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Give a brief account of arrival of European powers in India. (150 words)	,	##Question:Give a brief account of arrival of European powers in India. (150 words)##Answer:,	33,296
Write Short notes on : (50 words) 1. Cape of Good Hope 2. Regional power in 18th century	,	##Question:Write Short notes on : (50 words) 1. Cape of Good Hope 2. Regional power in 18th century##Answer:,	33,297
विधि के समक्ष समता एवं विधि के समक्ष समान संरक्षण से आप क्या समझते हैं? चर्चा करें\|(200 शब्द)	,	##Question:विधि के समक्ष समता एवं विधि के समक्ष समान संरक्षण से आप क्या समझते हैं? चर्चा करें\|(200 शब्द) ##Answer:,	33,298
विधि का शासन क्या होता है ? संविधान का अनुच्छेद 13 इसे किस प्रकार स्थापित करने का प्रयास करता है ?(150-200 शब्द)	,	##Question:विधि का शासन क्या होता है ? संविधान का अनुच्छेद 13 इसे किस प्रकार स्थापित करने का प्रयास करता है ?(150-200 शब्द)##Answer:,	33,299
“Indian society is characterized by continuity and change “. In the context of this statement discuss the impact of globalization on the institution of Joint family. (200 words\|10 marks)	.	##Question:“Indian society is characterized by continuity and change “. In the context of this statement discuss the impact of globalization on the institution of Joint family. (200 words\|10 marks)##Answer:.	33,300
There is a growing trend of increase in joint households in urban areas and nuclear households in rural areas. Explain.	.	##Question:There is a growing trend of increase in joint households in urban areas and nuclear households in rural areas. Explain.##Answer:.	33,301
The life cycle of joint family depends upon economic factors rather than social values.	.	##Question:The life cycle of joint family depends upon economic factors rather than social values.##Answer:.	33,302
It is assumed that urbanization along with industrialization would induce certain essential changes in the caste based system of stratification. In this context, discuss how the caste system has continued to persist an exert it’s influence in urban social life.	.	##Question:It is assumed that urbanization along with industrialization would induce certain essential changes in the caste based system of stratification. In this context, discuss how the caste system has continued to persist an exert it’s influence in urban social life.##Answer:.	33,303
The mixing of caste and politics resulting into politicisation and casteisation of politics in contemporary India has become a great challenge to our democracy. To what extent you agree with the statement, comment.	.	##Question:The mixing of caste and politics resulting into politicisation and casteisation of politics in contemporary India has become a great challenge to our democracy. To what extent you agree with the statement, comment.##Answer:.	33,304
Define seals. Discuss important functions that could have been served by seals during the Indus Valley period. Also, give examples of important seals during this period. (200 words)	,	##Question:Define seals. Discuss important functions that could have been served by seals during the Indus Valley period. Also, give examples of important seals during this period. (200 words)##Answer:,	33,305
Explain the significance of following Indus Valley Sites: (150 words each) 1. Lothal 2. Kalibangan 3. Rangpur 4. Chanudaro 5. Mohenjodaro	,	##Question:Explain the significance of following Indus Valley Sites: (150 words each) 1. Lothal 2. Kalibangan 3. Rangpur 4. Chanudaro 5. Mohenjodaro##Answer:,	33,306
Explain with examples, different type of sculptures that were made during Indus Valley Period. (200 words\|10 marks)	,	##Question:Explain with examples, different type of sculptures that were made during Indus Valley Period. (200 words\|10 marks)##Answer:,	33,307
Write short notes on: (50 words) 1. Lost wax technique 2. Jewellery and Cosmetics during Indus Valley Civilisation	,	##Question:Write short notes on: (50 words) 1. Lost wax technique 2. Jewellery and Cosmetics during Indus Valley Civilisation##Answer:,	33,308
Buddhist Stupas were significant not just from Architectural point of view but they also depict Buddhist ideals. Explain.(200 words)	,	##Question:Buddhist Stupas were significant not just from Architectural point of view but they also depict Buddhist ideals. Explain.(200 words)##Answer:,	33,309
Discuss reasons for emergence of Shramana Tradition in Ancient India. Also, briefly elaborate the features of this tradition.	,	##Question:Discuss reasons for emergence of Shramana Tradition in Ancient India. Also, briefly elaborate the features of this tradition.##Answer:,	33,310
Pillars were the messenger of history of various empires. Bring out the significance of Mauryan pillar and distinguish between Archeminian pillar and Mauryan pillar	,	##Question:Pillars were the messenger of history of various empires. Bring out the significance of Mauryan pillar and distinguish between Archeminian pillar and Mauryan pillar##Answer:,	33,311
Discuss the features of pottery of the Mauryan period. How is it distinct from the earlier pottery techniques?	,	##Question: Discuss the features of pottery of the Mauryan period. How is it distinct from the earlier pottery techniques?##Answer:,	33,312
Though local self-government was there in India before 1992, the 73rd and 74th Amendment act brought resurgence in the idea of local government in India. Discuss in the light of various committee recommendations before 1992. (200 Words)	,	##Question:Though local self-government was there in India before 1992, the 73rd and 74th Amendment act brought resurgence in the idea of local government in India. Discuss in the light of various committee recommendations before 1992. (200 Words)##Answer:,	33,313
Community Development Programmes had all the features to solve the problems of underdevelopment and poverty but it failed. Discuss. (200 words)	,	##Question:Community Development Programmes had all the features to solve the problems of underdevelopment and poverty but it failed. Discuss. (200 words)##Answer:,	33,314
Discuss the different phases of working of local self-governments post-independence India. (250 words)	,	##Question:Discuss the different phases of working of local self-governments post-independence India. (250 words)##Answer:,	33,315
मौलिक अधिकारों का सुनहरा त्रिकोण किसे कहा जाता है और क्यों ?(200 शब्द)	.	##Question:मौलिक अधिकारों का सुनहरा त्रिकोण किसे कहा जाता है और क्यों ?(200 शब्द)##Answer:.	33,321
“ अनुच्छेद 32 संविधान की आत्मा या ह्रदय है ” कथन का मूल्यांकन कीजिये \|(200 शब्द)	.	##Question:“ अनुच्छेद 32 संविधान की आत्मा या ह्रदय है ” कथन का मूल्यांकन कीजिये \|(200 शब्द)##Answer:.	33,322
Write Short notes on : (50 words) Significance of Carnatic war Black Hole Tragedy	.	##Question:Write Short notes on : (50 words) Significance of Carnatic war Black Hole Tragedy ##Answer:.	33,323
Discuss the Socio economic condition of Indian society duringBritish conquest.	.	##Question:Discuss the Socio economic condition of Indian society duringBritish conquest.##Answer:.	33,324
The Battle of Plasseyis an important milestone in the establishment of British Rule in India. In the light of the above statement, discuss the causes of this battles and significance of its outcomes for British. (150 words)	.	##Question:The Battle of Plasseyis an important milestone in the establishment of British Rule in India. In the light of the above statement, discuss the causes of this battles and significance of its outcomes for British. (150 words)##Answer:.	33,325
Briefly discuss the quantitative measures of credit control used by Reserve Bank of India.(10 Marks/150 Words)	Introduction - Try to introduce your answer citing need for monetary policy and Body - mention all the quantitativecredit control measure conclusion- try to link credit control to moderate inflation linking it to greater economic growth Credit control is one of the most important functions of Rbi. WhereRbi control liquidity to control inflation on one hand and on the other maintain liquidity to push economic growth. Rbicontrol credit by 2 methods Quantitative and Qualitative .- 1. Bank Rate -Bank rate is the rate charged by the central bank for lending funds to commercial banks. Bank rates influence lending rates of commercial banks. Higher bank rate will translate to higher lending rates by the banks. In order to curb liquidity, the central bank can resort to raising the bank rate and vice versa. Bank rate 6.75% Reserve Ratios 2(a). CRR - : Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is a specified minimum fraction of the total deposits of customers, which commercial banks have to hold as reserves either in cash or as deposits with the central bank. CRR is set according to the guidelines of the central bank of a country. The amount specified as the CRR is held in cash and cash equivalents are stored in bank vaults or parked with the Reserve Bank of India. The aim here is to ensure that banks do not run out of cash to meet the payment demands of their depositors. CRR is a crucial monetary policy tool and is used for controlling the money supply in an economy.CRR specifications give greater control to the central bank over the money supply. Commercial banks have to hold only some specified part of the total deposits as reserves. 2(b). SLR -statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) refers to the minimum reserve requirement that needs to be maintained by commercial banks in the nation. This term is used by the Indian government. The word "statutory" indicates that it is mandatorily and legally required. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act states that every commercial bank in India has to keep a certain amount of time deposits as well as demand deposits as liquid assets in its independent and own vault. In the case of the statutory liquidity ratio, these assets can be gold, cash, securities that are approved by the Indian government, etc. Apart from these assets, securities that are sanctioned under market stabilization schemes (MSS) as well as market borrowing programmes, and treasury bills are included in the statutory liquidity ratio. 3. Repo -Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. Repo rate is used by monetary authorities to control inflation.In the event of inflation, central banks increase repo rate as this acts as a disincentive for banks to borrow from the central bank. This ultimately reduces the money supply in the economy and thus helps in arresting inflation.The central bank takes the contrary position in the event of a fall in inflationary pressures. Repo and reverse repo rates form a part of the liquidity adjustment facility. 4. Reverse Repo -Reverse repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) borrows money from commercial banks within the country. It is a monetary policy instrument which can be used to control the money supply in the country.An increase in the reverse repo rate will decrease the money supply and vice-versa, other things remaining constant. An increase in reverse repo rate means that commercial banks will get more incentives to park their funds with the RBI, thereby decreasing the supply of money in the market. 5. MSF - Marginal standing facility (MSF) is a window for banks to borrow from the Reserve Bank of India in an emergency situation when inter-bank liquidity dries up completely. MSF, being a penal rate, is always fixed above the repo rate. The MSF would be the last resort for banks once they exhaust all borrowing options including the liquidity adjustment facility by pledging government securities, where the rates are lower in comparison with the MSF. The MSF would be a penal rate for banks and the banks can borrow funds by pledging government securities within the limits of the statutory liquidity ratio Credit control is used to maintain healthy inflation growth within the inflation bracket of 4+_2 as defined by the monetary policy committee.	##Question:Briefly discuss the quantitative measures of credit control used by Reserve Bank of India.(10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer: Introduction - Try to introduce your answer citing need for monetary policy and Body - mention all the quantitativecredit control measure conclusion- try to link credit control to moderate inflation linking it to greater economic growth Credit control is one of the most important functions of Rbi. WhereRbi control liquidity to control inflation on one hand and on the other maintain liquidity to push economic growth. Rbicontrol credit by 2 methods Quantitative and Qualitative .- 1. Bank Rate -Bank rate is the rate charged by the central bank for lending funds to commercial banks. Bank rates influence lending rates of commercial banks. Higher bank rate will translate to higher lending rates by the banks. In order to curb liquidity, the central bank can resort to raising the bank rate and vice versa. Bank rate 6.75% Reserve Ratios 2(a). CRR - : Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is a specified minimum fraction of the total deposits of customers, which commercial banks have to hold as reserves either in cash or as deposits with the central bank. CRR is set according to the guidelines of the central bank of a country. The amount specified as the CRR is held in cash and cash equivalents are stored in bank vaults or parked with the Reserve Bank of India. The aim here is to ensure that banks do not run out of cash to meet the payment demands of their depositors. CRR is a crucial monetary policy tool and is used for controlling the money supply in an economy.CRR specifications give greater control to the central bank over the money supply. Commercial banks have to hold only some specified part of the total deposits as reserves. 2(b). SLR -statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) refers to the minimum reserve requirement that needs to be maintained by commercial banks in the nation. This term is used by the Indian government. The word "statutory" indicates that it is mandatorily and legally required. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act states that every commercial bank in India has to keep a certain amount of time deposits as well as demand deposits as liquid assets in its independent and own vault. In the case of the statutory liquidity ratio, these assets can be gold, cash, securities that are approved by the Indian government, etc. Apart from these assets, securities that are sanctioned under market stabilization schemes (MSS) as well as market borrowing programmes, and treasury bills are included in the statutory liquidity ratio. 3. Repo -Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. Repo rate is used by monetary authorities to control inflation.In the event of inflation, central banks increase repo rate as this acts as a disincentive for banks to borrow from the central bank. This ultimately reduces the money supply in the economy and thus helps in arresting inflation.The central bank takes the contrary position in the event of a fall in inflationary pressures. Repo and reverse repo rates form a part of the liquidity adjustment facility. 4. Reverse Repo -Reverse repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) borrows money from commercial banks within the country. It is a monetary policy instrument which can be used to control the money supply in the country.An increase in the reverse repo rate will decrease the money supply and vice-versa, other things remaining constant. An increase in reverse repo rate means that commercial banks will get more incentives to park their funds with the RBI, thereby decreasing the supply of money in the market. 5. MSF - Marginal standing facility (MSF) is a window for banks to borrow from the Reserve Bank of India in an emergency situation when inter-bank liquidity dries up completely. MSF, being a penal rate, is always fixed above the repo rate. The MSF would be the last resort for banks once they exhaust all borrowing options including the liquidity adjustment facility by pledging government securities, where the rates are lower in comparison with the MSF. The MSF would be a penal rate for banks and the banks can borrow funds by pledging government securities within the limits of the statutory liquidity ratio Credit control is used to maintain healthy inflation growth within the inflation bracket of 4+_2 as defined by the monetary policy committee.	33,326
Discuss the tools of credit control used by RBI?	.	##Question:Discuss the tools of credit control used by RBI?##Answer:.	33,327
write a short note on LAF ?	.	##Question:write a short note on LAF ?##Answer:.	33,328
जीडीपी एवं जीएनपी क्या है?क्या अर्थव्यवस्था में विकास के आंकलन हेतु जीडीपी एक सही सूचक है ?	.	##Question:जीडीपी एवं जीएनपी क्या है?क्या अर्थव्यवस्था में विकास के आंकलन हेतु जीडीपी एक सही सूचक है ?##Answer:.	33,329
सकल घरेलु उत्पाद की तुलना में सकल प्रसन्नता सूचकांक (HPI)में क्या भिन्न है?	.	##Question:सकल घरेलु उत्पाद की तुलना में सकल प्रसन्नता सूचकांक (HPI)में क्या भिन्न है?##Answer:.	33,330
सकल घरेलु उत्पाद के आंकलन हेतु अपनाई जाने वाली महत्वपूर्ण विधियाँ कौन –कौन सी हैं?चर्चा करें\|	.	##Question:सकल घरेलु उत्पाद के आंकलन हेतु अपनाई जाने वाली महत्वपूर्ण विधियाँ कौन –कौन सी हैं?चर्चा करें\|##Answer:.	33,331
How does moral suasion differ from the direct action under qualitative measures of RBI?	.	##Question:How does moral suasion differ from the direct action under qualitative measures of RBI?##Answer:.	33,346
Critically evaluate the merger of banks with special emphasis on recent merger of the five associate banks with the SBI?(250 words/15 marks)	Brief Approach Mention benefits of merger wrt each stakeholder give issues faced due to the merger of banks mention advantages and issues with the merger of SBI and associates suggest some way forward/measures that should be taken during the merger Answer In 2017, Parliament has passed State Banks (Repeal and Amendment), Bill, 2017 to merge six subsidiary banks with State Bank of India after it was approved by Rajya Sabha,The bill repeals two Acts namely State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959, and State Bank of Hyderabad Act, 1956.The bill also seeks to amend State Bank of India (SBI) Act, 1955 to remove references to subsidiary banks and powers of SBI to act as an agent of the RBI for subsidiary banks. This was in confirmation of the Narasimhan committee ii has specifically emphasized the need to have Indian Banks which are comparable in size with global leading banks. Benefits of various stakeholders: For Banks: 1. Mergers help small banks to gear up to international standards with innovative products and services with the accepted level of efficiency. 2. Mergers help many PSBs, which are geographically concentrated, to expand their coverage beyond their outreach. 3. A better and optimum size of the organization would help PSBs offer more and more products and services and help in the integrated growth of the sector. 4. Consolidation also helps in improving professional standards. 5. This will also end the unhealthy and intense competition going on even among public sector banks as of now. In the global market, Indian banks will gain greater recognition and a higher rating. 6. The volume of inter-bank transactions will come down, resulting in saving of considerable time in clearing and reconciliation of accounts. 7. This will also reduce unnecessary interference by board members in day to day affairs of the banks. 8. After mergers, the bargaining strength of bank staff will become more and visible. Bank staff may look forward to better wages and service conditions in future. The wide disparities between the staff of various banks in their service conditions and monetary benefits will narrow down. For the economy: 1. The merger benefits include getting economies of scale and reduction in the cost of doing business. 2. Technical inefficiency is one of the main factors responsible for the banking crisis. The scale of inefficiency is more in case of small banks. Hence, the merger would be good. 3. The size of each business entity after the merger is expected to add strength to the Indian Banking System in general and Public Sector Banks in particular. 4. After the merger, Indian Banks can manage their liquidity – short term as well as long term – position comfortably. Thus, they will not be compelled to resort to overnight borrowings in call money market and from RBI under Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) and Marginal Standing Facility (MSF). 5. The synergy of operations and scale of economy in the new entity will result in savings and higher profits. 6. A great number of posts of CMD, ED, GM and Zonal Managers will be abolished, resulting in savings of crores of Rupee. 7. Customers will have access to fewer banks offering them a wider range of products at a lower cost. 8. Mergers can diversify risk management. For the government: 1. The burden on the central government to recapitalize the public sector banks, again and again, will come down substantially. 2. This will also help in meeting more stringent norms under Basel III, especially the capital adequacy ratio. 3. From a regulatory perspective, monitoring and control of less number of banks will be easier after mergers. This is at the macro level. Arguments against merger: 1. The merger will affect regional flavour and end regional focus. 2. The argument that size is going to determine the future of the bank in a globalised scenario is facile. The fate of large global banks, which collapsed during the global financial crisis, can be remembered here. 3. The immediate negative impact of the merger would be from pension liability provisions (due to different employee benefit structures) and harmonisation of accounting policies for bad loans recognition. 4. Mergers will result in shifting/closure of many ATMs, Branches and controlling offices, as it is not prudent and economical to keep so many banks concentrated in several pockets, notably in urban and metropolitan centres. 5. Mergers will result in immediate job losses on account of a large number of people taking VRS on one side and slow down or stoppage of further recruitment on the other. This will worsen the unemployment situation further and may create law and order problems and social disturbances. Also, there are many problems to adjust top leadership in institutions and the unions. 6. New power centres will emerge in the changed environment. Mergers will result in a clash of different organizational cultures. Conflicts will arise in the area of systems and processes too. The weaknesses of the small banks may get transferred to the bigger bank also. 7. When a big bank books huge loss or crumbles, there will be a big jolt in the entire banking industry. Its repercussions will be felt everywhere. 8. Also, India right now needs more banking competition rather than more banking consolidation. In other words, it needs more banks rather than fewer banks. This does not mean that there should be a fetish about small-scale lending operations, but to know that large banks are not necessarily better banks. Advantages of the merger of SBI with associate banks SBI will have a global presence among top 50 Banks, bringing confidence, investment and greater lending. SBI can become one of the anchor banks to finance large infrastructure projects like dedicated freight corridor, solar energy, Sagarmala etc. It will increase networking of SBI all over India, thus better services of SBI compared to its associate branches will be able to reach remote locations. It will reduce duplication as SBI and its associates target the same clients with similar products. It will consolidate resources and infrastructure, reducing the cost on operations, human resource and technological solutions, overlapping bank branches, reduce inter-bank transaction cost etc. Disadvantages of the merger of SBI with its associated banks Presently these banks have huge NPAs thus merger should be planned after sufficient capital is injected. Banking competition may be affected, as SBI is likely to be five times larger than its nearest competitor. RBI has declared SBI as Domestic Systemically Important Bank (D-SIBs) and its failure can shock other parts of the financial system. A past example of large banks and their failure with the financial crisis in Japan, USA, etc. Workers resistance from associations like AIBEA calling for strikes India has poor financial inclusion, thus needs a variety of banks and differentiated services. What should be ensured if the merger is carried out? 1. The government shall not have any hidden political agenda, in bank mergers. The government shall not rush through the process of bank mergers. 2. All stakeholders are taken into confidence before the merger exercise is started. After mergers, shares of public sector banks shall not be sold to foreign banks, foreign institutions and Indian corporate entities, beyond a certain limit. 3. Whenever further divestment (dilution of government holdings) takes place, the government shareholdings shall not fall below 51% under any circumstances. This will ensure that the ownership and control of public sector banks remain with the government. 4. The decision with regard to the selection of smaller/weaker banks for the merger with larger/stronger banks is to be taken carefully and grouping of various banks for this purpose is the key issue involved. The government shall not yield to pressure from any political or social groups. 5. The acquiring bank should not attempt to dominate or subsume the acquired bank. Good aspects of both the banks before merger shall be combined, in order to install confidence in all stakeholders and to produce better results. 6. Personnel absorbed from the smaller bank shall undergo a brief, intermittent training program to get acquainted with the philosophies, processes and technology in the new environment. The management must be ready with a good roadmap for this and allot considerable budgetary resources for this purpose. 7. There shall be conscious and organized efforts to synthesize the differing organizational cultures, for the mergers to yield the desired results. Conclusion: A merger is a good idea. However, this should be carried out with the right banks for the right reasons. The merger is also tricky given the huge challenges banks face, including the bad loan problem that has plunged many public sector banks in an unprecedented crisis. Since mergers are also about people, a huge amount of planning would be required to make the consolidation process smoother. Piecemeal consolidation will not provide a lasting solution and what is required is an integrated approach from all stakeholders including the government.	##Question:Critically evaluate the merger of banks with special emphasis on recent merger of the five associate banks with the SBI?(250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Brief Approach Mention benefits of merger wrt each stakeholder give issues faced due to the merger of banks mention advantages and issues with the merger of SBI and associates suggest some way forward/measures that should be taken during the merger Answer In 2017, Parliament has passed State Banks (Repeal and Amendment), Bill, 2017 to merge six subsidiary banks with State Bank of India after it was approved by Rajya Sabha,The bill repeals two Acts namely State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959, and State Bank of Hyderabad Act, 1956.The bill also seeks to amend State Bank of India (SBI) Act, 1955 to remove references to subsidiary banks and powers of SBI to act as an agent of the RBI for subsidiary banks. This was in confirmation of the Narasimhan committee ii has specifically emphasized the need to have Indian Banks which are comparable in size with global leading banks. Benefits of various stakeholders: For Banks: 1. Mergers help small banks to gear up to international standards with innovative products and services with the accepted level of efficiency. 2. Mergers help many PSBs, which are geographically concentrated, to expand their coverage beyond their outreach. 3. A better and optimum size of the organization would help PSBs offer more and more products and services and help in the integrated growth of the sector. 4. Consolidation also helps in improving professional standards. 5. This will also end the unhealthy and intense competition going on even among public sector banks as of now. In the global market, Indian banks will gain greater recognition and a higher rating. 6. The volume of inter-bank transactions will come down, resulting in saving of considerable time in clearing and reconciliation of accounts. 7. This will also reduce unnecessary interference by board members in day to day affairs of the banks. 8. After mergers, the bargaining strength of bank staff will become more and visible. Bank staff may look forward to better wages and service conditions in future. The wide disparities between the staff of various banks in their service conditions and monetary benefits will narrow down. For the economy: 1. The merger benefits include getting economies of scale and reduction in the cost of doing business. 2. Technical inefficiency is one of the main factors responsible for the banking crisis. The scale of inefficiency is more in case of small banks. Hence, the merger would be good. 3. The size of each business entity after the merger is expected to add strength to the Indian Banking System in general and Public Sector Banks in particular. 4. After the merger, Indian Banks can manage their liquidity – short term as well as long term – position comfortably. Thus, they will not be compelled to resort to overnight borrowings in call money market and from RBI under Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) and Marginal Standing Facility (MSF). 5. The synergy of operations and scale of economy in the new entity will result in savings and higher profits. 6. A great number of posts of CMD, ED, GM and Zonal Managers will be abolished, resulting in savings of crores of Rupee. 7. Customers will have access to fewer banks offering them a wider range of products at a lower cost. 8. Mergers can diversify risk management. For the government: 1. The burden on the central government to recapitalize the public sector banks, again and again, will come down substantially. 2. This will also help in meeting more stringent norms under Basel III, especially the capital adequacy ratio. 3. From a regulatory perspective, monitoring and control of less number of banks will be easier after mergers. This is at the macro level. Arguments against merger: 1. The merger will affect regional flavour and end regional focus. 2. The argument that size is going to determine the future of the bank in a globalised scenario is facile. The fate of large global banks, which collapsed during the global financial crisis, can be remembered here. 3. The immediate negative impact of the merger would be from pension liability provisions (due to different employee benefit structures) and harmonisation of accounting policies for bad loans recognition. 4. Mergers will result in shifting/closure of many ATMs, Branches and controlling offices, as it is not prudent and economical to keep so many banks concentrated in several pockets, notably in urban and metropolitan centres. 5. Mergers will result in immediate job losses on account of a large number of people taking VRS on one side and slow down or stoppage of further recruitment on the other. This will worsen the unemployment situation further and may create law and order problems and social disturbances. Also, there are many problems to adjust top leadership in institutions and the unions. 6. New power centres will emerge in the changed environment. Mergers will result in a clash of different organizational cultures. Conflicts will arise in the area of systems and processes too. The weaknesses of the small banks may get transferred to the bigger bank also. 7. When a big bank books huge loss or crumbles, there will be a big jolt in the entire banking industry. Its repercussions will be felt everywhere. 8. Also, India right now needs more banking competition rather than more banking consolidation. In other words, it needs more banks rather than fewer banks. This does not mean that there should be a fetish about small-scale lending operations, but to know that large banks are not necessarily better banks. Advantages of the merger of SBI with associate banks SBI will have a global presence among top 50 Banks, bringing confidence, investment and greater lending. SBI can become one of the anchor banks to finance large infrastructure projects like dedicated freight corridor, solar energy, Sagarmala etc. It will increase networking of SBI all over India, thus better services of SBI compared to its associate branches will be able to reach remote locations. It will reduce duplication as SBI and its associates target the same clients with similar products. It will consolidate resources and infrastructure, reducing the cost on operations, human resource and technological solutions, overlapping bank branches, reduce inter-bank transaction cost etc. Disadvantages of the merger of SBI with its associated banks Presently these banks have huge NPAs thus merger should be planned after sufficient capital is injected. Banking competition may be affected, as SBI is likely to be five times larger than its nearest competitor. RBI has declared SBI as Domestic Systemically Important Bank (D-SIBs) and its failure can shock other parts of the financial system. A past example of large banks and their failure with the financial crisis in Japan, USA, etc. Workers resistance from associations like AIBEA calling for strikes India has poor financial inclusion, thus needs a variety of banks and differentiated services. What should be ensured if the merger is carried out? 1. The government shall not have any hidden political agenda, in bank mergers. The government shall not rush through the process of bank mergers. 2. All stakeholders are taken into confidence before the merger exercise is started. After mergers, shares of public sector banks shall not be sold to foreign banks, foreign institutions and Indian corporate entities, beyond a certain limit. 3. Whenever further divestment (dilution of government holdings) takes place, the government shareholdings shall not fall below 51% under any circumstances. This will ensure that the ownership and control of public sector banks remain with the government. 4. The decision with regard to the selection of smaller/weaker banks for the merger with larger/stronger banks is to be taken carefully and grouping of various banks for this purpose is the key issue involved. The government shall not yield to pressure from any political or social groups. 5. The acquiring bank should not attempt to dominate or subsume the acquired bank. Good aspects of both the banks before merger shall be combined, in order to install confidence in all stakeholders and to produce better results. 6. Personnel absorbed from the smaller bank shall undergo a brief, intermittent training program to get acquainted with the philosophies, processes and technology in the new environment. The management must be ready with a good roadmap for this and allot considerable budgetary resources for this purpose. 7. There shall be conscious and organized efforts to synthesize the differing organizational cultures, for the mergers to yield the desired results. Conclusion: A merger is a good idea. However, this should be carried out with the right banks for the right reasons. The merger is also tricky given the huge challenges banks face, including the bad loan problem that has plunged many public sector banks in an unprecedented crisis. Since mergers are also about people, a huge amount of planning would be required to make the consolidation process smoother. Piecemeal consolidation will not provide a lasting solution and what is required is an integrated approach from all stakeholders including the government.	33,347
Briefly discuss the qualitative measures of credit control used by Reserve Bank of India? (200 words)	.	##Question:Briefly discuss the qualitative measures of credit control used by Reserve Bank of India? (200 words)##Answer:.	33,348
Explain the significance of SARFAESI Act and CIBIL in promoting good banking practices in India? (200 words)	.	##Question:Explain the significance of SARFAESI Act and CIBIL in promoting good banking practices in India? (200 words)##Answer:.	33,383
Write Short Notes on the following: Capital Adequacy Ratio Liquidity Coverage Ratio Leverage Ratio	.	##Question:Write Short Notes on the following: Capital Adequacy Ratio Liquidity Coverage Ratio Leverage Ratio ##Answer:.	33,385
In light of the current banking situation in India, adopting the Basel norms is crucial. Discuss? (200 words)	.	##Question:In light of the current banking situation in India, adopting the Basel norms is crucial. Discuss? (200 words)##Answer:.	33,387
Write short note on: Monetary aggregates Bank Board Bureau Outcome Budgeting (250 words)	.	##Question:Write short note on: Monetary aggregates Bank Board Bureau Outcome Budgeting (250 words)##Answer:.	33,404
What is a Non-Performing Asset? Briefly discuss various steps taken by the government and RBI to solve issue of NPA"s in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)	Brief approach- briefly mention issue of NPA in India List down few steps take by government Answer The Indian banking system is beleaguered with non-performing assets (NPAs). According to the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Stability ReportIndian banks" gross non-performing assets (NPAs), or bad loans, stood at Rs 9.02 lakh crore as on October-December quarter of 2018. An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A "non-performing asset" (NPA) is defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained due for a period of 90 days. There are many reasons for the rise of NPAs in Indian banks such as economic slowdown, lack of due diligence by banks, populist measures by the government, the leadership of PSBs etc. Measures taken by the government to address NPA issue are as follows : A. Under new framework introduced by RBI, bankers have to report defaults on a weekly basis to the Credit Repository of Information on Large Credits and start on a resolution plan immediately. The immediate impact of this will be a rise in NPAs. B.Insolvency and bankruptcy code bill, 2016 : It is the bankruptcy law that consolidated all the laws related to insolvency in India by creating a single law. The bill seeks to build a new class of insolvency professionals (IPs) that would help sick companies. The bill advocates the setting up of Insolvency and bankruptcy board that will regulate IPs. National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will act as the negotiating authority and deal will cases with insolvency, bankruptcy process and liquidation of companies. C.Other measures:- 1. Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A Scheme): The S4A Scheme aims at a deep financial restructuring of big debted projects by allowing lender (bank) to acquire equity of the stressed project. 2. Strategic Debt Restructuring scheme (" SDR Scheme"): Under SDR, banks who have given loans to a corporate borrower gets the right to convert the full or part of their loans into equity shares in the loan taken company. Note:- Finally the RBI had discontinued programmes for banks to restructure their defaulted loans such as corporate debt restructuring (CDR), sustainable structuring of stressed assets (S4A), strategic debt restructuring (SDR), among others, and made the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code as the main tool to deal with defaulters Reforms :- 1. Indradhanush Plan : It is a plan to revamp the working of the Public Sector Banks. It includes seven elements to revamp the functioning. These seven elements are appointments, the board of bureau, capitalization, de-stressing, empowerment, the framework of accountability and governance reforms. Bank Board Bureau is an important outcome of this plan. It will replace the existing appointments board. Now, govt.is planning to come up with Indradhanush 2.0 after finalizing the asset quality review by RBI 2. The Banking Regulation (Amendment) seeks to amend the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to insert provisions for handling cases related to stressed assets. It contains provisions related to 3. The RBI may, from time to time, issue directions to banks for resolution of stressed assets. 4. The RBI may specify authorities or committees to advise banks on the resolution of stressed assets. The members on such committees will be appointed or approved by the RBI. EASE: -The government has unveiled a reform plan that sets a goal of ‘Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE)’. The six pillars to achieve this include customer responsiveness, responsible banking credit offtake, PSBs as Udyami Mitra, deepening financial inclusion, and digitalisation and developing personnel. Recapitalization: - The government has also announced the details of the Rs. 2.1 lakh crore recapitalisation plan for public sector banks (PSBs). Recapitalisation package would be spread across the current financial year 2017-18 and the next year 2018-19. The capital infusion plan for 2017-18 includes Rs. 80,000 crore through recapitalisation bonds and Rs. 8,139 crore as budgetary support. Apart from the measures that have already been taken there were other steps too that government was thinking to take such as issuing provision shore-up certificates (PSC) to banks, establishing Bad Banks etc.	##Question:What is a Non-Performing Asset? Briefly discuss various steps taken by the government and RBI to solve issue of NPA"s in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Brief approach- briefly mention issue of NPA in India List down few steps take by government Answer The Indian banking system is beleaguered with non-performing assets (NPAs). According to the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Stability ReportIndian banks" gross non-performing assets (NPAs), or bad loans, stood at Rs 9.02 lakh crore as on October-December quarter of 2018. An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A "non-performing asset" (NPA) is defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained due for a period of 90 days. There are many reasons for the rise of NPAs in Indian banks such as economic slowdown, lack of due diligence by banks, populist measures by the government, the leadership of PSBs etc. Measures taken by the government to address NPA issue are as follows : A. Under new framework introduced by RBI, bankers have to report defaults on a weekly basis to the Credit Repository of Information on Large Credits and start on a resolution plan immediately. The immediate impact of this will be a rise in NPAs. B.Insolvency and bankruptcy code bill, 2016 : It is the bankruptcy law that consolidated all the laws related to insolvency in India by creating a single law. The bill seeks to build a new class of insolvency professionals (IPs) that would help sick companies. The bill advocates the setting up of Insolvency and bankruptcy board that will regulate IPs. National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will act as the negotiating authority and deal will cases with insolvency, bankruptcy process and liquidation of companies. C.Other measures:- 1. Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A Scheme): The S4A Scheme aims at a deep financial restructuring of big debted projects by allowing lender (bank) to acquire equity of the stressed project. 2. Strategic Debt Restructuring scheme (" SDR Scheme"): Under SDR, banks who have given loans to a corporate borrower gets the right to convert the full or part of their loans into equity shares in the loan taken company. Note:- Finally the RBI had discontinued programmes for banks to restructure their defaulted loans such as corporate debt restructuring (CDR), sustainable structuring of stressed assets (S4A), strategic debt restructuring (SDR), among others, and made the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code as the main tool to deal with defaulters Reforms :- 1. Indradhanush Plan : It is a plan to revamp the working of the Public Sector Banks. It includes seven elements to revamp the functioning. These seven elements are appointments, the board of bureau, capitalization, de-stressing, empowerment, the framework of accountability and governance reforms. Bank Board Bureau is an important outcome of this plan. It will replace the existing appointments board. Now, govt.is planning to come up with Indradhanush 2.0 after finalizing the asset quality review by RBI 2. The Banking Regulation (Amendment) seeks to amend the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to insert provisions for handling cases related to stressed assets. It contains provisions related to 3. The RBI may, from time to time, issue directions to banks for resolution of stressed assets. 4. The RBI may specify authorities or committees to advise banks on the resolution of stressed assets. The members on such committees will be appointed or approved by the RBI. EASE: -The government has unveiled a reform plan that sets a goal of ‘Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE)’. The six pillars to achieve this include customer responsiveness, responsible banking credit offtake, PSBs as Udyami Mitra, deepening financial inclusion, and digitalisation and developing personnel. Recapitalization: - The government has also announced the details of the Rs. 2.1 lakh crore recapitalisation plan for public sector banks (PSBs). Recapitalisation package would be spread across the current financial year 2017-18 and the next year 2018-19. The capital infusion plan for 2017-18 includes Rs. 80,000 crore through recapitalisation bonds and Rs. 8,139 crore as budgetary support. Apart from the measures that have already been taken there were other steps too that government was thinking to take such as issuing provision shore-up certificates (PSC) to banks, establishing Bad Banks etc.	33,405
What do you understand by demand for grants? Discuss briefly different types of Cut Motions. (200 words)	.	##Question:What do you understand by demand for grants? Discuss briefly different types of Cut Motions. (200 words)##Answer:.	33,406