc86ab | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of ... | The cuisine known as Ottoman cuisine is in reference to the food eaten where? | {
"text": [
"the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
572a6389d562191400bc86ac | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of ... | In what kitchen's was Ottoman cuisine perfected? | {
"text": [
"the Imperial Palace's kitchens"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
572a6389d562191400bc86ad | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of ... | What is one type of religious event that the general public may come to experience the creations of the Imperial Palace? | {
"text": [
"Ramadan"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
572a6389d562191400bc86ae | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of ... | Preparing food at the Yalıs of the Pashas was one way Ottoman Cuisine might spread to whom? | {
"text": [
"the population"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
572a6389d562191400bc86af | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of ... | What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace's kitchens? | {
"text": [
"create and experiment"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
572a6495fed8de19000d5be1 | Ottoman_Empire | Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include yogurt, dön... | Turkish cuisine originates from what source? | {
"text": [
"a shared Ottoman cuisine"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
572a6495fed8de19000d5be2 | Ottoman_Empire | Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include yogurt, dön... | The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine? | {
"text": [
"former Ottoman territories"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
572a6495fed8de19000d5be3 | Ottoman_Empire | Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include yogurt, dön... | Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine, along with the food of what other regions? | {
"text": [
"Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
572a6495fed8de19000d5be4 | Ottoman_Empire | Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include yogurt, dön... | Turkish coffee is descended from what? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman cuisine"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
572a6495fed8de19000d5be5 | Ottoman_Empire | Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include yogurt, dön... | Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman cuisine"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1d | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutze... | In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts? | {
"text": [
"15th Century"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1e | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutze... | Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy? | {
"text": [
"Sultan Mehmet II"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1f | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutze... | Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy? | {
"text": [
"Georgios Amiroutzes"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b20 | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutze... | How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul? | {
"text": [
"two or three years"
],
"answer_start": [
714
]
} |
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b21 | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutze... | Where was Ali Qushji from? | {
"text": [
"originally from Samarkand"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
572a660cd562191400bc86b5 | Ottoman_Empire | The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to ti... | When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire? | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
572a660cd562191400bc86b6 | Ottoman_Empire | The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to ti... | Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire? | {
"text": [
"Constantinople"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
572a660cd562191400bc86b7 | Ottoman_Empire | The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to ti... | What was the leading sport club in 1905? | {
"text": [
"Galatasaray Sports Club"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
572a660cd562191400bc86b8 | Ottoman_Empire | The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to ti... | In what year did the Altay Sports Club form? | {
"text": [
"1914"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
572a660cd562191400bc86b9 | Ottoman_Empire | The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to ti... | What was the football club known as Ülküspor formerly known as? | {
"text": [
"Turkish Fatherland Football Club"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
572a12a83f37b3190047869d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early anal... | Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology? | {
"text": [
"Philosophy of space and time"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
572a12a83f37b3190047869e | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early anal... | The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy? | {
"text": [
"early analytic philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
572a12a83f37b3190047869f | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early anal... | The philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what? | {
"text": [
"the mind"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
572a12a83f37b319004786a0 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early anal... | The philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? | {
"text": [
"unidirectional"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
572a13263f37b319004786a5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating bac... | Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time? | {
"text": [
"Ptahhotep"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
572a13263f37b319004786a6 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating bac... | When do the Vedas date back to? | {
"text": [
"late 2nd millennium BC"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
572a13263f37b319004786a7 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating bac... | Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with? | {
"text": [
"Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
572a13263f37b319004786a8 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating bac... | What do the Vedas describe? | {
"text": [
"ancient Hindu cosmology"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
572a13263f37b319004786a9 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating bac... | How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas? | {
"text": [
"4,320,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
572a13e71d04691400779745 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things... | Which christian philosopher ruminated on time? | {
"text": [
"St. Augustine"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
572a13e71d04691400779746 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things... | What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time? | {
"text": [
"the difficulty"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
572a13e71d04691400779747 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things... | Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? | {
"text": [
"Augustine"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
572a13e71d04691400779748 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things... | What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on? | {
"text": [
"the knowledge of the movement of things"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
} |
572a13e71d04691400779749 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things... | Where did Augustine say time could not appear? | {
"text": [
"where there are no creatures to measure its passing"
],
"answer_start": [
697
]
} |
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bb | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial e... | Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? | {
"text": [
"al-Haytham"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bc | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial e... | Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? | {
"text": [
"Book of Optics"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bd | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial e... | Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject? | {
"text": [
"Aristotle's"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bf | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial e... | Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception? | {
"text": [
"next to nothing"
],
"answer_start": [
805
]
} |
572a15386aef05140015524c | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or... | When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. | {
"text": [
"1781"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
572a15386aef05140015524d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or... | What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled? | {
"text": [
"Critique of Pure Reason"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
572a15386aef05140015524e | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or... | What did Kant describe time as? | {
"text": [
"a priori notion"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
572a15386aef05140015524f | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or... | What did Kant say was similar notion to time? | {
"text": [
"space"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
572a15386aef051400155250 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or... | What did Kant say time and space allow one to do? | {
"text": [
"sense experience"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
572a166d1d04691400779757 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficien... | What did Leibniz argue against? | {
"text": [
"the absolutist position"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
572a166d1d04691400779758 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficien... | Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon? | {
"text": [
"the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
572a166d1d04691400779759 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficien... | Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what? | {
"text": [
"fact"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
572a166d1d0469140077975a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficien... | What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing? | {
"text": [
"identity of indiscernibles"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
572a18491d04691400779769 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, accord... | Leibniz's example involves how many universes? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
572a18491d0469140077976a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, accord... | Where are Leibniz's universes situated? | {
"text": [
"absolute space"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
572a18491d0469140077976b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, accord... | How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart? | {
"text": [
"five feet"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
572a18491d0469140077976c | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, accord... | What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible? | {
"text": [
"absolute space exists"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
572a1a6b1d04691400779789 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz? | {
"text": [
"the bucket argument"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
572a1a6b1d0469140077978a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface? | {
"text": [
"flat"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
572a1a6b1d0469140077978b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | As the buck spins, what happens to the water? | {
"text": [
"the water will become concave"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
572a1a6b1d0469140077978c | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | If the buck stops, the water will do what? | {
"text": [
"continue to spin"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
572a1a6b1d0469140077978d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by? | {
"text": [
"the interaction of the bucket and the water"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779793 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what? | {
"text": [
"objects"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779794 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections? | {
"text": [
"space"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779795 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion? | {
"text": [
"Newtonian space"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779796 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it? | {
"text": [
"independently"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779797 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space? | {
"text": [
"many centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
572a1c096aef051400155298 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence o... | How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument? | {
"text": [
"problematic"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
572a1c096aef051400155299 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence o... | What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe? | {
"text": [
"that the bucket was indeed spinning"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
572a1c096aef05140015529a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence o... | What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket? | {
"text": [
"would remain flat."
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe? | {
"text": [
"would remain flat"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a6 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe? | {
"text": [
"the bucket could be seen as rotating"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a7 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water? | {
"text": [
"increases the curvature"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a8 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | The Mach argument is called what? | {
"text": [
"Mach's Principle"
],
"answer_start": [
619
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a9 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what? | {
"text": [
"effects of other objects in the universe"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552da | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle? | {
"text": [
"relativity"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552db | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who? | {
"text": [
"all observers"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552dc | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light? | {
"text": [
"the same"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552dd | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | Einstein's theory was motivated by who? | {
"text": [
"Maxwell"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552de | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what? | {
"text": [
"the luminiferous ether"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
572a211b3f37b31900478717 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what? | {
"text": [
"does not accelerate"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
572a211b3f37b31900478718 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | What follows a geodesic of space-time? | {
"text": [
"an inertial frame of reference"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
572a211b3f37b31900478719 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | An object in free fall does not experience what? | {
"text": [
"force"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
572a211b3f37b3190047871a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic? | {
"text": [
"the surface of the planet"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
572a211b3f37b3190047871b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory? | {
"text": [
"it is rotating with respect to the geodesic."
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
} |
572a21741d046914007797c3 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as v... | How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle? | {
"text": [
"partially"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
572a21741d046914007797c4 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as v... | How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's? | {
"text": [
"contrary"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
572a21741d046914007797c5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as v... | What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space? | {
"text": [
"objects exist independently of the mind"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa82d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | Coordinative definition has how many major features? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa82e | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what? | {
"text": [
"coordinating units of length with certain physical objects"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa82f | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | What is the first feature motivated by? | {
"text": [
"we can never directly apprehend length"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa830 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what? | {
"text": [
"separated objects"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa831 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | Sameness of length must be set how? | {
"text": [
"by definition"
],
"answer_start": [
993
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797db | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what? | {
"text": [
"all differentiable transformations"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797dc | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | What else besides invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics? | {
"text": [
"the covariance group"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797dd | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | Which theory does the relativity depart from? | {
"text": [
"classical mechanics"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797de | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity? | {
"text": [
"single formulation"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797df | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories? | {
"text": [
"every"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779801 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779802 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant? | {
"text": [
"fundamental"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
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