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Describe the criteria used by Fourteenth Finance Commission. Also, briefly discuss its important recommendations. (150 words|10 marks)
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##Question:Describe the criteria used by Fourteenth Finance Commission. Also, briefly discuss its important recommendations. (150 words|10 marks) ##Answer:.
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Write a short note on the following: (50 words) 1. Fiscal drag 2. Securities transaction tax
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##Question:Write a short note on the following: (50 words) 1. Fiscal drag 2. Securities transaction tax##Answer:.
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Explain the differences between Planned and Non-Planned expenditure. [100 words] Nature: Easy.
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##Question:Explain the differences between Planned and Non-Planned expenditure. [100 words] Nature: Easy.##Answer:.
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Write short note on the following: a) Floating Exchange Rate b) FDI in education
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##Question:Write short note on the following: a) Floating Exchange Rate b) FDI in education##Answer:,
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Write a short note on the following: (50 words) 1. Ways and Means Advances 2. Demand Supply Curve
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##Question:Write a short note on the following: (50 words) 1. Ways and Means Advances 2. Demand Supply Curve##Answer:.
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FDI in defence sector is said to be called now liberalised. What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence in short and long run
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##Question:FDI in defence sector is said to be called now liberalised. What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence in short and long run##Answer:,
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Explain the differences between Core and Headline inflations. (150 words|10 marks)
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##Question:Explain the differences between Core and Headline inflations. (150 words|10 marks)##Answer:.
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Though 100% FDI is allowed in non-news media like trade publication and general entertainment channel, government is considering the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would increase in FDI make? Critically examine pros and cons.
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##Question:Though 100% FDI is allowed in non-news media like trade publication and general entertainment channel, government is considering the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would increase in FDI make? Critically examine pros and cons.##Answer:,
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What is GDP deflator? Differentiate with CPI and GDP deflator. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of GDP deflator. (150 words/10 marks)
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##Question:What is GDP deflator? Differentiate with CPI and GDP deflator. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of GDP deflator. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.
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Justify the need of FDI for development of Indian economy. Why there is a gap between MOUs signed and actual FDI? Suggest remedial steps to be taken for increasing actual FDI in India.
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##Question:Justify the need of FDI for development of Indian economy. Why there is a gap between MOUs signed and actual FDI? Suggest remedial steps to be taken for increasing actual FDI in India.##Answer:,
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Differenciate between FDI and FII? Also examine which one among the two is beneficial for India?(150 words)
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##Question:Differenciate between FDI and FII? Also examine which one among the two is beneficial for India?(150 words)##Answer:.
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Write a short note on the following: (100 words each) Government route and Automatic route in FDI Types of FDI
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##Question:Write a short note on the following: (100 words each) Government route and Automatic route in FDI Types of FDI ##Answer:.
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Discuss the Vedanta philosophy in brief. And also give an account of Adi Sankaracharya’s contribution towards Vedanta philosophy. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: · Introduction – brief discussion about the origin ofVedantaphilosophy · Discuss the principles ofVedantaphilosophy · Give points about the contribution of Adi Shankaracharya’ s contribution · Conclusion Answer: The origin of theVedantaphilosophycan be traced back to the 2nd century BCE. Badrayan is considered as the first more profound of theVedantaphilosophy. According to him, there is only one reality that is Brahma and everything else is a myth. According to theVedantaphilosophy, Atma or consciousness is similar to the Brahma. It implies that both are equal. It also established that salvation can be achieved only through self- knowledge. There are two streams ofVedantaphilosophies. AdvaitaVedanta: It was established by Adi Sankaracharya. According to it, there is no special attribute of Brahma. He suggested the path of knowledge for the achievement of salvation. Visishta Advaitvada: It was established by Ramanuja during 12th century BCE. According to him, Brahma has special attributes. He considers loving the faith and practising the devotion as the means to attain salvation. Contribution of Adi Sankaracharya The advent of Adi Sankara is a landmark event in the history of Indian philosophy and religion. His teachings reveal the truth of the Supreme Brahman. Among his major contributions are: Shankaracharya explained the basic ideas of Upanishads.He helped in the evolution of theVedantaphilosophyby adding the new dimensions to theVedantaphilosophy. His idea of Adaitvada was recognised all over India. He advocated the oldest concept of Hinduism which explains the unification of the soul (atman) with the Supreme Soul (Nirguna Brahman). One of Shankaracharya’s most important works is his efforts to synthesize the six sub-sects, known as ‘Shanmata.’ ‘Shanmata’ meaning ‘six religions,’ is the worship of six supreme deities. Shankaracharya explained the existence of one Supreme Being (Brahman) and that the six supreme deities are part of one divine power. He also founded ‘Dashanami Sampradaya,’ which talks about leading a monastic life. While Shankaracharya was a firm believer in ancient Hinduism, he condemned the ‘Mimamsa school of Hinduism’ which was purely based on ritual practices. He wrote many commentaries on the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. This helped in propagating his ideas. Throughout the course of his journey, Shankaracharya discussed his ideas with various other philosophers and fine-tuned his own teachings from time to time. Shankaracharya founded four monasteries (mathas) that continue to spread his teachings. Hence, Adi Sankaracharya led to the revival of theVedantaphilosophyin India.The Advaita Siddhanta he established has inspired many schools of thought, Visishtadvaita, Dvaita, Suddhadvaita, and so on. Though each of these schools is aligned to Vedanta, the paths adopted differ; but they concur that the ultimate goal of human existence is to get a release from the cycle of birth.
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##Question:Discuss the Vedanta philosophy in brief. And also give an account of Adi Sankaracharya’s contribution towards Vedanta philosophy. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: · Introduction – brief discussion about the origin ofVedantaphilosophy · Discuss the principles ofVedantaphilosophy · Give points about the contribution of Adi Shankaracharya’ s contribution · Conclusion Answer: The origin of theVedantaphilosophycan be traced back to the 2nd century BCE. Badrayan is considered as the first more profound of theVedantaphilosophy. According to him, there is only one reality that is Brahma and everything else is a myth. According to theVedantaphilosophy, Atma or consciousness is similar to the Brahma. It implies that both are equal. It also established that salvation can be achieved only through self- knowledge. There are two streams ofVedantaphilosophies. AdvaitaVedanta: It was established by Adi Sankaracharya. According to it, there is no special attribute of Brahma. He suggested the path of knowledge for the achievement of salvation. Visishta Advaitvada: It was established by Ramanuja during 12th century BCE. According to him, Brahma has special attributes. He considers loving the faith and practising the devotion as the means to attain salvation. Contribution of Adi Sankaracharya The advent of Adi Sankara is a landmark event in the history of Indian philosophy and religion. His teachings reveal the truth of the Supreme Brahman. Among his major contributions are: Shankaracharya explained the basic ideas of Upanishads.He helped in the evolution of theVedantaphilosophyby adding the new dimensions to theVedantaphilosophy. His idea of Adaitvada was recognised all over India. He advocated the oldest concept of Hinduism which explains the unification of the soul (atman) with the Supreme Soul (Nirguna Brahman). One of Shankaracharya’s most important works is his efforts to synthesize the six sub-sects, known as ‘Shanmata.’ ‘Shanmata’ meaning ‘six religions,’ is the worship of six supreme deities. Shankaracharya explained the existence of one Supreme Being (Brahman) and that the six supreme deities are part of one divine power. He also founded ‘Dashanami Sampradaya,’ which talks about leading a monastic life. While Shankaracharya was a firm believer in ancient Hinduism, he condemned the ‘Mimamsa school of Hinduism’ which was purely based on ritual practices. He wrote many commentaries on the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. This helped in propagating his ideas. Throughout the course of his journey, Shankaracharya discussed his ideas with various other philosophers and fine-tuned his own teachings from time to time. Shankaracharya founded four monasteries (mathas) that continue to spread his teachings. Hence, Adi Sankaracharya led to the revival of theVedantaphilosophyin India.The Advaita Siddhanta he established has inspired many schools of thought, Visishtadvaita, Dvaita, Suddhadvaita, and so on. Though each of these schools is aligned to Vedanta, the paths adopted differ; but they concur that the ultimate goal of human existence is to get a release from the cycle of birth.
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Co-operative and Competitive Federalism are contradictory in nature. Examine critically in the context of Indian polity. (200 words each)
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##Question:Co-operative and Competitive Federalism are contradictory in nature. Examine critically in the context of Indian polity. (200 words each)##Answer:.
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What is fiscal fedrallism? How can it be achieved in India? (150 words)
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##Question:What is fiscal fedrallism? How can it be achieved in India? (150 words)##Answer:.
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Write a short note on the following: (100 words each) Plan and non plan expenditure Ways and means of advance Demand and Supply side factors of inflation
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##Question:Write a short note on the following: (100 words each) Plan and non plan expenditure Ways and means of advance Demand and Supply side factors of inflation ##Answer:.
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Explain the differences between Core and Headline inflations. (150 words)
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##Question:Explain the differences between Core and Headline inflations. (150 words)##Answer:.
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What are the reasons for introduction of FRBM act? Critically discuss its salient features and its effectiveness. (200 words/ 10 Marks)
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##Question:What are the reasons for introduction of FRBM act? Critically discuss its salient features and its effectiveness. (200 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:.
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Discuss the rational for introducing GST in India? Critically examine the reasons for delay in rollout for its regime. (200 words)
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##Question:Discuss the rational for introducing GST in India? Critically examine the reasons for delay in rollout for its regime. (200 words)##Answer:.
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To what extent have Self-help goups been instrumental in achieving the objectives of empowernment and poverty alleviation. (200 Words)
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Self-help groups(SHGs) are a voluntary organization of agroup of people usually of the same socio-economic status who come together for a common objective to solve a common set of problems. It is aimed at poverty alleviation as the people pool resources ( as little as they can) and perform some economic activity. They create a pool of funds in the name of the SHGs which can be used by any member at the time of need or emergency. Most SHGs in India have been associated with women and have thus significant for their empowerment. Women and other vulnerable groups come are able to participatein decision making and community activities through SHGs. In India, SHGs have been seen to be effective in the following ways: Economic aspects -Creating a common fund of small savings. -Covering people who have not been able to derive the benefits of financial inclusion. -Providing options for financial resources through self-employment -Providing diversification of economic activity in rural areas where disguised unemployment is rampant. Social aspects -It has been an avenue for the empowermentof women -With financial security, the position of the women is also improving in the family -The formation of such associations leaves the vulnerable groups stronger and they are now better equipped for any atrocities and challenges coming their way. Political aspects -SHGs form an important part of civil society organization, especially in rural areas. -They train people for a leadership role and they exercise their voice in local politics. -SHGs have been instrumentalin solving local problems at the local level providing democratic decentralization. Despite these the effectiveness of SHGs suffers a number of challenges: -Even with the growing number of SHGs, the awareness regarding the schemes and facilities have been minimal, thus they are not able to fully achievetheir potential. -Most SHGs have not been able to grow and remain limited to their small operation due to limited market access and support from the government. -The products created by them land at a higher cost due to lack of expertise and training, making them uncompetitivein the market of consumer goods. -Usurping tendencies of stronger/affluent or higher caste members, leaving vulnerable members at a disadvantage. -Most of the SHGs have been limited to women, also limiting the kind of activities performed by them. -Lack of support from financial institutions. -There are many instances where SHGs get trapped in debt and are not able to sustain themselves in the long run. Thus SHGs is a brilliant tool, but it has to be innovative to distribute maximum benefits to the maximum number of people.
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##Question:To what extent have Self-help goups been instrumental in achieving the objectives of empowernment and poverty alleviation. (200 Words)##Answer:Self-help groups(SHGs) are a voluntary organization of agroup of people usually of the same socio-economic status who come together for a common objective to solve a common set of problems. It is aimed at poverty alleviation as the people pool resources ( as little as they can) and perform some economic activity. They create a pool of funds in the name of the SHGs which can be used by any member at the time of need or emergency. Most SHGs in India have been associated with women and have thus significant for their empowerment. Women and other vulnerable groups come are able to participatein decision making and community activities through SHGs. In India, SHGs have been seen to be effective in the following ways: Economic aspects -Creating a common fund of small savings. -Covering people who have not been able to derive the benefits of financial inclusion. -Providing options for financial resources through self-employment -Providing diversification of economic activity in rural areas where disguised unemployment is rampant. Social aspects -It has been an avenue for the empowermentof women -With financial security, the position of the women is also improving in the family -The formation of such associations leaves the vulnerable groups stronger and they are now better equipped for any atrocities and challenges coming their way. Political aspects -SHGs form an important part of civil society organization, especially in rural areas. -They train people for a leadership role and they exercise their voice in local politics. -SHGs have been instrumentalin solving local problems at the local level providing democratic decentralization. Despite these the effectiveness of SHGs suffers a number of challenges: -Even with the growing number of SHGs, the awareness regarding the schemes and facilities have been minimal, thus they are not able to fully achievetheir potential. -Most SHGs have not been able to grow and remain limited to their small operation due to limited market access and support from the government. -The products created by them land at a higher cost due to lack of expertise and training, making them uncompetitivein the market of consumer goods. -Usurping tendencies of stronger/affluent or higher caste members, leaving vulnerable members at a disadvantage. -Most of the SHGs have been limited to women, also limiting the kind of activities performed by them. -Lack of support from financial institutions. -There are many instances where SHGs get trapped in debt and are not able to sustain themselves in the long run. Thus SHGs is a brilliant tool, but it has to be innovative to distribute maximum benefits to the maximum number of people.
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Citing relevant constitutional provisions, discuss the process for the reorganization of states in India. Is there any difference in the process for states vis-à-vis UTs? [10 Marks, 150 Words].
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Brief Approach : In Introduction Briefly write about Article 3 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss the process for the reorganisation of states in India. Highlight differences in the process for the reorganisation of states vis-a-vis UTs. Conclude your answer briefly by mentioning the reorganisation of various states in India. Answer: Article 3 of the Indian constitution talks about the reorganisation of states in India. Article 3 of the Indian constitution authorises the Parliament to: (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; (b) increase the area of any State; (c) diminish the area of any State; (d) alter the boundaries of any State; and (e) alter the name of any State. Further, the power of Parliament to form new states includes the power to form a new state or union territory by uniting a part of any state or union territory to any other state or union territory. However, Article 3 along with mentioning the power of Parliament with regard to the reorganisation of states, also talks about the process for the same that should be followed. Process for the reorganisation of states in India For undertaking any changes (as mentioned above) in an existing state(s) or reorganising them, Article 3 lays down two conditions (proviso) in this regard that should be followed: 1) A bill contemplating the above changes in an existing state(s) or their reorganisation can be introduced in the parliament only with the prior recommendation of the President; 2)Before recommending the bill to Parliament, the President has to refer the same to the state legislature(s) concerned for expressing its views within a specified period. The president (or Parliament) is not bound by the views of the state legislature(s) and may either accept or reject them, even if the views are received in time. Further, it is not necessary to make a fresh reference to the state legislature(s) every time an amendment to the bill is moved and accepted in the Parliament. It is thus clear that the constitution authorises the Parliament to form new states or alter the areas, boundaries or names of the existing states without their consent. In other words, the parliament can redraw the political map of India according to its will. Moreover, The constitution under article 4 declares that the laws made for the formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of the existing states (under article 3) are not to be considered as an amendment of the constitution under Article 368. This means that such laws can be passed by a simple majority and by the ordinary legislative process. The difference in the process for states vis-a-vis UTs In case of reorganisation of a union territory, no reference need be made to the concerned legislature to ascertain its views and the parliament can itself take any action as it deems fit. However, in the case of reorganisation of state(s) reference to the concerned state legislature(s) to ascertain its views is a must. By exercising its power of reorganisation of states, Parliament has reorganised the state of Bombay into two separate states- Maharashtra and Gujrat in 1960, have bifurcated the state of Punjab into Punjab and Haryana in 1966, reorganised map of Northeast India in 1972(creation of Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya) and 1987 (creation of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh) and have formed three new states of Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand in 2000, out of states of MP, UP and Bihar respectively. In the process of reorganisation of states, most recently in 2014, the state of Telangana was created out of the state of Andhra Pradesh.
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##Question:Citing relevant constitutional provisions, discuss the process for the reorganization of states in India. Is there any difference in the process for states vis-à-vis UTs? [10 Marks, 150 Words].##Answer:Brief Approach : In Introduction Briefly write about Article 3 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss the process for the reorganisation of states in India. Highlight differences in the process for the reorganisation of states vis-a-vis UTs. Conclude your answer briefly by mentioning the reorganisation of various states in India. Answer: Article 3 of the Indian constitution talks about the reorganisation of states in India. Article 3 of the Indian constitution authorises the Parliament to: (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; (b) increase the area of any State; (c) diminish the area of any State; (d) alter the boundaries of any State; and (e) alter the name of any State. Further, the power of Parliament to form new states includes the power to form a new state or union territory by uniting a part of any state or union territory to any other state or union territory. However, Article 3 along with mentioning the power of Parliament with regard to the reorganisation of states, also talks about the process for the same that should be followed. Process for the reorganisation of states in India For undertaking any changes (as mentioned above) in an existing state(s) or reorganising them, Article 3 lays down two conditions (proviso) in this regard that should be followed: 1) A bill contemplating the above changes in an existing state(s) or their reorganisation can be introduced in the parliament only with the prior recommendation of the President; 2)Before recommending the bill to Parliament, the President has to refer the same to the state legislature(s) concerned for expressing its views within a specified period. The president (or Parliament) is not bound by the views of the state legislature(s) and may either accept or reject them, even if the views are received in time. Further, it is not necessary to make a fresh reference to the state legislature(s) every time an amendment to the bill is moved and accepted in the Parliament. It is thus clear that the constitution authorises the Parliament to form new states or alter the areas, boundaries or names of the existing states without their consent. In other words, the parliament can redraw the political map of India according to its will. Moreover, The constitution under article 4 declares that the laws made for the formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of the existing states (under article 3) are not to be considered as an amendment of the constitution under Article 368. This means that such laws can be passed by a simple majority and by the ordinary legislative process. The difference in the process for states vis-a-vis UTs In case of reorganisation of a union territory, no reference need be made to the concerned legislature to ascertain its views and the parliament can itself take any action as it deems fit. However, in the case of reorganisation of state(s) reference to the concerned state legislature(s) to ascertain its views is a must. By exercising its power of reorganisation of states, Parliament has reorganised the state of Bombay into two separate states- Maharashtra and Gujrat in 1960, have bifurcated the state of Punjab into Punjab and Haryana in 1966, reorganised map of Northeast India in 1972(creation of Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya) and 1987 (creation of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh) and have formed three new states of Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand in 2000, out of states of MP, UP and Bihar respectively. In the process of reorganisation of states, most recently in 2014, the state of Telangana was created out of the state of Andhra Pradesh.
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Discuss the nature of World War 1? To what extent did it shape the political and social order in Europe during the 20th century?(150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach- The answer has to explain the role of Germany and Italy in World War II. Along with that in the second part of the answer, you have to explain the factors other than these two nations. This answer has not been discussed in the class so the students may use different approaches -Either explain Germany and Italy separately than the other points -Or explain different aspects for both the nations together, like in this answer. The focus has to be on bringing more aspects rather than details of events. Answer: World War Two began in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany. Germany and Italy played a very significant role in initiating the war : 1. Treaty of Versailles was signed at the end of World War I, the terms of the treaty were brought arbitrarily which brought disconnect among parties. -Germany felt provisions treaty of Versailles were too harsh. It was financially devastated and not in a condition to pay the reparations. Germany refused to align with the provisions of the treaty and openly denied to follow them. -Italy remained dissatisfied and frustrated with the treaty, as the territories, promised to Italy under the secret negotiations, were not provided. Even being on the victorious side in WWI, Italy did not gain much after the war. 2. The rise of nationalist parties in Germany and Italy- Ultra nationalistic ideologies emerged in the backdrop of harsh and humiliating provisions of the treaty of Versailles, democracy failed miserably in these regions. Nazism in Germany and Fascism in Italy were the main drivers of the war. Mussolini and Hitler both used extreme nationalism as a tool for growth of their political powers. 3. Rising militarisation and arms race When Germany began re-arming in 1934, many politicians felt that Germany had a right to re-arm in order to protect herself. It was also argued that a stronger Germany would prevent the spread Communism to the west. Germany withdrew from the World Disarmament Conference and League of Nations in 1933. 4. Aggressive expansion policy- After the defeat of the Worldwar I, there was a sentiment of revenge in German which was fuelled by Hitler through his aggressive policies. -In 1936 Hitler ordered German troops to enter the Rhineland. -Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he broke the terms of the Munich Agreement. -Italian Army invadedEthiopia 5. Formation of alliances - Hitler also made two important alliances during 1936. The first was called the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact and allied Hitler’s Germany with Mussolini’s Italy. The second was called the Anti-Comintern Pact and allied Germany with Japan. Though Germany and Italy are today seen as the aggressors and responsible for WWII but, there were some other factors as well responsible for the outbreak of World War II: - The seeds of WWII were sown in the result of WWI itself. The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh and held Germany as the major culprit of WWI. -Failure of League of Nations to prevent another war. This was mainly because not all countries joined the League; the League had no power; Unable to act quickly. -Failure of Policy of appeasement emerged as one of the most important reasons for the outbreak of WWII. During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed restrictions on Germany that were unfair. Hitler’s actions were seen as understandable and justifiable. - Great depression in the US reached Europe and it brought along unemployment and inflation, this further intensified the growth of fascist forces in Germany and Italy. It also created a condition of hunger and poverty.
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##Question:Discuss the nature of World War 1? To what extent did it shape the political and social order in Europe during the 20th century?(150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- The answer has to explain the role of Germany and Italy in World War II. Along with that in the second part of the answer, you have to explain the factors other than these two nations. This answer has not been discussed in the class so the students may use different approaches -Either explain Germany and Italy separately than the other points -Or explain different aspects for both the nations together, like in this answer. The focus has to be on bringing more aspects rather than details of events. Answer: World War Two began in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany. Germany and Italy played a very significant role in initiating the war : 1. Treaty of Versailles was signed at the end of World War I, the terms of the treaty were brought arbitrarily which brought disconnect among parties. -Germany felt provisions treaty of Versailles were too harsh. It was financially devastated and not in a condition to pay the reparations. Germany refused to align with the provisions of the treaty and openly denied to follow them. -Italy remained dissatisfied and frustrated with the treaty, as the territories, promised to Italy under the secret negotiations, were not provided. Even being on the victorious side in WWI, Italy did not gain much after the war. 2. The rise of nationalist parties in Germany and Italy- Ultra nationalistic ideologies emerged in the backdrop of harsh and humiliating provisions of the treaty of Versailles, democracy failed miserably in these regions. Nazism in Germany and Fascism in Italy were the main drivers of the war. Mussolini and Hitler both used extreme nationalism as a tool for growth of their political powers. 3. Rising militarisation and arms race When Germany began re-arming in 1934, many politicians felt that Germany had a right to re-arm in order to protect herself. It was also argued that a stronger Germany would prevent the spread Communism to the west. Germany withdrew from the World Disarmament Conference and League of Nations in 1933. 4. Aggressive expansion policy- After the defeat of the Worldwar I, there was a sentiment of revenge in German which was fuelled by Hitler through his aggressive policies. -In 1936 Hitler ordered German troops to enter the Rhineland. -Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he broke the terms of the Munich Agreement. -Italian Army invadedEthiopia 5. Formation of alliances - Hitler also made two important alliances during 1936. The first was called the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact and allied Hitler’s Germany with Mussolini’s Italy. The second was called the Anti-Comintern Pact and allied Germany with Japan. Though Germany and Italy are today seen as the aggressors and responsible for WWII but, there were some other factors as well responsible for the outbreak of World War II: - The seeds of WWII were sown in the result of WWI itself. The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh and held Germany as the major culprit of WWI. -Failure of League of Nations to prevent another war. This was mainly because not all countries joined the League; the League had no power; Unable to act quickly. -Failure of Policy of appeasement emerged as one of the most important reasons for the outbreak of WWII. During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed restrictions on Germany that were unfair. Hitler’s actions were seen as understandable and justifiable. - Great depression in the US reached Europe and it brought along unemployment and inflation, this further intensified the growth of fascist forces in Germany and Italy. It also created a condition of hunger and poverty.
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Write down the Sarkaria Commission recommendations on the office of the Governor? (150 words)
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##Question:Write down the Sarkaria Commission recommendations on the office of the Governor? (150 words)##Answer:.
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Discuss the role of Governor in declaring President"s rule in State? (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss the role of Governor in declaring President"s rule in State? (150 words)##Answer:.
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Community Development Programmes had all the features to solve the problems of underdevelopment and poverty but it failed. Discuss. (200 words)
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##Question:Community Development Programmes had all the features to solve the problems of underdevelopment and poverty but it failed. Discuss. (200 words)##Answer:.
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The role of the Governor has been criticized recently for favouring the Central Government. Give reasons why Governor is unable to fulfil his duty impartially. (150 words/10 marks)
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BRIEF APPROACH: -INTRODUCTION -REASONS WHY THE GOVERNOR IS UNABLE TO FULFIL HIS DUTY IMPARTIALLY -MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN -CONCLUSION Answer Tussle between ruling dispensations and Governors in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Maharashtra etc. have again highlighted the traditional criticism of governor"s post for favouring the Central Government. Reasons why the governor is unable to fulfil his duty impartially- Governor is appointed by the centre, there is minimal role of the state government in the appointment process, which also creates mistrust. Governor has no fixed tenure. There is arbitrariness involved in removal process of the governor by the President. Past misuses of Article 356 by central government. Scope of biased use of discretionary power with respect to appointment of CM when no party has a clear majority Discretion with respect to reservation of bill for president"s ascent. It is sometimes seen as Post-retirement post impacting its constitutional sanctity. Appointment of political personality, conflict of ideologies etc. also affect its constitutional mandate of impatial working. Measures that can be taken- Providing a minimum fixed tenure to the governor. Taking views of CM into consideration while appointing the Governor. Proper scrutiny before the use of Article 356, making its use rarer as it was envisaged by constitution makers. Follow Sarkaria commission recommendations - Not appointing political personalities, people from ruling party at center as Governor. The Governor should be illegible for further appointments/Office of profit post retirement. Thus, impartial functioning of the governor in the Indian federal system is necessary to achieve the constitutional vision of dual role of the office of the governor - as the constitutional head of the state as well as the representative of the Centre.
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##Question:The role of the Governor has been criticized recently for favouring the Central Government. Give reasons why Governor is unable to fulfil his duty impartially. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: -INTRODUCTION -REASONS WHY THE GOVERNOR IS UNABLE TO FULFIL HIS DUTY IMPARTIALLY -MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN -CONCLUSION Answer Tussle between ruling dispensations and Governors in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Maharashtra etc. have again highlighted the traditional criticism of governor"s post for favouring the Central Government. Reasons why the governor is unable to fulfil his duty impartially- Governor is appointed by the centre, there is minimal role of the state government in the appointment process, which also creates mistrust. Governor has no fixed tenure. There is arbitrariness involved in removal process of the governor by the President. Past misuses of Article 356 by central government. Scope of biased use of discretionary power with respect to appointment of CM when no party has a clear majority Discretion with respect to reservation of bill for president"s ascent. It is sometimes seen as Post-retirement post impacting its constitutional sanctity. Appointment of political personality, conflict of ideologies etc. also affect its constitutional mandate of impatial working. Measures that can be taken- Providing a minimum fixed tenure to the governor. Taking views of CM into consideration while appointing the Governor. Proper scrutiny before the use of Article 356, making its use rarer as it was envisaged by constitution makers. Follow Sarkaria commission recommendations - Not appointing political personalities, people from ruling party at center as Governor. The Governor should be illegible for further appointments/Office of profit post retirement. Thus, impartial functioning of the governor in the Indian federal system is necessary to achieve the constitutional vision of dual role of the office of the governor - as the constitutional head of the state as well as the representative of the Centre.
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Analyse what happens to bills in case of dissolution of Lok Sabha. (150 words)
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##Question:Analyse what happens to bills in case of dissolution of Lok Sabha. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Briefly discuss types of bills passed by Parliament of India? (150 words)
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##Question:Briefly discuss types of bills passed by Parliament of India? (150 words)##Answer:,
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Define Money bill? Give various provisions regarding money bill given in Indian Constitution? Also discuss the recent controversy surrounding the declaration of a bill as a money bill? (200 words)
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##Question:Define Money bill? Give various provisions regarding money bill given in Indian Constitution? Also discuss the recent controversy surrounding the declaration of a bill as a money bill? (200 words)##Answer:.
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Enumerate the important features ofDisaster Management Act 2005. Discuss various issues in its implementation and suggest appropriate way forward. (200 words)
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APPROACH - In introduction mention of important features of the D.M Act 2005 - Mention of important achievements of the Act - Mention of faliures in implementation of the Act - Suggest way forward about amendments to be brought in the Act - Brief conclusion ANSWER India took disaster management as its national priority after 2004 Tsunami and enacted the Disaster Management Act 2005 with an integrated and holistic approach. Important features -It constituted an apex body for disaster management called NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority), a separate capacity building body NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management) and a separate police for a special response, rescue and search NDRF (National Disaster Response Force). -The Disaster Management Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs’ retained responsibility for steering the national disaster response overall. -It mandated the concerned Ministries and Departments to draw up their own plans in accordance with the National Plan. -The Act further contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for the response, National Disaster Mitigation Fund and similar funds at the state and district levels. Some important achievements are as follows: -NDRMF (National Disaster Risk Management Framework) has been formulated which has spelled out the roles and guidelines for all stakeholders for the implementation of national strategies and policies. <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"India took disaster management as its national priority after 2004 Tsunami and enacted the Disaster Management Act 2005 with an integrated and holistic approach. Important featuresIt constituted an apex bod
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##Question:Enumerate the important features ofDisaster Management Act 2005. Discuss various issues in its implementation and suggest appropriate way forward. (200 words)##Answer:APPROACH - In introduction mention of important features of the D.M Act 2005 - Mention of important achievements of the Act - Mention of faliures in implementation of the Act - Suggest way forward about amendments to be brought in the Act - Brief conclusion ANSWER India took disaster management as its national priority after 2004 Tsunami and enacted the Disaster Management Act 2005 with an integrated and holistic approach. Important features -It constituted an apex body for disaster management called NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority), a separate capacity building body NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management) and a separate police for a special response, rescue and search NDRF (National Disaster Response Force). -The Disaster Management Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs’ retained responsibility for steering the national disaster response overall. -It mandated the concerned Ministries and Departments to draw up their own plans in accordance with the National Plan. -The Act further contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for the response, National Disaster Mitigation Fund and similar funds at the state and district levels. Some important achievements are as follows: -NDRMF (National Disaster Risk Management Framework) has been formulated which has spelled out the roles and guidelines for all stakeholders for the implementation of national strategies and policies. <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"India took disaster management as its national priority after 2004 Tsunami and enacted the Disaster Management Act 2005 with an integrated and holistic approach. Important featuresIt constituted an apex bod
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What were the factors that led to the World War II? How far was the policy of appeasement responsible for the outbreak of the war? (150 words/10 marks)
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Brief Approach Brief introduction about WWII Enumerate the factors that led to WWII. Discuss the role of Policy of Appeasement for the outbreak of the war. World War II broke out in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany following Germany’s invasion of Poland. Although the outbreak of war was triggered by Germany’s invasion of Poland, the causes of the war were many as discussed below:. Reasons for the the outbreak of war: Treaty of Versailles: Germany felt provisions of Treaty of Versaille were too harsh Aggressive Policies of Germany, Italy and Japan: Hitler adopted an aggressive policy. In 1936 Hitler ordered German troops to enter the Rhineland. Hitler also made two important alliances during 1936. The first was called the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact and allied Hitler’s Germany with Mussolini’s Italy. The second was called the Anti-Comitern Pact and allied Germany with Japan. Failure of League of Nations: Not all countries joined the League; the League had no power; Unable to act quickly; no standing army Policy of Appeasement: Failure of appeasement emerged as one of the most important reasons for the outbreak of WWII. Appeasement means giving in to someone provided their demands are seen as reasonable. During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed restrictions on Germany that were unfair. Hitler’s actions were seen as understandable and justifiable. When Germany began re-arming in 1934, many politicians felt that Germany had a right to re-arm in order to protect herself. It was also argued that a stronger Germany would prevent the spread of Communism to the west. In 1936, Hitler argued that because France had signed a new treaty with Russia, Germany was under threat from both countries and it was essential to German security that troops were stationed in the Rhineland. France was not strong enough to fight Germany without British help and Britain was not prepared to go to war at this point. Moreover, Britain and France were yet to recover economically from World War I and Great Depression. Furthermore, many believed that since the Rhineland was a part of Germany it was reasonable that German troops should be stationed there. In May 1937, Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister of Britain. He believed that the Treaty of Versailles had treated Germany badly and that there were a number of issues associated with the Treaty that needed to be put right. He felt that giving in to Hitler’s demands would prevent another war. This policy, adopted by Chamberlain’s government known as the policy of Appeasement. The most notable example of appeasement was the Munich Agreement of September 1938. The Munich Agreement, signed by the leaders of Germany, Britain, France and Italy, agreed that the Sudetenland would be returned to Germany and that no further territorial claims would be made by Germany. The Czech government was not invited to the conference and protested about the loss of the Sudetenland. They felt that they had been betrayed by both Britain and France with whom alliances had been made. However, the Munich Agreement was generally viewed as a triumph and an excellent example of securing peace through negotiation rather than war. When Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he broke the terms of the Munich Agreement. Although it was realised that the policy of appeasement had failed. Infact the short sighted selfish policy of appeasement pushed Europe ultimately to war.Nehru observed that Nazi aggression could have been stopped if Britain, France and Russia had stood together.
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##Question:What were the factors that led to the World War II? How far was the policy of appeasement responsible for the outbreak of the war? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Brief Approach Brief introduction about WWII Enumerate the factors that led to WWII. Discuss the role of Policy of Appeasement for the outbreak of the war. World War II broke out in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany following Germany’s invasion of Poland. Although the outbreak of war was triggered by Germany’s invasion of Poland, the causes of the war were many as discussed below:. Reasons for the the outbreak of war: Treaty of Versailles: Germany felt provisions of Treaty of Versaille were too harsh Aggressive Policies of Germany, Italy and Japan: Hitler adopted an aggressive policy. In 1936 Hitler ordered German troops to enter the Rhineland. Hitler also made two important alliances during 1936. The first was called the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact and allied Hitler’s Germany with Mussolini’s Italy. The second was called the Anti-Comitern Pact and allied Germany with Japan. Failure of League of Nations: Not all countries joined the League; the League had no power; Unable to act quickly; no standing army Policy of Appeasement: Failure of appeasement emerged as one of the most important reasons for the outbreak of WWII. Appeasement means giving in to someone provided their demands are seen as reasonable. During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed restrictions on Germany that were unfair. Hitler’s actions were seen as understandable and justifiable. When Germany began re-arming in 1934, many politicians felt that Germany had a right to re-arm in order to protect herself. It was also argued that a stronger Germany would prevent the spread of Communism to the west. In 1936, Hitler argued that because France had signed a new treaty with Russia, Germany was under threat from both countries and it was essential to German security that troops were stationed in the Rhineland. France was not strong enough to fight Germany without British help and Britain was not prepared to go to war at this point. Moreover, Britain and France were yet to recover economically from World War I and Great Depression. Furthermore, many believed that since the Rhineland was a part of Germany it was reasonable that German troops should be stationed there. In May 1937, Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister of Britain. He believed that the Treaty of Versailles had treated Germany badly and that there were a number of issues associated with the Treaty that needed to be put right. He felt that giving in to Hitler’s demands would prevent another war. This policy, adopted by Chamberlain’s government known as the policy of Appeasement. The most notable example of appeasement was the Munich Agreement of September 1938. The Munich Agreement, signed by the leaders of Germany, Britain, France and Italy, agreed that the Sudetenland would be returned to Germany and that no further territorial claims would be made by Germany. The Czech government was not invited to the conference and protested about the loss of the Sudetenland. They felt that they had been betrayed by both Britain and France with whom alliances had been made. However, the Munich Agreement was generally viewed as a triumph and an excellent example of securing peace through negotiation rather than war. When Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he broke the terms of the Munich Agreement. Although it was realised that the policy of appeasement had failed. Infact the short sighted selfish policy of appeasement pushed Europe ultimately to war.Nehru observed that Nazi aggression could have been stopped if Britain, France and Russia had stood together.
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What are the different types of solstices? Briefly explain, how does it form and how is it different from Equinox? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : 1. Define solistice 2. Explain the difference types of solstices 3. Write the difference between Solstices and Equinox Answer: Introduction A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The day of the solstice is either the "longest day of the year" or the "shortest day of the year" for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. Formation of Summer Solstice: The June Solstice happens when the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the North Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the June solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Cancer; this is the furthest north that the subsolar point ever reaches. In the Northern Hemisphere the June solstice is called the Summer Solstice Formation of Winter Solstice: The December Solstice happens when the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the South Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the December solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Capricorn; this is the furthest south that the subsolar point ever reaches. Difference between Equinox and Solstice: At two points in the year the Sun will illuminate the Northern and Southern Hemispheres equally. These are known as the equinoxes: the autumnal equinox in October and vernal or spring equinox in March. Solstice Equinox Usually takes place on June 21 (summer solstice) and December 22 (winter solstice) Usually takes place on March 20 (vernal equinox) and September 22 (autumnal equinox) The sun is at its farthest point from the equator The sun is at its nearest point from the equator Summer solstice = longer daytime Winter solstice = longer nighttime Daytime and nighttime are of equal length during the March and September equinox
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##Question:What are the different types of solstices? Briefly explain, how does it form and how is it different from Equinox? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : 1. Define solistice 2. Explain the difference types of solstices 3. Write the difference between Solstices and Equinox Answer: Introduction A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The day of the solstice is either the "longest day of the year" or the "shortest day of the year" for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. Formation of Summer Solstice: The June Solstice happens when the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the North Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the June solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Cancer; this is the furthest north that the subsolar point ever reaches. In the Northern Hemisphere the June solstice is called the Summer Solstice Formation of Winter Solstice: The December Solstice happens when the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the South Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the December solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Capricorn; this is the furthest south that the subsolar point ever reaches. Difference between Equinox and Solstice: At two points in the year the Sun will illuminate the Northern and Southern Hemispheres equally. These are known as the equinoxes: the autumnal equinox in October and vernal or spring equinox in March. Solstice Equinox Usually takes place on June 21 (summer solstice) and December 22 (winter solstice) Usually takes place on March 20 (vernal equinox) and September 22 (autumnal equinox) The sun is at its farthest point from the equator The sun is at its nearest point from the equator Summer solstice = longer daytime Winter solstice = longer nighttime Daytime and nighttime are of equal length during the March and September equinox
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How can the role of NGOs strengthen the socio-political fabric and development in the country? Discuss and also throw light on the major constraints. ( 150 Words/10 marks )
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Approach: · Causes for the introduction of railways · Significance for British · Impact on Economy Introduction: The Britishers introduced railways in India in 1853, the first passenger train ran between Bombay and Thane. After around hundred years of trade and political subjugation of Indian subcontinent, the Britishers eyed economic subjugation which was not possible without reliable conectivity to the raw material and markets of India. · Reasons for the introduction of railways in India § Railways introduced to support the industrial revolution, meeting the desire to find a market § It was a cheaper and effective way of selling British goods and a faster access all over India providing connectivity to interior regions § It also led to the procurement of cheaper raw materials from the hinterland of the country. - It also gave the Britishers a reliable means for movement of troops across the country. · Why it was said to be a positive legacy of British rule (Argument mainly given by British Historians) § Approximately 45 thousand km of railway network was laid down which helped in India’s development after independence, so in a way British passed on the benefit of their invention to Indians § Railways was open for Indian traders also during the British Rule - It helped in unifying the national leaders at the time of freedom struggle and thus strengthened the national movement - Railways also helped in socio religious movements by breaking caste and religious barriers. - Railways helped in mobilisation of people at the time of freedom struggle and also in spreading political ideas to every part of the country - Though to a limited extent, railways did help in promoting Indian businesses · Why it was not a positive legacy of British rule/Negative impacts/Counter arguments given by Indian Historians - The Britishers designed railways in India in a way that it helped in extracting raw materials and feeding finished goods, the passenger needs were in general ignored while laying railway lines. So, the limited role it played in the unification of country was only incidental to the economic and political needs of the British. § Accessibility to the vast market and cheaper raw materials gave a tough competition to the indigenous manufacturers and traders § Led to the drain of wealth from India- Indian traders lost their major share of textile export in the world, India was merely reduced to an exporter of raw cotton § There was inverted tariff levied on railways’ fares - transport was cheaper from ports to the hinterland and vice versa but there was a tariff on the movement of goods from one interior location to another. This was to restrict the growth and spread of indigenously produced goods from one region of India to another. § Cost of construction of Railways- the British Capitalists financed the construction of railways by giving a loan at a rate of 5%, while at that time the prevailing interest rates were 3%, so it was eventually a profit making investment. This interest was to be paid out of the revenue generated by the British Indian government so ultimately the cost of construction was to bore by Indian people like farmers, peasants, traders etc. This proves that even though the railway was introduced by the British but it was not their legacy as the cost was paid by Indians only. Conclusion: It served not only the trade interests of the British but also political interests by faster movement of troops, arms and ammunition.
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##Question:How can the role of NGOs strengthen the socio-political fabric and development in the country? Discuss and also throw light on the major constraints. ( 150 Words/10 marks )##Answer:Approach: · Causes for the introduction of railways · Significance for British · Impact on Economy Introduction: The Britishers introduced railways in India in 1853, the first passenger train ran between Bombay and Thane. After around hundred years of trade and political subjugation of Indian subcontinent, the Britishers eyed economic subjugation which was not possible without reliable conectivity to the raw material and markets of India. · Reasons for the introduction of railways in India § Railways introduced to support the industrial revolution, meeting the desire to find a market § It was a cheaper and effective way of selling British goods and a faster access all over India providing connectivity to interior regions § It also led to the procurement of cheaper raw materials from the hinterland of the country. - It also gave the Britishers a reliable means for movement of troops across the country. · Why it was said to be a positive legacy of British rule (Argument mainly given by British Historians) § Approximately 45 thousand km of railway network was laid down which helped in India’s development after independence, so in a way British passed on the benefit of their invention to Indians § Railways was open for Indian traders also during the British Rule - It helped in unifying the national leaders at the time of freedom struggle and thus strengthened the national movement - Railways also helped in socio religious movements by breaking caste and religious barriers. - Railways helped in mobilisation of people at the time of freedom struggle and also in spreading political ideas to every part of the country - Though to a limited extent, railways did help in promoting Indian businesses · Why it was not a positive legacy of British rule/Negative impacts/Counter arguments given by Indian Historians - The Britishers designed railways in India in a way that it helped in extracting raw materials and feeding finished goods, the passenger needs were in general ignored while laying railway lines. So, the limited role it played in the unification of country was only incidental to the economic and political needs of the British. § Accessibility to the vast market and cheaper raw materials gave a tough competition to the indigenous manufacturers and traders § Led to the drain of wealth from India- Indian traders lost their major share of textile export in the world, India was merely reduced to an exporter of raw cotton § There was inverted tariff levied on railways’ fares - transport was cheaper from ports to the hinterland and vice versa but there was a tariff on the movement of goods from one interior location to another. This was to restrict the growth and spread of indigenously produced goods from one region of India to another. § Cost of construction of Railways- the British Capitalists financed the construction of railways by giving a loan at a rate of 5%, while at that time the prevailing interest rates were 3%, so it was eventually a profit making investment. This interest was to be paid out of the revenue generated by the British Indian government so ultimately the cost of construction was to bore by Indian people like farmers, peasants, traders etc. This proves that even though the railway was introduced by the British but it was not their legacy as the cost was paid by Indians only. Conclusion: It served not only the trade interests of the British but also political interests by faster movement of troops, arms and ammunition.
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Explain differences between money market and capital market.(150 words)
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##Question:Explain differences between money market and capital market.(150 words)##Answer:.
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What do you understand by Capital Market? Discuss the different instruments of Capital Market. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach- 1) Define capital market mention different types of capital market 2) Briefly explain different instruments of capital market Answer: Capital markets are markets for buying and selling equity and debt instruments. Capital markets channel savings and investment between suppliers of capital such as retail investors and institutional investors, and users of capital like businesses, government and individuals. Capital markets are vital to the functioning of an economy, since capital is a critical component for generating economic output. Capital markets include primary markets, where new stock and bond issues are sold to investors, and secondary markets, which trade existing securities. This market is divided into - Primary Capital Market and Secondary Capital Market The primary market is designed for the new issues and the secondary market is meant for the trade of existing issues. Instruments of Capital Market: 1. Debt Instruments: A debt instrument is used by either companies or governments to generate funds for capital-intensive projects. It can be obtained either through the primary or secondary market. The relationship in this form of instrument ownership is that of a borrower – creditor and thus, does not necessarily imply ownership in the business of the borrower. The contract is for a specific duration and interest is paid at specified periods as stated in the trust deed* (contract agreement). Investment in this instrument is, most times, risk-free and therefore yields lower returns when compared to other instruments traded in the capital market. Investors in this category get top priority in the event of liquidation of a company. 2. Equities / Shares This instrument is issued by companies only and can also be obtained either in the primary market or the secondary market. Investment in this form of business translates to ownership of the business as the contract stands in perpetuity unless sold to another investor in the secondary market. The investor therefore possesses certain rights and privileges (such as to vote and hold position) in the company. Whereas the investor in debts may be entitled to interest which must be paid, the equity holder receives dividends which may or may not be declared. The risk factor in this instrument is high and thus yields a higher return (when successful). Holders of this instrument however rank bottom on the scale of preference in the event of liquidation of a company as they are considered owners of the company. 3. Preference Shares: This instrument is issued by corporate bodies and the investors rank second (after bond holders) on the scale of preference when a company goes under. The instrument possesses the characteristics of equity in the sense that when the authorized share capital and paid up capital are being calculated, they are added to equity capital to arrive at the total. Preference shares can also be treated as a debt instrument as they do not confer voting rights on its holders and have a dividend payment that is structured like interest (coupon) paid for bonds issues. 4. Derivatives These are instruments that derive from other securities, which are referred to as underlying assets (as the derivative is derived from them). The price, riskiness and function of the derivative depend on the underlying assets since whatever affects the underlying asset must affect the derivative. The derivative might be an asset, index or even situation. Derivatives are mostly common in developed economies. Conclusion Through all these major instruments capital market plays an important role in mobilizing savings and channeling them into productive investments for the development of commerce and industry. As such, the capital market helps in capital formation and economic growth of the country.
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##Question:What do you understand by Capital Market? Discuss the different instruments of Capital Market. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach- 1) Define capital market mention different types of capital market 2) Briefly explain different instruments of capital market Answer: Capital markets are markets for buying and selling equity and debt instruments. Capital markets channel savings and investment between suppliers of capital such as retail investors and institutional investors, and users of capital like businesses, government and individuals. Capital markets are vital to the functioning of an economy, since capital is a critical component for generating economic output. Capital markets include primary markets, where new stock and bond issues are sold to investors, and secondary markets, which trade existing securities. This market is divided into - Primary Capital Market and Secondary Capital Market The primary market is designed for the new issues and the secondary market is meant for the trade of existing issues. Instruments of Capital Market: 1. Debt Instruments: A debt instrument is used by either companies or governments to generate funds for capital-intensive projects. It can be obtained either through the primary or secondary market. The relationship in this form of instrument ownership is that of a borrower – creditor and thus, does not necessarily imply ownership in the business of the borrower. The contract is for a specific duration and interest is paid at specified periods as stated in the trust deed* (contract agreement). Investment in this instrument is, most times, risk-free and therefore yields lower returns when compared to other instruments traded in the capital market. Investors in this category get top priority in the event of liquidation of a company. 2. Equities / Shares This instrument is issued by companies only and can also be obtained either in the primary market or the secondary market. Investment in this form of business translates to ownership of the business as the contract stands in perpetuity unless sold to another investor in the secondary market. The investor therefore possesses certain rights and privileges (such as to vote and hold position) in the company. Whereas the investor in debts may be entitled to interest which must be paid, the equity holder receives dividends which may or may not be declared. The risk factor in this instrument is high and thus yields a higher return (when successful). Holders of this instrument however rank bottom on the scale of preference in the event of liquidation of a company as they are considered owners of the company. 3. Preference Shares: This instrument is issued by corporate bodies and the investors rank second (after bond holders) on the scale of preference when a company goes under. The instrument possesses the characteristics of equity in the sense that when the authorized share capital and paid up capital are being calculated, they are added to equity capital to arrive at the total. Preference shares can also be treated as a debt instrument as they do not confer voting rights on its holders and have a dividend payment that is structured like interest (coupon) paid for bonds issues. 4. Derivatives These are instruments that derive from other securities, which are referred to as underlying assets (as the derivative is derived from them). The price, riskiness and function of the derivative depend on the underlying assets since whatever affects the underlying asset must affect the derivative. The derivative might be an asset, index or even situation. Derivatives are mostly common in developed economies. Conclusion Through all these major instruments capital market plays an important role in mobilizing savings and channeling them into productive investments for the development of commerce and industry. As such, the capital market helps in capital formation and economic growth of the country.
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Write short notes on the following: (100 words each) BADLA System Rolling Settlement
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##Question:Write short notes on the following: (100 words each) BADLA System Rolling Settlement ##Answer:.
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What do you mean by derivative trading?Discuss about various types of derivative trading. (200 words)
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##Question:What do you mean by derivative trading?Discuss about various types of derivative trading. (200 words)##Answer:.
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What are In situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation? Discuss with examples and differentiate between the national park and wildlife sanctuaries. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: . Introduce with the emphasis on the concept that why we need to conserve Biodiversity. . Elaborate on In-situ and Ex-situ methods of conservation . Explain the difference between National parks and Wildlife Sanctuary . Conclude Answer: Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is, therefore, the collective responsibility of all nations. When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is protected - we save the entire forest to save the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation. However, when there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened and needs urgent measures to save it from extinction, ex-situ (off-site) conservation is the desirable approach. In-Situ Conservation: Faced with the conflict between development and conservation, many nations find it unrealistic and economically not feasible to conserve all their biological wealth. Invariably, the number of species waiting to be saved from extinction far exceeds the conservation resources available. So the countries have identified for maximum protection certain ‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and a high degree of endemism (that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else). Ex situ Conservation: In this approach, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in a special setting where they can be protected and given special care. Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose. There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in zoological parks. Difference between wildlife sanctuary and national park National Park: 1. Aimed at protecting any particular animal like a tiger, Asiatic lion etc 2. National parks are formed by Central Legislation. 3. Status of National Park is higher. They are provided with the highest protection where economic activities are prohibited. 4. No human habitation is permitted in the man area. 5. Harvesting timbers, cultivation, the collection of forest products are restricted. Eg.Corbet National Park. Sanctuary: 1. Aimed at protection of any species like Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, Pulicat Lake bird sanctuary etc. 2. Sanctuaries are formed by the order of State or Central Government notification. 3. Status of the sanctuary is lower. Here, limited biotic interactions is allowed. 4. Private ownership may be allowed. 5. These activities are allowed with permission. Eg. Chilika-Nalaban Sanctuary for migrating birds. To restore the species and animal biodiversity in their natural habitat it is imperative to provide them with the highest level of protection and these protected areas networks have been rightly aimed at preserving the same.
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##Question:What are In situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation? Discuss with examples and differentiate between the national park and wildlife sanctuaries. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: . Introduce with the emphasis on the concept that why we need to conserve Biodiversity. . Elaborate on In-situ and Ex-situ methods of conservation . Explain the difference between National parks and Wildlife Sanctuary . Conclude Answer: Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is, therefore, the collective responsibility of all nations. When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is protected - we save the entire forest to save the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation. However, when there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened and needs urgent measures to save it from extinction, ex-situ (off-site) conservation is the desirable approach. In-Situ Conservation: Faced with the conflict between development and conservation, many nations find it unrealistic and economically not feasible to conserve all their biological wealth. Invariably, the number of species waiting to be saved from extinction far exceeds the conservation resources available. So the countries have identified for maximum protection certain ‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and a high degree of endemism (that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else). Ex situ Conservation: In this approach, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in a special setting where they can be protected and given special care. Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose. There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in zoological parks. Difference between wildlife sanctuary and national park National Park: 1. Aimed at protecting any particular animal like a tiger, Asiatic lion etc 2. National parks are formed by Central Legislation. 3. Status of National Park is higher. They are provided with the highest protection where economic activities are prohibited. 4. No human habitation is permitted in the man area. 5. Harvesting timbers, cultivation, the collection of forest products are restricted. Eg.Corbet National Park. Sanctuary: 1. Aimed at protection of any species like Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, Pulicat Lake bird sanctuary etc. 2. Sanctuaries are formed by the order of State or Central Government notification. 3. Status of the sanctuary is lower. Here, limited biotic interactions is allowed. 4. Private ownership may be allowed. 5. These activities are allowed with permission. Eg. Chilika-Nalaban Sanctuary for migrating birds. To restore the species and animal biodiversity in their natural habitat it is imperative to provide them with the highest level of protection and these protected areas networks have been rightly aimed at preserving the same.
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What are wetlands? What is their ecological significance? Also, discuss the threats being faced by the wetlands. (10 Marks/ 150 words)
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Approach: Define wetlands Elaborate their ecological significance Discuss the threats faced by wetlands. Answer: Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. They support rich biodiversity and provide wide range of ecosystem services such as water storage, water purification, flood mitigation, erosion control, aquifer recharge and others. Their ecological significance is as follows:- -They protect shores from wave action, reduce the impacts of floods, absorbs pollutants and improve water quality. -They provide habitat for animals and plants and serve as biodiversity hotspots and important breeding areas for domestic and migratory bird species. -They provide an important range of environmental(ground water recharge),social(livelihood for aboriginals) and economic (fishing)services -Wetlands also plays critical role in Carbon cycle/carbon sequestration. -Recycle of nutrients helps in maintaining balance in the ecosystem. -Recharge of ground water to replenish the water of the aquifers. It also helps in purifying this water and removes the pollutants from it. -They stablise the local climate by regulating the temperature and rainfall of the area. Recognizing the importance of these wetlands , we also need to focus on the factors which threaten their existence:- -Encroachment on these wetlands due to urbanisation and the need for more and more land. Some of the wetland areas have been diverted for agricultural production. -Siltation of wetlands due to the sedimentation is also a threat to their existence. - Eutrophication or addition of excess nutrients increasing the biological oxygen demand which kills the organisms in wetlands, thus disturbing the balance. -Pollution of water is one the main cause for this. -Weed infestation can destroy the existing ecosystem of the wetland. -Climate change has been contributing to the diminished state of wetlands. -Over exploitation of the resources of wetlands can also have a detrimental impact on them. Thus,recognising thesignificanceof wetlands where they provide important range of environmental(ground water recharge),social(livelihood for aboriginals) and economic (fishing) services, adequate steps should be taken for their restoration and rejuvenation.
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##Question:What are wetlands? What is their ecological significance? Also, discuss the threats being faced by the wetlands. (10 Marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Define wetlands Elaborate their ecological significance Discuss the threats faced by wetlands. Answer: Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. They support rich biodiversity and provide wide range of ecosystem services such as water storage, water purification, flood mitigation, erosion control, aquifer recharge and others. Their ecological significance is as follows:- -They protect shores from wave action, reduce the impacts of floods, absorbs pollutants and improve water quality. -They provide habitat for animals and plants and serve as biodiversity hotspots and important breeding areas for domestic and migratory bird species. -They provide an important range of environmental(ground water recharge),social(livelihood for aboriginals) and economic (fishing)services -Wetlands also plays critical role in Carbon cycle/carbon sequestration. -Recycle of nutrients helps in maintaining balance in the ecosystem. -Recharge of ground water to replenish the water of the aquifers. It also helps in purifying this water and removes the pollutants from it. -They stablise the local climate by regulating the temperature and rainfall of the area. Recognizing the importance of these wetlands , we also need to focus on the factors which threaten their existence:- -Encroachment on these wetlands due to urbanisation and the need for more and more land. Some of the wetland areas have been diverted for agricultural production. -Siltation of wetlands due to the sedimentation is also a threat to their existence. - Eutrophication or addition of excess nutrients increasing the biological oxygen demand which kills the organisms in wetlands, thus disturbing the balance. -Pollution of water is one the main cause for this. -Weed infestation can destroy the existing ecosystem of the wetland. -Climate change has been contributing to the diminished state of wetlands. -Over exploitation of the resources of wetlands can also have a detrimental impact on them. Thus,recognising thesignificanceof wetlands where they provide important range of environmental(ground water recharge),social(livelihood for aboriginals) and economic (fishing) services, adequate steps should be taken for their restoration and rejuvenation.
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Discuss the importance of wetlands and the conservation of wetlands at the International and National levels. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Define wetlands Elaborate on their significance Discuss the threats faced by wetlands. Answer: Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. They support rich biodiversity and provide a wide range of ecosystem services such as water storage, water purification, flood mitigation, erosion control, aquifer recharge, and others. Importance of Wetlands (1) It helps in the filtering of sediments and pollutants in the water. Therefore they are called the kidneys of the environment. (2) It helps in nutrient recycling (3) It increases the groundwater recharge and rises the water table. (4) It provides food and habitat for a large group of species. (5) It provides freshwater for human consumption. (6) Tourism and recreational activity (7) Helps in flood control (8) Checks soil erosion. (9) Increases the biodiversity (10) Helps in conserving biodiversity. Initiatives are taken by the Government of India and at the international level as well for the conservation and management of wetlands in India: (1) Part of Ramsar Convention: India has 42 Ramsar Sites which are Wetlands of International importance. India has also kept certain wetlands under Montreux Record for their better conservation. Eg: Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) and Loktak Lake (Manipur). (2) Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017: It has provisions for setting up a wetlands authority comprising ministers, officials, and experts, in all states. The authority would formulate a list of activities to be allowed, regulated, or prohibited within wetlands and their zone of influence, define conservation strategies, and wise use of wetlands. (3) Integrated Management Plan: The guidelines recommend that the state/UT administration prepare a plan for the management of each notified wetland by the respective governments. (4) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Undertaking any prohibited or regulated activities beyond the thresholds (defined by the state/UT administration) in the wetlands or its zone of influence, will be deemed violations under the Wetlands Rules. Violation of the Rules will attract penalties as per the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. (5) A national wetland mapping project has also been initiated for an integrated approach to conservation. In certain wetland sites, it is heartening to see the Government, NGOs and the local community coming together to save our wetlands and thus realize the objectives of the Ramsar Convention. (6) The National Committee on Wetlands, Mangroves, and Coral Reefs constituted for advising the Government on appropriate policies and measures to be taken for the conservation and management of the wetlands, has identified 93 wetlands for conservation and management on a priority basis. Wetland ecosystems are interconnected and interactive within a watershed. In India, unplanned urbanization and a growing population have taken their toll on wetlands. To counter these, the management of wetlands has to be an integrated approach in terms of planning, execution, and monitoring. Effective tie-ups of trained academicians and professionals, including ecologists, hydrologists, economists, watershed management specialists, planners, and decision-makers must be linked with local expertise for the overall management of wetlands.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of wetlands and the conservation of wetlands at the International and National levels. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Define wetlands Elaborate on their significance Discuss the threats faced by wetlands. Answer: Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. They support rich biodiversity and provide a wide range of ecosystem services such as water storage, water purification, flood mitigation, erosion control, aquifer recharge, and others. Importance of Wetlands (1) It helps in the filtering of sediments and pollutants in the water. Therefore they are called the kidneys of the environment. (2) It helps in nutrient recycling (3) It increases the groundwater recharge and rises the water table. (4) It provides food and habitat for a large group of species. (5) It provides freshwater for human consumption. (6) Tourism and recreational activity (7) Helps in flood control (8) Checks soil erosion. (9) Increases the biodiversity (10) Helps in conserving biodiversity. Initiatives are taken by the Government of India and at the international level as well for the conservation and management of wetlands in India: (1) Part of Ramsar Convention: India has 42 Ramsar Sites which are Wetlands of International importance. India has also kept certain wetlands under Montreux Record for their better conservation. Eg: Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) and Loktak Lake (Manipur). (2) Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017: It has provisions for setting up a wetlands authority comprising ministers, officials, and experts, in all states. The authority would formulate a list of activities to be allowed, regulated, or prohibited within wetlands and their zone of influence, define conservation strategies, and wise use of wetlands. (3) Integrated Management Plan: The guidelines recommend that the state/UT administration prepare a plan for the management of each notified wetland by the respective governments. (4) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Undertaking any prohibited or regulated activities beyond the thresholds (defined by the state/UT administration) in the wetlands or its zone of influence, will be deemed violations under the Wetlands Rules. Violation of the Rules will attract penalties as per the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. (5) A national wetland mapping project has also been initiated for an integrated approach to conservation. In certain wetland sites, it is heartening to see the Government, NGOs and the local community coming together to save our wetlands and thus realize the objectives of the Ramsar Convention. (6) The National Committee on Wetlands, Mangroves, and Coral Reefs constituted for advising the Government on appropriate policies and measures to be taken for the conservation and management of the wetlands, has identified 93 wetlands for conservation and management on a priority basis. Wetland ecosystems are interconnected and interactive within a watershed. In India, unplanned urbanization and a growing population have taken their toll on wetlands. To counter these, the management of wetlands has to be an integrated approach in terms of planning, execution, and monitoring. Effective tie-ups of trained academicians and professionals, including ecologists, hydrologists, economists, watershed management specialists, planners, and decision-makers must be linked with local expertise for the overall management of wetlands.
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Write a short note on the following- (75 words each) 1. Hedge Funds 2. Future contracts
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##Question:Write a short note on the following- (75 words each) 1. Hedge Funds 2. Future contracts##Answer:.
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What are Masala Bonds? Examine their significance on the Indian economy.(150 words)
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##Question:What are Masala Bonds? Examine their significance on the Indian economy.(150 words)##Answer:.
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"Other than quantitative measures used for credit control there are some qualitative measures which are used by RBI from time to time." Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduction - Try to introduce your answer by citing the meaning of credit control Body - mention all the quantitative credit control measures in brief and then mention the qualitative control measures conclusion-Write an appropriate and fitting conclusion Answer Credit control is one of the most important functions of RBI. RBI control liquidity to control inflation on one hand and on the other maintain liquidity to push economic growth. Rbi controls credit through 2 methods Quantitative and Qualitative. Various methods of quantitative measures used by RBI to control the money supply include: 1. Bank Rate - The bank rate is the Official interest rate at which RBI rediscounts the approved bills held by commercial banks. 2. CRR - Cash reserve ratio refers to that portion of total deposits in commercial banks that it has to keep with RBI as cash reserves. 3. SLR - SLR refers to that portion of deposits with the banks that it has to keep with itself as liquid assets(Gold, approved govt. securities etc.) 4. Repo - Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to its clients generally against government securities. 5. Reverse Repo - Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks. 6. MSF - refers to the penal rate at which banks can borrow money from the central bank over and above what is available to them through the LAF window Qualitative Measures The qualitative measures do not regulate the total amount of credit commercial banks create. These measures make a distinction between good credit and bad credit and regulate only such credit, which creates economic instability. Therefore, qualitative measures are known as the selective measures of credit control. Qualitative credit control measures include: (i) Prescription of margins requirements: Margin is the difference between the market value of a security and its maximum loan value. RBI controls this margin to maintain liquidity in the economy. the margin requirement is a significant tool in the hands of the central bank to counteract inflation and deflation. (ii) Consumer credit regulation: If there is excess demand for certain consumer durables leading to their high prices, the central bank can reduce consumer credit by (a) increasing the down payment, and (b) reducing the number of instalments of repayment of such credit and vice versa (iii) Moral suasion: Moral suasion means persuasion and request. To arrest the inflationary situation central bank persuades and requests the commercial banks to refrain from giving loans for speculative and non-essential purposes. (v) Direct Action: This method is adopted when a commercial bank does not cooperate with the central bank in achieving its desired objectives. Conclusion Reserve Bank of India with its monetary policy tries to maintain a stable supply and availability of credit in the economy so that the goal of higher economic growth can be maintained at all times.
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##Question:"Other than quantitative measures used for credit control there are some qualitative measures which are used by RBI from time to time." Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction - Try to introduce your answer by citing the meaning of credit control Body - mention all the quantitative credit control measures in brief and then mention the qualitative control measures conclusion-Write an appropriate and fitting conclusion Answer Credit control is one of the most important functions of RBI. RBI control liquidity to control inflation on one hand and on the other maintain liquidity to push economic growth. Rbi controls credit through 2 methods Quantitative and Qualitative. Various methods of quantitative measures used by RBI to control the money supply include: 1. Bank Rate - The bank rate is the Official interest rate at which RBI rediscounts the approved bills held by commercial banks. 2. CRR - Cash reserve ratio refers to that portion of total deposits in commercial banks that it has to keep with RBI as cash reserves. 3. SLR - SLR refers to that portion of deposits with the banks that it has to keep with itself as liquid assets(Gold, approved govt. securities etc.) 4. Repo - Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to its clients generally against government securities. 5. Reverse Repo - Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks. 6. MSF - refers to the penal rate at which banks can borrow money from the central bank over and above what is available to them through the LAF window Qualitative Measures The qualitative measures do not regulate the total amount of credit commercial banks create. These measures make a distinction between good credit and bad credit and regulate only such credit, which creates economic instability. Therefore, qualitative measures are known as the selective measures of credit control. Qualitative credit control measures include: (i) Prescription of margins requirements: Margin is the difference between the market value of a security and its maximum loan value. RBI controls this margin to maintain liquidity in the economy. the margin requirement is a significant tool in the hands of the central bank to counteract inflation and deflation. (ii) Consumer credit regulation: If there is excess demand for certain consumer durables leading to their high prices, the central bank can reduce consumer credit by (a) increasing the down payment, and (b) reducing the number of instalments of repayment of such credit and vice versa (iii) Moral suasion: Moral suasion means persuasion and request. To arrest the inflationary situation central bank persuades and requests the commercial banks to refrain from giving loans for speculative and non-essential purposes. (v) Direct Action: This method is adopted when a commercial bank does not cooperate with the central bank in achieving its desired objectives. Conclusion Reserve Bank of India with its monetary policy tries to maintain a stable supply and availability of credit in the economy so that the goal of higher economic growth can be maintained at all times.
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What are different erosional processes and how do they lead to formation of different erosional landforms? ( 150 words/10 marks )
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Please note: Sir has dictated complete first part of this question i.e. erosional processes. But the second part is not dictated by Sir. He has asked students to cover landforms on their own from NCERT. There are two ways of attempting the second part of this question. In one case student may give examples of erosional landforms by different agents like glaciers, wave, wind etc. In another case, the studentcan take one agent and explain related erosional landforms in detail. Both the answers will be correct. (This point is mentioned by Harsh Sir ) Erosion takes places mainly with the help of 6 processes: a) Corrosion or abrasion- It is the process of smaller particle hitting the larger particles and in that process breaking the larger particle down e.g. sand hitting the rock and breaking the rocks. b) Attrition- In attrition 2 or more small particles hit each other and further break down into smaller particles e.g. sand hitting the sand and breaking into clay c)Hydraulic Action-This happens in presence of moving water where water due to its force breaks down the force. e.g motion of water in waterfallforms hollow. d) Plucking-Plucking is an erosional processin the glacierregion. As ice and glacier move they scrape along the surrounding rock and pull away pieces of rock. e) Deflation -It happens only in arid windy regions i.e. Desert regions. It is rubbing the bottom of rocks by sand in arid regions. Landforms are of two types-depositional landforms and erosional landforms. There are different erosional landforms depending upon the agentof erosion. Erosional landforms can be understood in the following manner: 1) In semi-arid region- Mushroom rocks, Zeugens, Yardangs, Inselberg, Mesas, and Buttes are examples of erosional landforms in deserts. 2)Glacier erosional landforms are cirque and cirque lakes, Horns and Serrated Ridegd, Aretes, Glacial Valleys/troughs, Hanging Valleys 3) In rivers- Seacliff, sea cave, sea arch, stack are few examples of erosional landforms in marine areas.
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##Question:What are different erosional processes and how do they lead to formation of different erosional landforms? ( 150 words/10 marks )##Answer:Please note: Sir has dictated complete first part of this question i.e. erosional processes. But the second part is not dictated by Sir. He has asked students to cover landforms on their own from NCERT. There are two ways of attempting the second part of this question. In one case student may give examples of erosional landforms by different agents like glaciers, wave, wind etc. In another case, the studentcan take one agent and explain related erosional landforms in detail. Both the answers will be correct. (This point is mentioned by Harsh Sir ) Erosion takes places mainly with the help of 6 processes: a) Corrosion or abrasion- It is the process of smaller particle hitting the larger particles and in that process breaking the larger particle down e.g. sand hitting the rock and breaking the rocks. b) Attrition- In attrition 2 or more small particles hit each other and further break down into smaller particles e.g. sand hitting the sand and breaking into clay c)Hydraulic Action-This happens in presence of moving water where water due to its force breaks down the force. e.g motion of water in waterfallforms hollow. d) Plucking-Plucking is an erosional processin the glacierregion. As ice and glacier move they scrape along the surrounding rock and pull away pieces of rock. e) Deflation -It happens only in arid windy regions i.e. Desert regions. It is rubbing the bottom of rocks by sand in arid regions. Landforms are of two types-depositional landforms and erosional landforms. There are different erosional landforms depending upon the agentof erosion. Erosional landforms can be understood in the following manner: 1) In semi-arid region- Mushroom rocks, Zeugens, Yardangs, Inselberg, Mesas, and Buttes are examples of erosional landforms in deserts. 2)Glacier erosional landforms are cirque and cirque lakes, Horns and Serrated Ridegd, Aretes, Glacial Valleys/troughs, Hanging Valleys 3) In rivers- Seacliff, sea cave, sea arch, stack are few examples of erosional landforms in marine areas.
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वायुदाब की अवधारणा का परिचय प्रदान करते हुए इसके क्षैतिज तथ उर्ध्वाधर वितरण की व्याख्या कीजिए। ( 150 शब्द, 10 अंक ) Giving an introduction to the concept of air pressure, explain its horizontal and vertical distribution. (150 words; 10 marks )
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दृष्टिकोण: सर्वप्रथम वायुदाब को परिभाषित कीजिए तत्पश्चात वायुदाब की विशेषताएँ लिखिए वायुदाब का क्षैतिज तथा उर्ध्वाधर वितरण संबंधी बिंदु लिखिए अंत में यथोचित निष्कर्ष लिखिए उत्तर पृथ्वी की सतह पर वायु स्तम्भ द्वारा दबाव डाला जाता है। माध्य समुद्रतल से वायुमंडल की अंतिम सीमा तक एक इकाई क्षेत्रफल के वायु स्तम्भ के भार को वायुमंडलीय दाब कहते हैं। वायुदाब को मापने की इकाई मिलीबार तथा पास्कल हैं। सामान्य दशा में समुद्र तल पर वायु दाब पारे के 76 सेन्टीमीटर अथवा 760 मिलीमीटर ऊँचे स्तम्भ द्वारा पड़ने वाले दाब के बराबर होता है। वायुदाब को मापने के लिए पारद वायुदाबमापी (Mercury barometer) एवं निर्द्रव बैरोमीटर (Aneroid barometer)। ऋतु मानचित्रों में वायुदाब का क्षैतिज वितरण समदाब रेखाओं के द्वारा प्रदर्शित किया जाता है। समदाब रेखाएँ सागर तल पर समान वायुदाब वाले स्थानों को मिलाने वाली कल्पित रेखाएँ होती हैं। वायुदाब में परिवर्तन के द्वारा ही पवनों की उत्पत्ति, वेग एवं दिशा निर्धारित होती है। पवन सदैव उच्च वायुदाब क्षेत्र से निम्न वायुदाब क्षेत्र की ओर प्रवाहित होती है। पवनों का वेग दाब प्रवणता की तीव्रता पर निर्भर करता है दाब प्रवणता जितनी अधिक होती है, पवन की गति भी उतनी ही अधिक होती है। वायुदाब का उर्ध्वाधर वितरण: ऊँचाई के साथ वायुदाब में सदैव कमी आती है लेकिन इसके घटने की दर एकसमान नहीं होती है। यह दर वायु के घनत्व, पवन संचार, पृथ्वी के घूर्णन, तापमान, जलवाष्प की मात्रा तथा गुरुत्वाकर्षण शक्ति जैसे परिवर्तनशील कारकों पर निर्भर करती है। धरातल के निकट वायु के घनत्व में कमी आने के कारण वायुमंडलीय दाब ऊँचाई के साथ तीव्रता से घटता है लेकिन अधिक ऊँचाई पर इसकी ह्रास दर में कमी आ जाती है। निम्न वायुमंडल में वायुदाब की ह्रास दर प्रत्येक 10 मीटर की ऊँचाई पर 1 मिलीबार होती है। समुद्र तल से लगभग 5 किमी की ऊँचाई पर वायुदाब की मात्रा, समुद्रतल पर वायुदाब की तुलना में लगभग आधी हो जाती है। ऊर्ध्वाधर दाब प्रवणता क्षैतिज दाब प्रवणता की अपेक्षा अधिक होती है। ऊर्ध्वाधर दाब प्रवणता अधिक होने के बावजूद शक्तिशाली ऊर्ध्वाधर पवनों का अनुभव किया जाता हैं क्योंकि यह विपरीत दिशा में कार्यरत गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल से प्रतिसंतुलित हो जाती है। वायुदाब का क्षैतिज वितरण: वायुमंडलीय दाब के अक्षांशीय वितरण को वायुदाब का क्षैतिज वितरण कहते हैं। इसकी मुख्य विशेषता इसका क्षेत्रीय चरित्र है जिसके कारण वायुदाब कटिबंधों का निर्माण होता है। क्षैतिज वितरण को समदाब रेखाओं की सहायता से प्रदर्शित किया जाता है । उत्तरी गोलार्ध में वायुदाब के वितरण में मौसमी विरोधाभास अधिक स्पष्टतया दृष्टिगोचर होते हैं तथा दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में सभी स्थानों पर वायुदाब के औसत वितरण में कम भिन्नता दिखाई देती है। यह अन्तर दोनों गोलार्धो में स्थल तथा जल के असमान वितरण के कारण उत्पन्न होता है। पृथ्वी के धरातल पर चार मुख्य वायुदाब कटिबंध है। यथा विषुवतीय या भूमध्यरेखीय निम्न वायुदाब कटिबंध, उपोष्ण उच्च वायुदाब कटिबंध, उपध्रुवीय निम्न वायुदाब कटिबंध तथा ध्रुवीय उच्च-वायुदाब कटिबंध । उत्तरी गोलार्ध में वायुदाब के वितरण में मौसमी विरोधाभास अधिक स्पष्टता से दृष्टिगोचर होते हैं तथा दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में सभी स्थानों पर वायुदाब के औसत वितरण में कम भिन्नता दिखाई देती है। यह अन्तर दोनों गोलार्धी में स्थल तथा जल के असमान वितरण के कारण उत्पन्न होता है। दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में महासागरीय भागों की अधिकता के कारण तापमान और वायुदाब दोनों में अधिक समता होती है। वायु दाब का मानव जीवन में अत्यधिक महत्व है जैसे वाहनों के टायरों में हवा से लेकर मानसून के उत्पत्ति आदि के संदर्भ में महत्वपूर्ण है।
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##Question:वायुदाब की अवधारणा का परिचय प्रदान करते हुए इसके क्षैतिज तथ उर्ध्वाधर वितरण की व्याख्या कीजिए। ( 150 शब्द, 10 अंक ) Giving an introduction to the concept of air pressure, explain its horizontal and vertical distribution. (150 words; 10 marks )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: सर्वप्रथम वायुदाब को परिभाषित कीजिए तत्पश्चात वायुदाब की विशेषताएँ लिखिए वायुदाब का क्षैतिज तथा उर्ध्वाधर वितरण संबंधी बिंदु लिखिए अंत में यथोचित निष्कर्ष लिखिए उत्तर पृथ्वी की सतह पर वायु स्तम्भ द्वारा दबाव डाला जाता है। माध्य समुद्रतल से वायुमंडल की अंतिम सीमा तक एक इकाई क्षेत्रफल के वायु स्तम्भ के भार को वायुमंडलीय दाब कहते हैं। वायुदाब को मापने की इकाई मिलीबार तथा पास्कल हैं। सामान्य दशा में समुद्र तल पर वायु दाब पारे के 76 सेन्टीमीटर अथवा 760 मिलीमीटर ऊँचे स्तम्भ द्वारा पड़ने वाले दाब के बराबर होता है। वायुदाब को मापने के लिए पारद वायुदाबमापी (Mercury barometer) एवं निर्द्रव बैरोमीटर (Aneroid barometer)। ऋतु मानचित्रों में वायुदाब का क्षैतिज वितरण समदाब रेखाओं के द्वारा प्रदर्शित किया जाता है। समदाब रेखाएँ सागर तल पर समान वायुदाब वाले स्थानों को मिलाने वाली कल्पित रेखाएँ होती हैं। वायुदाब में परिवर्तन के द्वारा ही पवनों की उत्पत्ति, वेग एवं दिशा निर्धारित होती है। पवन सदैव उच्च वायुदाब क्षेत्र से निम्न वायुदाब क्षेत्र की ओर प्रवाहित होती है। पवनों का वेग दाब प्रवणता की तीव्रता पर निर्भर करता है दाब प्रवणता जितनी अधिक होती है, पवन की गति भी उतनी ही अधिक होती है। वायुदाब का उर्ध्वाधर वितरण: ऊँचाई के साथ वायुदाब में सदैव कमी आती है लेकिन इसके घटने की दर एकसमान नहीं होती है। यह दर वायु के घनत्व, पवन संचार, पृथ्वी के घूर्णन, तापमान, जलवाष्प की मात्रा तथा गुरुत्वाकर्षण शक्ति जैसे परिवर्तनशील कारकों पर निर्भर करती है। धरातल के निकट वायु के घनत्व में कमी आने के कारण वायुमंडलीय दाब ऊँचाई के साथ तीव्रता से घटता है लेकिन अधिक ऊँचाई पर इसकी ह्रास दर में कमी आ जाती है। निम्न वायुमंडल में वायुदाब की ह्रास दर प्रत्येक 10 मीटर की ऊँचाई पर 1 मिलीबार होती है। समुद्र तल से लगभग 5 किमी की ऊँचाई पर वायुदाब की मात्रा, समुद्रतल पर वायुदाब की तुलना में लगभग आधी हो जाती है। ऊर्ध्वाधर दाब प्रवणता क्षैतिज दाब प्रवणता की अपेक्षा अधिक होती है। ऊर्ध्वाधर दाब प्रवणता अधिक होने के बावजूद शक्तिशाली ऊर्ध्वाधर पवनों का अनुभव किया जाता हैं क्योंकि यह विपरीत दिशा में कार्यरत गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल से प्रतिसंतुलित हो जाती है। वायुदाब का क्षैतिज वितरण: वायुमंडलीय दाब के अक्षांशीय वितरण को वायुदाब का क्षैतिज वितरण कहते हैं। इसकी मुख्य विशेषता इसका क्षेत्रीय चरित्र है जिसके कारण वायुदाब कटिबंधों का निर्माण होता है। क्षैतिज वितरण को समदाब रेखाओं की सहायता से प्रदर्शित किया जाता है । उत्तरी गोलार्ध में वायुदाब के वितरण में मौसमी विरोधाभास अधिक स्पष्टतया दृष्टिगोचर होते हैं तथा दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में सभी स्थानों पर वायुदाब के औसत वितरण में कम भिन्नता दिखाई देती है। यह अन्तर दोनों गोलार्धो में स्थल तथा जल के असमान वितरण के कारण उत्पन्न होता है। पृथ्वी के धरातल पर चार मुख्य वायुदाब कटिबंध है। यथा विषुवतीय या भूमध्यरेखीय निम्न वायुदाब कटिबंध, उपोष्ण उच्च वायुदाब कटिबंध, उपध्रुवीय निम्न वायुदाब कटिबंध तथा ध्रुवीय उच्च-वायुदाब कटिबंध । उत्तरी गोलार्ध में वायुदाब के वितरण में मौसमी विरोधाभास अधिक स्पष्टता से दृष्टिगोचर होते हैं तथा दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में सभी स्थानों पर वायुदाब के औसत वितरण में कम भिन्नता दिखाई देती है। यह अन्तर दोनों गोलार्धी में स्थल तथा जल के असमान वितरण के कारण उत्पन्न होता है। दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में महासागरीय भागों की अधिकता के कारण तापमान और वायुदाब दोनों में अधिक समता होती है। वायु दाब का मानव जीवन में अत्यधिक महत्व है जैसे वाहनों के टायरों में हवा से लेकर मानसून के उत्पत्ति आदि के संदर्भ में महत्वपूर्ण है।
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National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) encompasses various national missions representing multipronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in the context of climate change. Critically examine. (10 marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce answer by referring to the origin and objective of the NAPCC in brief Explain eight national missions incorporated in NAPCC with their targets. Conclude the answer by referring to the expanded domain of the NAPCC. Answer : The Government of India released in 2008 India’s first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existing and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. The plan identifies eight core “national missions” running through 2018. Emphasizing the overriding priority of maintaining high economic growth rates to raise living standards, the plan “identifies measures that promote our development objectives while also yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change effectively.” National Missions 1. National Solar Mission - The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. The plan includes - • Specific goals for increased use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas, industry, and commercial establishments; • A goal of increasing production of photovoltaic to 1000 MW/year; and • A goal of deploying at least 1000 MW of solar thermal power generation. However, the weakest part of a campaign for going solar is the generation from rooftop sources. To achieve its target of 40 GW installed capacity by 2022, India should have an installed capacity of 10,000 MW by 2017-18. However, only 1,222 MW of rooftop capacity has been installed till July 31, 2018. 2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency - Initiatives based on increasing the energy use efficiency was expected to yield savings of 10,000 MW by 2012. Building on the EnergyConservation Act 2001, the plan recommends - • Mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy-consuming industries, with a system for companies to trade energy-savings certificates; • Energy incentives, including reduced taxes on energy-efficient appliances; and • Financing for public-private partnerships to reduce energy consumption through demand-side management programs in the municipal, buildings and agricultural sectors. However, a 2018 report by Delhi-based non-profit Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) highlights Niti Aayog’s concern related to the fulfilment of the mission’s goal and it"s poor inter-sectoral linkages. 3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat - To promote energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning, the plan calls for - • Extending the existing Energy Conservation Building Code; • A greater emphasis on urban waste management and recycling, including power production from waste; • Strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards and using pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles; and • Incentives for the use of public transportation. But even eight years after its launch, NMSH has no specific funds. In fact, it did not seek any such support from ministries concerned. 4 . National Water Mission - With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures. Though goals have been set, the strategy to achieve them has not been prepared. States are supposed to formulate State Specific Action Plans (SSAPs) to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. SSAPs are action plans made by states for this mission only. But no state has prepared SSAP for this mission. According to an August 2018 reply given by the Union minister of state for water resources, so far Rs 2.8 crore has been spent on preparation of these SSAPs in 16 states. In late 2017, only a model template for SSAP was adopted by all the states. 5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem and National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change - The plan aims to conserve biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan region, where glaciers that is a major source of India’s water supply are projected to recede as a result of global warming.To gain a better understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modelling, and increased international collaboration. It also encourages private sector initiatives to develop adaptation and mitigation technologies through venture capital funds. Both missions suffer from budgetary and workforce constraints. And funding remains unclear because both the missions have been lumped together in a broad Research and Development head in the budget. What’s worse, no money has been earmarked as capital expenditure for NMSHE, which explains why no adaptation or sustainability project has been taken up by DST under the mission. 6. National Mission for a “Green India” - Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s territory. In 2015-16, the plantations undertaken were 34 per cent short of the targets. The following year the shortfall was more than 40 per cent. The mission has also lagged in providing alternative fuel technology to households to reduce emissions from burning of fuelwood and other similar fuels. 7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture - The plan aims to support climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices. However, The government has not been able to spend the budget on SHM. In February 2015, the government allocated Rs 568 crore to be spent in the next two years, but it has been able to spend only Rs 208 crore till August 2018, as per data on the agriculture ministry website. Similar is the case with RAD. About 86 million hectares of net sown land in India (or 68 per cent of the country’s farmland) is rainfed. Of this, only 1.7 million hectares have been developed or brought under an integrated farming system in the last six years. Keeping the ecological sustainability at the core, the government of India increases the ambit of the programme by including National mission on Wind Energy, National mission on Waste to energy, National mission on coastal areas and National mission on health impacts due to climate change in order to achieve sustainable ecosystem.
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##Question:National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) encompasses various national missions representing multipronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in the context of climate change. Critically examine. (10 marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce answer by referring to the origin and objective of the NAPCC in brief Explain eight national missions incorporated in NAPCC with their targets. Conclude the answer by referring to the expanded domain of the NAPCC. Answer : The Government of India released in 2008 India’s first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existing and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. The plan identifies eight core “national missions” running through 2018. Emphasizing the overriding priority of maintaining high economic growth rates to raise living standards, the plan “identifies measures that promote our development objectives while also yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change effectively.” National Missions 1. National Solar Mission - The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. The plan includes - • Specific goals for increased use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas, industry, and commercial establishments; • A goal of increasing production of photovoltaic to 1000 MW/year; and • A goal of deploying at least 1000 MW of solar thermal power generation. However, the weakest part of a campaign for going solar is the generation from rooftop sources. To achieve its target of 40 GW installed capacity by 2022, India should have an installed capacity of 10,000 MW by 2017-18. However, only 1,222 MW of rooftop capacity has been installed till July 31, 2018. 2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency - Initiatives based on increasing the energy use efficiency was expected to yield savings of 10,000 MW by 2012. Building on the EnergyConservation Act 2001, the plan recommends - • Mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy-consuming industries, with a system for companies to trade energy-savings certificates; • Energy incentives, including reduced taxes on energy-efficient appliances; and • Financing for public-private partnerships to reduce energy consumption through demand-side management programs in the municipal, buildings and agricultural sectors. However, a 2018 report by Delhi-based non-profit Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) highlights Niti Aayog’s concern related to the fulfilment of the mission’s goal and it"s poor inter-sectoral linkages. 3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat - To promote energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning, the plan calls for - • Extending the existing Energy Conservation Building Code; • A greater emphasis on urban waste management and recycling, including power production from waste; • Strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards and using pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles; and • Incentives for the use of public transportation. But even eight years after its launch, NMSH has no specific funds. In fact, it did not seek any such support from ministries concerned. 4 . National Water Mission - With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures. Though goals have been set, the strategy to achieve them has not been prepared. States are supposed to formulate State Specific Action Plans (SSAPs) to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. SSAPs are action plans made by states for this mission only. But no state has prepared SSAP for this mission. According to an August 2018 reply given by the Union minister of state for water resources, so far Rs 2.8 crore has been spent on preparation of these SSAPs in 16 states. In late 2017, only a model template for SSAP was adopted by all the states. 5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem and National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change - The plan aims to conserve biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan region, where glaciers that is a major source of India’s water supply are projected to recede as a result of global warming.To gain a better understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modelling, and increased international collaboration. It also encourages private sector initiatives to develop adaptation and mitigation technologies through venture capital funds. Both missions suffer from budgetary and workforce constraints. And funding remains unclear because both the missions have been lumped together in a broad Research and Development head in the budget. What’s worse, no money has been earmarked as capital expenditure for NMSHE, which explains why no adaptation or sustainability project has been taken up by DST under the mission. 6. National Mission for a “Green India” - Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s territory. In 2015-16, the plantations undertaken were 34 per cent short of the targets. The following year the shortfall was more than 40 per cent. The mission has also lagged in providing alternative fuel technology to households to reduce emissions from burning of fuelwood and other similar fuels. 7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture - The plan aims to support climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices. However, The government has not been able to spend the budget on SHM. In February 2015, the government allocated Rs 568 crore to be spent in the next two years, but it has been able to spend only Rs 208 crore till August 2018, as per data on the agriculture ministry website. Similar is the case with RAD. About 86 million hectares of net sown land in India (or 68 per cent of the country’s farmland) is rainfed. Of this, only 1.7 million hectares have been developed or brought under an integrated farming system in the last six years. Keeping the ecological sustainability at the core, the government of India increases the ambit of the programme by including National mission on Wind Energy, National mission on Waste to energy, National mission on coastal areas and National mission on health impacts due to climate change in order to achieve sustainable ecosystem.
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What are theimportant functions performed by the Financial Market? Also, explain the difference between the Primary Market and Secondary Market. (15 Marks/ 250 Words)
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A financial market is a platform that facilitates the exchange of financial instruments and securities such asshares,stocks, bonds,debentures,commercial papers, bills, cheques etc. Here, the price is determined by the laws of demand and supply in the market. Functions of Financial Markets Mobilizing Funds : It ensures that money is not lying idle in economy. It enables investors having savings to be linked with industries that require investment. Hence, investors can invest their savings according to their choices and risk assessment. This will help in efficient utilization of money and the economy will boom. Price Determination : Trade in financial market help in determination of the prices using rules of demand and supply. This ensures determination of prices in transparent manner. Liquidity : Since the instruments sold in the financial market have high liquidity, investors can buy or sell in a very short period. Easy Access : Financial markets are the platform where both the buyers and sellers can find each other easily without spending too much time, money or effort. Difference between Primary and Secondary Market Primary market - In primary market, companies bring a new issue of shares forbeing subscribed by the general public. It helps companies to raise funds to fulfiltheir long-term capital requirement. It also plays a catalytic role in the mobilisation ofsavings in the economy. Secondary market- In secondary market, existing shares, debentures, bonds, options, commercial papers, treasury bills, etc. of thecompanies are traded amongst investors. Key Differences between Primary Market and Secondary Market 1. The securities are first issued in Primary Market, and then it is listed on a recognised stock exchange for trading, which is a secondary market. 2. In the primary market, prices are fixed whereas in the secondary market prices vary depending upon the demand and supply. 3. Primary market is a platform where new companies as well as old companies can raise funds for diversification or expansion. Whereas, secondary market does not provide financing to companies, as only the investors are involved in the transaction and not the company itself. 4. The investor can purchase shares directly from the company in case of primary market. Whereas investors can buy and sell the stocks and bonds only among themselves, in case of secondary market. 5. In Primary Market, investment bankers are involved in selling of securities. In secondary market, brokers act as intermediaries in trading of securities. 6. In the primary market, security can be sold only once, in secondary market it can be sold infinite number of times. 7. In Primary market, amount received from the securities acts as income of the company, whereas in secondary market, amount received from the securities acts as income of investors. Both the primary and secondary markets play an important role in the mobilisation of money in the economy. Primary Market links the company with the investor while the secondary market links one investor with other.
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##Question:What are theimportant functions performed by the Financial Market? Also, explain the difference between the Primary Market and Secondary Market. (15 Marks/ 250 Words)##Answer: A financial market is a platform that facilitates the exchange of financial instruments and securities such asshares,stocks, bonds,debentures,commercial papers, bills, cheques etc. Here, the price is determined by the laws of demand and supply in the market. Functions of Financial Markets Mobilizing Funds : It ensures that money is not lying idle in economy. It enables investors having savings to be linked with industries that require investment. Hence, investors can invest their savings according to their choices and risk assessment. This will help in efficient utilization of money and the economy will boom. Price Determination : Trade in financial market help in determination of the prices using rules of demand and supply. This ensures determination of prices in transparent manner. Liquidity : Since the instruments sold in the financial market have high liquidity, investors can buy or sell in a very short period. Easy Access : Financial markets are the platform where both the buyers and sellers can find each other easily without spending too much time, money or effort. Difference between Primary and Secondary Market Primary market - In primary market, companies bring a new issue of shares forbeing subscribed by the general public. It helps companies to raise funds to fulfiltheir long-term capital requirement. It also plays a catalytic role in the mobilisation ofsavings in the economy. Secondary market- In secondary market, existing shares, debentures, bonds, options, commercial papers, treasury bills, etc. of thecompanies are traded amongst investors. Key Differences between Primary Market and Secondary Market 1. The securities are first issued in Primary Market, and then it is listed on a recognised stock exchange for trading, which is a secondary market. 2. In the primary market, prices are fixed whereas in the secondary market prices vary depending upon the demand and supply. 3. Primary market is a platform where new companies as well as old companies can raise funds for diversification or expansion. Whereas, secondary market does not provide financing to companies, as only the investors are involved in the transaction and not the company itself. 4. The investor can purchase shares directly from the company in case of primary market. Whereas investors can buy and sell the stocks and bonds only among themselves, in case of secondary market. 5. In Primary Market, investment bankers are involved in selling of securities. In secondary market, brokers act as intermediaries in trading of securities. 6. In the primary market, security can be sold only once, in secondary market it can be sold infinite number of times. 7. In Primary market, amount received from the securities acts as income of the company, whereas in secondary market, amount received from the securities acts as income of investors. Both the primary and secondary markets play an important role in the mobilisation of money in the economy. Primary Market links the company with the investor while the secondary market links one investor with other.
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"Good enviornment is the basic and most crucial element for healthy being",commnet in context of rising pollution in india
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Here being not only include human beings but also plant and animal
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##Question:"Good enviornment is the basic and most crucial element for healthy being",commnet in context of rising pollution in india##Answer:Here being not only include human beings but also plant and animal
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Discuss the effects of the proclamation of National Emergency provided under the constitution.(10 Marks/ 150 words)
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Approach : Introduce an answer by highlighting grounds for enforcement of a national emergency. Discuss the effects of a national emergency on Centre-state relations, on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly, and on Fundamental Rights. Conclude your answer by referring to the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act. Answer : Under Article 352, the President can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion. Effects of National Emergency A proclamation of Emergency has drastic and wide-ranging effects on the political system. These consequences can be grouped into three categories: 1. Effect on the Centre-state relations, 2. Effect on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly, and 3. Effect on Fundamental Rights. 1. Effect on the Centre-State Relations While a Proclamation ofEmergency is in force, the normal fabric of the Centre-state relations undergoes a basic change. This can be studied under three heads, namely, executive, legislative and financial. (a) Executive During a national emergency, the executive power of the Centreextends to directing any state regarding the manner in which its executivepower is to be exercised. In normal times, the Centre can give executive directions to a state only on certain specified matters. However, during anational emergency, the Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on ‘any’ matter. Thus, the state governments are brought under thecomplete control of the Centre, though they are not suspended. (b) Legislative During a national emergency, the Parliament becomesempowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the State List.Although the legislative power of a state legislature is not suspended, itbecomes subject to the overriding power of the Parliament. Thus, the normaldistribution of the legislative powers between the Centre and states is suspended, though the state Legislatures are not suspended. In brief, theConstitution becomes unitary rather than federal.The laws made by Parliament on the state subjects during a NationalEmergency become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased tooperate. Notably, while a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, the President can issue ordinances on the state subjects also, if the Parliament is not in session. Further, the Parliament can confer powers and impose duties upon the Centre or its officers and authorities in respect of matters outside the Union List, in order to carry out the laws made by it under its extended jurisdiction as a result of the proclamation of a National Emergency. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 provided that the two consequences mentioned above (executive and legislative) extend not only to a state where the Emergency is in operation but also to any other state. (c) Financial While a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, thePresident can modify the constitutional distribution of revenues between thecentre and the states. This means that the president can either reduce orcancel the transfer of finances from the centre to the states. Such modificationcontinues until the end of the financial year in which the Emergency ceases tooperate. Also, every such order of the President has to be laid before both theHouses of Parliament. 2. Effect on the Life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly While aproclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the life of the LokSabha may be extended beyond its normal term (five years) by a law ofParliament for one year at a time (for any length of time). However, thisextension cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the emergencyhas ceased to operate. For example, the term of the Fifth Lok Sabha (1971–1977) was extended two times by one year at a time.Similarly, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a statelegislative assembly (five years) by one year each time (for any length oftime) during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of sixmonths after the Emergency has ceased to operate. 3. Effect on the Fundamental Rights Articles 358 and 359 describe the effect of a National Emergency on Fundamental Rights. Article 358 deals with the suspension of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 19, while Article 359 deals with the suspension of other Fundamental Rights (except those guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21). These two provisions are explained below: (a) Suspension of Fundamental Rights under Article 19 According to Article358, when a proclamation of national emergency is made, the sixFundamental Rights under Article 19 are automatically suspended. Noseparate order for their suspension is required.While a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, the state isfreed from the restrictions imposed by Article 19. In other words, the state can make any law or can take any executive action abridging or taking away the six Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 19. Any such law or executive action cannot be challenged on the ground that they are inconsistent with the six Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 19. When the National Emergency ceases to operate, Article 19 automatically revives and comes into force. Any law made during the Emergency, to the extent of inconsistency with Article 19, ceases to have an effect. However, no remedy lies for anything done during the Emergency even after the Emergency expires. This means that the legislative and executive actions taken during the emergency cannot be challenged even after the Emergency ceases to operate. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 restricted the scope of Article 358 in two ways. Firstly, the six Fundamental Rights under Article 19 can be suspended only when the National Emergency is declared on the ground of war or external aggression and not on the ground of armed rebellion. Secondly, only those laws which are related to the Emergency areprotected from being challenged and not other laws. Also, the executiveaction taken only under such a law is protected. (b) Suspension of other Fundamental Rights Article 359 authorises thepresident to suspend the right to move any court for the enforcement ofFundamental Rights during a National Emergency. This means that under Article 359, the Fundamental Rights as such are not suspended, but only theirenforcement. The said rights are theoretically alive but the right to seeka remedy is suspended. The suspension of enforcement relates to only thoseFundamental Rights that are specified in the Presidential Order. Further, thesuspension could be for the period during the operation of emergency or for ashorter period as mentioned in the order, and the suspension order mayextend to the whole or any part of the country. It should be laid before eachHouse of Parliament for approval. While a Presidential Order is in force, the State can make any law or can take any executive action abridging or taking away the specified Fundamental Rights. Any such law or executive action cannot be challenged on the ground that they are inconsistent with the specified Fundamental Rights. When The order ceases to operate, any law so made, to the extent of inconsistency with the specified Fundamental Rights, ceases to have an effect. But no remedy lies for anything done during the operation of the order even after the order ceases to operate. This means that the legislative and executive actions taken during the operation of the Order cannot be challenged even after the Order expires. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 restricted the scope of Article 359 in two ways. Firstly, the President cannot suspend the right to move the Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 to 21. In other words, the right to protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20) and the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21) remain enforceable even during an emergency. Secondly, only those laws which are related to the emergency are protected from being challenged and no other laws and the executive action taken only under such a law is protected.
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##Question:Discuss the effects of the proclamation of National Emergency provided under the constitution.(10 Marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce an answer by highlighting grounds for enforcement of a national emergency. Discuss the effects of a national emergency on Centre-state relations, on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly, and on Fundamental Rights. Conclude your answer by referring to the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act. Answer : Under Article 352, the President can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion. Effects of National Emergency A proclamation of Emergency has drastic and wide-ranging effects on the political system. These consequences can be grouped into three categories: 1. Effect on the Centre-state relations, 2. Effect on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly, and 3. Effect on Fundamental Rights. 1. Effect on the Centre-State Relations While a Proclamation ofEmergency is in force, the normal fabric of the Centre-state relations undergoes a basic change. This can be studied under three heads, namely, executive, legislative and financial. (a) Executive During a national emergency, the executive power of the Centreextends to directing any state regarding the manner in which its executivepower is to be exercised. In normal times, the Centre can give executive directions to a state only on certain specified matters. However, during anational emergency, the Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on ‘any’ matter. Thus, the state governments are brought under thecomplete control of the Centre, though they are not suspended. (b) Legislative During a national emergency, the Parliament becomesempowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the State List.Although the legislative power of a state legislature is not suspended, itbecomes subject to the overriding power of the Parliament. Thus, the normaldistribution of the legislative powers between the Centre and states is suspended, though the state Legislatures are not suspended. In brief, theConstitution becomes unitary rather than federal.The laws made by Parliament on the state subjects during a NationalEmergency become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased tooperate. Notably, while a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, the President can issue ordinances on the state subjects also, if the Parliament is not in session. Further, the Parliament can confer powers and impose duties upon the Centre or its officers and authorities in respect of matters outside the Union List, in order to carry out the laws made by it under its extended jurisdiction as a result of the proclamation of a National Emergency. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 provided that the two consequences mentioned above (executive and legislative) extend not only to a state where the Emergency is in operation but also to any other state. (c) Financial While a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, thePresident can modify the constitutional distribution of revenues between thecentre and the states. This means that the president can either reduce orcancel the transfer of finances from the centre to the states. Such modificationcontinues until the end of the financial year in which the Emergency ceases tooperate. Also, every such order of the President has to be laid before both theHouses of Parliament. 2. Effect on the Life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly While aproclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the life of the LokSabha may be extended beyond its normal term (five years) by a law ofParliament for one year at a time (for any length of time). However, thisextension cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the emergencyhas ceased to operate. For example, the term of the Fifth Lok Sabha (1971–1977) was extended two times by one year at a time.Similarly, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a statelegislative assembly (five years) by one year each time (for any length oftime) during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of sixmonths after the Emergency has ceased to operate. 3. Effect on the Fundamental Rights Articles 358 and 359 describe the effect of a National Emergency on Fundamental Rights. Article 358 deals with the suspension of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 19, while Article 359 deals with the suspension of other Fundamental Rights (except those guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21). These two provisions are explained below: (a) Suspension of Fundamental Rights under Article 19 According to Article358, when a proclamation of national emergency is made, the sixFundamental Rights under Article 19 are automatically suspended. Noseparate order for their suspension is required.While a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, the state isfreed from the restrictions imposed by Article 19. In other words, the state can make any law or can take any executive action abridging or taking away the six Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 19. Any such law or executive action cannot be challenged on the ground that they are inconsistent with the six Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 19. When the National Emergency ceases to operate, Article 19 automatically revives and comes into force. Any law made during the Emergency, to the extent of inconsistency with Article 19, ceases to have an effect. However, no remedy lies for anything done during the Emergency even after the Emergency expires. This means that the legislative and executive actions taken during the emergency cannot be challenged even after the Emergency ceases to operate. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 restricted the scope of Article 358 in two ways. Firstly, the six Fundamental Rights under Article 19 can be suspended only when the National Emergency is declared on the ground of war or external aggression and not on the ground of armed rebellion. Secondly, only those laws which are related to the Emergency areprotected from being challenged and not other laws. Also, the executiveaction taken only under such a law is protected. (b) Suspension of other Fundamental Rights Article 359 authorises thepresident to suspend the right to move any court for the enforcement ofFundamental Rights during a National Emergency. This means that under Article 359, the Fundamental Rights as such are not suspended, but only theirenforcement. The said rights are theoretically alive but the right to seeka remedy is suspended. The suspension of enforcement relates to only thoseFundamental Rights that are specified in the Presidential Order. Further, thesuspension could be for the period during the operation of emergency or for ashorter period as mentioned in the order, and the suspension order mayextend to the whole or any part of the country. It should be laid before eachHouse of Parliament for approval. While a Presidential Order is in force, the State can make any law or can take any executive action abridging or taking away the specified Fundamental Rights. Any such law or executive action cannot be challenged on the ground that they are inconsistent with the specified Fundamental Rights. When The order ceases to operate, any law so made, to the extent of inconsistency with the specified Fundamental Rights, ceases to have an effect. But no remedy lies for anything done during the operation of the order even after the order ceases to operate. This means that the legislative and executive actions taken during the operation of the Order cannot be challenged even after the Order expires. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 restricted the scope of Article 359 in two ways. Firstly, the President cannot suspend the right to move the Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 to 21. In other words, the right to protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20) and the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21) remain enforceable even during an emergency. Secondly, only those laws which are related to the emergency are protected from being challenged and no other laws and the executive action taken only under such a law is protected.
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भारत के परमाणु सिद्दांत की चर्चा कीजिए | क्या आपको लगता है की भारत के कुछ पड़ोसी देशों के आक्रामक परमाणु सिद्दांतों को देखते हुए भारत को भी अपनी "नो फ़र्स्ट यूज" की नीति पर पुर्नविचार करने की आवश्यकता हैं ?(200 शब्द )
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भारत ने ‘पहले प्रयोग न करने(NFU )’ के अपने परमाणु सिद्धांत की अधिकारिक घोषणा 2003 में की थी | भारत के परमाणु सिद्धांत को में निम्न बिंदु शामिल है – एक ‘विश्वसनीय न्यूनतम निवारक क्षमता ‘ का निर्माण और उसे बनाये रखना किसी परमाणु शक्ति को धारित न करने वाले राष्ट्र के खिलाफ उपयोग न करना भारतीय क्षेत्र अथवा विश्व में कही भी भारतीय सेना पर रासायनिक या जैविक हथियारों सहित किसी भी प्रकार के हमले की स्थिति में परमाणु हथियारों के उपयोग कर सकता है इस सिद्धांत की भूमिका 1990 के दशक के अंत में देखि जा सकती है जब पाकिस्तान व चीन पहले से ही परमाणु हथियारों से लैस थे |इन परिस्तिथियों ने भारत को 1998 का पोखरण परिक्षण कर स्वयं को परमाणु हथियार संपन्न राज्य के रूप में घोषित करने के लिए विवश किया | तत्पश्चात भारत ने एक जिम्मेदार परमाणु शक्ति के रूप में NFU के सिद्धांत की घोषणा की | निम्न कारणों से यह सिद्धांत अपनी प्रासंगिकता खो रहा हैं- पड़ोसी देशों के परमाणु सिद्धांत – पाकिस्तान ने अधिकारिक तौर पर अपने परमाणु सिद्धांत को प्रकट नहीं किया हैं | चीन ने भी इस बारे में अस्पष्टता बनाए रखी है | वैश्विक संदर्भ में देखा जाये तो वर्तमान में बहुत कम देशों ने NFU का पालन किया हैं| निवारक प्रभाव हेतु अस्पष्टता की आवश्यकता होती है ,जबकि भारत ने प्रकट रूप में अपने सिद्धांत को घोषित कर दिया हैं , अतः यह सिद्धांत प्रभावी नहीं है | NFU की महत्ता – इस नीति से हटने पर हथियारों की दौड़ शुरु हो सकती है ,जो अधिक बुरी स्थिति होगी यह सिद्धांत भारत को एक जिम्मेदार परमाणु शक्ति के रूप में प्रस्तुत करता हैं ,इससे पीछे हटना NSG में भारत की दावेदारी को कमजोर करेगा | भारत ,पाकिस्तान की तुलना के एक पारम्परिक युद्ध में एक क्षेष्ट शक्ति है | नीति से हटने से संकेत जायेगा की भारत पारम्परिक युद्ध में कमजोर हुआ है | NFU को बनाए रखने के कई लाभ है| हालाँकि भारत को तेज़ी से बदलती वैश्विक स्थितियों व अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों को संरक्षित करने के लिए सिद्धांत में संसोधन करने में संकोच नहीं करना चाहिए |
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##Question:भारत के परमाणु सिद्दांत की चर्चा कीजिए | क्या आपको लगता है की भारत के कुछ पड़ोसी देशों के आक्रामक परमाणु सिद्दांतों को देखते हुए भारत को भी अपनी "नो फ़र्स्ट यूज" की नीति पर पुर्नविचार करने की आवश्यकता हैं ?(200 शब्द )##Answer:भारत ने ‘पहले प्रयोग न करने(NFU )’ के अपने परमाणु सिद्धांत की अधिकारिक घोषणा 2003 में की थी | भारत के परमाणु सिद्धांत को में निम्न बिंदु शामिल है – एक ‘विश्वसनीय न्यूनतम निवारक क्षमता ‘ का निर्माण और उसे बनाये रखना किसी परमाणु शक्ति को धारित न करने वाले राष्ट्र के खिलाफ उपयोग न करना भारतीय क्षेत्र अथवा विश्व में कही भी भारतीय सेना पर रासायनिक या जैविक हथियारों सहित किसी भी प्रकार के हमले की स्थिति में परमाणु हथियारों के उपयोग कर सकता है इस सिद्धांत की भूमिका 1990 के दशक के अंत में देखि जा सकती है जब पाकिस्तान व चीन पहले से ही परमाणु हथियारों से लैस थे |इन परिस्तिथियों ने भारत को 1998 का पोखरण परिक्षण कर स्वयं को परमाणु हथियार संपन्न राज्य के रूप में घोषित करने के लिए विवश किया | तत्पश्चात भारत ने एक जिम्मेदार परमाणु शक्ति के रूप में NFU के सिद्धांत की घोषणा की | निम्न कारणों से यह सिद्धांत अपनी प्रासंगिकता खो रहा हैं- पड़ोसी देशों के परमाणु सिद्धांत – पाकिस्तान ने अधिकारिक तौर पर अपने परमाणु सिद्धांत को प्रकट नहीं किया हैं | चीन ने भी इस बारे में अस्पष्टता बनाए रखी है | वैश्विक संदर्भ में देखा जाये तो वर्तमान में बहुत कम देशों ने NFU का पालन किया हैं| निवारक प्रभाव हेतु अस्पष्टता की आवश्यकता होती है ,जबकि भारत ने प्रकट रूप में अपने सिद्धांत को घोषित कर दिया हैं , अतः यह सिद्धांत प्रभावी नहीं है | NFU की महत्ता – इस नीति से हटने पर हथियारों की दौड़ शुरु हो सकती है ,जो अधिक बुरी स्थिति होगी यह सिद्धांत भारत को एक जिम्मेदार परमाणु शक्ति के रूप में प्रस्तुत करता हैं ,इससे पीछे हटना NSG में भारत की दावेदारी को कमजोर करेगा | भारत ,पाकिस्तान की तुलना के एक पारम्परिक युद्ध में एक क्षेष्ट शक्ति है | नीति से हटने से संकेत जायेगा की भारत पारम्परिक युद्ध में कमजोर हुआ है | NFU को बनाए रखने के कई लाभ है| हालाँकि भारत को तेज़ी से बदलती वैश्विक स्थितियों व अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों को संरक्षित करने के लिए सिद्धांत में संसोधन करने में संकोच नहीं करना चाहिए |
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Discuss various types of Environmental Organisation in existance. (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss various types of Environmental Organisation in existance. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Write short notes on the concept of Autecology and Synecology. (150 words)
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##Question:Write short notes on the concept of Autecology and Synecology. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Elaborate on the reforms introduced by the British in the sphere of civil services, police system and Judicial system in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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The British East India Company’s power and administrative authority started in August 1765 with the grant of a power to it called diwani by the Mughal emperor. Gradually, British introduced reforms in every branch of administration such as Civil Services, Police and Judiciary. Reforms in Civil Services:-1. 1.The Civil Service was brought into existence by Lord Cornwallis.He enforced the rules against private trade and acceptance of presents and bribes by officials with strictness. At the same time, he raised the salaries of the Company’s servants. 2.In 1800, Lord Wellesley established the College of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the Civil Service. Though it had not come in function. 3. Macaulay Committee gave India its first modern civil service in 1854 which recommended that the patronage based system of the East India Company should be replaced by permanent civil service based on merit based system through competitive entry examinations.in 1853, Charter Act declared that all recruits to the Civil Service were to be selected through an open competitive examination and Indian were allowed as well. 4.The statuary Civil Service was abolished in 1892. 5. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report accepted in principle the demand for Indianisation of the higher civil services and accordingly a provision for this was made in the Government of India Act, 1919 6.From 1922 Onwards, Indian Civil Services exam began to be held in India. 7.in its 1924 Report, The Royal Commission of the Superior Civil Service in India under the Chairmanship of Lord Lee, recommended setting up of Public Service Commission of India . The Public Service Commission of India was set up in 1926. 8. The Government of India Act, 1935provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each Province and later each province had its own Service Commission. Police reforms :- 1. Lord Cornwallis Introduced position of Supretendent of Police (SP).He relieved the zamindars of their police functions and established a regular police force to maintain law and order. 2.Cornwallis established a system of circles or thanas headed by a daroga , who was an Indian. 3.Later, the post of the District Superintendent of Police was created to head the police organisation in a district for proper administration and tackle law and order situation. 4.Lord William Bentick Abolished position of Superintendent of Police 5.Indian Police Act 1860 re-introduced position of Superintendent of Police which was continued after that. Judicial Reforms:- 1. Britishers included Idea of Rule of Law. 2. Warren Hasting established, two court for resolving disputes –civil disputes for District Diwani Adalat and criminal disputes for District Fauzdari Adalats. 3.Under Cornwallis , the District Fauzadari Court was abolished and Circuit Court was set at Calcutta,Murshidabad and Patna.He shifted Sadar Nizamat Adalat to Calcutta and put it under the supervision of Governor-General and the members of Supreme Council. 4.He also established gradation civil courts for both Hindu and Muslim such as Munsiff Court, Registrar Court, District Court, Sadar Diwani Adalat and King-in-Council. 5.Under William Bentinck , the four Circuit Courts were abolished and transferred the functions of the abolished court to the collectors under the supervision of the commissioner of revenue and circuit. 6. UNder Bentick,Law commission was set up by Macaulay which codified the Indian laws. On the basis of this commission, a c ivil Procedure Code of 1859, an Indian Penal Code of 1860, and a Criminal Procedure Code of 1861 were prepared. 7. Government of India Act 1935 provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937 with appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Thus, from these reforms, it can be concluded that present administyrative system in India is largely inspired/adopted from these reforms post independence. Required changes were done and still being done to take care of issues that have been changing over time.
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##Question:Elaborate on the reforms introduced by the British in the sphere of civil services, police system and Judicial system in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer: The British East India Company’s power and administrative authority started in August 1765 with the grant of a power to it called diwani by the Mughal emperor. Gradually, British introduced reforms in every branch of administration such as Civil Services, Police and Judiciary. Reforms in Civil Services:-1. 1.The Civil Service was brought into existence by Lord Cornwallis.He enforced the rules against private trade and acceptance of presents and bribes by officials with strictness. At the same time, he raised the salaries of the Company’s servants. 2.In 1800, Lord Wellesley established the College of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the Civil Service. Though it had not come in function. 3. Macaulay Committee gave India its first modern civil service in 1854 which recommended that the patronage based system of the East India Company should be replaced by permanent civil service based on merit based system through competitive entry examinations.in 1853, Charter Act declared that all recruits to the Civil Service were to be selected through an open competitive examination and Indian were allowed as well. 4.The statuary Civil Service was abolished in 1892. 5. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report accepted in principle the demand for Indianisation of the higher civil services and accordingly a provision for this was made in the Government of India Act, 1919 6.From 1922 Onwards, Indian Civil Services exam began to be held in India. 7.in its 1924 Report, The Royal Commission of the Superior Civil Service in India under the Chairmanship of Lord Lee, recommended setting up of Public Service Commission of India . The Public Service Commission of India was set up in 1926. 8. The Government of India Act, 1935provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each Province and later each province had its own Service Commission. Police reforms :- 1. Lord Cornwallis Introduced position of Supretendent of Police (SP).He relieved the zamindars of their police functions and established a regular police force to maintain law and order. 2.Cornwallis established a system of circles or thanas headed by a daroga , who was an Indian. 3.Later, the post of the District Superintendent of Police was created to head the police organisation in a district for proper administration and tackle law and order situation. 4.Lord William Bentick Abolished position of Superintendent of Police 5.Indian Police Act 1860 re-introduced position of Superintendent of Police which was continued after that. Judicial Reforms:- 1. Britishers included Idea of Rule of Law. 2. Warren Hasting established, two court for resolving disputes –civil disputes for District Diwani Adalat and criminal disputes for District Fauzdari Adalats. 3.Under Cornwallis , the District Fauzadari Court was abolished and Circuit Court was set at Calcutta,Murshidabad and Patna.He shifted Sadar Nizamat Adalat to Calcutta and put it under the supervision of Governor-General and the members of Supreme Council. 4.He also established gradation civil courts for both Hindu and Muslim such as Munsiff Court, Registrar Court, District Court, Sadar Diwani Adalat and King-in-Council. 5.Under William Bentinck , the four Circuit Courts were abolished and transferred the functions of the abolished court to the collectors under the supervision of the commissioner of revenue and circuit. 6. UNder Bentick,Law commission was set up by Macaulay which codified the Indian laws. On the basis of this commission, a c ivil Procedure Code of 1859, an Indian Penal Code of 1860, and a Criminal Procedure Code of 1861 were prepared. 7. Government of India Act 1935 provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937 with appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Thus, from these reforms, it can be concluded that present administyrative system in India is largely inspired/adopted from these reforms post independence. Required changes were done and still being done to take care of issues that have been changing over time.
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What is an ecological niche? What is the role played by it in the ecosystem? (150 words)
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##Question:What is an ecological niche? What is the role played by it in the ecosystem? (150 words)##Answer:.
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What is an ecological niche? What is the role played by it in the ecosystem? (150 words)
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##Question:What is an ecological niche? What is the role played by it in the ecosystem? (150 words)##Answer:.
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When we review legacy of indian science we find that there is more scientific ferment in ancient times than medieval. Examine causes of decline in S&T in medieval times. (150 words)
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##Question:When we review legacy of indian science we find that there is more scientific ferment in ancient times than medieval. Examine causes of decline in S&T in medieval times. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Write short notes on(100 words each): Scientific Policy Resolution, 1958 Science, Technology and Innovation Policy,2013
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##Question:Write short notes on(100 words each): Scientific Policy Resolution, 1958 Science, Technology and Innovation Policy,2013 ##Answer:.
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Though India has number of S&T policies, but still has not made huge impacts in state of the art technologies. Critically analyse the statement. (200 words)
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##Question:Though India has number of S&T policies, but still has not made huge impacts in state of the art technologies. Critically analyse the statement. (200 words)##Answer:.
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What do you mean by indigenization of technologies? How innovation can help indigenization process in the country? (150 words)
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##Question:What do you mean by indigenization of technologies? How innovation can help indigenization process in the country? (150 words)##Answer:.
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The decade of 1980-90 is considered as a golden period in field of Science and Technology in India. Comment. (200 words)
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##Question:The decade of 1980-90 is considered as a golden period in field of Science and Technology in India. Comment. (200 words)##Answer:.
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There was more focus in R&D in strategic areas such as nuclear, defence and space. Why there was need to develop scientific base in such areas? Discuss briefly achievements of strategic areas over past 60years. (250 words)
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##Question:There was more focus in R&D in strategic areas such as nuclear, defence and space. Why there was need to develop scientific base in such areas? Discuss briefly achievements of strategic areas over past 60years. (250 words)##Answer:.
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Fundamental Duties are an important part of Indian constitution, but at the same time it has its own set of weaknesses. Discuss.(200 words/10marks)
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The original constitution contained only the fundamental rights and not the fundamental duties. The fundamental duties of citizens were added in the Constitution as Article 51 A in 1976 by 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, on the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee. The fundamental duties are considered significant from the following viewpoints: 1. They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens. 2. They serve as a warning against the anti-national and antisocial activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on. 3. They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. They create a feeling that the citizens are not mere spectators but active participants in the realization of national goals. 4. They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality. 5. They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalty or punishment for failure to fulfill any of them. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in Part IVA of the Constitution have been criticized on the following grounds: 1. The list of duties is not exhaustive as it does not cover other important duties like casting vote, paying taxes, family planning and so on. In fact, duty to pay taxes was recommended by the Swaran Singh Committee. 2. Some of the duties are vague, ambiguous and difficult to be understood by the common man. For example, different interpretations can be given to the phrases like ‘noble ideals’, ‘composite culture’, ‘scientific temper’ and so on. 3. They have been described by the critics as a code of moral precepts due to their non-justiciable character. Interestingly, the Swaran Singh Committee had suggested for penalty or punishment for the nonperformance of Fundamental Duties. 4. Their inclusion in the Constitution was described by the critics as superfluous. This is because the duties included in the Constitution as fundamental would be performed by the people even though they were not incorporated in the Constitution. 5. The critics said that the inclusion of fundamental duties as an appendage to Part IV of the Constitution has reduced their value and significance. They should have been added after Part III so as to keep them on par with Fundamental Rights. Though some criticisms are valid, but overall, rights and duties of the citizens are correlative and inseparable. If constitution provides for the Fundamental rights to citizens, it should also put some obligation on citizen’s in the form of Fundamental Duties
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##Question:Fundamental Duties are an important part of Indian constitution, but at the same time it has its own set of weaknesses. Discuss.(200 words/10marks)##Answer:The original constitution contained only the fundamental rights and not the fundamental duties. The fundamental duties of citizens were added in the Constitution as Article 51 A in 1976 by 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, on the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee. The fundamental duties are considered significant from the following viewpoints: 1. They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens. 2. They serve as a warning against the anti-national and antisocial activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on. 3. They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. They create a feeling that the citizens are not mere spectators but active participants in the realization of national goals. 4. They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality. 5. They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalty or punishment for failure to fulfill any of them. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in Part IVA of the Constitution have been criticized on the following grounds: 1. The list of duties is not exhaustive as it does not cover other important duties like casting vote, paying taxes, family planning and so on. In fact, duty to pay taxes was recommended by the Swaran Singh Committee. 2. Some of the duties are vague, ambiguous and difficult to be understood by the common man. For example, different interpretations can be given to the phrases like ‘noble ideals’, ‘composite culture’, ‘scientific temper’ and so on. 3. They have been described by the critics as a code of moral precepts due to their non-justiciable character. Interestingly, the Swaran Singh Committee had suggested for penalty or punishment for the nonperformance of Fundamental Duties. 4. Their inclusion in the Constitution was described by the critics as superfluous. This is because the duties included in the Constitution as fundamental would be performed by the people even though they were not incorporated in the Constitution. 5. The critics said that the inclusion of fundamental duties as an appendage to Part IV of the Constitution has reduced their value and significance. They should have been added after Part III so as to keep them on par with Fundamental Rights. Though some criticisms are valid, but overall, rights and duties of the citizens are correlative and inseparable. If constitution provides for the Fundamental rights to citizens, it should also put some obligation on citizen’s in the form of Fundamental Duties
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To what extent the British land revenue policies differed from its pre-colonial counterparts. Discuss its impact on the rural-agrarian society. [200 words]
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Land revenue policy adopted by the British was a reaction to the complex revenue system prevalent in India which was mostly influenced by various revenue collecting systems of the Mughals. Due to high demand of revenue for the maintenance of the army and administration, following were the differences from the predecessors: 1. Commodification of land: Before British, private ownership of the land didn’t exist as it was owned by the King. British Introduced private ownership of the land. 2. Increase in the production of Cash Crops: As the name suggests, Cash crops generate more cash which was necessary for the British Administration. 3. High Rate of Taxation: Taxes were increased as compared to predecessors. 4. Revenue Jurisdiction: Revenue Jurisdiction changed from Panchayats to British Courts. The British introduced various policies in the aquired territories viz Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems which sought to impose a fixed rate of revenue for a comparatively longer period of time ranging from 15-80 years.The rates were generally very high. Impact of these policies upon rural-agrarian structure: 1. Commodification of land led to the division of villages into landlord, tenants and labourers. Previously land was not treated as an individual property but now due to commodification of land, with generations, land kept dividing among sons. 2. Due to concentration of production on cash crops, many poor people died during famines due to loss in production of food crops. 3. Due to the high rate of taxation and insistence on cash crops, the role of moneylenders increased. Additionally, due to lesser attention by the British in modernising agriculture, farmers became debt-ridden. Led to begari/bonded labour in case of non-payment. 4. British ambition of high revenue generation led to the displacement of old zamindari class and the new zamindar which had to generate large amount of revenue from the same amount of land, leased out their land in small pieces to tenants. This led to the low productivity and stopped the evolution from tradition farming to capitalist farming.
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##Question:To what extent the British land revenue policies differed from its pre-colonial counterparts. Discuss its impact on the rural-agrarian society. [200 words]##Answer:Land revenue policy adopted by the British was a reaction to the complex revenue system prevalent in India which was mostly influenced by various revenue collecting systems of the Mughals. Due to high demand of revenue for the maintenance of the army and administration, following were the differences from the predecessors: 1. Commodification of land: Before British, private ownership of the land didn’t exist as it was owned by the King. British Introduced private ownership of the land. 2. Increase in the production of Cash Crops: As the name suggests, Cash crops generate more cash which was necessary for the British Administration. 3. High Rate of Taxation: Taxes were increased as compared to predecessors. 4. Revenue Jurisdiction: Revenue Jurisdiction changed from Panchayats to British Courts. The British introduced various policies in the aquired territories viz Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems which sought to impose a fixed rate of revenue for a comparatively longer period of time ranging from 15-80 years.The rates were generally very high. Impact of these policies upon rural-agrarian structure: 1. Commodification of land led to the division of villages into landlord, tenants and labourers. Previously land was not treated as an individual property but now due to commodification of land, with generations, land kept dividing among sons. 2. Due to concentration of production on cash crops, many poor people died during famines due to loss in production of food crops. 3. Due to the high rate of taxation and insistence on cash crops, the role of moneylenders increased. Additionally, due to lesser attention by the British in modernising agriculture, farmers became debt-ridden. Led to begari/bonded labour in case of non-payment. 4. British ambition of high revenue generation led to the displacement of old zamindari class and the new zamindar which had to generate large amount of revenue from the same amount of land, leased out their land in small pieces to tenants. This led to the low productivity and stopped the evolution from tradition farming to capitalist farming.
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What do you mean by insolation? Discuss various factors affecting the amount of insolation received on earth’s surface. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Introduction The sun is the primary source of energy for the earth. The sun radiates its energy in all directions into space in short wavelengths, which is known as solar radiation. The earth’s surface receives only a part of this radiated energy (2 units out of 1,00,00,00,000 units of energy radiated by the sun). The energy received by the earth’s surface in the form of short waves is termed as Incoming Solar Radiation or Insolation. The factors influencing it are: The amount of insolation received on the earth’s surface is not uniform everywhere. It varies according to the place and time. When the tropical regions receive maximum annual insolation, it gradually decreases towards the poles. Insolation is more in summers and less in winters. The major factors which influence the amount of insolation received are: Revolution of the earth around the sun - The closer the earth to the sun, more is the insolation. Perihelion and aphelion positions. Rotation of the earth on its axis - It determines night and day thus the amount of sunlight received by an area. Inclined axis of the earth - It influences the length of day, thus the duration for which insolation is available in a region. Slope and aspect - Slope determines the angle at which sun rays fall on a hill, in a steep slope, sun rays fall at a lesser area and intensity is high. Aspect is the direction of the slope, if it faces the sun it receives more insolation. Transparency of the atmosphere - dust particles, water vapour and other effluents reduce the transparency of the atmosphere thus reduced insolation. Duration of the day: The longer the duration of the day, the greater is the amount of insolation received. Conversely shorter the duration of the day leads to receipt of less insolation. A diagram is also desirable.
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##Question:What do you mean by insolation? Discuss various factors affecting the amount of insolation received on earth’s surface. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Introduction The sun is the primary source of energy for the earth. The sun radiates its energy in all directions into space in short wavelengths, which is known as solar radiation. The earth’s surface receives only a part of this radiated energy (2 units out of 1,00,00,00,000 units of energy radiated by the sun). The energy received by the earth’s surface in the form of short waves is termed as Incoming Solar Radiation or Insolation. The factors influencing it are: The amount of insolation received on the earth’s surface is not uniform everywhere. It varies according to the place and time. When the tropical regions receive maximum annual insolation, it gradually decreases towards the poles. Insolation is more in summers and less in winters. The major factors which influence the amount of insolation received are: Revolution of the earth around the sun - The closer the earth to the sun, more is the insolation. Perihelion and aphelion positions. Rotation of the earth on its axis - It determines night and day thus the amount of sunlight received by an area. Inclined axis of the earth - It influences the length of day, thus the duration for which insolation is available in a region. Slope and aspect - Slope determines the angle at which sun rays fall on a hill, in a steep slope, sun rays fall at a lesser area and intensity is high. Aspect is the direction of the slope, if it faces the sun it receives more insolation. Transparency of the atmosphere - dust particles, water vapour and other effluents reduce the transparency of the atmosphere thus reduced insolation. Duration of the day: The longer the duration of the day, the greater is the amount of insolation received. Conversely shorter the duration of the day leads to receipt of less insolation. A diagram is also desirable.
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पूर्वोत्तर भारत में शांति ,सुरक्षा व विकास के दृष्टिकोण से बांग्लादेश का व्यापक महत्व हैं | इस संदर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत-बांग्लादेश संबंधों की प्रमुख उपलब्धियों की चर्चा कीजिए तथा इन संबंधों को अधिक सुद्रढ़ बनाने हेतु कुछ उपायों को भी बताइए |(200 शब्द )
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भारत व बांग्लादेश ,समान औपनिवेशिक इतिहास ,संस्कृतिक सम्बन्ध और विभाजन त्रासदी को साझा करते हैं | भारत ने बांग्लादेश के मुक्ति युद्ध में मदद की जिससे अंततः 1971 में बांग्लादेश एक स्वत्रंत देश के रूप में सामने आया | इसके पश्चात दोनों देशों ने सुरक्षा और रक्षा ,व्यापार और वाणिज्य .स्वास्थ्य ,कनेक्टिविटी ,शिक्षा ,कौशल विकास आदि क्षेत्रों में सहयोग किया | उत्तर-पूर्वी भारत में विद्यमान समस्याओं जैसे उग्रवादी आन्दोलन ,मानव व मादक प्रदार्थ की तस्करी , अवैध अप्रवासन आदि से निपटने के लिए भारत-बांग्लादेश के बीच मजबूत सहयोग आवश्यक है | भारत-बांग्लादेश संबंधों की हाल की प्रमुख उपलब्धियां - संविधान का 100 वा संसोधन अधिनियम ,2015 के अंतर्गत भूमि सीमा समझौता , इसके तहत एन्क्लेव का आदान-प्रदान | UNCLOS के प्रावधानों के अनुसार 2014 में स्थायी मध्यस्थता न्यायालय के माध्यम से बांग्लादेश और भारत के बीच बंगाल की खाड़ी समुद्री सीमामध्यस्थता | सुरक्षा ,अप्रवासन,सीमा शुल्क से सम्बन्धित संचालन हेतु पेट्रोपोल इंटीग्रेटेड चेक पोस्ट आरम्भ की गयी | ढाका-शिलांग-गुवाहाटी और कोलकाता-ढाका-अगरतला मार्गो पर सीमा-पारीय बस सेवाएं प्रारम्भ की गयी | बंगाल की खाड़ी और हिन्द महासागर में ब्लू इकॉनमी और मेरीटाइम कोऑपरेशन पर समझौता ज्ञापन | भेरामारा-बहरामपुर और त्रिपुरा-दक्षिण कोमिला इंटरकनेक्शन के माध्यम से 600 Mega watt विधुत पारेषित की गई| 2010 में ट्रान्सफर ऑफ़ सेंटेंस्ड पर्सन एग्रीमेंट पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए | बांग्लादेश के विकास हेतु भारत द्वारा कई बार लाइन ऑफ़ क्रडिट प्रदान की गईं | बांग्लादेश में रूपपुर परमाणु संयंत्र की स्थापना हेतु भारत-बांग्लादेश व् रूस के बीच समझौता | त्रिपुरा में पलटना पॉवर प्लांट की स्थापना के लिए बांग्लादेश द्वारा लोजिस्टिक्स सहयोग संबंधों को अधिक सुद्रढ़ बनाने हेतु सुझाव- तीस्ता नदी जल समझौता करना | सार्क ,बिम्सटेक ,BBIN ,BCIM , मेकाँग गंगा सहयोग जैसी पहल का सक्रिय संचालन पूर्वोत्तर भारतीय राज्यों की कनेक्टिविटी और उनके विकास के लिए बांग्लादेश हा सहयोग प्राप्त करना | व्यापार की सुविधा के लिए ,आतंकवाद को रोकने के लिए सीमाओं पर बाढ़ लगाना और सीमा हाट को बढ़ावा देना | तिपाईमुख जलविधुत संयंत्र के सम्बन्ध में बांग्लादेश की चिंताओं का समाधान करना भारत-बंगला मैत्री पाइपलाइन पर तेज़ी से कार्य करना | सैन्य उपकरणों पर सहयोग बढ़ाना | रोहिंग्या शरणार्थी के मुद्दे पर सहयोग अतः संबंधों को बेहतर करने में भारत को अधिक सक्रियता से कार्य करना होगा | ताकि शांत ,सुरक्षित व स्थायी मित्रतापूर्ण संबंधों को आगे बढ़ाया जा सके है |
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##Question:पूर्वोत्तर भारत में शांति ,सुरक्षा व विकास के दृष्टिकोण से बांग्लादेश का व्यापक महत्व हैं | इस संदर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत-बांग्लादेश संबंधों की प्रमुख उपलब्धियों की चर्चा कीजिए तथा इन संबंधों को अधिक सुद्रढ़ बनाने हेतु कुछ उपायों को भी बताइए |(200 शब्द )##Answer:भारत व बांग्लादेश ,समान औपनिवेशिक इतिहास ,संस्कृतिक सम्बन्ध और विभाजन त्रासदी को साझा करते हैं | भारत ने बांग्लादेश के मुक्ति युद्ध में मदद की जिससे अंततः 1971 में बांग्लादेश एक स्वत्रंत देश के रूप में सामने आया | इसके पश्चात दोनों देशों ने सुरक्षा और रक्षा ,व्यापार और वाणिज्य .स्वास्थ्य ,कनेक्टिविटी ,शिक्षा ,कौशल विकास आदि क्षेत्रों में सहयोग किया | उत्तर-पूर्वी भारत में विद्यमान समस्याओं जैसे उग्रवादी आन्दोलन ,मानव व मादक प्रदार्थ की तस्करी , अवैध अप्रवासन आदि से निपटने के लिए भारत-बांग्लादेश के बीच मजबूत सहयोग आवश्यक है | भारत-बांग्लादेश संबंधों की हाल की प्रमुख उपलब्धियां - संविधान का 100 वा संसोधन अधिनियम ,2015 के अंतर्गत भूमि सीमा समझौता , इसके तहत एन्क्लेव का आदान-प्रदान | UNCLOS के प्रावधानों के अनुसार 2014 में स्थायी मध्यस्थता न्यायालय के माध्यम से बांग्लादेश और भारत के बीच बंगाल की खाड़ी समुद्री सीमामध्यस्थता | सुरक्षा ,अप्रवासन,सीमा शुल्क से सम्बन्धित संचालन हेतु पेट्रोपोल इंटीग्रेटेड चेक पोस्ट आरम्भ की गयी | ढाका-शिलांग-गुवाहाटी और कोलकाता-ढाका-अगरतला मार्गो पर सीमा-पारीय बस सेवाएं प्रारम्भ की गयी | बंगाल की खाड़ी और हिन्द महासागर में ब्लू इकॉनमी और मेरीटाइम कोऑपरेशन पर समझौता ज्ञापन | भेरामारा-बहरामपुर और त्रिपुरा-दक्षिण कोमिला इंटरकनेक्शन के माध्यम से 600 Mega watt विधुत पारेषित की गई| 2010 में ट्रान्सफर ऑफ़ सेंटेंस्ड पर्सन एग्रीमेंट पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए | बांग्लादेश के विकास हेतु भारत द्वारा कई बार लाइन ऑफ़ क्रडिट प्रदान की गईं | बांग्लादेश में रूपपुर परमाणु संयंत्र की स्थापना हेतु भारत-बांग्लादेश व् रूस के बीच समझौता | त्रिपुरा में पलटना पॉवर प्लांट की स्थापना के लिए बांग्लादेश द्वारा लोजिस्टिक्स सहयोग संबंधों को अधिक सुद्रढ़ बनाने हेतु सुझाव- तीस्ता नदी जल समझौता करना | सार्क ,बिम्सटेक ,BBIN ,BCIM , मेकाँग गंगा सहयोग जैसी पहल का सक्रिय संचालन पूर्वोत्तर भारतीय राज्यों की कनेक्टिविटी और उनके विकास के लिए बांग्लादेश हा सहयोग प्राप्त करना | व्यापार की सुविधा के लिए ,आतंकवाद को रोकने के लिए सीमाओं पर बाढ़ लगाना और सीमा हाट को बढ़ावा देना | तिपाईमुख जलविधुत संयंत्र के सम्बन्ध में बांग्लादेश की चिंताओं का समाधान करना भारत-बंगला मैत्री पाइपलाइन पर तेज़ी से कार्य करना | सैन्य उपकरणों पर सहयोग बढ़ाना | रोहिंग्या शरणार्थी के मुद्दे पर सहयोग अतः संबंधों को बेहतर करने में भारत को अधिक सक्रियता से कार्य करना होगा | ताकि शांत ,सुरक्षित व स्थायी मित्रतापूर्ण संबंधों को आगे बढ़ाया जा सके है |
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Write short notes on the following: (100 words each) MIGA Hot Money
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##Question:Write short notes on the following: (100 words each) MIGA Hot Money ##Answer:.
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Critically examine how new FDI norms for e-commerce entities will have an impact on consumers and e-commerce companies.(150 words)
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##Question:Critically examine how new FDI norms for e-commerce entities will have an impact on consumers and e-commerce companies.(150 words)##Answer:.
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What do you understand by e-commerce? Discuss the different models of e-commerce and justify the regulations of FDI in e-commerce in India. (200 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by e-commerce? Discuss the different models of e-commerce and justify the regulations of FDI in e-commerce in India. (200 words)##Answer:.
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Justify need of FDI for Indian economy. Why there is a gap between MoU"s signed and actual FDI"s? Suggest remedial steps to be taken for increase in actual FDI"s in India. (200 words)
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##Question:Justify need of FDI for Indian economy. Why there is a gap between MoU"s signed and actual FDI"s? Suggest remedial steps to be taken for increase in actual FDI"s in India. (200 words)##Answer:.
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FDI in defence sector are now set to be liberalised. What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in short and long term? (200 words)
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##Question:FDI in defence sector are now set to be liberalised. What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in short and long term? (200 words)##Answer:.
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Thougn 100% FDI is already allowed in non news media like general entertainment channels, the government is considering the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons. (200 words)
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##Question:Thougn 100% FDI is already allowed in non news media like general entertainment channels, the government is considering the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons. (200 words)##Answer:.
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What is meant by Plate Tectonics? In the context of plate tectonics, explain divergent plate boundaries and their associated landforms. (150 words / 10 marks)
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Theory built upon concept of continental drift, convectional current hypothesis, sea floor spreading which explains the movement of irregularly shaped solid parts(plates) for hundreds of million year over asthenosphere is termed as plate tectonics. There are seven large and many small plates and their movement is attributed to convectional rising, converging in asthenosphere. which further lead to Divergent, Convergent, and Sliding past ( Transform) boundary movements. Divergent Plate boundary movement:- Spreading sites where new crust is created by as plates get pulled away from each other. The land forms associated depends upon interacting plates which can be described as: Stage 1: Up warping, fault zones ( In single continent or continental - Continental divergence) Rising limbs of the convectional currents create a mantle plume that tries to escape to the surface by up warping the lithosphere. During up warping, a series of faults are created. Both normal and thrust faults (reverse fault) occur during up warping. Divergence of plates begin. Stage 2: Rift Valley Formation Faulting due to divergence creates extensive rift system (fault zones, rift valleys). Rifting is followed by flood basalt volcanism in some places that spread around the rift creating plateaus, highlands etc.. East African Rift Valley is at this stage of evolution. e.g.Narmada and Tapti Rift Valleys (fault zones) are formed from a mechanism different from the one explained above. They are formed due to bending of the northern part of the Indian plate during the formation of Himalayas. Stage 3: Formation of Linear Sea or Rift Lakes Rift valley deepens due to further divergence and makes way for ocean waters. If the rift valleys are formed deeper within the continents, rains waters accumulate forming rift lakes. Rift lakes form some of the largest fresh water lakes on earth. Rift valleys evolve into volcanic vent. Block mountains on either side of the rift evolve into oceanic ridges. Successive volcanism and see floor spreading creates spreading sites where new crust is formed (This is the reason that a Divergent Boundary is called a Constructive Edge). Oceanic crust starts to replace continental crust. This stage is the formation of linear seas. Example: Red Sea. Most of the narrow seas are at this stage. Stage 4: Linear Sea transforms into Ocean: Intense outpouring of basaltic magma accentuates see floor spreading and oceanic crust formation. Oceanic crust replaces the continental crust and a mighty ocean is formed. Crust formation along the mid-oceanic ridge (divergent boundary) is compensated by crust destruction (crustal shortening) along the convergent boundary (Destructive Edge). This is exactly how the continents and oceans get transformed.
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##Question:What is meant by Plate Tectonics? In the context of plate tectonics, explain divergent plate boundaries and their associated landforms. (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Theory built upon concept of continental drift, convectional current hypothesis, sea floor spreading which explains the movement of irregularly shaped solid parts(plates) for hundreds of million year over asthenosphere is termed as plate tectonics. There are seven large and many small plates and their movement is attributed to convectional rising, converging in asthenosphere. which further lead to Divergent, Convergent, and Sliding past ( Transform) boundary movements. Divergent Plate boundary movement:- Spreading sites where new crust is created by as plates get pulled away from each other. The land forms associated depends upon interacting plates which can be described as: Stage 1: Up warping, fault zones ( In single continent or continental - Continental divergence) Rising limbs of the convectional currents create a mantle plume that tries to escape to the surface by up warping the lithosphere. During up warping, a series of faults are created. Both normal and thrust faults (reverse fault) occur during up warping. Divergence of plates begin. Stage 2: Rift Valley Formation Faulting due to divergence creates extensive rift system (fault zones, rift valleys). Rifting is followed by flood basalt volcanism in some places that spread around the rift creating plateaus, highlands etc.. East African Rift Valley is at this stage of evolution. e.g.Narmada and Tapti Rift Valleys (fault zones) are formed from a mechanism different from the one explained above. They are formed due to bending of the northern part of the Indian plate during the formation of Himalayas. Stage 3: Formation of Linear Sea or Rift Lakes Rift valley deepens due to further divergence and makes way for ocean waters. If the rift valleys are formed deeper within the continents, rains waters accumulate forming rift lakes. Rift lakes form some of the largest fresh water lakes on earth. Rift valleys evolve into volcanic vent. Block mountains on either side of the rift evolve into oceanic ridges. Successive volcanism and see floor spreading creates spreading sites where new crust is formed (This is the reason that a Divergent Boundary is called a Constructive Edge). Oceanic crust starts to replace continental crust. This stage is the formation of linear seas. Example: Red Sea. Most of the narrow seas are at this stage. Stage 4: Linear Sea transforms into Ocean: Intense outpouring of basaltic magma accentuates see floor spreading and oceanic crust formation. Oceanic crust replaces the continental crust and a mighty ocean is formed. Crust formation along the mid-oceanic ridge (divergent boundary) is compensated by crust destruction (crustal shortening) along the convergent boundary (Destructive Edge). This is exactly how the continents and oceans get transformed.
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संयुक्त राष्ट्र का जैव विविधता अभिसमय (C.B.D.) ,1992 पर विस्तारपूर्वक चर्चा कीजिये |(200शब्द )
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जैव-विविधता संबंधी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कन्वेंशन (CBD) ,वर्ष 1992 में रियो डी जेनेरियो में आयोजित पृथ्वी सम्मेलन के दौरान अंगीकृत प्रमुख समझौतों में से एक हैं | CBD में प्रजातियों और पारिस्थितिकी के नुकसान के बारे में वैश्विक चिंता को अभिव्यक्त किया गया | CBD पहला व्यापक वैश्विक समझौता है | जिसमें जैव-विविधता से सम्बंधित सभी पहलुओं को शामिल किया गया हैं इसमें आर्थिक विकास की ओर अग्रसर होते हुए विश्व के परिस्तिथिकीय आधारों को बनाए रखने हेतु प्रतिबद्धतायें निर्धारित की गयी है इस कन्वेंशन में राष्ट्रों के जैविक संसाधनों पर उनके संप्रभु अधिकारों की पुष्टि किये जाने के साथ-साथ तीन मुख्य लक्ष्य निर्धारित किए गए हैं- जैव-विविधता का संरक्षण इसके घटकों का सतत उपयोग अनुवांशिक संसाधनों के उपयोग से प्राप्त होने वाले लाभों में उचित और समान भागीदारी इसका उद्देश्य जैविक विविधता के संरक्षण और टिकाऊ उपयोग के लिए राष्ट्रीय रणनीति विकसित करना है | अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कानून में पहली बार एस बात को मान्यता दी गयी हैं की जैविक विविधता का संरक्षण “मानव जाति की एक सामान्य चिंता है “ और यह विकास प्रक्रिया का अभिन्न अंग है | इस समझौते में सभी परिस्तिथिक तंत्र ,प्रजातियों और अनुवांशिक संसाधन शामिल है | यह परम्परागत रूप से जैविक संसाधनों का उपयोग करने के आर्थिक लक्ष्य को परम्परागत संरक्षण प्रयासों से जोड़ते है | यह लाभों के निष्पक्ष और न्यायसंगत साझाकरण के लिए सिद्धांत स्थापित करता है | यह प्रोधोगिकी विकास और हस्तांतरण ,लाभ-साझाकरण और जैव सुरक्षा मुद्दों को संबोधित करने हुए बायोसेफ्टी पर कार्टाजेना प्रोटोकॉल में माध्यम से बायोटेक्नोलॉजी के तेज़ी से विस्तारित होते हुए क्षेत्र को सम्मिलित करता है | कन्वेंशन क़ानूनी रूप से बाध्यकारी है अर्थात् इसमें शामिल होने वाले देश इसके प्रावधानों को लागु करने के लिए बाध्य है | भारत भीइस कन्वेंशन का एक पक्षकार है | भारत के ऍस कन्वेंशन के प्रावधानों को लागू करने के लिए जैव विविधता अधिनियम ,2002 पारित किया है |
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##Question:संयुक्त राष्ट्र का जैव विविधता अभिसमय (C.B.D.) ,1992 पर विस्तारपूर्वक चर्चा कीजिये |(200शब्द )##Answer:जैव-विविधता संबंधी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कन्वेंशन (CBD) ,वर्ष 1992 में रियो डी जेनेरियो में आयोजित पृथ्वी सम्मेलन के दौरान अंगीकृत प्रमुख समझौतों में से एक हैं | CBD में प्रजातियों और पारिस्थितिकी के नुकसान के बारे में वैश्विक चिंता को अभिव्यक्त किया गया | CBD पहला व्यापक वैश्विक समझौता है | जिसमें जैव-विविधता से सम्बंधित सभी पहलुओं को शामिल किया गया हैं इसमें आर्थिक विकास की ओर अग्रसर होते हुए विश्व के परिस्तिथिकीय आधारों को बनाए रखने हेतु प्रतिबद्धतायें निर्धारित की गयी है इस कन्वेंशन में राष्ट्रों के जैविक संसाधनों पर उनके संप्रभु अधिकारों की पुष्टि किये जाने के साथ-साथ तीन मुख्य लक्ष्य निर्धारित किए गए हैं- जैव-विविधता का संरक्षण इसके घटकों का सतत उपयोग अनुवांशिक संसाधनों के उपयोग से प्राप्त होने वाले लाभों में उचित और समान भागीदारी इसका उद्देश्य जैविक विविधता के संरक्षण और टिकाऊ उपयोग के लिए राष्ट्रीय रणनीति विकसित करना है | अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कानून में पहली बार एस बात को मान्यता दी गयी हैं की जैविक विविधता का संरक्षण “मानव जाति की एक सामान्य चिंता है “ और यह विकास प्रक्रिया का अभिन्न अंग है | इस समझौते में सभी परिस्तिथिक तंत्र ,प्रजातियों और अनुवांशिक संसाधन शामिल है | यह परम्परागत रूप से जैविक संसाधनों का उपयोग करने के आर्थिक लक्ष्य को परम्परागत संरक्षण प्रयासों से जोड़ते है | यह लाभों के निष्पक्ष और न्यायसंगत साझाकरण के लिए सिद्धांत स्थापित करता है | यह प्रोधोगिकी विकास और हस्तांतरण ,लाभ-साझाकरण और जैव सुरक्षा मुद्दों को संबोधित करने हुए बायोसेफ्टी पर कार्टाजेना प्रोटोकॉल में माध्यम से बायोटेक्नोलॉजी के तेज़ी से विस्तारित होते हुए क्षेत्र को सम्मिलित करता है | कन्वेंशन क़ानूनी रूप से बाध्यकारी है अर्थात् इसमें शामिल होने वाले देश इसके प्रावधानों को लागु करने के लिए बाध्य है | भारत भीइस कन्वेंशन का एक पक्षकार है | भारत के ऍस कन्वेंशन के प्रावधानों को लागू करने के लिए जैव विविधता अधिनियम ,2002 पारित किया है |
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Write short notes on the following: (50 words each) Floating Exchange Rate Prisoner’s dilemma Sterlisation of economy
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##Question:Write short notes on the following: (50 words each) Floating Exchange Rate Prisoner’s dilemma Sterlisation of economy ##Answer:.
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Discuss few reasons for depreciating of currency? Suggest some measures that can be taken by government and central bank to tackle the situation of depreciating currency rate. (200 words)
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##Question:Discuss few reasons for depreciating of currency? Suggest some measures that can be taken by government and central bank to tackle the situation of depreciating currency rate. (200 words)##Answer:.
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The exchange rate is not the only factor responsible for a foreign trade imbalance in India. Discuss the other factors influencing the imports and exports in the Indian economy. Suggest some measures for the government to reduce imports and promote exports. (150words / 10 marks )
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Brief approach- Give reasons affecting inports and exports in India suggest measures for improvement in exports and lesser imports Answer- An appreciating currency is favorable for importers while a depreciating currency is good for exporters. Fluctuating exchange rate is often cited as the major reason for trade imbalance in India which is true which is true to some extent but there are other reasons for low imports and high exports in India. Reasons for high imports – Overdependence on import for petroleum products - Dependence on import of petroleum products due to lack of domestic reserves of petroleum in India and ever increasing demand due to economic growth. Cultural reasons - High import of gold due to the high demand of gold in our culture. Lack of technological development- As India lacks in sophisticated technology in fields like – electronics, heavy machinery etc. thus we need to import these products. Defence procurements - As our defence manufacturing is still at a nascent stage we have to import a lot of our defence equipment form technologically advanced nations like USA, France etc. Cheaper imports - In many sectors like electronics, plastics, steel etc. import from countries like China prove to be cheaper thus our economy is flooded with Chinese imports. High proportion of Small scale industries and lack of large industries - This is a major reason why Indian manufactured products are costlier as compared to the imported goods as they are not able to harness the economies of scale. Reasons for low exports - Low economic growth and ever increasing domestic demand Lack of diversification in export basket of India - The number of goods and services exported from India is limited thus any change in demand pattern leads to fall in exports. Lack of technology - The low technology products of India are not able to compete in the global market. Underdeveloped Special Economic Zones - Which serve as the major export hub for many export based countries like China. Cumbersome and time consuming regulations - It discourages manufacturers form exporting goods and services. A lot of our exports are dependent on imports - Products like gems and jewelry and petroleum products which constitute a major part of our export basket depend on the import of gold and crude oil respectively. As the prices of crude oil have taken a dip the export of petroleum products have also become uncompetitive. Stiff competition from the other countries in India’s traditional exports- Products like tea, jute cotton etc. which constituted a major part of Indian export basket are facing tough competition from countries like Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Bangladesh Measures needed to improve exports and reduce imports – Special emphasis on developing world class Special Economic Zones. Diversifying export basket of India Focus on technological advancement thus producing high-end products which can compete in the global market. Investment in research and development in different fields and intellectual property development Economic reforms like tax, labour and market reforms that will lead to growth of big industries that will tackle the problems faced by the small scale industries in India. Simplifying the laws and regulations for exports that will improve exports Improving the ease of doing business in the economy.
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##Question:The exchange rate is not the only factor responsible for a foreign trade imbalance in India. Discuss the other factors influencing the imports and exports in the Indian economy. Suggest some measures for the government to reduce imports and promote exports. (150words / 10 marks )##Answer:Brief approach- Give reasons affecting inports and exports in India suggest measures for improvement in exports and lesser imports Answer- An appreciating currency is favorable for importers while a depreciating currency is good for exporters. Fluctuating exchange rate is often cited as the major reason for trade imbalance in India which is true which is true to some extent but there are other reasons for low imports and high exports in India. Reasons for high imports – Overdependence on import for petroleum products - Dependence on import of petroleum products due to lack of domestic reserves of petroleum in India and ever increasing demand due to economic growth. Cultural reasons - High import of gold due to the high demand of gold in our culture. Lack of technological development- As India lacks in sophisticated technology in fields like – electronics, heavy machinery etc. thus we need to import these products. Defence procurements - As our defence manufacturing is still at a nascent stage we have to import a lot of our defence equipment form technologically advanced nations like USA, France etc. Cheaper imports - In many sectors like electronics, plastics, steel etc. import from countries like China prove to be cheaper thus our economy is flooded with Chinese imports. High proportion of Small scale industries and lack of large industries - This is a major reason why Indian manufactured products are costlier as compared to the imported goods as they are not able to harness the economies of scale. Reasons for low exports - Low economic growth and ever increasing domestic demand Lack of diversification in export basket of India - The number of goods and services exported from India is limited thus any change in demand pattern leads to fall in exports. Lack of technology - The low technology products of India are not able to compete in the global market. Underdeveloped Special Economic Zones - Which serve as the major export hub for many export based countries like China. Cumbersome and time consuming regulations - It discourages manufacturers form exporting goods and services. A lot of our exports are dependent on imports - Products like gems and jewelry and petroleum products which constitute a major part of our export basket depend on the import of gold and crude oil respectively. As the prices of crude oil have taken a dip the export of petroleum products have also become uncompetitive. Stiff competition from the other countries in India’s traditional exports- Products like tea, jute cotton etc. which constituted a major part of Indian export basket are facing tough competition from countries like Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Bangladesh Measures needed to improve exports and reduce imports – Special emphasis on developing world class Special Economic Zones. Diversifying export basket of India Focus on technological advancement thus producing high-end products which can compete in the global market. Investment in research and development in different fields and intellectual property development Economic reforms like tax, labour and market reforms that will lead to growth of big industries that will tackle the problems faced by the small scale industries in India. Simplifying the laws and regulations for exports that will improve exports Improving the ease of doing business in the economy.
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What do you understand by REER and NEER? Also, Explain the differences between them. (150 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by REER and NEER? Also, Explain the differences between them. (150 words)##Answer:.
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What are different erosional processes and how do they lead to formation of different erosional landforms? ( 200 words )
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Please note: Sir has dictated complete first part of this question i.e. erosional processes. But the second part is not dictated by Sir. He has asked students to cover landforms on their own from NCERT. There are two ways of attempting the second part of this question. In one case student may give examples of erosional landforms by different agents like glaciers, wave, wind etc. In another case, the studentcan take one agent and explain related erosional landforms in detail. Both the answers will be correct. (This point is mentioned by Harsh Sir ) Erosion takes places mainly with the help of 6 processes: a) Corrosion or abrasion- It is the process of smaller particle hitting the larger particles and in that process breaking the larger particle down e.g. sand hitting the rock and breaking the rocks. b) Attrition- In attrition 2 or more small particles hit each other and further break down into smaller particles e.g. sand hitting the sand and breaking into clay c)Hydraulic Action-This happens in presence of moving water where water due to its force breaks down the force. e.g motion of water in waterfallforms hollow. d) Plucking-Plucking is an erosional processin the glacierregion. As ice and glacier move they scrape along the surrounding rock and pull away pieces of rock. e) Deflation -It happens only in arid windy regions i.e. Desert regions. It is rubbing the bottom of rocks by sand in arid regions. Landforms are of two types-depositional landforms and erosional landforms. There are different erosional landforms depending upon the agentof erosion. Erosional landforms can be understood in the following manner: 1) In semi-arid region- Mushroom rocks, Zeugens, Yardangs, Inselberg, Mesas, and Buttes are examples of erosional landforms in deserts. 2)Glacier erosional landforms are cirque and cirque lakes, Horns and Serrated Rideg, Aretes, Glacial Valleys/troughs, Hanging Valleys 3) In rivers- Seacliff, sea cave, sea arch, stack are few examples of erosional landforms in marine areas.
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##Question:What are different erosional processes and how do they lead to formation of different erosional landforms? ( 200 words )##Answer:Please note: Sir has dictated complete first part of this question i.e. erosional processes. But the second part is not dictated by Sir. He has asked students to cover landforms on their own from NCERT. There are two ways of attempting the second part of this question. In one case student may give examples of erosional landforms by different agents like glaciers, wave, wind etc. In another case, the studentcan take one agent and explain related erosional landforms in detail. Both the answers will be correct. (This point is mentioned by Harsh Sir ) Erosion takes places mainly with the help of 6 processes: a) Corrosion or abrasion- It is the process of smaller particle hitting the larger particles and in that process breaking the larger particle down e.g. sand hitting the rock and breaking the rocks. b) Attrition- In attrition 2 or more small particles hit each other and further break down into smaller particles e.g. sand hitting the sand and breaking into clay c)Hydraulic Action-This happens in presence of moving water where water due to its force breaks down the force. e.g motion of water in waterfallforms hollow. d) Plucking-Plucking is an erosional processin the glacierregion. As ice and glacier move they scrape along the surrounding rock and pull away pieces of rock. e) Deflation -It happens only in arid windy regions i.e. Desert regions. It is rubbing the bottom of rocks by sand in arid regions. Landforms are of two types-depositional landforms and erosional landforms. There are different erosional landforms depending upon the agentof erosion. Erosional landforms can be understood in the following manner: 1) In semi-arid region- Mushroom rocks, Zeugens, Yardangs, Inselberg, Mesas, and Buttes are examples of erosional landforms in deserts. 2)Glacier erosional landforms are cirque and cirque lakes, Horns and Serrated Rideg, Aretes, Glacial Valleys/troughs, Hanging Valleys 3) In rivers- Seacliff, sea cave, sea arch, stack are few examples of erosional landforms in marine areas.
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Discuss the role of the Indian space program in the socio-economic development of the country. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Introduce the answer by referring to the performance of satellite launching till date. Discuss various types of satellites launched by India. Answer : India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under 1. Communication Satellites: The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with the commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. 2. Earth Observation Satellites: Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. 3. Space Science and Exploration: Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of the AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two-module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. 4. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite-based system with commercial and strategic applications. (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) - NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with an inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as "NavIC" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of a successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. 5. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-3’ is also on track and will be launched in 2020.
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##Question:Discuss the role of the Indian space program in the socio-economic development of the country. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by referring to the performance of satellite launching till date. Discuss various types of satellites launched by India. Answer : India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under 1. Communication Satellites: The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with the commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. 2. Earth Observation Satellites: Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. 3. Space Science and Exploration: Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of the AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two-module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. 4. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite-based system with commercial and strategic applications. (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) - NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with an inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as "NavIC" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of a successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. 5. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-3’ is also on track and will be launched in 2020.
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Write Short notes on : (100 words each) 1. Application of guillotine 2. Vote on Credit
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##Question:Write Short notes on : (100 words each) 1. Application of guillotine 2. Vote on Credit##Answer:.
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Explain the budget making process in India. Mention the changes brought in presentation of budget in recent years. (150 words)
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##Question:Explain the budget making process in India. Mention the changes brought in presentation of budget in recent years. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Explain demand for grants and briefly discuss different types of Cut Motions used in budgetary process in India. (10 marks/150 words)
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Brief approach- Briefly define demand for grant and how it is different from charged expenditure Discuss types of cut motion Answer- The estimates of expenditure included in the Budget and required to be voted by Lok Sabha are in the form of Demands for Grants. These Demands are arranged Ministry-wise and a separate Demand for each of the major services is presented. Each Demand contains first a statement of the total grant and then a statement of the detailed estimate divided into items. It is different from charged expenditure as they are voted upon unlike charged expenditure which is not voted upon in the Parliament. But Parliament being the authority to check the expenditure of the government, it may not approve all demands. Cut motions are motions in the parliament moved to reduce the amount of a demand. A motion may be moved to reduce the amount of a demand in any of the following ways:- 1. Disapproval through Policy Cut Motions A Disapproval of Policy Cut motion is moved so that the amount of the demand be reduced to Re.1. · It represents the disapproval of the policy underlying the demand. · A member giving notice of such a motion shall indicate in precise terms the particulars of the policy which he proposes to discuss. · The discussion shall be confined to the specific point or points mentioned in the notice and it shall be open to members to advocate an alternative policy. 2. Economy Cut Motions An Economy Cut motion is moved so that the amount of the demand be reduced by a specified amount. · It represents the economy that can be effected. · Such specified amount may be either a lump sum reduction in the demand or omission or reduction of an item in the demand. · The notice shall indicate briefly and precisely the particular matter on which discussion is sought to be raised and speeches shall be confined to the discussion as to how economy can be effected. 3. Token Cut Motions · A Token Cut motion is moved so that that the amount of the demand be reduced by Rs.100. · This is to ventilate a specific grievance which is within the sphere of the responsibility of the Government of India. · The discussion thereon shall be confined to the particular grievance specified in the motion. Thus motions for reduction to various Demands for Grants are made in the form of Cut Motions seeking to reduce the sums sought by Government on grounds of economy or difference of opinion on matters of policy or just in order to voice a grievance. "
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##Question:Explain demand for grants and briefly discuss different types of Cut Motions used in budgetary process in India. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief approach- Briefly define demand for grant and how it is different from charged expenditure Discuss types of cut motion Answer- The estimates of expenditure included in the Budget and required to be voted by Lok Sabha are in the form of Demands for Grants. These Demands are arranged Ministry-wise and a separate Demand for each of the major services is presented. Each Demand contains first a statement of the total grant and then a statement of the detailed estimate divided into items. It is different from charged expenditure as they are voted upon unlike charged expenditure which is not voted upon in the Parliament. But Parliament being the authority to check the expenditure of the government, it may not approve all demands. Cut motions are motions in the parliament moved to reduce the amount of a demand. A motion may be moved to reduce the amount of a demand in any of the following ways:- 1. Disapproval through Policy Cut Motions A Disapproval of Policy Cut motion is moved so that the amount of the demand be reduced to Re.1. · It represents the disapproval of the policy underlying the demand. · A member giving notice of such a motion shall indicate in precise terms the particulars of the policy which he proposes to discuss. · The discussion shall be confined to the specific point or points mentioned in the notice and it shall be open to members to advocate an alternative policy. 2. Economy Cut Motions An Economy Cut motion is moved so that the amount of the demand be reduced by a specified amount. · It represents the economy that can be effected. · Such specified amount may be either a lump sum reduction in the demand or omission or reduction of an item in the demand. · The notice shall indicate briefly and precisely the particular matter on which discussion is sought to be raised and speeches shall be confined to the discussion as to how economy can be effected. 3. Token Cut Motions · A Token Cut motion is moved so that that the amount of the demand be reduced by Rs.100. · This is to ventilate a specific grievance which is within the sphere of the responsibility of the Government of India. · The discussion thereon shall be confined to the particular grievance specified in the motion. Thus motions for reduction to various Demands for Grants are made in the form of Cut Motions seeking to reduce the sums sought by Government on grounds of economy or difference of opinion on matters of policy or just in order to voice a grievance. "
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"Is regionalism a threat to national integration". Critically Examine the statement along with adequate substantiation in context of Indian Society (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Define Regionalism Linking statement How at times it acted as a threat to national integration (examples) How, mostly it has helped in strengthening National integration (examples) Inference drawn (conclusion) Answer: Regionalism refers to a phenomenon when an individual"s political loyalties are confined to a region and not towards the nation of which that region is part of. Regionalism is often perceived as a threat to national integration. However, the politics of regionalism have both positive and negative connotations. How regionalism has threatened national integration? Son of the soil policy: It is the view that a state specifically belongs to the main linguistic group inhabiting it or that the state constitutes the exclusive ‘homeland’ of its main language speakers who are the ‘sons of the soil’ or the ‘local’ residents. Such ‘sons of the soil’ movements flourished in Maharashtra, Assam and the Telangana area of Andhra Pradesh threatening the National unity of India Secessionist tendencies: Regionalism has led to secessionist tendencies in some parts of India and this has been a source of internal security challenge. For example, Khalistan Movement, Insurgency in Northeast. Sometimes it has also hindered the international diplomacy. E.g. Teesta agreement, LTTE issue in Sri Lanka, etc It can also lead to the dilution of national pride. For example, demand for a separate state flag for Karnataka. How regionalism has led to national integration? 1. Regionalism can play a role in the national building if it accommodates federal sentiments. For example, the idea of cooperative federalism can help strengthen unity in India. 2. By accepting the regional demand it gives the right of self-determination to the people. For example, linguistic states have strengthened not weakened Indian unity, even while permitting full cultural autonomy to different linguistic areas. 3. The accommodation of linguistic and cultural diversities does not merely help maintain the integrity of India’s national boundaries but also promotes positive social outcomes. It helps in realising the essence of salad bowl theory. 4. Tribals feel secure in the Indian Union regarding their cultural and economic autonomy, and have also gained greater strength themselves, as also political support in the country over time. Conclusion Thus, Regionalism is the most potent force in the context of Indian society and has remained both conflicting and collaborating depending on the manner of accommodation. Regionalism per se is not a threat to national integration, rather it is the rationale behind regionalism which threatens the National integration.
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##Question:"Is regionalism a threat to national integration". Critically Examine the statement along with adequate substantiation in context of Indian Society (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Define Regionalism Linking statement How at times it acted as a threat to national integration (examples) How, mostly it has helped in strengthening National integration (examples) Inference drawn (conclusion) Answer: Regionalism refers to a phenomenon when an individual"s political loyalties are confined to a region and not towards the nation of which that region is part of. Regionalism is often perceived as a threat to national integration. However, the politics of regionalism have both positive and negative connotations. How regionalism has threatened national integration? Son of the soil policy: It is the view that a state specifically belongs to the main linguistic group inhabiting it or that the state constitutes the exclusive ‘homeland’ of its main language speakers who are the ‘sons of the soil’ or the ‘local’ residents. Such ‘sons of the soil’ movements flourished in Maharashtra, Assam and the Telangana area of Andhra Pradesh threatening the National unity of India Secessionist tendencies: Regionalism has led to secessionist tendencies in some parts of India and this has been a source of internal security challenge. For example, Khalistan Movement, Insurgency in Northeast. Sometimes it has also hindered the international diplomacy. E.g. Teesta agreement, LTTE issue in Sri Lanka, etc It can also lead to the dilution of national pride. For example, demand for a separate state flag for Karnataka. How regionalism has led to national integration? 1. Regionalism can play a role in the national building if it accommodates federal sentiments. For example, the idea of cooperative federalism can help strengthen unity in India. 2. By accepting the regional demand it gives the right of self-determination to the people. For example, linguistic states have strengthened not weakened Indian unity, even while permitting full cultural autonomy to different linguistic areas. 3. The accommodation of linguistic and cultural diversities does not merely help maintain the integrity of India’s national boundaries but also promotes positive social outcomes. It helps in realising the essence of salad bowl theory. 4. Tribals feel secure in the Indian Union regarding their cultural and economic autonomy, and have also gained greater strength themselves, as also political support in the country over time. Conclusion Thus, Regionalism is the most potent force in the context of Indian society and has remained both conflicting and collaborating depending on the manner of accommodation. Regionalism per se is not a threat to national integration, rather it is the rationale behind regionalism which threatens the National integration.
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मानव विकास सूचकांक की गणना किस प्रकार की जाती है? भारत की इस सूचकांक में रैंक सुधार नहीं होने के कारणों का परीक्षण कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द) Howis Human DevelopmentIndexcalculated? Why is India not improving its rank in this index? Examine. (150-200 words)
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Approach: भूमिका में मानव विकास सूचकांक को परिभाषित कर सकते हैं। इसके घटकों की चर्चा करते हुए गणना प्रक्रिया को समझाइए। भारत में रैंक सुधार ना होने के कारणों की चर्चा कीजिये। निष्कर्ष में रैंक सुधार के कुछ उपाय सुझा सकते हैं। उत्तर- मानव विकास सूचकांक संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ के मानव विकास कार्यक्रम के तहत प्रकाशित होता है। इसे मानव विकास रिपोर्ट के एक हिस्से के रूप में जारी किया जाता है। इसका उपयोग देशों में मानव विकास की स्थिति का आकलन करने तथा तुलना करने के लिए किया जाता है। इसकी गणना 3 आयामों के आधार पर की जाती है। शिक्षा का स्तर- स्कूल जाने के औसत वर्ष व स्कूल जाने के संभावित वर्ष स्वास्थ्य का स्तर- जन्म पर जीवन प्रत्याशा जीवन स्तर- GNI प्रति व्यक्ति ($ पीपीपी) मानव विकास सूचकांक की गणना हेतु तीनों आयामों के औसत का उपयोग किया जाता है। भारत की सूचकांक में रैंक सुधार नहीं होने के कारण: नवीनतम रिपोर्ट में, भारत 188 देशों में से 131 वें स्थान पर है। कारण हैं: 1. लिंग संबंधी असमानता: - स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा और अर्थव्यवस्था के सभी क्षेत्रों में भी प्रचलित है। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि हमारे समाज में महिलाओं के लिए निम्न और माध्यमिक स्थिति को जिम्मेदार ठहराया गया है 2. बढ़ती असमानताएँ: - पूरे क्षेत्र, ग्रामीण-शहरी सेटिंग्स, जाति और वर्ग के विकास के फल के बंटवारे में। 3. परिव्यय और परिणामों पर ध्यान न दें: - हालांकि असमानताओं को पाटने और भेदभाव का मुकाबला करने के लिए कई नीतिगत पहल की गई हैं, लेकिन इस पर अमल किया गया है। हाल ही में उठाए गए कदम जैसे स्किल इंडिया, मातृत्व लाभ संशोधन बिल, JSY, MSY, MAA योजनाओं से इसमें सुधार की संभावना है। यद्यपि स्थिति सभी गंभीर नहीं है क्योंकि भारत ने कई मोर्चों में महत्वपूर्ण सुधार भी हासिल किए हैं। एसडीजी को प्राप्त करने के लिए सरकार को बहुआयामी गरीबी, असमानता को दूर करने के लिए पूरे उत्साह के साथ काम करना चाहिए।
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##Question:मानव विकास सूचकांक की गणना किस प्रकार की जाती है? भारत की इस सूचकांक में रैंक सुधार नहीं होने के कारणों का परीक्षण कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द) Howis Human DevelopmentIndexcalculated? Why is India not improving its rank in this index? Examine. (150-200 words)##Answer:Approach: भूमिका में मानव विकास सूचकांक को परिभाषित कर सकते हैं। इसके घटकों की चर्चा करते हुए गणना प्रक्रिया को समझाइए। भारत में रैंक सुधार ना होने के कारणों की चर्चा कीजिये। निष्कर्ष में रैंक सुधार के कुछ उपाय सुझा सकते हैं। उत्तर- मानव विकास सूचकांक संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ के मानव विकास कार्यक्रम के तहत प्रकाशित होता है। इसे मानव विकास रिपोर्ट के एक हिस्से के रूप में जारी किया जाता है। इसका उपयोग देशों में मानव विकास की स्थिति का आकलन करने तथा तुलना करने के लिए किया जाता है। इसकी गणना 3 आयामों के आधार पर की जाती है। शिक्षा का स्तर- स्कूल जाने के औसत वर्ष व स्कूल जाने के संभावित वर्ष स्वास्थ्य का स्तर- जन्म पर जीवन प्रत्याशा जीवन स्तर- GNI प्रति व्यक्ति ($ पीपीपी) मानव विकास सूचकांक की गणना हेतु तीनों आयामों के औसत का उपयोग किया जाता है। भारत की सूचकांक में रैंक सुधार नहीं होने के कारण: नवीनतम रिपोर्ट में, भारत 188 देशों में से 131 वें स्थान पर है। कारण हैं: 1. लिंग संबंधी असमानता: - स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा और अर्थव्यवस्था के सभी क्षेत्रों में भी प्रचलित है। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि हमारे समाज में महिलाओं के लिए निम्न और माध्यमिक स्थिति को जिम्मेदार ठहराया गया है 2. बढ़ती असमानताएँ: - पूरे क्षेत्र, ग्रामीण-शहरी सेटिंग्स, जाति और वर्ग के विकास के फल के बंटवारे में। 3. परिव्यय और परिणामों पर ध्यान न दें: - हालांकि असमानताओं को पाटने और भेदभाव का मुकाबला करने के लिए कई नीतिगत पहल की गई हैं, लेकिन इस पर अमल किया गया है। हाल ही में उठाए गए कदम जैसे स्किल इंडिया, मातृत्व लाभ संशोधन बिल, JSY, MSY, MAA योजनाओं से इसमें सुधार की संभावना है। यद्यपि स्थिति सभी गंभीर नहीं है क्योंकि भारत ने कई मोर्चों में महत्वपूर्ण सुधार भी हासिल किए हैं। एसडीजी को प्राप्त करने के लिए सरकार को बहुआयामी गरीबी, असमानता को दूर करने के लिए पूरे उत्साह के साथ काम करना चाहिए।
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गुट निरपेक्ष आन्दोलन क्या था ?वर्तमान में इसकी प्रासंगिकता की चर्चा करते हुए NAM2.0 पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी कीजिये | (200 शब्द)
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ASSIGNMENT CODE - 8885 प्रश्न - गुट निरपेक्ष आन्दोलन क्या था ? वर्तमान में इसकी प्रासंगिकता की चर्चा करते हुए NAM2.0 पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी कीजिये | (200 शब्द) दृष्टिकोण – गुट-निरपेक्ष क्या है ,परिभाषा ,संक्षेप मे भूमिका गुट-निरपेक्ष अपनाने के कारण गुट-निरपेक्षता की प्रासंगिकता निष्कर्ष उत्तर – गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन(NAM) राष्ट्रों की एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्था है, जिहोंने निश्चय किया है, कि विश्व के वे किसी भी पावर ब्लॉक के संग या विरोध में नहीं रहेंगे ‘‘गुटनिरपेक्षता का अर्थ तटस्थता नही है क्योंकि भारत ने अपने आपको संकुचित सीमाओं में बांधकर नही रखा है और न न्यायपूर्ण परिस्थिति में किसी गुट विशेष का समर्थन करने से बचता है। जवाहरलाल नेहरू द्वारा मई 1950 में ही इस नीति को व्यक्त करने के लिएगुटनिरपेक्षता" शब्द का प्रयोग किया गया था। उसके बाद इस नाम का प्रयोग भारत एवं विदेश में व्यापक रूप से प्रचलित हो गया। यह आंदोलनभारतके प्रधानमंत्री, मिश्रके पूर्व राष्ट्रपतितथा के राष्ट्रपति के साथ आरंभ किया । गुटनिरपेक्ष नीति अपनाने के कारण (1) गुटनिरपेक्षता राष्ट्र हितों के अनुरूप- भारत यह नही चाहता था कि वह किसी गुट में शामिल होकर दूसरे गुट को अपना शत्रु बना ले। समस्त देश उससे मैत्री की कामना करते है तो वह सभी देशों से मैत्री का कामना करता है। साथ ही इस समय किसी गुट में शामिल होना भारत के राष्ट्रीय हितों के अनुकूल नहीं था। (2) विश्व शान्ति की इच्छा – भारत की स्वतंत्रता के समय दुनिया दो गुटों में बट चुकी थी। दूसरे विश्व युद्ध को समाप्त हुए कुछ ही समय (2वर्ष) हुए थे अमेरिका तथा सोवियत रूस में तनाव की स्थिति बनी हुर्इ थी। शीत-युद्ध प्रारंभ हो गया था। भारत इस तनाव में नही पडना चाहता था । वह समान रूप से दोनों गुटों से मित्रता का वातावरण बनाना चाहता था। (3) विदेशी सहायता की आवश्यकता- स्वतंत्रता के समय भारत पिछड़ा हुआ देश था। अंग्रेजी राज्य के शोषण के कारण भारत को आर्थिक पुर्ननिर्माण की भारी आवश्यकता थी। भारत की आर्थिक स्थिति सुधारने के लिए पंचवष्रीय योजनाएं बनानी पड़ी। इन योजनाओं को चलाने के लिए भारत को अधिक धन की आवश्यकता थी, विदेशी सहायता के बिना इनको चलाना असंभव था। हालाकि भारत की स्थिति सुधरती चली गर्इ और आंतरिक साधन जुटा लिए गये। (4) भारत की भौगोलिक स्थिति गुटनिरपेक्षता को अपनाने के लिए वाध्य करती है। भारत पश्चिमी गुट के साथ सैनिक गुटबंदी नही कर सकता क्योंकि पश्चिम विरोधी दो प्रमुख शक्ति शाली साम्यवादी देशों की सीमायें भारत की सीमाओं के पास है एक तरफ चीन तथा दूसरी और सोवियत रूस, अगर भारत ने पश्चिमी खेमे में शामिल होकर रूस की सहानुभूति खो दी तो यह निश्चित रूप से अहितकर होगा। आंदोलन वास्तव में कितना प्रासंगिक है ? ऐसा माना जा रहा है कि हमारे प्रधानमंत्री भारत को विकास और सुरक्षा के जिस मार्ग पर ले जाना चाह रहे हैं, उसके लिए अब गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन की सार्थकता नहीं है। एक तर्क यह भी दिया जा सकता है कि गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन का गठन ही असमान देशों को लेकर किया गया था। इसलिए इन देशों को आपस में जोड़ने वाले तत्वों का अभाव है। गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन के पास ऐसी कोई विशेष विचारधारा नहीं है, जिससे चिपके रहने की आवश्यकता महसूस हो। इसका गठन उपनिवेशवाद, साम्राज्यवाद और नस्लवाद के विरोध में किया गया था। इसमें परमाणु निरस्त्रीकरण पर भी आम सहमति थी। बाद में भारत ने ही परमाणु अप्रसार संधि से अलग होकर इस परंपरा को तोड़ा। सिंगापुर से लेकर क्यूबा तक के विभिन्न परिवेश के देशों का सदस्य होना इस संगठन की खूबसूरती है। लेकिन मिस्र के इस्राइयल के तथा भारत के सोवियत संघ के साथ हुए समझौते बहुत सफल नहीं रहे। यह सच है कि अब गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन की निरर्थकता के बारे में बहुत से तर्क दिए जा सकते हैं और दिए भी जा रहे हैं, परंतु कुछ बिंदु ऐसे हैं, जिन पर विचार करके लगता है कि इसकी सदस्यता बेमानी भी नहीं है। भारत अब संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सुरक्षा परिषद की स्थायी सदस्यता प्राप्त करने का इच्छुक है। गुट निरपेक्ष देशों का समर्थन निश्चित रूप से उसकी इस मांग को वजनदार बनाता है। भारत जिस प्रकार की विदेश नीति को अपना रहा है, उसको देखते हुए गुट निरपेक्ष संगठन का आज भी महत्व है। गुट निरपेक्ष संगठन तो हमारे ही वृहद विश्व के सपने का हिस्सा है। निष्कर्ष – हो सकता है कि आज की विदेशी नीति की व्यस्तता को देखते हुए भले जी इस संगठन की सदस्यता हमें अथपूर्ण न लगे, परंतु इस परिवर्तनशील दौर में विश्व समुदाय को साथ लेकर चलना ही दूरदर्शिता है।
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##Question:गुट निरपेक्ष आन्दोलन क्या था ?वर्तमान में इसकी प्रासंगिकता की चर्चा करते हुए NAM2.0 पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी कीजिये | (200 शब्द)##Answer:ASSIGNMENT CODE - 8885 प्रश्न - गुट निरपेक्ष आन्दोलन क्या था ? वर्तमान में इसकी प्रासंगिकता की चर्चा करते हुए NAM2.0 पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी कीजिये | (200 शब्द) दृष्टिकोण – गुट-निरपेक्ष क्या है ,परिभाषा ,संक्षेप मे भूमिका गुट-निरपेक्ष अपनाने के कारण गुट-निरपेक्षता की प्रासंगिकता निष्कर्ष उत्तर – गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन(NAM) राष्ट्रों की एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्था है, जिहोंने निश्चय किया है, कि विश्व के वे किसी भी पावर ब्लॉक के संग या विरोध में नहीं रहेंगे ‘‘गुटनिरपेक्षता का अर्थ तटस्थता नही है क्योंकि भारत ने अपने आपको संकुचित सीमाओं में बांधकर नही रखा है और न न्यायपूर्ण परिस्थिति में किसी गुट विशेष का समर्थन करने से बचता है। जवाहरलाल नेहरू द्वारा मई 1950 में ही इस नीति को व्यक्त करने के लिएगुटनिरपेक्षता" शब्द का प्रयोग किया गया था। उसके बाद इस नाम का प्रयोग भारत एवं विदेश में व्यापक रूप से प्रचलित हो गया। यह आंदोलनभारतके प्रधानमंत्री, मिश्रके पूर्व राष्ट्रपतितथा के राष्ट्रपति के साथ आरंभ किया । गुटनिरपेक्ष नीति अपनाने के कारण (1) गुटनिरपेक्षता राष्ट्र हितों के अनुरूप- भारत यह नही चाहता था कि वह किसी गुट में शामिल होकर दूसरे गुट को अपना शत्रु बना ले। समस्त देश उससे मैत्री की कामना करते है तो वह सभी देशों से मैत्री का कामना करता है। साथ ही इस समय किसी गुट में शामिल होना भारत के राष्ट्रीय हितों के अनुकूल नहीं था। (2) विश्व शान्ति की इच्छा – भारत की स्वतंत्रता के समय दुनिया दो गुटों में बट चुकी थी। दूसरे विश्व युद्ध को समाप्त हुए कुछ ही समय (2वर्ष) हुए थे अमेरिका तथा सोवियत रूस में तनाव की स्थिति बनी हुर्इ थी। शीत-युद्ध प्रारंभ हो गया था। भारत इस तनाव में नही पडना चाहता था । वह समान रूप से दोनों गुटों से मित्रता का वातावरण बनाना चाहता था। (3) विदेशी सहायता की आवश्यकता- स्वतंत्रता के समय भारत पिछड़ा हुआ देश था। अंग्रेजी राज्य के शोषण के कारण भारत को आर्थिक पुर्ननिर्माण की भारी आवश्यकता थी। भारत की आर्थिक स्थिति सुधारने के लिए पंचवष्रीय योजनाएं बनानी पड़ी। इन योजनाओं को चलाने के लिए भारत को अधिक धन की आवश्यकता थी, विदेशी सहायता के बिना इनको चलाना असंभव था। हालाकि भारत की स्थिति सुधरती चली गर्इ और आंतरिक साधन जुटा लिए गये। (4) भारत की भौगोलिक स्थिति गुटनिरपेक्षता को अपनाने के लिए वाध्य करती है। भारत पश्चिमी गुट के साथ सैनिक गुटबंदी नही कर सकता क्योंकि पश्चिम विरोधी दो प्रमुख शक्ति शाली साम्यवादी देशों की सीमायें भारत की सीमाओं के पास है एक तरफ चीन तथा दूसरी और सोवियत रूस, अगर भारत ने पश्चिमी खेमे में शामिल होकर रूस की सहानुभूति खो दी तो यह निश्चित रूप से अहितकर होगा। आंदोलन वास्तव में कितना प्रासंगिक है ? ऐसा माना जा रहा है कि हमारे प्रधानमंत्री भारत को विकास और सुरक्षा के जिस मार्ग पर ले जाना चाह रहे हैं, उसके लिए अब गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन की सार्थकता नहीं है। एक तर्क यह भी दिया जा सकता है कि गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन का गठन ही असमान देशों को लेकर किया गया था। इसलिए इन देशों को आपस में जोड़ने वाले तत्वों का अभाव है। गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन के पास ऐसी कोई विशेष विचारधारा नहीं है, जिससे चिपके रहने की आवश्यकता महसूस हो। इसका गठन उपनिवेशवाद, साम्राज्यवाद और नस्लवाद के विरोध में किया गया था। इसमें परमाणु निरस्त्रीकरण पर भी आम सहमति थी। बाद में भारत ने ही परमाणु अप्रसार संधि से अलग होकर इस परंपरा को तोड़ा। सिंगापुर से लेकर क्यूबा तक के विभिन्न परिवेश के देशों का सदस्य होना इस संगठन की खूबसूरती है। लेकिन मिस्र के इस्राइयल के तथा भारत के सोवियत संघ के साथ हुए समझौते बहुत सफल नहीं रहे। यह सच है कि अब गुट निरपेक्ष आंदोलन की निरर्थकता के बारे में बहुत से तर्क दिए जा सकते हैं और दिए भी जा रहे हैं, परंतु कुछ बिंदु ऐसे हैं, जिन पर विचार करके लगता है कि इसकी सदस्यता बेमानी भी नहीं है। भारत अब संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सुरक्षा परिषद की स्थायी सदस्यता प्राप्त करने का इच्छुक है। गुट निरपेक्ष देशों का समर्थन निश्चित रूप से उसकी इस मांग को वजनदार बनाता है। भारत जिस प्रकार की विदेश नीति को अपना रहा है, उसको देखते हुए गुट निरपेक्ष संगठन का आज भी महत्व है। गुट निरपेक्ष संगठन तो हमारे ही वृहद विश्व के सपने का हिस्सा है। निष्कर्ष – हो सकता है कि आज की विदेशी नीति की व्यस्तता को देखते हुए भले जी इस संगठन की सदस्यता हमें अथपूर्ण न लगे, परंतु इस परिवर्तनशील दौर में विश्व समुदाय को साथ लेकर चलना ही दूरदर्शिता है।
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ज्वालामुखी के विभिन्न प्रकार क्या हैं? इसके द्वारा निर्मित विभिन्न स्थलरूपों का वर्णन कीजिए। (150- 200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) What are the different types of volcano? Illustrate the different landforms created by it. (150- 200 words, Marks -10 )
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संक्षिप्त दृष्टिकोण भूमिका में ज्वालामुखी के बारे में लिखिए। प्रकारों का संक्षिप्त विवरण दीजिए। स्थलरूपों का वर्णन करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। ज्वालामुखी भूपटल के वे छिद्र होते हैं जिनसे होकर गर्म लावा, गैस, चट्टानों के टुकड़े युक्त गर्म पदार्थ पृथ्वी के धरातल पर प्रकट होते हैं। ज्वालामुखी का प्रमुख कारण है गैसों की उत्पत्ति, भूगर्भ में तापवृद्धि , समस्थितिक असंतुलन आदि। ज्वालामुखी के प्रकार: उद्गार की अवधि के आधार पर: सक्रिय ज्वालामुखी: जिन ज्वालामुखियों से सदैव उद्गार होता रहता है या जिनमें अभी कुछ समय पहले उद्गार हुए हैं। एटना और स्ट्रोम्बोली इसके प्रमुख उदाहरण हैं। प्रसुप्त ज्वालामुखी: ऐसे ज्वालामुखी एक बार सक्रिय होने के पश्चात काफी लंबे समय तक शांत रहते हैं किनती इनके फिर से सक्रिय होने की संभावना बनी रहती है। माउंट विसुवियस इसका एक अच्छा उदाहरण है। विलुप्त ज्वालामुखी: ऐसे ज्वालामुखी जिनमें बहुत लंबे समय तक उद्गार नहीं हुआ है, लेकिन इसमें ज्वालामुखी की सभी विशेषताएँ विद्यमान हों। उद्गार के स्वरूप के आधार पर: केन्द्रीय उद्गार वाले: एक संकरी या द्रोणी के सहारे उद्गार होता है, इसकी तीव्रता इतनी अधिक होती है कि भारी मात्रा में पदार्थ ऊंचाई तक चले जाते हैं। छिद्र के चारों ओर शंकु की रचना होती है। इसके अंतर्गत हवाई तुल्य, स्ट्रोम्बोली तुल्य, विसुवियस तुल्य आदि ज्वालामुखी आते हैं। दरारी उद्गार वाले: दरारी प्रकार के ज्वालामुखी का उद्गार लंबी दरार एवं भ्रंश के सहारे होता है। लावा शांत रूप में प्रवाहित होकर धरातल के ऊपर जमा होने लगता है। इस प्रकार के उद्भेदन से लावा पठार और मैदान का निर्माण होता है। ज्वालामुखी द्वारा निर्मित स्थलरूप: वाह्य स्थलाकृतियाँ: मिश्रित शंकु: ये सभी प्रकार के शंकुओं से ऊंचे होते हैं और इनका निर्माण विभिन्न प्रकार के निस्तृत ज्वालामुखी पदार्थों के स्तरों के रूप में जमा होने से होता है। इसमें लावा तथा विखंडित पदार्थों की एकांतर परतें होती हैं। क्रेटर व काल्डेरा:ज्वालामुखी के छिद्र के ऊपर निर्मित गर्त को क्रेटर कहते हैं जो प्रायः कीपनुमा आकार के होते हैं। ज्वालामुखियों में यह गर्त गर्त अत्यधिक विस्तृत हो जाते हैं जो काल्डेरा कहलाते हैं। सिंडर या राख शंकु: निकास नलिका के आसपास विखंडित पदार्थों के जमाव के कारण बनते हैं। इनका आकार ज्वालामुखी पदार्थों के निरंतर जमाव के कारण बढ़ता जाता है। आभ्यंतरिक स्थलाकृतियाँ: बैथोलिथ: एक लंबी, असमान, लहरदार तथा गुंबदनुमा आकृति होती है। यह मैग्मा का एक बड़ा पिंड होता है, जो क्रस्ट में अधिक गहराई पर ठंडा हो जाने पर एक गुंबद के आकार में विकसित हो जाता है। लैकोलिथ: क्षैतिज परतदार चट्टानों की परतों के मध्य उत्तर ढाल के रूप में मैग्मा के जमाव से बनता है। फैकोलिथ: मोड़दार पर्वतीय क्षेत्र में अपनति तथा अभिनति में अम्लीय मैग्मा के जमाव से निर्मित होता है। लोपोलिथ: जब मैग्मा का जमाव धरातल के नीचे अवतल आकार वाली छिछली बेसिन में होता है तो इस प्रकार निर्मित तश्तरीनुमा आकृति को लोपोलिथ कहते हैं। सिल और शीट: ये परतदार चट्टानों की परतों के समांतर होती हैं। डाइक: यह एक संगठित मैग्मा की दीवार की भांति संरचना है जो अवसादी चट्टानों के लगभग समकोण पर निर्मित होती है।
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##Question:ज्वालामुखी के विभिन्न प्रकार क्या हैं? इसके द्वारा निर्मित विभिन्न स्थलरूपों का वर्णन कीजिए। (150- 200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) What are the different types of volcano? Illustrate the different landforms created by it. (150- 200 words, Marks -10 )##Answer:संक्षिप्त दृष्टिकोण भूमिका में ज्वालामुखी के बारे में लिखिए। प्रकारों का संक्षिप्त विवरण दीजिए। स्थलरूपों का वर्णन करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। ज्वालामुखी भूपटल के वे छिद्र होते हैं जिनसे होकर गर्म लावा, गैस, चट्टानों के टुकड़े युक्त गर्म पदार्थ पृथ्वी के धरातल पर प्रकट होते हैं। ज्वालामुखी का प्रमुख कारण है गैसों की उत्पत्ति, भूगर्भ में तापवृद्धि , समस्थितिक असंतुलन आदि। ज्वालामुखी के प्रकार: उद्गार की अवधि के आधार पर: सक्रिय ज्वालामुखी: जिन ज्वालामुखियों से सदैव उद्गार होता रहता है या जिनमें अभी कुछ समय पहले उद्गार हुए हैं। एटना और स्ट्रोम्बोली इसके प्रमुख उदाहरण हैं। प्रसुप्त ज्वालामुखी: ऐसे ज्वालामुखी एक बार सक्रिय होने के पश्चात काफी लंबे समय तक शांत रहते हैं किनती इनके फिर से सक्रिय होने की संभावना बनी रहती है। माउंट विसुवियस इसका एक अच्छा उदाहरण है। विलुप्त ज्वालामुखी: ऐसे ज्वालामुखी जिनमें बहुत लंबे समय तक उद्गार नहीं हुआ है, लेकिन इसमें ज्वालामुखी की सभी विशेषताएँ विद्यमान हों। उद्गार के स्वरूप के आधार पर: केन्द्रीय उद्गार वाले: एक संकरी या द्रोणी के सहारे उद्गार होता है, इसकी तीव्रता इतनी अधिक होती है कि भारी मात्रा में पदार्थ ऊंचाई तक चले जाते हैं। छिद्र के चारों ओर शंकु की रचना होती है। इसके अंतर्गत हवाई तुल्य, स्ट्रोम्बोली तुल्य, विसुवियस तुल्य आदि ज्वालामुखी आते हैं। दरारी उद्गार वाले: दरारी प्रकार के ज्वालामुखी का उद्गार लंबी दरार एवं भ्रंश के सहारे होता है। लावा शांत रूप में प्रवाहित होकर धरातल के ऊपर जमा होने लगता है। इस प्रकार के उद्भेदन से लावा पठार और मैदान का निर्माण होता है। ज्वालामुखी द्वारा निर्मित स्थलरूप: वाह्य स्थलाकृतियाँ: मिश्रित शंकु: ये सभी प्रकार के शंकुओं से ऊंचे होते हैं और इनका निर्माण विभिन्न प्रकार के निस्तृत ज्वालामुखी पदार्थों के स्तरों के रूप में जमा होने से होता है। इसमें लावा तथा विखंडित पदार्थों की एकांतर परतें होती हैं। क्रेटर व काल्डेरा:ज्वालामुखी के छिद्र के ऊपर निर्मित गर्त को क्रेटर कहते हैं जो प्रायः कीपनुमा आकार के होते हैं। ज्वालामुखियों में यह गर्त गर्त अत्यधिक विस्तृत हो जाते हैं जो काल्डेरा कहलाते हैं। सिंडर या राख शंकु: निकास नलिका के आसपास विखंडित पदार्थों के जमाव के कारण बनते हैं। इनका आकार ज्वालामुखी पदार्थों के निरंतर जमाव के कारण बढ़ता जाता है। आभ्यंतरिक स्थलाकृतियाँ: बैथोलिथ: एक लंबी, असमान, लहरदार तथा गुंबदनुमा आकृति होती है। यह मैग्मा का एक बड़ा पिंड होता है, जो क्रस्ट में अधिक गहराई पर ठंडा हो जाने पर एक गुंबद के आकार में विकसित हो जाता है। लैकोलिथ: क्षैतिज परतदार चट्टानों की परतों के मध्य उत्तर ढाल के रूप में मैग्मा के जमाव से बनता है। फैकोलिथ: मोड़दार पर्वतीय क्षेत्र में अपनति तथा अभिनति में अम्लीय मैग्मा के जमाव से निर्मित होता है। लोपोलिथ: जब मैग्मा का जमाव धरातल के नीचे अवतल आकार वाली छिछली बेसिन में होता है तो इस प्रकार निर्मित तश्तरीनुमा आकृति को लोपोलिथ कहते हैं। सिल और शीट: ये परतदार चट्टानों की परतों के समांतर होती हैं। डाइक: यह एक संगठित मैग्मा की दीवार की भांति संरचना है जो अवसादी चट्टानों के लगभग समकोण पर निर्मित होती है।
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Critically analyse how important the RTI act has been to Indian democracy, after completing more than one decade since its enactment. (200 words)
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Introduction: Right to Information Act 2005 mandates timely response to citizen requests for government information. Objective of the Right to Information Act : The basic object of the Right to Information Act is to empower the citizens,promote transparency and accountability in the working of the Government,contain corruption, and make our democracy work for the people in real sense . Importance of RTI so far: -It helps to reduce the corruption taking place in various departments of private and government organizations. - It strengthens the democracy and governance. - It is used as a tool for bringing transparency in the Indian administrative system. - It is an easy mode to spread the information in a right way among the common men. Concerns regarding RTI Act: Unnecessary chaos all over : Cases have been filed against fetching wrong information and asking for abrupt information from different officials at various levels and this creates nothing but an overall chaos. An extra burden to the Authorities: Since the authorized persons are already having loads of works and tasks to be delivered at their end and after this new act passed they have additional burden to be done and delivered. Multiple Public Information Officers (PI O): The government has appointed multiple PIO’s. This results in running of citizens from office to office in search of correct PIO who can yield correct information. People’s accessibility is hectic and time consuming : There are many offices of PIO where the access of common man is very prolonged and it becomes very hectic to carry out the process. The subsystems created beneath the system is basically problematic. Conclusion The Act has been under a strong debate for years in the public domain since 2005. The passing of the Act means that all the documents under the government and public funded domains are accessible to the general public on request. The Act will help our country grow as a strong democracy in the near future.
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##Question:Critically analyse how important the RTI act has been to Indian democracy, after completing more than one decade since its enactment. (200 words)##Answer:Introduction: Right to Information Act 2005 mandates timely response to citizen requests for government information. Objective of the Right to Information Act : The basic object of the Right to Information Act is to empower the citizens,promote transparency and accountability in the working of the Government,contain corruption, and make our democracy work for the people in real sense . Importance of RTI so far: -It helps to reduce the corruption taking place in various departments of private and government organizations. - It strengthens the democracy and governance. - It is used as a tool for bringing transparency in the Indian administrative system. - It is an easy mode to spread the information in a right way among the common men. Concerns regarding RTI Act: Unnecessary chaos all over : Cases have been filed against fetching wrong information and asking for abrupt information from different officials at various levels and this creates nothing but an overall chaos. An extra burden to the Authorities: Since the authorized persons are already having loads of works and tasks to be delivered at their end and after this new act passed they have additional burden to be done and delivered. Multiple Public Information Officers (PI O): The government has appointed multiple PIO’s. This results in running of citizens from office to office in search of correct PIO who can yield correct information. People’s accessibility is hectic and time consuming : There are many offices of PIO where the access of common man is very prolonged and it becomes very hectic to carry out the process. The subsystems created beneath the system is basically problematic. Conclusion The Act has been under a strong debate for years in the public domain since 2005. The passing of the Act means that all the documents under the government and public funded domains are accessible to the general public on request. The Act will help our country grow as a strong democracy in the near future.
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Discuss various dimensions and phases of the Cold War from the declaration of the Truman Doctrine up until the Cuban Missle Crisis of 1962. (150 words/10 marks)
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A significant result of World War II was the division of the world into two power blocs - one led by the US and the other led by the Soviet Union. These two blocs soon got engaged in a long period of war known as the cold war. Though these wars were not direct conflicts rather proxy in nature. The war raged with varying intensity for almost four decades after the end of the World War II. Though little actual fighting took place directly between the two opposing camps, they attacked each other with propaganda and economic measures and with a general policy of non-cooperation. The period 1947 to 1962 was the most crucial and singing phase of the cold war. With its various dimensions and phases, the world used to be from one moment to another on the brink of another World War. These phases can be well explained under the following major phases: - Truman Doctrine:- The US President Truman came out with his policy of containment of communism known as the Truman Doctrine , which committed the US to contain commission not just in Europe, but throughout the world. This was followed by the Marshall plan , which offered economic help to countries so that they do not fall under the communist trap. It was an economic part of the Truman doctrine. - The Plan formally known as the European Recovery Programme aimed to promote the economic recovery of Europe and to contain communism, as communism was less likely to gain in prosperous Western Europe. Cominform:- In response to the Truman doctrine and the Marshall Plan, the Soviet Union came out with Cominform . It aimed at drawing together various European communist parties and introducing the programme of industrialization, collectivization, and centralization of Eastern Europe. Molotov Plan:- In 1949, Molotov Plan came which offered Russian aid to the satellite states of USSR. In order to coordinate the economic policies of these countries COMECON - "Communist of Mutual Economic Assistance" was set up by USSR. Berlin blockade:- The next important aspect of the cold war during this phase was the Berlin blockade by Russia from June 1948 to May 1949. The Soviet Union was irritated by the West"s attempt to introduce a new economy and ending of price control in their sphere. - The Berlin blockade had exposed the west"s military unpreparedness and it led them to a military alliance called Brussels Treaty in 1948. The original five European nations were joined by others including the USA in 1949 to make it North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. - The Korean experience led to the formation of several defensive military allowances under the aegis of the USA. In 1954 was formed South East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) , and in 1955 was signed the Baghdad Pact to contain communism in Asia. The Soviet Union responded by forming Warsaw Pact in 1955 as a mutual defense agreement. - The cold war entered the phase of a thaw in the post-1953 period. Cuban Missile Crisis:- A further dimension to cold war added by the Cuban Missile crisis of 1962. Khrushchev decided to set up nuclear Missile Launchers in Cuba aimed at the USA. This incident almost brought the world to war, but somehow tensions got diffused by the mediation of the United Nations. - Thus, the cold war in the period between 1947 and 1962 developed different dimensions which were not limited only to Europe but also got extended to Asia, Africa, and America.
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##Question:Discuss various dimensions and phases of the Cold War from the declaration of the Truman Doctrine up until the Cuban Missle Crisis of 1962. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer: A significant result of World War II was the division of the world into two power blocs - one led by the US and the other led by the Soviet Union. These two blocs soon got engaged in a long period of war known as the cold war. Though these wars were not direct conflicts rather proxy in nature. The war raged with varying intensity for almost four decades after the end of the World War II. Though little actual fighting took place directly between the two opposing camps, they attacked each other with propaganda and economic measures and with a general policy of non-cooperation. The period 1947 to 1962 was the most crucial and singing phase of the cold war. With its various dimensions and phases, the world used to be from one moment to another on the brink of another World War. These phases can be well explained under the following major phases: - Truman Doctrine:- The US President Truman came out with his policy of containment of communism known as the Truman Doctrine , which committed the US to contain commission not just in Europe, but throughout the world. This was followed by the Marshall plan , which offered economic help to countries so that they do not fall under the communist trap. It was an economic part of the Truman doctrine. - The Plan formally known as the European Recovery Programme aimed to promote the economic recovery of Europe and to contain communism, as communism was less likely to gain in prosperous Western Europe. Cominform:- In response to the Truman doctrine and the Marshall Plan, the Soviet Union came out with Cominform . It aimed at drawing together various European communist parties and introducing the programme of industrialization, collectivization, and centralization of Eastern Europe. Molotov Plan:- In 1949, Molotov Plan came which offered Russian aid to the satellite states of USSR. In order to coordinate the economic policies of these countries COMECON - "Communist of Mutual Economic Assistance" was set up by USSR. Berlin blockade:- The next important aspect of the cold war during this phase was the Berlin blockade by Russia from June 1948 to May 1949. The Soviet Union was irritated by the West"s attempt to introduce a new economy and ending of price control in their sphere. - The Berlin blockade had exposed the west"s military unpreparedness and it led them to a military alliance called Brussels Treaty in 1948. The original five European nations were joined by others including the USA in 1949 to make it North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. - The Korean experience led to the formation of several defensive military allowances under the aegis of the USA. In 1954 was formed South East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) , and in 1955 was signed the Baghdad Pact to contain communism in Asia. The Soviet Union responded by forming Warsaw Pact in 1955 as a mutual defense agreement. - The cold war entered the phase of a thaw in the post-1953 period. Cuban Missile Crisis:- A further dimension to cold war added by the Cuban Missile crisis of 1962. Khrushchev decided to set up nuclear Missile Launchers in Cuba aimed at the USA. This incident almost brought the world to war, but somehow tensions got diffused by the mediation of the United Nations. - Thus, the cold war in the period between 1947 and 1962 developed different dimensions which were not limited only to Europe but also got extended to Asia, Africa, and America.
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What are the issues associated with coastal security in India? Discuss the merits and demerits of creating a Central Marine Police Force in addressing these issues. ( 200 words)
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India has coastline of more than 7,500 kms, with a vast Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding the Indian peninsula. It‘s geostrategic location and strategic importance makes coastal security a key concern. In the aftermath of the 26/11 attack, the national coastal defence apparatus was radically overhauled. Issueswith coastal security 1. Lack of a cooperative mechanism – Many agencies like Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Police and other authorities are tasked with coastal security. Hence, intelligence gathering, information sharing and coordination are major problems. Setting up a structure such as National Apex Maritime Authority would help to coordinate policy and to ensure that there is no duplication of effort and iron out all the differences which do come up. 2. Multiplicity of authority - Bureaucratic bickering has led to multiplicity of authorities from the union, the states as well as private actors. It leads to delay in decision making while security threats require quick decisions. 3. Lack of effective surveillance mechanisms – The government has installed the coastal radar systems, sensors and electronic surveillance systems to secure the coastal areas. Still we are unable to use technology innovatively in coastal security. 4. Unavailability of necessary infrastructure - The marine police stations are not functioning effectively due to shortage of manpower and lack of interceptor boats. 5. Lack of suitable training in counterterrorism – Though marine police is tasked with overall coastal security but they are not trained for counterterrorism. 6. Maintenance and operational mechanisms for existing naval assets is non-existent. 7. Penetration by non-state actors and terror attacks on population centres along the coast, vital installations like atomic power plants, oil platforms, naval/ military/coast guard bases and industrial centres. 8. Threats posed by organized gangs carrying out smuggling of narcotics, arms and explosives; 9. Indirect, yet consequential threats; including vulnerability of the Indian coast to illegal inflow of migrants and refugees from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, especially along the Odisha and Tamil Nadu coasts. <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"India has coastline of more than 7,500 kms, with a vast Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding theIndian peninsula. It‘s geostra
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##Question:What are the issues associated with coastal security in India? Discuss the merits and demerits of creating a Central Marine Police Force in addressing these issues. ( 200 words)##Answer: India has coastline of more than 7,500 kms, with a vast Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding the Indian peninsula. It‘s geostrategic location and strategic importance makes coastal security a key concern. In the aftermath of the 26/11 attack, the national coastal defence apparatus was radically overhauled. Issueswith coastal security 1. Lack of a cooperative mechanism – Many agencies like Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Police and other authorities are tasked with coastal security. Hence, intelligence gathering, information sharing and coordination are major problems. Setting up a structure such as National Apex Maritime Authority would help to coordinate policy and to ensure that there is no duplication of effort and iron out all the differences which do come up. 2. Multiplicity of authority - Bureaucratic bickering has led to multiplicity of authorities from the union, the states as well as private actors. It leads to delay in decision making while security threats require quick decisions. 3. Lack of effective surveillance mechanisms – The government has installed the coastal radar systems, sensors and electronic surveillance systems to secure the coastal areas. Still we are unable to use technology innovatively in coastal security. 4. Unavailability of necessary infrastructure - The marine police stations are not functioning effectively due to shortage of manpower and lack of interceptor boats. 5. Lack of suitable training in counterterrorism – Though marine police is tasked with overall coastal security but they are not trained for counterterrorism. 6. Maintenance and operational mechanisms for existing naval assets is non-existent. 7. Penetration by non-state actors and terror attacks on population centres along the coast, vital installations like atomic power plants, oil platforms, naval/ military/coast guard bases and industrial centres. 8. Threats posed by organized gangs carrying out smuggling of narcotics, arms and explosives; 9. Indirect, yet consequential threats; including vulnerability of the Indian coast to illegal inflow of migrants and refugees from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, especially along the Odisha and Tamil Nadu coasts. <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"India has coastline of more than 7,500 kms, with a vast Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding theIndian peninsula. It‘s geostra
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Discuss how the Indian Model of Secularism is different from the Western Model of Secularism. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly define Secularism In first part of answer, explain the Western Model and Indian Model Briefly In second part of answer, explain the difference between the Western and Indian Model of Secularism Conclude briefly Introduction Secularism is defined as principle of separation of State and persons who are mandated to represent the state, from religious institutions and dignitaries. It is devoid of both inter and intra religious domination. Secularism promotes- Freedom within religion, Equality in between and within religion and Separation of state from Religion. The nature and extent of separation depends upon the values it tends to promote. Hence, Secularism connotes different ideology for west and for India Western Model of secularism In the western model, the main sense of secular and secularism has to do with the separation of church and state. State has no role in the religion, it does not intervene in the religious matters neither does it protect any religion. Indian concept of secularism The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, Secularism in India ensures that all religions are equally protected by the State. Difference between Western models of secularism and Indian model of secularism In the U.S.A. there is separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another. This separation was related to the process of “secularisation” or the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. Secularization in turn was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world. On the other hand, Indian secularism differs from secularism as practiced in West. Unlike the strict separation between religion and the State in western secularism, in Indian secularism the State can intervene in religious affairs. The objective of this unique model of secularism in India is to prevent the dominance of one religious community on another. Complete separation between state and religion in India is not possible due to the diversity of communities. Social realities also make complete secularism not possible. For eg - the subsidiary status of women has sanction from religious ideologies, which can be addressed only through optimal interference by state in the religious arena. eg - recent case of Triple talaq In terms of the state-religion relationship, this sense of secularism implies equal respect for all religions, rather than separation or distancing. For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions. Hence, Secularism in India is unique, a sui generis model that has emerged due to the conditions prevailing in India when it got independence.
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##Question:Discuss how the Indian Model of Secularism is different from the Western Model of Secularism. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define Secularism In first part of answer, explain the Western Model and Indian Model Briefly In second part of answer, explain the difference between the Western and Indian Model of Secularism Conclude briefly Introduction Secularism is defined as principle of separation of State and persons who are mandated to represent the state, from religious institutions and dignitaries. It is devoid of both inter and intra religious domination. Secularism promotes- Freedom within religion, Equality in between and within religion and Separation of state from Religion. The nature and extent of separation depends upon the values it tends to promote. Hence, Secularism connotes different ideology for west and for India Western Model of secularism In the western model, the main sense of secular and secularism has to do with the separation of church and state. State has no role in the religion, it does not intervene in the religious matters neither does it protect any religion. Indian concept of secularism The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, Secularism in India ensures that all religions are equally protected by the State. Difference between Western models of secularism and Indian model of secularism In the U.S.A. there is separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another. This separation was related to the process of “secularisation” or the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. Secularization in turn was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world. On the other hand, Indian secularism differs from secularism as practiced in West. Unlike the strict separation between religion and the State in western secularism, in Indian secularism the State can intervene in religious affairs. The objective of this unique model of secularism in India is to prevent the dominance of one religious community on another. Complete separation between state and religion in India is not possible due to the diversity of communities. Social realities also make complete secularism not possible. For eg - the subsidiary status of women has sanction from religious ideologies, which can be addressed only through optimal interference by state in the religious arena. eg - recent case of Triple talaq In terms of the state-religion relationship, this sense of secularism implies equal respect for all religions, rather than separation or distancing. For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions. Hence, Secularism in India is unique, a sui generis model that has emerged due to the conditions prevailing in India when it got independence.
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Write short note on- (50 words each) Public Accounts committee Estimates Committee Committee on Public Undertaking
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##Question:Write short note on- (50 words each) Public Accounts committee Estimates Committee Committee on Public Undertaking ##Answer:.
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What according to you are lacunas in the current system of appointment of Supreme Court judges in India? How can we maintain the balance between the independence of the judiciary and the checks and balances between the organs of the state? (200 words)
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##Question:What according to you are lacunas in the current system of appointment of Supreme Court judges in India? How can we maintain the balance between the independence of the judiciary and the checks and balances between the organs of the state? (200 words)##Answer:.
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Discuss the procedure for the removal of the judges of the Supreme Court. Comment on if the removal procedure is a violation of the spirit of separation of power. (150 words/10 marks)
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A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his Office by an order of the president. The President can issue the removal order only after an address by Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal. The address must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (ie, a majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting). The grounds of removal are two—proved misbehavior or incapacity. The Judges Enquiry Act (1968) regulates the procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court by the process of impeachment: 1. A removal motion signed by 100 members (in the case of Lok Sabha) or 50 members (in the case of Rajya Sabha) is to be given to the Speaker/Chairman. 2. The Speaker/Chairman may admit the motion or refuse to admit it 3. If it is admitted, then the Speaker/Chairman is to constitute a three-member committee to investigate into the charges. 4. The committee should consist of (a) the chief justice or a judge of the Supreme Court, (b) a chief justice of a high court, and (c) a distinguished jurist. 5. If the committee finds the judge to be guilty of misbehavior or suffering from an incapacity, the House can take up the consideration of the motion. 6. After the motion is passed by each House of Parliament by a special majority, an address is presented to the president for removal of the judge. 7. Finally, the president passes an order removing the judge. Separation of powers is a concept that calls for the existence of an independent sphere of working for different organs of the government like executive, legislature, and judiciary. The removal process violates the separation of power in that it leads to interference of executive, and legislature in the judiciary. In the impeachment, procedure judiciary has nominal powers and the legislature has the real power. But impeachment process aimed not to interfere in working of the judiciary in an arbitrary manner. It has a well-defined process that includes various stages, and also includes judiciary in the second stage i.e. presenting the report against the misbehavior or incapacity. This process is a tool of the theory of checks and balances as it helps improve or upheld accountability of judiciary through legislative and executive. The process of impeachment is fair and just. But still, it failed to improve the accountability of the judiciary as it is very complex and time-consuming process. Till now no judge from the higher judiciary is impeached.
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##Question:Discuss the procedure for the removal of the judges of the Supreme Court. Comment on if the removal procedure is a violation of the spirit of separation of power. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer: A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his Office by an order of the president. The President can issue the removal order only after an address by Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal. The address must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (ie, a majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting). The grounds of removal are two—proved misbehavior or incapacity. The Judges Enquiry Act (1968) regulates the procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court by the process of impeachment: 1. A removal motion signed by 100 members (in the case of Lok Sabha) or 50 members (in the case of Rajya Sabha) is to be given to the Speaker/Chairman. 2. The Speaker/Chairman may admit the motion or refuse to admit it 3. If it is admitted, then the Speaker/Chairman is to constitute a three-member committee to investigate into the charges. 4. The committee should consist of (a) the chief justice or a judge of the Supreme Court, (b) a chief justice of a high court, and (c) a distinguished jurist. 5. If the committee finds the judge to be guilty of misbehavior or suffering from an incapacity, the House can take up the consideration of the motion. 6. After the motion is passed by each House of Parliament by a special majority, an address is presented to the president for removal of the judge. 7. Finally, the president passes an order removing the judge. Separation of powers is a concept that calls for the existence of an independent sphere of working for different organs of the government like executive, legislature, and judiciary. The removal process violates the separation of power in that it leads to interference of executive, and legislature in the judiciary. In the impeachment, procedure judiciary has nominal powers and the legislature has the real power. But impeachment process aimed not to interfere in working of the judiciary in an arbitrary manner. It has a well-defined process that includes various stages, and also includes judiciary in the second stage i.e. presenting the report against the misbehavior or incapacity. This process is a tool of the theory of checks and balances as it helps improve or upheld accountability of judiciary through legislative and executive. The process of impeachment is fair and just. But still, it failed to improve the accountability of the judiciary as it is very complex and time-consuming process. Till now no judge from the higher judiciary is impeached.
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The roots of the Cold War era can be traced to the differences between the European powers post-World War I and the events of World War II. Discuss. (250 words/15 marks)
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The Origins of the Cold War involved the breakdown of relations between the Soviet Union versus the United States, Great Britain and their allies in the years 1945–1949.Events preceding the WWII underlay older tensions between the Soviet Union, European countries and the United States. A series of events after World War II further exacerbated tensions. Post WWI- 1. Russian Revolution 1917: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed in 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia"s participation in WWI. The Allies felt that the treaty was the ultimate betrayal of the Allied cause and sowed the seeds for the Cold War. 2. Support of allied countries to anti- Bolshevik counter-revolutionaries in the Russian civil War. However, the Bolsheviks, operating a unified command from a central location, defeated all the opposition one by one and took full control of Russia, as well as breakaway provinces such as Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Subsequently, USA refused to deal with the Bolshevik regime. 3. Soviet Russia found itself isolated in international diplomacy.Lenin stated that the Soviet Union was surrounded by a "hostile capitalist encirclement" and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon to keep Soviet enemies divided. Communist revolutions failed in Germany, Bavaria, and Hungary, as the US poured billions of dollars of food relief into Eastern Europe expressly to curb unrest. Interwar diplomacy (1918-1939)- 1. The United States had not even extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviets until 1933.Mutual suspicion deterred both from coming together against their common enemy-Nazi Germany at the outbreak of the Second World War. 2. Western appeasement of Adolf Hitler - After the signing of the Munich Pact in 1938, Germany was given partial control of Czechoslovakia at conference in which the Soviet Union was not invited. 3. Soviet-German Pact 1939: Shortly before Hitler’s attack on Poland, a non-aggression pact was signed between Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany.Following it, partition of Poland commenced with the German invasion of western Poland. Soviet Union and Germany were also engaged in an extensive economic relationship by which the Soviet Union sent Germany vital oil, rubber, manganese and other material in exchange for German weapons and technology. 4. Relations between the Soviet Union and the West further deteriorated when Soviet invaded eastern Poland while coordinating with German forces. Soviet also invaded Finland, Romania, and annexed the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia.Hitler’s sudden attack on Russia in 1941 compelled it to come to the side of the Western Allies. Events during WWII: 1. Second front: During the war, both sides disagreed on military strategy, especially the question of the opening of a second front against Germany in Western Europe. Stalin had also requested that the Western Allies to open a second front in 1941.The US and Britain initially indicated that they would open it in 1942, and then in 1943, but it was postponed both times, and finally happened in 1944. The Soviets believed that the British and Americans intentionally delayed the opening of a second front against Germany in order to intervene only at the last minute so as to influence the peace settlement and dominate Europe. 2. Western allies support to Atlantic Charter: A liberal international system based on free trade and open markets would require to rebuilt capitalist Europe, with a capitalist Germany at its centre. Also, US economic and political leadership of the post-war world was necessary. 3. Atomic Supremacy:US failure to take the Soviet Union into confidence about its nuclear project, made Soviet distrustful of the ulterior motives and design of the US and its Capitalist allies. Its traditional suspicion about them was regenerated. The dropping of atom bombs by the US on Japan in August 1945 further strengthened this revived old suspicion. Soviet Russia interpreted that the US action in Japan was not done by the need of ending the war swiftly; it was perhaps a part of the conspiracy of the capitalist countries against the Communist world. 4. Eastern Europe:Serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe. Soviet rejected the decisions about Eastern European democracy made in wartime conferences (Yalta and Potsdam). After the war, Stalin sought to secure the Soviet Union"s western border by installing communist-dominated regimes under Soviet influence in bordering countries. The Soviets, on the other hand, were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe in order to safeguard against any possible renewed threat from Germany, and they were intent on spreading communism worldwide, largely for ideological reasons. The Americans and the British feared the permanent Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the threat of Soviet-influenced communist parties coming to power in the democracies of western Europe. However Post WWII Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan were the final nail in the coffin and laid a solid ground for half decade of Cold War.
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##Question:The roots of the Cold War era can be traced to the differences between the European powers post-World War I and the events of World War II. Discuss. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:The Origins of the Cold War involved the breakdown of relations between the Soviet Union versus the United States, Great Britain and their allies in the years 1945–1949.Events preceding the WWII underlay older tensions between the Soviet Union, European countries and the United States. A series of events after World War II further exacerbated tensions. Post WWI- 1. Russian Revolution 1917: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed in 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia"s participation in WWI. The Allies felt that the treaty was the ultimate betrayal of the Allied cause and sowed the seeds for the Cold War. 2. Support of allied countries to anti- Bolshevik counter-revolutionaries in the Russian civil War. However, the Bolsheviks, operating a unified command from a central location, defeated all the opposition one by one and took full control of Russia, as well as breakaway provinces such as Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Subsequently, USA refused to deal with the Bolshevik regime. 3. Soviet Russia found itself isolated in international diplomacy.Lenin stated that the Soviet Union was surrounded by a "hostile capitalist encirclement" and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon to keep Soviet enemies divided. Communist revolutions failed in Germany, Bavaria, and Hungary, as the US poured billions of dollars of food relief into Eastern Europe expressly to curb unrest. Interwar diplomacy (1918-1939)- 1. The United States had not even extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviets until 1933.Mutual suspicion deterred both from coming together against their common enemy-Nazi Germany at the outbreak of the Second World War. 2. Western appeasement of Adolf Hitler - After the signing of the Munich Pact in 1938, Germany was given partial control of Czechoslovakia at conference in which the Soviet Union was not invited. 3. Soviet-German Pact 1939: Shortly before Hitler’s attack on Poland, a non-aggression pact was signed between Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany.Following it, partition of Poland commenced with the German invasion of western Poland. Soviet Union and Germany were also engaged in an extensive economic relationship by which the Soviet Union sent Germany vital oil, rubber, manganese and other material in exchange for German weapons and technology. 4. Relations between the Soviet Union and the West further deteriorated when Soviet invaded eastern Poland while coordinating with German forces. Soviet also invaded Finland, Romania, and annexed the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia.Hitler’s sudden attack on Russia in 1941 compelled it to come to the side of the Western Allies. Events during WWII: 1. Second front: During the war, both sides disagreed on military strategy, especially the question of the opening of a second front against Germany in Western Europe. Stalin had also requested that the Western Allies to open a second front in 1941.The US and Britain initially indicated that they would open it in 1942, and then in 1943, but it was postponed both times, and finally happened in 1944. The Soviets believed that the British and Americans intentionally delayed the opening of a second front against Germany in order to intervene only at the last minute so as to influence the peace settlement and dominate Europe. 2. Western allies support to Atlantic Charter: A liberal international system based on free trade and open markets would require to rebuilt capitalist Europe, with a capitalist Germany at its centre. Also, US economic and political leadership of the post-war world was necessary. 3. Atomic Supremacy:US failure to take the Soviet Union into confidence about its nuclear project, made Soviet distrustful of the ulterior motives and design of the US and its Capitalist allies. Its traditional suspicion about them was regenerated. The dropping of atom bombs by the US on Japan in August 1945 further strengthened this revived old suspicion. Soviet Russia interpreted that the US action in Japan was not done by the need of ending the war swiftly; it was perhaps a part of the conspiracy of the capitalist countries against the Communist world. 4. Eastern Europe:Serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe. Soviet rejected the decisions about Eastern European democracy made in wartime conferences (Yalta and Potsdam). After the war, Stalin sought to secure the Soviet Union"s western border by installing communist-dominated regimes under Soviet influence in bordering countries. The Soviets, on the other hand, were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe in order to safeguard against any possible renewed threat from Germany, and they were intent on spreading communism worldwide, largely for ideological reasons. The Americans and the British feared the permanent Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the threat of Soviet-influenced communist parties coming to power in the democracies of western Europe. However Post WWII Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan were the final nail in the coffin and laid a solid ground for half decade of Cold War.
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While there was the imperialistic presence of various European powers in China, but China was not a colony of either of them. Discuss the reasons for the same. (10 marks/150 words)
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China was one of the major trading countries in the world and Colonial powers saw great opportunities in China. While many European powers were present in China and were fighting among them to control the resources of China and exploit its huge market. Still, China never became a complete colony as other Asian powers became. Reasons for the same can be summarized as:- The rivalry between European powers :- There were many European powers present in China like Britain, France, Russia, Germany etc. The rivalry between these powers did not settle in favour of one power. British had to deal with Russians and Germans. So one colonial power could not be a clear winner. In India Britain came out to be a clear winner after many wars. Huge Landmass :-China is a huge country and it poses a great challenge for western countries to control such a huge landmass. Due to the harsh climate in interior areas, western powers found it difficult to control it completely. Military strength :- Those areas in China that were wealthy or resource-rich were unified as compared to India where the west found an opportunity for divide and rule due to diversity. China possessed significant military strength, to a point where it was unlikely for a long time that European powers could have complete control. Trade Regulations :- China also closed its doors to trade dependencies. In many ways, China was self-sufficient and, importantly, the Chinese ruling classes were, it seems, little tempted by the profit opportunities that trade with Europe offered. In India, Indian rulers opened its ports for outside powers for trade. Role of US - BY 1890, US came out to be a powerful nation and they were opposed to controlling China completely by one nation. They were late in the race and there was no space for the US to exploit market and resources. The US was in favour of free trade and were looking for excess in the Chinese market. They were against the monopoly of trade. It influenced the fight among European powers and market opened. Boxer rebellion:- Local groups which were armed started attacking European traders in eastern China. Xenophobic sentiments were on the rise due to racial discrimination. This rebellion sent a message to Europeans that controlling China militarily is a hard choice to make. Role of Qing dynasty:- European traders appealed to the king to save Europeans from Racial attacks but they were ignorant of the request. Because there was not a presence of the big western army in China, they were at receiving end. Though Boxer rebellious was crushed Europeans became less capable of controlling region without rigid force. Though Western powers were not controlling China in a manner that they were controlling other Asian powers, butthey had a huge influence on it through trade as can be seen in Opium wars. Europeans powers exploited China as well in other manners and gained control of some territories as well ( For instance Hongkong). After WWII, the world moved in a direction of Economic imperialism than political control and today China came out to be a huge Economic and military powerhouse.
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##Question:While there was the imperialistic presence of various European powers in China, but China was not a colony of either of them. Discuss the reasons for the same. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:China was one of the major trading countries in the world and Colonial powers saw great opportunities in China. While many European powers were present in China and were fighting among them to control the resources of China and exploit its huge market. Still, China never became a complete colony as other Asian powers became. Reasons for the same can be summarized as:- The rivalry between European powers :- There were many European powers present in China like Britain, France, Russia, Germany etc. The rivalry between these powers did not settle in favour of one power. British had to deal with Russians and Germans. So one colonial power could not be a clear winner. In India Britain came out to be a clear winner after many wars. Huge Landmass :-China is a huge country and it poses a great challenge for western countries to control such a huge landmass. Due to the harsh climate in interior areas, western powers found it difficult to control it completely. Military strength :- Those areas in China that were wealthy or resource-rich were unified as compared to India where the west found an opportunity for divide and rule due to diversity. China possessed significant military strength, to a point where it was unlikely for a long time that European powers could have complete control. Trade Regulations :- China also closed its doors to trade dependencies. In many ways, China was self-sufficient and, importantly, the Chinese ruling classes were, it seems, little tempted by the profit opportunities that trade with Europe offered. In India, Indian rulers opened its ports for outside powers for trade. Role of US - BY 1890, US came out to be a powerful nation and they were opposed to controlling China completely by one nation. They were late in the race and there was no space for the US to exploit market and resources. The US was in favour of free trade and were looking for excess in the Chinese market. They were against the monopoly of trade. It influenced the fight among European powers and market opened. Boxer rebellion:- Local groups which were armed started attacking European traders in eastern China. Xenophobic sentiments were on the rise due to racial discrimination. This rebellion sent a message to Europeans that controlling China militarily is a hard choice to make. Role of Qing dynasty:- European traders appealed to the king to save Europeans from Racial attacks but they were ignorant of the request. Because there was not a presence of the big western army in China, they were at receiving end. Though Boxer rebellious was crushed Europeans became less capable of controlling region without rigid force. Though Western powers were not controlling China in a manner that they were controlling other Asian powers, butthey had a huge influence on it through trade as can be seen in Opium wars. Europeans powers exploited China as well in other manners and gained control of some territories as well ( For instance Hongkong). After WWII, the world moved in a direction of Economic imperialism than political control and today China came out to be a huge Economic and military powerhouse.
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Discuss the objectives of the Government Investment policy. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief Government investment policy In body discuss the objectives of the Government Investment policy Conclude accordingly Answer : Government Investment Policy and its models mean how the government spends money. It takes care of various aspects of inclusive growth such as the reduction of poverty, job creation, enhancement of skills, Reduction of regional disparities, access to essential services like health, education, etc; with a special focus on vulnerable groups, industrial development, etc : Objectives of the Government Investment policy : It pertains to investments decisions regarding limited resources available to the government. The government has multiple responsibilities, most of which are committed in nature ie less/no discretion From the limited resources left with it, it tries to maximise and achieve certain desirable objectives in the long run For example, under the Nehru-Mahalonobis Model , the Governmnet tried to reduce the ICOR by investing in capital goods ie heavy industry-led growth This model was based on Harrod-Domar Model which relied on channelising savings to improve investments and reduce ICOR It was based on import substitution such that domestic savings would remain within the country and be available for domestic investments This led to a system of elaborate controls in the form of industrial licensing and controlling imports through Quotas and tariffs Through reforms, beginning 1980s, and concretely starting in 1991, gradually the system of controls was relaxed and the model of growth changed from import substitution to export promotion Atmanirbhar Bharat Model of Growth based on developing the capability of domestic industries to be able to meet the needs of the domestic economy while competing in an open market It is the manifestation of the Government"s role as a facilitator The government"s role is now to invest in conjunction with the private sector so that maximisation of output can be achieved through a synergy between them - ie co-ordinated efforts utilising the competence of each other to maximise the benefit for the economy This is achieved through a public-private partnership, most commonly visible in the infrastructure sector such as Health Sector, Power Sector, Railways and Urban Housing Thus, from the above, we see that the government investment policy and its objectives have been dynamic and changing as per the need of the hour. This has also shaped the planning process of our country since independence.
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##Question:Discuss the objectives of the Government Investment policy. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief Government investment policy In body discuss the objectives of the Government Investment policy Conclude accordingly Answer : Government Investment Policy and its models mean how the government spends money. It takes care of various aspects of inclusive growth such as the reduction of poverty, job creation, enhancement of skills, Reduction of regional disparities, access to essential services like health, education, etc; with a special focus on vulnerable groups, industrial development, etc : Objectives of the Government Investment policy : It pertains to investments decisions regarding limited resources available to the government. The government has multiple responsibilities, most of which are committed in nature ie less/no discretion From the limited resources left with it, it tries to maximise and achieve certain desirable objectives in the long run For example, under the Nehru-Mahalonobis Model , the Governmnet tried to reduce the ICOR by investing in capital goods ie heavy industry-led growth This model was based on Harrod-Domar Model which relied on channelising savings to improve investments and reduce ICOR It was based on import substitution such that domestic savings would remain within the country and be available for domestic investments This led to a system of elaborate controls in the form of industrial licensing and controlling imports through Quotas and tariffs Through reforms, beginning 1980s, and concretely starting in 1991, gradually the system of controls was relaxed and the model of growth changed from import substitution to export promotion Atmanirbhar Bharat Model of Growth based on developing the capability of domestic industries to be able to meet the needs of the domestic economy while competing in an open market It is the manifestation of the Government"s role as a facilitator The government"s role is now to invest in conjunction with the private sector so that maximisation of output can be achieved through a synergy between them - ie co-ordinated efforts utilising the competence of each other to maximise the benefit for the economy This is achieved through a public-private partnership, most commonly visible in the infrastructure sector such as Health Sector, Power Sector, Railways and Urban Housing Thus, from the above, we see that the government investment policy and its objectives have been dynamic and changing as per the need of the hour. This has also shaped the planning process of our country since independence.
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1850 के दशक से ही जापान ने अपने आप को एक महान राजनीतिक शक्ति के रूप में परिवर्तित करना प्रारम्भ कर दिया। स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Since the 1850s, Japan has started transforming itself into a great political power. Elucidate. (150-200 words/10 Marks)
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एप्रोच:- सर्वप्रथम, भूमिका में1850 के दशक के लगभगजापान की स्थिति का एक संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए। तत्पश्चात, मुख्य भाग में समझाइए कि कैसे जापान ने अपने आप को एक महान राजनीतिक शक्ति के रूप में परिवर्तित करना प्रारम्भ किया। अंत में एक या दो पंक्तियों में निष्कर्ष लिखते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर:- चीन की तरह जापान भी यूरोपीय राष्ट्रों से अलग थलग था। 1850 के दशक में अमेरिका ने दबाव बनाकर जापान से कुछ सुविधाएँ हासिल की जैसे राज्यक्षेत्रातीत अधिकार। शीघ्र ही अन्य यूरोपीय देशों ने भी ऐसा ही किया। जापान को अमेरिका व यूरोपीय शक्तियों के साथ विभिन्न संधियों से उनकी प्रभुसत्ता सीमित हुई।इससे परिणामस्वरूप पाश्चात्य देशों के साथ सम्पर्क में आने से जापान में ज्ञान विज्ञानं एवं राजनीति में उथल पुथल शुरू हुई। प्राकृतिक कारणों से भी यहाँ के लोग साहसी थे।1867 में जापान का राजनीतिक संक्रमण हुआ। (मेइजी पुनर्स्थापना) सामंतवादी व्यवस्था को समाप्त करलोकतान्त्रिक व्यवस्था की स्थापना हुई। जर्मनी की तर्ज पर सेना का आधुनिकरण हुआ। आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से भी जापान का तेज़ी से रूपांतरण हुआ। प्रारम्भिक दौर में राज्य की मदद से उधोगों की स्थापना की गई।उद्योगों को समर्थन देने के लिए बड़ी संख्या में जापानी छात्रों को तकनीकी प्रशिक्षण के लिए यूरोप व अमेरिका भेजा गया। रेलवे खनन कपडा, पोस्टऑफिस इत्यादि क्षेत्रों में व्यापक बदलाव, विदेशी पूंजी व तकनीक का जापान ने स्वागत किया। जापान कीअर्थव्यवस्था मुख्यतः निर्यात आधारित थी, जापान से सर्वप्रथम राष्ट्रीय बाज़ार पर प्रभुत्व स्थापित किया और शीघ्र ही साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियों के रूप में एशिया प्रशांत क्षेत्र में प्रसार किया। 1894-95 में जापान ने चीन पर आक्रमण किया। चीन के कुछ क्षेत्रों पर जापान का नियंत्रण हुआ। 1910 में कोरिया पर नियंत्रण, प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के दौरान चीन व प्रशांत सागर में जर्मन उपनिवेशों पर नियंत्रण, प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के दौरान जापान ने एशियाई बाज़ारों पर प्रभुत्व स्थापित किया। प्रथम विश्व युद्ध की अवधि में भी जापान जापान नेऔधोगीकरण की गति को अबाध रूप से जारी रखा। जिस समय यूरोपीय शक्तियां यूरोपीय युद्धों में फंसी थी, जापान ने कई बाज़ारों पर अधिकार जमा लिए और युद्धोपरांत सम्पूर्ण एशिया में वस्त्र भेजनेवाले प्रमुख देशों में से जापान भी बन गया। प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के पश्चात अमेरिका ने जापानी प्रभाव को रोकने के लिए 1921-22 में वाशिगंटन सम्मेलन का आयोजन किया। जापान की नौसैनिक क्षमता को नियंत्रित किया गया। हालाँकि अब तक जापान का पूरी तरह से कायाकल्प हो चूका था और जापान एक महान राजनीतिक शक्ति के रूप में विश्व के सामने आ चूका था।
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##Question:1850 के दशक से ही जापान ने अपने आप को एक महान राजनीतिक शक्ति के रूप में परिवर्तित करना प्रारम्भ कर दिया। स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Since the 1850s, Japan has started transforming itself into a great political power. Elucidate. (150-200 words/10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच:- सर्वप्रथम, भूमिका में1850 के दशक के लगभगजापान की स्थिति का एक संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए। तत्पश्चात, मुख्य भाग में समझाइए कि कैसे जापान ने अपने आप को एक महान राजनीतिक शक्ति के रूप में परिवर्तित करना प्रारम्भ किया। अंत में एक या दो पंक्तियों में निष्कर्ष लिखते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर:- चीन की तरह जापान भी यूरोपीय राष्ट्रों से अलग थलग था। 1850 के दशक में अमेरिका ने दबाव बनाकर जापान से कुछ सुविधाएँ हासिल की जैसे राज्यक्षेत्रातीत अधिकार। शीघ्र ही अन्य यूरोपीय देशों ने भी ऐसा ही किया। जापान को अमेरिका व यूरोपीय शक्तियों के साथ विभिन्न संधियों से उनकी प्रभुसत्ता सीमित हुई।इससे परिणामस्वरूप पाश्चात्य देशों के साथ सम्पर्क में आने से जापान में ज्ञान विज्ञानं एवं राजनीति में उथल पुथल शुरू हुई। प्राकृतिक कारणों से भी यहाँ के लोग साहसी थे।1867 में जापान का राजनीतिक संक्रमण हुआ। (मेइजी पुनर्स्थापना) सामंतवादी व्यवस्था को समाप्त करलोकतान्त्रिक व्यवस्था की स्थापना हुई। जर्मनी की तर्ज पर सेना का आधुनिकरण हुआ। आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से भी जापान का तेज़ी से रूपांतरण हुआ। प्रारम्भिक दौर में राज्य की मदद से उधोगों की स्थापना की गई।उद्योगों को समर्थन देने के लिए बड़ी संख्या में जापानी छात्रों को तकनीकी प्रशिक्षण के लिए यूरोप व अमेरिका भेजा गया। रेलवे खनन कपडा, पोस्टऑफिस इत्यादि क्षेत्रों में व्यापक बदलाव, विदेशी पूंजी व तकनीक का जापान ने स्वागत किया। जापान कीअर्थव्यवस्था मुख्यतः निर्यात आधारित थी, जापान से सर्वप्रथम राष्ट्रीय बाज़ार पर प्रभुत्व स्थापित किया और शीघ्र ही साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियों के रूप में एशिया प्रशांत क्षेत्र में प्रसार किया। 1894-95 में जापान ने चीन पर आक्रमण किया। चीन के कुछ क्षेत्रों पर जापान का नियंत्रण हुआ। 1910 में कोरिया पर नियंत्रण, प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के दौरान चीन व प्रशांत सागर में जर्मन उपनिवेशों पर नियंत्रण, प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के दौरान जापान ने एशियाई बाज़ारों पर प्रभुत्व स्थापित किया। प्रथम विश्व युद्ध की अवधि में भी जापान जापान नेऔधोगीकरण की गति को अबाध रूप से जारी रखा। जिस समय यूरोपीय शक्तियां यूरोपीय युद्धों में फंसी थी, जापान ने कई बाज़ारों पर अधिकार जमा लिए और युद्धोपरांत सम्पूर्ण एशिया में वस्त्र भेजनेवाले प्रमुख देशों में से जापान भी बन गया। प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के पश्चात अमेरिका ने जापानी प्रभाव को रोकने के लिए 1921-22 में वाशिगंटन सम्मेलन का आयोजन किया। जापान की नौसैनिक क्षमता को नियंत्रित किया गया। हालाँकि अब तक जापान का पूरी तरह से कायाकल्प हो चूका था और जापान एक महान राजनीतिक शक्ति के रूप में विश्व के सामने आ चूका था।
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Briefly discuss the stages of formation of Universe with reference to the Big Bang theory. Explain its significance in the present context. (200 words)
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BRIEF APPROACH: -INTRODUCTIONS -THE PHENOMENON OF SEASONALITY EXPLAINED -CONCLUSION Answer:- The world called Earth experiences mainly four types of seasons; summers, winters, autumn and spring. The main reason behind this is the 23.5 degrees axial tilt of the Earth and the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. 1) SUMMERS When the North Pole and the northern hemisphere are titled towards the Sun, it experiences summer. During this period, the northern hemisphere experiences the more direct rays of the Sun. Antarctica in the southern hemisphere, receives extremely slanting rays of the Sun. The South Pole does not receive the Sun’s rays at all during the summer period of the northern hemisphere. Summer Solstice is experienced on June 21st - on this date, the rays of the Sun fall perpendicularly over the Tropic of Cancer. The southern hemisphere experiences summers when the northern hemisphere experiences winters. At this time, the northern hemisphere is tiled away from the Sun, while the southern hemisphere faces the Sun. This time the Tropic of Capricorn is facing the direct rays of the Sun. (Note: the angle of the sun’s rays go on slanting with increase in latitude, such that the poles in the hemisphere experiencing summers receive extremely slanted rays.) 2) WINTERS The hemisphere which is facing away from the sun experiences winters. As explained above, it receives the slanting rays of the sun. The northern hemisphere faces winter solstice on the 21st of December. On this date, the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn. The South Pole receives sunlight throughout the 6 months of summer period, while the North Pole remains dark throughout this period. The other latitudes such as the Tropic of Cancer and the temperate zones receive the slanting rays of the Sun. 3) AUTUMN This is the transitioning phase. When the season is changing from summers to winters, the trees start shedding their leaves and fall is experienced. This happens during and around the time of the September equinox i.e. September 21 in the northern hemisphere, while it is experienced around March 21st in the southern hemisphere. 4) SPRING This is the transitioning phase from winter to summer. Flowers begin to bloom and birds chirp. It is experienced during and around March 21st in the northern hemisphere , and during September 21st in the southern hemisphere. During this time the Earth is almost parallel to the Sun. That is why the Sun’s energy is equally distributed on all latitudes, which experience the same length of day and night. The above change in seasons is experienced because the tilt of the Earth keeps on changing with respect to the Sun as a result of revolution. During summer season, the respective latitude will face the Sun. During winters, it will face away from the sun. During the two equinoxes and the resultant autumn and spring season, the tilt of the Earth with respect to the Sun almost becomes zero (i.e. parallel to the sun).
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##Question:Briefly discuss the stages of formation of Universe with reference to the Big Bang theory. Explain its significance in the present context. (200 words)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: -INTRODUCTIONS -THE PHENOMENON OF SEASONALITY EXPLAINED -CONCLUSION Answer:- The world called Earth experiences mainly four types of seasons; summers, winters, autumn and spring. The main reason behind this is the 23.5 degrees axial tilt of the Earth and the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. 1) SUMMERS When the North Pole and the northern hemisphere are titled towards the Sun, it experiences summer. During this period, the northern hemisphere experiences the more direct rays of the Sun. Antarctica in the southern hemisphere, receives extremely slanting rays of the Sun. The South Pole does not receive the Sun’s rays at all during the summer period of the northern hemisphere. Summer Solstice is experienced on June 21st - on this date, the rays of the Sun fall perpendicularly over the Tropic of Cancer. The southern hemisphere experiences summers when the northern hemisphere experiences winters. At this time, the northern hemisphere is tiled away from the Sun, while the southern hemisphere faces the Sun. This time the Tropic of Capricorn is facing the direct rays of the Sun. (Note: the angle of the sun’s rays go on slanting with increase in latitude, such that the poles in the hemisphere experiencing summers receive extremely slanted rays.) 2) WINTERS The hemisphere which is facing away from the sun experiences winters. As explained above, it receives the slanting rays of the sun. The northern hemisphere faces winter solstice on the 21st of December. On this date, the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn. The South Pole receives sunlight throughout the 6 months of summer period, while the North Pole remains dark throughout this period. The other latitudes such as the Tropic of Cancer and the temperate zones receive the slanting rays of the Sun. 3) AUTUMN This is the transitioning phase. When the season is changing from summers to winters, the trees start shedding their leaves and fall is experienced. This happens during and around the time of the September equinox i.e. September 21 in the northern hemisphere, while it is experienced around March 21st in the southern hemisphere. 4) SPRING This is the transitioning phase from winter to summer. Flowers begin to bloom and birds chirp. It is experienced during and around March 21st in the northern hemisphere , and during September 21st in the southern hemisphere. During this time the Earth is almost parallel to the Sun. That is why the Sun’s energy is equally distributed on all latitudes, which experience the same length of day and night. The above change in seasons is experienced because the tilt of the Earth keeps on changing with respect to the Sun as a result of revolution. During summer season, the respective latitude will face the Sun. During winters, it will face away from the sun. During the two equinoxes and the resultant autumn and spring season, the tilt of the Earth with respect to the Sun almost becomes zero (i.e. parallel to the sun).
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Discuss Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of seven sins. How can this be considered to be ethical code of conduct for public servants in present scenario? (200 Words)
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Gandhi’s list of 7 deadly sins is expressly focused on the conduct of the individual in society. Gandhi preached non-violence and interdependence and every single one of these sins are examples of selfishness winning out over the common good. Wealth without Work Pleasure without Conscience Science without Humanity Knowledge without Character Politics without Principle Commerce without Morality Worship without Sacrifice Gandhijiwent on to say the people should know these social sins not merely through the intellect but through the heart so as to avoid them. He considered these traits to be spiritually perilous for humanity. Wealth without Work This refers to the practice of getting something for nothing - manipulating markets and assets so you dont have to work or produce added value, just manipulate people and things. Today there are professions built around making wealth without working, making much money without paying taxes, benefiting from free government programs without carrying a fair share of the financial burdens, and enjoying all the perks of citizenship of country and membership of corporation without assuming any of the risk or responsibility. This practice can be seen in kickbacks and monetary corruption being done by Civil Servants wherein they amass wealth without having to work for it. Pleasure without Conscience The chief query of the immature, greedy, selfish, and sensuous has always been, "What"s in it for me"; Lately many people seem to want these pleasures without conscience or sense of responsibility, even abandoning or utterly neglecting spouses and children in the name of doing their thing. To learn to give and take, to live selflessly, to be sensitive, to be considerate, is our challenge. Otherwise there is no sense of social responsibility or accountability in our pleasurable activities. The ultimate costs of pleasures without conscience are high as measured in terms of time and money, in terms of reputation and in terms of wounding the hearts and minds of other people who are adversely affected by those who just want to indulge and gratify themselves in the short term. Science without Humanity If science becomes all technique and technology, it quickly degenerates into man against humanity. Technologies come from the paradigms of science. And if theres very little understanding of the higher human purposes that the technology is striving to serve, we become victims of our own technocracy. We may see an evolution in science, but without humanity we see precious little real human advancement. All the old inequities and injustices are still with us. Knowledge without Character – As dangerous as a little knowledge is, even more dangerous is much knowledge without a strong, principled character. Purely intellectual development without commensurate internal character development makes as much sense as putting a high-powered sports car in the hands of a teenager who is high on drugs. Yet all too often in the academic world, thats exactly what we do by not focusing on the character development of young people. Some people dont like character education because, they say, "thats your value system".But you can get a common set of values that everyone agrees on. It is not that difficult to decide, for example, that kindness, fairness, dignity, contribution, and integrity are worth keeping. Politics without Principle – If there is no principle, there is no true north, nothing you can depend upon. The focus on the personality ethic is the instant creation of an image that sells well in the social and economic marketplace. The key to a healthy society is to get the social will, the value system, aligned with correct principles. Commerce without Morality – Adam Smith explained how foundational to the success of our systems is the moral foundation: how we treat each other, the spirit of benevolence, of service, of contribution. If we ignore the moral foundation and allow economic systems to operate without moral foundation and without continued education, we will soon create an amoral, if not immoral, society and business. Economic and political systems are ultimately based on a moral foundation. Our economic system comes out of a constitutional democracy where minority rights are to be attended to as well. The spirit of the Golden Rule or of win-win is a spirit of morality, of mutual benefit, of fairness for all concerned. If one can get enough rationalization in a society, one can have social mores or political wills that are totally divorced from natural laws and principles. <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Gandhi’s list of 7 deadly sins is expressly focused on the conduct of the individual in society. Gandhi
preached non-violence and interdependence and every single one of these sins are examples of selfishness
winning out over the common good.
Wealth without Work
Pleasure without Conscience
Science without Humanity
Knowledge without Character
Politics without Principle
Commerce without Morality
Worship without Sacrifice
Gandhijiwent on to say the people should know these social sins not merely through the intellect but
through the heart so as to avoid them. He considered these traits to be spiritually perilous for humanity.
Wealth without Work –
This refers to the practice of getting something for nothing - manipulating markets and assets so
you don't have to work or produce added value, just manipulate people and things. Today there are
professions built around making wealth without working, making much money without paying taxes,
benefiting from free government programs without carrying a fair share of the financial burdens, and
enjoying all the perks of citizenship of country and membership of corporation without assuming any of
the risk or responsibility. This practice can be seen in kickbacks and monetary corruption being done by
Civil Servants wherein they amass wealth without having to work for it.
Pleasure without Conscience –
The chief query of the immature, greedy, selfish, and sensuous has always been, "What's in it for
me?" Lately many people seem to want these pleasures without conscience or sense of responsibility, even
abandoning or utterly neglecting spouses and children in the name of doing their thing. To learn to give
and take, to live selflessly, to be sensitive, to be considerate, is our challenge. Otherwise there is no sense
of social responsibility or accountability in our pleasurable activities.
The ultimate costs of pleasures without conscience are high as measured in terms of time and money, in
terms of reputation and in terms of wounding the hearts and minds of other people who are adversely
affected by those who just want to indulge and gratify themselves in the short term. It's dangerous to be
pulled or lulled away from natural law without conscience. Conscience is essentially the repository of
timeless truths and principles - the internal monitor of natural law.
Science without Humanity –
If science becomes all technique and technology, it quickly degenerates into man against
humanity. Technologies come from the paradigms of science. And if there's very little understanding of
the higher human purposes that the technology is striving to serve, we become victims of our own
technocracy. The majority of the scientists who ever lived or living today, and they have brought about a
scientific and technological explosion in the world. But if all they do is superimpose technology on the
same old problems, nothing basic changes. We may see an evolution, an occasional "revolution" in
science, but without humanity we see precious little real human advancement. All the old inequities and
injustices are still with us. About the only thing that hasn't evolved are these natural laws and principles -
the true north on the compass. Science and technology have changed the face of most everything else. But
the fundamental things still apply, as time goes by.
Knowledge without Character –
As dangerous as a little knowledge is, even more dangerous is much knowledge without a strong,
principled character. Purely intellectual development without commensurate internal character
development makes as much sense as putting a high-powered sports car in the hands of a teenager who is
high on drugs. Yet all too often in the academic world, that's exactly what we do by not focusing on the
character development of young people. Some people don't like character education because, they say,
"that's your value system." But you can get a common set of values that everyone agrees on. It is not that
difficult to decide, for example, that kindness, fairness, dignity, contribution, and integrity are worth
keeping.
Politics without Principle –
If there is no principle, there is no true north, nothing you can depend upon. The focus on the
personality ethic is the instant creation of an image that sells well in the social and economic marketplace.
You see politicians spending crores of rupees to create an image, even though it's superficial, lacking
substance, in order to get votes and gain office. The key to a healthy society is to get the social will, the
value system, aligned with correct principles.
Commerce without Morality –
Adam Smith explained how foundational to the success of our systems is the moral foundation:
how we treat each other, the spirit of benevolence, of service, of contribution. If we ignore the moral
foundation and allow economic systems to operate without moral foundation and without continued
education, we will soon create an amoral, if not immoral, society and business. Economic and political
systems are ultimately based on a moral foundation. To Adam Smith, every business transaction is a
moral challenge to see that both parties come out fairly. Fairness and benevolence in business are the
underpinnings of the free enterprise system called capitalism. Our economic system comes out of a
constitutional democracy where minority rights are to be attended to as well. The spirit of the Golden Rule
or of win-win is a spirit of morality, of mutual benefit, of fairness for all concerned. If one can get enough
rationalization in a society, one can have social mores or political wills that are totally divorced from
natural laws and principles.
Worship without Sacrifice –
Without sacrifice we may be
|
##Question:Discuss Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of seven sins. How can this be considered to be ethical code of conduct for public servants in present scenario? (200 Words)##Answer:Gandhi’s list of 7 deadly sins is expressly focused on the conduct of the individual in society. Gandhi preached non-violence and interdependence and every single one of these sins are examples of selfishness winning out over the common good. Wealth without Work Pleasure without Conscience Science without Humanity Knowledge without Character Politics without Principle Commerce without Morality Worship without Sacrifice Gandhijiwent on to say the people should know these social sins not merely through the intellect but through the heart so as to avoid them. He considered these traits to be spiritually perilous for humanity. Wealth without Work This refers to the practice of getting something for nothing - manipulating markets and assets so you dont have to work or produce added value, just manipulate people and things. Today there are professions built around making wealth without working, making much money without paying taxes, benefiting from free government programs without carrying a fair share of the financial burdens, and enjoying all the perks of citizenship of country and membership of corporation without assuming any of the risk or responsibility. This practice can be seen in kickbacks and monetary corruption being done by Civil Servants wherein they amass wealth without having to work for it. Pleasure without Conscience The chief query of the immature, greedy, selfish, and sensuous has always been, "What"s in it for me"; Lately many people seem to want these pleasures without conscience or sense of responsibility, even abandoning or utterly neglecting spouses and children in the name of doing their thing. To learn to give and take, to live selflessly, to be sensitive, to be considerate, is our challenge. Otherwise there is no sense of social responsibility or accountability in our pleasurable activities. The ultimate costs of pleasures without conscience are high as measured in terms of time and money, in terms of reputation and in terms of wounding the hearts and minds of other people who are adversely affected by those who just want to indulge and gratify themselves in the short term. Science without Humanity If science becomes all technique and technology, it quickly degenerates into man against humanity. Technologies come from the paradigms of science. And if theres very little understanding of the higher human purposes that the technology is striving to serve, we become victims of our own technocracy. We may see an evolution in science, but without humanity we see precious little real human advancement. All the old inequities and injustices are still with us. Knowledge without Character – As dangerous as a little knowledge is, even more dangerous is much knowledge without a strong, principled character. Purely intellectual development without commensurate internal character development makes as much sense as putting a high-powered sports car in the hands of a teenager who is high on drugs. Yet all too often in the academic world, thats exactly what we do by not focusing on the character development of young people. Some people dont like character education because, they say, "thats your value system".But you can get a common set of values that everyone agrees on. It is not that difficult to decide, for example, that kindness, fairness, dignity, contribution, and integrity are worth keeping. Politics without Principle – If there is no principle, there is no true north, nothing you can depend upon. The focus on the personality ethic is the instant creation of an image that sells well in the social and economic marketplace. The key to a healthy society is to get the social will, the value system, aligned with correct principles. Commerce without Morality – Adam Smith explained how foundational to the success of our systems is the moral foundation: how we treat each other, the spirit of benevolence, of service, of contribution. If we ignore the moral foundation and allow economic systems to operate without moral foundation and without continued education, we will soon create an amoral, if not immoral, society and business. Economic and political systems are ultimately based on a moral foundation. Our economic system comes out of a constitutional democracy where minority rights are to be attended to as well. The spirit of the Golden Rule or of win-win is a spirit of morality, of mutual benefit, of fairness for all concerned. If one can get enough rationalization in a society, one can have social mores or political wills that are totally divorced from natural laws and principles. <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Gandhi’s list of 7 deadly sins is expressly focused on the conduct of the individual in society. Gandhi
preached non-violence and interdependence and every single one of these sins are examples of selfishness
winning out over the common good.
Wealth without Work
Pleasure without Conscience
Science without Humanity
Knowledge without Character
Politics without Principle
Commerce without Morality
Worship without Sacrifice
Gandhijiwent on to say the people should know these social sins not merely through the intellect but
through the heart so as to avoid them. He considered these traits to be spiritually perilous for humanity.
Wealth without Work –
This refers to the practice of getting something for nothing - manipulating markets and assets so
you don't have to work or produce added value, just manipulate people and things. Today there are
professions built around making wealth without working, making much money without paying taxes,
benefiting from free government programs without carrying a fair share of the financial burdens, and
enjoying all the perks of citizenship of country and membership of corporation without assuming any of
the risk or responsibility. This practice can be seen in kickbacks and monetary corruption being done by
Civil Servants wherein they amass wealth without having to work for it.
Pleasure without Conscience –
The chief query of the immature, greedy, selfish, and sensuous has always been, "What's in it for
me?" Lately many people seem to want these pleasures without conscience or sense of responsibility, even
abandoning or utterly neglecting spouses and children in the name of doing their thing. To learn to give
and take, to live selflessly, to be sensitive, to be considerate, is our challenge. Otherwise there is no sense
of social responsibility or accountability in our pleasurable activities.
The ultimate costs of pleasures without conscience are high as measured in terms of time and money, in
terms of reputation and in terms of wounding the hearts and minds of other people who are adversely
affected by those who just want to indulge and gratify themselves in the short term. It's dangerous to be
pulled or lulled away from natural law without conscience. Conscience is essentially the repository of
timeless truths and principles - the internal monitor of natural law.
Science without Humanity –
If science becomes all technique and technology, it quickly degenerates into man against
humanity. Technologies come from the paradigms of science. And if there's very little understanding of
the higher human purposes that the technology is striving to serve, we become victims of our own
technocracy. The majority of the scientists who ever lived or living today, and they have brought about a
scientific and technological explosion in the world. But if all they do is superimpose technology on the
same old problems, nothing basic changes. We may see an evolution, an occasional "revolution" in
science, but without humanity we see precious little real human advancement. All the old inequities and
injustices are still with us. About the only thing that hasn't evolved are these natural laws and principles -
the true north on the compass. Science and technology have changed the face of most everything else. But
the fundamental things still apply, as time goes by.
Knowledge without Character –
As dangerous as a little knowledge is, even more dangerous is much knowledge without a strong,
principled character. Purely intellectual development without commensurate internal character
development makes as much sense as putting a high-powered sports car in the hands of a teenager who is
high on drugs. Yet all too often in the academic world, that's exactly what we do by not focusing on the
character development of young people. Some people don't like character education because, they say,
"that's your value system." But you can get a common set of values that everyone agrees on. It is not that
difficult to decide, for example, that kindness, fairness, dignity, contribution, and integrity are worth
keeping.
Politics without Principle –
If there is no principle, there is no true north, nothing you can depend upon. The focus on the
personality ethic is the instant creation of an image that sells well in the social and economic marketplace.
You see politicians spending crores of rupees to create an image, even though it's superficial, lacking
substance, in order to get votes and gain office. The key to a healthy society is to get the social will, the
value system, aligned with correct principles.
Commerce without Morality –
Adam Smith explained how foundational to the success of our systems is the moral foundation:
how we treat each other, the spirit of benevolence, of service, of contribution. If we ignore the moral
foundation and allow economic systems to operate without moral foundation and without continued
education, we will soon create an amoral, if not immoral, society and business. Economic and political
systems are ultimately based on a moral foundation. To Adam Smith, every business transaction is a
moral challenge to see that both parties come out fairly. Fairness and benevolence in business are the
underpinnings of the free enterprise system called capitalism. Our economic system comes out of a
constitutional democracy where minority rights are to be attended to as well. The spirit of the Golden Rule
or of win-win is a spirit of morality, of mutual benefit, of fairness for all concerned. If one can get enough
rationalization in a society, one can have social mores or political wills that are totally divorced from
natural laws and principles.
Worship without Sacrifice –
Without sacrifice we may be
| 35,699
|
Discuss about the importance of Supreme Court by citing current examples.(150 words/10 marks)
|
Introduction The role and position of the Supreme Court is vital in the judicial and political system of India. The primary duty of the Supreme Court is to ascertain whether the laws are executed and obeyed properly and to see to it that no person is deprived of justice in any court of law. With this purpose in view, the Supreme Court occupies the highest place in our unitary judicial system. Important Functions Of Supreme Court (Here students need to supplement each function with current judgements of Supreme Court) Guardian of the Constitution : The Supreme Court of India is the guardian of the constitution. There are two points of significance of the Supreme Court’s rule as the protector and guardian of the constitution. Primary protector of fundamental rights – The Supreme Court on August 22, 2017 banned a controversial Islamic practice of instant divorce as arbitrary and unconstitutional. The court said that Triple Talaq violates the fundamental rights of Muslim women as it irrevocably ends marriage without any chance of reconciliation. The Supreme Court lifted centuries old prohibition of women between ages 10 and 50 from entering Sabarimala temple in Kerala on Friday. "The practice in Sabarimala temple violates the rights of Hindu women. The Supreme Court decriminalised gay sex holding that consensual sex between two adults was covered under the right to privacy. As the highest Federal Court, it is within the power and authority of the Supreme Court to settle any dispute regarding division of powers between the Union and the States Writ Jurisdictions: Under Article 32 of the constitution of Supreme Court can issue Writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. These writs are in the nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, and Quo-warranto Certiorari. Interpreter of the Constitution and Law: The responsibility of interpreting the constitution rests on the Supreme Court. The interpretation of the constitution which the Supreme Court shall make must be accepted by all. It interprets the constitution and preserves it. Where a case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the constitution either certified by the High Court or being satisfied by the Supreme Court itself, an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court for interpretation of the question of law raised. Court of Appeal : The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal from all courts in the territory of India. Appeal lies to the Supreme Court of the cases involving interpretation of the constitution. Appeals in respect of civil and criminal cases also lie to the Supreme Court irrespective of any constitutional question. Advisory Role: The Supreme Court has an advisory jurisdiction in offering its opinion an any question of law or fact of public importance as may be referred to it for consideration by the President. Power of Judicial Review and Supreme Court: The power of the Judiciary to examine the validity of such law is called Judicial Review. The Supreme Court of India enjoys limited power of Judicial Review. Judicial Review empowers the courts to invalidate laws passed by the legislature. The Supreme Court upheld the validity of Aadhaar on September 26, 2018 and struck down Section 57 of Aadhaar Act. It said, private companies cannot ask for Aadhaar. It won"t be mandatory for opening of bank accounts, mobile connections. So, the Supreme Court has been equipped with enormous powers. By virtue of its place at the apex of the judicial pyramid, the Supreme Court acts as a great unifying force. Its decisions and verdicts are binding on any court in India. As a result, there is a good possibility of integration, consistency and cohesion in the entire judicial system of the country.
|
##Question:Discuss about the importance of Supreme Court by citing current examples.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Introduction The role and position of the Supreme Court is vital in the judicial and political system of India. The primary duty of the Supreme Court is to ascertain whether the laws are executed and obeyed properly and to see to it that no person is deprived of justice in any court of law. With this purpose in view, the Supreme Court occupies the highest place in our unitary judicial system. Important Functions Of Supreme Court (Here students need to supplement each function with current judgements of Supreme Court) Guardian of the Constitution : The Supreme Court of India is the guardian of the constitution. There are two points of significance of the Supreme Court’s rule as the protector and guardian of the constitution. Primary protector of fundamental rights – The Supreme Court on August 22, 2017 banned a controversial Islamic practice of instant divorce as arbitrary and unconstitutional. The court said that Triple Talaq violates the fundamental rights of Muslim women as it irrevocably ends marriage without any chance of reconciliation. The Supreme Court lifted centuries old prohibition of women between ages 10 and 50 from entering Sabarimala temple in Kerala on Friday. "The practice in Sabarimala temple violates the rights of Hindu women. The Supreme Court decriminalised gay sex holding that consensual sex between two adults was covered under the right to privacy. As the highest Federal Court, it is within the power and authority of the Supreme Court to settle any dispute regarding division of powers between the Union and the States Writ Jurisdictions: Under Article 32 of the constitution of Supreme Court can issue Writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. These writs are in the nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, and Quo-warranto Certiorari. Interpreter of the Constitution and Law: The responsibility of interpreting the constitution rests on the Supreme Court. The interpretation of the constitution which the Supreme Court shall make must be accepted by all. It interprets the constitution and preserves it. Where a case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the constitution either certified by the High Court or being satisfied by the Supreme Court itself, an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court for interpretation of the question of law raised. Court of Appeal : The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal from all courts in the territory of India. Appeal lies to the Supreme Court of the cases involving interpretation of the constitution. Appeals in respect of civil and criminal cases also lie to the Supreme Court irrespective of any constitutional question. Advisory Role: The Supreme Court has an advisory jurisdiction in offering its opinion an any question of law or fact of public importance as may be referred to it for consideration by the President. Power of Judicial Review and Supreme Court: The power of the Judiciary to examine the validity of such law is called Judicial Review. The Supreme Court of India enjoys limited power of Judicial Review. Judicial Review empowers the courts to invalidate laws passed by the legislature. The Supreme Court upheld the validity of Aadhaar on September 26, 2018 and struck down Section 57 of Aadhaar Act. It said, private companies cannot ask for Aadhaar. It won"t be mandatory for opening of bank accounts, mobile connections. So, the Supreme Court has been equipped with enormous powers. By virtue of its place at the apex of the judicial pyramid, the Supreme Court acts as a great unifying force. Its decisions and verdicts are binding on any court in India. As a result, there is a good possibility of integration, consistency and cohesion in the entire judicial system of the country.
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