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C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In this I cordially concur. But I do not know why Dr. Bastian should have expressed this my conviction so tenderly and gently as regards his own experiments; inasmuch as I thought it my duty to let him know both orally and by letter, in the plainest terms, six months ago, not only that I conceived him to be altogether ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | To any person of critical mind, versed in the preliminary studies necessary for dealing with the difficult problem which Dr. Bastian has rashly approached—the appearance of a scarlet geranium, or of a snuff-box, would have appeared to be hardly more startling than this fragment of a leaf, which no one even moderately i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 早些时候,《自然》发表过托马斯·赫胥黎于1870年向英国科学促进会作的报告。该报告批评了查尔顿·巴斯蒂安主张的无菌水中可能会自发产生微生物的观点(这是在一篇发表于《自然》上的长篇论文中提出来的)。巴斯蒂安详尽地回复了赫胥黎的意见,于是赫胥黎又发起了新一轮辩论。赫胥黎的文章权威地驳斥了巴斯蒂安的观点,可以说是维多利亚时代学术争辩的典范。赫胥黎的观点是非常正确无可怀疑的,不过,通过他们之间的辩论可以看到,当时在严肃的学术圈内也还有人坚持自然发生学说的观点。一定程度上来说,是因为路易·巴斯德的一系列精细实验,自然发生学说才最终被人们抛弃。 英文
我发现,我因个人职责而在利物浦发表的“致词”居然占据了《自然》13栏的版面。巴斯蒂安博士支持贵... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 他应该记得,他曾写信请我对他的某些具有有机结构的制品进行检查,并声称有清楚确凿的证据证明这些有机物是在他的密闭消化管中得到的。他也应该记得,当这些极好的样品中的第一个被放在我的显微镜下时,我立刻告诉他这只不过是普通泥炭藓的叶子碎片而已;他还应该记得,当我不能让他信服我的意见时,我不得不找出沙赫特的《植物细胞》一书,给他指出其中的一幅图画,那与我们在显微镜下所看到的完全吻合;离开我家后,他又将自己的实验结果与真实的泥炭藓进行了比较,才被迫承认自己所犯的惊人错误。 英文
对于任何具有批判思维的人,在对待巴斯蒂安博士鲁莽提出的难题时,都会谨慎地进行必要的初步研究——出现一株绯红色的天竺葵或者一个鼻烟盒恐怕都不会比这片叶子碎片更令人吃惊,并... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | THROUGH kindness for which I have reason to feel both proud and grateful, I have had placed in my hands two bottles of water taken from the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Nice. To my friend M. Soret I am also indebted for two other bottles taken from the Lake of Geneva. The friendly object in each case was to enab... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | left shining in the darkened field. A concave plate of selenite, placed between the Nicol and the water, showed a system of vividly coloured rings. They were most brilliant when the vision was at right angles to the beam, just as they are most brilliant when the blue sky is regarded at right angles to the rays of the s... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 中文
Through the observations of Soret, and through those here recorded, the surmise of thirteen years ago has become the verity of today. 中文
But though in the action of small particles we have a cause demonstrably sufficient to produce the blueness referred to, it is not the only cause operative. In the Lake of Geneva w... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | discussion M. Lallemand assumes a purely hypothetical cause while a true cause is at hand. He bases his case mainly on clear glass and distilled water. But the clearness is that observed in ordinary daylight, which is a very deceptive test. Glass exhibits the phenomena of scattering in every degree of intensity. Exceed... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | In relation to this question, which is one of the first importance, the deportment of ice is exceedingly instructive. As a rule the concentrated beam may be readily tracked through ice, at least at this season of the year, when the substance shows signs of breaking up internally. In some cases the sparkle of motes, whi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | concentrated beam, our ordinary drinking water presents a by no means agreeable appearance; some of the water with which London is supplied is exceedingly thick and muddy. Nor does distillation entirely remove the suspended matter. Soret vainly tried to get rid of it; he diminished its effect, but he did not abolish it... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | with foreign matter. The method of obtaining water here referred to had been resorted to by M. Pouchet with a view of utterly destroying all germs, and my especial object in repeating the experiment was to reveal the dangers incident to the inquiries on which M. Pouchet and others were then engaged. But the warning was... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 地中海海水的色彩是晴天时的那种天蓝色,而日内瓦湖湖水的色彩则是天空在格外纯净时的那种颜色。 英文
我多年来一直试图解释日内瓦湖的色彩,这个想法鞭策着我不断努力。1857年,持续的观察越来越强烈地促使我形成这样一种推测:这种蓝色主要是由一种浑浊的介质形成的。关于这种色彩,后来我是这样写的: 英文
“这种细分物质的作用会不会影响瑞士湖泊的色彩?比如日内瓦湖,它是罗纳河扩展而形成的,罗纳河则发源自罗纳河冰川。大量支流在罗纳河下游两岸汇入其中,这些支流几乎全部发源于冰川,这些支流带走了冰川流过岩石时侵蚀产生的细碎物质。在搬运和迁移中,各种大小的颗粒被磨圆,所以我认为,最细小的颗粒在湖泊中一直保持悬浮状态。法拉第已经证明,很小的金沉淀物需要一... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
1868年我所检测的液态物质都或多或少有光的色散现象,很多情形下都出现了很强的荧光现象。从任何方面看,那些可以显现出蓝色轨迹的非荧光液体的行为与我当时研究的蓝色光化云雾都没有什么不同。我所检测的水样的来源各不相同,但这些水样都带有电荷,不仅含有可以发散蓝色光的微小粒子,也含有相对较大的颗粒。用会聚光束进行检测,普通饮用水给出的结果也很不相同,伦敦地区的一些水样非常混浊不清,即便蒸馏也不能完全除去悬浮物,索雷特试图彻底除去这些悬浮物,但没能成功,他的确降低了悬浮物的影响,但是并没有完全消除。几天前,我获得了伦敦4个最重要的实验室的蒸馏水水样,在日光下,这些液体看上去“就像水晶一样晶莹透亮”。但放置于普通电灯的会聚光束下,纯净这一... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | BELIEVING that readers of Nature can feel no interest in the extended personalities with which Prof. Huxley almost fills his letter this week, and believing also that such matters are little worthy of occupying your columns, I shall only allude to that part of his letter which contains statements having a scientific be... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Now, although it was quite true that minute portions of Sphagnum leaf were found in two unpublished experiments, it seems very marvellous that on this slender foundation Prof. Huxley should hazard such a purely imaginative and unprecedented hypothesis as to the mode of production of fungi. 中文
I have, moreover, not been... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The very authoritative tone which Prof. Huxley has lately assumed in his remarks concerning Brownian movements and those of living organisms, fails to impress me very much. His knowledge about these movements, as I have good reason to know, is of quite recent growth. Movements which, in the month of March of the presen... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | repudiate such “kindness”, as any honest man would who is simply seeking after truth, and relegate it to the same regions as I would that indescribable air of restrained omniscience whereby he endeavours to crush arguments and facts, to which he altogether fails to reply. 中文
(2, 492; 1870)
H. Charlton Bastian: Universi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 如果他现在是正确的,那么对于6个月之前他对布朗运动的了解,又该赋予什么样的价值呢?另外,怎么能保证再过6个月赫胥黎教授不会又有不同的观点呢? 英文
不过,让我来向赫胥黎教授保证,他依然承担着“据可靠消息得知”的对公众所负有的职责。我对他的“致词”提出的抗议是站在科学立场上的,这已经表述得很充分了,那些读过我的抗议的人会看到,就算赫胥黎教授重提我的那些真实的或者想象中的错误,也不能逃避那些存在争议的问题。因为我相信,如果他无法给出关于此问题的任何有价值的或严肃的观点,那么就无法强迫别人不相信我的实验。怀曼教授、曼泰加扎教授和坎托尼教授的工作已经将该问题归入到巴斯德先生从未涉足过的领域之内,他们也需要公平的对待。难道在英国科学促进会主席... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | overlooked at present; but still of so important a character that, when once fully recognised in all its bearings, it may tend to disprove much of the geological teaching of the present day. 中文
Taking the various Sciences as much as possible separately, we will begin with Astronomy. Here attention has been chiefly dire... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Whilst the vast domain of Organic Chemistry has been still further widened by the innumerable workers who plunge into this branch of the subject and neglect the many untrodden paths in Inorganic Chemistry, nevertheless no special or important discoveries are to be chronicled, unless we may mention the beautiful process... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The theory of Spontaneous Generation, which has been very prominently before the scientific world for the last ten years, has, during the past year, been very strongly attacked on the one hand by Prof. Huxley, and defended on the other by Dr. Bastian and Dr. Child. In his Inaugural Address to the British Association me... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | As respects Geology, during the past year the Government has continued its grants of money for the purpose of Deep Sea Dredgings, and at present the report of the most recent Expedition is anxiously looked forward to. The results of the Expedition in the autumn of 1869, as given to the public by Dr. Carpenter, Prof. Wy... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of the Atlantic, has published reports of the deep-sea dredging off the Florida Coast, and has stated that the results of his researches, and those of others, both English and Scandinavian, have convinced him that there is life all over the sea bottom, and that where evidence of marine life cannot be found, we are just... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | evidence of lines in the green and red portion of the spectrum, the latter presumably due to hydrogen. We would direct attention to our desire to publish a complete tabular list of the more remarkable meteorological phenomena of the past year, so as to be serviceable to observers in all parts of the world. To render th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | § During the past year all the most important papers on Deep-Sea Dredging have appeared in these columns, and we would refer our readers to vol. I, pp. 135, 166, 267, 612, 657; vol II, pp. 257, 513, &c.
1870年的科学发展状况
J. P. E.
编者按
这篇评论文章认为,1870年对于科学界来说并不是一个丰收的年份,因为这一年主要是对已有成果的巩固而没有多少新的发现。天文学家们声称要专注于对太阳的研究,这一定程度上反映了《自然》的... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 巴斯蒂安博士的研究论文,原打算在皇家学会宣读,后改为以一系列专栏的形式发表,在三篇成系列的长文章(《自然》,第2卷,第170、193和219页)中,他给出了自己之所以相信自然发生必然存在的理由。他感到在赫胥黎教授的演讲中自己受到了攻击,他的实验也在一定程度上被低估,因而他用比较长的篇幅评论了这一事件,并详细地描述了一些新的实验结果(《自然》,第2卷,第410、431和492页)来进一步证实他之前的论点。 英文
达尔文的自然选择理论遭到了贝内特先生和默里先生的反对‡,但得到了华莱士先生以及其他学者的支持。华莱士先生还争辩到,是自己首先提出了这一理论,因为他在东印度群岛居住的时候,曾在发表的文章中提出过许多现在已被认可的关于自然选择学说... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | ‡ 《自然》第3卷,第30、49、65和154页。
§ 去年有关深海挖掘的所有重要文章都出现在这些专栏中,建议读者参考第1卷的第135、166、267、612和657页,以及第2卷的第257、513等页。
The Descent of Man
P. H. Pye-Smith
Editor’s Note
“If Mr. Darwin had closed his rich series of contributions to Science by the publication of the ‘Origin of Species’, he would have made an epoch in Natural History lik... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | been worked out by men so distinguished as Mr. Herbert Spencer and Prof. Haeckel. But it was known when the “Origin of Species” was published, that instead of being the mere brilliant hypothesis of a man of genius, of which the proofs were to be furnished and the fruits gathered in by his successors, it was really only... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | or passed by, that the author introduces the subject of sexual selection. This is dealt with in the second part, which forms more than two-thirds of the work, and that not only as it affects man, but in its entire range. Reserving this division of the book for a future article, we will endeavour here to give a summary ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | is called the Darwinian theory accounts for the way in which diversities have arisen, and thus has converted an apparently obvious hypothesis into a well-grounded theory. But in expounding the likeness between men and animals, the author does not confine himself to anatomical structure, but shows how the same resemblan... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | it is not impossible to trace. The question of the origin of the moral sense leads to the proposition of the following theory. Some natural emotions are of great intensity but short endurance, and their force is not easily recalled by memory; others, though less powerful at certain times, exert a constant influence, or... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | and perfect hands, are of direct advantage to him in the struggle with other animals and with his fellows. It has always appeared that the difficult point in the development of man by Natural Selection is at the period when he was more defenceless than an anthropoid ape and less intelligent than the lowest savage; but ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It only remains here to add a word on the account of the affinities and genealogy of man contained in the sixth chapter. As a kind of retribution for the attempt to raise Cuvier’s order Bimana into a sub-class, not only have most naturalists now reverted to a modified definition of the Primates of Linnaeus, but Mr. Dar... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | world Mr. Darwin does not attempt to trace the genealogy of man. Considering how essential this extension of the theory of evolution is held by men so distinguished as Haeckel, and how keenly the question of Abiogenesis has recently been discussed, the reticence shown in avoiding allusion to the subject is perhaps the ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | functions are only periodical, or when they have been artificially prevented. Moreover it is the males who take the active part in pairing, and who not only fight for the possession of their mates, but display their colours, their voice, of whatever be their peculiar attractions, in order to gain the same end. This rul... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | unfortunate error” in the eighth chapter. 中文
The remainder of the first and the greater portion of second volume are occupied by a survey of sexual variations throughout the animal kingdom. Passing rapidly over the other invertebrate classes, the author devotes two chapters to the secondary sexual characters of insects... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | operation among lower classes, and falls back on the same stronghold when explaining its less obvious working in the mammalia. 中文
Fig. 2. Chamaeleon Owenii. Upper figure, male; lower figure, female.
中文
Among birds the rivalry of beauty has led to far more striking results than has the rivalry of strength. Foremost of... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Sexual selection has, of course, been continually checked and modified by the never-ceasing influence of natural selection, sometimes, as in the case of the horns of stags, being only somewhat diverted, but often directly opposed, as when it produces dangerously conspicuous colours, and dangerously cumbersome ornaments... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of the production of defensive organs by the same process, as in the manes of lions, the cheekpads of some of the Suidae, and possibly the upper tusks of that ancient enigma, the barbirusa. Lastly, it is in the class of mammals that we meet with cases of what may be called primary sexual ornament, as in Cercopithecus c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | survive the rest. Protective mimicry is another, by which fishes have assumed the bright colours of a coral garden and butterflies the delicate venation of leaves. Flowers again have in many cases obtained their gay petals and fantastic shapes from the advantage thus gained for fertilisation by insects. The successive ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | ” 英文
《人类的由来及性选择》
作者:查尔斯·达尔文,文学硕士,皇家学会会员。
共两卷,428页,475页。(默里,1871年) 英文
I
如果《物种起源》为达尔文先生丰富的科学著述画上句号的话,那么他在自然史上的里程碑作用就如同苏格拉底在哲学领域、哈维在医学领域一样。这项用他的名字命名的理论激发了学者对人种学和解剖学各方面问题的讨论,得到了我国和美国的自然学家的广泛接受和推崇。但最主要的是在现代科学的大工作室里诞生了关于“达尔文主义”的一套完整学说,达尔文主义的信奉者们与达尔文的关系,就像闵采尔和再浸礼论者与路德之间的那种复杂关系。正如知识方面的许多巨大进展一样,进化论在各方面都具备了成熟的条件。可证明这一点的著名事例有,华... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 现已发现,记忆和好奇,妒嫉和友谊,甚至正确推理的能力和用声音沟通的能力在许多低等动物中都存在,但是思考的能力和主动意识,甚至“坚信存在万能上帝的高尚信念”却并不为人类家族中最低级的类群所拥有。与此同时,使用有音节的语言、形成抽象的概念,乃至形成是非观都是循序渐进地获得的,而且是可以追溯其起源的。道德观念的起源问题引出了下述理论。自然情绪中有一些来势凶猛但持续时间短,它们的影响力不容易通过记忆回想起来;而其他情绪,尽管在某些时间不如前者那么强烈,但能产生持久的影响力,或者产生一种只会因无法忍受前一种情绪的影响而被打断的影响力。相应地,生命的大部分时间通常是有闲暇进行思考的,这时,与非常强烈的感情如饥饿、性欲和报复等有关的个人满足感就显... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 性选择可以看作自然选择的一个特例,可以与拟态保护理论相比,后者是由贝茨提出并与华莱士共同完成的。尽管在爱的竞技场上,胜利经常属于强者,但更多时候是美丽者获胜。这里涉及一个新过程,拟态无论是简单形式还是复杂形式,其影响都不如自然选择和通过争斗进行的性选择明显。许多情况必须结合起来以便最成功的求爱者拥有更多更强壮的后代。首先,所有的雌雄同体动物和固着动物可以被排除,性别差异受不同生活习性影响的动物也被排除在外。达尔文先生随后指出第二性征的变化是非常明显的,从物种的标准来看,雄性比雌性发生的变化更多,这种标准由幼体和联姻形式决定,当雄性功能是周期性的或者被人为阻止时,则由雄性的自身特点决定。此外,在交配中主动的一方通常是雄性,它们不仅要进... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 另一方面,华莱士先生则相信,两种趋势通常是从不同方向共同起作用的,以使雄性子代具有比亲代更加显著的性状,而雌性子代则更不明显。但是作为一般规则,幼鸟的羽毛都与雌鸟相像,这和前面的观点了形成了强烈的冲突,因为大多数自然学家都认为早期性状是研究自然联姻也就是真正的谱系的最可靠向导。为了解释在一些例子中,亮丽的颜色(可能通过性选择获得,因此是雄性性状)可以不加区别地传递给两种性别的后代,华莱士先生提出了一个独特的假说,即雌性可通过建造有盖巢穴的普遍习性来保护自己不受自然选择的威胁。该书作者则从相反的角度认为,大多数继承了雄性的明亮颜色的雌鸟都会为了保护自己而获得建造有盖巢穴的习性。 英文
哺乳动物的性选择主要通过增加雄性个体的大小和力量以... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Darwin’s comments on Galton’s experiments. He almost admits in his closing sentence that his theory is indefensible. 中文
IN a paper, read March 30, 1871, before the Royal Society, and just published in the Proceedings, Mr. Galton gives the results of his interesting experiments on the inter-transfusion of the blood of d... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of fluids throughout the body.” But when I used these latter words and other similar ones, I presume that I was thinking of the diffusion of the gemmules through the tissues, or from cell to cell, independently of the presence of vessels,—as in the remarkable experiments by Dr. Bence Jones, in which chemical elements a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | yet, received its death blow; though, from presenting so many vulnerable points, its life is always in jeopardy; and this is my excuse for having said a few words in its defence. 中文
(3, 502-503; 1871)
泛生论
达尔文
编者按
当时,尽管获得了许多称赞,查尔斯·达尔文的进化论还是受到了科学界同行的攻击。伦敦大学学院的弗朗西斯·高尔顿进行了相关实验来检验被达尔文称为泛生论的遗传学理论。达尔文在这一理论中假设生殖细胞(动物或植物的卵子受精后... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | IT appears from Mr. Darwin’s letter to you in last week’s Nature*, that the views contradicted by my experiments, published in the recent number of the “Proceedings of the Royal Society”, differ from those he entertained. Nevertheless, I think they are what his published account of Pangenesis (Animals, &c., under Domes... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | to suppose gemmules to pass through solid tissue without any retardation. “Freely” would be strictly applicable to gemmules drifting along with the stream of the blood, and it was in that sense I interpreted it. Lastly, I find fault with the use of the word “diffused”, which applies to movement in or with fluids, and i... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I do not much complain of having been sent on a false quest by ambiguous language, for I know how conscientious Mr. Darwin is in all he writes, how difficult it is to put thoughts into accurate speech, and, again, how words have conveyed false impressions on the simplest matters from the earliest times. Nay, even in th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
从达尔文先生上周写给《自然》的信来看*,他持有的观点与我发表在最近一期《皇家学会学报》上的实验结果所反驳的观点似乎并不相同。我觉得,我的结果反驳的不过是那些他发表的关于泛生论的说明(见《动物和植物在家养下的变异》,第2卷,第374、379页)中很可能会传递给读者的观点。这一歧义是由两个句子中三个使用不当的词引起的,这两个句子暗示了(因为并没有明确地告诉我们)泛生微芽的聚集地。这三个词是“循环”,“自由地”和“分散的”。循环的恰当含义是非常明显的——它是一种再次进入的运动。任何东西如果没有在后来返回到原先的位置就不能称为循环。在一个循环的图书馆里,书籍能够返回并被再利用。钱币被说成是循环流通的,是因为在商业交换中它能返回到同一个... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | On Colour Vision*
J. C. Maxwell
Editor’s Note
Among the lesser known scientific contributions of James Clerk Maxwell is his work on colour theory. Maxwell showed how three primary colours of light—red, green and blue—can be mixed to generate almost any colour, paving the way for colour photography and projection. In th... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | colour since the time of Young, some have supposed that they ought to study the properties of pigments, and others that they ought to analyse the rays of light. They have sought for a knowledge of colour by examining something in external nature—something out of ourselves. 中文
Now, if the sensation which we call colour ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Every increase of the power of our instruments increases in the same proportion the number of lines visible in the spectrum. 中文
All light, as Newton proved, is composed of these rays taken in different proportions. Objects which we call coloured when illuminated by white light, make a selection of these rays, and our e... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | It is a striking illustration of our mental processes that many persons have not only gone on believing, on the evidence of the mixture of pigments, that blue and yellow make green, but that they have even persuaded themselves that they could detect the separate sensations of blueness and of yellowness in the sensation... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The colours are at present red, green, and blue, and the mixture of the three colours is, as you see, nearly white. Let us try the effect of mixing two of these colours. Red and blue form a fine purple or crimson, green and blue form a sea-green or sky-blue, red and green form a yellow. 中文
Here again we have a fact not... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | difficulties of a kind which we do not meet with in purely physical inquiries. We can all feel these sensations, but none of us can describe them. They are not only private property, but they are incommunicable. We have names for the external objects which excite our sensations, but not for the sensations themselves. 中... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Shade may be defined as the greater or less defect of illumination. If we begin with any tint of any hue, we can form a gradation from that colour to black, and this gradation is a series of shades of that colour. Thus we may say that brown is a dark shade of orange. 中文
The quality of a colour may vary in three differe... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Let us go a step farther, and suppose the colour sensations measured on some scale of intensity, and a point found for which the three distances, or co-ordinates, contain the same number of feet as the sensations contain degrees of intensity. Then we may say, by a useful geometrical convention, that the colour is repre... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Thus the ideas of tint and hue can be expressed geometrically on Young’s triangle. To understand what is meant by shade, we have only to suppose the illumination of the whole triangle increased or diminished, so that by means of this adjustment of illumination Young’s triangle may be made to exhibit every variety of co... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | of the colour-sensations, the chart of the spectrum must be in the form of a line having a sharp angle at the point corresponding to this colour. 中文
I have already shown you how we can make a mixture of any three of the colours of the spectrum, and vary the colour of the mixture by altering the intensity of any of the ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | When the operator and the observer have worked together for some time they get to understand each other, and the colours are adjusted much more rapidly than at first. 中文
When the match is pronounced perfect, the positions of the slits, as indicated by a scale, are registered, and the breadth of each slit is carefully m... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | colour is chromatically equivalent to a mixture of any two colours on opposite sides of it and in the same straight line. The extreme red is considerably beyond the standard red, but it is in the same straight line, and therefore we might, if we had no other evidence, assume the extreme red as the true primary red. We ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I have here, through the kindness of Professor Huxley, a picture of the structure upon which the light falls at the back of the eye. There is a minute structure of bodies like rods and cones or pegs, and it is conceivable that the mode in which we become aware of the shapes of things is by a consciousness which differs... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | No anatomist has hitherto been able to distinguish these three systems of nerves by microscopic observation. But it is admitted in physiology that the only way in which the sensation excited by a particular nerve can vary is by degrees of intensity. The intensity of the sensation may vary from the faintest impression u... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The most valuable evidence which we possess with respect to colour vision is furnished to us by the colour-blind. A considerable number of persons in every large community are unable to distinguish between certain pairs of colours which to ordinary people appear in glaring contrast. Dr. Dalton, the founder of the atomi... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The only difference between the two diagrams is that in the upper one the red curve is absent. The forms of the other two curves are nearly the same for both observers. We have great reason therefore to conclude that the colour sensations which Prof. Pole sees are what we call green and blue. This is the result of my c... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Experiments on colour indicate very considerable differences between the vision of different persons, all of whom are of the ordinary type. A colour, for instance, which one person on comparing it with white will pronounce pinkish, another person will pronounce greenish. This difference, however, does not arise from an... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | is a curious fact that we do not see this yellow spot on every occasion, and that we do not think white objects yellow. But if we wear spectacles of any colour for some time, or if we live in a room lighted by windows all of one colour, we soon come to recognise white paper as white. This shows that it is only when som... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 据我所知,托马斯·杨是第一个从人类的知觉而不是从光的本质来解释众所周知的三原色的人。即便是那些在杨以后撰写了有关颜色的著作的人们,不是认为应该去研究颜料的特性就是认为应该去分析光线。他们试图用人类自身之外的那些外在本质来揭示颜色的奥秘。 英文
现在,如果说我们称之为颜色的这种感觉遵循某种规律的话,那么一定是我们自身的本质决定了这种规律的形式。无需由我来告诉你,我们所能获得的关于自身的唯一证据就来自于我们的意识。 英文
因此,色彩学在本质上应该被当作是一种精神科学。它与大多数所谓的精神科学有很大的区别,它要用到物理学,特别是要用到光学和解剖学。但是,种种精神活动提供了大量的例证,可以证明色彩学是一种精神科学。 英文
当我们利用物理学来... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 但是如果我们作画时所用的笔是由光线组成的,那么涂覆两种颜色得到的效果就会完全不同。红光和绿光会形成非常漂亮的黄色,和光谱中最纯的黄光一样鲜艳。 英文
我现在调整狭缝,选取光谱中的黄光。你会发现它与红光和绿光混合在一起的颜色非常相似。然而,用物理学的观点来看,它与混合物不同,因为它是严格均质的。正如你所见,棱镜并没有像对待混合光线那样把它分成两部分。让我们把这束黄光和光谱中的蓝光混合起来。结果当然不是绿光;如果采用暖色调的黄光,我们得到的将是粉色,但如果我们选的是偏绿的黄光,就会得到很好的白色。 英文
你已经看到了一些最显著的颜色组合,其他颜色组合与这些相比只有程度上的差别,而没有本质上的差别。现在,我请你别去考虑那些让你看到颜色的实... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 为了理解明度的含义,我们只需增加或者减弱整个三角的照明度就可以了。因此用调整照明度的方法,杨氏三角形可以表示所有的颜色。如果我们从杨氏三角形中选取任意两种颜色,然后把二者以任意比例混合在一起,混合后的颜色对应于这两种颜色连线上重心的位置。 英文
我没有做任何有关三种原色感觉本质的说明,也没有说它们与哪些颜色更接近。要在本文中解释清楚实际颜色之间的关系,不需要知道三原色到底是什么。我们可以选取任意的三种颜色,暂且把它们放在杨氏三角形的三个顶点上,然后就可以确定其他可见颜色与它们的相对位置,这样就得到了一种色卡。 英文
我们见到的所有被分光光谱中的不同光线所激发的颜色在科学上都具有极高的重要性。所有的光都是其中的一种光线,或者是其中几种... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 反之,绿蓝之间的颜色却与这两种极端颜色或其中之一很相似,这些被广泛认可的颜色也没有自己的名字。 英文
我并非是要调和这种一般经验和科学实验之间的差异和矛盾。只是事实表明,仅仅用自省的方式不可能对我们的感觉作出正确的分析。感觉是我们唯一的凭据,但是感觉必须经过系统的检验才能得到可靠的结果。 英文
我从赫胥黎教授那里得到了一张描述光线落在眼睛后部成像的结构图。这里有很多棒状、锥状、钉状的微结构。我们很可能就是通过确定光线到底落在哪些棒状体的末端而感觉到物体的形状的,就像提花织布机织出什么样的花纹取决于打孔卡作用于机器中可移动棒的方式。在眼睛里,一方面光线照射在这种精密的结构之上,另一方面我们有视觉感受。我们无法比较这两个方面,因为它们属... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 他们观察这些物体在颜色上的差别,他们以为他们看到的颜色与我们看到的一样,只是不那么清楚而已。但如果我们看一看这张图,就会发现,在他们的第二种色觉中,最明亮的部分并不是光谱中的绿色,而是我们称为黄色的部分,我们告诉他们这就是黄色。波尔教授所绘曲线下面的光谱图向色觉正常的人展示了一个色盲者的眼睛所看到的光谱。其实我不敢让大家注意它,因为要是你认为自己可以用别人的视觉来看一幅画的话,那我前面所说的就都白费了。 英文
关于黄色斑点
关于颜色的种种实验表明,人与人之间在视觉上的差别很明显,虽然他们都是视觉正常的人。比如,把一种颜色和白色作比较时,有人认为它偏粉色,有人认为它偏绿色。然而,这种差别并不能说明每个人的色觉有本质上的不同。这就好像有... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | I have noticed that Nature is very catholic in its sympathies, and allows all views which are not palpably absurd to be discussed in its pages, and I therefore venture to ask for some space in which to present a few of the difficulties which have been suggested by Mr. Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection, and which hav... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | it that it means in five words the Persistence of the Stronger. 中文
Among the questions which stand at the very threshold of the whole inquiry, and which I have overlooked in Mr. Darwin’s books if it is to be found there, is a discussion of the causes which produce sterility and those which favour fertility in races. He... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | On turning to the animal kingdom, we find the law no less true. “Fat hens won’t lay”, is an old fragment of philosophy. The breeder of sheep and pigs and cattle knows very well that if his ewes and sows and cows are not kept lean they will not breed; and as a startling example I am told that to induce Alderney cows, wh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | The same cause operated to extinguish the Tasmanians and other savage tribes which have decayed and died out, when brought into contact with the luxuries of civilisation, notwithstanding every effort having been made to preserve them. In a few cases only have the weak tribes been supplanted by the strong, or weaker ind... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 中文
Charles Darwin 中文
(4, 180-181; 1871)
* * *
The very ingenious manner in which Mr. Howorth first misrepresents Darwinism, and then uses an argument which is not even founded on his own misrepresentation, but on a quite distinct fallacy, may puzzle some of your readers. I therefore ask space for a few lines of critici... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | increase more rapidly than any half-starved race of Indians upon earth. No fact, therefore, has been adduced to show that even “the persistence of the stronger” is not true; although, if this had been done, it would not touch Natural Selection, which is the “survival of the fittest”. 中文
Alfred R. Wallace 中文
(4, 181; 18... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 作为对马尔萨斯的回答,道布尔迪先生写了一部令人敬佩的著作,这部著作也使我受益匪浅,其中援引了大量证据来表明对动植物普遍适用的法则对人类也同样适用。他向我们说明了,个体是如何受丰富的饮食和舒适的生活条件影响的,以及社会阶层是如何受此影响的。据我所知,他首次解释了为什么在以肉和高能量食物为日常饮食的国家里人口数量少并且增长幅度小,而在以鱼或蔬菜或其他低能量食物为日常饮食的国家里,人口数量却很大并且增长迅速;无论在何处,富有的、奢侈的、营养好的种群的数量都是处于减少的状态或保持稳定不变;而贫穷的、营养不良的和辛苦工作的种群则往往大量繁殖。支持这种观点的事实不计其数,如果有人对这一观点还存在异议的话,我可以在贵刊上引述这些事实。这就是使罗马... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
阿尔弗雷德·华莱士 英文
(刘皓芳 翻译;刘力 审稿)
The Copley Medalist of 1870
J. Tyndall
Editor’s Note
James prescott Joule was born in the city of Salford in Lancashire and worked either there or in the adjacent city of Manchester. His scientific work centred on electricity and the rules by which energy of one kind—a current of electri... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | current; while the attraction exerted between an electro-magnet and the pole of a permanent steel magnet varies simply as the strength of the current. These investigations were conducted independently of, though a little subsequently to, the celebrated inquiries of Henry, Jacobi, and Lenz and Jacobi on the same subject... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Joule not to submit the paper to the Royal Society. But its drift and results are summed up in these memorable words by its author, written some time subsequently:“In that paper it was demonstrated experimentally that the mechanical power exerted in turning a magneto-electric machine is converted into the heat evolved ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | arteries. “It is unquestionable,” writes Mr. Joule, “that heat is produced by such friction, but it must be understood that the mechanical force expended in the friction is a part of the force of affinity which causes the venous blood to unite with oxygen, so that the whole heat of the system must still be referred to ... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 50,000,000 lbs. raised to the height of one foot. Now if the oxygen and hydrogen could be presented to each other in a liquid state, the heat of combination would be less than before, because the atoms in combining would fall through less space.” No words of mine are needed to point out the commanding grasp of molecula... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | At this time the labours of the previous ten years had made Mr. Joule completely master of the conditions essential to accuracy and success. Bringing his ripened experience to bear upon the subject, he executed in 1849 a series of 40 experiments on the friction of water, 50 experiments on the friction of mercury, and 2... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | secured for the mechanical theory the acceptance it now enjoys. A great portion of Joule’s time was occupied in actual manipulation; freed from this, Mayer had time to follow the theory into its most abstruse and impressive applications. With their places reversed, however, Joule might have become Mayer, and Mayer migh... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 另一份关于动物热量起源和转化的报告突出地表明了焦耳先生敏锐的洞察力和他在那个年代对规律的掌控能力。一位朋友曾经向他提到过哈勒尔的假说,该假说认为动物的热量可能起源于血液在静脉和动脉中流动时的摩擦。“这是毫无疑问的,”焦耳在回信中写到,“热量就是由这样的摩擦产生的,但是要知道,在摩擦中消耗的机械力也是使静脉血与氧结合的亲和力引发的,所以动物系统的全部热量必然来自于化学反应。但动物在搬运东西或者上山的时候,我认为,动物将消耗其通过化学反应释放出的热量,而系统热量的减少与动物肌肉为完成这项工作所做的功成正比。”句子中突出强调的部分是焦耳在1843年的原稿中就标注了的。 英文
焦耳对于化学能与潜热的精确洞察力在这篇英国科学促进会论文的结束语... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Periodicity of Sun-spots*
Editor’s Note
Rudolph Wolf’s observations on the variations of sunspot activity had both estimated their average period—roughly 11.1 years—and shown an interesting contrast between the increasing and decreasing parts of the cycle. Wolf had found that, on average, activity increased over 3.7 ye... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Prof. Wolf has previously devoted the greater part of his laborious researches to a precise determination of the mean length of the whole sun-spot period, but latterly he has justly recognised the importance of obtaining some knowledge of the average character of the periodic increase and decrease. Hence he has, as far... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | (2) Denoting by x the number of years during which the curve ascends, and presuming that the behaviour is approximately the same througnout the whole period of 11.1 years as during the five years investigated, we have the proportion
whence
x=3.7,
or the average duration of an ascent is 3.7 years, that of a descent 7.4... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | hemisphere, while the conclusions of M. Wolf are founded on certain “relative numbers”, which give the amount of observed spots on an arbitrary scale, chiefly designed to make observations made at different times and by various observers comparable with each other. This will obviously, in addition to the sources of err... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | “The character of a single period may essentially differ from the mean behaviour, but on the whole it appears that a descent corresponds to a ascent.” 中文
We, on the other hand, have, by an inspection of our curves (vide Phil. Trans. 1870, p. 393), been induced to make the following remark on the same question: — 中文
“We... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | interdependence. The following is the result of the comparison: — 中文
a. Prof. Wolf’s law: comparison of A and B
中文
These differences from the mean are so considerable that in the present state of the inquiry a connection between any descent and the immediately succeeding ascent appears highly improbable. A very new a... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
(3)对于某一个具体的周期而言,可能和平均值有一定的偏差;但对于整体而言,一个的下降对应着一个的上升。所以最小值为1844.0的曲线非常正常;最小值为1856.2和1823.2的曲线上升和下降的速度都比较慢,尤其是1823.2,见下图;另一方面,最小值为1833.8和1867.2的曲线则又显示出了上升和下降速度都很快的趋势,尤其是1867.2,见下图。 英文
最后,沃尔夫教授用下表中的方式列出了几个连续的最小值和最大值,为的是得到一些规律性的结论,使他能够预言太阳黑子的一般特征和未来周期的长度。通过研究与每两个连续最大值对应的时间绝对差和与每两个次近邻最小值对应的时间平均差,他得出了这样的结论:黑子最大值和最小值的最大加速过程... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 英文
b. B与C的比值
英文
(刘东亮 翻译;蒋世仰 审稿)
* 本文摘自由沃伦·德拉鲁(皇家学会会员)、鲍尔弗·斯图尔特(皇家学会会员)和本杰明·洛伊(皇家天文学会会员)在1871年12月21日召开的皇家学会会议上宣读的题为《近期太阳物理与太阳黑子周期规律的研究》的文章。
Clerk Maxwell’s Kinetic Theory of Gases
J. C. Maxwell
Editor’s Note
James Clerk Maxwell’s recent kinetic theory of gases gave theoretical foundation to the macroscopic propertie... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | which occurred to me in 1866, nearly upset my belief in calculation, and it was some time before I discovered the weak point in it. 中文
The argument assumes that, of the molecules which have encounters in a given stratum, those projected upwards have the same mean energy as those projected downwards. This, however, is n... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | 克拉克·麦克斯韦的气体动力学理论
麦克斯韦
编者按
詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦最近提出的气体动力学理论为研究气体的宏观性质奠定了理论基础。在这篇文章中麦克斯韦坚持自己的理论,反驳了最近对其理论提出的批评。麦克斯韦的理论认为一个垂直气体柱在各个高度的温度应该保持一致。然而重力作用会使沿某一路径向下运动的分子获得能量,使向上运动的粒子失去能量。所以似乎应该出现一个向下的净能流。麦克斯韦说,上述论点假设向上运动的粒子和向下运动的粒子平均能量相同。但这是不可能的:在准静态,向下运动的粒子更多,这样和观测结果就不会矛盾了。 英文
贵刊的通讯员格思里先生指出了我的垂直气体柱理论中一个初看上去非常明显而又严重的缺陷。根据那个理论,重力场中的一个垂直... | 400套付费套装书 |
C:\Users\yuan\Documents\400套付费套装书\04-100套\epub\0303. 《自然》百年科学经典（第一卷）(英汉对照版)(1869-1930).epub | .epub | 14,708,425 | 2025-09-26T19:07:12.011918 | Brownian motion that provided the first real evidence for molecules as physical entities. 中文
AN atom is a body which cannot be cut in two. A molecule is the smallest possible portion of a particular substance. No one has ever seen or handled a single molecule. Molecular science, therefore, is one of those branches of s... | 400套付费套装书 |
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