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"Sandwiched between the humiliation of 1962 and exhilaration of Pakistan surrender in 1971, 1965 war resulted in a stalemate". Discuss.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction - In the introduction, we may briefly mention the 1962 war which resulted into the humiliating defeat of India, Body of Answer - Here, we may discuss the result of the 1971 war, which resulted in a decisive victory for India. Also, explain how the 1965 war resulted into a stalemate. Both India and Pakistan claimed victories. Eventually, the Tashkent agreement was signed which resulted in Ceasefire. Briefly mention other outcomes of the 1965 war. Answer: In 1962, India faced humiliation inflicted by Chinese aggression. The intention of the Chinese to show that India’s policy of peace and non-alignment was not feasible. Chinese leader expected. India would leave the policy of non-alignment under pressure and other countries in Asia and Africa would follow the Chinese lead. On the other hand, 1972 was exhilaration India still held over 90,000 prisoners of war and was in occupation of nearly 9,000 square kilometers of Pakistani territory. India had several gains to show from the Bangladesh war. The balance of power in South Asia had been altered with India emerging as the pre-eminent power. The grave refugee problem had been solved with the ten million refugees promptly and smoothly sent back to their homes in Bangladesh. The humiliating memory of the defeat in 1962 was wiped out and India’s lost pride and self-respect restored. India had not only defeated a troublesome neighbor but had asserted its independence in foreign affairs and in defense of her national interest. It had been shown that India was not a weak political entity on the world stage even if it was not yet a world power. In between both phases of humiliation and exhilaration, India had a 1965 war Stalemate The war was inconclusive, with both sides believing that they had won significant victories and inflicted heavy damage on the other. The only effective result was that ‘invasion by infiltration’ of Kashmir had been foiled. The three weeks of fighting had done immense damage to the economies of the two countries, apart from the loss of life and costly military equipment. Tashkant agreement -The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed that all armed personnel of the two countries shall be withdrawn not later than 25 February, 1966 to the positions they held prior to 5 August, 1965, and both sides shall observe the cease-fire terms on the cease-fire line. Though 1965 war had larger significant outcome India as a whole emerged from the conflict politically stronger and more unified. There were also several other satisfactory aspects. The infiltrators had not succeeded in getting the support of Kashmiri people. Indian secularism had passed its first major test since 1947–48 with flying colours- there was no communal trouble during the war; Indian Muslims had given wholehearted support to the war effort; and Muslims in the armed forces had disappointed. Pakistan by fighting bravely alongside their Hindu, Sikh and Christian comrades. As a result of the war Shastri became a national hero and a dominating political figure.
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##Question:"Sandwiched between the humiliation of 1962 and exhilaration of Pakistan surrender in 1971, 1965 war resulted in a stalemate". Discuss.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - In the introduction, we may briefly mention the 1962 war which resulted into the humiliating defeat of India, Body of Answer - Here, we may discuss the result of the 1971 war, which resulted in a decisive victory for India. Also, explain how the 1965 war resulted into a stalemate. Both India and Pakistan claimed victories. Eventually, the Tashkent agreement was signed which resulted in Ceasefire. Briefly mention other outcomes of the 1965 war. Answer: In 1962, India faced humiliation inflicted by Chinese aggression. The intention of the Chinese to show that India’s policy of peace and non-alignment was not feasible. Chinese leader expected. India would leave the policy of non-alignment under pressure and other countries in Asia and Africa would follow the Chinese lead. On the other hand, 1972 was exhilaration India still held over 90,000 prisoners of war and was in occupation of nearly 9,000 square kilometers of Pakistani territory. India had several gains to show from the Bangladesh war. The balance of power in South Asia had been altered with India emerging as the pre-eminent power. The grave refugee problem had been solved with the ten million refugees promptly and smoothly sent back to their homes in Bangladesh. The humiliating memory of the defeat in 1962 was wiped out and India’s lost pride and self-respect restored. India had not only defeated a troublesome neighbor but had asserted its independence in foreign affairs and in defense of her national interest. It had been shown that India was not a weak political entity on the world stage even if it was not yet a world power. In between both phases of humiliation and exhilaration, India had a 1965 war Stalemate The war was inconclusive, with both sides believing that they had won significant victories and inflicted heavy damage on the other. The only effective result was that ‘invasion by infiltration’ of Kashmir had been foiled. The three weeks of fighting had done immense damage to the economies of the two countries, apart from the loss of life and costly military equipment. Tashkant agreement -The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan have agreed that all armed personnel of the two countries shall be withdrawn not later than 25 February, 1966 to the positions they held prior to 5 August, 1965, and both sides shall observe the cease-fire terms on the cease-fire line. Though 1965 war had larger significant outcome India as a whole emerged from the conflict politically stronger and more unified. There were also several other satisfactory aspects. The infiltrators had not succeeded in getting the support of Kashmiri people. Indian secularism had passed its first major test since 1947–48 with flying colours- there was no communal trouble during the war; Indian Muslims had given wholehearted support to the war effort; and Muslims in the armed forces had disappointed. Pakistan by fighting bravely alongside their Hindu, Sikh and Christian comrades. As a result of the war Shastri became a national hero and a dominating political figure.
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Briefly discussevolution of temple architecture in South India. (150 words)
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##Question:Briefly discussevolution of temple architecture in South India. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Distinguish between styles of temple architecture in north and south India. (150 words)
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##Question:Distinguish between styles of temple architecture in north and south India. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Briefly discuss three stages of evolution of the temple architecture. (200 words)
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##Question:Briefly discuss three stages of evolution of the temple architecture. (200 words)##Answer:.
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In the context of biodiversity loss, explain the concept of ‘The Evil Quartet’. Also, explain the in-situ and ex-situ methods of biodiversity conservation. (150 words 10 marks)
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The biological wealth of our planet has been declining rapidly and main culprit for this is the human activities. The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species (including 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates and 87 plants) in the last 500 years. Presently, 12 per cent of all bird species, 23 per cent of all mammal species, 32 per cent of all amphibian species and 31per cent of all gymnosperm species in the world face the threat of extinction. The accelerated rates of species extinctions that the world is facing now are largely due to human activities. There are four major causes for this biodiversity loss which is also known as ‘ The Evil Quartet’. They are Habitat loss and fragmentation: This is the most important cause driving animals and plants to extinction. The most dramatic examples of habitat loss come from tropical rain forests. Once covering more than 14 per cent of the earth’s land surface, these rain forests now cover no more than 6 per cent. They are being destroyed fast. Besides total loss, the degradation of many habitats by pollution also threatens the survival of many species. When large habitats are broken up into small fragments due to various human activities, mammals and birds requiring large territories and certain animals with migratory habits are badly affected, leading to population declines. Over-exploitation: Humans have always depended on nature for food and shelter, but when ‘need’ turns to ‘greed’, it leads to over-exploitation of natural resources. Many species extinctions in the last 500 years (Steller’s sea cow, passenger pigeon) were due to overexploitation by humans. Presently many marine fish populations around the world are over harvested, endangering the continued existence of some commercially important species. Alien species invasions: When alien species are introduced unintentionally or deliberately for whatever purpose, some of them turn invasive, and cause decline or extinction of indigenous species. For example, threat posed to our native species by invasive weed species like carrot grass (Parthenium), Lantana and water hyacinth (Eicchornia). The recent illegal introduction of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus for aquaculture purposes is posing a threat to the indigenous catfishes in our rivers. Co-extinctions: When a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct. When a host fish species becomes extinct, its unique assemblage of parasites also meets the same fate. Another example is the case of a coevolved plant-pollinator mutualism where extinction of one invariably leads to the extinction of the other. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION METHODS In situ conservation When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is protected - we save the entire forest to save the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation. For example, on a global basis, eminent conservationists have identified for maximum protection certain ‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism (that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else). In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries. Ex situ Conservation When there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened and needs urgent measures to save it from extinction, ex situ (off site) conservation is the desirable approach. In this approach, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting where they can be protected and given special care. Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose. In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures. Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods. Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks. Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations. Important initiatives like Convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Summit’) will help take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits.
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##Question:In the context of biodiversity loss, explain the concept of ‘The Evil Quartet’. Also, explain the in-situ and ex-situ methods of biodiversity conservation. (150 words 10 marks) ##Answer:The biological wealth of our planet has been declining rapidly and main culprit for this is the human activities. The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species (including 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates and 87 plants) in the last 500 years. Presently, 12 per cent of all bird species, 23 per cent of all mammal species, 32 per cent of all amphibian species and 31per cent of all gymnosperm species in the world face the threat of extinction. The accelerated rates of species extinctions that the world is facing now are largely due to human activities. There are four major causes for this biodiversity loss which is also known as ‘ The Evil Quartet’. They are Habitat loss and fragmentation: This is the most important cause driving animals and plants to extinction. The most dramatic examples of habitat loss come from tropical rain forests. Once covering more than 14 per cent of the earth’s land surface, these rain forests now cover no more than 6 per cent. They are being destroyed fast. Besides total loss, the degradation of many habitats by pollution also threatens the survival of many species. When large habitats are broken up into small fragments due to various human activities, mammals and birds requiring large territories and certain animals with migratory habits are badly affected, leading to population declines. Over-exploitation: Humans have always depended on nature for food and shelter, but when ‘need’ turns to ‘greed’, it leads to over-exploitation of natural resources. Many species extinctions in the last 500 years (Steller’s sea cow, passenger pigeon) were due to overexploitation by humans. Presently many marine fish populations around the world are over harvested, endangering the continued existence of some commercially important species. Alien species invasions: When alien species are introduced unintentionally or deliberately for whatever purpose, some of them turn invasive, and cause decline or extinction of indigenous species. For example, threat posed to our native species by invasive weed species like carrot grass (Parthenium), Lantana and water hyacinth (Eicchornia). The recent illegal introduction of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus for aquaculture purposes is posing a threat to the indigenous catfishes in our rivers. Co-extinctions: When a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct. When a host fish species becomes extinct, its unique assemblage of parasites also meets the same fate. Another example is the case of a coevolved plant-pollinator mutualism where extinction of one invariably leads to the extinction of the other. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION METHODS In situ conservation When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is protected - we save the entire forest to save the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation. For example, on a global basis, eminent conservationists have identified for maximum protection certain ‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism (that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else). In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries. Ex situ Conservation When there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened and needs urgent measures to save it from extinction, ex situ (off site) conservation is the desirable approach. In this approach, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting where they can be protected and given special care. Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose. In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures. Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods. Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks. Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations. Important initiatives like Convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Summit’) will help take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits.
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Distinguish betweenTrabeate and Arcuate structure of architecture in India. (150 words)
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##Question:Distinguish betweenTrabeate and Arcuate structure of architecture in India. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Critically Analyse. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is referred to as a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company"s actions.With the CSR process the company aims to embrace responsibility for the company"s actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders. Under Companies Act, 2013 any company with a · net worth of the company to be Rs 500 crore or more or · turnover of the company to be Rs 1000 crore or more or · net profit of the company to be Rs 5 crore or more. has to spend at least 2% of the last 3 years average net profits on CSR activities as specified in Schedule 7 of the Companies Act, 2013. How CSR is beneficial to companies? 1. It helps to build a reputation as a responsible business which can in long term lead to competitive advantage - Businesses that show how they are more socially responsible than their competitors tend to stand out. 2. It will also lead to boosting employee"s morale as CSR practices have a significant impact on employee morale because it reinforces his confidence on Company’s empathy. 3. Being a responsible, sustainable business may make it easier to recruit new employees or retain existing ones. It will lead to employees being motivated to stay longer, thus reducing the costs and disruption of recruitment and retraining. 4. CSR spent on the reduction of carbon emissions & curbing global warming is helpful for the sustainability of the environment. 5. The tax benefit is given on the amount spent as CSR which helps to increase the profit of the company. Challenges with the CSR: 1. Non-compliance - Many of the companies willingly/unwillingly failed to comply with the CSR activities. It was found that 52 of the country’s largest 100 companies failed to spend the required 2% last year. 2. There is a lack of consensus amongst local agencies regarding CSR projects which often results in duplication of activities by corporate houses in areas of their intervention. 3. There is a lack of interest of the local community in participating and contributing to CSR activities of companies. This is largely attributable to the fact thatthere exists little or no knowledge about CSR within the local communities as no serious efforts have been made to spread awareness about CSR and instil confidence in the local communities about such initiatives 4. There is also an imbalance in finding credible charity partners to support the CSR implementation. This results in the bigger charities that are more well-known about CSR, being flooded with money leaving out smaller charities. 5. Geographical bias can also be seen in CSR implementation as companies funds projects which are closer to their own location. Therefore more industrialised states are winning over poorer, more remote regions where development aid is acutely needed. What needs to be done? 1. Creating awareness about the CSR activities among all stakeholders at all level to make it more effective. 2. Motivating the other corporate houses to join the league and play an effective role in addressing basic issues such as access to education, health care and livelihood opportunities for a maximum number of people in India through their various innovative CSR practices will not only result in expanding its outreach and will also result in welfare for all. 3. Rebalancing the regional imbalance by not opting to spend the CSR amount towards biased geographical location will result in the overall development of the masses. Thus, proper implementation of CSR with the objective of welfare for all should be the prime motive of companies which will ultimately lead to their profitable and sustainable development.
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##Question:Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Critically Analyse. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is referred to as a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company"s actions.With the CSR process the company aims to embrace responsibility for the company"s actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders. Under Companies Act, 2013 any company with a · net worth of the company to be Rs 500 crore or more or · turnover of the company to be Rs 1000 crore or more or · net profit of the company to be Rs 5 crore or more. has to spend at least 2% of the last 3 years average net profits on CSR activities as specified in Schedule 7 of the Companies Act, 2013. How CSR is beneficial to companies? 1. It helps to build a reputation as a responsible business which can in long term lead to competitive advantage - Businesses that show how they are more socially responsible than their competitors tend to stand out. 2. It will also lead to boosting employee"s morale as CSR practices have a significant impact on employee morale because it reinforces his confidence on Company’s empathy. 3. Being a responsible, sustainable business may make it easier to recruit new employees or retain existing ones. It will lead to employees being motivated to stay longer, thus reducing the costs and disruption of recruitment and retraining. 4. CSR spent on the reduction of carbon emissions & curbing global warming is helpful for the sustainability of the environment. 5. The tax benefit is given on the amount spent as CSR which helps to increase the profit of the company. Challenges with the CSR: 1. Non-compliance - Many of the companies willingly/unwillingly failed to comply with the CSR activities. It was found that 52 of the country’s largest 100 companies failed to spend the required 2% last year. 2. There is a lack of consensus amongst local agencies regarding CSR projects which often results in duplication of activities by corporate houses in areas of their intervention. 3. There is a lack of interest of the local community in participating and contributing to CSR activities of companies. This is largely attributable to the fact thatthere exists little or no knowledge about CSR within the local communities as no serious efforts have been made to spread awareness about CSR and instil confidence in the local communities about such initiatives 4. There is also an imbalance in finding credible charity partners to support the CSR implementation. This results in the bigger charities that are more well-known about CSR, being flooded with money leaving out smaller charities. 5. Geographical bias can also be seen in CSR implementation as companies funds projects which are closer to their own location. Therefore more industrialised states are winning over poorer, more remote regions where development aid is acutely needed. What needs to be done? 1. Creating awareness about the CSR activities among all stakeholders at all level to make it more effective. 2. Motivating the other corporate houses to join the league and play an effective role in addressing basic issues such as access to education, health care and livelihood opportunities for a maximum number of people in India through their various innovative CSR practices will not only result in expanding its outreach and will also result in welfare for all. 3. Rebalancing the regional imbalance by not opting to spend the CSR amount towards biased geographical location will result in the overall development of the masses. Thus, proper implementation of CSR with the objective of welfare for all should be the prime motive of companies which will ultimately lead to their profitable and sustainable development.
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"ब्रिटिश-फ्रांस के बीच प्रतिद्वंद्वीता न केवल यूरोप तक सीमित थी, बल्कि इसका विस्तार भारत तक भी देखा जा सकता है।" कर्नाटक युद्ध के सन्दर्भ में कथन पर टिप्पणी कीजिए |(150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) "The rivalry between the British-France was not only limited to Europe, but its extension can also be seen to India." Comment on the statement in the context of the Carnatic War.(150-200 words, Marks -10)
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यूरोप की साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियां भारत सहित विश्व के देशों में अपने अधिपत्य के लिए आपस में लड़ रही थी | यही कारण था की विश्व के दूसरे हिस्सों में फ़्रांसीसी और अंग्रेजों के मध्य जारी प्रतिस्पर्धा ,भारत में हो रहे युद्धों में भी प्रतिबिंबित हो रही थी | यह प्रतिस्पर्धा कर्नाटक युद्धों के सन्दर्भ में विशेष रूप में देखी जा सकती है – प्रथम कर्नाटक युद्ध (1746-48 ) - इस युद्ध के कारण भारत में अंग्रजों व फ्रांसीसियों की महत्वकांक्षा व यूरोप में ऑस्ट्रिया के उत्तराधिकार के युद्ध का भारत में विस्तार थे | इस युद्ध में फ्रांसीसियों ने निर्णायक विजय प्राप्त की ,यह युद्ध एक्स-ला-शापेल की संधि के माध्यम से समाप्त हुआ | यूरोप में युद्ध समाप्त होने के साथ ही भारत में भी यही युद्ध समाप्त हो गया | द्वितीय कर्नाटक युद्ध (1749-55) - इस युद्ध का कारण हैदरबाद व कर्नाटक का उत्तराधिकार युद्ध था | ब्रिटिश व फ़्रांसीसीयों द्वारा विद्रोही पक्षों को समर्थन दिया गया | डुप्ले के नेतृत्व में 1749 मे अक्टूबर की लड़ाई में फ्रांसीसियों की जीत हुई | शीघ्र ही क्लाइव के नेतृत्व में युद्ध में अंग्रेजों की स्थिति मजबूत हुई | अंततः 1755 में पांडिचेरी की संधि के द्वारा युद्ध समाप्त हुआ | युद्ध अनिर्णायक रहा हालाँकि कर्नाटक पर अंग्रेजों का अप्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव तथा हैदराबाद पर फ्रांसीसियों का अप्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव स्थापित हुआ | तृतीय कर्नाटक युद्ध (1758-1763)- यह युद्ध 1756 में प्रारम्भ हुए सप्तवर्षीय युद्ध का भारत में विस्तार था | 1760 में वांडीवाश की लड़ाई में ब्रिटिश सेनापति आयरकूट ने फ़्रांसिसी गर्वनर लाली को पराजित किया | यह फ्रांसीसियों की निर्णायक हार थी |1763 में पेरिस की संधि द्वारा युद्ध समाप्त हुआ | फ़्रांसीसीयों ने भारत अंग्रेजों की सर्वोच्चता को स्वीकार की तथा यह आश्वासन दिया कि भारत में सेना नहीं रखेगे ,कारखानों की किलेबन्धी नहीं करेगें तथा केवल व्यापार करेगें | इन युद्धों ने औपनिवेशिक शक्तियों ,विशेषकर अंग्रेजों को भारत में उनकी सत्ता का विस्तार करने में सहायता की |इस युद्ध में यह प्रदर्शित हो गया की भारतीय शक्तियों के मध्य चल रही लड़ाई ,अप्रशिक्षित पुरानी भारतीय सेना और उनके परंपरागत हथियारों तथा भारत में राष्ट्रीयता की भावना के आभाव का फायदा उठाया जा सकता है |इस प्रकार कर्नाटक युद्ध ने अंग्रेजों के लिए भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप पर विजय प्राप्त करने का रास्ता खोल दिया और आने वाली सदियों ले लिए देश का राजनीतिक परिद्रश्य बदल दिया |
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##Question:"ब्रिटिश-फ्रांस के बीच प्रतिद्वंद्वीता न केवल यूरोप तक सीमित थी, बल्कि इसका विस्तार भारत तक भी देखा जा सकता है।" कर्नाटक युद्ध के सन्दर्भ में कथन पर टिप्पणी कीजिए |(150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) "The rivalry between the British-France was not only limited to Europe, but its extension can also be seen to India." Comment on the statement in the context of the Carnatic War.(150-200 words, Marks -10)##Answer:यूरोप की साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियां भारत सहित विश्व के देशों में अपने अधिपत्य के लिए आपस में लड़ रही थी | यही कारण था की विश्व के दूसरे हिस्सों में फ़्रांसीसी और अंग्रेजों के मध्य जारी प्रतिस्पर्धा ,भारत में हो रहे युद्धों में भी प्रतिबिंबित हो रही थी | यह प्रतिस्पर्धा कर्नाटक युद्धों के सन्दर्भ में विशेष रूप में देखी जा सकती है – प्रथम कर्नाटक युद्ध (1746-48 ) - इस युद्ध के कारण भारत में अंग्रजों व फ्रांसीसियों की महत्वकांक्षा व यूरोप में ऑस्ट्रिया के उत्तराधिकार के युद्ध का भारत में विस्तार थे | इस युद्ध में फ्रांसीसियों ने निर्णायक विजय प्राप्त की ,यह युद्ध एक्स-ला-शापेल की संधि के माध्यम से समाप्त हुआ | यूरोप में युद्ध समाप्त होने के साथ ही भारत में भी यही युद्ध समाप्त हो गया | द्वितीय कर्नाटक युद्ध (1749-55) - इस युद्ध का कारण हैदरबाद व कर्नाटक का उत्तराधिकार युद्ध था | ब्रिटिश व फ़्रांसीसीयों द्वारा विद्रोही पक्षों को समर्थन दिया गया | डुप्ले के नेतृत्व में 1749 मे अक्टूबर की लड़ाई में फ्रांसीसियों की जीत हुई | शीघ्र ही क्लाइव के नेतृत्व में युद्ध में अंग्रेजों की स्थिति मजबूत हुई | अंततः 1755 में पांडिचेरी की संधि के द्वारा युद्ध समाप्त हुआ | युद्ध अनिर्णायक रहा हालाँकि कर्नाटक पर अंग्रेजों का अप्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव तथा हैदराबाद पर फ्रांसीसियों का अप्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव स्थापित हुआ | तृतीय कर्नाटक युद्ध (1758-1763)- यह युद्ध 1756 में प्रारम्भ हुए सप्तवर्षीय युद्ध का भारत में विस्तार था | 1760 में वांडीवाश की लड़ाई में ब्रिटिश सेनापति आयरकूट ने फ़्रांसिसी गर्वनर लाली को पराजित किया | यह फ्रांसीसियों की निर्णायक हार थी |1763 में पेरिस की संधि द्वारा युद्ध समाप्त हुआ | फ़्रांसीसीयों ने भारत अंग्रेजों की सर्वोच्चता को स्वीकार की तथा यह आश्वासन दिया कि भारत में सेना नहीं रखेगे ,कारखानों की किलेबन्धी नहीं करेगें तथा केवल व्यापार करेगें | इन युद्धों ने औपनिवेशिक शक्तियों ,विशेषकर अंग्रेजों को भारत में उनकी सत्ता का विस्तार करने में सहायता की |इस युद्ध में यह प्रदर्शित हो गया की भारतीय शक्तियों के मध्य चल रही लड़ाई ,अप्रशिक्षित पुरानी भारतीय सेना और उनके परंपरागत हथियारों तथा भारत में राष्ट्रीयता की भावना के आभाव का फायदा उठाया जा सकता है |इस प्रकार कर्नाटक युद्ध ने अंग्रेजों के लिए भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप पर विजय प्राप्त करने का रास्ता खोल दिया और आने वाली सदियों ले लिए देश का राजनीतिक परिद्रश्य बदल दिया |
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परिस्थितकीय तंत्र क्या है ? इसके प्रकार को विस्तार से लिखें | (200 शब्द )
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प्रश्न – पा रिस्थितकीय तंत्र क्या है ? इसके प्रकार को विस्तार से लिखें | (200 शब्द ) दृष्टिकोण – पारिस्थितिकीतंत्र क्या है | पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र के प्रकार उत्तर - पारिस्थितिकीजीव विज्ञान की एक शाखा है जिसमेंजीव समुदायों का उसके वातावरण के साथ पारस्परिक संबंधों का अध्ययन करतें हैं। प्रत्येकजन्तु यावनस्पति एक निशिचतवातावरण में रहता है। पारिस्थितिज्ञ इस तथ्य का पता लगाते हैं कि जीव आपस में और पर्यावरण के साथ किस तरह क्रिया करते हैं और वह पृथ्वी पर जीवन की जटिल संरचना का पता लगाते हैं परिस्थिट्की तंत्र के अंतर्गत जैविक एवं अजैविक संघटको को शामिल किया जाता है | इसे मुखयत: दो भागों मे विभाजित किया जाता है – प्राकृतिक (Natural ecosystem) मानव निर्मित _ (Man made ecosystem) प्राकृतिक पारितंत्र वे पारितंत्र जो पूर्ण रूप से सौर विकिरण पर निर्भर रहते है | उदाहरण –जंगल ,घास के मैदान ,नदियां ,झील इत्यादि मानव निर्मित पारितंत्र सौर ऊर्जा पर निर्भर वह पारितंत्र जो मनुष्य द्वारा निर्मित किए गए है | उदाहरण –खेत ,कृत्रिम तालब इत्यादि
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##Question:परिस्थितकीय तंत्र क्या है ? इसके प्रकार को विस्तार से लिखें | (200 शब्द )##Answer:प्रश्न – पा रिस्थितकीय तंत्र क्या है ? इसके प्रकार को विस्तार से लिखें | (200 शब्द ) दृष्टिकोण – पारिस्थितिकीतंत्र क्या है | पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र के प्रकार उत्तर - पारिस्थितिकीजीव विज्ञान की एक शाखा है जिसमेंजीव समुदायों का उसके वातावरण के साथ पारस्परिक संबंधों का अध्ययन करतें हैं। प्रत्येकजन्तु यावनस्पति एक निशिचतवातावरण में रहता है। पारिस्थितिज्ञ इस तथ्य का पता लगाते हैं कि जीव आपस में और पर्यावरण के साथ किस तरह क्रिया करते हैं और वह पृथ्वी पर जीवन की जटिल संरचना का पता लगाते हैं परिस्थिट्की तंत्र के अंतर्गत जैविक एवं अजैविक संघटको को शामिल किया जाता है | इसे मुखयत: दो भागों मे विभाजित किया जाता है – प्राकृतिक (Natural ecosystem) मानव निर्मित _ (Man made ecosystem) प्राकृतिक पारितंत्र वे पारितंत्र जो पूर्ण रूप से सौर विकिरण पर निर्भर रहते है | उदाहरण –जंगल ,घास के मैदान ,नदियां ,झील इत्यादि मानव निर्मित पारितंत्र सौर ऊर्जा पर निर्भर वह पारितंत्र जो मनुष्य द्वारा निर्मित किए गए है | उदाहरण –खेत ,कृत्रिम तालब इत्यादि
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It is said that "India missed an opportunity at Nairobi". What were the issues left after Doha round? Examine how far this statement is true especially when the Nairobi round was considered to be a breakthrough after the Doha agreement. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Answer: The Nairobi round of WTO proved to be missed opportunity for developing countries like India as the issues related to Doha"s development agenda and other issues related to WTO were not adequately addressed. As it was the first WTO meet in Africa it was expected that the developing countries will have better-negotiating power as compared to developed countries but nothing like that happened and the meeting ended with a highly unfavourable deal for India. The Doha agenda called for a comprehensive rewriting of rules in global trade covering agriculture; market access for industrial goods; services; anti-dumping and subsidies and countervailing measures; the environment; and a range of developmental outcomes to improve the special and differential outcomes. The major contentious issues of the Doha Development round were – Agriculture – The demand for rationalizing agricultural subsidies (elimination of export subsidies by developed countries). A permanent settlement on the issue of public stockholdings for food security. Special Safeguard Mechanism – a tool that will allow developing countries to raise tariffs temporarily to deal with import surges or price falls. Access to patented medicines - The issue involves the balance of interests between the pharmaceutical companies in developed countries that held patents on medicines and the public health needs in developing countries. Another issue concerns the protection of traditional medicinal knowledge and practices. Special and differential treatment – The WTO Agreements contain special provisions which give developing countries special rights and which give developed countries the possibility to treat developing countries more favourably than other WTO Members. These special provisions include, for example, longer time periods for implementing Agreements and commitments or measures to increase trading opportunities for developing countries. Implementation Issues - on agriculture quotas and on the setting of standards for import into the rich countries - will form part of the entire negotiating agenda in the next rounds. In theory, this gives the developing countries an advantage in that they can reject the larger package if the implementation issues are not addressed satisfactorily Other contentious issues for India are – NAMA. TRIMS Trade in Services TRIPS Plus What was not resolved? - There is no concrete agreement on a special safeguards mechanism to protect farmers in developing countries against sudden import surges - though it is allowed for developing countries, it is open for further negotiations. No short deadline for a permanent solution on public stockholding for food security purposes. The package chose not to address the major issues in reducing trade-distorting domestic subsidies as demanded by the African group. The issues of NAMA and agricultural market access were also not solved in favour of India and other developing countries. The lack of an unambiguous reaffirmation of the Doha Development Agenda means new issues of interest to developed countries, including competition policy, government procurement and investment are now open for negotiations The package avoided any ruling on the Special and Differential Treatment. The way forward - For the future, the government needs to broaden its preparation: by holding wide-ranging meetings on WTO-related issues with all stakeholders in a bipartisan manner, renewing and strengthening its ties with the developing and LDC economies to protect the development agenda, and finally bolstering its pool of trade negotiators by picking the best and brightest trade experts and lawyers.
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##Question:It is said that "India missed an opportunity at Nairobi". What were the issues left after Doha round? Examine how far this statement is true especially when the Nairobi round was considered to be a breakthrough after the Doha agreement. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Answer: The Nairobi round of WTO proved to be missed opportunity for developing countries like India as the issues related to Doha"s development agenda and other issues related to WTO were not adequately addressed. As it was the first WTO meet in Africa it was expected that the developing countries will have better-negotiating power as compared to developed countries but nothing like that happened and the meeting ended with a highly unfavourable deal for India. The Doha agenda called for a comprehensive rewriting of rules in global trade covering agriculture; market access for industrial goods; services; anti-dumping and subsidies and countervailing measures; the environment; and a range of developmental outcomes to improve the special and differential outcomes. The major contentious issues of the Doha Development round were – Agriculture – The demand for rationalizing agricultural subsidies (elimination of export subsidies by developed countries). A permanent settlement on the issue of public stockholdings for food security. Special Safeguard Mechanism – a tool that will allow developing countries to raise tariffs temporarily to deal with import surges or price falls. Access to patented medicines - The issue involves the balance of interests between the pharmaceutical companies in developed countries that held patents on medicines and the public health needs in developing countries. Another issue concerns the protection of traditional medicinal knowledge and practices. Special and differential treatment – The WTO Agreements contain special provisions which give developing countries special rights and which give developed countries the possibility to treat developing countries more favourably than other WTO Members. These special provisions include, for example, longer time periods for implementing Agreements and commitments or measures to increase trading opportunities for developing countries. Implementation Issues - on agriculture quotas and on the setting of standards for import into the rich countries - will form part of the entire negotiating agenda in the next rounds. In theory, this gives the developing countries an advantage in that they can reject the larger package if the implementation issues are not addressed satisfactorily Other contentious issues for India are – NAMA. TRIMS Trade in Services TRIPS Plus What was not resolved? - There is no concrete agreement on a special safeguards mechanism to protect farmers in developing countries against sudden import surges - though it is allowed for developing countries, it is open for further negotiations. No short deadline for a permanent solution on public stockholding for food security purposes. The package chose not to address the major issues in reducing trade-distorting domestic subsidies as demanded by the African group. The issues of NAMA and agricultural market access were also not solved in favour of India and other developing countries. The lack of an unambiguous reaffirmation of the Doha Development Agenda means new issues of interest to developed countries, including competition policy, government procurement and investment are now open for negotiations The package avoided any ruling on the Special and Differential Treatment. The way forward - For the future, the government needs to broaden its preparation: by holding wide-ranging meetings on WTO-related issues with all stakeholders in a bipartisan manner, renewing and strengthening its ties with the developing and LDC economies to protect the development agenda, and finally bolstering its pool of trade negotiators by picking the best and brightest trade experts and lawyers.
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Write short note on: (100 words each) Domestic support Export subsidies
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##Question:Write short note on: (100 words each) Domestic support Export subsidies ##Answer:.
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What do you understand by Peace Clause. Examine its importance and issues related to it. (150 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by Peace Clause. Examine its importance and issues related to it. (150 words)##Answer:.
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The issues that gave rise to Assam movement in 1979 were a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain. (150 words)
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TheAssam Movement (1979) was a very popular movement which basically aimed against the migrants in Assam.The movement ultimatelycompelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. The cultural and economic issues which resulted in Assam movement are as following: 1. Under-development of Assam- The Assamese people believe that the central government has always given them a step-motherly treatment with respect to resource allocation or for providing financial benefits to the local people. 2. Historical Migration: Educated Bengali people migrated in Assam which threatened not only the native Assamese culture but also the livelihood opportunities of native Assamese people. 3. The belief of Assamese people that the centre has failed to Consolidate the identity of Greater Assam. As with the declaration of Assamese as theofficial language in 1961, it led to similar demand in other nearby tribal hill areas like Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram which ultimately led to the demand for autonomy and statehood. And by 1980s all these regions who were earlier UTs were now recognised as States. This created resentment among the Assamese people that the centre has failed to uphold the identity of Greater Assam. 4. Illegal Migration from Bangladesh: this directly threatened the local Assamese people as they believed that the illegal migration of Bengalis (which was quite large in number at that time) was a threat to their culture and they will be reduced to a minority in their own land. 5.Other economic issue included high unemployment rate and poverty despite the existence of natural resources such as tea, oil and coal in the region. The resources were being drained out with benefiting the local people. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of State government, President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, thenew Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed in 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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##Question:The issues that gave rise to Assam movement in 1979 were a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain. (150 words)##Answer:TheAssam Movement (1979) was a very popular movement which basically aimed against the migrants in Assam.The movement ultimatelycompelled the central government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and protect and provide constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards to the indigenous Assamese people. The cultural and economic issues which resulted in Assam movement are as following: 1. Under-development of Assam- The Assamese people believe that the central government has always given them a step-motherly treatment with respect to resource allocation or for providing financial benefits to the local people. 2. Historical Migration: Educated Bengali people migrated in Assam which threatened not only the native Assamese culture but also the livelihood opportunities of native Assamese people. 3. The belief of Assamese people that the centre has failed to Consolidate the identity of Greater Assam. As with the declaration of Assamese as theofficial language in 1961, it led to similar demand in other nearby tribal hill areas like Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram which ultimately led to the demand for autonomy and statehood. And by 1980s all these regions who were earlier UTs were now recognised as States. This created resentment among the Assamese people that the centre has failed to uphold the identity of Greater Assam. 4. Illegal Migration from Bangladesh: this directly threatened the local Assamese people as they believed that the illegal migration of Bengalis (which was quite large in number at that time) was a threat to their culture and they will be reduced to a minority in their own land. 5.Other economic issue included high unemployment rate and poverty despite the existence of natural resources such as tea, oil and coal in the region. The resources were being drained out with benefiting the local people. These issues lead to political instability, the collapse of State government, President"s rule and violent agitation in Assam which resulted in a severe breakdown of Law and order. Lastly, thenew Central Government under Rajiv Gandhi decided to call the leaders for negotiations. After a lot of deliberation, the historic Assam Accord was signed in 15th August 1985 which imposed a restriction on entry of foreigners(allowed with specific conditions), voting rights etc. The centre also announced a package for socio-economic development which aimed at their overall development.
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Discuss the features of Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. Also, discuss the response of Indian nationalists towards these reforms. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Introduction: Montagu-Chelmsford reform was introduced in 1919. Montagu was secretary of state and Chelmsford was Viceroy of India. Montagu-Chelmsford reform also results in the Government of India Act, 1919. Features: 1. Dyarchy at Provinces: Subjects were divided in the reserved and transferred list. Reserved subjects like Finance, Law and Order, Army, Police etc. Transferred subjects like Public Health, Education, Agriculture, Local Self-government etc. 2. Electorates were extended - As the GoI Act 1909 gave the separate electorate to Hindu and Muslim, but in the Montagu-Chelmsford reform this was extended to Europeans, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians etc. 3. Voting rights were given to women 4. InViceroy executivecouncil the number ofelected Indian members was 3 out of 8. 5.. Bicameralism was introduced : Central Legislative council was divided into two houses- a) Council of state and b) Indian Legislative Assembly 6. It was having the provision of establishing a public service commission. Hence, a Central Public Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants. The response of Indian Nationalists: Protest of the Rowlatt Act Many Indians were not satisfied with these reforms. To suppress the protest of Indians, British came with the draconian Rowlatt Act, 1919. Gandhi launched a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Acts. Congress rejected the provisions of Montagu-Chelmsford reform by stating that it did not mention the timeline of self-rule. Muslim League also showed their disappointment and demanded a responsible government in India. Conclusion Montagu-Chelmsford reform was an effort of carrot and stick policy of British. While on one hand they introduced constitutional reform and on the other hand they came with the draconian act which finally culminated to Jalliawala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919).
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##Question:Discuss the features of Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. Also, discuss the response of Indian nationalists towards these reforms. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Introduction: Montagu-Chelmsford reform was introduced in 1919. Montagu was secretary of state and Chelmsford was Viceroy of India. Montagu-Chelmsford reform also results in the Government of India Act, 1919. Features: 1. Dyarchy at Provinces: Subjects were divided in the reserved and transferred list. Reserved subjects like Finance, Law and Order, Army, Police etc. Transferred subjects like Public Health, Education, Agriculture, Local Self-government etc. 2. Electorates were extended - As the GoI Act 1909 gave the separate electorate to Hindu and Muslim, but in the Montagu-Chelmsford reform this was extended to Europeans, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians etc. 3. Voting rights were given to women 4. InViceroy executivecouncil the number ofelected Indian members was 3 out of 8. 5.. Bicameralism was introduced : Central Legislative council was divided into two houses- a) Council of state and b) Indian Legislative Assembly 6. It was having the provision of establishing a public service commission. Hence, a Central Public Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants. The response of Indian Nationalists: Protest of the Rowlatt Act Many Indians were not satisfied with these reforms. To suppress the protest of Indians, British came with the draconian Rowlatt Act, 1919. Gandhi launched a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Acts. Congress rejected the provisions of Montagu-Chelmsford reform by stating that it did not mention the timeline of self-rule. Muslim League also showed their disappointment and demanded a responsible government in India. Conclusion Montagu-Chelmsford reform was an effort of carrot and stick policy of British. While on one hand they introduced constitutional reform and on the other hand they came with the draconian act which finally culminated to Jalliawala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919).
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"The broader aims and objectives of wto are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the DOHA round of negotiations seems doomed due to differences between the developed and developing countries". Comment (250 words)
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##Question:"The broader aims and objectives of wto are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the DOHA round of negotiations seems doomed due to differences between the developed and developing countries". Comment (250 words)##Answer:.
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Aurangzeb alone cannot be held responsible for the decline of such a large empire as the Mughals. Rather, a complex set of politico-administrative and socio-economic factors led to the decline. Discuss. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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The Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb, reached its peak to become a pan Indian Empire. But soon it began to decline due to some policies of Aurangzeb, as well as due to some other factors. Aurangzeb is held responsible because: The Mughal expansion in Deccan was a hugely expensive affair that lasted for more than 3 decades since 1660s. However, the agricultural productivity of the Deccan region was low and could not compensate for the expensive deccan campaign. The Khalisa system introduced in a major way in the Deccan region under Aurangzeb aimed at bringing more efficiency in the tax collection process, but could not offer a solution for the underlying Jagirdari crisis within the Mughal empire. Inthe later part of Aurangzeb’s reign and the 18 th century of Mughal rule saw no major efforts to increase agricultural productivity. The imposition of Jaziya, an additional religious tax, upon non-muslims under Aurangzeb’s rule alienated the majority of the subject class under Mughal rule and led to dissatisfaction that eventually contributed to its decline. Though Aurangzeb is held responsible for the decline there were many other factors as well those were responsible for the decline which soon began after 1707 following Aurangzeb’s death. Political Causes Succession Disputes: Aurangzeb’s death triggered a major succession dispute due to the absence of clear succession rules within the Mughal empire. Within a decade from 1707 to 1719, three major mughal rulers ruled briefly and finally the arrival of Mohammed Shah in 1719 brought an end to these succession disputes. Factionalism in Mughal Court: Moreover the political instability was worsened by the bitter factionalism within the Mughal court over the appointment to key administrative positions between the Irani, Turani and Hindustai factions. For example, Sayid Brothers (Hindustani) organized the assassination of Farruk Siyar and placed Mohammed Shah on the throne. But, Asaf Jahan I (the leader of Irani faction) organized the Irani and Turani factions together to assassinate Sayyid Brothers. Economic Causes Jagirdari System: The Jagirdari System was the more prevalent system of revenue collection under the Mughal empire under which, revenue collections and military administration were the primary responsibilities of Jagirdars appointed by the King. This system suffered from a crisis as there were too many potential Jagirdars, chasing too few jagirs, coupled with the highly unequal size of Jagirs. Inefficiency in revenue collection: The jagirdari Crisis fueled political instability moreover it was an inefficient method of revenue collection as a major portion was retained by the Jagirdar for his personal expenses. Causes related to Army Weak Supervision: The crisis within the Jagirdari System fuelled corruption within the army as in the absence of a strong central supervision Jagirdars often failed to maintain the requisite number of troops and horsemen and this adversely affected the military preparedness of the Mughals. Lack of Modernization: Moreover the period since the death of Aurangzeb saw no major technological modernizations being introduced within the Army. Thus, contributed to its military weakness. Conclusion Thus the failure of Mughals to reform their political and economic structure of administration coupled with the worsening of succession disputes 1707 onwards eventually led to the decline of the Mughal empire during the early 18 th Century.
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##Question:Aurangzeb alone cannot be held responsible for the decline of such a large empire as the Mughals. Rather, a complex set of politico-administrative and socio-economic factors led to the decline. Discuss. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:The Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb, reached its peak to become a pan Indian Empire. But soon it began to decline due to some policies of Aurangzeb, as well as due to some other factors. Aurangzeb is held responsible because: The Mughal expansion in Deccan was a hugely expensive affair that lasted for more than 3 decades since 1660s. However, the agricultural productivity of the Deccan region was low and could not compensate for the expensive deccan campaign. The Khalisa system introduced in a major way in the Deccan region under Aurangzeb aimed at bringing more efficiency in the tax collection process, but could not offer a solution for the underlying Jagirdari crisis within the Mughal empire. Inthe later part of Aurangzeb’s reign and the 18 th century of Mughal rule saw no major efforts to increase agricultural productivity. The imposition of Jaziya, an additional religious tax, upon non-muslims under Aurangzeb’s rule alienated the majority of the subject class under Mughal rule and led to dissatisfaction that eventually contributed to its decline. Though Aurangzeb is held responsible for the decline there were many other factors as well those were responsible for the decline which soon began after 1707 following Aurangzeb’s death. Political Causes Succession Disputes: Aurangzeb’s death triggered a major succession dispute due to the absence of clear succession rules within the Mughal empire. Within a decade from 1707 to 1719, three major mughal rulers ruled briefly and finally the arrival of Mohammed Shah in 1719 brought an end to these succession disputes. Factionalism in Mughal Court: Moreover the political instability was worsened by the bitter factionalism within the Mughal court over the appointment to key administrative positions between the Irani, Turani and Hindustai factions. For example, Sayid Brothers (Hindustani) organized the assassination of Farruk Siyar and placed Mohammed Shah on the throne. But, Asaf Jahan I (the leader of Irani faction) organized the Irani and Turani factions together to assassinate Sayyid Brothers. Economic Causes Jagirdari System: The Jagirdari System was the more prevalent system of revenue collection under the Mughal empire under which, revenue collections and military administration were the primary responsibilities of Jagirdars appointed by the King. This system suffered from a crisis as there were too many potential Jagirdars, chasing too few jagirs, coupled with the highly unequal size of Jagirs. Inefficiency in revenue collection: The jagirdari Crisis fueled political instability moreover it was an inefficient method of revenue collection as a major portion was retained by the Jagirdar for his personal expenses. Causes related to Army Weak Supervision: The crisis within the Jagirdari System fuelled corruption within the army as in the absence of a strong central supervision Jagirdars often failed to maintain the requisite number of troops and horsemen and this adversely affected the military preparedness of the Mughals. Lack of Modernization: Moreover the period since the death of Aurangzeb saw no major technological modernizations being introduced within the Army. Thus, contributed to its military weakness. Conclusion Thus the failure of Mughals to reform their political and economic structure of administration coupled with the worsening of succession disputes 1707 onwards eventually led to the decline of the Mughal empire during the early 18 th Century.
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खाद्य श्रृंखला एवं खाद्य जाल में क्या अंतर है?खाद्य श्रृंखला को विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिये|(200 शब्द )
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खाद्य श्रृंखला- खाद्य श्रृंखला भरकों एवं खाद्यों की रेखीय श्रेणी होती हैं | इसके माध्यम से स्त्रोत से अन्य प्राणियों तक खाद्य –ऊर्जा का स्थानांतरण होता हैं | जेसे -जेसे एक कड़ी से दूसरी कड़ी तक ऊर्जा का स्थानांतरण होता हैं | स्थितिज ऊर्जा के अधिकांश भाग की ताप के रूप में हानि हो जाती हैं | इसलिए एक खाद्य श्रृंखला में कम से कम तिन कड़ियाँ का होना आवश्यक हैं | खाद्य जाल- अधिकांशतः ऐसे पारितंत्र में खाद्य संसाधन की एक से अधिक श्रृंखलाये हो सकती हैं | इसका तात्पर्य है एक खाद्य जाल में एक से अधिक खाद्य श्रृंखलायें हो सकती हैं ,उदाहरण के लिए घास पर खरखोश ,बकरी या गाय सभी निर्भर हो सकते हैं | प्रकृति में मुख्यतः 2 प्रकार की खाद्य श्रृंखलायें पायी जाती हैं – चारण खाद्य श्रृंखला – ऐसी खाद्य श्रृंखला हरे पोधों से प्रारंभ होती हैं ,तथा शाकाहारी से होते हुए मांसाहारी तक जाती हैं | इस खाद्य श्रृंखला को तीन प्रकार में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता हैं a . परभक्षी खाद्य श्रृंखला- ऐसी खाद्य श्रृंखला में खाद्य ऊर्जा का स्थानांतरण परभक्षण द्वारा होता हैं | उदाहरण ; सौर ऊर्जा का उपयोग पादप –प्लवकों द्वारा किया जाता हैं ,जिन्हें प्राणी प्लवक खाते है ,जिन्हें छोटी मछलियां खाती हैं ,जिन्हें बड़ी मछलियाँ खाती हैं तथा बड़ी मछलियों को मनुष्य खाता हैं | b . परजीवी खाद्य श्रृंखला - ऐसी खाद्य श्रृंखला में खाद्य ऊर्जा का स्थानातरण परजीविता द्वारा होता हैं | पौधों तथा जंतुओं पर निर्वाह करने वाले परजीवी भी उपभोक्ता हैं क्योंकि ये अपना पोषण जंतु या पादप ऊतकों से प्राप्त करते हैं | ऐसी परजीवी श्रृंखला में उत्तरोतर स्तर पर पाणी छोटे से छोटे होते जाते हैं | c . मिश्रित खाद्य श्रृंखला- इस प्रकार की खाद्य श्रृंखला में ऊर्जा का स्थानातरण आंशिक रूप से परभक्षण से एवं आंशिक रूप से परजीविता द्वारा होता हैं अपरद खाद्य श्रृंखला- इस प्रकार की खाद्य श्रृंखला का प्रारम्भ मृत कार्बनिक प्रदार्थ से होता हैं | इस प्रदार्थ का उपभोग सूक्ष्म प्राणियों द्वारा किया जाता है| इन दोनों श्रृंखला के मध्य का अंतर प्रथम स्तर उपभोक्ताओं के लिए ऊर्जा का स्त्रोत का हैं | चारण खाद्य श्रृंखला में ऊर्जा का प्राथमिक स्त्रोत सजीव पादप जेवभार है जबकि अपरद खाद्य श्रृंखला में ऊर्जा का स्त्रोत मृत जेविक प्रदार्थ हैं
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##Question:खाद्य श्रृंखला एवं खाद्य जाल में क्या अंतर है?खाद्य श्रृंखला को विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिये|(200 शब्द )##Answer:खाद्य श्रृंखला- खाद्य श्रृंखला भरकों एवं खाद्यों की रेखीय श्रेणी होती हैं | इसके माध्यम से स्त्रोत से अन्य प्राणियों तक खाद्य –ऊर्जा का स्थानांतरण होता हैं | जेसे -जेसे एक कड़ी से दूसरी कड़ी तक ऊर्जा का स्थानांतरण होता हैं | स्थितिज ऊर्जा के अधिकांश भाग की ताप के रूप में हानि हो जाती हैं | इसलिए एक खाद्य श्रृंखला में कम से कम तिन कड़ियाँ का होना आवश्यक हैं | खाद्य जाल- अधिकांशतः ऐसे पारितंत्र में खाद्य संसाधन की एक से अधिक श्रृंखलाये हो सकती हैं | इसका तात्पर्य है एक खाद्य जाल में एक से अधिक खाद्य श्रृंखलायें हो सकती हैं ,उदाहरण के लिए घास पर खरखोश ,बकरी या गाय सभी निर्भर हो सकते हैं | प्रकृति में मुख्यतः 2 प्रकार की खाद्य श्रृंखलायें पायी जाती हैं – चारण खाद्य श्रृंखला – ऐसी खाद्य श्रृंखला हरे पोधों से प्रारंभ होती हैं ,तथा शाकाहारी से होते हुए मांसाहारी तक जाती हैं | इस खाद्य श्रृंखला को तीन प्रकार में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता हैं a . परभक्षी खाद्य श्रृंखला- ऐसी खाद्य श्रृंखला में खाद्य ऊर्जा का स्थानांतरण परभक्षण द्वारा होता हैं | उदाहरण ; सौर ऊर्जा का उपयोग पादप –प्लवकों द्वारा किया जाता हैं ,जिन्हें प्राणी प्लवक खाते है ,जिन्हें छोटी मछलियां खाती हैं ,जिन्हें बड़ी मछलियाँ खाती हैं तथा बड़ी मछलियों को मनुष्य खाता हैं | b . परजीवी खाद्य श्रृंखला - ऐसी खाद्य श्रृंखला में खाद्य ऊर्जा का स्थानातरण परजीविता द्वारा होता हैं | पौधों तथा जंतुओं पर निर्वाह करने वाले परजीवी भी उपभोक्ता हैं क्योंकि ये अपना पोषण जंतु या पादप ऊतकों से प्राप्त करते हैं | ऐसी परजीवी श्रृंखला में उत्तरोतर स्तर पर पाणी छोटे से छोटे होते जाते हैं | c . मिश्रित खाद्य श्रृंखला- इस प्रकार की खाद्य श्रृंखला में ऊर्जा का स्थानातरण आंशिक रूप से परभक्षण से एवं आंशिक रूप से परजीविता द्वारा होता हैं अपरद खाद्य श्रृंखला- इस प्रकार की खाद्य श्रृंखला का प्रारम्भ मृत कार्बनिक प्रदार्थ से होता हैं | इस प्रदार्थ का उपभोग सूक्ष्म प्राणियों द्वारा किया जाता है| इन दोनों श्रृंखला के मध्य का अंतर प्रथम स्तर उपभोक्ताओं के लिए ऊर्जा का स्त्रोत का हैं | चारण खाद्य श्रृंखला में ऊर्जा का प्राथमिक स्त्रोत सजीव पादप जेवभार है जबकि अपरद खाद्य श्रृंखला में ऊर्जा का स्त्रोत मृत जेविक प्रदार्थ हैं
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What are the major planetary winds and pressure belts? Explainthe main characteristics of planetary winds? (150 words/10 marks)
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As our idealized model suggests, the atmosphere tends to form belts of high and low pressure along east–west axes in areas where there are no large bodies of land. These belts are arranged by latitude and generally maintain their band like pattern. However, where there are continental landmasses, belts of pressure are broken and tend to form cellular pressure systems. The landmasses affect the development of belts of atmospheric pressure in several ways. Most influential is the effect of the differential heating of land and water surfaces. In addition, landmasses affect the movement of air and consequently the development of pressure systems through friction with their surfaces. Landform barriers such as mountain ranges also block the movement of air and thereby affect atmospheric pressure. Our idealized model of global atmospheric circulation includes six wind belts, or zones, in addition to the seven pressure zones that we have previously identified. Pressure belts and their characteristics i. Equatorial low pressure belt It extends from 00 to 50 latitudes North and South of the Equator. This zone is also called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) because of vertical rays of Sunlight and intense heating. This region is also called doldrums because of calm conditions developed due to very low pressure. ii. Sub-tropical high pressure belt It extends from around 250 - 30° latitudes North and South of Equator. Wind from ITCZ rises due to convection up to an altitude of around 14 km and blows towards equator. Because of cooling it accumulates at around 300 thus forms sub-tropical high pressure belt. It is also called as the Horse latitude. Winds near surface blows from sub-tropical region towards Equator as Trade winds or Easterlies and another wind blows towards Sub-Polar Low-Pressure as Westerlies. This circulation which is formed is called Hadley Cell. iii. Sub-polar low pressure belt It extends along 550 - 650 latitudes in both the hemisphere. These belts are not thermally induced instead the winds coming from the sub-tropics and the Polar Regions converge in this belt and rise upward. The great temperature contrast between the subtropical and the Polar Regions, gives rise to cyclonic storms in this belt. In Southern hemisphere, this low pressure belt is more pronounced due to vast presence of ocean and also referred as the sub-Antarctic low. But in the northern hemisphere, there are large land masses along 600 latitudes which are very cold. Therefore, the pressures over these landmasses are increased. Thus, the continuity of the belt is broken. iv. Polar high pressure belt Because of low temperature, air compresses and its density increases. Hence, high pressure is found here throughout the year. This is more marked over the land area of the Antarctic continent than over the ocean of the North Pole. In northern hemisphere, high pressure is not centered at the pole, but it extends from Greenland to Islands situated in the northern part of Canada. Primary or planetary winds blow from high pressure belts to low pressure belts in the same direction throughout the year. Trade winds, Westerlies and polar easterlies together form the planetary wind circulation these are described below: i. Easterlies/Tropical easterlies/Trade wind As the name suggests they blow from east to west. The easterlies from either side of the equator converge in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Thus, winds originated at ITCZ come back in a circular fashion. Such a cell in the tropics is called Hadley Cell. Because of Coriolis force, their direction becomes north-east and south-east in northern and southern hemisphere respectively. ii. Westerlies They blow from west to east. In the middle latitudes (300 -600) the circulation is that of sinking cold air that comes from the poles and the rising warm air that blows from the subtropical high pressure belt. These winds are deflected due to Coriolis force and become westerly in both the hemispheres. These winds meet along the sub-polar low pressure belt to raise high in the troposphere. From here, air moves away in both directions – towards pole and equator. These winds start descending down above the sup-tropical high pressure belt and polar high pressure belt to form cells. These cells are called Ferrel cell and Polar cell respectively. The Westerlies are stronger in the cold. In the southern hemisphere, Westerlies are so powerful and persistent due to absence of land between 400 -600 S that these are called ‘roaring forties’, ‘furious fifties’ and ‘screaming sixties’ along 400 S, 500 S and 600 S latitudes iii. Polar Easterlies Winds move away from polar high pressure to sub-polar low pressure along the surface of the earth in Polar cell. Their direction becomes easterlies due to Coriolis force. These are called polar easterlies (Schematic diagram of the planetary winds and pressure belts to be made)
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##Question:What are the major planetary winds and pressure belts? Explainthe main characteristics of planetary winds? (150 words/10 marks) ##Answer: As our idealized model suggests, the atmosphere tends to form belts of high and low pressure along east–west axes in areas where there are no large bodies of land. These belts are arranged by latitude and generally maintain their band like pattern. However, where there are continental landmasses, belts of pressure are broken and tend to form cellular pressure systems. The landmasses affect the development of belts of atmospheric pressure in several ways. Most influential is the effect of the differential heating of land and water surfaces. In addition, landmasses affect the movement of air and consequently the development of pressure systems through friction with their surfaces. Landform barriers such as mountain ranges also block the movement of air and thereby affect atmospheric pressure. Our idealized model of global atmospheric circulation includes six wind belts, or zones, in addition to the seven pressure zones that we have previously identified. Pressure belts and their characteristics i. Equatorial low pressure belt It extends from 00 to 50 latitudes North and South of the Equator. This zone is also called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) because of vertical rays of Sunlight and intense heating. This region is also called doldrums because of calm conditions developed due to very low pressure. ii. Sub-tropical high pressure belt It extends from around 250 - 30° latitudes North and South of Equator. Wind from ITCZ rises due to convection up to an altitude of around 14 km and blows towards equator. Because of cooling it accumulates at around 300 thus forms sub-tropical high pressure belt. It is also called as the Horse latitude. Winds near surface blows from sub-tropical region towards Equator as Trade winds or Easterlies and another wind blows towards Sub-Polar Low-Pressure as Westerlies. This circulation which is formed is called Hadley Cell. iii. Sub-polar low pressure belt It extends along 550 - 650 latitudes in both the hemisphere. These belts are not thermally induced instead the winds coming from the sub-tropics and the Polar Regions converge in this belt and rise upward. The great temperature contrast between the subtropical and the Polar Regions, gives rise to cyclonic storms in this belt. In Southern hemisphere, this low pressure belt is more pronounced due to vast presence of ocean and also referred as the sub-Antarctic low. But in the northern hemisphere, there are large land masses along 600 latitudes which are very cold. Therefore, the pressures over these landmasses are increased. Thus, the continuity of the belt is broken. iv. Polar high pressure belt Because of low temperature, air compresses and its density increases. Hence, high pressure is found here throughout the year. This is more marked over the land area of the Antarctic continent than over the ocean of the North Pole. In northern hemisphere, high pressure is not centered at the pole, but it extends from Greenland to Islands situated in the northern part of Canada. Primary or planetary winds blow from high pressure belts to low pressure belts in the same direction throughout the year. Trade winds, Westerlies and polar easterlies together form the planetary wind circulation these are described below: i. Easterlies/Tropical easterlies/Trade wind As the name suggests they blow from east to west. The easterlies from either side of the equator converge in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Thus, winds originated at ITCZ come back in a circular fashion. Such a cell in the tropics is called Hadley Cell. Because of Coriolis force, their direction becomes north-east and south-east in northern and southern hemisphere respectively. ii. Westerlies They blow from west to east. In the middle latitudes (300 -600) the circulation is that of sinking cold air that comes from the poles and the rising warm air that blows from the subtropical high pressure belt. These winds are deflected due to Coriolis force and become westerly in both the hemispheres. These winds meet along the sub-polar low pressure belt to raise high in the troposphere. From here, air moves away in both directions – towards pole and equator. These winds start descending down above the sup-tropical high pressure belt and polar high pressure belt to form cells. These cells are called Ferrel cell and Polar cell respectively. The Westerlies are stronger in the cold. In the southern hemisphere, Westerlies are so powerful and persistent due to absence of land between 400 -600 S that these are called ‘roaring forties’, ‘furious fifties’ and ‘screaming sixties’ along 400 S, 500 S and 600 S latitudes iii. Polar Easterlies Winds move away from polar high pressure to sub-polar low pressure along the surface of the earth in Polar cell. Their direction becomes easterlies due to Coriolis force. These are called polar easterlies (Schematic diagram of the planetary winds and pressure belts to be made)
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Briefly discuss provincial style of architecture in Delhi Sultanate.(200 words)
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##Question:Briefly discuss provincial style of architecture in Delhi Sultanate.(200 words)##Answer:.
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Briefly discuss various styles of architectural styles developed during Delhi Sultanate. (200 words)
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##Question:Briefly discuss various styles of architectural styles developed during Delhi Sultanate. (200 words)##Answer:.
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Write a short note on architectural features introduced by Europeans in India. (150 words)
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##Question:Write a short note on architectural features introduced by Europeans in India. (150 words)##Answer:.
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What were the conditions that led to creation of Nehru report? Also, discuss its important recommendations. (150 words)(10 marks)
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Approach: 1. Explain what is Nehru Report 2. Mention the condition that of which Nehru"s report formulated 3. Mention the important features of Nehru"s report 4. Write an appropriate conclusion Answer NehruReport: It is a report created in 1928 by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru. Nehru report was a result of a challenge thrown by the British where they said that Indians are not capable of making their own constitution. condition for the formation of the Nehru report 1. Provision of GoI Act 1919- One of the provisions said that after every 10 years, there would be a review to see the suitable condition for constitutional reforms in India. As per this provision, the Simon Commission was sent in 1927. 2. Repercussion of Simon Commission: - Simon commission gave its report in which the commission challenged the Indians, “If they have any political capability and competence then they should form a unanimous constitution and present it to us and we will implement it.” India accepted this challenge and it resulted in Nehru Report Features of Nehru Report: 1. It advocated for Dominion status for India. (This was opposed by different sections) 2. There should be a bi-cameral legislature consisting of a senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate will comprise of two hundred members elected for seven years, while the House of Representatives should consist of five hundred members elected for five years. 3. There should be a federal form of government in India, with residuary powers to be vested in the Centre. 4. There will be no separate electorate for minorities. 5. There would be no reserved seats for communities in Punjab and Bengal. However, reservation of Muslim seats could be possible in the provinces where the Muslim population would be at least ten percent. Conclusion The Nehru report showed the capability of Indian leaders. It was also the first attempt towards the evolution of the constitution-making which ultimately culminated in the Indian Constitution in 1950.
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##Question:What were the conditions that led to creation of Nehru report? Also, discuss its important recommendations. (150 words)(10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Explain what is Nehru Report 2. Mention the condition that of which Nehru"s report formulated 3. Mention the important features of Nehru"s report 4. Write an appropriate conclusion Answer NehruReport: It is a report created in 1928 by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru. Nehru report was a result of a challenge thrown by the British where they said that Indians are not capable of making their own constitution. condition for the formation of the Nehru report 1. Provision of GoI Act 1919- One of the provisions said that after every 10 years, there would be a review to see the suitable condition for constitutional reforms in India. As per this provision, the Simon Commission was sent in 1927. 2. Repercussion of Simon Commission: - Simon commission gave its report in which the commission challenged the Indians, “If they have any political capability and competence then they should form a unanimous constitution and present it to us and we will implement it.” India accepted this challenge and it resulted in Nehru Report Features of Nehru Report: 1. It advocated for Dominion status for India. (This was opposed by different sections) 2. There should be a bi-cameral legislature consisting of a senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate will comprise of two hundred members elected for seven years, while the House of Representatives should consist of five hundred members elected for five years. 3. There should be a federal form of government in India, with residuary powers to be vested in the Centre. 4. There will be no separate electorate for minorities. 5. There would be no reserved seats for communities in Punjab and Bengal. However, reservation of Muslim seats could be possible in the provinces where the Muslim population would be at least ten percent. Conclusion The Nehru report showed the capability of Indian leaders. It was also the first attempt towards the evolution of the constitution-making which ultimately culminated in the Indian Constitution in 1950.
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1857 के विद्रोह के उत्तरदायी कारकों के संदर्भ मे डलहौजी की नीतियों की भूमिका का विश्लेषण कीजिए। (200 शब्द )
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उत्तर – 1857 की क्रांति का संक्षिप्त परिचय डलहौजी की नीतियों की क्रांति के कारणों के रूप चर्चा निष्कर्ष लगभग सम्पूर्ण भारत मे 1857 मे एक साथ बड़े स्तर पर विद्रोह हुआ था । इस विद्रोह का कारण लोगो मे असंतोष का होना था जो लंबे समय से अंग्रेजों की विभिन्न नीतियों के कारण बढ़ रहा था । भारतीय राज्यों तथा लोगों के इस असंतोष डलहौजी की नीतियों ने चरम पर ला दिया था । डलहौजी का शासन काल 1848-1856 था । डलहौजी ने कई साम्राज्यवादी नीतियो को अपनाया था , जो क्रांति का कारण बनी । डलहौजी की हड़प नीति ( Policy of laps )- इस नीति के अनुसार उन सन्तानहीन देशी नरेशों को जो कंपनी के अधीन थे अथवा जिनका अस्तित्व कंपनी के कारण हुआ था, उन सभी को पुत्र गोद लेने की आज्ञा नहीं देकर उनके राज्य को कंपनी के राज्य में विलीन करने का निणर्य लिया गया। डलहौजी ने इस प्रकार सतारा , संभलपुर , जैतपुर , उदयपुर , नागपुर तथा झाँसी का विलय कर लिया । इस प्रकार इन सभी राज्यों मे अँग्रेजी शासन से विरुद्ध विरोध भड़क उठा । अवध का विलय – डलहौजी द्वारा अवध पर कुशासन का आरोप लगाकर उसका विलय करना भी क्रांति का प्रमुख कारण बना । डलहौजी द्वारा पेशवा तथा मुगल उत्तराधिकारियों के साथ दुर्व्यवहार – डलहौजी ने पेशवा की पेंशन बंद कर दी तथा यह घोषणा की कि बहादुर शाह के पश्चात मुगल उत्तराधिकारी लालकिले मे नहीं रहेंगे । इससे लोगो तथा सेना मे बेचैनी बढ़ी । धार्मिक निर्योग्यता कानून (1850 ) – इस कानून के अनुसार ईसाई धर्म अपनाने वालों को भी पैतृक संपत्ति मे अधिकार बना रहेगा । इससे लोगो की भावनाएँ आहत हुईं । निःशुल्क डाक सुविधा समाप्त करना – सैनिकों को डाक सुविधा निःशुल्क दी गयी थी , किन्तु डलहौजी ने इसे समाप्त कर दिया । इससे सैनिकों मे असंतोष बढ़ा । विधवा विवाह को मान्यता – डलहौजी के समय हिन्दू विधवा पुनर्विवाह अधिनियम पारित हुआ । इसे भारतीयों ने भारतीय संस्कृति तथा धार्मिक मामलों मे हस्तक्षेप माना । वुड्स डिस्पैच - इसके कार्यकाल मेँ वुड का निर्देश पत्र आया जिसे भारत मेँ शिक्षा सुधारों के लिए मैग्नाकार्टा कहा जाता है। इसे भारत मे पाश्चात्य शिक्षा का आरोपण तथा भारतीय प्राच्य शिक्षा व्यवस्था के लिए खतरा माना गया । डलहौजी कि नीतियों के अतिरिक्त क्रांति के अन्य कारण भी उत्तरदायी थे । जिनमे से प्रमुख है – भूमि बंदोबस्त और राजस्व से उत्पन्न असंतोष, ईसाई मिशनरियों द्वारा सरकारी संस्थाओं मे धर्म का प्रसार , नस्लीय भेदभाव , सामाजिक प्रथाओं पर प्रतिबंध (सती प्रथा , बाल विवाह , गोद लेने कि प्रथा etc ), सेना मे असंतोष ( कम वेतन , निम्न पदों पर नियुक्ति , नस्लीय भेदभाव , अपमानजनक व्यवहार , समुद्र पर जाकर अनिवार्य सेवा देने का प्रावधान etc ) । प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम विभिन्न राज्यों के राजाओं तथा नवाबों ने साथ ही सेना ने भी इसमे बढ़ चढ़ कर भाग लिया था । इस संदर्भ मे लोगों मे असंतोष की नींव लंबे समय से तैयार हो रही थी किन्तु डलहौजी के शासन काल मे उसके द्वारा अपनायी गयी नीतियों ने इसे अधिक उद्वेलित किया ।
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##Question:1857 के विद्रोह के उत्तरदायी कारकों के संदर्भ मे डलहौजी की नीतियों की भूमिका का विश्लेषण कीजिए। (200 शब्द )##Answer:उत्तर – 1857 की क्रांति का संक्षिप्त परिचय डलहौजी की नीतियों की क्रांति के कारणों के रूप चर्चा निष्कर्ष लगभग सम्पूर्ण भारत मे 1857 मे एक साथ बड़े स्तर पर विद्रोह हुआ था । इस विद्रोह का कारण लोगो मे असंतोष का होना था जो लंबे समय से अंग्रेजों की विभिन्न नीतियों के कारण बढ़ रहा था । भारतीय राज्यों तथा लोगों के इस असंतोष डलहौजी की नीतियों ने चरम पर ला दिया था । डलहौजी का शासन काल 1848-1856 था । डलहौजी ने कई साम्राज्यवादी नीतियो को अपनाया था , जो क्रांति का कारण बनी । डलहौजी की हड़प नीति ( Policy of laps )- इस नीति के अनुसार उन सन्तानहीन देशी नरेशों को जो कंपनी के अधीन थे अथवा जिनका अस्तित्व कंपनी के कारण हुआ था, उन सभी को पुत्र गोद लेने की आज्ञा नहीं देकर उनके राज्य को कंपनी के राज्य में विलीन करने का निणर्य लिया गया। डलहौजी ने इस प्रकार सतारा , संभलपुर , जैतपुर , उदयपुर , नागपुर तथा झाँसी का विलय कर लिया । इस प्रकार इन सभी राज्यों मे अँग्रेजी शासन से विरुद्ध विरोध भड़क उठा । अवध का विलय – डलहौजी द्वारा अवध पर कुशासन का आरोप लगाकर उसका विलय करना भी क्रांति का प्रमुख कारण बना । डलहौजी द्वारा पेशवा तथा मुगल उत्तराधिकारियों के साथ दुर्व्यवहार – डलहौजी ने पेशवा की पेंशन बंद कर दी तथा यह घोषणा की कि बहादुर शाह के पश्चात मुगल उत्तराधिकारी लालकिले मे नहीं रहेंगे । इससे लोगो तथा सेना मे बेचैनी बढ़ी । धार्मिक निर्योग्यता कानून (1850 ) – इस कानून के अनुसार ईसाई धर्म अपनाने वालों को भी पैतृक संपत्ति मे अधिकार बना रहेगा । इससे लोगो की भावनाएँ आहत हुईं । निःशुल्क डाक सुविधा समाप्त करना – सैनिकों को डाक सुविधा निःशुल्क दी गयी थी , किन्तु डलहौजी ने इसे समाप्त कर दिया । इससे सैनिकों मे असंतोष बढ़ा । विधवा विवाह को मान्यता – डलहौजी के समय हिन्दू विधवा पुनर्विवाह अधिनियम पारित हुआ । इसे भारतीयों ने भारतीय संस्कृति तथा धार्मिक मामलों मे हस्तक्षेप माना । वुड्स डिस्पैच - इसके कार्यकाल मेँ वुड का निर्देश पत्र आया जिसे भारत मेँ शिक्षा सुधारों के लिए मैग्नाकार्टा कहा जाता है। इसे भारत मे पाश्चात्य शिक्षा का आरोपण तथा भारतीय प्राच्य शिक्षा व्यवस्था के लिए खतरा माना गया । डलहौजी कि नीतियों के अतिरिक्त क्रांति के अन्य कारण भी उत्तरदायी थे । जिनमे से प्रमुख है – भूमि बंदोबस्त और राजस्व से उत्पन्न असंतोष, ईसाई मिशनरियों द्वारा सरकारी संस्थाओं मे धर्म का प्रसार , नस्लीय भेदभाव , सामाजिक प्रथाओं पर प्रतिबंध (सती प्रथा , बाल विवाह , गोद लेने कि प्रथा etc ), सेना मे असंतोष ( कम वेतन , निम्न पदों पर नियुक्ति , नस्लीय भेदभाव , अपमानजनक व्यवहार , समुद्र पर जाकर अनिवार्य सेवा देने का प्रावधान etc ) । प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम विभिन्न राज्यों के राजाओं तथा नवाबों ने साथ ही सेना ने भी इसमे बढ़ चढ़ कर भाग लिया था । इस संदर्भ मे लोगों मे असंतोष की नींव लंबे समय से तैयार हो रही थी किन्तु डलहौजी के शासन काल मे उसके द्वारा अपनायी गयी नीतियों ने इसे अधिक उद्वेलित किया ।
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Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Immediately after independence, GoI took the cause of land reforms. Since its independence in 1947, there has been voluntary and state initiated/mediated land reforms in several states with dual objectivity of efficient use of land and ensuring social justice. There are the main categories of land reforms and various factors helped in achieving them: 1. Abolition of intermediaries (rent collectors under the pre-Independence land revenue system): Since land is a state subject, different States have passed different laws from time to time depending on their political environments and the demands of the situation. By and large, all intermediary tenures have been eliminated and over 20 million farmers have been brought into direct relationship with the State. Ownership of the land created incentive to increase productivity. 2. Tenancy regulation (to improve the contractual terms including security of tenure): Tenancy legislation have taken three main forms viz., Regulation of rent, Providing security of tenure and Conferring rights of ownership for tenants. Land reform, especially the establishment of peasant proprietorship, is the most important aspect of institutional reform in Indian agriculture. Recently, there have been attempts by govenment to recognize tenancy rights through a proposed bill. This will help the peasants who are presently tenants but not officially recognized in accessing bank loans and insurance. 3. A ceiling on landholdings for individuals and companies (to redistributing surplus land to the landless): The permissible size of holding varies according to the quality of land. Lands are usually divided into different categories on the basis of irrigation, nature of soil, etc. Farmers who have excess land over the fixed ceiling limit had to surrender the surplus amount to the State against due compensation. 4. Computerisation of Land records - This will help reduce the land related conflicts while simultaneously promoting the entry of corporations into agriculture through contract farming. 5. Attempts to consolidate disparate landholdings and with the introduction of HYV technology to step up production and solving rural poverty in the late 1960s. Factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India were: 1. Active govt. approach towards introducing land reforms soon after independence. 2. Introduction of 9th schedule to re-distribute land holdings. 3. Bhoodan movement by Vinoba Bhave brought about behavioral change in the minds of people, however limited. 4. Contribution of bureaucracy can"t be neglected in making the land reforms successful. 5. Peasant movements of the 1940s created favourable atmosphere for land reforms. The rehabilitation of agriculture is also one aspect of Directive Principles of State Policy. Land reforms become indispensable to this end and thus help to move towards establishing an egalitarian society.
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##Question:Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Immediately after independence, GoI took the cause of land reforms. Since its independence in 1947, there has been voluntary and state initiated/mediated land reforms in several states with dual objectivity of efficient use of land and ensuring social justice. There are the main categories of land reforms and various factors helped in achieving them: 1. Abolition of intermediaries (rent collectors under the pre-Independence land revenue system): Since land is a state subject, different States have passed different laws from time to time depending on their political environments and the demands of the situation. By and large, all intermediary tenures have been eliminated and over 20 million farmers have been brought into direct relationship with the State. Ownership of the land created incentive to increase productivity. 2. Tenancy regulation (to improve the contractual terms including security of tenure): Tenancy legislation have taken three main forms viz., Regulation of rent, Providing security of tenure and Conferring rights of ownership for tenants. Land reform, especially the establishment of peasant proprietorship, is the most important aspect of institutional reform in Indian agriculture. Recently, there have been attempts by govenment to recognize tenancy rights through a proposed bill. This will help the peasants who are presently tenants but not officially recognized in accessing bank loans and insurance. 3. A ceiling on landholdings for individuals and companies (to redistributing surplus land to the landless): The permissible size of holding varies according to the quality of land. Lands are usually divided into different categories on the basis of irrigation, nature of soil, etc. Farmers who have excess land over the fixed ceiling limit had to surrender the surplus amount to the State against due compensation. 4. Computerisation of Land records - This will help reduce the land related conflicts while simultaneously promoting the entry of corporations into agriculture through contract farming. 5. Attempts to consolidate disparate landholdings and with the introduction of HYV technology to step up production and solving rural poverty in the late 1960s. Factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India were: 1. Active govt. approach towards introducing land reforms soon after independence. 2. Introduction of 9th schedule to re-distribute land holdings. 3. Bhoodan movement by Vinoba Bhave brought about behavioral change in the minds of people, however limited. 4. Contribution of bureaucracy can"t be neglected in making the land reforms successful. 5. Peasant movements of the 1940s created favourable atmosphere for land reforms. The rehabilitation of agriculture is also one aspect of Directive Principles of State Policy. Land reforms become indispensable to this end and thus help to move towards establishing an egalitarian society.
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19 वीं सदी मे भारतीय शिक्षा के संदर्भ मे आंग्ल - प्राच्य विवाद से आप क्या समझते है? वुड डिस्पैच को भारतीय शिक्षा का मैग्नाकार्टा क्यों कहा जाता है ? विश्लेषण कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द)
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उत्तर - आधुनिक भारत मे शिक्षा के विकास की पृष्ठभूमि का संक्षिप्त परिचय आंग्ल प्राच्य विवाद के प्रमुख पहलुओं का उल्लेख शिक्षा के मैग्नाकार्टा के रूप मे वुड डिस्पैच की चर्चा । आधुनिक भारत मे 18 वीं तथा 19 वीं सदी मे शिक्षा के क्षेत्र कई सरकारी सुधार के प्रयास किए गए ।1781 में वारेन हेस्टिंग्स ने कलकत्ता मदरसा की स्थापना की। इसका उद्देश्य, मुस्लिम कानूनों तथा इससे संबंधित अन्य विषयों की शिक्षा देना था। 1791 में बनारस के ब्रिटिश रेजिडेन्ट, जोनाथन डंकन के प्रयत्नों से बनारस में संस्कृत कालेज की स्थापना की गयी। इसका उद्देश्य हिन्दू विधि एवं दर्शन का अध्ययन करना था।प्राच्य विद्या के क्षेत्र में किये गये ये शुरुआती प्रयास सफल नहीं हो सके। ईसाई मिशनरियों नेकम्पनी सरकार के इस प्रयास की आलोचना की और पाश्चात्य साहित्य के विकास पर बल दिया। 1813 चार्टर एक्ट के द्वारा पहली बार भारत में स्थानीय विद्वानों को प्रोत्साहित करने तथा देश में आधुनिक विज्ञान के ज्ञान को प्रारम्भ एवं उन्नत करने जैसे उद्देश्यों को रखा गया | इसके लिए कंपनी के द्वारा एक लाख रुपए की राशि स्वीकृत की गई |सरकार ने कलकत्ता ,आगरा और बनारस में तीन संस्कृत कॉलेज स्थापित किए |इसके अतिरिक्त यूरोपीय वैज्ञानिक पुस्तकों का प्राच्य भाषाओं में अनुवाद करने के लिये भी अनुदान दिया गया। चार्टर एक्ट द्वारा निर्धारित राशि के खर्च को लेकर विवाद हुआ । इसका मुख्य मुद्दा इस राशि को भारतीय शिक्षा पद्धति तथा भाषा या अँग्रेजी शिक्षा पद्धति तथा भाषा पर खर्च को लेकर था । 1823 मे लोक शिक्षा की सामान्य समिति का गठन किया गया । लोक शिक्षा की सामान्य समिति में दो दल थे। एक दल प्राच्य शिक्षा समर्थक था और दूसरा आंग्ल शिक्षा समर्थक। प्राच्य-शिक्षा समर्थकों का तर्क था कि जहां रोजगार के अवसरों में वृद्धि के लिए पाश्चात्य विज्ञान एवं साहित्य के अध्ययन को बढ़ावा दिया जा रहा है, वहां इसके स्थान पर परंपरागत भारतीय भाषाओं एवं साहित्य को प्रोत्साहित किया जाना चाहिये। दूसरी ओर आंग्ल-शिक्षा समर्थकों में शिक्षा के माध्यम को लेकर विवाद हो गया तथा वे दो वर्गों में विभक्त हो गये। एक वर्ग , शिक्षा का माध्यम अंग्रेजी भाषा को बनाये जाने पर जोर दे रहा था तो दूसरा वर्ग , शिक्षा का माध्यम भारतीय भाषाओं को बनाये जाने का पक्षधर था। 1835 मे मैकाले ने खुलकर अँग्रेजी शिक्षा का समर्थन किया । मैकाले की अनुशंसा पर विलियम बैंटिक ने यह घोषणा की कि राशि पाश्चात्य शिक्षा पर खर्च कि जाएगी । भारतीय शिक्षा पद्धति पर भी कुछ राशि व्यय कि मंजूरी के साथ ही ऑकलैंड के काल मे यह विवाद समाप्त हो गया । 1854 में चार्ल्स वुड ने भारत की भावी शिक्षा के लिये एक विस्तृत योजना बनायी। चार्ल्स वुड का यह डिस्पैच भारत में शिक्षा के विकास से संबंधित पहला विस्तृत प्रस्ताव था जिसने शिक्षा व्यवस्था मे व्यापक बदलाव किये इसीलिए इसे“भारतीय शिक्षा का मैग्ना-कार्टा” कहा जाता है । इसके प्रमुखप्रावधान निम्नलिखित हैं - प्रत्येक प्रान्तों मे शिक्षा विभाग की स्थापना शिक्षकों के प्रशिक्षण का प्रावधान महिला एवं तकनीकी शिक्षा का प्रावधान प्राथमिक शिक्षा भारतीय तथा उच्च शिक्षा अँग्रेजी भाषा मे 1857 मे कलकत्ता , बॉम्बे तथा मद्रास मे लंदन विश्वविद्यालय की तर्ज पर विश्वविद्यालयो की स्थापना । शिक्षा नीतियों ने आधुनिक शिक्षा पद्धति तथा विचारों का प्रसार किया किन्तु ये बदलाव औपनिवेशिक हितो से प्रभावित थे ,इसने अमीरों-गरीबों , शहरों - गांवों के मध्य भेदभाव व दूरी बढ़ायी ।
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##Question:19 वीं सदी मे भारतीय शिक्षा के संदर्भ मे आंग्ल - प्राच्य विवाद से आप क्या समझते है? वुड डिस्पैच को भारतीय शिक्षा का मैग्नाकार्टा क्यों कहा जाता है ? विश्लेषण कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द)##Answer:उत्तर - आधुनिक भारत मे शिक्षा के विकास की पृष्ठभूमि का संक्षिप्त परिचय आंग्ल प्राच्य विवाद के प्रमुख पहलुओं का उल्लेख शिक्षा के मैग्नाकार्टा के रूप मे वुड डिस्पैच की चर्चा । आधुनिक भारत मे 18 वीं तथा 19 वीं सदी मे शिक्षा के क्षेत्र कई सरकारी सुधार के प्रयास किए गए ।1781 में वारेन हेस्टिंग्स ने कलकत्ता मदरसा की स्थापना की। इसका उद्देश्य, मुस्लिम कानूनों तथा इससे संबंधित अन्य विषयों की शिक्षा देना था। 1791 में बनारस के ब्रिटिश रेजिडेन्ट, जोनाथन डंकन के प्रयत्नों से बनारस में संस्कृत कालेज की स्थापना की गयी। इसका उद्देश्य हिन्दू विधि एवं दर्शन का अध्ययन करना था।प्राच्य विद्या के क्षेत्र में किये गये ये शुरुआती प्रयास सफल नहीं हो सके। ईसाई मिशनरियों नेकम्पनी सरकार के इस प्रयास की आलोचना की और पाश्चात्य साहित्य के विकास पर बल दिया। 1813 चार्टर एक्ट के द्वारा पहली बार भारत में स्थानीय विद्वानों को प्रोत्साहित करने तथा देश में आधुनिक विज्ञान के ज्ञान को प्रारम्भ एवं उन्नत करने जैसे उद्देश्यों को रखा गया | इसके लिए कंपनी के द्वारा एक लाख रुपए की राशि स्वीकृत की गई |सरकार ने कलकत्ता ,आगरा और बनारस में तीन संस्कृत कॉलेज स्थापित किए |इसके अतिरिक्त यूरोपीय वैज्ञानिक पुस्तकों का प्राच्य भाषाओं में अनुवाद करने के लिये भी अनुदान दिया गया। चार्टर एक्ट द्वारा निर्धारित राशि के खर्च को लेकर विवाद हुआ । इसका मुख्य मुद्दा इस राशि को भारतीय शिक्षा पद्धति तथा भाषा या अँग्रेजी शिक्षा पद्धति तथा भाषा पर खर्च को लेकर था । 1823 मे लोक शिक्षा की सामान्य समिति का गठन किया गया । लोक शिक्षा की सामान्य समिति में दो दल थे। एक दल प्राच्य शिक्षा समर्थक था और दूसरा आंग्ल शिक्षा समर्थक। प्राच्य-शिक्षा समर्थकों का तर्क था कि जहां रोजगार के अवसरों में वृद्धि के लिए पाश्चात्य विज्ञान एवं साहित्य के अध्ययन को बढ़ावा दिया जा रहा है, वहां इसके स्थान पर परंपरागत भारतीय भाषाओं एवं साहित्य को प्रोत्साहित किया जाना चाहिये। दूसरी ओर आंग्ल-शिक्षा समर्थकों में शिक्षा के माध्यम को लेकर विवाद हो गया तथा वे दो वर्गों में विभक्त हो गये। एक वर्ग , शिक्षा का माध्यम अंग्रेजी भाषा को बनाये जाने पर जोर दे रहा था तो दूसरा वर्ग , शिक्षा का माध्यम भारतीय भाषाओं को बनाये जाने का पक्षधर था। 1835 मे मैकाले ने खुलकर अँग्रेजी शिक्षा का समर्थन किया । मैकाले की अनुशंसा पर विलियम बैंटिक ने यह घोषणा की कि राशि पाश्चात्य शिक्षा पर खर्च कि जाएगी । भारतीय शिक्षा पद्धति पर भी कुछ राशि व्यय कि मंजूरी के साथ ही ऑकलैंड के काल मे यह विवाद समाप्त हो गया । 1854 में चार्ल्स वुड ने भारत की भावी शिक्षा के लिये एक विस्तृत योजना बनायी। चार्ल्स वुड का यह डिस्पैच भारत में शिक्षा के विकास से संबंधित पहला विस्तृत प्रस्ताव था जिसने शिक्षा व्यवस्था मे व्यापक बदलाव किये इसीलिए इसे“भारतीय शिक्षा का मैग्ना-कार्टा” कहा जाता है । इसके प्रमुखप्रावधान निम्नलिखित हैं - प्रत्येक प्रान्तों मे शिक्षा विभाग की स्थापना शिक्षकों के प्रशिक्षण का प्रावधान महिला एवं तकनीकी शिक्षा का प्रावधान प्राथमिक शिक्षा भारतीय तथा उच्च शिक्षा अँग्रेजी भाषा मे 1857 मे कलकत्ता , बॉम्बे तथा मद्रास मे लंदन विश्वविद्यालय की तर्ज पर विश्वविद्यालयो की स्थापना । शिक्षा नीतियों ने आधुनिक शिक्षा पद्धति तथा विचारों का प्रसार किया किन्तु ये बदलाव औपनिवेशिक हितो से प्रभावित थे ,इसने अमीरों-गरीबों , शहरों - गांवों के मध्य भेदभाव व दूरी बढ़ायी ।
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What is an air mass? Explain different types of air masses. (150 words / 10 marks)
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Approach: - Define Air masses as an Introduction - Discuss the types of air masses with their source regions. - Conclude Answer: Air mass is defined as a large body of air having little horizontal variation in temperature and moisture. The homogenous surfaces, over which air masses form, are called the source regions. When the air remains over a homogenous area for a sufficiently long time, it acquires the characteristics of the area. The homogenous regions can be the vast ocean surface or vast plains. The air masses are classified according to the source regions. There are five major source regions. These are: (i) Warm tropical and subtropical oceans (ex-Pacific ocean) (ii) The subtropical hot deserts; (ex -Sahara, Mojave etc) (iii) The relatively cold high-latitude oceans; (Ex- Baltic sea, north sea) (iv) The very cold snow-covered continents in high latitudes (ex-Nordic countries) (v) Permanently ice-covered continents in the Arctic and Antarctica. Types of air mass Broadly air masses can be categorised into polar and tropical air masses. The four types of air masses with their source regions are- (i) Maritime tropical (mT): - The source regions of these air masses include the oceans in the tropics and sub-tropics such as Mexican Gulf, the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans.These air masses are warm, humid and unstable. The weather during winter has mild temperatures and overcast skies with fog. During summer, the weather is characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, cumulous clouds and convectional rainfall. (ii) Continental tropical (CT):- The source regions of the air masses include tropical and sub-tropical deserts of the Sahara in Africa, and West Asia and Australia. These air masses are dry, hot and stable and do not extend beyond the source. They are dry throughout the year. (iii) Maritime polar (mP):- The source region of these air masses is the oceans between 40° and 60° latitudes. These are those continental polar air masses which have moved over the warmer oceans, got heated up and collected moisture. The conditions over the source regions are cool, moist and unstable. These are the regions which cannot lie stagnant for long. The weather during winter is characterized by high humidity, overcast skies and occasional fog and precipitation. During summer, the weather is clear, fair and stable. (iv) Continental polar (cP) :- Source regions of these air masses are the Arctic basin, northern North America, Eurasia and Antarctica. These air masses are characterized by dry, cold and stable conditions. The weather during winter is frigid, clear and stable. During summer, the weather is less stable with the lesser prevalence of anticyclonic winds, warmer landmasses and lesser snow. Conclude: Airmasses greatly affect the climatic conditions over the region creating long and short-term climatic variability. The figure could be drawn showing these areas (Map)
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##Question:What is an air mass? Explain different types of air masses. (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Define Air masses as an Introduction - Discuss the types of air masses with their source regions. - Conclude Answer: Air mass is defined as a large body of air having little horizontal variation in temperature and moisture. The homogenous surfaces, over which air masses form, are called the source regions. When the air remains over a homogenous area for a sufficiently long time, it acquires the characteristics of the area. The homogenous regions can be the vast ocean surface or vast plains. The air masses are classified according to the source regions. There are five major source regions. These are: (i) Warm tropical and subtropical oceans (ex-Pacific ocean) (ii) The subtropical hot deserts; (ex -Sahara, Mojave etc) (iii) The relatively cold high-latitude oceans; (Ex- Baltic sea, north sea) (iv) The very cold snow-covered continents in high latitudes (ex-Nordic countries) (v) Permanently ice-covered continents in the Arctic and Antarctica. Types of air mass Broadly air masses can be categorised into polar and tropical air masses. The four types of air masses with their source regions are- (i) Maritime tropical (mT): - The source regions of these air masses include the oceans in the tropics and sub-tropics such as Mexican Gulf, the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans.These air masses are warm, humid and unstable. The weather during winter has mild temperatures and overcast skies with fog. During summer, the weather is characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, cumulous clouds and convectional rainfall. (ii) Continental tropical (CT):- The source regions of the air masses include tropical and sub-tropical deserts of the Sahara in Africa, and West Asia and Australia. These air masses are dry, hot and stable and do not extend beyond the source. They are dry throughout the year. (iii) Maritime polar (mP):- The source region of these air masses is the oceans between 40° and 60° latitudes. These are those continental polar air masses which have moved over the warmer oceans, got heated up and collected moisture. The conditions over the source regions are cool, moist and unstable. These are the regions which cannot lie stagnant for long. The weather during winter is characterized by high humidity, overcast skies and occasional fog and precipitation. During summer, the weather is clear, fair and stable. (iv) Continental polar (cP) :- Source regions of these air masses are the Arctic basin, northern North America, Eurasia and Antarctica. These air masses are characterized by dry, cold and stable conditions. The weather during winter is frigid, clear and stable. During summer, the weather is less stable with the lesser prevalence of anticyclonic winds, warmer landmasses and lesser snow. Conclude: Airmasses greatly affect the climatic conditions over the region creating long and short-term climatic variability. The figure could be drawn showing these areas (Map)
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Each Mughal emperor had an important influence on the development of architecture in India. Comment (150 words/10 Marks)
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Brief approach- Discuss the role played by each Mughal emperor wrt Architecture ANSWER- Both Babur and Humayun did not have enough time to create any monumental structure in India but Babur was successful in creating two mosques one at Panipat and other at sambhal. Humayun led the foundation of the city of Din Punah but he was not able to complete it After the death of Humayun, his wife Hamida begham and begha Begum created the mausoleum of Humayun. it was the first monumental building of Mughal and perfect unison of red sand stone and white marble. They also introduced four identical gardens known as Chahar bagh. Akbar- Initially, he started construction of Redfort Agra but he did not complete it. He decided to create a separate capital complex at Fatehpur Sikri inside which many buildings were created. the complex is welcomed by a very big gateway Buland Darwaza. Tudore arch was created in Buland Darwaza which was later replicated by all the Mughal rulers. Akbar incorporated Traviata architecture in some of the buildings. for example Panch Mahal. In this building, he created hanging Rajput Balconies lental method of construction was used. example Jodha bai palace, Birbal Palace, Jahangiri Mahal, Salim Chisti"s tomb. This building was a perfect example of intricate jali work. Ibadat Khana It was a place of discussion and deliberation with the representatives of all the religions. Diwan-i-aam, Diwan-i-khas. Akbar also provided funds to create Govind Dev temple in Mathura Vrindavan Jahangir initially jhanger created tomb of Akbar at Sikandra in Agra. He also created Moti Masjid in Lahore. He also commissioned his own tomb at dilkhusa garden in Lahore which was later completed by Shahjahan. But the major initiatives related to architecture was taken by Noor Jahan. She created tomb of her father Mirza Gyas Begh which was It-mad-ud-daulah tomb in Agra. this is the first building of Mughal which is made up of pure white marble. The heavy use of Pietra Dura technique can also be seen in this building. Noor Jahan was also instrumental in planting the Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh of Shrinagar. Shah Jahan- this period was the climax of Mughal Architecture and also Indo Islamic architecture. All the features of Indo Islamic architecture were present at this point in time. for example, one can see different geometrical patterns like dado panel, Arabesque technique, petra dura, garden, water pools and fountains. Examples of buildings created by Shahjahan- he completed red fort Agra, created Redfort Delhi, Jama masjid Delhi, BadShaii mosque lahore, created the city of Shahjahanabad Aurangzeb- During this period the patronage to art and architecture declined and only one mosque was created by Aurangzeb which is Moti Masjid inside Red fort Delhi. he also commissioned Bibi ka Kaqbara at Aurangabad which was completed by his son Bahadur Shah Jafar.
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##Question:Each Mughal emperor had an important influence on the development of architecture in India. Comment (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Brief approach- Discuss the role played by each Mughal emperor wrt Architecture ANSWER- Both Babur and Humayun did not have enough time to create any monumental structure in India but Babur was successful in creating two mosques one at Panipat and other at sambhal. Humayun led the foundation of the city of Din Punah but he was not able to complete it After the death of Humayun, his wife Hamida begham and begha Begum created the mausoleum of Humayun. it was the first monumental building of Mughal and perfect unison of red sand stone and white marble. They also introduced four identical gardens known as Chahar bagh. Akbar- Initially, he started construction of Redfort Agra but he did not complete it. He decided to create a separate capital complex at Fatehpur Sikri inside which many buildings were created. the complex is welcomed by a very big gateway Buland Darwaza. Tudore arch was created in Buland Darwaza which was later replicated by all the Mughal rulers. Akbar incorporated Traviata architecture in some of the buildings. for example Panch Mahal. In this building, he created hanging Rajput Balconies lental method of construction was used. example Jodha bai palace, Birbal Palace, Jahangiri Mahal, Salim Chisti"s tomb. This building was a perfect example of intricate jali work. Ibadat Khana It was a place of discussion and deliberation with the representatives of all the religions. Diwan-i-aam, Diwan-i-khas. Akbar also provided funds to create Govind Dev temple in Mathura Vrindavan Jahangir initially jhanger created tomb of Akbar at Sikandra in Agra. He also created Moti Masjid in Lahore. He also commissioned his own tomb at dilkhusa garden in Lahore which was later completed by Shahjahan. But the major initiatives related to architecture was taken by Noor Jahan. She created tomb of her father Mirza Gyas Begh which was It-mad-ud-daulah tomb in Agra. this is the first building of Mughal which is made up of pure white marble. The heavy use of Pietra Dura technique can also be seen in this building. Noor Jahan was also instrumental in planting the Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh of Shrinagar. Shah Jahan- this period was the climax of Mughal Architecture and also Indo Islamic architecture. All the features of Indo Islamic architecture were present at this point in time. for example, one can see different geometrical patterns like dado panel, Arabesque technique, petra dura, garden, water pools and fountains. Examples of buildings created by Shahjahan- he completed red fort Agra, created Redfort Delhi, Jama masjid Delhi, BadShaii mosque lahore, created the city of Shahjahanabad Aurangzeb- During this period the patronage to art and architecture declined and only one mosque was created by Aurangzeb which is Moti Masjid inside Red fort Delhi. he also commissioned Bibi ka Kaqbara at Aurangabad which was completed by his son Bahadur Shah Jafar.
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Write a note on the significance of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. Is the Preamble a part of the constitution? Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- A brief introduction to Preamble Bring out the significance of the Preamble Mention points to prove whether the Preamble is a part of the constitution or not. Conclusion Answer:- The preamble is the decorative part of the constitution because it does not give any power to the government nor it limits the powers of the government. It is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose, principles, and philosophy of the constitution. The significance of the Preamble:- The preamble is seen as an introduction or prelude to the constitution or the essence or summary of the whole constitution declaring the basic values on which the constitution is based. The preamble also declares that the source of all the powers of the constitution is the people themselves and the constitution arises from people only i.e. Preamble declares that the people of this country are the ultimate sovereign in India. The ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity reflect the objectives of the Constitution. The word ‘ Republic’ in the Preamble indicates that India has an elected head, though indirectly elected, the Indian President is the choice of the people of India. DD Basu said that the Preamble contains the philosophy or the theme of the constitution and is also the key to unraveling the minds of constitution-makers and telling us the intentions behind various provisions of the constitution. The preamble is in the form of a declaration. Though it by itself is not enforceable in the Court of Law, the Preamble to the written Constitution promotes and aids legal interpretation, especially in case of ambiguous language. The Preamble also promotes the aims of democracy; the offering of an equal opportunity to men and women regardless of other factors in matters of public employment also implements the democratic ideal In Kehar Singh vs. UOI Case, 1989, the statement was challenged that the constitution is the creation of people i.e. the constitution derives its powers from people directly. However, Court said that the statement derives from its people is a conclusive assumption that can not be challenged or questioned in any court of law. Is Preamble a part of the constitution? The traditional view was that Preamble was not part of the constitution because even if it was to be dropped, the constitution would continue to function. Further Preamble is neither conferring nor limiting the powers of the government and thus has a very limited role to play in the constitution. Therefore Supreme Court in Berubari Union Case held that the Preamble was not a part of the constitution. It was through the narrow interpretation. However, the modern view is that Preamble is indeed part of the constitution even if not the essential part of the constitution because only if the Preamble is accepted to be the part of the constitution, it can be amended suitably to keep it up to date with the modern provisions of the constitution and modern values of the governance. It reflects the flexible nature of the whole constitution. Conclusion: Therefore SC reversed its earlier decisions in Keshvananda Bharti Case 1973 and held that the Preamble was part of the constitution, because of which Preamble was amended by the 42nd Amendments Act 1976, and the words Socialist, secular, and integrity were added. The current status is that it is an integral part of the constitution and some parts of it ( Secular, Republic, etc.) are part of the basic structure as well.
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##Question:Write a note on the significance of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. Is the Preamble a part of the constitution? Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- A brief introduction to Preamble Bring out the significance of the Preamble Mention points to prove whether the Preamble is a part of the constitution or not. Conclusion Answer:- The preamble is the decorative part of the constitution because it does not give any power to the government nor it limits the powers of the government. It is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose, principles, and philosophy of the constitution. The significance of the Preamble:- The preamble is seen as an introduction or prelude to the constitution or the essence or summary of the whole constitution declaring the basic values on which the constitution is based. The preamble also declares that the source of all the powers of the constitution is the people themselves and the constitution arises from people only i.e. Preamble declares that the people of this country are the ultimate sovereign in India. The ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity reflect the objectives of the Constitution. The word ‘ Republic’ in the Preamble indicates that India has an elected head, though indirectly elected, the Indian President is the choice of the people of India. DD Basu said that the Preamble contains the philosophy or the theme of the constitution and is also the key to unraveling the minds of constitution-makers and telling us the intentions behind various provisions of the constitution. The preamble is in the form of a declaration. Though it by itself is not enforceable in the Court of Law, the Preamble to the written Constitution promotes and aids legal interpretation, especially in case of ambiguous language. The Preamble also promotes the aims of democracy; the offering of an equal opportunity to men and women regardless of other factors in matters of public employment also implements the democratic ideal In Kehar Singh vs. UOI Case, 1989, the statement was challenged that the constitution is the creation of people i.e. the constitution derives its powers from people directly. However, Court said that the statement derives from its people is a conclusive assumption that can not be challenged or questioned in any court of law. Is Preamble a part of the constitution? The traditional view was that Preamble was not part of the constitution because even if it was to be dropped, the constitution would continue to function. Further Preamble is neither conferring nor limiting the powers of the government and thus has a very limited role to play in the constitution. Therefore Supreme Court in Berubari Union Case held that the Preamble was not a part of the constitution. It was through the narrow interpretation. However, the modern view is that Preamble is indeed part of the constitution even if not the essential part of the constitution because only if the Preamble is accepted to be the part of the constitution, it can be amended suitably to keep it up to date with the modern provisions of the constitution and modern values of the governance. It reflects the flexible nature of the whole constitution. Conclusion: Therefore SC reversed its earlier decisions in Keshvananda Bharti Case 1973 and held that the Preamble was part of the constitution, because of which Preamble was amended by the 42nd Amendments Act 1976, and the words Socialist, secular, and integrity were added. The current status is that it is an integral part of the constitution and some parts of it ( Secular, Republic, etc.) are part of the basic structure as well.
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What do you mean by global atmospheric circulation? Discuss the formation of three cells on both sides of the equator with the help of a diagram. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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APPROACH - In introduction brief explaination about Global atmospheric circulation - Discussion on formation of three cells along with diagram - In conclusion brief mention about its importance ANSWER Global atmospheric circulation refers to the pattern of movement of planetary winds. It helps in the latitudinal heat transfer. It also has impact on Indian monsoon, formation of cyclones, hot deserts etc. [STUDENT ARE EXPECTED TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM] FORMATION OF CELLS- -Hadley Cell- The area around the Equator has L.P. due to intense heating and is known as I.T.C.Z. The air from this region rises up and moves towards tropics. They descend at around 30 degrees North and South of Equator by losing latent heat. This cell results in the formation of Cumulus clouds and heavy rainfall in Equatorial region. This cell is more pronounced in Southern Hemisphere due to less proportion of land there. -Ferrel Cell- These is also called as Polar Front Cells that develop between 30 to 60 degree North and South. Cold sinking air comes from Polar Regions and rising warm air comes from the subtropical high. Surface winds are knows as westerlies as they move from west to east due to Coriolis Force. -Polar Cell- This cell is located between 60-90 degrees North and South. The air moves from Polar H.P. to sub polar L.P. Due to Coriolis force, the winds blow from East to West in both the hemispheres and are called Polar Easterlies. These are area of anti-cyclonic activities. The formation of these three cells impacts the season, climate, vegetation and lifestyle of people. It also affects the ocean movements as the large-scale winds of the atmosphere initiate large and slow moving currents of the ocean.
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##Question:What do you mean by global atmospheric circulation? Discuss the formation of three cells on both sides of the equator with the help of a diagram. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH - In introduction brief explaination about Global atmospheric circulation - Discussion on formation of three cells along with diagram - In conclusion brief mention about its importance ANSWER Global atmospheric circulation refers to the pattern of movement of planetary winds. It helps in the latitudinal heat transfer. It also has impact on Indian monsoon, formation of cyclones, hot deserts etc. [STUDENT ARE EXPECTED TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM] FORMATION OF CELLS- -Hadley Cell- The area around the Equator has L.P. due to intense heating and is known as I.T.C.Z. The air from this region rises up and moves towards tropics. They descend at around 30 degrees North and South of Equator by losing latent heat. This cell results in the formation of Cumulus clouds and heavy rainfall in Equatorial region. This cell is more pronounced in Southern Hemisphere due to less proportion of land there. -Ferrel Cell- These is also called as Polar Front Cells that develop between 30 to 60 degree North and South. Cold sinking air comes from Polar Regions and rising warm air comes from the subtropical high. Surface winds are knows as westerlies as they move from west to east due to Coriolis Force. -Polar Cell- This cell is located between 60-90 degrees North and South. The air moves from Polar H.P. to sub polar L.P. Due to Coriolis force, the winds blow from East to West in both the hemispheres and are called Polar Easterlies. These are area of anti-cyclonic activities. The formation of these three cells impacts the season, climate, vegetation and lifestyle of people. It also affects the ocean movements as the large-scale winds of the atmosphere initiate large and slow moving currents of the ocean.
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भारत की “ नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति ” (Neighbourhood first policy) क्या है ? वर्तमान संदर्भ मे इसकी उपयोगिता तथा इस दिशा में भारत द्वारा किए जा रहे प्रयासों पर चर्चा कीजिए | (200 शब्द )
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प्रश्न - भारत की “ नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति ”(Neighbourhood first policy) क्या है | वर्तमान संदर्भ मे इसकी उपयोगिता तथा भारत द्वारा किए गए प्रयासों पर चर्चा करें | (200 शब्द ) दृष्टिकोण – ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ की संक्षेप मे भूमिका वर्तमान संदर्भ मे इसकी उपयोगिता भारत द्वारा किए गए प्रयास आगे की राह उत्तर - नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति ’ (Neighbourhood first policy) ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ का अर्थ अपने पड़ोसी देशों को प्राथमिकता देने से है अर्थात ‘पड़ोस पहले’ (Neighbourhood first)। भारत ने वैश्वीकरण के वर्तमान दौर में दक्षिण एशिया में क्षेत्रीय एकीकरण की आवश्यकता को संबोधित करने के लिये ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ (Neighbourhood first policy) को वर्ष 2005 में प्रारंभ किया। ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ एक सॉफ्ट पॉवर पॉलिसी का ही एक माध्यम है। तेज़ी से बदलते परिदृश्य के साथ बाहरी मामलों से निपटने के लिये नीतियाँ भी बदलती रहती हैं। अतः भारत भी समय-समय पर अपनी विदेश नीति में ऐसे बदलाव करता रहता है ताकि समयानुसार स्थितियों का सर्वाधिक लाभ प्राप्त किया जा सके। भारत ने वैश्वीकरण के वर्तमान दौर में दक्षिण एशिया में क्षेत्रीय एकीकरण की आवश्यकता को संबोधित करने के लिये ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ (Neighbourhood first policy) को वर्ष 2005 में प्रारंभ किया। इस नीति के तहत सीमा क्षेत्रों के विकास, क्षेत्र की बेहतर कनेक्टिविटी एवं सांस्कृतिक विकास तथा लोगों के आपसी संपर्क को प्रोत्साहित करने पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया। उल्लेखनीय है कि यह सॉफ्ट पॉवर पॉलिसी का ही एक माध्यम है। वर्तमान संदर्भ मे इसकी उपयोगिता सरकार ने अपने पड़ोस में ‘बिग ब्रदर’ की भूमिका की बजाय अधिक वास्तविक और अनौपचारिक संस्करण में बदलने के फैसले के कारण – चीन द्वारा भारत के पड़ोसियों को बुनियादी ढाँचे के निर्माण के नाम पर ऋण-जाल में फँसाने और भारत विरुद्ध गतिविधियों को संचालित करने हेतु विवश करने की नीति के प्रत्युत्तर में भारत की वर्तमान नीति अहम है। नेपाल और मालदीव जैसे कुछ छोटे पड़ोसियों से प्राप्त प्रतिक्रिया है, जो सशस्त्र और मज़बूत होने के बाद अपनी नीतियों को लेकर कठोर हुए हैं, भले ही भारत ने उनके हित में ही सलाह क्यों न दी हो। इस नीति के तहत शामिल महत्त्वपूर्ण बिंदु इस प्रकार हैं : इस नीति के माध्यम से भारत अपने पड़ोसी देशों तथा हिंद महासागर के द्वीपीय देशों को राजनीतिक एवं कूटनीतिक प्राथमिकता प्रदान करने का इच्छुक है। पड़ोसी देशों को संसाधनों, सामग्रियों तथा प्रशिक्षण के रूप में सहायता प्रदान कर समर्थन देना है। भारत की इस नीति का उद्देश्य भारत के नेतृत्व में क्षेत्रवाद के ऐसे मॉडल को प्रोत्साहित करना है जो पड़ोसी देशों के भी अनुकूल हो। वस्तुओं, लोगों, ऊर्जा, पूँजी तथा सूचना के मुक्त प्रवाह में सुधार हेतु व्यापक कनेक्टिविटी और एकीकरण। साथ ही सांस्कृतिक विरासत के माध्यम से पड़ोसी देशों के साथ संपर्क स्थापित करना। भारत द्वारा इस के संदर्भ मे प्रयास – पाकिस्तान सरकार भी उचित सुविधाओं के साथ अपने क्षेत्र में ऐसा ही 4 किलोमीटर लंबा गलियारा बनाने पर राज़ी हो गई। भारत ने पाकिस्तान के साथ नरमी का व्यवहार बरतते हुए दो केंद्रीय मंत्रियों को पाकिस्तान में करतारपुर कॉरिडोर के समारोह में शामिल होने के लिये भेजा। करतारपुर कॉरिडोर को भी भारत की ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ का ही भाग माना जा रहा है। इसके बावजूद लोगों के बीच आपसी संबंधों (people-to-people ties) को बढ़ावा देते हुए भारत ने भी करतारपुर गलियारे के संबंध में किये गए प्रयास की प्रशंसा करने के साथ ही इसकी तुलना बर्लिन की दीवार गिराए जाने से की | जिसे दोनों देशों के बीच एक नई आशा का संचार होने के रूप में माना जा रहा है। आगे की राह – भारत के अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ साझा इतिहास, उसकी विरासत, मूल्य और जीवन जीने के तरीके उसे एक साझा मंच प्रदान करते हैं। भारत महान शक्तियों के साथ स्वयं को सुपर पावर के रूप में स्थापित करने का संतुलित प्रयास कर रहा है और अपने घरेलू विकास के लिये अधिकतम लाभ प्राप्त करने की कोशिश कर रहा है। अतः इसकी सफलता के लिये आवश्यक है कि हमारे पड़ोसियों द्वारा कम से कम गतिरोध उत्पन्न किये जाएँ, ऐसे में नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति की नीति एक कारगर विकल्प साबित हो सकती है, बशर्तें इसकी निरंतरता को प्रतिबद्धता के साथ कायम रखा जाए। इसमें कोई शक नहीं है कि भारत, शीघ्र ही विश्व की चौथी बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्था बन जाएगा लेकिन इस विकास के साथ भारत में हमेशा शांति को बनाए रखने के लिये आवश्यक है कि भारत अपने पड़ोसियों के संबंधों को लेकर चिंतित न रहे।
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##Question:भारत की “ नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति ” (Neighbourhood first policy) क्या है ? वर्तमान संदर्भ मे इसकी उपयोगिता तथा इस दिशा में भारत द्वारा किए जा रहे प्रयासों पर चर्चा कीजिए | (200 शब्द )##Answer:प्रश्न - भारत की “ नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति ”(Neighbourhood first policy) क्या है | वर्तमान संदर्भ मे इसकी उपयोगिता तथा भारत द्वारा किए गए प्रयासों पर चर्चा करें | (200 शब्द ) दृष्टिकोण – ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ की संक्षेप मे भूमिका वर्तमान संदर्भ मे इसकी उपयोगिता भारत द्वारा किए गए प्रयास आगे की राह उत्तर - नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति ’ (Neighbourhood first policy) ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ का अर्थ अपने पड़ोसी देशों को प्राथमिकता देने से है अर्थात ‘पड़ोस पहले’ (Neighbourhood first)। भारत ने वैश्वीकरण के वर्तमान दौर में दक्षिण एशिया में क्षेत्रीय एकीकरण की आवश्यकता को संबोधित करने के लिये ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ (Neighbourhood first policy) को वर्ष 2005 में प्रारंभ किया। ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ एक सॉफ्ट पॉवर पॉलिसी का ही एक माध्यम है। तेज़ी से बदलते परिदृश्य के साथ बाहरी मामलों से निपटने के लिये नीतियाँ भी बदलती रहती हैं। अतः भारत भी समय-समय पर अपनी विदेश नीति में ऐसे बदलाव करता रहता है ताकि समयानुसार स्थितियों का सर्वाधिक लाभ प्राप्त किया जा सके। भारत ने वैश्वीकरण के वर्तमान दौर में दक्षिण एशिया में क्षेत्रीय एकीकरण की आवश्यकता को संबोधित करने के लिये ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ (Neighbourhood first policy) को वर्ष 2005 में प्रारंभ किया। इस नीति के तहत सीमा क्षेत्रों के विकास, क्षेत्र की बेहतर कनेक्टिविटी एवं सांस्कृतिक विकास तथा लोगों के आपसी संपर्क को प्रोत्साहित करने पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया। उल्लेखनीय है कि यह सॉफ्ट पॉवर पॉलिसी का ही एक माध्यम है। वर्तमान संदर्भ मे इसकी उपयोगिता सरकार ने अपने पड़ोस में ‘बिग ब्रदर’ की भूमिका की बजाय अधिक वास्तविक और अनौपचारिक संस्करण में बदलने के फैसले के कारण – चीन द्वारा भारत के पड़ोसियों को बुनियादी ढाँचे के निर्माण के नाम पर ऋण-जाल में फँसाने और भारत विरुद्ध गतिविधियों को संचालित करने हेतु विवश करने की नीति के प्रत्युत्तर में भारत की वर्तमान नीति अहम है। नेपाल और मालदीव जैसे कुछ छोटे पड़ोसियों से प्राप्त प्रतिक्रिया है, जो सशस्त्र और मज़बूत होने के बाद अपनी नीतियों को लेकर कठोर हुए हैं, भले ही भारत ने उनके हित में ही सलाह क्यों न दी हो। इस नीति के तहत शामिल महत्त्वपूर्ण बिंदु इस प्रकार हैं : इस नीति के माध्यम से भारत अपने पड़ोसी देशों तथा हिंद महासागर के द्वीपीय देशों को राजनीतिक एवं कूटनीतिक प्राथमिकता प्रदान करने का इच्छुक है। पड़ोसी देशों को संसाधनों, सामग्रियों तथा प्रशिक्षण के रूप में सहायता प्रदान कर समर्थन देना है। भारत की इस नीति का उद्देश्य भारत के नेतृत्व में क्षेत्रवाद के ऐसे मॉडल को प्रोत्साहित करना है जो पड़ोसी देशों के भी अनुकूल हो। वस्तुओं, लोगों, ऊर्जा, पूँजी तथा सूचना के मुक्त प्रवाह में सुधार हेतु व्यापक कनेक्टिविटी और एकीकरण। साथ ही सांस्कृतिक विरासत के माध्यम से पड़ोसी देशों के साथ संपर्क स्थापित करना। भारत द्वारा इस के संदर्भ मे प्रयास – पाकिस्तान सरकार भी उचित सुविधाओं के साथ अपने क्षेत्र में ऐसा ही 4 किलोमीटर लंबा गलियारा बनाने पर राज़ी हो गई। भारत ने पाकिस्तान के साथ नरमी का व्यवहार बरतते हुए दो केंद्रीय मंत्रियों को पाकिस्तान में करतारपुर कॉरिडोर के समारोह में शामिल होने के लिये भेजा। करतारपुर कॉरिडोर को भी भारत की ‘नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति’ का ही भाग माना जा रहा है। इसके बावजूद लोगों के बीच आपसी संबंधों (people-to-people ties) को बढ़ावा देते हुए भारत ने भी करतारपुर गलियारे के संबंध में किये गए प्रयास की प्रशंसा करने के साथ ही इसकी तुलना बर्लिन की दीवार गिराए जाने से की | जिसे दोनों देशों के बीच एक नई आशा का संचार होने के रूप में माना जा रहा है। आगे की राह – भारत के अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ साझा इतिहास, उसकी विरासत, मूल्य और जीवन जीने के तरीके उसे एक साझा मंच प्रदान करते हैं। भारत महान शक्तियों के साथ स्वयं को सुपर पावर के रूप में स्थापित करने का संतुलित प्रयास कर रहा है और अपने घरेलू विकास के लिये अधिकतम लाभ प्राप्त करने की कोशिश कर रहा है। अतः इसकी सफलता के लिये आवश्यक है कि हमारे पड़ोसियों द्वारा कम से कम गतिरोध उत्पन्न किये जाएँ, ऐसे में नेबरहुड फर्स्ट नीति की नीति एक कारगर विकल्प साबित हो सकती है, बशर्तें इसकी निरंतरता को प्रतिबद्धता के साथ कायम रखा जाए। इसमें कोई शक नहीं है कि भारत, शीघ्र ही विश्व की चौथी बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्था बन जाएगा लेकिन इस विकास के साथ भारत में हमेशा शांति को बनाए रखने के लिये आवश्यक है कि भारत अपने पड़ोसियों के संबंधों को लेकर चिंतित न रहे।
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Explaining different sectors of economy discuss their contribution to India"s GDP. (150 words)
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##Question:Explaining different sectors of economy discuss their contribution to India"s GDP. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Write short note on the following: (100 words each) Statutory corporation Departmental Undertaking
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##Question:Write short note on the following: (100 words each) Statutory corporation Departmental Undertaking ##Answer:.
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Mention the qualification needed to be a member of the Rajya Sabha? Highlight the importance of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in the functioning of the Parliament of India? (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach Answer: 1. Introduce by referring to the Rajya Sabha as the upper house of the Parliament. 2. Enumerate the qualification needed to be a member of the Rajya Sabha. 3. Highlight the importance of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in the functioning of the Parliament of India. 4. Conclude by mentioning the overall role of the Rajya Sabha in the Indian Parliamentary System Answer: Rajya Sabha is the upper of the Indian Parliament. It is also known as the house of elders. It is the representative body of states at the federal level. It has two categories of members- elected and nominated for six years in such a way that one-third of them retire every two years. The nomination is done on basis of Expertise in Arts, Science, Literature, and Social Service. Qualification to be a member of Rajya Sabha: 1. Minimum of 30 years of age. 2. Citizen of India. 3. RPA,1951: one should be a registered voter(elector) in any constituency. 4. Take the Oath prescribed in Schedule 3 (there are two oaths: candidature and member). Following are the importance of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in the functioning of the Parliament of India : • Vice-President presides over the meetings of the House. • Unchallenged guardian of the prestige and dignity of the House. • He is also the principal spokesman of the House and represents the collective voice to the outside world. • He ensures that the proceedings of the House are conducted in accordance with the relevant constitutional provisions, rules, practices, and conventions and that decorum is maintained in the House. • He is the custodian and guardian of the rights and privileges of the House and its members. • During the question hour, he deftly handles the situation, ensures that Members" rights of asking questions and receiving complete replies is well enforced and gives rulings on privilege matters and other procedural points. • Whenever important debates or landmark discussions such as on Constitution Amendment Bills take place, he is invariably in the Chair. • The Chairman"s rulings constitute precedents that are of a binding nature. The Chairman is not bound to give reasons for his decisions. The Chairman"s rulings cannot be questioned or criticized and to protest against the ruling of the Chairman is a contempt of the House. • Right of the Chairman to interpret the Constitution and Rules • Maintenance of order in the House is a fundamental duty of the Chairman and he has been invested with all the necessary disciplinary powers under the rules for the purpose, such as checking irrelevance or repetition in the speech of a member, intervening when a member makes an unwarranted or defamatory remark by asking him to withdraw the same. • Parliamentary Committees, whether set up by the Chairman or by the House, work under his guidance. He appoints their Chairmen and issues such directions to them as may be necessary for respect of the procedure and work. He nominates members to various Standing Committees and the Department-related Parliamentary Committees. He himself is the Chairman of the Business Advisory Committee, the Rules Committee, and the General Purposes Committee • He is empowered to adjourn the House or to suspend its sitting in the event of absence of quorum. In case of resignation of a member from the House, the Chairman is required not to accept the resignation, if from information received or otherwise, and after making such inquiry as he thinks fit, he is satisfied that such resignation is not voluntary or genuine; under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, the Chairman determines the question as to disqualification of a member of the Rajya Sabha. This way it can be said clearly that Rajya Sabha plays a significant role in the parliamentary democratic framework of the country and the role played by the Chairman is vital for vibrant democracy like that of India.
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##Question:Mention the qualification needed to be a member of the Rajya Sabha? Highlight the importance of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in the functioning of the Parliament of India? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer: Approach Answer: 1. Introduce by referring to the Rajya Sabha as the upper house of the Parliament. 2. Enumerate the qualification needed to be a member of the Rajya Sabha. 3. Highlight the importance of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in the functioning of the Parliament of India. 4. Conclude by mentioning the overall role of the Rajya Sabha in the Indian Parliamentary System Answer: Rajya Sabha is the upper of the Indian Parliament. It is also known as the house of elders. It is the representative body of states at the federal level. It has two categories of members- elected and nominated for six years in such a way that one-third of them retire every two years. The nomination is done on basis of Expertise in Arts, Science, Literature, and Social Service. Qualification to be a member of Rajya Sabha: 1. Minimum of 30 years of age. 2. Citizen of India. 3. RPA,1951: one should be a registered voter(elector) in any constituency. 4. Take the Oath prescribed in Schedule 3 (there are two oaths: candidature and member). Following are the importance of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in the functioning of the Parliament of India : • Vice-President presides over the meetings of the House. • Unchallenged guardian of the prestige and dignity of the House. • He is also the principal spokesman of the House and represents the collective voice to the outside world. • He ensures that the proceedings of the House are conducted in accordance with the relevant constitutional provisions, rules, practices, and conventions and that decorum is maintained in the House. • He is the custodian and guardian of the rights and privileges of the House and its members. • During the question hour, he deftly handles the situation, ensures that Members" rights of asking questions and receiving complete replies is well enforced and gives rulings on privilege matters and other procedural points. • Whenever important debates or landmark discussions such as on Constitution Amendment Bills take place, he is invariably in the Chair. • The Chairman"s rulings constitute precedents that are of a binding nature. The Chairman is not bound to give reasons for his decisions. The Chairman"s rulings cannot be questioned or criticized and to protest against the ruling of the Chairman is a contempt of the House. • Right of the Chairman to interpret the Constitution and Rules • Maintenance of order in the House is a fundamental duty of the Chairman and he has been invested with all the necessary disciplinary powers under the rules for the purpose, such as checking irrelevance or repetition in the speech of a member, intervening when a member makes an unwarranted or defamatory remark by asking him to withdraw the same. • Parliamentary Committees, whether set up by the Chairman or by the House, work under his guidance. He appoints their Chairmen and issues such directions to them as may be necessary for respect of the procedure and work. He nominates members to various Standing Committees and the Department-related Parliamentary Committees. He himself is the Chairman of the Business Advisory Committee, the Rules Committee, and the General Purposes Committee • He is empowered to adjourn the House or to suspend its sitting in the event of absence of quorum. In case of resignation of a member from the House, the Chairman is required not to accept the resignation, if from information received or otherwise, and after making such inquiry as he thinks fit, he is satisfied that such resignation is not voluntary or genuine; under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, the Chairman determines the question as to disqualification of a member of the Rajya Sabha. This way it can be said clearly that Rajya Sabha plays a significant role in the parliamentary democratic framework of the country and the role played by the Chairman is vital for vibrant democracy like that of India.
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What are Marine Protected Areas? How do they differ from coastal regulation zones? Discuss about the salient features of Sailesh Nayak Committee on Coastal Regualtion Zones. (200 words)
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Approach -Defination and brief explanation of Marine Protected Areas -Difference between MPA"s and CRZ"s -Mention about the important features of Sailesh Nayak Committee on CRZ"s Answer Protected areas in India are the area defined under IUCN, which limit anthropogenic/human activities and exploitation of resources of earth. The Marine Protected Area is a zone in the ocean where anthropogenic activities are regulated more strictly than the surrounding waters. Difference between MPA and CRZ:- High Tide line, low tide lines are specifically defined under CRZ but not in MPA. MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources. While CRZ talks about the development of the coastal areas which are partially of minimally developed earlier Under CRZ, the land area from high tide line to 500 mtrs on landward side along with sea front are restricted from any construction work while MPA is an umbrella term to describe a wide range of protected areas for marine conservation around the world. MPA is mainly focused on the biodiversity. On the other hand CRZ also considers other dimension related in coastal zones. The construction in coastal regions under CRZ should be done on stilts so as to prevent the houses from high and low tides Sailash Nayak Committee:- The Committee was set up to review the Issues relating to the Coastal Regulation Zone. This committee has submitted its report in 2011 to the government. Objectives of the committee Protection of livelihoods of traditional fisher folk communities Preservation of coastal ecology Promotion of economic activity that are necessarily located in coastal regions Recommendations of the committee:- It has proposed for allowing housing infrastructure and slum redevelopment activities, tourism, ports and harbor and fisheries-related activities in coastal regulation zone. The report recommends that all activities except those requiring environmental clearances should fall under the ambit of the state and local planning bodies For rural areas with a population density of over 2,161 persons/sq km, the committee has recommended that the “no-development buffer zone” be limited to 50m from the High Tide Line (HTL). The report has also called for the reclamation of lands for specific infrastructure such as ports, bridges and fisheries-related structures for the “larger public interest”. The committee has suggested that the central government’s role in coastal areas be limited to environmental clearances and regulating environmentally-sensitive areas.
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##Question:What are Marine Protected Areas? How do they differ from coastal regulation zones? Discuss about the salient features of Sailesh Nayak Committee on Coastal Regualtion Zones. (200 words)##Answer:Approach -Defination and brief explanation of Marine Protected Areas -Difference between MPA"s and CRZ"s -Mention about the important features of Sailesh Nayak Committee on CRZ"s Answer Protected areas in India are the area defined under IUCN, which limit anthropogenic/human activities and exploitation of resources of earth. The Marine Protected Area is a zone in the ocean where anthropogenic activities are regulated more strictly than the surrounding waters. Difference between MPA and CRZ:- High Tide line, low tide lines are specifically defined under CRZ but not in MPA. MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources. While CRZ talks about the development of the coastal areas which are partially of minimally developed earlier Under CRZ, the land area from high tide line to 500 mtrs on landward side along with sea front are restricted from any construction work while MPA is an umbrella term to describe a wide range of protected areas for marine conservation around the world. MPA is mainly focused on the biodiversity. On the other hand CRZ also considers other dimension related in coastal zones. The construction in coastal regions under CRZ should be done on stilts so as to prevent the houses from high and low tides Sailash Nayak Committee:- The Committee was set up to review the Issues relating to the Coastal Regulation Zone. This committee has submitted its report in 2011 to the government. Objectives of the committee Protection of livelihoods of traditional fisher folk communities Preservation of coastal ecology Promotion of economic activity that are necessarily located in coastal regions Recommendations of the committee:- It has proposed for allowing housing infrastructure and slum redevelopment activities, tourism, ports and harbor and fisheries-related activities in coastal regulation zone. The report recommends that all activities except those requiring environmental clearances should fall under the ambit of the state and local planning bodies For rural areas with a population density of over 2,161 persons/sq km, the committee has recommended that the “no-development buffer zone” be limited to 50m from the High Tide Line (HTL). The report has also called for the reclamation of lands for specific infrastructure such as ports, bridges and fisheries-related structures for the “larger public interest”. The committee has suggested that the central government’s role in coastal areas be limited to environmental clearances and regulating environmentally-sensitive areas.
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Briefly explain the objectives of the IMF. Also critically examine its performance in the recent times. (150 words)
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##Question:Briefly explain the objectives of the IMF. Also critically examine its performance in the recent times. (150 words)##Answer:.
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"With emergence of banks like ADB, NDB it is said that India"s dependence on World Bank has been reduced". How fare do you agree with the statement? Justify. (200 words)
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##Question:"With emergence of banks like ADB, NDB it is said that India"s dependence on World Bank has been reduced". How fare do you agree with the statement? Justify. (200 words)##Answer:.
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IMF needs to reform itself in multiple areas to remain relevant for developing the world. Examine. Also briefly mention the institutions competing with Bretton Woods institutions. (200 words)
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Brief Approach: Brief introduction of the IMF Explain the need for reforms in IMF Mention various other institutions with same mandate as the Bretton Woods institutions. Conclude with suggestions Answer: The International Monetary Fund was conceived at a UN conference in Bretton Woods in July 1944. It aims to build a framework for economic cooperation and to ensure the stability of the international monetary system. Areas where IMF needs reforms 1. Quotas and Voting Rights · Executive board of IMF decides the Quota of each member based on parameters like GDP, tariff barriers etc. · But the formula is designed in such way that US has 18% quota and G7 have 40% quota, whereas countries like India and China have barely 2.76% and 6.41% respectively. · Further, the voting rights are directly linked to higher quotas. 2. Head of IMF · IMF is headed by Managing Director, who has always belonged to the European country. · Considering the changes in global economy, with rise of economies like India and China, there needs to consider option from more diverse countries for selection of Managing Director. 3. Policy Prescriptions · Many economists have criticized the economic reforms that IMF prescribes as conditions for its lending—fiscal austerity, high interest rates, trade liberalization, privatization, and open capital markets. · They claim that these policies have often been counterproductive for target economies and devastating for their local populations. Institutions competing with Bretton Woods institutions Asian Development Bank: It was conceived in the early 1960s as a financial institution that would be Asian in character and foster economic growth and cooperation in one of the poorest regions in the world. New Development Bank: It aims to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing countries. Its functions corresponds to that of World Bank. Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): It was created by BRICS grouping. It is a framework for the provision of support through liquidity and precautionary instruments in response to actual or potential short-term balance of payments pressures. It replicates the functions performed by IMF. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): It is a multilateral development bank with a mission to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia and beyond. Its work is similar to that of World Bank. With massive infrastructure projects around the world seeking more funds, these institutions need to cooperate and complement each other instead of competing with each other.
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##Question:IMF needs to reform itself in multiple areas to remain relevant for developing the world. Examine. Also briefly mention the institutions competing with Bretton Woods institutions. (200 words)##Answer:Brief Approach: Brief introduction of the IMF Explain the need for reforms in IMF Mention various other institutions with same mandate as the Bretton Woods institutions. Conclude with suggestions Answer: The International Monetary Fund was conceived at a UN conference in Bretton Woods in July 1944. It aims to build a framework for economic cooperation and to ensure the stability of the international monetary system. Areas where IMF needs reforms 1. Quotas and Voting Rights · Executive board of IMF decides the Quota of each member based on parameters like GDP, tariff barriers etc. · But the formula is designed in such way that US has 18% quota and G7 have 40% quota, whereas countries like India and China have barely 2.76% and 6.41% respectively. · Further, the voting rights are directly linked to higher quotas. 2. Head of IMF · IMF is headed by Managing Director, who has always belonged to the European country. · Considering the changes in global economy, with rise of economies like India and China, there needs to consider option from more diverse countries for selection of Managing Director. 3. Policy Prescriptions · Many economists have criticized the economic reforms that IMF prescribes as conditions for its lending—fiscal austerity, high interest rates, trade liberalization, privatization, and open capital markets. · They claim that these policies have often been counterproductive for target economies and devastating for their local populations. Institutions competing with Bretton Woods institutions Asian Development Bank: It was conceived in the early 1960s as a financial institution that would be Asian in character and foster economic growth and cooperation in one of the poorest regions in the world. New Development Bank: It aims to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing countries. Its functions corresponds to that of World Bank. Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): It was created by BRICS grouping. It is a framework for the provision of support through liquidity and precautionary instruments in response to actual or potential short-term balance of payments pressures. It replicates the functions performed by IMF. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): It is a multilateral development bank with a mission to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia and beyond. Its work is similar to that of World Bank. With massive infrastructure projects around the world seeking more funds, these institutions need to cooperate and complement each other instead of competing with each other.
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The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate.(200 words)
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##Question:The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate.(200 words)##Answer:.
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Discuss about recent developments in the area of labor laws. Also, examine how there labor reforms can lead to growth of manufacturing industry (200 words)
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##Question:Discuss about recent developments in the area of labor laws. Also, examine how there labor reforms can lead to growth of manufacturing industry (200 words)##Answer:.
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Write a short note on followings: (150 words /10 marks) National Manufacturing Policy Make in India scheme
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##Question:Write a short note on followings: (150 words /10 marks) National Manufacturing Policy Make in India scheme ##Answer:.
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"भारत -श्रीलंका के बीच विवादास्पद मुद्दे होने के बावजूद दोनों देशों के बीच सहयोग के विभिन्न क्षेत्र विद्यमान है | " कथन पर टिप्पणी कीजिए (150-200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) "Despite the contentious issues between India-Sri Lanka, there are various areas of cooperation between the two countries." Comment on the statement (150-200 words, Marks -10 )
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दृष्टिकोण- भूमिका में भारत व श्रीलंका के संबंधों की संक्षित चर्चा कीजिए दोनों देशों के संबंधों में विद्यमान चुनौतियों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए भारत व श्रीलंका के बीच सहयोग के क्षेत्रों को बताइए निष्कर्ष मेंचुनौतियों के समाधान हेतु सुझाव दीजिए | उत्तर - भारत व श्रीलंका के बीच संबंध 2500 वर्ष पुराने है |दोनों देशों की बौद्धिक ,धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक सम्बन्धों की एक साझी विरासत है | दोनों देश लगभग समान समय पर ब्रिटिश से आजाद हुए | दोनों देशो के मध्य राजनीतिक व कूटनीतिक सम्बन्ध स्वतंत्रता के बाद से ही रहे है | श्रीलंका के द्वारा मानवाधिकार के मुद्दे को लेकर दोनों देशों के बीच विवाद भी हुआ ,हालाँकि अधिकांश समय दोनों देशों के सम्बन्ध अच्छे रहे है | 2014 में भारत में तथा 2015 में श्रीलंका में सर्कार में परिवर्तन के कारण दोनों देशों को नवीन संबंधों की दिशा में बढ़ने का अवसर प्राप्त हुआ | 2015 में दोनों देशों के बीच सिविल परमाणु समझोता हुआ | विवाद के मुद्दे/चुनौतियां - मछुआरों का मुद्दा - भारत व श्रीलंका दोनों केमछुआरें एक -दुसरे के जल क्षेत्र में प्रवेश करते रहते है एक -दुसरे के कोस्ट गार्ड द्वारामछुआरों को पकड़ लिया जाता है , इससे तनाव उत्पन्न होता है हालाँकि वर्तमान में यह मुद्दा काफी समय से शांत है चीनी कारक - महिन्द्रा राजपक्षे के कार्यकाल (2005-2015 ) के दौरान श्रीलंका का चीन की ओर झुकाव स्पष्ट था | उनके कार्यकाल के दौरान हम्बनटोटा व कोलंबों बंदरगाह जैसी परियोजनाएं चीन को सौपी गयी | वर्तमान सरकार ने ऋण को भागीदारी में परिवर्तित करने केहम्बनटोटाबंदरगाह चीन को 99 साल के पट्टे पर सौप दिया है | श्रीलंका चीन की OBOR का समर्थक है | हालाँकि श्रीलंका ने चीन के प्रभाव को संतुलित करने के लिए भारत को मताला एअरपोर्ट को विकसित करने को आमंत्रण दिया है सहयोग के क्षेत्र - विकासात्मक सहयोग- भारत द्वारा निम्न सहायता दी जा रही है - श्रीलंका भारत सरकार द्वारा दिए गए विकास ऋण के प्रमुख प्राप्तकर्ता में से एक है भारत द्वारा 50000 आवासीय ईकाइयों का निर्माण उत्तरी रेलवे लाइनों की बहाली व्यवसायिक प्रशिक्षण केन्द्रों की स्थापना जाफना में एक सांस्कृतिक केंद्र की स्थापना उत्तरी प्रान्त में एक कृषि अनुसन्धान केंद्र की स्थापना भारतीय अनुदान सहायता से ,एक आपातकालीन एम्बुलेंस सेवा की शुरुआत सुनामी से क्षतिग्रस्त कोलंबों-मटारा रेल लिंक की मरम्मत करके उसे अपग्रेड करना आर्थिक सहयोग एवं व्यापार - श्रीलंका दक्षिण एशिया में भारत के सबसे बढ़े व्यापारिक भागीदारों में से एक है भारत ,श्रीलंका का सबसे बड़ा वैश्विक व्यापार भागीदार है 2000 में दोनों देशों के बीच मुक्त व्यापार समझौता ,इससे व्यापार बढ़ा 2016 में दोनों देशों के बीच व्यापार लगभग 4.38 बिलियन डॉलर रहा | रक्षा व सुरक्षा - मेरीटाइम सिक्यूरिटी सहयोग सुरक्षा बलों की ट्रेनिंग के प्रोग्राम मित्र शक्ति सैन्य अभ्यास अतः दोनों देशों के मध्य एतिहासिक संबंधों को देखते ,दोनों देशों को मिलाकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए व सहयोग के नए क्षेत्रों की पहचान करनी चाहिए | भारत -श्रीलंका के बीच सकरात्मक सम्बन्ध पुरे दक्षिण एशिया के विकास व सम्रद्धि के लिए आवश्यक है |
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##Question:"भारत -श्रीलंका के बीच विवादास्पद मुद्दे होने के बावजूद दोनों देशों के बीच सहयोग के विभिन्न क्षेत्र विद्यमान है | " कथन पर टिप्पणी कीजिए (150-200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) "Despite the contentious issues between India-Sri Lanka, there are various areas of cooperation between the two countries." Comment on the statement (150-200 words, Marks -10 )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- भूमिका में भारत व श्रीलंका के संबंधों की संक्षित चर्चा कीजिए दोनों देशों के संबंधों में विद्यमान चुनौतियों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए भारत व श्रीलंका के बीच सहयोग के क्षेत्रों को बताइए निष्कर्ष मेंचुनौतियों के समाधान हेतु सुझाव दीजिए | उत्तर - भारत व श्रीलंका के बीच संबंध 2500 वर्ष पुराने है |दोनों देशों की बौद्धिक ,धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक सम्बन्धों की एक साझी विरासत है | दोनों देश लगभग समान समय पर ब्रिटिश से आजाद हुए | दोनों देशो के मध्य राजनीतिक व कूटनीतिक सम्बन्ध स्वतंत्रता के बाद से ही रहे है | श्रीलंका के द्वारा मानवाधिकार के मुद्दे को लेकर दोनों देशों के बीच विवाद भी हुआ ,हालाँकि अधिकांश समय दोनों देशों के सम्बन्ध अच्छे रहे है | 2014 में भारत में तथा 2015 में श्रीलंका में सर्कार में परिवर्तन के कारण दोनों देशों को नवीन संबंधों की दिशा में बढ़ने का अवसर प्राप्त हुआ | 2015 में दोनों देशों के बीच सिविल परमाणु समझोता हुआ | विवाद के मुद्दे/चुनौतियां - मछुआरों का मुद्दा - भारत व श्रीलंका दोनों केमछुआरें एक -दुसरे के जल क्षेत्र में प्रवेश करते रहते है एक -दुसरे के कोस्ट गार्ड द्वारामछुआरों को पकड़ लिया जाता है , इससे तनाव उत्पन्न होता है हालाँकि वर्तमान में यह मुद्दा काफी समय से शांत है चीनी कारक - महिन्द्रा राजपक्षे के कार्यकाल (2005-2015 ) के दौरान श्रीलंका का चीन की ओर झुकाव स्पष्ट था | उनके कार्यकाल के दौरान हम्बनटोटा व कोलंबों बंदरगाह जैसी परियोजनाएं चीन को सौपी गयी | वर्तमान सरकार ने ऋण को भागीदारी में परिवर्तित करने केहम्बनटोटाबंदरगाह चीन को 99 साल के पट्टे पर सौप दिया है | श्रीलंका चीन की OBOR का समर्थक है | हालाँकि श्रीलंका ने चीन के प्रभाव को संतुलित करने के लिए भारत को मताला एअरपोर्ट को विकसित करने को आमंत्रण दिया है सहयोग के क्षेत्र - विकासात्मक सहयोग- भारत द्वारा निम्न सहायता दी जा रही है - श्रीलंका भारत सरकार द्वारा दिए गए विकास ऋण के प्रमुख प्राप्तकर्ता में से एक है भारत द्वारा 50000 आवासीय ईकाइयों का निर्माण उत्तरी रेलवे लाइनों की बहाली व्यवसायिक प्रशिक्षण केन्द्रों की स्थापना जाफना में एक सांस्कृतिक केंद्र की स्थापना उत्तरी प्रान्त में एक कृषि अनुसन्धान केंद्र की स्थापना भारतीय अनुदान सहायता से ,एक आपातकालीन एम्बुलेंस सेवा की शुरुआत सुनामी से क्षतिग्रस्त कोलंबों-मटारा रेल लिंक की मरम्मत करके उसे अपग्रेड करना आर्थिक सहयोग एवं व्यापार - श्रीलंका दक्षिण एशिया में भारत के सबसे बढ़े व्यापारिक भागीदारों में से एक है भारत ,श्रीलंका का सबसे बड़ा वैश्विक व्यापार भागीदार है 2000 में दोनों देशों के बीच मुक्त व्यापार समझौता ,इससे व्यापार बढ़ा 2016 में दोनों देशों के बीच व्यापार लगभग 4.38 बिलियन डॉलर रहा | रक्षा व सुरक्षा - मेरीटाइम सिक्यूरिटी सहयोग सुरक्षा बलों की ट्रेनिंग के प्रोग्राम मित्र शक्ति सैन्य अभ्यास अतः दोनों देशों के मध्य एतिहासिक संबंधों को देखते ,दोनों देशों को मिलाकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए व सहयोग के नए क्षेत्रों की पहचान करनी चाहिए | भारत -श्रीलंका के बीच सकरात्मक सम्बन्ध पुरे दक्षिण एशिया के विकास व सम्रद्धि के लिए आवश्यक है |
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Briefly discuss the objectives of Companies act 2013. (150 words)
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##Question:Briefly discuss the objectives of Companies act 2013. (150 words)##Answer:,
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What is the significance of wildlife protection in India? Discuss various existing legal provisions regarding wildlife protection in India.(200 words)
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Approach Highlight significance of wildlife protection in first part of answer. Legal Provisions regarding wildlife protection in India will be enumerated in second part of answer. Answer Wildlife protection means conserving wild animal and plant species and their habitat. Significance of wildlife conservation is having many aspects/dimensions which are explained below: 1. Biodiversity In nature, different species are interconnected through various food webs. The disappearance of one species could affect other species dependent on it. 2. Agriculture Promoting wildlife conservation could help secure future food supplies. 3. Research There may be many undiscovered plants and animals in the wild. There are few chances that these plants can provide substances used in both the pharmaceutical industry and traditional medicine. 4. Economics of Eco-Services Ecosystems supply many essential raw materials used in basic human activities, while helping to maintain the environmental conditions that humans often take for granted. However, the activity of ecosystems can influence the quality of life for humans in ways that are not necessarily immediately obvious. Discussions of eco-services can illuminate the inefficiencies of trying to artificially replicate something that natural ecosystems were already doing for free. 5. Environmental Indicators Various animals can serve as indicators for other environmental problems. Loss of peregrine falcons and bald eagles was one of the factors that alerted scientists to the toxicity of DDT, which may have gone unnoticed for longer in a less diverse ecosystem. Wildlife conservation may help solve other environmental problems in a similar way. Legal Provisions providing wildlife protection are as follows: Wildlife Protection Act 1972- The Government of India enacted Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 with the objective of effectively protecting the wild life of this country and to control poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960- The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1960 to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals The Forest Conservation Act (1980)- In order to check rapid deforestation due to forestlands being released by state governments for agriculture, industry and other development projects (allowed under the Indian Forest Act) the central government enacted the Forest Conservation Act in 1980 with an amendment in 1988. The Act made the prior approval of the central government necessary for de-reservation of reserved forests, logging and for use of forestland for non- forest purposes. The Environment (Protection) Act (1986)- It is an important legislation that provides for coordination of activities of the various regulatory agencies, creation of authorities with adequate powers for environmental protection, regulation of the discharge of environmental pollutants, handling of hazardous substances, etc. Biological Diversity Act 2002 - Biological Diversity Act 2002 has also been enacted with the aim to conserve biological resources of the country and regulation of access to these resources to ensure equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use, under which a National Biodiversity Authority and State Biodiversity Boards in all States have been set up for implementing the provisions of the Act. (Note- Faculty has discussed in detail only few legal acts like Wildlife Protection Act, Biological Diversity Act and Prevention of cruelty Act.) Conclusion:- There are many other ways also by which Government of India is protecting wildlife like Project Tiger, Project Elephant. There are many international ways also by which India is trying to protect the wildlife like CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species),Convention on Biological Diversity etc.
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##Question:What is the significance of wildlife protection in India? Discuss various existing legal provisions regarding wildlife protection in India.(200 words)##Answer:Approach Highlight significance of wildlife protection in first part of answer. Legal Provisions regarding wildlife protection in India will be enumerated in second part of answer. Answer Wildlife protection means conserving wild animal and plant species and their habitat. Significance of wildlife conservation is having many aspects/dimensions which are explained below: 1. Biodiversity In nature, different species are interconnected through various food webs. The disappearance of one species could affect other species dependent on it. 2. Agriculture Promoting wildlife conservation could help secure future food supplies. 3. Research There may be many undiscovered plants and animals in the wild. There are few chances that these plants can provide substances used in both the pharmaceutical industry and traditional medicine. 4. Economics of Eco-Services Ecosystems supply many essential raw materials used in basic human activities, while helping to maintain the environmental conditions that humans often take for granted. However, the activity of ecosystems can influence the quality of life for humans in ways that are not necessarily immediately obvious. Discussions of eco-services can illuminate the inefficiencies of trying to artificially replicate something that natural ecosystems were already doing for free. 5. Environmental Indicators Various animals can serve as indicators for other environmental problems. Loss of peregrine falcons and bald eagles was one of the factors that alerted scientists to the toxicity of DDT, which may have gone unnoticed for longer in a less diverse ecosystem. Wildlife conservation may help solve other environmental problems in a similar way. Legal Provisions providing wildlife protection are as follows: Wildlife Protection Act 1972- The Government of India enacted Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 with the objective of effectively protecting the wild life of this country and to control poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960- The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1960 to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals The Forest Conservation Act (1980)- In order to check rapid deforestation due to forestlands being released by state governments for agriculture, industry and other development projects (allowed under the Indian Forest Act) the central government enacted the Forest Conservation Act in 1980 with an amendment in 1988. The Act made the prior approval of the central government necessary for de-reservation of reserved forests, logging and for use of forestland for non- forest purposes. The Environment (Protection) Act (1986)- It is an important legislation that provides for coordination of activities of the various regulatory agencies, creation of authorities with adequate powers for environmental protection, regulation of the discharge of environmental pollutants, handling of hazardous substances, etc. Biological Diversity Act 2002 - Biological Diversity Act 2002 has also been enacted with the aim to conserve biological resources of the country and regulation of access to these resources to ensure equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use, under which a National Biodiversity Authority and State Biodiversity Boards in all States have been set up for implementing the provisions of the Act. (Note- Faculty has discussed in detail only few legal acts like Wildlife Protection Act, Biological Diversity Act and Prevention of cruelty Act.) Conclusion:- There are many other ways also by which Government of India is protecting wildlife like Project Tiger, Project Elephant. There are many international ways also by which India is trying to protect the wildlife like CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species),Convention on Biological Diversity etc.
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भारत-चीन सम्बन्ध में नदी जल विवाद एक महत्वपूर्ण विचारणीय पक्ष हैं |नदी जल से सम्बंधित वे कौन से मुख्य मुद्दे हैं जो दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य विवाद का विषय बने हुए हैं ?विश्लेषण करें |(200 शब्द )
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प्रस्तावना भारत-चीन के मध्य ब्रहमपुत्र नदी जल के वितरण को लेकर विवाद है जिसपर चीन के द्वारा विशाल डैमों का निर्माण किया जा रहा है | हालाँकि भारत के अन्य पडोसी राष्ट्रों (नेपाल.पाकिस्तान आदि )के साथ द्विपक्षीय सम्बन्धों के द्वारा नदी जल विभाजन के वितरण को निर्देशित किया जाता है परन्तु चीन के साथ इस प्रकार के कोई प्रभावी समझौतों का अब तक आभाव है| भारत- चीन जल सम्बन्ध विभिन्न बड़े-बड़े बाँध का निर्माण – DAGU ,ZANGMU JIACHA JIEXU ब्रहमपुत्र के पानी को मोड़ने का प्रस्ताव – दक्षिण –उत्तर वाटर ट्रान्सफर प्रोजेक्ट – तिब्बती जल को अपने उत्तर के क्षेत्रों की ओर मोड़ने का प्रयास किया जा रहा है | साथ ही इस कार्य में चीन के द्वारा एकतरफा रवैया अपनाया जा रहा एवं भारत को किसी भी प्रकार की सूचनाएँ नहीं देता है | भविष्य में ,बांग्लादेश एवं भारत दोनों के एक व्यापक क्षेत्र में जल की कमी - मुख्य मुद्दे सीमित सहयोग – भारत के द्वारा लगातार चीन से ब्रहमपुत्र नदी में जल प्रवाह के आंकड़ों की मांग की जा रही है परन्तु चीन के द्वारा इसे अभी तक कोई संतोषजनक प्रतिक्रिया नहीं दी गयी है | सीमा ववाद जैसे मिद्दों के कारण दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य उत्पन्न तनाव की दशा में ,भविष्य में यह संभव है कि चीन के द्वारा जल वितरण के मुद्दे को भारत के खिलाफ एक राजनितिक उपकरण के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाये | पर्यावरणीय मुद्दा –इस कषत्र में इतने बड़े पैमाने पर इतने विशालतम डैमों के निर्माण से यह संभव है कि स्थानीय परितंत्र को खतरा पहूंचे एवं जिससे जैव विविधता पर संकट उत्पन्न हो सकता है| सामाजिक आर्थिक समस्याएँ- ब्रहमपुत्र के जल के उपयुक्त जल वितरण के बाधित होने से भारत में भविष्य में खेती के मौसम में जल की कमी एवं असमय बाढ़ जैसी समस्या उत्पन्न हो सकती है |विशेषकर पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों में इस समस्या के गंभीर परिणाम हो सकते हैं| क्षेत्रीय प्रभव – दक्षिण भारतीय राज्यों की तरह इस क्षेत्र में भी जल की कमी के कारण विभिन्न राज्यों के मध्य जल संसाधन के विभाजन को लेकर टकराव की स्थिति बन सकती है भारत-चीन जल सहयोग की स्थिति 2002 में ब्रहमपुत्र नदी की जल –विज्ञानं संबंधी ज्ञापन 2006में सीमा पर नदियों के सम्बन्ध में जल विज्ञानं सम्बन्धी आकड़ों का आदान –प्रदान ततः आपातकालीन प्रबंधन और अन्य मुद्दों के सम्बन्ध में अन्तः क्रिया एवं सहयोग पर चर्चा करने के लिए विशेषज्ञ स्तरिय तंत्र का समझौता भारत को क्या करना चाहिए ? लक्ष्य और रानीतिक परिणामों के बारे में स्पष्ट रूप से विचार करने की आवश्यकता है | चीन की भूमिका को कम महत्त्व दें चाहिए अपनी छवि को जलधारा के उद्गाम के निकट स्थित एक जिम्मेदार राष्ट्र के रूप में पेश आना चाहिए वुहान जैसे शिखर सम्मलेन में भारत के द्वारा इस प्रकार के मुद्दों को उठाया जाना चाहिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मंचों पर विशेषकर जिसपर भारत और चीन दोनों उपस्थित हों वहां भारत के द्वारा चीन की इन परियोजनाओं के खिलाफ जनमत निर्माण किया जा सकता है| हिमालयी पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र की सुरक्षा को आधार बनाते हुए चीन की इस परियोजनों को रोकने हेतु भारत द्वार दबाव बनाया जा सकत है|
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##Question:भारत-चीन सम्बन्ध में नदी जल विवाद एक महत्वपूर्ण विचारणीय पक्ष हैं |नदी जल से सम्बंधित वे कौन से मुख्य मुद्दे हैं जो दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य विवाद का विषय बने हुए हैं ?विश्लेषण करें |(200 शब्द )##Answer:प्रस्तावना भारत-चीन के मध्य ब्रहमपुत्र नदी जल के वितरण को लेकर विवाद है जिसपर चीन के द्वारा विशाल डैमों का निर्माण किया जा रहा है | हालाँकि भारत के अन्य पडोसी राष्ट्रों (नेपाल.पाकिस्तान आदि )के साथ द्विपक्षीय सम्बन्धों के द्वारा नदी जल विभाजन के वितरण को निर्देशित किया जाता है परन्तु चीन के साथ इस प्रकार के कोई प्रभावी समझौतों का अब तक आभाव है| भारत- चीन जल सम्बन्ध विभिन्न बड़े-बड़े बाँध का निर्माण – DAGU ,ZANGMU JIACHA JIEXU ब्रहमपुत्र के पानी को मोड़ने का प्रस्ताव – दक्षिण –उत्तर वाटर ट्रान्सफर प्रोजेक्ट – तिब्बती जल को अपने उत्तर के क्षेत्रों की ओर मोड़ने का प्रयास किया जा रहा है | साथ ही इस कार्य में चीन के द्वारा एकतरफा रवैया अपनाया जा रहा एवं भारत को किसी भी प्रकार की सूचनाएँ नहीं देता है | भविष्य में ,बांग्लादेश एवं भारत दोनों के एक व्यापक क्षेत्र में जल की कमी - मुख्य मुद्दे सीमित सहयोग – भारत के द्वारा लगातार चीन से ब्रहमपुत्र नदी में जल प्रवाह के आंकड़ों की मांग की जा रही है परन्तु चीन के द्वारा इसे अभी तक कोई संतोषजनक प्रतिक्रिया नहीं दी गयी है | सीमा ववाद जैसे मिद्दों के कारण दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य उत्पन्न तनाव की दशा में ,भविष्य में यह संभव है कि चीन के द्वारा जल वितरण के मुद्दे को भारत के खिलाफ एक राजनितिक उपकरण के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाये | पर्यावरणीय मुद्दा –इस कषत्र में इतने बड़े पैमाने पर इतने विशालतम डैमों के निर्माण से यह संभव है कि स्थानीय परितंत्र को खतरा पहूंचे एवं जिससे जैव विविधता पर संकट उत्पन्न हो सकता है| सामाजिक आर्थिक समस्याएँ- ब्रहमपुत्र के जल के उपयुक्त जल वितरण के बाधित होने से भारत में भविष्य में खेती के मौसम में जल की कमी एवं असमय बाढ़ जैसी समस्या उत्पन्न हो सकती है |विशेषकर पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों में इस समस्या के गंभीर परिणाम हो सकते हैं| क्षेत्रीय प्रभव – दक्षिण भारतीय राज्यों की तरह इस क्षेत्र में भी जल की कमी के कारण विभिन्न राज्यों के मध्य जल संसाधन के विभाजन को लेकर टकराव की स्थिति बन सकती है भारत-चीन जल सहयोग की स्थिति 2002 में ब्रहमपुत्र नदी की जल –विज्ञानं संबंधी ज्ञापन 2006में सीमा पर नदियों के सम्बन्ध में जल विज्ञानं सम्बन्धी आकड़ों का आदान –प्रदान ततः आपातकालीन प्रबंधन और अन्य मुद्दों के सम्बन्ध में अन्तः क्रिया एवं सहयोग पर चर्चा करने के लिए विशेषज्ञ स्तरिय तंत्र का समझौता भारत को क्या करना चाहिए ? लक्ष्य और रानीतिक परिणामों के बारे में स्पष्ट रूप से विचार करने की आवश्यकता है | चीन की भूमिका को कम महत्त्व दें चाहिए अपनी छवि को जलधारा के उद्गाम के निकट स्थित एक जिम्मेदार राष्ट्र के रूप में पेश आना चाहिए वुहान जैसे शिखर सम्मलेन में भारत के द्वारा इस प्रकार के मुद्दों को उठाया जाना चाहिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मंचों पर विशेषकर जिसपर भारत और चीन दोनों उपस्थित हों वहां भारत के द्वारा चीन की इन परियोजनाओं के खिलाफ जनमत निर्माण किया जा सकता है| हिमालयी पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र की सुरक्षा को आधार बनाते हुए चीन की इस परियोजनों को रोकने हेतु भारत द्वार दबाव बनाया जा सकत है|
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Discuss the Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar"s views on untouchability. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: - Explain the meaning of untouchability in the introduction -Body- Compare the view of Gandhi and Ambedkaron untouchability by providing subheadings - Write an appropriate conclusion- Constitutional provision could be given also Answer: Introduction Untouchability is a discriminatory practice where the persons of lower castes (or Dalits) are avoided to be touched by upper castes (like Brahmans). It carries the notion of pollution and purity. It means the lower caste peoples are considered as polluted. Article 17 of the constitution abolishes untouchability in any form or practice. Body Views of Gandhi and Ambedkar on Untouchability 1. On the abolition of caste system Gandhi advocated to attainpolitical freedom then we should think about social freedom (ie after gaining independence bringLaw to remove untouchability), However, Ambedkar contradicted Gandhi bay saying – first bring social reform ie to abolish caste system then think about bringing the political reform (It will help in building national consciousness ) 2. The strategy adopted: The approach of Gandhi Ji was a revivalist where he is taking a similar to Arya Samaj strategy while Ambedkar is inspired by Jyotiba Phule. 3. The reason of untouchability- a)Gandhi- He said that the untouchability is due to the prejudicial attitude of upper caste individual. To remove the untouchability the perception and attitude of upper caste individuals have to be changed. b) Ambedkar- He believed that untouchability is due to social practice which has a strong political and economic route(ie political and economic marginalisation of lower caste) 4. Solution to remove untouchability: Gandhi argued for reform in caste system for the abolition of untouchability. While Ambedkar said to Abolition of the caste system in totality which according to him could not be reformed. He wrote the book annihilation of caste also. Gandhi did not support inter-caste marriage and inter-caste dining while on the other hand, Ambedkar said, to change the mindset we need to promote inter-caste marriage and inter-caste dining. 5. Gandhi gave public speeches to urge the upper caste to give up the practice of untouchability and he gave the word Harijan But Ambedkar asserted for Dalit identity (He argued for constitutional legal means of the separate electorate and scholarship for education for backward class, reservation etc) Conclusion Despite having divergent approaches and strategies, Gandhi and Ambedkar had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. In our constitution, Article 17 (Part of the fundamental right) provides the abolition of untouchability as an absolute right.
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##Question:Discuss the Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar"s views on untouchability. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Explain the meaning of untouchability in the introduction -Body- Compare the view of Gandhi and Ambedkaron untouchability by providing subheadings - Write an appropriate conclusion- Constitutional provision could be given also Answer: Introduction Untouchability is a discriminatory practice where the persons of lower castes (or Dalits) are avoided to be touched by upper castes (like Brahmans). It carries the notion of pollution and purity. It means the lower caste peoples are considered as polluted. Article 17 of the constitution abolishes untouchability in any form or practice. Body Views of Gandhi and Ambedkar on Untouchability 1. On the abolition of caste system Gandhi advocated to attainpolitical freedom then we should think about social freedom (ie after gaining independence bringLaw to remove untouchability), However, Ambedkar contradicted Gandhi bay saying – first bring social reform ie to abolish caste system then think about bringing the political reform (It will help in building national consciousness ) 2. The strategy adopted: The approach of Gandhi Ji was a revivalist where he is taking a similar to Arya Samaj strategy while Ambedkar is inspired by Jyotiba Phule. 3. The reason of untouchability- a)Gandhi- He said that the untouchability is due to the prejudicial attitude of upper caste individual. To remove the untouchability the perception and attitude of upper caste individuals have to be changed. b) Ambedkar- He believed that untouchability is due to social practice which has a strong political and economic route(ie political and economic marginalisation of lower caste) 4. Solution to remove untouchability: Gandhi argued for reform in caste system for the abolition of untouchability. While Ambedkar said to Abolition of the caste system in totality which according to him could not be reformed. He wrote the book annihilation of caste also. Gandhi did not support inter-caste marriage and inter-caste dining while on the other hand, Ambedkar said, to change the mindset we need to promote inter-caste marriage and inter-caste dining. 5. Gandhi gave public speeches to urge the upper caste to give up the practice of untouchability and he gave the word Harijan But Ambedkar asserted for Dalit identity (He argued for constitutional legal means of the separate electorate and scholarship for education for backward class, reservation etc) Conclusion Despite having divergent approaches and strategies, Gandhi and Ambedkar had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. In our constitution, Article 17 (Part of the fundamental right) provides the abolition of untouchability as an absolute right.
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जैव भू-रासायनिक चक्र से आप क्या समझते हैं? नाइट्रोजन चक्र का उदाहरण लेते हुए उसके अंतर्गत शामिल मुख्य प्रक्रियाओं की चर्चा कीजिए। (150- 200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) What do you understand by the bio geochemical cycle? Taking the example of the nitrogen cycle, discuss the main processes involved in the nitrogen cycle. (150 - 200 words, Marks -10)
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पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में भौतिक एवं जैविक घटकों के मध्य ऊर्जा व पदार्थों का आदान प्रदान होता रहता है जो परितंत्र को कार्यशील इकाई के रूप में चलाता रहता है | जैव जगत एवं उनके वातावरण के मध्य इस प्रकार का आदान प्रदान ,जैव भू रासायनिक चक्रों के माध्यम से संचालित होता है| जैव भू रासायनिक चक्र जैव मंडल महत्वपूर्ण पोषक तत्वों का परिसंचरण विभिन जैव भू रासायनिक चक्रों के माध्यम से होता है | इन चक्रों के स्रोत के आधार पर इन्हें दो प्रकारों में यथा –गैसीय एवं अवसाद चक्रों में विभाजित करते हैं | गैसीय चक्र- इसका मुख्य स्रोत (reserve) वायुमंडल या महासागर में होता है जैसे- कार्बन चक्र, नाईट्रोजन चक्र एवं जल चक्र अवसाद चक्र – इसका मुख्य रिज़र्व भुपर्पति में होता है ,इस चक्र में तत्व का चक्रण अवसादी प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से होता है जैसे- सल्फर चक्र नाइट्रोजन चक्र प्रमुख 5 प्रक्रियाएं नाइट्रोजन स्थरीकरण – वायुमंडल के मुक्त नाइट्रोजन का स्थरीकरण निम्नलिखित तरीकों से हो सकता है –नाइट्रोजन (N2)---------------------- अमोनिया (NH3 ) तड़ित झंझा- दो बादल के घर्षण के दौरान अत्यधिक ताप निर्मित होते हैं इसलिए नाईट्रोजन वहां ऑक्सीजन के साथ अभिक्रिया करता है एवं नाइट्रोजन के ऑक्साइड्स का निर्माण करता है| उसके बाद वर्षा जल के द्वारा नाइट्रोजन घुलकर नीचे पृथ्वी पर आ जाता है | जैविक प्रक्रिया के द्वारा – कुछ जीवों जैसे बैक्टीरिया ,ब्लू ग्रीन एल्गी ,नोस्तक अनावेना आदि के द्वारा मुक्त नाईट्रोजन को नाइट्राट एवं नाइट्रेट में बदला जाता है | रासायनिक प्रक्रिया के द्वारा – उद्योगों मे हेबर्स प्रक्रिया के द्वारा अम्मोनिया का निर्माण किया जाता है जैविक अवशोषण(Nitrogen Assimilation) –पादप इस प्रकार निर्मित नाइट्रेट का अवशोषण कर पत्तियों में भेज दिया जाता है जहाँ इससे एमिनो एसिड का निर्माण होता है जो प्रोतिएँ का निर्माण करता ही| | अब इन पौधों को भोजन के रूप में ग्रहण करने वाले जीव के शरीर में प्रोतिएँ के रूप में इसका स्थानांतरण हो जाता है | इस प्रकार यहाँ से नाइट्रोजन का खाद्य श्रृंखला में प्रवेश हो जाता है| अमोनिकरण(Amonification ) –जंतु व पौधों के शारीर में उपस्थित यह नाइट्रोजन उनके मृत्यु के पश्चात अपघटन के कारण मृदा में अमोनिया का निर्माण करते हैं| नाईट्रीकरण (Nitirification) –अमोनिया को नाइट्रेट में बदलता है ; इसके द्वा रा ही मृदा से पौधों में नाइट्रोजन का स्थानान्तरण होता है ( अमोनिया आयन ------ नाईट्राईट ) | विनाईट्रीकरण(Denitrification ) - मृदा में उपस्थित कुछ बैक्टीरिया के द्वारा मृदा के नाइट्रेट को मुक्त नाइट्रोजन में बदला जाता है | इसके द्वारा नाइट्रोजन पुनः वायुमंडल में पहुँच जाता है | नाइट्रोजन की अधिकता के प्रमुख दुष्प्रभाव वातावरण में नाइट्रोजन की अधिकता एक प्रकार के प्रदुषण की स्थिति का निर्माण करता है जिसके द्वारा विभिन प्रदुषणकारी घटनाओं का निर्माण करता है : अम्ल वर्षा - प्रका श रासायनिक कोहरा मृदा जल का अमलीकरण ग्रीन हाउस गैस – N2O की अधिकता सुपोषण (Eutrofication)- जल क्षेत्रों में BOD की मात्रा कम हो जाती है
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##Question:जैव भू-रासायनिक चक्र से आप क्या समझते हैं? नाइट्रोजन चक्र का उदाहरण लेते हुए उसके अंतर्गत शामिल मुख्य प्रक्रियाओं की चर्चा कीजिए। (150- 200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) What do you understand by the bio geochemical cycle? Taking the example of the nitrogen cycle, discuss the main processes involved in the nitrogen cycle. (150 - 200 words, Marks -10)##Answer:पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में भौतिक एवं जैविक घटकों के मध्य ऊर्जा व पदार्थों का आदान प्रदान होता रहता है जो परितंत्र को कार्यशील इकाई के रूप में चलाता रहता है | जैव जगत एवं उनके वातावरण के मध्य इस प्रकार का आदान प्रदान ,जैव भू रासायनिक चक्रों के माध्यम से संचालित होता है| जैव भू रासायनिक चक्र जैव मंडल महत्वपूर्ण पोषक तत्वों का परिसंचरण विभिन जैव भू रासायनिक चक्रों के माध्यम से होता है | इन चक्रों के स्रोत के आधार पर इन्हें दो प्रकारों में यथा –गैसीय एवं अवसाद चक्रों में विभाजित करते हैं | गैसीय चक्र- इसका मुख्य स्रोत (reserve) वायुमंडल या महासागर में होता है जैसे- कार्बन चक्र, नाईट्रोजन चक्र एवं जल चक्र अवसाद चक्र – इसका मुख्य रिज़र्व भुपर्पति में होता है ,इस चक्र में तत्व का चक्रण अवसादी प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से होता है जैसे- सल्फर चक्र नाइट्रोजन चक्र प्रमुख 5 प्रक्रियाएं नाइट्रोजन स्थरीकरण – वायुमंडल के मुक्त नाइट्रोजन का स्थरीकरण निम्नलिखित तरीकों से हो सकता है –नाइट्रोजन (N2)---------------------- अमोनिया (NH3 ) तड़ित झंझा- दो बादल के घर्षण के दौरान अत्यधिक ताप निर्मित होते हैं इसलिए नाईट्रोजन वहां ऑक्सीजन के साथ अभिक्रिया करता है एवं नाइट्रोजन के ऑक्साइड्स का निर्माण करता है| उसके बाद वर्षा जल के द्वारा नाइट्रोजन घुलकर नीचे पृथ्वी पर आ जाता है | जैविक प्रक्रिया के द्वारा – कुछ जीवों जैसे बैक्टीरिया ,ब्लू ग्रीन एल्गी ,नोस्तक अनावेना आदि के द्वारा मुक्त नाईट्रोजन को नाइट्राट एवं नाइट्रेट में बदला जाता है | रासायनिक प्रक्रिया के द्वारा – उद्योगों मे हेबर्स प्रक्रिया के द्वारा अम्मोनिया का निर्माण किया जाता है जैविक अवशोषण(Nitrogen Assimilation) –पादप इस प्रकार निर्मित नाइट्रेट का अवशोषण कर पत्तियों में भेज दिया जाता है जहाँ इससे एमिनो एसिड का निर्माण होता है जो प्रोतिएँ का निर्माण करता ही| | अब इन पौधों को भोजन के रूप में ग्रहण करने वाले जीव के शरीर में प्रोतिएँ के रूप में इसका स्थानांतरण हो जाता है | इस प्रकार यहाँ से नाइट्रोजन का खाद्य श्रृंखला में प्रवेश हो जाता है| अमोनिकरण(Amonification ) –जंतु व पौधों के शारीर में उपस्थित यह नाइट्रोजन उनके मृत्यु के पश्चात अपघटन के कारण मृदा में अमोनिया का निर्माण करते हैं| नाईट्रीकरण (Nitirification) –अमोनिया को नाइट्रेट में बदलता है ; इसके द्वा रा ही मृदा से पौधों में नाइट्रोजन का स्थानान्तरण होता है ( अमोनिया आयन ------ नाईट्राईट ) | विनाईट्रीकरण(Denitrification ) - मृदा में उपस्थित कुछ बैक्टीरिया के द्वारा मृदा के नाइट्रेट को मुक्त नाइट्रोजन में बदला जाता है | इसके द्वारा नाइट्रोजन पुनः वायुमंडल में पहुँच जाता है | नाइट्रोजन की अधिकता के प्रमुख दुष्प्रभाव वातावरण में नाइट्रोजन की अधिकता एक प्रकार के प्रदुषण की स्थिति का निर्माण करता है जिसके द्वारा विभिन प्रदुषणकारी घटनाओं का निर्माण करता है : अम्ल वर्षा - प्रका श रासायनिक कोहरा मृदा जल का अमलीकरण ग्रीन हाउस गैस – N2O की अधिकता सुपोषण (Eutrofication)- जल क्षेत्रों में BOD की मात्रा कम हो जाती है
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पाकिस्तान-चीन बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) निरंतर बढ़ती जा रही है | भारत के लिए इसके क्या निहितार्थ है ? भारत को अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की सुरक्षा करने के लिए कौन -कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए ?(200 शब्द )
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हाल की कुछ वर्षों में पाकिस्तान व चीन के बीच विभिन्न सामरिक ,राजनीतिक ,आर्थिक व सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में काफी निकट सहयोग दिखा जा रहा है | दोनों देश मिलकर एक-दूसरे के हितों को के अनुरूप कार्य कर रहे है | सहयोग के बिन्दुओं को निम्न प्रकार दिखा जा सकता है – पाकिस्तान चीन के परियोजना OBOR का एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी है | इसी परियोजना के तहत एक चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारें का निर्माण किया जा रहा है ,जो की POK से होकर गुजरता है | चीन पाकिस्तान में भारी पैमाने पर अवसंरननात्मक परियोजना में निवेश कर रहा है| भारत द्वारा मसूद अज़हर को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए UNSC में लाए गए प्रस्ताव को चीन द्वारा वीटो कर दिया गया | चीन भारत की NSG की दावेदारी का विरोध करता है ,साथ ही पाकिस्तान को भी NSG का सदस्य बनाने की वकालत करता है | चीन ,पाकिस्तान को हथियारों की भी आपूर्ति करता है ,साथ ही दोनों देश परमाणु हथियारों के क्षेत्र में भी सहयोग कर रहे हैं | भारत की चिंताए – पाकिस्तान से आने वाला आतंकवाद भारत की चिंता का प्रमुख कारण है | चीन आतंकवाद को लेकर पाकिस्तान का समर्थन करता है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा ,POK से होकर निकालता है ,जो की भारत की संप्रभुता के खिलाफ है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा का एक छोर हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान का ग्वादर बंदरगाह है ,इसके हिन्द महासागर में चीन की मौजूदगी बढ़ेगी | भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को अपने आर्थिक विकास व सुरक्षात्मक क्षमता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि चीन के साथ पॉवर गैप को कम किया जा सके| चीन व पाकिस्तान को अलग –अलग न समझकर ,दोनों देशों को एक मानकर एक सटीक व सशक्त विदेश नीति का निर्माण करना | भारत को सामान विचारधारा वाले देशों जैसे –जापान ,अमेरिका व EU के साथ मिलकर कार्य करना चाहिए | भारत को अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ मिलकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए |
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##Question:पाकिस्तान-चीन बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) निरंतर बढ़ती जा रही है | भारत के लिए इसके क्या निहितार्थ है ? भारत को अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की सुरक्षा करने के लिए कौन -कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए ?(200 शब्द )##Answer:हाल की कुछ वर्षों में पाकिस्तान व चीन के बीच विभिन्न सामरिक ,राजनीतिक ,आर्थिक व सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में काफी निकट सहयोग दिखा जा रहा है | दोनों देश मिलकर एक-दूसरे के हितों को के अनुरूप कार्य कर रहे है | सहयोग के बिन्दुओं को निम्न प्रकार दिखा जा सकता है – पाकिस्तान चीन के परियोजना OBOR का एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी है | इसी परियोजना के तहत एक चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारें का निर्माण किया जा रहा है ,जो की POK से होकर गुजरता है | चीन पाकिस्तान में भारी पैमाने पर अवसंरननात्मक परियोजना में निवेश कर रहा है| भारत द्वारा मसूद अज़हर को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए UNSC में लाए गए प्रस्ताव को चीन द्वारा वीटो कर दिया गया | चीन भारत की NSG की दावेदारी का विरोध करता है ,साथ ही पाकिस्तान को भी NSG का सदस्य बनाने की वकालत करता है | चीन ,पाकिस्तान को हथियारों की भी आपूर्ति करता है ,साथ ही दोनों देश परमाणु हथियारों के क्षेत्र में भी सहयोग कर रहे हैं | भारत की चिंताए – पाकिस्तान से आने वाला आतंकवाद भारत की चिंता का प्रमुख कारण है | चीन आतंकवाद को लेकर पाकिस्तान का समर्थन करता है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा ,POK से होकर निकालता है ,जो की भारत की संप्रभुता के खिलाफ है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा का एक छोर हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान का ग्वादर बंदरगाह है ,इसके हिन्द महासागर में चीन की मौजूदगी बढ़ेगी | भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को अपने आर्थिक विकास व सुरक्षात्मक क्षमता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि चीन के साथ पॉवर गैप को कम किया जा सके| चीन व पाकिस्तान को अलग –अलग न समझकर ,दोनों देशों को एक मानकर एक सटीक व सशक्त विदेश नीति का निर्माण करना | भारत को सामान विचारधारा वाले देशों जैसे –जापान ,अमेरिका व EU के साथ मिलकर कार्य करना चाहिए | भारत को अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ मिलकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए |
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Though the Indian Government has allowed 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in education, India is not receiving much. In this context, highlight the pros and cons of FDI in education. (150 words|10 marks)
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Approach 1. In introduction mention about FDI status in India in the Education sector. 2. Then highlight the pros and cons of FDI in the education sector. 3. Mention few facts/data highlighting low FDI in the education sector in India. 4. Discuss the reasons for low FDI in education in India. 5. Conclude the answer suggesting the way forward. Answer 100% FDI in education under Construction Development is allowed in India via automatic route. Pros of FDI in education:- Investment in the education sector will increase when more foreign universities will invest in India. Competition among Universities- With the arrival of foreign universities in India, Indian Universities will become more competitive to match the standards of foreign universities. Quality Education Employment- When new infrastructure will be created in India then it will generate employment opportunities in India both during the construction phase and after that when it will start working. Cons of FDI in education:- There are some apprehensions that domestic universities might suffer because of competition from foreign universities. Foreign Universities will not be interested in mass education. Only 2nd and 3rd tier foreign universities are interested in setting up their campuses in India. Even then India has not received significant FDI in education. FDI in education from April 2007 to June 2017 is only 1.4 billion dollars. Reasons for low FDI are as follows: Not-for-Profit clause-The primary issue behind the lack of investment is the fact that the investment has to be done through a not-for-profit entity. The not-for- profit character would inevitably require the Indian entity to be either registered as a Society or a Trust or a Section 8 Company under the Companies Act, 2013. This not-for-profit requirement has become a major bottleneck for attracting investments. Multiple regulators along with the requirement of numerous approvals and regulatory compliances have hampered investor confidence in investing in this sector e. UGC, All India Council for technical education etc. The procedures and conditions are still very much unclear with regards to how the foreign investment regulations for the education sector would be enforced. This will lead to various issues with regard to the overlapping regulations of Centre and States. Conclusion Indian government should try to make ease the regulatory mechanism( especially need of approval to start the college) and detailed guidelines should be laid down regarding routing of such foreign investment to ensure that there are no confusions with regards to the foreign investments in the education sector.
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##Question:Though the Indian Government has allowed 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in education, India is not receiving much. In this context, highlight the pros and cons of FDI in education. (150 words|10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1. In introduction mention about FDI status in India in the Education sector. 2. Then highlight the pros and cons of FDI in the education sector. 3. Mention few facts/data highlighting low FDI in the education sector in India. 4. Discuss the reasons for low FDI in education in India. 5. Conclude the answer suggesting the way forward. Answer 100% FDI in education under Construction Development is allowed in India via automatic route. Pros of FDI in education:- Investment in the education sector will increase when more foreign universities will invest in India. Competition among Universities- With the arrival of foreign universities in India, Indian Universities will become more competitive to match the standards of foreign universities. Quality Education Employment- When new infrastructure will be created in India then it will generate employment opportunities in India both during the construction phase and after that when it will start working. Cons of FDI in education:- There are some apprehensions that domestic universities might suffer because of competition from foreign universities. Foreign Universities will not be interested in mass education. Only 2nd and 3rd tier foreign universities are interested in setting up their campuses in India. Even then India has not received significant FDI in education. FDI in education from April 2007 to June 2017 is only 1.4 billion dollars. Reasons for low FDI are as follows: Not-for-Profit clause-The primary issue behind the lack of investment is the fact that the investment has to be done through a not-for-profit entity. The not-for- profit character would inevitably require the Indian entity to be either registered as a Society or a Trust or a Section 8 Company under the Companies Act, 2013. This not-for-profit requirement has become a major bottleneck for attracting investments. Multiple regulators along with the requirement of numerous approvals and regulatory compliances have hampered investor confidence in investing in this sector e. UGC, All India Council for technical education etc. The procedures and conditions are still very much unclear with regards to how the foreign investment regulations for the education sector would be enforced. This will lead to various issues with regard to the overlapping regulations of Centre and States. Conclusion Indian government should try to make ease the regulatory mechanism( especially need of approval to start the college) and detailed guidelines should be laid down regarding routing of such foreign investment to ensure that there are no confusions with regards to the foreign investments in the education sector.
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19वीं सदी में भारत का सामाजिक -धार्मिक पुनर्निर्माण औपनिवेशिक उपस्थिति के परिणामस्वरूप हुआ ,लेकिन यह इसके द्वारा सृजित नहीं था " कथन पर टिप्पणी कीजिए (200 शब्द )
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19वीं सदी में भारत में सामाजिक सांस्कृतिक पुनर्निर्माण की प्रक्रिया का प्रारंभ धार्मिक अन्धविश्वासों ,सामजिक रूढ़िवाद और पूर्वाग्रहों से ग्रसित समाज में ब्रिटिश नीतियों और भारतीयों के विभिन्न वर्गों की प्रतिक्रिया का परिणाम था अंग्रेजों के भारत पर विअज के पश्चात ,ब्रिटिश ने अनेक औपनिवेशिक नीतियों को लागू किया इनके परिणामस्वरूप भारत में अपनी संस्कृति एवं परम्परागत संस्थाओं की क्षमता एवं कमजोरियों को जानने हेतु अनिवार्य आत्मविश्लेषण का भाव उत्पन्न हुआ | अंग्रेजों की इन नीतियों का विश्वलेषण करने वाला नव उभरता मध्यम वर्ग तथा पश्चिमी शिक्षित बुद्धिजीवी वर्ग भी शामिल था | इन बुद्धिजीवियों ने सुधारवादी दृष्टिकोण अपनाया ,इन्होने भारतीय परम्पराओं को अस्वीकार नहीं किया बल्कि कुछ अतार्किक प्रथाओं को बदलने की मांग की थी | भारतीयों द्वारासामाजिक -धार्मिक पुनर्निर्माण - उदाहरण के लिए राजा राम मोहन रॉय के प्रयासों से 1829 में गवर्नर जनरल बैंटिक के काल में सती प्रथा को निषिद्ध किया गया | ईश्वर चंद विद्यासागर ने विधवा पुनर्विवाह के लिए एक आन्दोलन का नेतृत्व किया | इस आन्दोलन के परिणामस्वरूप हिन्दू पुर्नविवाह अधिनियम ,1856 पारित किया गया | इसके पश्चात उन्होंने अपने सुधार आन्दोलन को बाल विवाह के विरोध पर केन्द्रित किया ईश्वर चंद विद्यासागर के ही प्रयासों से "ऐज ऑफ़ कंसेंट एक्ट" पारित किया गया | औपनिवेशिक प्रशासन का मुख्य उद्देश्य अपने राजनीतिक और अथिक हितों को बढावा देना था | 1857 के बाद ब्रिटिश ने सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक सुधारों को अपना समर्थन देना बंद कर दिया इसके पश्चात आधुनिक संस्कृति और विचारधारा से प्रेरित भारतीय मध्यम वर्ग ने सुधार आन्दोलन को आगे बढानें में अत्यधिक उत्साह से सामाजिक -सांस्कृतिक सुधारों को आगे बढाया | इसके उदाहरण निम्न है - प्राथना समाज एवं आर्य समाज की स्थापना की गयी जिसका उद्देश्य सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक आधुनिकीकरण की प्रक्रिया को बढ़ावा देना था | इसी प्रकार मुस्लिमों ,सिखों और पारसियों ने भी अपनी सामाजिक संरचना एवं संस्कृति ममें सामाजिक -धार्मिक पुनर्निर्माण की आवश्यकता महसूस की | परिणामस्वरूप अलीगढ़ आन्दोलन ,पारसी सुधार आन्दोलन और सिख सुधार आन्दोलन जैसे आन्दोलन प्रारभं किए गए| पुनर्निर्माण की प्रक्रिया भारतीय व ब्रिटिश हितों में टकराहट के परिणामस्वरूप हुई | ब्रिटिश ने सामाजिक -सांस्कृतिक सुधार के कार्य किए किन्तु औपनिवेशिक हितों से परिचालित होकर , इस प्रकार देखा जा सकता है कीसामाजिक -धार्मिक पुनर्निर्माण औपनिवेशिक उपस्थिति के परिणामस्वरूप हुआ ,लेकिन यह इसके द्वारा सृजित नहीं था |
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##Question:19वीं सदी में भारत का सामाजिक -धार्मिक पुनर्निर्माण औपनिवेशिक उपस्थिति के परिणामस्वरूप हुआ ,लेकिन यह इसके द्वारा सृजित नहीं था " कथन पर टिप्पणी कीजिए (200 शब्द )##Answer:19वीं सदी में भारत में सामाजिक सांस्कृतिक पुनर्निर्माण की प्रक्रिया का प्रारंभ धार्मिक अन्धविश्वासों ,सामजिक रूढ़िवाद और पूर्वाग्रहों से ग्रसित समाज में ब्रिटिश नीतियों और भारतीयों के विभिन्न वर्गों की प्रतिक्रिया का परिणाम था अंग्रेजों के भारत पर विअज के पश्चात ,ब्रिटिश ने अनेक औपनिवेशिक नीतियों को लागू किया इनके परिणामस्वरूप भारत में अपनी संस्कृति एवं परम्परागत संस्थाओं की क्षमता एवं कमजोरियों को जानने हेतु अनिवार्य आत्मविश्लेषण का भाव उत्पन्न हुआ | अंग्रेजों की इन नीतियों का विश्वलेषण करने वाला नव उभरता मध्यम वर्ग तथा पश्चिमी शिक्षित बुद्धिजीवी वर्ग भी शामिल था | इन बुद्धिजीवियों ने सुधारवादी दृष्टिकोण अपनाया ,इन्होने भारतीय परम्पराओं को अस्वीकार नहीं किया बल्कि कुछ अतार्किक प्रथाओं को बदलने की मांग की थी | भारतीयों द्वारासामाजिक -धार्मिक पुनर्निर्माण - उदाहरण के लिए राजा राम मोहन रॉय के प्रयासों से 1829 में गवर्नर जनरल बैंटिक के काल में सती प्रथा को निषिद्ध किया गया | ईश्वर चंद विद्यासागर ने विधवा पुनर्विवाह के लिए एक आन्दोलन का नेतृत्व किया | इस आन्दोलन के परिणामस्वरूप हिन्दू पुर्नविवाह अधिनियम ,1856 पारित किया गया | इसके पश्चात उन्होंने अपने सुधार आन्दोलन को बाल विवाह के विरोध पर केन्द्रित किया ईश्वर चंद विद्यासागर के ही प्रयासों से "ऐज ऑफ़ कंसेंट एक्ट" पारित किया गया | औपनिवेशिक प्रशासन का मुख्य उद्देश्य अपने राजनीतिक और अथिक हितों को बढावा देना था | 1857 के बाद ब्रिटिश ने सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक सुधारों को अपना समर्थन देना बंद कर दिया इसके पश्चात आधुनिक संस्कृति और विचारधारा से प्रेरित भारतीय मध्यम वर्ग ने सुधार आन्दोलन को आगे बढानें में अत्यधिक उत्साह से सामाजिक -सांस्कृतिक सुधारों को आगे बढाया | इसके उदाहरण निम्न है - प्राथना समाज एवं आर्य समाज की स्थापना की गयी जिसका उद्देश्य सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक आधुनिकीकरण की प्रक्रिया को बढ़ावा देना था | इसी प्रकार मुस्लिमों ,सिखों और पारसियों ने भी अपनी सामाजिक संरचना एवं संस्कृति ममें सामाजिक -धार्मिक पुनर्निर्माण की आवश्यकता महसूस की | परिणामस्वरूप अलीगढ़ आन्दोलन ,पारसी सुधार आन्दोलन और सिख सुधार आन्दोलन जैसे आन्दोलन प्रारभं किए गए| पुनर्निर्माण की प्रक्रिया भारतीय व ब्रिटिश हितों में टकराहट के परिणामस्वरूप हुई | ब्रिटिश ने सामाजिक -सांस्कृतिक सुधार के कार्य किए किन्तु औपनिवेशिक हितों से परिचालित होकर , इस प्रकार देखा जा सकता है कीसामाजिक -धार्मिक पुनर्निर्माण औपनिवेशिक उपस्थिति के परिणामस्वरूप हुआ ,लेकिन यह इसके द्वारा सृजित नहीं था |
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Discuss the meaning and objectives of DTAA. How are countries like Mauritius acting as tax havens for tax evaders? Discuss how India has reformed it"s DTAA system. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- 1. Mention the meaning of DTAA and then Objectives 2. Meaning of tax avoidance and and how few countries act as tax heaven incontext of DTAA. 3.Reforms to be taken including steps being taken so far 4. Conclusion Answer:- Double taxation Avoidance Agreement is the levying of tax by two or more jurisdictions on the same declared income ,assetor financial transactions.Double taxation most often occurs when both the source country and the country of residence concurrently exercise their taxing right without providing full relief for the other country’s tax. Countries enter into double tax treaties to minimize the double taxation arising out of this intersection and the resulting unfairness. Objectives of DTAA:- 1. Avoid tax invaders 2. Avoid round tripping and investing black money though participatory notes. 3. To make a country an attractive investment destination by providing relief on dual taxation. 4. Ease of doing business 5. Itprovides for the tax claims of two governments both legitimately interested in taxing a particular source of income. As tax heavens 1. Low regulatory interference: lax disclosure norms and low accountability ensures growth of shell companies. These companies, held by foreigners, are established to evade domestic taxation laws. 2. Geographical proximity and cultural influence of Indian diaspora have promoted an atmosphere favourable to Indian investment. 3. As per OECD, DTAA It is desirable to clarify, standardize, and confirm the fiscal situation of taxpayers who are engaged, industrial, financial, or any other activities in other countries. 4.laying down rules for division of revenue between two countries. 5. It helps in laying down rules for division of revenue between two countries. 6.It helps a taxpayer of one country to know with greater certainty the potential limits of his tax liabilities in the other country. Tax evasion is the illegal practice of willfully defrauding the tax authorities by not reporting income or not paying income tax on one"s earnings, either in part or in full.Tax heaven countries, where taxes on capital gains are minimal or negative, are used by tax invadors through many ways. A mutinational company opens its headquarter in a tax heaven country and shows its profits in these countries. Because taxes are low there, they can avoid paying huge taxes in there home countries or country of sale of its goods and services. Recent reforms:- 1. DTAA amendment will ensure India’s conformity to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and G20-led guidelines on combating base erosion and profit shifting. 2. Amendment to the DTAA with Mauritius comes as a very welcome development that could help plug a significant loophole for tax avoidance 3. Change in Income tax act to avoid double taxation 4. 2016-17 budget announcement on implementation of the general anti-avoidance rules (GAAR) from April 1 2017. These rules are intended to check tax avoidance for investments by entities based mainly in overseas tax havens. Overall, the tax amendment will improve transparency, shore up revenues and reduce tax evasion in the long term. 5. It will bring predictable tax regime and avoid cases like V odafone capital gains tax case. Though in an emerging country like India which needs lot of foreign investment, it is hard to take stringent steps to avoid round tripping but some reforms in existing agrrements like DTAA needs to be upgraded and all stakeholders need to be taken into account so that economy as a whole can gain.
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##Question:Discuss the meaning and objectives of DTAA. How are countries like Mauritius acting as tax havens for tax evaders? Discuss how India has reformed it"s DTAA system. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- 1. Mention the meaning of DTAA and then Objectives 2. Meaning of tax avoidance and and how few countries act as tax heaven incontext of DTAA. 3.Reforms to be taken including steps being taken so far 4. Conclusion Answer:- Double taxation Avoidance Agreement is the levying of tax by two or more jurisdictions on the same declared income ,assetor financial transactions.Double taxation most often occurs when both the source country and the country of residence concurrently exercise their taxing right without providing full relief for the other country’s tax. Countries enter into double tax treaties to minimize the double taxation arising out of this intersection and the resulting unfairness. Objectives of DTAA:- 1. Avoid tax invaders 2. Avoid round tripping and investing black money though participatory notes. 3. To make a country an attractive investment destination by providing relief on dual taxation. 4. Ease of doing business 5. Itprovides for the tax claims of two governments both legitimately interested in taxing a particular source of income. As tax heavens 1. Low regulatory interference: lax disclosure norms and low accountability ensures growth of shell companies. These companies, held by foreigners, are established to evade domestic taxation laws. 2. Geographical proximity and cultural influence of Indian diaspora have promoted an atmosphere favourable to Indian investment. 3. As per OECD, DTAA It is desirable to clarify, standardize, and confirm the fiscal situation of taxpayers who are engaged, industrial, financial, or any other activities in other countries. 4.laying down rules for division of revenue between two countries. 5. It helps in laying down rules for division of revenue between two countries. 6.It helps a taxpayer of one country to know with greater certainty the potential limits of his tax liabilities in the other country. Tax evasion is the illegal practice of willfully defrauding the tax authorities by not reporting income or not paying income tax on one"s earnings, either in part or in full.Tax heaven countries, where taxes on capital gains are minimal or negative, are used by tax invadors through many ways. A mutinational company opens its headquarter in a tax heaven country and shows its profits in these countries. Because taxes are low there, they can avoid paying huge taxes in there home countries or country of sale of its goods and services. Recent reforms:- 1. DTAA amendment will ensure India’s conformity to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and G20-led guidelines on combating base erosion and profit shifting. 2. Amendment to the DTAA with Mauritius comes as a very welcome development that could help plug a significant loophole for tax avoidance 3. Change in Income tax act to avoid double taxation 4. 2016-17 budget announcement on implementation of the general anti-avoidance rules (GAAR) from April 1 2017. These rules are intended to check tax avoidance for investments by entities based mainly in overseas tax havens. Overall, the tax amendment will improve transparency, shore up revenues and reduce tax evasion in the long term. 5. It will bring predictable tax regime and avoid cases like V odafone capital gains tax case. Though in an emerging country like India which needs lot of foreign investment, it is hard to take stringent steps to avoid round tripping but some reforms in existing agrrements like DTAA needs to be upgraded and all stakeholders need to be taken into account so that economy as a whole can gain.
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What are the factors responsible for the formation of tropical cyclones? Also, discuss how it differs from temperate cyclones.(150 words, 10 Marks)
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APPROACH - In introduction brief definition of Tropical Cyclones - Mention of factors responsible for their formation - Difference between tropical and temperate cyclones ANSWER Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements and storm surges involving closed circulation of air around a low pressure.They have a thermal origin (formed around ITCZ), and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November in the northern hemisphere).At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Factors responsible for their formation -Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C, -Presence of the Coriolis force enough to create a cyclonic vortex, -Small variations in the vertical wind speed, -A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation, -Upper divergence above the sea level system The differences between tropical and extra-tropical cyclones are as follows: -Location - Tropical cyclones form along the 5 to 10 degree latitude whereas temperate cyclone are formed along middle latitude (35 to 65 degree) where convergence of thermally different air masses collide each other along fronts. -Origin - Tropical cyclones always origin in large water bodies, where as temperate cyclones can origin on both landmass or water. -Structure -Tropical cyclones have a definite structure of formation having a front end followed by a zone of calmness called “eye” and ends with tail (rear end). In temperate cyclone, two different air masses collide each other so four different sectors are formed, they are cold sector (cold drier air mass), cold front, warm sector(warm moist air mass) and warm front. -Size and speed - Tropical cyclones range from 150-200 kms with high velocity where as temperate cyclones are larger in size ranging around 1900 km and due to large size it moves slower at the speed of 40-60 kmph. -Movement direction - Tropical direction moves from east to west direction under the influence of trade winds on the other hand temperate cyclones move from west to east direction under the influence of westerly winds -Weather condition - The tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rain fall and high velocity of winds for short duration at small area, sometimes the rain and associated winds are so high that it can cause damage to life and property mostly at eastern coastal areas. In temperate cyclone the weather are mild and overcast sky in initial stage and followed by moderate to heavy rain for long period of time on large area. The student must draw a diagram for Tropical Cyclone. Basic diagram for an extra-tropical cyclone is desirable but not mandatory.
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##Question:What are the factors responsible for the formation of tropical cyclones? Also, discuss how it differs from temperate cyclones.(150 words, 10 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH - In introduction brief definition of Tropical Cyclones - Mention of factors responsible for their formation - Difference between tropical and temperate cyclones ANSWER Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements and storm surges involving closed circulation of air around a low pressure.They have a thermal origin (formed around ITCZ), and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November in the northern hemisphere).At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Factors responsible for their formation -Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C, -Presence of the Coriolis force enough to create a cyclonic vortex, -Small variations in the vertical wind speed, -A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation, -Upper divergence above the sea level system The differences between tropical and extra-tropical cyclones are as follows: -Location - Tropical cyclones form along the 5 to 10 degree latitude whereas temperate cyclone are formed along middle latitude (35 to 65 degree) where convergence of thermally different air masses collide each other along fronts. -Origin - Tropical cyclones always origin in large water bodies, where as temperate cyclones can origin on both landmass or water. -Structure -Tropical cyclones have a definite structure of formation having a front end followed by a zone of calmness called “eye” and ends with tail (rear end). In temperate cyclone, two different air masses collide each other so four different sectors are formed, they are cold sector (cold drier air mass), cold front, warm sector(warm moist air mass) and warm front. -Size and speed - Tropical cyclones range from 150-200 kms with high velocity where as temperate cyclones are larger in size ranging around 1900 km and due to large size it moves slower at the speed of 40-60 kmph. -Movement direction - Tropical direction moves from east to west direction under the influence of trade winds on the other hand temperate cyclones move from west to east direction under the influence of westerly winds -Weather condition - The tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rain fall and high velocity of winds for short duration at small area, sometimes the rain and associated winds are so high that it can cause damage to life and property mostly at eastern coastal areas. In temperate cyclone the weather are mild and overcast sky in initial stage and followed by moderate to heavy rain for long period of time on large area. The student must draw a diagram for Tropical Cyclone. Basic diagram for an extra-tropical cyclone is desirable but not mandatory.
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Explain the salient features of the Constitutional 101st Amendment Act 2016. Do you think it"s effective enough to remove the cascading effect of taxes and provide for a common national market for goods and services? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- Brief introduction about GST Features of GST Merits of GST for Indian Economy Conclusion Answer:- Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale, and consumption of goods and services throughout India. Goods and Services would replace many indirect taxes levied by the central and state governments. Key features of GST:- GST has two dimensions : Central GST and State GST Inter-State Transactions and the IGST Mechanism: The Centre would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) on all inter-State supply of goods and services. It has been designed to ensure seamless flow of input tax credit from one State to another. The inter-State seller would pay IGST on the sale of his goods to the Central Government after adjusting credit of IGST, CGST and SGST on his purchases (in that order). The Centre will transfer to the importing State the credit of IGST used in payment of SGST. Destination-Based Consumption Tax : GST will be a destination-based tax. This implies that all SGST collected will ordinarily accrue to the State where the consumer of the goods or services sold resides. Computation of GST on the basis of invoice credit method Payment of GST : The CGST and SGST are to be paid to the accounts of the central and states respectively. Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN): A not-for-profit, Non-Government Company called Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN), jointly set up by the Central and State Governments will provide shared IT infrastructure and services to the Central and State Governments, tax payers and other stakeholders. Input Tax Credit (ITC) Set Off : ITC for CGST & SGST will be taken for taxes allowed against central and state respectively. Centre will levy IGST on inter-State supply of goods and services. Import of goods will be subject to basic customs duty and IGST. Maintenance of Records: A taxpayer or exporter would have to maintain separate details in books of account for a ailment, utilization or refund of Input Tax Credit of CGST, SGST and IGST. Administration of GST : Administration of GST will be the responsibility of the GST Council , which will be the apex policy making body of the GST. Members of GST Council comprised of the Central and State ministers in charge of the finance portfolio. Goods and Service Tax Council: The GST Council will be a joint forum of the Centre and the States. The Council will make recommendations to the Union and the States on important issues like tax rates, exemption list, threshold limits, etc. One-half of the total number of Members of the Council will constitute the quorum of GST council. Merits of the GST:- GST will facilitate seamless credit across the entire supply chain and across all States under a common tax base. Elimination of Cascading effect: Goods & Service Tax would eliminate the cascading effects of taxes on production and distribution cost of goods and services. The exclusion of cascading effects i.e. tax on tax will significantly improve the competitiveness of original goods and services in market will lead to beneficial impact to the GDP growth of the country. It is felt that GST would serve a superior reason to achieve the objective of streamlining indirect tax regime in India which can remove cascading effects in supply chain till the level of final consumers. Revenue Gain: Revenue will increase under GST regime because of widening of the dealer base by capturing value addition in the distributive trade and increased compliance. GST regime shall enhance transparency in the indirect tax framework and is expected to bring down the rate of inflation. Zero rated Exports: Under the GST regime, exports will be zero rated in entirety unlike the present system where refund of some taxes is not allowed due to fragmented nature of indirect taxes between the Centre and the States. All taxes paid on the goods or services exported or on the inputs or input services used in the supply of such export goods or services shall be refunded. GST will boost Indian exports, thereby improving the balance of payments position. Exporters will be facilitated by grant of provisional refund of 90% of their claims within seven days of issue of acknowledgement of their application, thereby resulting in the easing of position with respect to cash flows. Increased Uniformity : Uniform GST rates will reduce the incentive for evasion by eliminating rate arbitrage between neighboring States and that between intra and inter-State sales. Harmonization of laws, procedures and rates of tax will make compliance easier and simple. There would be common definitions, common forms/formats, common interface through GST portal, resulting in efficiencies and synergies across the board. This will also remove multiple taxation of same transactions and inter-State disputes like the ones on entry tax and e-commerce taxation existing today. Increased Certainty: Common procedures for registration of taxpayers, refund of taxes, uniform formats of tax return, common tax base, common system of classification of goods or services along with timelines for every activity will lend greater certainty to taxation system. Increased Digitalization: GST is largely technology driven. The interface of the taxpayer with the tax authorities will be through the common portal (GSTN). There will be simplified and automated procedures for various processes such as registration, returns, refunds, tax payments, etc. Though GST is not untouched with drawbacks but merits overweight the drawbacks, It was a very sought after reform which can be said the biggest tax reform after independence. Its long term impact will help integrate economy and boost for the GDP of India in time when global economy is connected and Indian economy is in the take off position.
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##Question:Explain the salient features of the Constitutional 101st Amendment Act 2016. Do you think it"s effective enough to remove the cascading effect of taxes and provide for a common national market for goods and services? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- Brief introduction about GST Features of GST Merits of GST for Indian Economy Conclusion Answer:- Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale, and consumption of goods and services throughout India. Goods and Services would replace many indirect taxes levied by the central and state governments. Key features of GST:- GST has two dimensions : Central GST and State GST Inter-State Transactions and the IGST Mechanism: The Centre would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) on all inter-State supply of goods and services. It has been designed to ensure seamless flow of input tax credit from one State to another. The inter-State seller would pay IGST on the sale of his goods to the Central Government after adjusting credit of IGST, CGST and SGST on his purchases (in that order). The Centre will transfer to the importing State the credit of IGST used in payment of SGST. Destination-Based Consumption Tax : GST will be a destination-based tax. This implies that all SGST collected will ordinarily accrue to the State where the consumer of the goods or services sold resides. Computation of GST on the basis of invoice credit method Payment of GST : The CGST and SGST are to be paid to the accounts of the central and states respectively. Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN): A not-for-profit, Non-Government Company called Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN), jointly set up by the Central and State Governments will provide shared IT infrastructure and services to the Central and State Governments, tax payers and other stakeholders. Input Tax Credit (ITC) Set Off : ITC for CGST & SGST will be taken for taxes allowed against central and state respectively. Centre will levy IGST on inter-State supply of goods and services. Import of goods will be subject to basic customs duty and IGST. Maintenance of Records: A taxpayer or exporter would have to maintain separate details in books of account for a ailment, utilization or refund of Input Tax Credit of CGST, SGST and IGST. Administration of GST : Administration of GST will be the responsibility of the GST Council , which will be the apex policy making body of the GST. Members of GST Council comprised of the Central and State ministers in charge of the finance portfolio. Goods and Service Tax Council: The GST Council will be a joint forum of the Centre and the States. The Council will make recommendations to the Union and the States on important issues like tax rates, exemption list, threshold limits, etc. One-half of the total number of Members of the Council will constitute the quorum of GST council. Merits of the GST:- GST will facilitate seamless credit across the entire supply chain and across all States under a common tax base. Elimination of Cascading effect: Goods & Service Tax would eliminate the cascading effects of taxes on production and distribution cost of goods and services. The exclusion of cascading effects i.e. tax on tax will significantly improve the competitiveness of original goods and services in market will lead to beneficial impact to the GDP growth of the country. It is felt that GST would serve a superior reason to achieve the objective of streamlining indirect tax regime in India which can remove cascading effects in supply chain till the level of final consumers. Revenue Gain: Revenue will increase under GST regime because of widening of the dealer base by capturing value addition in the distributive trade and increased compliance. GST regime shall enhance transparency in the indirect tax framework and is expected to bring down the rate of inflation. Zero rated Exports: Under the GST regime, exports will be zero rated in entirety unlike the present system where refund of some taxes is not allowed due to fragmented nature of indirect taxes between the Centre and the States. All taxes paid on the goods or services exported or on the inputs or input services used in the supply of such export goods or services shall be refunded. GST will boost Indian exports, thereby improving the balance of payments position. Exporters will be facilitated by grant of provisional refund of 90% of their claims within seven days of issue of acknowledgement of their application, thereby resulting in the easing of position with respect to cash flows. Increased Uniformity : Uniform GST rates will reduce the incentive for evasion by eliminating rate arbitrage between neighboring States and that between intra and inter-State sales. Harmonization of laws, procedures and rates of tax will make compliance easier and simple. There would be common definitions, common forms/formats, common interface through GST portal, resulting in efficiencies and synergies across the board. This will also remove multiple taxation of same transactions and inter-State disputes like the ones on entry tax and e-commerce taxation existing today. Increased Certainty: Common procedures for registration of taxpayers, refund of taxes, uniform formats of tax return, common tax base, common system of classification of goods or services along with timelines for every activity will lend greater certainty to taxation system. Increased Digitalization: GST is largely technology driven. The interface of the taxpayer with the tax authorities will be through the common portal (GSTN). There will be simplified and automated procedures for various processes such as registration, returns, refunds, tax payments, etc. Though GST is not untouched with drawbacks but merits overweight the drawbacks, It was a very sought after reform which can be said the biggest tax reform after independence. Its long term impact will help integrate economy and boost for the GDP of India in time when global economy is connected and Indian economy is in the take off position.
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The budget is more than the statement of the accounts. Comment (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- 1.In Introduction , mention the constitutional position of budget. 2. Enlist the objective and significance of budget 3. Elaboration on various objective. Answer- The Constitution refers to the budget as the ‘annual financial statement’. In other words, the term ‘budget’ has nowhere been used in the Constitution. It is the popular name for the ‘annual financial statement’ that has been dealt with in Article 112 ofthe Constitution. The budget is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India in a financial year, which begins on 1 April and ends on 31 March ofthe following year. In addition to the estimates of receipts and expenditure, the budget contains certain other elements. Overall, the budget contains the following: 1. Estimates of revenue and capital receipts; 2. Ways and means to raise the revenue; 3. Estimates of expenditure; 4. Details of the actual receipts and expenditure of the closing financial year and the reasons for any deficit or surplus in that year; and 5. Economic and financial policy of the coming year, that is, taxation proposals, prospects of revenue, spending programme and introduction ofnew schemes/projects. [However , it is not just statement of account .Government prepares the budget for fulfilling certain objectives. These objectives are the direct outcome of government’s economic, social and political policies. The various objectives of government budget are: 1. Reallocation of Resources: Through the budgetary policy, Government aims to reallocate resources in accordance with the economic (profit maximisation) and social (public welfare) priorities of the country. Government can influence allocation of resources through: (i) Tax concessions or subsidies:- To encourage investment, government can give tax concession, subsidies etc. to the producers. For example, Government discourages the production of harmful consumption goods (like liquor, cigarettes etc.) through heavy taxes and encourages the use of ‘Khaki products’ by providing subsidies. (ii) Directly producing goods and services:- If private sector does not take interest, government can directly undertake the production. 2. Reducing inequalities in income and wealth: -Economic inequality is an inherent part of every economic system. Government aims to reduce such inequalities of income and wealth, through its budgetary policy. Government aims to influence distribution of income by imposing taxes on the rich and spending more on the welfare of the poor. It will reduce income of the rich and raise standard of living of the poor, thus reducing inequalities in the distribution of income. 3. Economic Stability:- Government budget is used to prevent business fluctuations of inflation or deflation to achieve the objective of economic stability. The government aims to control the different phases of business fluctuations through its budgetary policy. Policies of surplus budget during inflation and deficit budget during deflation helps to maintain stability of prices in the economy . 4. Management of Public Enterprises:- There are large numbers of public sector industries (especially natural monopolies), which are established and managed for social welfare of the public. Budget is prepared with the objective of making various provisions for managing such enterprises and providing those financial help. 5. Economic Growth:- The growth rate of a country depends on rate of saving and investment. For this purpose, budgetary policy aims to mobilise sufficient resources for investment in the public sector. Therefore, the government makes various provisions in the budget to raise overall rate of savings and investments in the economy. 6. Reducing regional disparities:- The government budget aims to reduce regional disparities through its taxation and expenditure policy for encouraging setting up of production units in economically backward regions Hence, Bidget is not merely a statement of account which focuses only on finances , but it impacts life of ordinary people in all around manner and also determines the direction of government policies affecting macro and micro aspect of the economy as a whole.
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##Question:The budget is more than the statement of the accounts. Comment (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- 1.In Introduction , mention the constitutional position of budget. 2. Enlist the objective and significance of budget 3. Elaboration on various objective. Answer- The Constitution refers to the budget as the ‘annual financial statement’. In other words, the term ‘budget’ has nowhere been used in the Constitution. It is the popular name for the ‘annual financial statement’ that has been dealt with in Article 112 ofthe Constitution. The budget is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India in a financial year, which begins on 1 April and ends on 31 March ofthe following year. In addition to the estimates of receipts and expenditure, the budget contains certain other elements. Overall, the budget contains the following: 1. Estimates of revenue and capital receipts; 2. Ways and means to raise the revenue; 3. Estimates of expenditure; 4. Details of the actual receipts and expenditure of the closing financial year and the reasons for any deficit or surplus in that year; and 5. Economic and financial policy of the coming year, that is, taxation proposals, prospects of revenue, spending programme and introduction ofnew schemes/projects. [However , it is not just statement of account .Government prepares the budget for fulfilling certain objectives. These objectives are the direct outcome of government’s economic, social and political policies. The various objectives of government budget are: 1. Reallocation of Resources: Through the budgetary policy, Government aims to reallocate resources in accordance with the economic (profit maximisation) and social (public welfare) priorities of the country. Government can influence allocation of resources through: (i) Tax concessions or subsidies:- To encourage investment, government can give tax concession, subsidies etc. to the producers. For example, Government discourages the production of harmful consumption goods (like liquor, cigarettes etc.) through heavy taxes and encourages the use of ‘Khaki products’ by providing subsidies. (ii) Directly producing goods and services:- If private sector does not take interest, government can directly undertake the production. 2. Reducing inequalities in income and wealth: -Economic inequality is an inherent part of every economic system. Government aims to reduce such inequalities of income and wealth, through its budgetary policy. Government aims to influence distribution of income by imposing taxes on the rich and spending more on the welfare of the poor. It will reduce income of the rich and raise standard of living of the poor, thus reducing inequalities in the distribution of income. 3. Economic Stability:- Government budget is used to prevent business fluctuations of inflation or deflation to achieve the objective of economic stability. The government aims to control the different phases of business fluctuations through its budgetary policy. Policies of surplus budget during inflation and deficit budget during deflation helps to maintain stability of prices in the economy . 4. Management of Public Enterprises:- There are large numbers of public sector industries (especially natural monopolies), which are established and managed for social welfare of the public. Budget is prepared with the objective of making various provisions for managing such enterprises and providing those financial help. 5. Economic Growth:- The growth rate of a country depends on rate of saving and investment. For this purpose, budgetary policy aims to mobilise sufficient resources for investment in the public sector. Therefore, the government makes various provisions in the budget to raise overall rate of savings and investments in the economy. 6. Reducing regional disparities:- The government budget aims to reduce regional disparities through its taxation and expenditure policy for encouraging setting up of production units in economically backward regions Hence, Bidget is not merely a statement of account which focuses only on finances , but it impacts life of ordinary people in all around manner and also determines the direction of government policies affecting macro and micro aspect of the economy as a whole.
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Monsoon has been termed as complex phenomenon in recent times. Analyze the reasons in context of this statement.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach 1. Introduce the statement of the question in 15-20 words in the introduction. 2. Highlight reasons regarding the complex phenomenon of Monsoon. 3. Conclude briefly highlighting steps taken by India to address this issue. Answer Monsoon is the phenomenon of seasonalwinds which change their direction in the latter half of the season and is associated with seasonal and continuous rainfall during the monsoon season. Although the rainfall has broken in between.Monsoon is best developed over the Indian subcontinent and part of southeastAsia. It also extends to the eastern African coast, coastal Arabian peninsular region,Southeast Asian regions,East Asian regions and also the Northern Australian region. Earlier the monsoon was considered to be a simple phenomenon like large-scale land andsea breeze but gradually it has been understood as an outcome of the complex set of phenomenonranging from land and sea breeze type of winds to winds and atmospheric phenomenon caused far away from monsoonal region and taking place at different season such as El-Nino and La-Nina in India. Monsoonin recent year has been understood as a complex phenomenon because monsoon prediction has not been able to be made very accurately and variations/erratic behaviour of monsoon.Variations/erratic behaviour of monsoon are an outcome of factors which are still to be properly understood. This could be seen from IMD (Indian Metrological Department) monsoon prediction which does 2 long-range forecast for monsoon rainfall every year in April and June Prediction. There are many factors which are mentioned below which affect monsoon in India which are responsible for the complex character of monsoon. 1. Role of Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau -The Himalayas and Tibetan plateau act as a physical barrier and a source of high-level heat. Tibet plateau plays a crucial role in initiating the monsoon circulation. Due to its enormous height, it receives 2-3 degree Celsius more insolation than the neighbouring areas. Heating of these areas leads to clockwise air circulation in the middle troposphere and two-wind streams originate from this area. One of these wind streams blow southward and develops into the tropical easterly jet stream (TEJ). The other stream flows in an opposite direction toward the North Pole and becomes the westerly jet stream over Central Asia. 2. Circulation of upper air jet streams in the troposphere - The sub-tropical westerly jet stream is bifurcated by the high-land Tibet in winters. Tropical easterly jet stream (TEJ), that branch off from anticyclone developed over Tibet, sometimes reaches to the tip of Peninsular India. Apart from this, Jet speed winds are also reported over other parts of Peninsular. This jet descends over the Indian Ocean and intensifies its high-pressure cell known as Mascarene High. It is from this high-pressure cell that the onshore winds start blowing towards the thermally induced low-pressure area, developed in the northern part of the Indiansubcontinent. After crossing the equator such winds become south-westerly and are known as the south-westerly summer monsoon. 3. The occurrence of ENSO (El-Nino and Southern Oscillation) in the South Pacific ocean -TheIndian monsoon is also influenced by EL-Nino, southern oscillation, andSomalian current.Southern Oscillation is the see-saw pattern of atmospheric pressure between the eastern and western Pacific Ocean. A negative value of the Southern Oscillation Index or El-Nino implies high pressure over the north Indian Ocean during the winter season and poor monsoon. And positive Southern Oscillation Index or La-Nina is associated with the good monsoon. The Somalian current changes its direction of flow after every six months 4. Walker cell in the Indian Ocean- Shifting of walker cell in El-Nino and La-Nina years also affect the monsoon in India. 5. Indian Ocean Dipole - It is defined by the difference in sea surface temperature between two areas (or poles, hence a dipole) – a western pole in the Arabian Sea (western Indian Ocean) and an eastern pole in the eastern Indian Ocean south of Indonesia. The IOD involves a periodic oscillation of sea-surface temperatures (SST), between "positive", "neutral" and "negative" phases. A positive phase sees greater-than-average sea-surface temperatures and greater precipitation in the western Indian Ocean region, with a corresponding cooling of waters in the eastern Indian Ocean. The negative phase of the IOD brings about the opposite conditions, with warmer water and greater precipitation in the eastern Indian Ocean, and cooler and drier conditions in the west. IMD makes so much effort to predict Monsoon. Despite this also, IMD is not able to make a perfect prediction of the monsoon and various missions e.g. National Monsoon Mission are being carried to better understand predict the Monsoon.
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##Question:Monsoon has been termed as complex phenomenon in recent times. Analyze the reasons in context of this statement.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1. Introduce the statement of the question in 15-20 words in the introduction. 2. Highlight reasons regarding the complex phenomenon of Monsoon. 3. Conclude briefly highlighting steps taken by India to address this issue. Answer Monsoon is the phenomenon of seasonalwinds which change their direction in the latter half of the season and is associated with seasonal and continuous rainfall during the monsoon season. Although the rainfall has broken in between.Monsoon is best developed over the Indian subcontinent and part of southeastAsia. It also extends to the eastern African coast, coastal Arabian peninsular region,Southeast Asian regions,East Asian regions and also the Northern Australian region. Earlier the monsoon was considered to be a simple phenomenon like large-scale land andsea breeze but gradually it has been understood as an outcome of the complex set of phenomenonranging from land and sea breeze type of winds to winds and atmospheric phenomenon caused far away from monsoonal region and taking place at different season such as El-Nino and La-Nina in India. Monsoonin recent year has been understood as a complex phenomenon because monsoon prediction has not been able to be made very accurately and variations/erratic behaviour of monsoon.Variations/erratic behaviour of monsoon are an outcome of factors which are still to be properly understood. This could be seen from IMD (Indian Metrological Department) monsoon prediction which does 2 long-range forecast for monsoon rainfall every year in April and June Prediction. There are many factors which are mentioned below which affect monsoon in India which are responsible for the complex character of monsoon. 1. Role of Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau -The Himalayas and Tibetan plateau act as a physical barrier and a source of high-level heat. Tibet plateau plays a crucial role in initiating the monsoon circulation. Due to its enormous height, it receives 2-3 degree Celsius more insolation than the neighbouring areas. Heating of these areas leads to clockwise air circulation in the middle troposphere and two-wind streams originate from this area. One of these wind streams blow southward and develops into the tropical easterly jet stream (TEJ). The other stream flows in an opposite direction toward the North Pole and becomes the westerly jet stream over Central Asia. 2. Circulation of upper air jet streams in the troposphere - The sub-tropical westerly jet stream is bifurcated by the high-land Tibet in winters. Tropical easterly jet stream (TEJ), that branch off from anticyclone developed over Tibet, sometimes reaches to the tip of Peninsular India. Apart from this, Jet speed winds are also reported over other parts of Peninsular. This jet descends over the Indian Ocean and intensifies its high-pressure cell known as Mascarene High. It is from this high-pressure cell that the onshore winds start blowing towards the thermally induced low-pressure area, developed in the northern part of the Indiansubcontinent. After crossing the equator such winds become south-westerly and are known as the south-westerly summer monsoon. 3. The occurrence of ENSO (El-Nino and Southern Oscillation) in the South Pacific ocean -TheIndian monsoon is also influenced by EL-Nino, southern oscillation, andSomalian current.Southern Oscillation is the see-saw pattern of atmospheric pressure between the eastern and western Pacific Ocean. A negative value of the Southern Oscillation Index or El-Nino implies high pressure over the north Indian Ocean during the winter season and poor monsoon. And positive Southern Oscillation Index or La-Nina is associated with the good monsoon. The Somalian current changes its direction of flow after every six months 4. Walker cell in the Indian Ocean- Shifting of walker cell in El-Nino and La-Nina years also affect the monsoon in India. 5. Indian Ocean Dipole - It is defined by the difference in sea surface temperature between two areas (or poles, hence a dipole) – a western pole in the Arabian Sea (western Indian Ocean) and an eastern pole in the eastern Indian Ocean south of Indonesia. The IOD involves a periodic oscillation of sea-surface temperatures (SST), between "positive", "neutral" and "negative" phases. A positive phase sees greater-than-average sea-surface temperatures and greater precipitation in the western Indian Ocean region, with a corresponding cooling of waters in the eastern Indian Ocean. The negative phase of the IOD brings about the opposite conditions, with warmer water and greater precipitation in the eastern Indian Ocean, and cooler and drier conditions in the west. IMD makes so much effort to predict Monsoon. Despite this also, IMD is not able to make a perfect prediction of the monsoon and various missions e.g. National Monsoon Mission are being carried to better understand predict the Monsoon.
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What do you mean by El-Nino? How is it different from La-Nina? Discuss the effects of these events on Indian Monsoon. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Define El-Nino. 2. Mention about conditions prevailing in the normal year, so that El-Nino is explained properly. 3. Mention about La-Nina and how is it different from El-Nino. 4. Conclusion- Here you can brief about the impact of these 2 events on the Indian monsoon. Answer El Niño is the name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high-pressure system over the coast of Peru. As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. Due to the warm ocean surface along the coast of Ecuador, the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep ocean water is significantly reduced. In an El Niño year, air pressure drops over large areas of the central Pacific and along the coast of South America. The normal low-pressure system is replaced by a weak high in the western Pacific (the southern oscillation). This change in pressure pattern causes the trade winds to be reduced i.e. Weak Walker Cell. Sometimes Walker Cell might even get reversed. This reduction allows the equatorial counter-current (current along with doldrums) to accumulate warm ocean water along the coastlines of Peru and Ecuador. This accumulation of warm water causes the thermocline to drop in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean which cuts off the upwelling of cold deep ocean water along the coast of Peru. This leads to a rise in surface pressure over the Indian Ocean. So, while there is high rainfall in Eastern Pacific; the drought sets in over Asia as high pressure builds over the cooler ocean waters. The net result is- Drought or scant rainfall in Asia particularly in India. La Nina • After an El Niño event weather conditions usually return back to normal. • However, in some years the trade winds can become extremely strong and an abnormal accumulation of cold water can occur in the central and eastern Pacific. This event is called a La Niña. The difference between El Nino and La-Nina are as follows: 1. The temperature at Sea Surface - Temperature at sea surface is warmer than normal sea-surface temperatures in El Nino while it is cooler than normal sea-surface temperatures for La Nina. 2. Pressure - It accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific accompanies low air surface pressure in the eastern Pacific 3. Tradewinds El Niño occurs when tropical Pacific Ocean trade winds die out and ocean temperatures become unusually warm. La Nina, which occurs when the trade winds blow unusually hard and the sea temperature becomes colder than normal. 4. Ocean waters in Pacific - Warm water approach the coasts of South America which results in reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water thus a decline of the fish populations in El Nino. Cold water causes increased upwelling of deep cold ocean waters numbers of drought occurrence, with more nutrient-filled eastern Pacific waters in a la Nina year. Conclusion: El Nino during winter causes warm conditions over the Indian subcontinent and during summer, it leads to dry conditions and deficient monsoon. Whereas La Nina results in better than normal monsoon in India.
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##Question:What do you mean by El-Nino? How is it different from La-Nina? Discuss the effects of these events on Indian Monsoon. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Define El-Nino. 2. Mention about conditions prevailing in the normal year, so that El-Nino is explained properly. 3. Mention about La-Nina and how is it different from El-Nino. 4. Conclusion- Here you can brief about the impact of these 2 events on the Indian monsoon. Answer El Niño is the name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high-pressure system over the coast of Peru. As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. Due to the warm ocean surface along the coast of Ecuador, the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep ocean water is significantly reduced. In an El Niño year, air pressure drops over large areas of the central Pacific and along the coast of South America. The normal low-pressure system is replaced by a weak high in the western Pacific (the southern oscillation). This change in pressure pattern causes the trade winds to be reduced i.e. Weak Walker Cell. Sometimes Walker Cell might even get reversed. This reduction allows the equatorial counter-current (current along with doldrums) to accumulate warm ocean water along the coastlines of Peru and Ecuador. This accumulation of warm water causes the thermocline to drop in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean which cuts off the upwelling of cold deep ocean water along the coast of Peru. This leads to a rise in surface pressure over the Indian Ocean. So, while there is high rainfall in Eastern Pacific; the drought sets in over Asia as high pressure builds over the cooler ocean waters. The net result is- Drought or scant rainfall in Asia particularly in India. La Nina • After an El Niño event weather conditions usually return back to normal. • However, in some years the trade winds can become extremely strong and an abnormal accumulation of cold water can occur in the central and eastern Pacific. This event is called a La Niña. The difference between El Nino and La-Nina are as follows: 1. The temperature at Sea Surface - Temperature at sea surface is warmer than normal sea-surface temperatures in El Nino while it is cooler than normal sea-surface temperatures for La Nina. 2. Pressure - It accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific accompanies low air surface pressure in the eastern Pacific 3. Tradewinds El Niño occurs when tropical Pacific Ocean trade winds die out and ocean temperatures become unusually warm. La Nina, which occurs when the trade winds blow unusually hard and the sea temperature becomes colder than normal. 4. Ocean waters in Pacific - Warm water approach the coasts of South America which results in reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water thus a decline of the fish populations in El Nino. Cold water causes increased upwelling of deep cold ocean waters numbers of drought occurrence, with more nutrient-filled eastern Pacific waters in a la Nina year. Conclusion: El Nino during winter causes warm conditions over the Indian subcontinent and during summer, it leads to dry conditions and deficient monsoon. Whereas La Nina results in better than normal monsoon in India.
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What do you understand by El-Nino? How is it different from La-Nina? Also mention the effects of these events on Monsoon. [200 words, 10 Marks]
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Approach: - Define El Nino and La Nina -Enlist the effect of El-Nino in Indian Monsoon -Write an appropriate conclusion Answer: El Nino: This is a name given to the periodic development of a warm ocean current along the coast of Peru as a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current. ‘El Nino’ is a Spanish word meaning ‘the child’, and refers to the baby Christ, as this current starts flowing during Christmas. The presence of the El Nino leads to an increase in sea-surface temperatures and weakening of the trade winds in the region. La Niña , “anti-El Niño” or simply “a cold event” is the cooling of water in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. The following happens in La-Nina: The water in Eastern Pacific, which is otherwise cool; gets colder than normal. There is no reversal of the trade winds but it causes strong high pressure over the eastern equatorial Pacific. On the other hand, low pressure is caused over Western Pacific and Off Asia. This has so far caused the following major effects: Drought in Ecuador and Peru. Low temperature, High Pressure in Eastern Pacific. Effect of El-Nino in Monsoon The El Nino event is closely associated with the pressure changes in the Central Pacific and Australia. This change in pressure condition over Pacific is known as the southern oscillation. The combinedphenomenon of southern oscillation and El Nino is known as ENSO. In the years when the ENSO is strong, large-scale variations in weather occur over the world. The arid west coast of South America receives heavy rainfall, drought occurs in Australia and sometimes in India and floods in China. Other effects: In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons result in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. Shortages in food supply then result in spike in food prices all across the country pushing inflation up. If the drought is severe, it would dry up major sources of fresh water leading to a water crisis like situation. Weak monsoons also result in lesser power generation from hydro power dams thus leading to even lesser electricity for irrigation purposes. Conclusion: To avoid the severe impact of deficientmonsoon we should focus on developing the early warning detection system. Also, the effect of changing climate should be taken into consideration and climate resistance agriculture should be practiced.
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##Question:What do you understand by El-Nino? How is it different from La-Nina? Also mention the effects of these events on Monsoon. [200 words, 10 Marks]##Answer:Approach: - Define El Nino and La Nina -Enlist the effect of El-Nino in Indian Monsoon -Write an appropriate conclusion Answer: El Nino: This is a name given to the periodic development of a warm ocean current along the coast of Peru as a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current. ‘El Nino’ is a Spanish word meaning ‘the child’, and refers to the baby Christ, as this current starts flowing during Christmas. The presence of the El Nino leads to an increase in sea-surface temperatures and weakening of the trade winds in the region. La Niña , “anti-El Niño” or simply “a cold event” is the cooling of water in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. The following happens in La-Nina: The water in Eastern Pacific, which is otherwise cool; gets colder than normal. There is no reversal of the trade winds but it causes strong high pressure over the eastern equatorial Pacific. On the other hand, low pressure is caused over Western Pacific and Off Asia. This has so far caused the following major effects: Drought in Ecuador and Peru. Low temperature, High Pressure in Eastern Pacific. Effect of El-Nino in Monsoon The El Nino event is closely associated with the pressure changes in the Central Pacific and Australia. This change in pressure condition over Pacific is known as the southern oscillation. The combinedphenomenon of southern oscillation and El Nino is known as ENSO. In the years when the ENSO is strong, large-scale variations in weather occur over the world. The arid west coast of South America receives heavy rainfall, drought occurs in Australia and sometimes in India and floods in China. Other effects: In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons result in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. Shortages in food supply then result in spike in food prices all across the country pushing inflation up. If the drought is severe, it would dry up major sources of fresh water leading to a water crisis like situation. Weak monsoons also result in lesser power generation from hydro power dams thus leading to even lesser electricity for irrigation purposes. Conclusion: To avoid the severe impact of deficientmonsoon we should focus on developing the early warning detection system. Also, the effect of changing climate should be taken into consideration and climate resistance agriculture should be practiced.
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Write short notes on: (100 words each) Seed subsidies Shanta Kumar Committee on Restructuring of FCI insurance subsidies
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##Question:Write short notes on: (100 words each) Seed subsidies Shanta Kumar Committee on Restructuring of FCI insurance subsidies ##Answer:.
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Differentiatebetween Minimum Support Price and Procurement Price. (150 words)
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##Question:Differentiatebetween Minimum Support Price and Procurement Price. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Discuss the impact of movement against partition of Bengal on India’s freedom struggle. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach:- 1.A brief introduction to the Partition. 2. Mention the positive and negative impacts of the Partition. 3. Conclusion Answer:- Partition of Bengal was proposed by British on the pretext of the difficulty of administration of the large area. This saw a widespread movement against it not only in Bengal but even outside it. This is one of the first mass movements in the country, which had a profound influence on India"s freedom struggle: The positive impact of the Partition:- Congress for the first time led a mass movement in India. It laid the foundation for future movements. For the first time, Congress talked about the concept of Swaraj which later turned out to be the major theme of the whole struggle. It promoted national zeal through entry of extremist methods in the struggle Nationalism was not limited to just political arena but expanded to other areas of life like culture, education, lifestyle (Swadeshi clothing) etc. Revolutionary militancy started, and the revolutionaries provided great examples of self-sacrifice for the nation. These militants later played a huge role in spreading the feeling of Inquilab. Nationalist struggle included within itself the untouched sections like Women, youths, and also workers to a limited extent. Negative impacts: - The two sections of the congress Extremists and Moderates had different ideas on the course of the movement. Extremists wanted to take the movement outside Bengal and moderates were not very supportive of this idea. This movement thus sowed the seeds of the Surat Split which happened in 1907. The extremists failed to provide active leadership and finally, they were repressed. For instance, Tilak was jailed and Aurobindo Ghosh retired from active politics On the other hand, Moderates lost the mass appeal, this weakened Congress as an organization. The repressive policies of the British against the anti-partition movement weakened the Nationalist movement as a whole. It also led to the rise of militant nationalism in which revolutionaries indulged in individual acts of violence. Though providing good motivation, their scope for success was limited. Thus the anti-partition movement of Bengal was a landmark incident in India"s freedom struggle, though it was marred by certain limitations. It taught lessons of mass participation, sacrifice and standing against the mighty British.
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##Question:Discuss the impact of movement against partition of Bengal on India’s freedom struggle. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- 1.A brief introduction to the Partition. 2. Mention the positive and negative impacts of the Partition. 3. Conclusion Answer:- Partition of Bengal was proposed by British on the pretext of the difficulty of administration of the large area. This saw a widespread movement against it not only in Bengal but even outside it. This is one of the first mass movements in the country, which had a profound influence on India"s freedom struggle: The positive impact of the Partition:- Congress for the first time led a mass movement in India. It laid the foundation for future movements. For the first time, Congress talked about the concept of Swaraj which later turned out to be the major theme of the whole struggle. It promoted national zeal through entry of extremist methods in the struggle Nationalism was not limited to just political arena but expanded to other areas of life like culture, education, lifestyle (Swadeshi clothing) etc. Revolutionary militancy started, and the revolutionaries provided great examples of self-sacrifice for the nation. These militants later played a huge role in spreading the feeling of Inquilab. Nationalist struggle included within itself the untouched sections like Women, youths, and also workers to a limited extent. Negative impacts: - The two sections of the congress Extremists and Moderates had different ideas on the course of the movement. Extremists wanted to take the movement outside Bengal and moderates were not very supportive of this idea. This movement thus sowed the seeds of the Surat Split which happened in 1907. The extremists failed to provide active leadership and finally, they were repressed. For instance, Tilak was jailed and Aurobindo Ghosh retired from active politics On the other hand, Moderates lost the mass appeal, this weakened Congress as an organization. The repressive policies of the British against the anti-partition movement weakened the Nationalist movement as a whole. It also led to the rise of militant nationalism in which revolutionaries indulged in individual acts of violence. Though providing good motivation, their scope for success was limited. Thus the anti-partition movement of Bengal was a landmark incident in India"s freedom struggle, though it was marred by certain limitations. It taught lessons of mass participation, sacrifice and standing against the mighty British.
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Though nearly more than two decades have passed since the commencement of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment Acts to promote democratic decentralization in India, there still remains a gap that has impacted the efficient functioning of the local bodies. Do you agree? Substantiate (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: -Introduce briefly with the evolution of 73rd and 74th amendment act. -Elaborate on the positives of the 73rd and 74th amendments. -Highlight the limitations faced by them in their effective functioning. -way forward Answer: The idea of democratic decentralization became reality with the passage of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. These two acts while realising the long-cherished dream of self-government at the local grassroots level has not only empowered the people but has also strengthened the system of participatory democracy at all the levels where ensuring greater accountability and responsible administration. Positives of the 73rd and 74th Amendment Act which has empowered democratic decentralization: 1)Social change - Reservation of seats for women in panchayats has led to the increased political involvement of women. There have been examples of good work by women sarpanches across the country. 2)Regular and compulsory elections have promoted democratic consciousness among the citizens 3) LSGs have been playing an important role in the implementation of schemes. They have also played a significant role in enhancing the transparency and accountability of scheme implementing agencies. 4) Gram Panchayats in certain special areas like the schedule areas have adequate power to secure the tribal rights in the region. In this regard, recently Vedanta was denied access to mineral resources in Odisha by the gram panchayat in the region, based on the decision of the local people. 5)Delegation of power to the local level has resulted in increased visualization of empowerment of the common people as they are more dynamically involved in the decision-making process. 6)Local governments being more closer to the people have been more receptive in catering to the tailored demands of the concerned region. Limitations faced by LSGs which have impacted their efficient functioning: 1)Inadequate finance: The inadequacy of funds has stood in the way of the successful working of the LSGs as they are given limited power to impose and collect taxes and most of the time have to depend upon states for finances. 2)Structural indifference:The act does not prescribe any pattern, standard or model of decentralisation which again is left to the discretion of State governments. Many a time states have not complied with the requirement of having to appoint gram sabhas (243 A), ward committees (243 sabhas) and metropolitan planning committees. 3) The long unfulfilled demand for providing an increased representation of women"s have been pending. Their increased representation(50 per cent reservation) at the local level have been provided by only a few states like Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala etc. 4)Excessive State Control- Although the act guarantees higher autonomy than the pre- 1992 condition, still the de-facto relationship with the LSGs has not changed in a considerable amount where many a time State government has been seeing bypassing local governments demands and intruding in the administrative capacity of LSGs. 5) Inefficient functionaries: The major drawback faced by LSGs is the lack of efficient functionaries to fulfil the administrative capacities of local bodies. Existing personnel are either lacking the required skills or are not sufficiently trained to solve the issues at hand. 6) Fails to address the National Interest: Many a time LSGs are criticised to act only in regional interest and bypass National problems. 7)Unscientific distribution of functions - Local self-government are criticised for improper devolution of functions and that too not on logical lines. The mixing of development and Local self-government functions has essentially abridged the self-sufficiency of the local self-government foundations. Way Forward: To truly realise the true potential of LSGs even after 25 years of its formation, it is imperative to bring overhauling reforms and strengthening the administrative capacity of LSGs while simultaneously solving the major problem of 3Fs(funds, function and functionaries). Following the Kerala model of local self-government could be the guiding light in this direction.
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##Question:Though nearly more than two decades have passed since the commencement of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment Acts to promote democratic decentralization in India, there still remains a gap that has impacted the efficient functioning of the local bodies. Do you agree? Substantiate (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: -Introduce briefly with the evolution of 73rd and 74th amendment act. -Elaborate on the positives of the 73rd and 74th amendments. -Highlight the limitations faced by them in their effective functioning. -way forward Answer: The idea of democratic decentralization became reality with the passage of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. These two acts while realising the long-cherished dream of self-government at the local grassroots level has not only empowered the people but has also strengthened the system of participatory democracy at all the levels where ensuring greater accountability and responsible administration. Positives of the 73rd and 74th Amendment Act which has empowered democratic decentralization: 1)Social change - Reservation of seats for women in panchayats has led to the increased political involvement of women. There have been examples of good work by women sarpanches across the country. 2)Regular and compulsory elections have promoted democratic consciousness among the citizens 3) LSGs have been playing an important role in the implementation of schemes. They have also played a significant role in enhancing the transparency and accountability of scheme implementing agencies. 4) Gram Panchayats in certain special areas like the schedule areas have adequate power to secure the tribal rights in the region. In this regard, recently Vedanta was denied access to mineral resources in Odisha by the gram panchayat in the region, based on the decision of the local people. 5)Delegation of power to the local level has resulted in increased visualization of empowerment of the common people as they are more dynamically involved in the decision-making process. 6)Local governments being more closer to the people have been more receptive in catering to the tailored demands of the concerned region. Limitations faced by LSGs which have impacted their efficient functioning: 1)Inadequate finance: The inadequacy of funds has stood in the way of the successful working of the LSGs as they are given limited power to impose and collect taxes and most of the time have to depend upon states for finances. 2)Structural indifference:The act does not prescribe any pattern, standard or model of decentralisation which again is left to the discretion of State governments. Many a time states have not complied with the requirement of having to appoint gram sabhas (243 A), ward committees (243 sabhas) and metropolitan planning committees. 3) The long unfulfilled demand for providing an increased representation of women"s have been pending. Their increased representation(50 per cent reservation) at the local level have been provided by only a few states like Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala etc. 4)Excessive State Control- Although the act guarantees higher autonomy than the pre- 1992 condition, still the de-facto relationship with the LSGs has not changed in a considerable amount where many a time State government has been seeing bypassing local governments demands and intruding in the administrative capacity of LSGs. 5) Inefficient functionaries: The major drawback faced by LSGs is the lack of efficient functionaries to fulfil the administrative capacities of local bodies. Existing personnel are either lacking the required skills or are not sufficiently trained to solve the issues at hand. 6) Fails to address the National Interest: Many a time LSGs are criticised to act only in regional interest and bypass National problems. 7)Unscientific distribution of functions - Local self-government are criticised for improper devolution of functions and that too not on logical lines. The mixing of development and Local self-government functions has essentially abridged the self-sufficiency of the local self-government foundations. Way Forward: To truly realise the true potential of LSGs even after 25 years of its formation, it is imperative to bring overhauling reforms and strengthening the administrative capacity of LSGs while simultaneously solving the major problem of 3Fs(funds, function and functionaries). Following the Kerala model of local self-government could be the guiding light in this direction.
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Discuss the concept of Hidden Hunger. Identify the factors responsible for it and also suggest the measures to address the problem. (200 words)
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Approach Explain the concept of Hidden Hunger with appropriate facts Identify various causes of Hidden Hunger. Mention a linking statement Suggest measures to overcome hidden hunger Brief conclusion Answer: Hidden hunger is a lack of vitamins and minerals. Hidden hunger occurs when the quality of food people eat does not meet their nutrient requirements, so the food is deficient in micronutrients such as the vitamins and minerals that they need for their growth and development. Micronutrient deficiencies can exist even in communities where the food supply is adequate to meet the energy needs of the population. When people cannot afford to diversify their diets with adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables or animal-source foods containing micronutrients, deficiencies are inevitable. As per FAO, more than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from hidden hunger, more than double the 805 million people who do not have enough calories to eat. Causes of Hidden Hunger Poor diet is a common source of hidden hunger. Lack of Awareness: Diets based mostly on staple crops, such as maize, wheat, rice, and cassava, which provide a large share of energy but relatively low amounts of essential vitamins and minerals, frequently result in hidden hunger. Hence, people may not understand the importance of a balanced, nutritious diet. Cultural and Geographical factors: What people eat depends on the preferences shaped by culture; peer pressure; and geographical, environmental, and seasonal factors. Poverty: Many people are not able to afford or access a wide range of nutritious foods such as animal-source foods (meat, eggs, fish, and dairy), fruits, or vegetables, especially in developing countries. When food prices rise, consumers tend to continue to eat staple foods while cutting their intake of nonstaple foods that tend to be richer in micronutrients. Social Factors: Factors like patriarchy can also lead to the incidence of hidden hunger. For instance, patriarchy prevents the empowerment of women. Hence, the women remain illiterate and also lack financial independence. Due to this, either they are not aware about the kind of nutrition required by their child or they lack adequate resources to provide balanced diet to their child. Hence, it leads to the hidden hunger. Green Revolution in India: The intensified production of high-yielding cereal varieties during the Green Revolution from the 1970s to mid-1990s may have both improved and worsened nutrition. The increase in total output of food staples translated into a drop in the prices of starchy staples relative to the prices of more micronutrient-rich non-staple foods, such as vegetables and pulses. While staple cereals became more affordable, the prices of non-staple foods in some countries rose, making micronutrient-rich foods less attractive to poor people. Hidden Hunger impose a significant burden on the affected persons and societies, both in terms of health costs and negative impacts in lost human capital and reduced economic productivity. Countries, where a large share of the population is affected by Hidden Hunger, cannot realize their economic potential. For example, as per FAO’s estimates, India sustains a 1 percent loss in GDP due to Hidden Hunger. Hence, there is an urgent need to address this problem of Hidden Hunger. Measures to address the problem of Hidden Hunger A range of interventions are needed to solve the complex problem of hidden hunger. To sustainably tackle the underlying causes will require a multisectoral approach at the national and international levels. Adoption of various methods to provide nutritious foods such as diversifying diets, fortifying commercial foods, biofortification, supplementation National governments must take a cohesive approach to confronting hidden hunger, otherwise it will not get the attention it deserves. Only when all ministries, including agriculture, health, child development, and education, and those handling regulatory affairs, form a united front to improve food and nutrition security will governments truly have a chance of succeeding. Behavior-change communication that aims to improve women’s, infants’, and young children’s utilization of health services, clean water, good sanitation, and hygiene to protect them from diseases that interfere with nutrient absorption; Messaging that promotes best practices , such as early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months followed by breastfeeding up to 24 months with adequate and sufficient complementary food as an economic and sustainable way to prevent hidden hunger in children; Social protection that gives poor people access to nutritious food and shields them from price spikes; and A focus on empower ing women by increasing access to education. Eliminating hidden hunger will not be easy. Challenges lie ahead. But if enough resources are allocated, the right policies developed, and the right investments made, these challenges can be overcome. Much still needs to be done to ensure that people around the world gain access to the nutrient-rich foods they and their communities need to combat poor health and reach their development potential.
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##Question:Discuss the concept of Hidden Hunger. Identify the factors responsible for it and also suggest the measures to address the problem. (200 words)##Answer:Approach Explain the concept of Hidden Hunger with appropriate facts Identify various causes of Hidden Hunger. Mention a linking statement Suggest measures to overcome hidden hunger Brief conclusion Answer: Hidden hunger is a lack of vitamins and minerals. Hidden hunger occurs when the quality of food people eat does not meet their nutrient requirements, so the food is deficient in micronutrients such as the vitamins and minerals that they need for their growth and development. Micronutrient deficiencies can exist even in communities where the food supply is adequate to meet the energy needs of the population. When people cannot afford to diversify their diets with adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables or animal-source foods containing micronutrients, deficiencies are inevitable. As per FAO, more than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from hidden hunger, more than double the 805 million people who do not have enough calories to eat. Causes of Hidden Hunger Poor diet is a common source of hidden hunger. Lack of Awareness: Diets based mostly on staple crops, such as maize, wheat, rice, and cassava, which provide a large share of energy but relatively low amounts of essential vitamins and minerals, frequently result in hidden hunger. Hence, people may not understand the importance of a balanced, nutritious diet. Cultural and Geographical factors: What people eat depends on the preferences shaped by culture; peer pressure; and geographical, environmental, and seasonal factors. Poverty: Many people are not able to afford or access a wide range of nutritious foods such as animal-source foods (meat, eggs, fish, and dairy), fruits, or vegetables, especially in developing countries. When food prices rise, consumers tend to continue to eat staple foods while cutting their intake of nonstaple foods that tend to be richer in micronutrients. Social Factors: Factors like patriarchy can also lead to the incidence of hidden hunger. For instance, patriarchy prevents the empowerment of women. Hence, the women remain illiterate and also lack financial independence. Due to this, either they are not aware about the kind of nutrition required by their child or they lack adequate resources to provide balanced diet to their child. Hence, it leads to the hidden hunger. Green Revolution in India: The intensified production of high-yielding cereal varieties during the Green Revolution from the 1970s to mid-1990s may have both improved and worsened nutrition. The increase in total output of food staples translated into a drop in the prices of starchy staples relative to the prices of more micronutrient-rich non-staple foods, such as vegetables and pulses. While staple cereals became more affordable, the prices of non-staple foods in some countries rose, making micronutrient-rich foods less attractive to poor people. Hidden Hunger impose a significant burden on the affected persons and societies, both in terms of health costs and negative impacts in lost human capital and reduced economic productivity. Countries, where a large share of the population is affected by Hidden Hunger, cannot realize their economic potential. For example, as per FAO’s estimates, India sustains a 1 percent loss in GDP due to Hidden Hunger. Hence, there is an urgent need to address this problem of Hidden Hunger. Measures to address the problem of Hidden Hunger A range of interventions are needed to solve the complex problem of hidden hunger. To sustainably tackle the underlying causes will require a multisectoral approach at the national and international levels. Adoption of various methods to provide nutritious foods such as diversifying diets, fortifying commercial foods, biofortification, supplementation National governments must take a cohesive approach to confronting hidden hunger, otherwise it will not get the attention it deserves. Only when all ministries, including agriculture, health, child development, and education, and those handling regulatory affairs, form a united front to improve food and nutrition security will governments truly have a chance of succeeding. Behavior-change communication that aims to improve women’s, infants’, and young children’s utilization of health services, clean water, good sanitation, and hygiene to protect them from diseases that interfere with nutrient absorption; Messaging that promotes best practices , such as early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months followed by breastfeeding up to 24 months with adequate and sufficient complementary food as an economic and sustainable way to prevent hidden hunger in children; Social protection that gives poor people access to nutritious food and shields them from price spikes; and A focus on empower ing women by increasing access to education. Eliminating hidden hunger will not be easy. Challenges lie ahead. But if enough resources are allocated, the right policies developed, and the right investments made, these challenges can be overcome. Much still needs to be done to ensure that people around the world gain access to the nutrient-rich foods they and their communities need to combat poor health and reach their development potential.
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Explain first generation reforms initiated in 1991 and second generation reforms initiated during 9th Five Year Plan. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce theanswer by highlighting the importance of the reform process in brief. Mention first generation reforms initiated in 1991 Discuss second generation reforms initiated during the 9th Five Year Plan. Conclude answer by linking these reforms to the current economic situation. Answer : The reform process in India was initiated with the aim of accelerating the pace of economic growth and the eradication of poverty. The process of economic liberalization in India can be traced back to late 1970s and 1980s. However, the reform process began in earnest only in 1991. First Generation Reforms, 1991 - The Economic Reforms initiated in 1991 introduced far-reachingmeasures, which changed the working and status of the Indian economy. Reforms have unlocked India"s enormous growth potentials. The new policy introduced various changes regarding industrial licensing, technology up-gradation, elimination of controls & restrictions on foreign capital, fiscal policy, rationalizing and simplifying the system of fiscal and administrative regulation and export-import policy in order to provide greater scope to the private sector. Broader Reforms- - Chelliah Committee suggested focussing broadening the tax base. - Narasimhan Committee suggested to stabilise the financial sector and facilitate its healthy development. - LPG reforms through New Industrial Policy was taking the economy from the clutches of the ageing public sector. Second Generation Reforms - Second generation of economic reforms in the country gave special stress on fiscal reforms, financial reforms, structural reforms, labour laws reforms etc. Overall, the objective was to push the economy on a higher growth trajectory. In fact, the second generation reforms did push India to 8% growth path as against 6% growth path that was guided by first generation reforms. Broader Reforms- - Abolition of Foreign Exchange and Regulation Act (FERA) and replacing it with the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA). - To increase the efficiency of PSUs, Voluntary Retirement Scheme was launched. - Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction was launched to make business units financially viable. - For Financial and Banking sector, Narasimhan Committee II suggested regarding prudential norms and the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) - In the field of taxation, Value Added Tax (VAT), provision of Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT), Foreign Benefit Tax (FBT), an introduction of Service Tax and other tax avoidance aspects were brought to improve revenue side of the fiscal policy of the government. Recently, the Indian economy becomes the fifth largest economy in the world. It is one of the fastest growing major economy in the world. Much credit of these achievements goes to the first and second generation reforms initiated in the 1990s.
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##Question:Explain first generation reforms initiated in 1991 and second generation reforms initiated during 9th Five Year Plan. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce theanswer by highlighting the importance of the reform process in brief. Mention first generation reforms initiated in 1991 Discuss second generation reforms initiated during the 9th Five Year Plan. Conclude answer by linking these reforms to the current economic situation. Answer : The reform process in India was initiated with the aim of accelerating the pace of economic growth and the eradication of poverty. The process of economic liberalization in India can be traced back to late 1970s and 1980s. However, the reform process began in earnest only in 1991. First Generation Reforms, 1991 - The Economic Reforms initiated in 1991 introduced far-reachingmeasures, which changed the working and status of the Indian economy. Reforms have unlocked India"s enormous growth potentials. The new policy introduced various changes regarding industrial licensing, technology up-gradation, elimination of controls & restrictions on foreign capital, fiscal policy, rationalizing and simplifying the system of fiscal and administrative regulation and export-import policy in order to provide greater scope to the private sector. Broader Reforms- - Chelliah Committee suggested focussing broadening the tax base. - Narasimhan Committee suggested to stabilise the financial sector and facilitate its healthy development. - LPG reforms through New Industrial Policy was taking the economy from the clutches of the ageing public sector. Second Generation Reforms - Second generation of economic reforms in the country gave special stress on fiscal reforms, financial reforms, structural reforms, labour laws reforms etc. Overall, the objective was to push the economy on a higher growth trajectory. In fact, the second generation reforms did push India to 8% growth path as against 6% growth path that was guided by first generation reforms. Broader Reforms- - Abolition of Foreign Exchange and Regulation Act (FERA) and replacing it with the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA). - To increase the efficiency of PSUs, Voluntary Retirement Scheme was launched. - Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction was launched to make business units financially viable. - For Financial and Banking sector, Narasimhan Committee II suggested regarding prudential norms and the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) - In the field of taxation, Value Added Tax (VAT), provision of Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT), Foreign Benefit Tax (FBT), an introduction of Service Tax and other tax avoidance aspects were brought to improve revenue side of the fiscal policy of the government. Recently, the Indian economy becomes the fifth largest economy in the world. It is one of the fastest growing major economy in the world. Much credit of these achievements goes to the first and second generation reforms initiated in the 1990s.
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Discuss the issue related to supply chain managemant in India. (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss the issue related to supply chain managemant in India. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Discuss the importance of the food processing industry and examine the issues faced by the food processing industry. (150 words/10marks)
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Brief Approach- list down the importance of FPI in India give a brief note on issues faced by FPI sector in India Analyse how can e-commerce sector help in overcoming these issues provide a suitable way forward Answer- Food processing involves the conversion of agricultural produce to other forms of food items by some mechanical, physical, chemical, or biological process. Like processing of fruits to Jam, jelly, etc. The industries/sector performing these functions are called as food processing industries Importance of FPI FPI is currently close to 121-130 billion USD exports in 2016 only 16.2 billion DIPP data- FPI sector in India FDI worth 7.54 billion USD from April 2000 to March 2007 CII estimates the FPI sector has the potential to attract 33 billion USD investment in the next 10 years employment generation of 9 million person-days India ranked no. 1 in production of rice, milk, pulses, ginger, banana, papaya, mango, the second largest producer of wheat, potato, garlic, groundnut, etc however ranked 12th in exports of food and food products also India produced 175 million tonnes of vegetables and 85 million tonnes of fruits, but processing of only 10% so have a huge untapped export potential It could reduce rural-urban migration which could further solve issues of unemployment, farmers income, poor living condition, etc Since storage capacity increases and there is a reduction in food wastage, therefore, food inflation can be controlled Issues faced by the food processing industry There is limited access to the market information, literacy level among the farmers is low. Supply-side constraints- Connectivity is a major issue. Infrastructural constraints- poor storage facilities. Marketing at global level suffers due to poor quality of produce. APMC laws in some states don’t allow food processing industries to procure directly from farmers and thus increases cost due to coming of middlemen. Low private investment due to lack of faith in government policy and duplicity/ adulteration in food products also creates a hurdle to supply chain management. Competition from MNCs which uses huge finances to market their products. despite massive production, low degree of production and low wages. improper storage facilities and supply change management, estimated loss of around 35000 cr Rs processing of only 10% in comparison to >20% in china and > 60%in USA, Low use of technology, low investment in R&D in comparison to other economies higher share of packaging costs as a proportion of total costs as Indian consumers demand small packets. lack of skilled man power variable tax slabs for products makes them uncompetable in the International and domestic markets. poor economies of scale because of small landholdings, use of traditional methods of manufacturing, no proper policy for contract farming. e-commerce can help tackle these bottlenecks as- 1. It provides a wide platform for selling their products so that they can expand their reach and visibility. Marketing issues will be solved to an extent. 2.Investment from e-commerce portals may provide cold storage and help in maintaining the safety standards to maintain their brand value. 3. Eliminates middlemen as they can directly procure from farmers. 4. Decreasing the cost of inventory Management. Some other measures to help promote this sector are- 1. Stringent quality laws. Strict implementation of these laws. 2. Promotion of Research and Development in Food Processing Industry. 3. Tax benefits and capital at concessional rates to setup Food processing industry. 4. Promoting Mega Food park schemes. 5. Training and awareness programmes for the farmers. 6 Proper testing facilities need to be established 7 Exports needs to be promoted like in the MEIS scheme
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##Question:Discuss the importance of the food processing industry and examine the issues faced by the food processing industry. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Brief Approach- list down the importance of FPI in India give a brief note on issues faced by FPI sector in India Analyse how can e-commerce sector help in overcoming these issues provide a suitable way forward Answer- Food processing involves the conversion of agricultural produce to other forms of food items by some mechanical, physical, chemical, or biological process. Like processing of fruits to Jam, jelly, etc. The industries/sector performing these functions are called as food processing industries Importance of FPI FPI is currently close to 121-130 billion USD exports in 2016 only 16.2 billion DIPP data- FPI sector in India FDI worth 7.54 billion USD from April 2000 to March 2007 CII estimates the FPI sector has the potential to attract 33 billion USD investment in the next 10 years employment generation of 9 million person-days India ranked no. 1 in production of rice, milk, pulses, ginger, banana, papaya, mango, the second largest producer of wheat, potato, garlic, groundnut, etc however ranked 12th in exports of food and food products also India produced 175 million tonnes of vegetables and 85 million tonnes of fruits, but processing of only 10% so have a huge untapped export potential It could reduce rural-urban migration which could further solve issues of unemployment, farmers income, poor living condition, etc Since storage capacity increases and there is a reduction in food wastage, therefore, food inflation can be controlled Issues faced by the food processing industry There is limited access to the market information, literacy level among the farmers is low. Supply-side constraints- Connectivity is a major issue. Infrastructural constraints- poor storage facilities. Marketing at global level suffers due to poor quality of produce. APMC laws in some states don’t allow food processing industries to procure directly from farmers and thus increases cost due to coming of middlemen. Low private investment due to lack of faith in government policy and duplicity/ adulteration in food products also creates a hurdle to supply chain management. Competition from MNCs which uses huge finances to market their products. despite massive production, low degree of production and low wages. improper storage facilities and supply change management, estimated loss of around 35000 cr Rs processing of only 10% in comparison to >20% in china and > 60%in USA, Low use of technology, low investment in R&D in comparison to other economies higher share of packaging costs as a proportion of total costs as Indian consumers demand small packets. lack of skilled man power variable tax slabs for products makes them uncompetable in the International and domestic markets. poor economies of scale because of small landholdings, use of traditional methods of manufacturing, no proper policy for contract farming. e-commerce can help tackle these bottlenecks as- 1. It provides a wide platform for selling their products so that they can expand their reach and visibility. Marketing issues will be solved to an extent. 2.Investment from e-commerce portals may provide cold storage and help in maintaining the safety standards to maintain their brand value. 3. Eliminates middlemen as they can directly procure from farmers. 4. Decreasing the cost of inventory Management. Some other measures to help promote this sector are- 1. Stringent quality laws. Strict implementation of these laws. 2. Promotion of Research and Development in Food Processing Industry. 3. Tax benefits and capital at concessional rates to setup Food processing industry. 4. Promoting Mega Food park schemes. 5. Training and awareness programmes for the farmers. 6 Proper testing facilities need to be established 7 Exports needs to be promoted like in the MEIS scheme
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What are the reasons for poor acceptance of cost effective small processing units? How the food processing units will be helpful to uplift the socio-economic status of poor farmers? (200 word)
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##Question:What are the reasons for poor acceptance of cost effective small processing units? How the food processing units will be helpful to uplift the socio-economic status of poor farmers? (200 word)##Answer:.
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Comment on the role of Mega Food Parks in enhancing regional as well as individual prosperity. (150 word)
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##Question:Comment on the role of Mega Food Parks in enhancing regional as well as individual prosperity. (150 word)##Answer:.
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Examine the role of super markets in supply chain management of fruits, vegetables and food items. How do they eliminate number of intermediaries. (200 words)
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##Question:Examine the role of super markets in supply chain management of fruits, vegetables and food items. How do they eliminate number of intermediaries. (200 words)##Answer:.
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Enumerate the important features of Government of India Act 1935. Also, examine the overall significance of the Act of 1935. (10 Marks / 150 words)
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Brief Approach- Briefly mention the features of GoI act 1935 List down its significance Answer: The GoI Act 1935 drew its content from various sources such as Simon Commission Report, the report of the All-Parties Conference (the Nehru Report), the theme of the discussions of three Round Table Conferences, etc. This lengthy GoI Act was piloted in the House of Commons by the Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare in February 1935. It became the Government of India Act on 2nd August 1935. Important Features of GoI Act 1935 are as follows: All India Federation · It created an All India Federation consisting of British India and the princely states · The provinces in British India had to join the federation but this was not compulsory for the princely states. Division of powers The Act divided powers between the Centre and the provinces in the form of three lists: · Federal List – Centre · Provincial List – Provinces · Concurrent List – Both · Residual powers were vested with the Viceroy. Provincial autonomy · It abolished Diarchy at the provincial levels and gave more autonomy to the provinces. · The Governor was the head of the executive and there was Council of Ministers to advise him. The ministers were responsible to the provincial legislatures. · But, the governors still retained special reserve powers. Diarchy at the center · The subjects under the Federal List were divided into two: Reserved and Transferred. · The reserved subjects were controlled by the Governor-General who administered them with the help of three counselors appointed by him. They were not responsible to the legislature. · The transferred subjects were administered by the Governor-General with his Council of Ministers. · However, the Governor-General had ‘special powers’ to interfere in the transferred subjects also. Bicameral legislature · A bicameral federal legislature would be established. · The two houses were the Federal Assembly (lower house) and the Council of States (upper house). Federal court · A federal court was established at Delhi for the resolution of disputes between provinces and also between the center and the provinces. Franchise · This Act introduced direct elections in India for the first time. · About 10% of the whole population acquired voting rights. The significance of GoI Act 1935 1. Experience to Congress to contest elections and provided administrative experience also, something that was useful for smooth transfer of power post-1947. 2. GoI Act provided a blueprint for the constitution as more than 60% of the provisions are derived from it 3. The British aimed to co-opt a section of Indian political class as junior partners of the British rule by handing them elected offices and ministries. The Congress saw through the plot and could foresee that its tryst with electoral politics was shortlived as its governments resigned in1939 28 months after getting elected 4. The 28 months of Congress rule based on the GoI Act saw a. The decrease in land revenue rates by 50% b. Strengthening of tenant rights c. The release of political prisoners d. Removal of restrictions on the press Later a number of provisions likebicameral Federal Legislature from this act was incorporated in Indian constitution. And hence relevant even in present time.
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##Question:Enumerate the important features of Government of India Act 1935. Also, examine the overall significance of the Act of 1935. (10 Marks / 150 words)##Answer:Brief Approach- Briefly mention the features of GoI act 1935 List down its significance Answer: The GoI Act 1935 drew its content from various sources such as Simon Commission Report, the report of the All-Parties Conference (the Nehru Report), the theme of the discussions of three Round Table Conferences, etc. This lengthy GoI Act was piloted in the House of Commons by the Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare in February 1935. It became the Government of India Act on 2nd August 1935. Important Features of GoI Act 1935 are as follows: All India Federation · It created an All India Federation consisting of British India and the princely states · The provinces in British India had to join the federation but this was not compulsory for the princely states. Division of powers The Act divided powers between the Centre and the provinces in the form of three lists: · Federal List – Centre · Provincial List – Provinces · Concurrent List – Both · Residual powers were vested with the Viceroy. Provincial autonomy · It abolished Diarchy at the provincial levels and gave more autonomy to the provinces. · The Governor was the head of the executive and there was Council of Ministers to advise him. The ministers were responsible to the provincial legislatures. · But, the governors still retained special reserve powers. Diarchy at the center · The subjects under the Federal List were divided into two: Reserved and Transferred. · The reserved subjects were controlled by the Governor-General who administered them with the help of three counselors appointed by him. They were not responsible to the legislature. · The transferred subjects were administered by the Governor-General with his Council of Ministers. · However, the Governor-General had ‘special powers’ to interfere in the transferred subjects also. Bicameral legislature · A bicameral federal legislature would be established. · The two houses were the Federal Assembly (lower house) and the Council of States (upper house). Federal court · A federal court was established at Delhi for the resolution of disputes between provinces and also between the center and the provinces. Franchise · This Act introduced direct elections in India for the first time. · About 10% of the whole population acquired voting rights. The significance of GoI Act 1935 1. Experience to Congress to contest elections and provided administrative experience also, something that was useful for smooth transfer of power post-1947. 2. GoI Act provided a blueprint for the constitution as more than 60% of the provisions are derived from it 3. The British aimed to co-opt a section of Indian political class as junior partners of the British rule by handing them elected offices and ministries. The Congress saw through the plot and could foresee that its tryst with electoral politics was shortlived as its governments resigned in1939 28 months after getting elected 4. The 28 months of Congress rule based on the GoI Act saw a. The decrease in land revenue rates by 50% b. Strengthening of tenant rights c. The release of political prisoners d. Removal of restrictions on the press Later a number of provisions likebicameral Federal Legislature from this act was incorporated in Indian constitution. And hence relevant even in present time.
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Critically examine the performance of 28 month Congress rule between 1937 and 1939. (150 words)
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##Question:Critically examine the performance of 28 month Congress rule between 1937 and 1939. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Enumerate sustainable development goals with respect to health. Critically examine India’s preparedness vis-à-vis achievement of the goals.(200 words)
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Enumerate sustainable development goals with respect to health. Critically examine India’s preparedness vis-à-vis achievement of the goals.(200 words) Approach: Brief introduction about SDGs Enumerate the goals related to Health from SDGs Critically examine India’s preparedness vis-à-vis achievement of the goals Briefly conclude (Note: Ma"am has discussed the approach for the question in class, but she has not told the content for the answer in detail. So the answer should be checked accordingly. ) Answer: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. Sustainable Development goals related to Health By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines. Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks India’s preparedness vis-à-vis achievement of the goals National Health Mission including NRHM (Core) Human Resource in Health and Medical Education (Core) National Mission on Ayush including Mission on Medical Plants (Core) National AIDS &STD Control Programme 19) Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) (Core) Improving the health status of women and children India has developed a roadmap, the ‘India New-born Action Plan’ for achieving the targets outlined in the global ‘Every New-born Action Plan’ by 2030, five years before the global deadline. Other flagship initiatives include ICDS, Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (a child health screening and early intervention programme) and JSY. A number of initiatives in this space are leveraging technology for improving the health indicators of women and children. For instance, ANMOL (Auxiliary Nurse Midwives Online) is a tablet-based application launched by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare for enabling Auxiliary Nurse Midwives to electronically enter and update data for beneficiaries in their jurisdictions. Similarly, digitization of ICDS centres is facilitating real-time monitoring of service delivery across the country. Preventing Communicable Diseases Under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, prevention and control of six diseases has been prioritized, including Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue, Chikungunya, Kala-Azar and Lymphatic Filariasis. Additionally, the government has launched a National Strategic Plan recently with the objective of eliminating TB by 2025. A new medication, Bedaquiline, has also been launched for tackling drug-resistant TB. Further, the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme provides early warning signals for initiating timely action in response to health challenges in the country. Reducing the Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases A National Programme for the prevention of noncommunicable diseases including cancer and cardiovascular ailments is focused on promoting healthy lifestyles in collaboration with a range of stakeholders including civil society and the media. A National NonCommunicable Diseases Cell has been established along with 36 and 318 Cells at the state and district levels respectively. In addition, 71 Cardiac Care Units and 61 Day-care Centres for Chemotherapy have been set up in various districts across the country. The government has also launched a mobile health initiative, mDiabetes, for creating awareness about the illness. Further, the National Dialysis Services Programme has been launched for patients with renal diseases. Recognizing the significant burden of mental health issues, the Indian Parliament has recently passed the Mental Healthcare Bill, which decriminalizes suicide and protects the property rights of patients Ensuring access to basic health facilities for all The National Health Mission provides flexible financing to state governments for improving infrastructure facilities at the district and sub-district levels. The Mission was allocated INR 267 billion (USD 4 billion) in 2017-18 making it one of the largest centrally sponsored schemes of the Government of India. Additionally, the government has launched a National Health Protection Scheme for giving financial assistance to families that are below the poverty line and have lost their primary wage earners. Such families will be provided with a health insurance cover to the tune of INR 100,000 (USD 1,563). For ensuring the availability of adequately trained doctors, the government is creating an additional 5,000 postgraduate seats per year. Additionally, steps are being taken to transform the regulatory framework for medical education and practice in the country. Apart from integrating the SDGs into its on-going national and sub-national policies and programmes, India will continue to focus on nurturing partnerships at the regional and global levels. It will work towards ensuring a greater flow of finances and technology from developed countries - in alignment with their explicit commitment in the context of the 2030 Agenda - to developing and least developed nations.
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##Question:Enumerate sustainable development goals with respect to health. Critically examine India’s preparedness vis-à-vis achievement of the goals.(200 words)##Answer: Enumerate sustainable development goals with respect to health. Critically examine India’s preparedness vis-à-vis achievement of the goals.(200 words) Approach: Brief introduction about SDGs Enumerate the goals related to Health from SDGs Critically examine India’s preparedness vis-à-vis achievement of the goals Briefly conclude (Note: Ma"am has discussed the approach for the question in class, but she has not told the content for the answer in detail. So the answer should be checked accordingly. ) Answer: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. Sustainable Development goals related to Health By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines. Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks India’s preparedness vis-à-vis achievement of the goals National Health Mission including NRHM (Core) Human Resource in Health and Medical Education (Core) National Mission on Ayush including Mission on Medical Plants (Core) National AIDS &STD Control Programme 19) Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) (Core) Improving the health status of women and children India has developed a roadmap, the ‘India New-born Action Plan’ for achieving the targets outlined in the global ‘Every New-born Action Plan’ by 2030, five years before the global deadline. Other flagship initiatives include ICDS, Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (a child health screening and early intervention programme) and JSY. A number of initiatives in this space are leveraging technology for improving the health indicators of women and children. For instance, ANMOL (Auxiliary Nurse Midwives Online) is a tablet-based application launched by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare for enabling Auxiliary Nurse Midwives to electronically enter and update data for beneficiaries in their jurisdictions. Similarly, digitization of ICDS centres is facilitating real-time monitoring of service delivery across the country. Preventing Communicable Diseases Under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, prevention and control of six diseases has been prioritized, including Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue, Chikungunya, Kala-Azar and Lymphatic Filariasis. Additionally, the government has launched a National Strategic Plan recently with the objective of eliminating TB by 2025. A new medication, Bedaquiline, has also been launched for tackling drug-resistant TB. Further, the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme provides early warning signals for initiating timely action in response to health challenges in the country. Reducing the Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases A National Programme for the prevention of noncommunicable diseases including cancer and cardiovascular ailments is focused on promoting healthy lifestyles in collaboration with a range of stakeholders including civil society and the media. A National NonCommunicable Diseases Cell has been established along with 36 and 318 Cells at the state and district levels respectively. In addition, 71 Cardiac Care Units and 61 Day-care Centres for Chemotherapy have been set up in various districts across the country. The government has also launched a mobile health initiative, mDiabetes, for creating awareness about the illness. Further, the National Dialysis Services Programme has been launched for patients with renal diseases. Recognizing the significant burden of mental health issues, the Indian Parliament has recently passed the Mental Healthcare Bill, which decriminalizes suicide and protects the property rights of patients Ensuring access to basic health facilities for all The National Health Mission provides flexible financing to state governments for improving infrastructure facilities at the district and sub-district levels. The Mission was allocated INR 267 billion (USD 4 billion) in 2017-18 making it one of the largest centrally sponsored schemes of the Government of India. Additionally, the government has launched a National Health Protection Scheme for giving financial assistance to families that are below the poverty line and have lost their primary wage earners. Such families will be provided with a health insurance cover to the tune of INR 100,000 (USD 1,563). For ensuring the availability of adequately trained doctors, the government is creating an additional 5,000 postgraduate seats per year. Additionally, steps are being taken to transform the regulatory framework for medical education and practice in the country. Apart from integrating the SDGs into its on-going national and sub-national policies and programmes, India will continue to focus on nurturing partnerships at the regional and global levels. It will work towards ensuring a greater flow of finances and technology from developed countries - in alignment with their explicit commitment in the context of the 2030 Agenda - to developing and least developed nations.
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Discuss on the views of Gandhi, Bose and Nehru on involvement of India in World War II. (200 words)
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##Question:Discuss on the views of Gandhi, Bose and Nehru on involvement of India in World War II. (200 words)##Answer:.
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Proposals made by Cripps Mission made launch of Quit India Movement inevitable. Discuss (150 words/10 marks)
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##Question:Proposals made by Cripps Mission made launch of Quit India Movement inevitable. Discuss (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.
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Discuss the objectives and features of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: - Introduce with enaction of the PESA Act - Write the objectives of the act - Enumerate the features of the act - Way Forward Answer: Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 or PESA is the law enacted by the Centre to cover those scheduled areas, which were not covered in the73rd Amendment Act of the Indian Constitution. The act was enacted to extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution to the schedule areas of the country. Currently, it is applicable in 10 states:Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan. The Objectives of PESA,1996 are: 1) To extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution relating to the panchayats to the scheduled areas with certain modifications 2) To provide self-rule for the bulk of the tribal population 3) To have village governance with participatory democracy and to make the gram sabha a nucleus of all activities 4) To evolve a suitable administrative framework consistent with traditional practices 5) To safeguard and to preserve the traditions and customs of tribal communities 6) To empower panchayats at the appropriate levels with specific powers conducive to tribal requirements 7) To prevent panchayats at the higher level from assuming the powers and authority of panchayats at the lower level of the gram sabha. Features of the Act The features (or the provisions) of the PESA Act are as follows: 1) A state legislation on the Panchayats in the Scheduled Areas shall be in consonance with the customary law, social and religious practices and traditional management practices of community resources. 2) A village shall ordinarily consist of a habitation or a group of habitations or a hamlet or a group of hamlets comprising a community and managing its affairs in accordance with traditions and customs. 3) Every village shall have a Gram Sabha consisting of persons whose names are included in the electoral rolls for the Panchayat at the village level. 4) Every Gram Sabha shall be competent to safeguard and preserve the traditions and customs of the people, their cultural identity, community resources and the customary mode of dispute resolution. 5) Every Gram Sabha shall— (i) approve of the plans, programmes and projects for social and economic development before they are taken up for implementation by the Panchayat at the village level; and (ii) be responsible for the identification of beneficiaries under the poverty alleviation and other programmes. 6) Every Panchayat at the village level shall be required to obtain from the Gram Sabha a certification of the utilisation of funds for the above plans, programmes and projects. 7) The reservation of seats in the Scheduled Areas in every Panchayat shall be in proportion to the population of the communities for whom the reservation is sought to be given under Part IX of the Constitution. However, the reservation for the Scheduled Tribes shall not be less than one-half of the total number of seats. Further, all seats of Chairpersons of Panchayats at all levels shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. 8) The state government may nominate such Scheduled Tribes which have no representation in the Panchayat at the intermediate level or the Panchayat at the district level. But such nomination shall not exceed one-tenth of the total members to be elected in that Panchayat. 9) The Gram Sabha or the Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be consulted before making the acquisition of land in the Scheduled Areas for development projects and before resettling or rehabilitating persons affected by such projects in the Scheduled Areas. However, the actual planning and implementation of the projects in the Scheduled Areas shall be coordinated at the state level. 10) Planning and management of minor water bodies in the Scheduled Areas shall be entrusted to Panchayats at the appropriate level. 11) The recommendations of the Gram Sabha or the Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be mandatory for grant of prospecting licence or mining lease for minor minerals in the Scheduled Areas. 12) The prior recommendation of the Gram Sabha or the Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be mandatory for grant of concession for the exploitation of minor minerals by auction. 13) While endowing Panchayats in the Scheduled Areas with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government, a State Legislature shall ensure that the Panchayats at the appropriate level and the Gram Sabha are endowed specifically with – (i) the power to enforce prohibition or to regulate or restrict the sale and consumption of any intoxicant (ii) the ownership of minor forest produce (iii) the power to prevent alienation of land in the Scheduled Areas and to take appropriate action to restore any unlawfully alienated land of a Scheduled Tribe (iv) the power to manage village markets (v) the power to exercise control over money lending to the Scheduled Tribes (vi) the power to exercise control over institutions and functionaries in all social sectors (vii)the power to control local plans and resources for such plans including tribal sub-plans 14) The State Legislations shall contain safeguards to ensure that Panchayats at the higher level do not assume the powers and authority of any Panchayat at the lower level or of the Gram Sabha. 15) The State Legislature shall endeavour to follow the pattern of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution while designing the administrative arrangements in the Panchayats at district levels in the Scheduled Areas. 16) Any provision of any law (relating to Panchayats in the Scheduled Areas) which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Act shall cease to be in force at the expiry of one year from the date on which this Act receives the assent of the President7. However, all the Panchayats existing immediately before such date shall continue till the expiry of their term, unless dissolved by the State Legislature sooner. Although PESA act aimed at empowering the Gram Sabha with wide-ranging powers so as to develop them as major agents of development, however, few states have not even framed the rules and some have dilutedthe fundamental principles without which the spirit of PESA can never be realised. Cooperation and handholding of all the stakeholders are required to realise the true potential of the PESA act and to enable tribal self-rule in those areas.
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##Question:Discuss the objectives and features of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: - Introduce with enaction of the PESA Act - Write the objectives of the act - Enumerate the features of the act - Way Forward Answer: Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 or PESA is the law enacted by the Centre to cover those scheduled areas, which were not covered in the73rd Amendment Act of the Indian Constitution. The act was enacted to extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution to the schedule areas of the country. Currently, it is applicable in 10 states:Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan. The Objectives of PESA,1996 are: 1) To extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution relating to the panchayats to the scheduled areas with certain modifications 2) To provide self-rule for the bulk of the tribal population 3) To have village governance with participatory democracy and to make the gram sabha a nucleus of all activities 4) To evolve a suitable administrative framework consistent with traditional practices 5) To safeguard and to preserve the traditions and customs of tribal communities 6) To empower panchayats at the appropriate levels with specific powers conducive to tribal requirements 7) To prevent panchayats at the higher level from assuming the powers and authority of panchayats at the lower level of the gram sabha. Features of the Act The features (or the provisions) of the PESA Act are as follows: 1) A state legislation on the Panchayats in the Scheduled Areas shall be in consonance with the customary law, social and religious practices and traditional management practices of community resources. 2) A village shall ordinarily consist of a habitation or a group of habitations or a hamlet or a group of hamlets comprising a community and managing its affairs in accordance with traditions and customs. 3) Every village shall have a Gram Sabha consisting of persons whose names are included in the electoral rolls for the Panchayat at the village level. 4) Every Gram Sabha shall be competent to safeguard and preserve the traditions and customs of the people, their cultural identity, community resources and the customary mode of dispute resolution. 5) Every Gram Sabha shall— (i) approve of the plans, programmes and projects for social and economic development before they are taken up for implementation by the Panchayat at the village level; and (ii) be responsible for the identification of beneficiaries under the poverty alleviation and other programmes. 6) Every Panchayat at the village level shall be required to obtain from the Gram Sabha a certification of the utilisation of funds for the above plans, programmes and projects. 7) The reservation of seats in the Scheduled Areas in every Panchayat shall be in proportion to the population of the communities for whom the reservation is sought to be given under Part IX of the Constitution. However, the reservation for the Scheduled Tribes shall not be less than one-half of the total number of seats. Further, all seats of Chairpersons of Panchayats at all levels shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. 8) The state government may nominate such Scheduled Tribes which have no representation in the Panchayat at the intermediate level or the Panchayat at the district level. But such nomination shall not exceed one-tenth of the total members to be elected in that Panchayat. 9) The Gram Sabha or the Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be consulted before making the acquisition of land in the Scheduled Areas for development projects and before resettling or rehabilitating persons affected by such projects in the Scheduled Areas. However, the actual planning and implementation of the projects in the Scheduled Areas shall be coordinated at the state level. 10) Planning and management of minor water bodies in the Scheduled Areas shall be entrusted to Panchayats at the appropriate level. 11) The recommendations of the Gram Sabha or the Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be mandatory for grant of prospecting licence or mining lease for minor minerals in the Scheduled Areas. 12) The prior recommendation of the Gram Sabha or the Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be mandatory for grant of concession for the exploitation of minor minerals by auction. 13) While endowing Panchayats in the Scheduled Areas with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government, a State Legislature shall ensure that the Panchayats at the appropriate level and the Gram Sabha are endowed specifically with – (i) the power to enforce prohibition or to regulate or restrict the sale and consumption of any intoxicant (ii) the ownership of minor forest produce (iii) the power to prevent alienation of land in the Scheduled Areas and to take appropriate action to restore any unlawfully alienated land of a Scheduled Tribe (iv) the power to manage village markets (v) the power to exercise control over money lending to the Scheduled Tribes (vi) the power to exercise control over institutions and functionaries in all social sectors (vii)the power to control local plans and resources for such plans including tribal sub-plans 14) The State Legislations shall contain safeguards to ensure that Panchayats at the higher level do not assume the powers and authority of any Panchayat at the lower level or of the Gram Sabha. 15) The State Legislature shall endeavour to follow the pattern of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution while designing the administrative arrangements in the Panchayats at district levels in the Scheduled Areas. 16) Any provision of any law (relating to Panchayats in the Scheduled Areas) which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Act shall cease to be in force at the expiry of one year from the date on which this Act receives the assent of the President7. However, all the Panchayats existing immediately before such date shall continue till the expiry of their term, unless dissolved by the State Legislature sooner. Although PESA act aimed at empowering the Gram Sabha with wide-ranging powers so as to develop them as major agents of development, however, few states have not even framed the rules and some have dilutedthe fundamental principles without which the spirit of PESA can never be realised. Cooperation and handholding of all the stakeholders are required to realise the true potential of the PESA act and to enable tribal self-rule in those areas.
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Whatis the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch"? Discussits impacts on Marine life and Humans.(150 words)
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Approach Explain the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" and also mention specific facts about it Discuss its impact on Marine life Discuss its impact on Humans Brief conclusion Answer: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is the largest of the five offshore plastic accumulation zones in the world’s oceans. It is located halfway between Hawaii and California. It is estimated that 1.15 to 2.41 million tonnes of plastic are entering the ocean each year from rivers. More than half of this plastic is less dense than the water, meaning that it will not sink once it encounters the sea. The stronger, more buoyant plastics show resiliency in the marine environment, allowing them to be transported over extended distances. They persist at the sea surface as they make their way offshore, transported by converging currents and finally accumulating in the patch. Once these plastics enter the gyre, they are unlikely to leave the area until they degrade into smaller microplastics under the effects of sun, waves and marine life. As more and more plastics are discarded into the environment, microplastic concentration in theGreat Pacific Garbage Patchwill only continue to increase. IMPACT ON MARINE LIFE Plastic has increasingly become a ubiquitous substance in the ocean. Due to its size and color, animals confuse the plastic for food, causing malnutrition; it poses entanglement risks and threatens their overall behavior, health and existence. Studies have shown that about 700 species have encountered marine debris, and 92% of these interactions are with plastic. 17% of the species affected by plastic are on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened Species. Toxic for Sea Surface Feeders Floating at the surface of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is 180x more plastic than marine life. Animals migrating through or inhabiting this area are then likely consuming plastic in the patch. For example, sea turtles by-caught in fisheries operating within and around the patch can have up to 74% (by dry weight) of their diets composed of ocean plastics. Entanglement of Marine Life Fishing nets account for 46% of the mass in the GPGP and they can be dangerous for animals who swim or collide into them and cannot extract themselves from the net. Interaction with these discarded nets, also known as ghost netsghost nets, often results in the death of the marine life involved. IMPACT ON HUMANS AND SOCIETY Once plastic enters the marine food web, there is a possibility that it will contaminate the human food chain as well. Efforts to clean and eradicate ocean plastic have also caused significant financial burdens. Affects the Human Food chain Through a process called bioaccumulation, chemicals in plastics will enter the body of the animal feeding on the plastic, and as the feeder becomes prey, the chemicals will pass to the predator - making their way up the food web that includes humans. These chemicals that affected the plastic feeders could then be present within the human as well. Affects the Economy The United Nations reported that the approximate environmental damage caused by plastic to marine ecosystems represents 13 billion USD. This figure included the cost of beach cleanups and the financial loss incurred by fisheries. Because the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is so far from any country’s coastline, no nation will takeresponsibilityor provide thefundingto clean it up. Further, the cleaning up of marine debris is not as easy as it sounds as many microplastics are the same size as small sea animals, so nets designed to scoop up trash would catch these creatures as well. Hence, Scientists and explorers agree that limiting or eliminating our use of disposable plastics and increasing our use of biodegradable resources will be the best way to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
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##Question:Whatis the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch"? Discussits impacts on Marine life and Humans.(150 words)##Answer:Approach Explain the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" and also mention specific facts about it Discuss its impact on Marine life Discuss its impact on Humans Brief conclusion Answer: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is the largest of the five offshore plastic accumulation zones in the world’s oceans. It is located halfway between Hawaii and California. It is estimated that 1.15 to 2.41 million tonnes of plastic are entering the ocean each year from rivers. More than half of this plastic is less dense than the water, meaning that it will not sink once it encounters the sea. The stronger, more buoyant plastics show resiliency in the marine environment, allowing them to be transported over extended distances. They persist at the sea surface as they make their way offshore, transported by converging currents and finally accumulating in the patch. Once these plastics enter the gyre, they are unlikely to leave the area until they degrade into smaller microplastics under the effects of sun, waves and marine life. As more and more plastics are discarded into the environment, microplastic concentration in theGreat Pacific Garbage Patchwill only continue to increase. IMPACT ON MARINE LIFE Plastic has increasingly become a ubiquitous substance in the ocean. Due to its size and color, animals confuse the plastic for food, causing malnutrition; it poses entanglement risks and threatens their overall behavior, health and existence. Studies have shown that about 700 species have encountered marine debris, and 92% of these interactions are with plastic. 17% of the species affected by plastic are on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened Species. Toxic for Sea Surface Feeders Floating at the surface of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is 180x more plastic than marine life. Animals migrating through or inhabiting this area are then likely consuming plastic in the patch. For example, sea turtles by-caught in fisheries operating within and around the patch can have up to 74% (by dry weight) of their diets composed of ocean plastics. Entanglement of Marine Life Fishing nets account for 46% of the mass in the GPGP and they can be dangerous for animals who swim or collide into them and cannot extract themselves from the net. Interaction with these discarded nets, also known as ghost netsghost nets, often results in the death of the marine life involved. IMPACT ON HUMANS AND SOCIETY Once plastic enters the marine food web, there is a possibility that it will contaminate the human food chain as well. Efforts to clean and eradicate ocean plastic have also caused significant financial burdens. Affects the Human Food chain Through a process called bioaccumulation, chemicals in plastics will enter the body of the animal feeding on the plastic, and as the feeder becomes prey, the chemicals will pass to the predator - making their way up the food web that includes humans. These chemicals that affected the plastic feeders could then be present within the human as well. Affects the Economy The United Nations reported that the approximate environmental damage caused by plastic to marine ecosystems represents 13 billion USD. This figure included the cost of beach cleanups and the financial loss incurred by fisheries. Because the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is so far from any country’s coastline, no nation will takeresponsibilityor provide thefundingto clean it up. Further, the cleaning up of marine debris is not as easy as it sounds as many microplastics are the same size as small sea animals, so nets designed to scoop up trash would catch these creatures as well. Hence, Scientists and explorers agree that limiting or eliminating our use of disposable plastics and increasing our use of biodegradable resources will be the best way to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
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“The lack of development and the lack of any prospects for improving one’s lot provide a fertile ground for extremist ideologies to flourish.” Analyse in the context of the Indian scenario. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: - Define extremism in introduction. - Discuss how underdevelopment and extremism are inter related to each other. - Provide a balanced conclusion. Answer: Extremism is defined as “encouraging, condoning, justifying, or supporting the commission of a violent act to achieve political, ideological, religious, social, or economic goals.” In many ways, underdevelopment and extremism are two sides of the same coin. Each is critically dependent upon each other. How underdevelopment leads to extremism? 1. Poverty- Deprivation of basic amenities and inability to procure even two meals push the vulnerable towards extremist activities. 2. Unemployment and lack of livelihood oppourtunities: eviction of the rightful owners from their own land especially the tribal have not only led to their under-development but have also snatched livelihood oppourtunities from them. 3. Rising inequality- The unevenness of India’s development process and the various development divides are opening up issues such as the interregional divide, the rural-urban divide and the inter-sectoral divide. These divides and disparities lead to disaffection, large-scale migration, and also to discord. 4. Denial of justice-Denial of dignity, continued practice, in some areas, of untouchability in various forms., Poor implementation of special laws on prevention of atrocities, protection of civil rights and abolition of bonded labour etc 5. Mal-governance- . Incompetent, ill trained and poorly motivated public personnel who are mostly absent from their place of posting. Misuse of powers by the police and violations of the norms of law. Perversion of electoral politics and unsatisfactory working of local government institutions. However, underdevelopment is not the sole reason for extremism. In fact, extremism further promotes underdevelopment thus creating a vicious cycle. How extremism leads to underdevelopment? 1. Extremism- It creates conditions for on-functioning of the government and actively seeks disruption of development activities as a means to achieve its objective of ‘wresting control’. 2. Impact on symbol of democracy-Attack on physical infrastructure , abduction of officials etc. 3. Diversion of resources- corruption and poor provision/non-provision of essential public services including primary health care and education 4. Utilisation of Human resources- A large proportion of the recruits to LWE groups come from deprived or marginalized backgrounds or from regions which somehow seem disaffected by the vibrant growth in many other parts of the country 5. Foreign investment is lacking in these regions due to political instability. For tackling the root causes of Left Wing Extremism, relevant socio-economic issues such as land reforms, alienation of tribals from forest land etc. should be addressed and relevant laws must be strictly enforced.(As suggested by 2nd ARC report: Combating Terrorism).It is necessary that the approach to the problem must be balanced and multi-pronged with a judicious mix of development, political and police methodologies.
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##Question:“The lack of development and the lack of any prospects for improving one’s lot provide a fertile ground for extremist ideologies to flourish.” Analyse in the context of the Indian scenario. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Define extremism in introduction. - Discuss how underdevelopment and extremism are inter related to each other. - Provide a balanced conclusion. Answer: Extremism is defined as “encouraging, condoning, justifying, or supporting the commission of a violent act to achieve political, ideological, religious, social, or economic goals.” In many ways, underdevelopment and extremism are two sides of the same coin. Each is critically dependent upon each other. How underdevelopment leads to extremism? 1. Poverty- Deprivation of basic amenities and inability to procure even two meals push the vulnerable towards extremist activities. 2. Unemployment and lack of livelihood oppourtunities: eviction of the rightful owners from their own land especially the tribal have not only led to their under-development but have also snatched livelihood oppourtunities from them. 3. Rising inequality- The unevenness of India’s development process and the various development divides are opening up issues such as the interregional divide, the rural-urban divide and the inter-sectoral divide. These divides and disparities lead to disaffection, large-scale migration, and also to discord. 4. Denial of justice-Denial of dignity, continued practice, in some areas, of untouchability in various forms., Poor implementation of special laws on prevention of atrocities, protection of civil rights and abolition of bonded labour etc 5. Mal-governance- . Incompetent, ill trained and poorly motivated public personnel who are mostly absent from their place of posting. Misuse of powers by the police and violations of the norms of law. Perversion of electoral politics and unsatisfactory working of local government institutions. However, underdevelopment is not the sole reason for extremism. In fact, extremism further promotes underdevelopment thus creating a vicious cycle. How extremism leads to underdevelopment? 1. Extremism- It creates conditions for on-functioning of the government and actively seeks disruption of development activities as a means to achieve its objective of ‘wresting control’. 2. Impact on symbol of democracy-Attack on physical infrastructure , abduction of officials etc. 3. Diversion of resources- corruption and poor provision/non-provision of essential public services including primary health care and education 4. Utilisation of Human resources- A large proportion of the recruits to LWE groups come from deprived or marginalized backgrounds or from regions which somehow seem disaffected by the vibrant growth in many other parts of the country 5. Foreign investment is lacking in these regions due to political instability. For tackling the root causes of Left Wing Extremism, relevant socio-economic issues such as land reforms, alienation of tribals from forest land etc. should be addressed and relevant laws must be strictly enforced.(As suggested by 2nd ARC report: Combating Terrorism).It is necessary that the approach to the problem must be balanced and multi-pronged with a judicious mix of development, political and police methodologies.
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हाल के सन्दर्भ में चाबहार पत्तन काफी चर्चा में रहा जो भारत –ईरान संबंधों की दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण है |पश्चिम एशिया में भारत के लिए ईरान की महत्ता की चर्चा करते हुए चाबहार पत्तन के विशेष आर्थिक व सामरिक महत्त्व का उल्लेख कीजिए | (200 शब्द )
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प्रस्तावना स्वतंत्रता के पूर्व साझा सीमा (बलूचिस्तान में ) बेहतर सांस्कृतिक और व्यापारिक संबंध 19 50 में संबंध की स्थापना परन्तु शीत काल में ईरान पर पश्चिमी प्रभाव के कारण सम्बन्ध सीमित रहे वर्त्तमान विश्व राजनीतिक परिप्र्येक्ष्य में रणनीतिक व आर्थिक रूप से भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण शीत काल के पश्चात अर्थव्यवस्था का उदारीकरण एवं अर्थव्यवस्था के तीव्र विकास हेतु ऊर्जा संसाधनों की विशेष आवश्यकता इराक ईरान युद्ध में इराक जैसे तेल आपूर्ति देश की ख़राब स्थिति 1993 में भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री की ईरान यात्रा 2005 पश्चिम की ओर देखो नीति 2006 में ईरान के नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम को IAEA की निगरानी में लाने वाले सुरक्षा परिषद् के प्रस्ताव का सहयोग भारत के लिए ईरान की महत्ता भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा – ईरान ,विश्व में महत्वपूर्ण ऊर्जा उत्पादक देश है| इसलिए दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य अच्छे सम्बन्ध भारत के लिए भविष्य कीऊर्जा सुरक्षा की दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा कर सकता है | अफगानिस्तान एवं मध्य एशिया में पहुँच में सहायक – भौगोलिक रूप से भारत के लिए मध्य एशिया एवं अफगानिस्तान में पहुँचने के लिए ईरान एक द्वार के रूप में है | इसलिए ईरान का जमीनी सहयोग भारत का इन क्षेत्रों में कनेक्टिविटी में सुधार करेंगे | पाकिस्तान से प्रतिद्वंदिता –भविष्य में पाकिस्तान को चुनौती प्रदान करने केलिए ईरान एक सहयोगी राष्ट्र हो सकता है|इससे विशेषकर पाकिस्तान प्रेरित आतंकवादी घटना को नियंत्रित करने में सहयोग प्राप्त हो सकता है| पाकिस्तान के ग्वादर में चीन के द्वारा कॉरिडोर निर्माण को चुनौती – चीन के बेल्ट रोड परियोजना (OBOR) के अन्तर्गत निर्माणाधीन ग्वादर पत्तन एवं CPEC कॉरिडोर जैसी परियोजनाओ के सामानांतर भारत के प्रयासों को सहयोग प्रदान कर सकता है| चाबहार पत्तन का महत्त्व नजदीकी पत्तन –ईरान के तट पर भारत का सबसे नजदीकी पत्तन है जो भारत के पश्चिमी पत्तनों (कांडला)से भी नजदीक हैं | मध्य एशिया एवं अफगानिस्तान के लिए गेटवे -ईरान,अफगानिस्तान होते हुए मध्य एशिया के संसाधनों व बाज़ार तक पहुँच सुनिश्चित करने में चाबहार एक गेटवे के रूप में होगा |इससे इन क्षेत्रों के साथ भारत के संपर्क व व्यापार में वृद्धि होगी | रानीतिक अवस्थिति – होर्मुज स्ट्रेट होते हुए सीधे हिन्द महासागर में जाने के लिए एक सुगम व शांत मार्ग के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है |इससे पश्चिम एशिया में किसी भी गड़बड़ी व अशांति की दशाओं में भारत द्वारा इस मार्ग का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है| ग्वादर पत्तन – पाकिस्तान के ग्वादर पत्तन के एक विकल्प के रूप में इस पत्तन का प्रयोग किया जायेगा | वर्त्तमान परिप्र्येक्ष्य में यह देखा जा रहा है अफगानिस्तान जैसे राष्ट्र जो पूर्व में ग्वादर पत्तन के द्वारा अपना समुद्री व्यापर करते थे ,अब वो अपने व्यापर को चाबहार की ओर हस्तानांतरित कर रहें हैं | हिन्द महासागर में चीन के प्रभाव को चुनौती प्रदान करने में सहायक | भारत-ईरान –अफगानिस्तान के सम्बन्ध में सुधार भरता-ईरान संबंधों में चुनौतियाँ अमेरिका के वर्तमान कदम –अमेरिका के साथ भारत की नजदीकियां एवं अवं वर्त्तमान में अमेरिका की ट्रम्प सरकार का ईरान के प्रति सख्त रवैया भविष्य में ईरान को चीन व रूस के ज्यादा नजदीक ला सकता है| उस दशा में भारत के लिए ईरान के साथ रणनीतिक सम्बन्ध बनायें रखना मुश्किल हो सकता है | निष्कर्ष चुनौतियों के बावजूद भारत –ईरान सम्बन्ध में बहुत संभावनाएं व्याप्त हैं क्योंकि भारत के साथ-साथ ईरान को भी भरत जैसे प्रजातान्त्रिक व आर्थिक रूप से उभरते हुए एशियाई अर्थव्यवस्था से सम्बन्ध बनाये रखने की आवश्यकता है|
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##Question:हाल के सन्दर्भ में चाबहार पत्तन काफी चर्चा में रहा जो भारत –ईरान संबंधों की दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण है |पश्चिम एशिया में भारत के लिए ईरान की महत्ता की चर्चा करते हुए चाबहार पत्तन के विशेष आर्थिक व सामरिक महत्त्व का उल्लेख कीजिए | (200 शब्द )##Answer:प्रस्तावना स्वतंत्रता के पूर्व साझा सीमा (बलूचिस्तान में ) बेहतर सांस्कृतिक और व्यापारिक संबंध 19 50 में संबंध की स्थापना परन्तु शीत काल में ईरान पर पश्चिमी प्रभाव के कारण सम्बन्ध सीमित रहे वर्त्तमान विश्व राजनीतिक परिप्र्येक्ष्य में रणनीतिक व आर्थिक रूप से भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण शीत काल के पश्चात अर्थव्यवस्था का उदारीकरण एवं अर्थव्यवस्था के तीव्र विकास हेतु ऊर्जा संसाधनों की विशेष आवश्यकता इराक ईरान युद्ध में इराक जैसे तेल आपूर्ति देश की ख़राब स्थिति 1993 में भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री की ईरान यात्रा 2005 पश्चिम की ओर देखो नीति 2006 में ईरान के नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम को IAEA की निगरानी में लाने वाले सुरक्षा परिषद् के प्रस्ताव का सहयोग भारत के लिए ईरान की महत्ता भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा – ईरान ,विश्व में महत्वपूर्ण ऊर्जा उत्पादक देश है| इसलिए दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य अच्छे सम्बन्ध भारत के लिए भविष्य कीऊर्जा सुरक्षा की दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा कर सकता है | अफगानिस्तान एवं मध्य एशिया में पहुँच में सहायक – भौगोलिक रूप से भारत के लिए मध्य एशिया एवं अफगानिस्तान में पहुँचने के लिए ईरान एक द्वार के रूप में है | इसलिए ईरान का जमीनी सहयोग भारत का इन क्षेत्रों में कनेक्टिविटी में सुधार करेंगे | पाकिस्तान से प्रतिद्वंदिता –भविष्य में पाकिस्तान को चुनौती प्रदान करने केलिए ईरान एक सहयोगी राष्ट्र हो सकता है|इससे विशेषकर पाकिस्तान प्रेरित आतंकवादी घटना को नियंत्रित करने में सहयोग प्राप्त हो सकता है| पाकिस्तान के ग्वादर में चीन के द्वारा कॉरिडोर निर्माण को चुनौती – चीन के बेल्ट रोड परियोजना (OBOR) के अन्तर्गत निर्माणाधीन ग्वादर पत्तन एवं CPEC कॉरिडोर जैसी परियोजनाओ के सामानांतर भारत के प्रयासों को सहयोग प्रदान कर सकता है| चाबहार पत्तन का महत्त्व नजदीकी पत्तन –ईरान के तट पर भारत का सबसे नजदीकी पत्तन है जो भारत के पश्चिमी पत्तनों (कांडला)से भी नजदीक हैं | मध्य एशिया एवं अफगानिस्तान के लिए गेटवे -ईरान,अफगानिस्तान होते हुए मध्य एशिया के संसाधनों व बाज़ार तक पहुँच सुनिश्चित करने में चाबहार एक गेटवे के रूप में होगा |इससे इन क्षेत्रों के साथ भारत के संपर्क व व्यापार में वृद्धि होगी | रानीतिक अवस्थिति – होर्मुज स्ट्रेट होते हुए सीधे हिन्द महासागर में जाने के लिए एक सुगम व शांत मार्ग के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है |इससे पश्चिम एशिया में किसी भी गड़बड़ी व अशांति की दशाओं में भारत द्वारा इस मार्ग का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है| ग्वादर पत्तन – पाकिस्तान के ग्वादर पत्तन के एक विकल्प के रूप में इस पत्तन का प्रयोग किया जायेगा | वर्त्तमान परिप्र्येक्ष्य में यह देखा जा रहा है अफगानिस्तान जैसे राष्ट्र जो पूर्व में ग्वादर पत्तन के द्वारा अपना समुद्री व्यापर करते थे ,अब वो अपने व्यापर को चाबहार की ओर हस्तानांतरित कर रहें हैं | हिन्द महासागर में चीन के प्रभाव को चुनौती प्रदान करने में सहायक | भारत-ईरान –अफगानिस्तान के सम्बन्ध में सुधार भरता-ईरान संबंधों में चुनौतियाँ अमेरिका के वर्तमान कदम –अमेरिका के साथ भारत की नजदीकियां एवं अवं वर्त्तमान में अमेरिका की ट्रम्प सरकार का ईरान के प्रति सख्त रवैया भविष्य में ईरान को चीन व रूस के ज्यादा नजदीक ला सकता है| उस दशा में भारत के लिए ईरान के साथ रणनीतिक सम्बन्ध बनायें रखना मुश्किल हो सकता है | निष्कर्ष चुनौतियों के बावजूद भारत –ईरान सम्बन्ध में बहुत संभावनाएं व्याप्त हैं क्योंकि भारत के साथ-साथ ईरान को भी भरत जैसे प्रजातान्त्रिक व आर्थिक रूप से उभरते हुए एशियाई अर्थव्यवस्था से सम्बन्ध बनाये रखने की आवश्यकता है|
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It has been argued that replacing price subsidies with DBT can resolve issue of agricultural subsidies in India. Discuss.(200 words)
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##Question:It has been argued that replacing price subsidies with DBT can resolve issue of agricultural subsidies in India. Discuss.(200 words)##Answer:.
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Explain the paradox where on one hand, increasing violence against women justifies strong laws, whereas on the other hand, on the same laws are misused are few women. Discuss why such state of affairs exists in India and also enumerate a few steps which can be taken. (250 words)
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Approach:- 1. Brief introduction about violence against women 2. Mention how strong laws are addressing the issue 3. Explain how and why these Laws are misused by women. 4. Suggest steps to be taken Answer:- Violence against women has become a norm as part of patriarchy institution itself in our society. It makes India one of the most dangerous country for women as per Thomson Reuters Foundation survey. Strong laws and violence against women:- Women in our traditional society face violence at workplace and home as well. Legislatures have made many laws to protect women from the violence of any type. For example- the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005. Increasing rape cases in recent years and involving of males under adult age has made the Parliament make stringent laws. It shows the seriousness and commitment of the state to protect women. Strong laws against the violence of women have improved the situation of women. Many women are coming in light against the violence and stringent provisions of the laws provide them justice. More and more educated women are being aware of their rights Though strong laws are made against violence, these laws are in many cases are misused against males. For example- Anti Dowry laws. Reasons for the misuse of Laws:- • In many cases, it is found that these laws are used to settle a personal score against male members. This problem is found more in urban areas where women are more aware of their rights. • There is no provision of counteraction if the complaint is false • One of the most prominent reason is materialism, the culture of consumerism. Many women use these laws for material gains in the lieu of getting compensation to settle the cases. • Corruption of value systems. Women in many cases are found ignorant of the ill impact of these cases on their families. • Declining status of an institution of marriage- Marriage is not considered to be a sacrosanct institute anymore by many women. Steps to be taken: • Gender neutral laws should be their women cannot take unnecessary advantages of the laws which are biased in their favour. Laws should be such that it is equal for both men and women. • Mindset needs to be changed where personal issues between male and female can be effectively used by involving family members first. • Community policing can be an alternative where neighbours and domestic workers can be an effective source of information f0r police. • Fast track courts can be of great help because it may end the plight of males in case of any false complaints. Though in most of the cases, women are on the weaker side, but gender-neutral laws and consideration of all stakeholders can make these laws more effective. We need to adopt a holistic approach to look into these matters with the help of all section of society.
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##Question:Explain the paradox where on one hand, increasing violence against women justifies strong laws, whereas on the other hand, on the same laws are misused are few women. Discuss why such state of affairs exists in India and also enumerate a few steps which can be taken. (250 words)##Answer:Approach:- 1. Brief introduction about violence against women 2. Mention how strong laws are addressing the issue 3. Explain how and why these Laws are misused by women. 4. Suggest steps to be taken Answer:- Violence against women has become a norm as part of patriarchy institution itself in our society. It makes India one of the most dangerous country for women as per Thomson Reuters Foundation survey. Strong laws and violence against women:- Women in our traditional society face violence at workplace and home as well. Legislatures have made many laws to protect women from the violence of any type. For example- the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005. Increasing rape cases in recent years and involving of males under adult age has made the Parliament make stringent laws. It shows the seriousness and commitment of the state to protect women. Strong laws against the violence of women have improved the situation of women. Many women are coming in light against the violence and stringent provisions of the laws provide them justice. More and more educated women are being aware of their rights Though strong laws are made against violence, these laws are in many cases are misused against males. For example- Anti Dowry laws. Reasons for the misuse of Laws:- • In many cases, it is found that these laws are used to settle a personal score against male members. This problem is found more in urban areas where women are more aware of their rights. • There is no provision of counteraction if the complaint is false • One of the most prominent reason is materialism, the culture of consumerism. Many women use these laws for material gains in the lieu of getting compensation to settle the cases. • Corruption of value systems. Women in many cases are found ignorant of the ill impact of these cases on their families. • Declining status of an institution of marriage- Marriage is not considered to be a sacrosanct institute anymore by many women. Steps to be taken: • Gender neutral laws should be their women cannot take unnecessary advantages of the laws which are biased in their favour. Laws should be such that it is equal for both men and women. • Mindset needs to be changed where personal issues between male and female can be effectively used by involving family members first. • Community policing can be an alternative where neighbours and domestic workers can be an effective source of information f0r police. • Fast track courts can be of great help because it may end the plight of males in case of any false complaints. Though in most of the cases, women are on the weaker side, but gender-neutral laws and consideration of all stakeholders can make these laws more effective. We need to adopt a holistic approach to look into these matters with the help of all section of society.
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चीन-पाकिस्तान बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) निरंतर बढ़ती जा रही है | भारत के लिए इसके क्या निहितार्थ है ? भारत को अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की सुरक्षा करने के लिए कौन -कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए ?(200 शब्द )
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दृष्टिकोण भूमिका में पाकिस्तान-चीन के संबंधों का संक्षित परिचय दीजिये विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में पाक-चीन के बीचकन्वर्जेन्स के बिन्दुओं को सूचीबद्ध कीजिये चीन-पाकिस्तान के बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में कन्वर्जेन्स से भारत की चिंताओं की चर्चा कीजिये भारत के द्वारा उठाये जा सकने वाले विभिन्न उपायों को बताइए उत्तर- हाल की कुछ वर्षों में पाकिस्तान व चीन के बीच विभिन्न सामरिक ,राजनीतिक ,आर्थिक व सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में काफी निकट सहयोग दिखा जा रहा है | दोनों देश मिलकर एक-दूसरे के हितों को के अनुरूप कार्य कर रहे है | सहयोग के बिन्दुओं को निम्न प्रकार दिखा जा सकता है – पाकिस्तान चीन के परियोजना OBOR का एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी है | इसी परियोजना के तहत एक चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारें का निर्माण किया जा रहा है ,जो की POK से होकर गुजरता है | चीन पाकिस्तान में भारी पैमाने पर अवसंरननात्मक परियोजना में निवेश कर रहा है| भारत द्वारा मसूद अज़हर को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए UNSC में लाए गए प्रस्ताव को चीन द्वारा वीटो कर दिया गया | चीन भारत की NSG की दावेदारी का विरोध करता है ,साथ ही पाकिस्तान को भी NSG का सदस्य बनाने की वकालत करता है | चीन ,पाकिस्तान को हथियारों की भी आपूर्ति करता है ,साथ ही दोनों देश परमाणु हथियारों के क्षेत्र में भी सहयोग कर रहे हैं | भारत की चिंताए – पाकिस्तान से आने वाला आतंकवाद भारत की चिंता का प्रमुख कारण है | चीन आतंकवाद को लेकर पाकिस्तान का समर्थन करता है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा ,POK से होकर निकालता है ,जो की भारत की संप्रभुता के खिलाफ है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा का एक छोर हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान का ग्वादर बंदरगाह है ,इसके हिन्द महासागर में चीन की मौजूदगी बढ़ेगी | भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को अपने आर्थिक विकास व सुरक्षात्मक क्षमता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि चीन के साथ पॉवर गैप को कम किया जा सके| चीन व पाकिस्तान को अलग –अलग न समझकर ,दोनों देशों को एक मानकर एक सटीक व सशक्त विदेश नीति का निर्माण करना | भारत को सामान विचारधारा वाले देशों जैसे –जापान ,अमेरिका व EU के साथ मिलकर कार्य करना चाहिए | भारत को अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ मिलकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए |
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##Question:चीन-पाकिस्तान बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) निरंतर बढ़ती जा रही है | भारत के लिए इसके क्या निहितार्थ है ? भारत को अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की सुरक्षा करने के लिए कौन -कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए ?(200 शब्द )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण भूमिका में पाकिस्तान-चीन के संबंधों का संक्षित परिचय दीजिये विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में पाक-चीन के बीचकन्वर्जेन्स के बिन्दुओं को सूचीबद्ध कीजिये चीन-पाकिस्तान के बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में कन्वर्जेन्स से भारत की चिंताओं की चर्चा कीजिये भारत के द्वारा उठाये जा सकने वाले विभिन्न उपायों को बताइए उत्तर- हाल की कुछ वर्षों में पाकिस्तान व चीन के बीच विभिन्न सामरिक ,राजनीतिक ,आर्थिक व सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में काफी निकट सहयोग दिखा जा रहा है | दोनों देश मिलकर एक-दूसरे के हितों को के अनुरूप कार्य कर रहे है | सहयोग के बिन्दुओं को निम्न प्रकार दिखा जा सकता है – पाकिस्तान चीन के परियोजना OBOR का एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी है | इसी परियोजना के तहत एक चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारें का निर्माण किया जा रहा है ,जो की POK से होकर गुजरता है | चीन पाकिस्तान में भारी पैमाने पर अवसंरननात्मक परियोजना में निवेश कर रहा है| भारत द्वारा मसूद अज़हर को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए UNSC में लाए गए प्रस्ताव को चीन द्वारा वीटो कर दिया गया | चीन भारत की NSG की दावेदारी का विरोध करता है ,साथ ही पाकिस्तान को भी NSG का सदस्य बनाने की वकालत करता है | चीन ,पाकिस्तान को हथियारों की भी आपूर्ति करता है ,साथ ही दोनों देश परमाणु हथियारों के क्षेत्र में भी सहयोग कर रहे हैं | भारत की चिंताए – पाकिस्तान से आने वाला आतंकवाद भारत की चिंता का प्रमुख कारण है | चीन आतंकवाद को लेकर पाकिस्तान का समर्थन करता है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा ,POK से होकर निकालता है ,जो की भारत की संप्रभुता के खिलाफ है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा का एक छोर हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान का ग्वादर बंदरगाह है ,इसके हिन्द महासागर में चीन की मौजूदगी बढ़ेगी | भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को अपने आर्थिक विकास व सुरक्षात्मक क्षमता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि चीन के साथ पॉवर गैप को कम किया जा सके| चीन व पाकिस्तान को अलग –अलग न समझकर ,दोनों देशों को एक मानकर एक सटीक व सशक्त विदेश नीति का निर्माण करना | भारत को सामान विचारधारा वाले देशों जैसे –जापान ,अमेरिका व EU के साथ मिलकर कार्य करना चाहिए | भारत को अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ मिलकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए |
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Differentiate between Minimum Support Price and Procurement Price. (150 words/10 Marks)
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##Question:Differentiate between Minimum Support Price and Procurement Price. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:.
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Write short notes on: (100 words each) APLM act 2017 NAFED
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##Question:Write short notes on: (100 words each) APLM act 2017 NAFED ##Answer:.
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What do you mean by MSP? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low-income trap? (10 marks I 150 words)
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Brief Approach- Define MSP Examine how MSP can solve low income trap of farmers answer- Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The minimum support prices are announced by the Government of India at the beginning of the sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is a price fixed by the Government of India to protect the producer - farmers - against excessive falls in price during bumper production years. The minimum support prices are guaranteed prices for their produce from the Government. The major objectives are to support the farmers from distress sales and to procure food grains for public distribution. In case the market price for the commodity falls below the announced minimum price due to bumper production and glut in the market, government agencies purchase the entire quantity offered by the farmers at the announced minimum price. Government announces minimum support prices (MSPs) for 22 mandated crops and fair and remunerative prices (FRP) for sugarcane. The mandated crops are 14 crops of the Kharif season, 6 rabi crops and two other commercial crops. In addition, the MSPs of toria and de-husked coconut are fixed on the basis of the MSPs of rapeseed/mustard and copra, respectively. The mechanism by which MSP can help low income trap- It prevents distress sale- As found by NABARD and NSSO in a survey the average monthly income of farmers in India is around Rs 9000/-, which makes it difficult to invest further for the next cropping sector. Adding to this if during bumper production if farmers are made to sell their produce at throwaway prices, then it makes it even more difficult for them to invest further in agriculture. Therefore if they get assurance of a minimum price for their produce then this distress could be prevented. MSP prices act as a benchmark- MSP prices act as a benchmark for a market if the private players do not offer prices higher than MSP then farmers won"t have any motivation to sell their produce to these Pvt players as the government is offering a better price for their produce. Therefore MSP acts as a benchmark price for the market. Crop selection- Since government announces MSP before the sowing season, therefore, helps farmers to make an informed decision on which crop would give them the maximum benefits. This also helps the government to control the over-produce and under-produce of a crop. This also became a major policy initiative to shift from wheat and rice to pulses and oilseeds. Though the government have announced an MSP of 1.5 times the production cost in the 2018-19 budget, however as pointed out by an economic survey that MSP procurement is not uniform across states therefore it becomes important that a uniform procurement strategy is implemented.
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##Question:What do you mean by MSP? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low-income trap? (10 marks I 150 words)##Answer:Brief Approach- Define MSP Examine how MSP can solve low income trap of farmers answer- Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The minimum support prices are announced by the Government of India at the beginning of the sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is a price fixed by the Government of India to protect the producer - farmers - against excessive falls in price during bumper production years. The minimum support prices are guaranteed prices for their produce from the Government. The major objectives are to support the farmers from distress sales and to procure food grains for public distribution. In case the market price for the commodity falls below the announced minimum price due to bumper production and glut in the market, government agencies purchase the entire quantity offered by the farmers at the announced minimum price. Government announces minimum support prices (MSPs) for 22 mandated crops and fair and remunerative prices (FRP) for sugarcane. The mandated crops are 14 crops of the Kharif season, 6 rabi crops and two other commercial crops. In addition, the MSPs of toria and de-husked coconut are fixed on the basis of the MSPs of rapeseed/mustard and copra, respectively. The mechanism by which MSP can help low income trap- It prevents distress sale- As found by NABARD and NSSO in a survey the average monthly income of farmers in India is around Rs 9000/-, which makes it difficult to invest further for the next cropping sector. Adding to this if during bumper production if farmers are made to sell their produce at throwaway prices, then it makes it even more difficult for them to invest further in agriculture. Therefore if they get assurance of a minimum price for their produce then this distress could be prevented. MSP prices act as a benchmark- MSP prices act as a benchmark for a market if the private players do not offer prices higher than MSP then farmers won"t have any motivation to sell their produce to these Pvt players as the government is offering a better price for their produce. Therefore MSP acts as a benchmark price for the market. Crop selection- Since government announces MSP before the sowing season, therefore, helps farmers to make an informed decision on which crop would give them the maximum benefits. This also helps the government to control the over-produce and under-produce of a crop. This also became a major policy initiative to shift from wheat and rice to pulses and oilseeds. Though the government have announced an MSP of 1.5 times the production cost in the 2018-19 budget, however as pointed out by an economic survey that MSP procurement is not uniform across states therefore it becomes important that a uniform procurement strategy is implemented.
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Discuss the issue of sugarcane pricising in India. (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss the issue of sugarcane pricising in India. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Write short notes to explain the following concepts (100 words each) Poverty Gap Ratio Head count ratio Absolute poverty
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##Question:Write short notes to explain the following concepts (100 words each) Poverty Gap Ratio Head count ratio Absolute poverty ##Answer:.
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How globalisation has led to reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalisation detrimental to the development of the country? (200 words)
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##Question:How globalisation has led to reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalisation detrimental to the development of the country? (200 words)##Answer:.
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"Despite India"s fast-growing economy, many live below the poverty line". Briefly discuss the major causes of Poverty in India. Examine the success of steps taken by the government. Also, suggest what more can be done to address these challenges. (150 words/10 marks)
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Brief Approach- Give reasons for poverty in india examine the progress and success of poverty elevation programes in India suggest way forward Answer The government estimates that 22% of people in India live below the poverty line.WB estimates that 30% of global poor reside in India with 140mn living in extreme poverty. causes for poverty in India - • Faith in GDP growth and Reality- Growth is not inclusive. Growth not leading to people empowerment. • Climatic Factors- Hot and humid climate limits physical work capability. Also, a cause for poor health. • Rising Population- Burden on limited resources. • Education and Unemployment • Social Factors(Caste, Tradition, Customs) • Destruction of Traditional Industry- leading to loss of employment. • Low Agricultural Productivity • Unequal Distribution of Land Reform measures taken to address the problem of poverty • Land Reforms- abolition of zamindari, tenancy reforms, land ceiling, etc • Education Reforms- sarva siksha abhiyan, RTE • Generation of Employment- MGNREGA, Skill india, nai roshni • Healthcare Reforms-ayushman bharat, mission indradhanush • Human Development Initiatives- Maternaty benifit act, sexual harrashmant at workplace act, etc • Creation of Social Infrastructure- eklavya school, model schools, universities, hospitals • Direct Attack on poverty- Poverty Alleviation programs and Special Area development Programs Success of reform measures taken by government- 1. Apart from little success in few states like West Bengal and Kerala, Land reforms have not been of much success in rest of the country. Reasons being lack of political will,Bureaucratic apathy, legal loop holes, less power to panchayats, Maoist insurgency, etc. 2. Most of the education reforms in India has been focussing on creation of infrastructure and less focussed on learning, this is evident from failure of operation Black board where stress was on creation of black board however later it was found out that there were blackboards but no teacher and chalk. Similar evidences were observed in case of ASER report where it was observed that around 40% of class VI th students were unable to do class IIIrd arithmetics and basic literature. 3. Though there has been some success in case of employment generation however this is not in pace with number of people entering in job market. For example about 12 million people are enterring in job market in India every year however less than 10 million jobs (formal and informal) are created every year. Adding to deficiency each year. 4. India spending less than 4% of GDP on its Healthcare sector leading to high out of pocket expenditure of around 70%. This pushes around 7% of population is pushed to below poverty line in India every year. However there are high expectation from Ayushman Bharat and only time will tell about its success. 5. Though there has been creation of infrastructure however this has not been in pace with population growth rate, though India had a 3 tier health care system however condition of primary and secondary health care system has been insufficient mostly due to lack of equipments, doctors, healthcare personnels, medicines, etc. This lead to increase in pressure on 3rd tier health care institutes. However opening of new health care institutes like AIIMS, regional hospitals might help in resolving the issue to some extent. however there is also need to reduce out of pocket expenditure. 7. India being a diverse country, have somewhat different issues wrt poverty in India, however the approach has been top-down. This led to issue of one size fits all approach and hence many poverty allivation programes like IRDP became ineffective. This approach needs a change by moving to bottom-up approach. Wayforward- More efforts need to be made by making them more inclusive and efficient and provide more opportunities of employment, better infrastructure, more inclusive, area specific and make them trickle down to the poor and vulnerable sections of the society, to get rid of poverty in coming years. Also there is a need to eliminate leakages, implimentation and inclusion errors caused due to lack of Political will and bureaucratic apathy.
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##Question:"Despite India"s fast-growing economy, many live below the poverty line". Briefly discuss the major causes of Poverty in India. Examine the success of steps taken by the government. Also, suggest what more can be done to address these challenges. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Brief Approach- Give reasons for poverty in india examine the progress and success of poverty elevation programes in India suggest way forward Answer The government estimates that 22% of people in India live below the poverty line.WB estimates that 30% of global poor reside in India with 140mn living in extreme poverty. causes for poverty in India - • Faith in GDP growth and Reality- Growth is not inclusive. Growth not leading to people empowerment. • Climatic Factors- Hot and humid climate limits physical work capability. Also, a cause for poor health. • Rising Population- Burden on limited resources. • Education and Unemployment • Social Factors(Caste, Tradition, Customs) • Destruction of Traditional Industry- leading to loss of employment. • Low Agricultural Productivity • Unequal Distribution of Land Reform measures taken to address the problem of poverty • Land Reforms- abolition of zamindari, tenancy reforms, land ceiling, etc • Education Reforms- sarva siksha abhiyan, RTE • Generation of Employment- MGNREGA, Skill india, nai roshni • Healthcare Reforms-ayushman bharat, mission indradhanush • Human Development Initiatives- Maternaty benifit act, sexual harrashmant at workplace act, etc • Creation of Social Infrastructure- eklavya school, model schools, universities, hospitals • Direct Attack on poverty- Poverty Alleviation programs and Special Area development Programs Success of reform measures taken by government- 1. Apart from little success in few states like West Bengal and Kerala, Land reforms have not been of much success in rest of the country. Reasons being lack of political will,Bureaucratic apathy, legal loop holes, less power to panchayats, Maoist insurgency, etc. 2. Most of the education reforms in India has been focussing on creation of infrastructure and less focussed on learning, this is evident from failure of operation Black board where stress was on creation of black board however later it was found out that there were blackboards but no teacher and chalk. Similar evidences were observed in case of ASER report where it was observed that around 40% of class VI th students were unable to do class IIIrd arithmetics and basic literature. 3. Though there has been some success in case of employment generation however this is not in pace with number of people entering in job market. For example about 12 million people are enterring in job market in India every year however less than 10 million jobs (formal and informal) are created every year. Adding to deficiency each year. 4. India spending less than 4% of GDP on its Healthcare sector leading to high out of pocket expenditure of around 70%. This pushes around 7% of population is pushed to below poverty line in India every year. However there are high expectation from Ayushman Bharat and only time will tell about its success. 5. Though there has been creation of infrastructure however this has not been in pace with population growth rate, though India had a 3 tier health care system however condition of primary and secondary health care system has been insufficient mostly due to lack of equipments, doctors, healthcare personnels, medicines, etc. This lead to increase in pressure on 3rd tier health care institutes. However opening of new health care institutes like AIIMS, regional hospitals might help in resolving the issue to some extent. however there is also need to reduce out of pocket expenditure. 7. India being a diverse country, have somewhat different issues wrt poverty in India, however the approach has been top-down. This led to issue of one size fits all approach and hence many poverty allivation programes like IRDP became ineffective. This approach needs a change by moving to bottom-up approach. Wayforward- More efforts need to be made by making them more inclusive and efficient and provide more opportunities of employment, better infrastructure, more inclusive, area specific and make them trickle down to the poor and vulnerable sections of the society, to get rid of poverty in coming years. Also there is a need to eliminate leakages, implimentation and inclusion errors caused due to lack of Political will and bureaucratic apathy.
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Write short note on Poverty Gap Ratio(PGR) and Income Gap Ratio (IGR). (150 words)
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##Question:Write short note on Poverty Gap Ratio(PGR) and Income Gap Ratio (IGR). (150 words)##Answer:.
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“Indian society is characterized by continuity and change “. In the context of this statement, discuss the impact of globalization on the institution of the Joint family. (150 words/10marks)
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APPROACH- Introduction- Elaborate the premise of question “Indian society is characterized by continuity and change.” Body- Discuss impact of globalization on Joint Family Conclusion ANSWER- Due to globalization, there has been a change in the characteristics of joint family. Joint families get disintegrated due to economic factors such as agricultural distress, job opportunities in urban areas and social factors like access to western education and values. Still there are certain elements of continuity as the functions of primary socialization and social control are still performed by family. Impact of globalization on institution of joint family Structure- Globalization has led to disintegration of traditional joint family and led to emergence of new forms of family such as single parent family, live in relationships or same sex marriage. Globalization has resulted in new jobs and education opportunities across the world due to which people migrate to different places. Many a times husband and wife live in separate cities due to the demand of their careers. Globalisation has led to penetration of western culture in Indian society due to which divorce and separation have become common. Functions- Earlier the eldest male member was the main authority in the family, which is now replaced by the bread winner of the family. The role of family with respect to spouse selection has also changed with the advent of matrimonial sites. Role of family with respect to education has also declined as there is more reliance on e- learning and specialized institutions. Interpersonal Relationships- Globalization and growing needs of the family has resulted in women stepping out of their private sphere of life and joining the workforce of India. This has given better bargaining power to women. This has led to more egalitarian distribution of powers in family. Globalization has also led to rise of social media due to which contact with extended family members has increased. Globalization does not just impacts economic institutions but also has a deep impact on society. Every society undergoes change with time, only the pace of change may differ.
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##Question:“Indian society is characterized by continuity and change “. In the context of this statement, discuss the impact of globalization on the institution of the Joint family. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:APPROACH- Introduction- Elaborate the premise of question “Indian society is characterized by continuity and change.” Body- Discuss impact of globalization on Joint Family Conclusion ANSWER- Due to globalization, there has been a change in the characteristics of joint family. Joint families get disintegrated due to economic factors such as agricultural distress, job opportunities in urban areas and social factors like access to western education and values. Still there are certain elements of continuity as the functions of primary socialization and social control are still performed by family. Impact of globalization on institution of joint family Structure- Globalization has led to disintegration of traditional joint family and led to emergence of new forms of family such as single parent family, live in relationships or same sex marriage. Globalization has resulted in new jobs and education opportunities across the world due to which people migrate to different places. Many a times husband and wife live in separate cities due to the demand of their careers. Globalisation has led to penetration of western culture in Indian society due to which divorce and separation have become common. Functions- Earlier the eldest male member was the main authority in the family, which is now replaced by the bread winner of the family. The role of family with respect to spouse selection has also changed with the advent of matrimonial sites. Role of family with respect to education has also declined as there is more reliance on e- learning and specialized institutions. Interpersonal Relationships- Globalization and growing needs of the family has resulted in women stepping out of their private sphere of life and joining the workforce of India. This has given better bargaining power to women. This has led to more egalitarian distribution of powers in family. Globalization has also led to rise of social media due to which contact with extended family members has increased. Globalization does not just impacts economic institutions but also has a deep impact on society. Every society undergoes change with time, only the pace of change may differ.
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“Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH- INTRODUCTION - Briefly mention how caste system has changed but not eradicated. Body- Elaborate on how Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Conclusion/Way Forward ANSWER- It was thought that with urbanization and modernity, caste barriers would reduce. With the advent of modern education and values, the younger generation is more acceptable towards working, studying, cooperating and employing people from other castes. Inter-dining, use of public transport and merit-based employment has led to changes in the caste system. However, it is often believed that the caste system cannot be eradicated in India. REASONS FOR CASTE SYSTEM ASSUMING NEW IDENTITIES AND ASSOCIATIONAL FORMS The caste-based reservation has strengthened caste identities. The recent Jat and Patidar agitation shows how caste-based identity unites people. Use of caste to mobilize votes is detrimental to society. Voting pattern of the citizens and candidate selection to contest elections by political parties is highly influenced by caste considerations. Continued practice of endogamy is also a manifestation of continued caste identity. Even on matrimonial sites, many people search for same caste partner. Caste-based hostels and trade unions also ensure the importance given to caste. Even today lower castes have limited mobility and thus feel united under their caste identity. Eg. Manual scavengers are lower caste people and slums are also mostly inhabited by backward castes. Presence of extra-constitutional bodies like Khap Panchayats doesn’t allow people to violate caste norms. Caste system as an institution has been present in Indian society for centuries and can’t be eradicated in few decades. The government has taken affirmative actions to remove caste barriers and identities.Dereservation on the basis of social mapping, promoting exogamy, creating awareness through education can help to remove caste barriers.
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##Question:“Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH- INTRODUCTION - Briefly mention how caste system has changed but not eradicated. Body- Elaborate on how Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Conclusion/Way Forward ANSWER- It was thought that with urbanization and modernity, caste barriers would reduce. With the advent of modern education and values, the younger generation is more acceptable towards working, studying, cooperating and employing people from other castes. Inter-dining, use of public transport and merit-based employment has led to changes in the caste system. However, it is often believed that the caste system cannot be eradicated in India. REASONS FOR CASTE SYSTEM ASSUMING NEW IDENTITIES AND ASSOCIATIONAL FORMS The caste-based reservation has strengthened caste identities. The recent Jat and Patidar agitation shows how caste-based identity unites people. Use of caste to mobilize votes is detrimental to society. Voting pattern of the citizens and candidate selection to contest elections by political parties is highly influenced by caste considerations. Continued practice of endogamy is also a manifestation of continued caste identity. Even on matrimonial sites, many people search for same caste partner. Caste-based hostels and trade unions also ensure the importance given to caste. Even today lower castes have limited mobility and thus feel united under their caste identity. Eg. Manual scavengers are lower caste people and slums are also mostly inhabited by backward castes. Presence of extra-constitutional bodies like Khap Panchayats doesn’t allow people to violate caste norms. Caste system as an institution has been present in Indian society for centuries and can’t be eradicated in few decades. The government has taken affirmative actions to remove caste barriers and identities.Dereservation on the basis of social mapping, promoting exogamy, creating awareness through education can help to remove caste barriers.
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The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar were important milestones in the establishment of British Rule in India. In the light of the above statement, discuss the causes of these battles and the significance of their outcomes for the British. (150 words/ 10 Marks)
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APPROACH Brief introduction about the Battle of Plassey and Buxar. Mention the causes for the Battle of Plassey and Buxar. Mention the significance of these battles for British. ANSWER The battle of Plassey happened in Bengal with the Nawab pitched against the east India company. In the Buxar there was a coalition of the Nawab of Bengal, Awadh, and the Mughal emperor was also involved. Causes The wars were triggered by a number of factors coming together:- Political instability and succession disputes triggered after the death of Aliwardi khan in 1756 between Ghasiti begum and Siraj ud Daula provided an opportunity to Jagat Seth Brothers and the British to increase their influence The Assertive policies of the Young Nawab Siraj threatened the influence of the Jagat Seth Bros over Nawab’s court and specifically over his economic policies. This prompted the Jagat Seth Bros to join hands with the British to overthrow Siraj. Siraj attacked British Trading positions in Calcutta and the eventual Black Hole Tragedy prompted a British Aggressive response under Robert Clive The bitter Anglo-French rivalry to expand their trading monopoly in the region made the British apprehensive about the possibility of Siraj siding with the French. Prompting the British to launch an attack over Bengal. Significance Both battles had profound significance for 18th-century India:- The British established a toe-hold in the region; moreover, defeating the erstwhile Mughal successor states greatly boosted British prestige. The Plassey plunder and the treaty of Allahabad provided a huge financial boost to British presence in the region. These finances funded the British expansionist campaigns in the sub-continent further. Following the treaty of Allahabad, the dual system of administration – rule still in the name of Nawab but revenue collection by British – marked a beginning of indirect British rule in the region. With the treaties, the threat of French presence in the region came to an end. With the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, the British EIC financed their expansion of trade by revenue generated in Bengal. Hence they no longer needed to import bullion. Conclusion Hence, the British East India company became a dominant power in the region. This is considered the first step toward the British imperialism policy to conquer entire India.
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##Question:The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar were important milestones in the establishment of British Rule in India. In the light of the above statement, discuss the causes of these battles and the significance of their outcomes for the British. (150 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH Brief introduction about the Battle of Plassey and Buxar. Mention the causes for the Battle of Plassey and Buxar. Mention the significance of these battles for British. ANSWER The battle of Plassey happened in Bengal with the Nawab pitched against the east India company. In the Buxar there was a coalition of the Nawab of Bengal, Awadh, and the Mughal emperor was also involved. Causes The wars were triggered by a number of factors coming together:- Political instability and succession disputes triggered after the death of Aliwardi khan in 1756 between Ghasiti begum and Siraj ud Daula provided an opportunity to Jagat Seth Brothers and the British to increase their influence The Assertive policies of the Young Nawab Siraj threatened the influence of the Jagat Seth Bros over Nawab’s court and specifically over his economic policies. This prompted the Jagat Seth Bros to join hands with the British to overthrow Siraj. Siraj attacked British Trading positions in Calcutta and the eventual Black Hole Tragedy prompted a British Aggressive response under Robert Clive The bitter Anglo-French rivalry to expand their trading monopoly in the region made the British apprehensive about the possibility of Siraj siding with the French. Prompting the British to launch an attack over Bengal. Significance Both battles had profound significance for 18th-century India:- The British established a toe-hold in the region; moreover, defeating the erstwhile Mughal successor states greatly boosted British prestige. The Plassey plunder and the treaty of Allahabad provided a huge financial boost to British presence in the region. These finances funded the British expansionist campaigns in the sub-continent further. Following the treaty of Allahabad, the dual system of administration – rule still in the name of Nawab but revenue collection by British – marked a beginning of indirect British rule in the region. With the treaties, the threat of French presence in the region came to an end. With the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, the British EIC financed their expansion of trade by revenue generated in Bengal. Hence they no longer needed to import bullion. Conclusion Hence, the British East India company became a dominant power in the region. This is considered the first step toward the British imperialism policy to conquer entire India.
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Discuss issues associated with Agricultural Marketing in India. In this context, discuss the recommendations of Ashok Dalwai Committe. (200 words)
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Approach A brief introduction to the Agricultural marketing in India Discuss the major issues in India’s Agricultural Marketing Discuss the recommendations of the Ashok Dalwai Committee Brief Conclusion Answer: Major Constraints of Present Agricultural Marketing System in India Infrastructure Problems Indian economy is characterized by poor infrastructure which is the biggest challenge for agriculture marketing to develop. An effective infrastructural facility is necessary for increasing agricultural productivity. Most of the markets lack adequate infrastructure for storage, sorting, grading or post-harvest management. The Private sector is unwilling to invest in logistics or infrastructure of the Market under prevailing conditions. Lack of Storage Facilities An inherent characteristic of agricultural production is that it is seasonal whilst demand is usually endless throughout the year. But, due to lack of adequate storage, smooth and uninterrupted flow of product into the market is interrupted. Financial Problem Indian farmer, being poor, tries to sell his produce as soon as after the crop harvesting to the traders and moneylenders for taking the loan at unfavourable terms and conditions. They also borrow the money from private money lenders at the tied condition for cultivation. The absence of working capital, the high cost of operation, price fluctuations in agricultural produce, higher employee cost and over-dependence on loans from apex bodies are the major problems of financial nature to the co-operative marketing societies in India. Lack of Transportation Facility The transport function is primarily one of making the product available anywhere it is needed, without adding irrationally to the overall cost of the produce. Many of the rural areas don"t have proper road and rail facilities. This creates difficulty in transporting the agro produce to the marketplace within the required time. Hence, Indian farmers cannot reach nearby mandis to sell their produce at a reasonable price. Due to this reason, they prefer to sell their produce at the nearest local markets itself. It is the main difficulty in the way of well-organized marketing. A lot of agricultural product is wasted due to the transport problem in our country. Market Information Asymmetry/Lack of Market Information There is the absence of market intelligence or information system in India, it is often not possible for the farmers to obtain information on exact market ruling prices of their produce dominant in different markets. Thus, they accept, any remunerative price for their produce as offered by traders or middlemen to them. In India, most of the farmers are illiterate and ignorant of the exact prices ruling in the markets. They depend on inaccurate information. They depend on hearsay reports of village traders who never reveal the correct price. Lack of National Integrated Markets Under the prevailing system, the marketable surplus of one area moves out to consumption centres through a network of middlemen, traders, multiple market areas and recognized agencies. Although there survives a national level physical market, there is no national level rule for the same and the prevailing regulation does not provide for a barrier-free market in the country. High Incidence of Market Charges The rate of commission charged by the licensed commission agents is excessive because different direct taxes, which are taxed on the net income, the commission is charged on the whole value of the produce sold. The license fee charged from several markets licensed operators is normal but the small number of licenses granted creates a premium, which is believed to be paid in cash. Licencing Problems The compulsory requirement of owning a shop/godown for licensing of commission agents/traders in the regulated markets has led to the monopoly of these licensed traders who are acting as a major entry barrier in existing APMCs for new entrepreneurs thus, preventing competition. It is argued that the monopoly of Government regulated wholesale markets has prevented the development of a competitive marketing system in the country. Ashok Dalwai Committee Recommendations Model APLM Act: States must adopt the Model APLM Act, 2017, and promptly facilitate the provisions for establishment of a range of markets of different models (eg. wholesale, retail, direct markets, etc.) under a wide variety of ownership (public and private) Pan-Indian Network of Markets: The country needs about 10,000 wholesale and 20,000 rural retail markets to achieve the desired market density and network them into a pan-India system. The state governments may convert the existing principal and sub-market yards into full-fledged and independent markets, in order to achieve the desired market density. PrAMs: The effectiveness of an efficient marketing system can be gained by upgrading the existing more than 20,000 rural periodical markets as Primary Rural (grameen) Agricultural Markets (PRAMs). E-NAM: The Centre and the States should work concertedly to achieve a truly unified national agricultural market (NAM) within a period of three years (ie. 2019-20). This can be achieved by increasing the coverage of markets under e-NAM to a cumulative of 1000 and promoting alternate online platforms in the public sector by the states, as well in the private sector, besides joint venture platforms. Both the Centre and the States/UTs may set up special purpose vehicles (SPV) to own and operate the national agricultural market (NAM). Standards and grading parameters: DACFW may constitute an inter-ministerial committee to study and suggest ways to harmonise the various product standards and grading parameters adopted by different agencies (BIS, APEDA, FSSAI, Agmark, etc.). This is a pre-requisite to the creation of a NAM which works on the online platform. NWRs: The small and marginal farmers will benefit from an efficient marketing system, only if they are imparted withholding capacity, by offering them pledge finance (post-harvest loan against produce as collateral). This can be facilitated by taking measures to upgrade the storage godowns including cold-storages, to standards as defined by WDRA, to issue NWRs. DACFW may develop comprehensive guidelines to promote warehouse based post-harvest loans and eNWR based trading. Credit: Further, the availability of post-harvest loans against NWRs, should be popularised amongst farmers, and financial institutions oriented to participate in the pledge loan system. District and State storage plan: State governments may prepare a District and State storage plan and identify gaps before taking up new constructions. The gaps may exist in the existing available infrastructure, in the form of design, the technology used and/or crop specificity. FPO/VPO: For integrating small and marginal farmers into the marketing system, besides improving their external market interface, mobilising them into a large number of farmer producer and village producer organisations (FPO/VPO) is critical. It is suggested that a minimum target of 7,000 FPO/VPO be adopted. Agricultural trade policy: An aggressive agricultural trade policy is recommended, to at least double the volume of commodities in agricultural exports and achieve a value target of USD 100 billion, by 2022-23. Procurement: Government should broad base and strengthen procurement operations to cover as many crops as possible (other than wheat & paddy) and be secular across the production regions. It is suggested that the procurement operations be conducted with a view to stabilising market prices and not as income transfers. Most of the above reforms are the domain of state governments which often protect the interests of large farmers. NITI Aayog has argued for bringing agriculture into the concurrent list so that the Union government can ensure a national market for agricultural products—that may not be a bad idea.
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##Question:Discuss issues associated with Agricultural Marketing in India. In this context, discuss the recommendations of Ashok Dalwai Committe. (200 words)##Answer:Approach A brief introduction to the Agricultural marketing in India Discuss the major issues in India’s Agricultural Marketing Discuss the recommendations of the Ashok Dalwai Committee Brief Conclusion Answer: Major Constraints of Present Agricultural Marketing System in India Infrastructure Problems Indian economy is characterized by poor infrastructure which is the biggest challenge for agriculture marketing to develop. An effective infrastructural facility is necessary for increasing agricultural productivity. Most of the markets lack adequate infrastructure for storage, sorting, grading or post-harvest management. The Private sector is unwilling to invest in logistics or infrastructure of the Market under prevailing conditions. Lack of Storage Facilities An inherent characteristic of agricultural production is that it is seasonal whilst demand is usually endless throughout the year. But, due to lack of adequate storage, smooth and uninterrupted flow of product into the market is interrupted. Financial Problem Indian farmer, being poor, tries to sell his produce as soon as after the crop harvesting to the traders and moneylenders for taking the loan at unfavourable terms and conditions. They also borrow the money from private money lenders at the tied condition for cultivation. The absence of working capital, the high cost of operation, price fluctuations in agricultural produce, higher employee cost and over-dependence on loans from apex bodies are the major problems of financial nature to the co-operative marketing societies in India. Lack of Transportation Facility The transport function is primarily one of making the product available anywhere it is needed, without adding irrationally to the overall cost of the produce. Many of the rural areas don"t have proper road and rail facilities. This creates difficulty in transporting the agro produce to the marketplace within the required time. Hence, Indian farmers cannot reach nearby mandis to sell their produce at a reasonable price. Due to this reason, they prefer to sell their produce at the nearest local markets itself. It is the main difficulty in the way of well-organized marketing. A lot of agricultural product is wasted due to the transport problem in our country. Market Information Asymmetry/Lack of Market Information There is the absence of market intelligence or information system in India, it is often not possible for the farmers to obtain information on exact market ruling prices of their produce dominant in different markets. Thus, they accept, any remunerative price for their produce as offered by traders or middlemen to them. In India, most of the farmers are illiterate and ignorant of the exact prices ruling in the markets. They depend on inaccurate information. They depend on hearsay reports of village traders who never reveal the correct price. Lack of National Integrated Markets Under the prevailing system, the marketable surplus of one area moves out to consumption centres through a network of middlemen, traders, multiple market areas and recognized agencies. Although there survives a national level physical market, there is no national level rule for the same and the prevailing regulation does not provide for a barrier-free market in the country. High Incidence of Market Charges The rate of commission charged by the licensed commission agents is excessive because different direct taxes, which are taxed on the net income, the commission is charged on the whole value of the produce sold. The license fee charged from several markets licensed operators is normal but the small number of licenses granted creates a premium, which is believed to be paid in cash. Licencing Problems The compulsory requirement of owning a shop/godown for licensing of commission agents/traders in the regulated markets has led to the monopoly of these licensed traders who are acting as a major entry barrier in existing APMCs for new entrepreneurs thus, preventing competition. It is argued that the monopoly of Government regulated wholesale markets has prevented the development of a competitive marketing system in the country. Ashok Dalwai Committee Recommendations Model APLM Act: States must adopt the Model APLM Act, 2017, and promptly facilitate the provisions for establishment of a range of markets of different models (eg. wholesale, retail, direct markets, etc.) under a wide variety of ownership (public and private) Pan-Indian Network of Markets: The country needs about 10,000 wholesale and 20,000 rural retail markets to achieve the desired market density and network them into a pan-India system. The state governments may convert the existing principal and sub-market yards into full-fledged and independent markets, in order to achieve the desired market density. PrAMs: The effectiveness of an efficient marketing system can be gained by upgrading the existing more than 20,000 rural periodical markets as Primary Rural (grameen) Agricultural Markets (PRAMs). E-NAM: The Centre and the States should work concertedly to achieve a truly unified national agricultural market (NAM) within a period of three years (ie. 2019-20). This can be achieved by increasing the coverage of markets under e-NAM to a cumulative of 1000 and promoting alternate online platforms in the public sector by the states, as well in the private sector, besides joint venture platforms. Both the Centre and the States/UTs may set up special purpose vehicles (SPV) to own and operate the national agricultural market (NAM). Standards and grading parameters: DACFW may constitute an inter-ministerial committee to study and suggest ways to harmonise the various product standards and grading parameters adopted by different agencies (BIS, APEDA, FSSAI, Agmark, etc.). This is a pre-requisite to the creation of a NAM which works on the online platform. NWRs: The small and marginal farmers will benefit from an efficient marketing system, only if they are imparted withholding capacity, by offering them pledge finance (post-harvest loan against produce as collateral). This can be facilitated by taking measures to upgrade the storage godowns including cold-storages, to standards as defined by WDRA, to issue NWRs. DACFW may develop comprehensive guidelines to promote warehouse based post-harvest loans and eNWR based trading. Credit: Further, the availability of post-harvest loans against NWRs, should be popularised amongst farmers, and financial institutions oriented to participate in the pledge loan system. District and State storage plan: State governments may prepare a District and State storage plan and identify gaps before taking up new constructions. The gaps may exist in the existing available infrastructure, in the form of design, the technology used and/or crop specificity. FPO/VPO: For integrating small and marginal farmers into the marketing system, besides improving their external market interface, mobilising them into a large number of farmer producer and village producer organisations (FPO/VPO) is critical. It is suggested that a minimum target of 7,000 FPO/VPO be adopted. Agricultural trade policy: An aggressive agricultural trade policy is recommended, to at least double the volume of commodities in agricultural exports and achieve a value target of USD 100 billion, by 2022-23. Procurement: Government should broad base and strengthen procurement operations to cover as many crops as possible (other than wheat & paddy) and be secular across the production regions. It is suggested that the procurement operations be conducted with a view to stabilising market prices and not as income transfers. Most of the above reforms are the domain of state governments which often protect the interests of large farmers. NITI Aayog has argued for bringing agriculture into the concurrent list so that the Union government can ensure a national market for agricultural products—that may not be a bad idea.
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The approach taken by govt. of India towards Left Wing Extremism (LWE) shows its decline, but it still affects many parts of the country. Discuss the shortcomings and mention the steps that can be taken to tackle this. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: - Introduce with LWE in India - write about government"s approach towards LWE - Briefly discuss criticism of the approach - Discuss the strategies to tackle LWE - Conclude Answer: LWE has been one of the biggest internal security threat faced by the India. Spaning through the red corridor it has been a major hindrance towards the development and growth of these naxal affected regions in the country. Government’s Approach towards LWE: 1) Setting up of a Unified Command in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha 2) Integrated Action Plan by the Planning Commission for selected tribal and backward districts for accelerated development. 3) The fortified police station in Naxal affected areas. 4) Specialised Anti-Naxal forces- Cobra, Greyhound etc 5) Socio-Economic Measures: Integrated Action Plan, Backward Region Grant, Civic Action Programme, Implementation of MGNREGA, PESA, FRA 2006. Government undertaking awareness and outreach programmes and inclusive developmental programmes. 6) Setting up of a Standing Committee of CMs of LWE affected states under the chairmanship of the Home Minister. 7) National Rehabilitation & ResettlementPolicy 2007: Surrender-Cum Rehabilitation policy for Naxalites in affected areas to end violence and promote peace and development in the region. 8)State-led initiatives: Tamil Nadu has started a 10-day guerrilla warfare training to state police officials; Surveying of labourers from other states is being done by the Kerala government as the Naxals are looking for a hide-out in safe places. Criticism of the approach: 1) Lack of coordination between Union government & State government. 2) Different states continue to pursue divergent policies against Naxalism 3) Even the central forces such as CRPF were found to be operating without much guidance. 4) In absence of a nation-wide approach, success against Naxalism seems to be elusive. 5) Negligence of established standard operating procedures at times leads to loss of valuable lives of security personnel. For example – 2014 attack in Sukma, 2016 in Dantewada resulted in the loss of lives of CRPF personnel 6) Certain vulnerabilities remain such as poor planning, inadequate numbers, insufficient intelligence backup etc. 7) Structural deficits and deficiencies such as putting IPS deputationists into almost every senior position in CRPF ignoring the decades of experience within the Force. 8) Modernization & Capacity building of police forces has been sluggish. For example – in Chhattisgarh, there are about 10,000 vacancies in different ranks in state police and 23 sanctioned police stations have yet to be set up. Strategies to tackle LWE: 1) Since the problem of Naxalism is not merely a law and order problem, it is being tackled on political, social, economic and security fronts by way of a multi-pronged strategy which essentially includes:- (i) having a peace dialogue by the affected States with Naxal groups if they are willing to shun violence and local conditions are conducive for talks; (ii) Strengthening of administrative machinery to make it more responsive, transparent and sensitive to enable effective redressal of public grievances; improved delivery mechanisms aimed at accelerated integrated development including enhanced employment opportunities of Naxal affected districts and(iii) Security Measures: 2) Long-term deployment of Central Police Forces; 3) Building up of local capabilities by the affected States in terms of improved intelligence gathering and sharing mechanisms; 4) Specially trained and well-equipped police forces to facilitate effective police action in a coordinated and sustained manner (modernization and upgradation); 5) Creation of Local Resistance Groups; 6) Undertaking procedural, technical and technological solutions such as the use of micro or mini-UAVs or small drones to minimize the loss of lives of security personnel. 7) Effective implementation of various developmental schemes in the affected areas: The government is focusing on infrastructure creation and other services etc. through two major developmental schemes - The Additional Central Assistance (ACA) and Road Requirement Plan (RRP-II). Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) supported Scheme of Mobile Services to increase mobile connectivity. Schemes like Roshni for skill development of rural poor youth and facilities of residential schools to children have been started in these areas. 8)Operation "SAMADHAN" is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)"s answer to the Naxal problem. Conclusion: Integrated development of Naxal affected States: The widespread socio-economic, political and regional inequities prevalent in the country, coupled with poverty, unemployment and lack of proper infrastructure remain the basic causes for continuance and spatial expansion of Naxalism. In order to tackle Naxalism from a developmental angle, the Central Government has asked the States to accord a higher priority in the annual plans to ensure faster-integrated development of the Naxal affected districts. Centre and states should continue with their coordinated efforts where Centre should play a supportive role with state police forces taking the lead.
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##Question:The approach taken by govt. of India towards Left Wing Extremism (LWE) shows its decline, but it still affects many parts of the country. Discuss the shortcomings and mention the steps that can be taken to tackle this. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Introduce with LWE in India - write about government"s approach towards LWE - Briefly discuss criticism of the approach - Discuss the strategies to tackle LWE - Conclude Answer: LWE has been one of the biggest internal security threat faced by the India. Spaning through the red corridor it has been a major hindrance towards the development and growth of these naxal affected regions in the country. Government’s Approach towards LWE: 1) Setting up of a Unified Command in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha 2) Integrated Action Plan by the Planning Commission for selected tribal and backward districts for accelerated development. 3) The fortified police station in Naxal affected areas. 4) Specialised Anti-Naxal forces- Cobra, Greyhound etc 5) Socio-Economic Measures: Integrated Action Plan, Backward Region Grant, Civic Action Programme, Implementation of MGNREGA, PESA, FRA 2006. Government undertaking awareness and outreach programmes and inclusive developmental programmes. 6) Setting up of a Standing Committee of CMs of LWE affected states under the chairmanship of the Home Minister. 7) National Rehabilitation & ResettlementPolicy 2007: Surrender-Cum Rehabilitation policy for Naxalites in affected areas to end violence and promote peace and development in the region. 8)State-led initiatives: Tamil Nadu has started a 10-day guerrilla warfare training to state police officials; Surveying of labourers from other states is being done by the Kerala government as the Naxals are looking for a hide-out in safe places. Criticism of the approach: 1) Lack of coordination between Union government & State government. 2) Different states continue to pursue divergent policies against Naxalism 3) Even the central forces such as CRPF were found to be operating without much guidance. 4) In absence of a nation-wide approach, success against Naxalism seems to be elusive. 5) Negligence of established standard operating procedures at times leads to loss of valuable lives of security personnel. For example – 2014 attack in Sukma, 2016 in Dantewada resulted in the loss of lives of CRPF personnel 6) Certain vulnerabilities remain such as poor planning, inadequate numbers, insufficient intelligence backup etc. 7) Structural deficits and deficiencies such as putting IPS deputationists into almost every senior position in CRPF ignoring the decades of experience within the Force. 8) Modernization & Capacity building of police forces has been sluggish. For example – in Chhattisgarh, there are about 10,000 vacancies in different ranks in state police and 23 sanctioned police stations have yet to be set up. Strategies to tackle LWE: 1) Since the problem of Naxalism is not merely a law and order problem, it is being tackled on political, social, economic and security fronts by way of a multi-pronged strategy which essentially includes:- (i) having a peace dialogue by the affected States with Naxal groups if they are willing to shun violence and local conditions are conducive for talks; (ii) Strengthening of administrative machinery to make it more responsive, transparent and sensitive to enable effective redressal of public grievances; improved delivery mechanisms aimed at accelerated integrated development including enhanced employment opportunities of Naxal affected districts and(iii) Security Measures: 2) Long-term deployment of Central Police Forces; 3) Building up of local capabilities by the affected States in terms of improved intelligence gathering and sharing mechanisms; 4) Specially trained and well-equipped police forces to facilitate effective police action in a coordinated and sustained manner (modernization and upgradation); 5) Creation of Local Resistance Groups; 6) Undertaking procedural, technical and technological solutions such as the use of micro or mini-UAVs or small drones to minimize the loss of lives of security personnel. 7) Effective implementation of various developmental schemes in the affected areas: The government is focusing on infrastructure creation and other services etc. through two major developmental schemes - The Additional Central Assistance (ACA) and Road Requirement Plan (RRP-II). Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) supported Scheme of Mobile Services to increase mobile connectivity. Schemes like Roshni for skill development of rural poor youth and facilities of residential schools to children have been started in these areas. 8)Operation "SAMADHAN" is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)"s answer to the Naxal problem. Conclusion: Integrated development of Naxal affected States: The widespread socio-economic, political and regional inequities prevalent in the country, coupled with poverty, unemployment and lack of proper infrastructure remain the basic causes for continuance and spatial expansion of Naxalism. In order to tackle Naxalism from a developmental angle, the Central Government has asked the States to accord a higher priority in the annual plans to ensure faster-integrated development of the Naxal affected districts. Centre and states should continue with their coordinated efforts where Centre should play a supportive role with state police forces taking the lead.
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Briefly explain the characteristics of the Equatorial climate. What kind of vegetation is found in these regions? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Define the area of the equatorial region Enlist the type of vegetation Mention the characteristics of this vegetation Mention the reason for the distinctiveness of this vegetation Answer The equator region is an area of climate between 5 degrees and 10 degrees north and south of the equator. Its greatest extent is found in the lowlands of the Amazon, the Congo, Malaysia and the East Indies At the equator, the evergreen rainforest is found The tropical rainforest has 5 layers. Emergent layer– the uppermost layer where the tallest trees rise above the rest. The tree grows between 40 and 48 m to capture direct sunlight. Canopy layer– Tall trees in this layer are called canopy trees. They grow so close together that their crown interlock to form a continuous canopy. Understorey layer – short trees are found in this layer. Some epiphytes and lianas are also found here. Shrub layer – shrubs, young trees and ferns are found here. Ground layer– ferns, mosses, fungi and other small plants are found here because they do not need much sunlight to grow. The vegetation is sparse, with hardly any leaf litter on the forest floor because the fallen leaves decompose very rapidly in the equatorial climate. Characteristics of Equatorial vegetation Evergreen: This kind of vegetation remains green throughout the region due to continuous precipitation in the region. These type of vegetation grows at a temperature of 27-29 degrees Celcius. These forests have very dense vegetation. Many different types of trees and other plants can be found growing in a relatively small area of rainforest. Because of the moisture, high temperatures and the many decomposers, these leaves and any other organic matter decay very rapidly. Reason for distinctiveness The equatorial forests are distinctive because of continuous rainfall throughout the year which is not the case in other region. The temperature of this vegetation remain 26-28 degree Celsius throughout the region, which helps the forest to regularly growth of the population Examples of these forests are- Hardwood trees like rosewood, ebony, and mahogany are common here
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##Question:Briefly explain the characteristics of the Equatorial climate. What kind of vegetation is found in these regions? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Define the area of the equatorial region Enlist the type of vegetation Mention the characteristics of this vegetation Mention the reason for the distinctiveness of this vegetation Answer The equator region is an area of climate between 5 degrees and 10 degrees north and south of the equator. Its greatest extent is found in the lowlands of the Amazon, the Congo, Malaysia and the East Indies At the equator, the evergreen rainforest is found The tropical rainforest has 5 layers. Emergent layer– the uppermost layer where the tallest trees rise above the rest. The tree grows between 40 and 48 m to capture direct sunlight. Canopy layer– Tall trees in this layer are called canopy trees. They grow so close together that their crown interlock to form a continuous canopy. Understorey layer – short trees are found in this layer. Some epiphytes and lianas are also found here. Shrub layer – shrubs, young trees and ferns are found here. Ground layer– ferns, mosses, fungi and other small plants are found here because they do not need much sunlight to grow. The vegetation is sparse, with hardly any leaf litter on the forest floor because the fallen leaves decompose very rapidly in the equatorial climate. Characteristics of Equatorial vegetation Evergreen: This kind of vegetation remains green throughout the region due to continuous precipitation in the region. These type of vegetation grows at a temperature of 27-29 degrees Celcius. These forests have very dense vegetation. Many different types of trees and other plants can be found growing in a relatively small area of rainforest. Because of the moisture, high temperatures and the many decomposers, these leaves and any other organic matter decay very rapidly. Reason for distinctiveness The equatorial forests are distinctive because of continuous rainfall throughout the year which is not the case in other region. The temperature of this vegetation remain 26-28 degree Celsius throughout the region, which helps the forest to regularly growth of the population Examples of these forests are- Hardwood trees like rosewood, ebony, and mahogany are common here
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Differentiate between private and public limited companies. With examples discuss different forms of Public Sector Undertakings in the Indian economy. (150 words/10 marks)
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Brief approach defineprivate and public limited companies and d ifferentiate b/w them Give types of Public Sector Undertakings in Indian economy Answer- A private limited company is a business entity that is held by private owners. This type of entity limits the owner’s liability to their ownership stake, and restricts shareholders from publicly trading shares. A public company is a company that has permission to issue registered securities to the general public through an initial public offering (IPO) and it is traded on at least one stock exchange market. Difference b/w public ltd and private ltd- 1. Minimum number of members for Public ltd companies is 7 and for pvt ltd companies is 2 2. there is no limit for Maximum number of members/shareholders in public limited company. Maximum number of shareholders is limited to 200 in a private limited company excluding the past and present employees of the company. 3. For Commencement of Business A public limited company has to obtain the Certificate of commencement of business in addition to the Certificate of Incorporation. It will be enough if a private limited company gets Certificate of incorporation to commence the business. 4. A Public limited company has to secure minimum capital before allotting its shares. However there is no such restriction for a private limited company and it can allot shares. 5. A public limited company can invite public to subscribe for its shares. It must issue a prospectus or file a statement in lieu of prospectus before issuing shares. As per law, a private limited company has no rights to invite the public and as such cannot issue prospectus. They cannot get the public to subscribe for its share capital 6. T ransfer of shares can be done easily in a public limited company.The rights of members to transfer their shares is restricted the Articles of Association in a private limited company. 7. A Public limited company must hold a statutory meeting within six months from the date of commencement of business. It should file the statutory report with the Registrar of companies. A Private limited company need not hold any statutory meeting. 8. A public limited company may or may not have Articles. It can adopt Table-A of Schedule I of Companies Act. A Private limited company may have its own Articles of Association. 9. There should be atleast three directors for in the management of a public limited company. At least two directors are required for a private limited company. 10. The consent of the directors in writing to act as such is necessary in a public limited company. The consent of directors is not necessary in a private limited company. 11. A person should possess certain minimum number of shares to qualify himself as a director in a public limited company. This condition does not apply to the directors of a private limited company. 12. Not less than two thirds of the directors must retire from the management by rotation in a public limited company. There is no compulsory retirement in a private limited company. 13. A public limited company has to add the word ‘Limited’ at the end of its name. A private limited company has to add the words ‘Private Limited’ at the end of its name. 14. A Public limited company has to file its Annual Report with the Registrar of the Companies. It is not necessary for a Private limited company. 15. A public limited company can issue share warrants in case of fully paid up shares. A private limited company cannot issue share warrants. 16. There are certain restrictions on the payment of remuneration to Directors in a Public limited company. There is no such restriction in a Private limited company. 17. There are no privileges to a public limited company. Private limited company enjoys special privileges and exemptions.Private companies can keep their affairs to themselves. 18. The quorum required for a meeting of a public company is 5 persons. The quorum in case of a private company is 2 persons. 19. The Annual Reports are public documents. Any body can inspect the accounts in a public limited company. Annual accounts are not open for inspection by non-members in a Private limited company. 20. Together with the annual return, a private company has to file a declaration with the Registrar promising that the number of members does not exceed 50, that no share capital or debenture was raised from public and that other companies which are the members of the company holds less than 25% of the company’s shares. But a public company has to file only the annual return and not the above declaration. Types of PSU in India Departmental undertakings- example- Postal, railways Statutory corporations- example- Food corporation of India, AAI Government companies- example- BPCL, HPCL Under societies registration act- example- ICAR, CSIR
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##Question:Differentiate between private and public limited companies. With examples discuss different forms of Public Sector Undertakings in the Indian economy. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Brief approach defineprivate and public limited companies and d ifferentiate b/w them Give types of Public Sector Undertakings in Indian economy Answer- A private limited company is a business entity that is held by private owners. This type of entity limits the owner’s liability to their ownership stake, and restricts shareholders from publicly trading shares. A public company is a company that has permission to issue registered securities to the general public through an initial public offering (IPO) and it is traded on at least one stock exchange market. Difference b/w public ltd and private ltd- 1. Minimum number of members for Public ltd companies is 7 and for pvt ltd companies is 2 2. there is no limit for Maximum number of members/shareholders in public limited company. Maximum number of shareholders is limited to 200 in a private limited company excluding the past and present employees of the company. 3. For Commencement of Business A public limited company has to obtain the Certificate of commencement of business in addition to the Certificate of Incorporation. It will be enough if a private limited company gets Certificate of incorporation to commence the business. 4. A Public limited company has to secure minimum capital before allotting its shares. However there is no such restriction for a private limited company and it can allot shares. 5. A public limited company can invite public to subscribe for its shares. It must issue a prospectus or file a statement in lieu of prospectus before issuing shares. As per law, a private limited company has no rights to invite the public and as such cannot issue prospectus. They cannot get the public to subscribe for its share capital 6. T ransfer of shares can be done easily in a public limited company.The rights of members to transfer their shares is restricted the Articles of Association in a private limited company. 7. A Public limited company must hold a statutory meeting within six months from the date of commencement of business. It should file the statutory report with the Registrar of companies. A Private limited company need not hold any statutory meeting. 8. A public limited company may or may not have Articles. It can adopt Table-A of Schedule I of Companies Act. A Private limited company may have its own Articles of Association. 9. There should be atleast three directors for in the management of a public limited company. At least two directors are required for a private limited company. 10. The consent of the directors in writing to act as such is necessary in a public limited company. The consent of directors is not necessary in a private limited company. 11. A person should possess certain minimum number of shares to qualify himself as a director in a public limited company. This condition does not apply to the directors of a private limited company. 12. Not less than two thirds of the directors must retire from the management by rotation in a public limited company. There is no compulsory retirement in a private limited company. 13. A public limited company has to add the word ‘Limited’ at the end of its name. A private limited company has to add the words ‘Private Limited’ at the end of its name. 14. A Public limited company has to file its Annual Report with the Registrar of the Companies. It is not necessary for a Private limited company. 15. A public limited company can issue share warrants in case of fully paid up shares. A private limited company cannot issue share warrants. 16. There are certain restrictions on the payment of remuneration to Directors in a Public limited company. There is no such restriction in a Private limited company. 17. There are no privileges to a public limited company. Private limited company enjoys special privileges and exemptions.Private companies can keep their affairs to themselves. 18. The quorum required for a meeting of a public company is 5 persons. The quorum in case of a private company is 2 persons. 19. The Annual Reports are public documents. Any body can inspect the accounts in a public limited company. Annual accounts are not open for inspection by non-members in a Private limited company. 20. Together with the annual return, a private company has to file a declaration with the Registrar promising that the number of members does not exceed 50, that no share capital or debenture was raised from public and that other companies which are the members of the company holds less than 25% of the company’s shares. But a public company has to file only the annual return and not the above declaration. Types of PSU in India Departmental undertakings- example- Postal, railways Statutory corporations- example- Food corporation of India, AAI Government companies- example- BPCL, HPCL Under societies registration act- example- ICAR, CSIR
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Differentiate between plan and policy. (150 words)
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##Question:Differentiate between plan and policy. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Has feminisation of agriculture led to women empowerment or not?(150 words)
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Feminization of agriculture means increasing participation of women in agricultural activities. According to AgriculturalCensus 2011, there has been a24% increasein the number of female agricultural labourers between 2001 and 2011 in India. This is due to agricultural distress, migration of men to urban areas, poverty etc. To some extent, this has led to women empowerment as women have access to economic resources which empowers them to have more say in household. It is giving women a sense of self dependence and confidence. Positive role of cooperatives and SHGs has also led to improved condition of women agricultural cultivators and labours. However the increasing trend of feminization of agriculture has posed more challenges that has prevented women empowerment. CHALLENGES DUE TO FEMINIZATION OF AGRICULTURE The biggest issue is of access to land ownership. Due to non-ownership of land, women are not able to avail benefits of government schemes or take formal loans. This leaves them at the mercy of money lenders who charge very high interest rate. Women are often involved in lower rung labour intensive farming activities as men operate most of the machineries. Also there is wage differential between men and women labours. Women have dual burden of working in the field and taking care of household responsibilities. Women agricultural labours face sexual harassment and violence at workplace. There is resistance from patriarchal society. This is aggravated by the fact that even if the women is taking care of farm, the decision making will be done by her husband. Women lack any training and knowledge about farming practices, agricultural inputs, government facilities etc. The above issues show that feminization of agriculture has created a potential for women empowerment but doesn’t guarantee it. It highlights the urgency to have some policy initiatives so that feminization of agriculture doesn’t lead to feminization of poverty such as equal pay for equal work, female friendly agricultural tools and machinery, training of women cultivators. Most importantly there is need to secure their land and property rights to that they can access formal credit and avail government schemes.
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##Question:Has feminisation of agriculture led to women empowerment or not?(150 words)##Answer:Feminization of agriculture means increasing participation of women in agricultural activities. According to AgriculturalCensus 2011, there has been a24% increasein the number of female agricultural labourers between 2001 and 2011 in India. This is due to agricultural distress, migration of men to urban areas, poverty etc. To some extent, this has led to women empowerment as women have access to economic resources which empowers them to have more say in household. It is giving women a sense of self dependence and confidence. Positive role of cooperatives and SHGs has also led to improved condition of women agricultural cultivators and labours. However the increasing trend of feminization of agriculture has posed more challenges that has prevented women empowerment. CHALLENGES DUE TO FEMINIZATION OF AGRICULTURE The biggest issue is of access to land ownership. Due to non-ownership of land, women are not able to avail benefits of government schemes or take formal loans. This leaves them at the mercy of money lenders who charge very high interest rate. Women are often involved in lower rung labour intensive farming activities as men operate most of the machineries. Also there is wage differential between men and women labours. Women have dual burden of working in the field and taking care of household responsibilities. Women agricultural labours face sexual harassment and violence at workplace. There is resistance from patriarchal society. This is aggravated by the fact that even if the women is taking care of farm, the decision making will be done by her husband. Women lack any training and knowledge about farming practices, agricultural inputs, government facilities etc. The above issues show that feminization of agriculture has created a potential for women empowerment but doesn’t guarantee it. It highlights the urgency to have some policy initiatives so that feminization of agriculture doesn’t lead to feminization of poverty such as equal pay for equal work, female friendly agricultural tools and machinery, training of women cultivators. Most importantly there is need to secure their land and property rights to that they can access formal credit and avail government schemes.
| 36,711
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Explain the causes behind launching of the Quit India Movement and highlight its importance. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach : Introduce the answer by highlighting some important facts related to the QIM Explain various causes behind the launching of QIM Discuss the significance of the QIM Conclude answer by linking QIM to freedom of India in 1947 Answer : Quit India Movement (QIM) was launched in August 1942 at Gowalia Tank ground in Mumbai, which turned out as the last major mass struggle of India for its freedom. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi Ji on the line of "Do or Die". Causes behind the launching of QIM - British attitude and failure of the Cripps Mission - British involved India in World War II without the permission of India. Further, the August Offer of the Viceroy didn"t assure the immediate devolution of the power. The Cripps Mission also failed to satisfy Indian leaders because against the popular demand for complete freedom, it talked about dominion status for India after the end of World War II. Side effects of war - There was no import of the foodgrains from Myanmar, due to war, most of the factories were producing military weapons instead of consumer goods. These factors resulted in a shortage of foodgrains and other essential consumer goods.Naturally, prices of essential goods increased with the high inflation rate. Bengal Famine - Due to indifferent attitude and insensitivity of the British government, many thousands of people died in the Bengal famine causing huge distress among the people against the British rule. British defeat - The defeat of British troops against Japan and advances made by Japan towards India made the masses do something. Further the treatment of their own subjects in the war zone by the British upset Indians. This defeat hampered the impression of the supremacy of British rule. Individual Satyagraha - Individual Satyagraha launched by Congress in the backdrop the World War II had only limited success. There was a growing demand from the people to launch a mass movement. Significance of the QIM - Last Nail in Coffin - QIM from its very beginning was on the line of "Do or Die" clearly indicating complete independence as its ultimate goal. Mass Participation - All sections of society such as peasants, workers, lawyers, teachers, students, women, traders etc participated in the QIM. This helped to increase the base of the movement and the politicisation of the masses. Support of businessmen to the QIM clearly showed that the movement gave huge confidence to Indians that the British rule to be ended soon. Kept Congress united during the tough times. Second level leadership got a good opportunity to lead the movement. Parallel Governments - Parallel governments got established at Baliya(UP-First Parallel Government), Tamluk (Bengal), Satara (Maharashtra-Longest Parallel Government) and Talchar(Orissa) during the QIM. At these places, there was no control of the British government for a considerable period of time. It was during this movement that the British realized that they would not be able to govern India for a long time anymore and began to think of ways they could exit the country in a peaceful and dignified manner. Hence, one can say that Quit India Movement was of huge significance in the sense that it ensured India"s freedom on lines of the Gandhian philosophy of peace and non-violence.
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##Question:Explain the causes behind launching of the Quit India Movement and highlight its importance. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by highlighting some important facts related to the QIM Explain various causes behind the launching of QIM Discuss the significance of the QIM Conclude answer by linking QIM to freedom of India in 1947 Answer : Quit India Movement (QIM) was launched in August 1942 at Gowalia Tank ground in Mumbai, which turned out as the last major mass struggle of India for its freedom. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi Ji on the line of "Do or Die". Causes behind the launching of QIM - British attitude and failure of the Cripps Mission - British involved India in World War II without the permission of India. Further, the August Offer of the Viceroy didn"t assure the immediate devolution of the power. The Cripps Mission also failed to satisfy Indian leaders because against the popular demand for complete freedom, it talked about dominion status for India after the end of World War II. Side effects of war - There was no import of the foodgrains from Myanmar, due to war, most of the factories were producing military weapons instead of consumer goods. These factors resulted in a shortage of foodgrains and other essential consumer goods.Naturally, prices of essential goods increased with the high inflation rate. Bengal Famine - Due to indifferent attitude and insensitivity of the British government, many thousands of people died in the Bengal famine causing huge distress among the people against the British rule. British defeat - The defeat of British troops against Japan and advances made by Japan towards India made the masses do something. Further the treatment of their own subjects in the war zone by the British upset Indians. This defeat hampered the impression of the supremacy of British rule. Individual Satyagraha - Individual Satyagraha launched by Congress in the backdrop the World War II had only limited success. There was a growing demand from the people to launch a mass movement. Significance of the QIM - Last Nail in Coffin - QIM from its very beginning was on the line of "Do or Die" clearly indicating complete independence as its ultimate goal. Mass Participation - All sections of society such as peasants, workers, lawyers, teachers, students, women, traders etc participated in the QIM. This helped to increase the base of the movement and the politicisation of the masses. Support of businessmen to the QIM clearly showed that the movement gave huge confidence to Indians that the British rule to be ended soon. Kept Congress united during the tough times. Second level leadership got a good opportunity to lead the movement. Parallel Governments - Parallel governments got established at Baliya(UP-First Parallel Government), Tamluk (Bengal), Satara (Maharashtra-Longest Parallel Government) and Talchar(Orissa) during the QIM. At these places, there was no control of the British government for a considerable period of time. It was during this movement that the British realized that they would not be able to govern India for a long time anymore and began to think of ways they could exit the country in a peaceful and dignified manner. Hence, one can say that Quit India Movement was of huge significance in the sense that it ensured India"s freedom on lines of the Gandhian philosophy of peace and non-violence.
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. “औद्योगिक क्रांति से उत्पन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक आवश्यकताओं के परिणामस्वरूप निर्मित ब्रिटिश नीतियों ने भारत के औद्योगीकृत ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था को झकझोर कर रख दिया।” उक्त कथन के सन्दर्भ में 19 वीं सदी में अंग्रेजों द्वारा भारत के विऔद्योगीकरण की प्रक्रिया एवं उसके मुख्य प्रभावों की व्याख्या कीजिए | (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) “British policies created as a result of the socio-economic needs arising out of the Industrial Revolution shook the industrialized rural economy of India.” In the context of the above statement, explain the process of deindustrialization of India by the British in the 19th century and its main effects. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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परिचय औद्योगिक क्रांति ने ब्रिटेन में महत्वपूर्ण सामाजिक- आर्थिक परिवर्तन किये बड़े पैमाने पर मशीन चालित उद्योगों की स्थापना एवं उनके लिए कच्चे माल की आवश्यकता साथ ही उनके द्वारा तैयार उत्पादों के विक्रय हेतु एक बाज़ार की आवश्यकता इन्हीं आवश्यकताओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था को ब्रिटिश जरूरतों के अनुरूप एक उपनिवेशी अर्थव्यवस्था में परिवर्तित किया गया भारतीय उद्योगों का पतन बुनकरों की दशाओं में बदलाव एवं हस्तशिल्प उद्योग पर एकाधिकार कच्चे माल का दोहन मुख्य ध्येय विदेशी मशीन निर्मित वस्तुओं का आगमन जो भारतीय वस्तुओं से सस्ती व गुणवत्ता में भी सामान थी| इसके कारण भारतीय वस्तुओं को भरी प्रतिस्पर्द्धा झेलना पड़ा एवं भारतीय बाज़ारों में टिके रहना मुश्किल हुए | साथ ही साथ ब्रिटेन में भी भारतीय वस्तुओं पर उच्च आयात शुल्क लगाये गए जिससे वहां के बाज़ार में पहुँच में समस्या मुक्त व्यापर की नीति 1813 का अधिनियम मे ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी एकाधिकार समाप्त अंतर्देशीय सीमा शुल्क भारत उद्योगों के पतन का परिणाम वैकल्पिक उद्योगों का विकास अवरूद्ध -भारत में उद्योगों के पतन के साथ वैकल्पिक उद्योगों का विकास एक लम्बे अन्तराल के पश्चात हुआ | पतन के कारण औद्योगिक ढांचा अवरूध हो गया ,इससे आगे आने वाले समय में भी औद्योगिक विकास की प्रक्रिया प्रभावित हुई | औद्योगिक नगरों का पतन -उद्योगों के कारण जिन नगरों की पहचान थी उनका पतन हो गया जैसे-ढाका,सूरत,मुर्शिदाबाद आदि बेरोजगारी में वृद्धि – उद्योगों पर निर्भर लोग बड़े संख्या में बेरोजगार हुए तथा जीवन स्तर में भी कमी आई व्यापार की प्रकृति भी प्रभावित हुई -भारत निर्यातक से आयातक के रूप में परिवर्तित हो गया नगरों से गाँवों की ओर पलायन - ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था पर इसका व्यापक प्रभाव देखा गया –रोजगार के आभाव में बड़ी संख्या में बुनकर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों की ओर पलायन कर गए ; इससे भूमिहीन कृषकों की संख्या में वृद्धि हुई तथा इनका शोषण भी अधिक हुआ | जोतों का विभाजन -कृषि पर जनसँख्या के बोझ में वृद्धि एवं जोतों का विभाजन हुआ | श्रम आधिक्य – कृषि क्षेत्र में सरम आधिक्य एवं उत्पादकता में कमी ने तकनीकी विकास को रोका जिससे कृषि के आधुनिकीकरण में बाधा उत्पन्न हुई | परिवहन के साधनों में परिवर्तन – बाज़ार की तलाश में यहाँ परिवहन व् संचार के साधनों में विकास किया अंततः इन परिवर्तनों ने ग्रामीण आर्थिक जीवन को झकझोर कर रख दिया जिसके दूरगामी सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभाव देखे गए |
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##Question:. “औद्योगिक क्रांति से उत्पन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक आवश्यकताओं के परिणामस्वरूप निर्मित ब्रिटिश नीतियों ने भारत के औद्योगीकृत ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था को झकझोर कर रख दिया।” उक्त कथन के सन्दर्भ में 19 वीं सदी में अंग्रेजों द्वारा भारत के विऔद्योगीकरण की प्रक्रिया एवं उसके मुख्य प्रभावों की व्याख्या कीजिए | (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) “British policies created as a result of the socio-economic needs arising out of the Industrial Revolution shook the industrialized rural economy of India.” In the context of the above statement, explain the process of deindustrialization of India by the British in the 19th century and its main effects. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:परिचय औद्योगिक क्रांति ने ब्रिटेन में महत्वपूर्ण सामाजिक- आर्थिक परिवर्तन किये बड़े पैमाने पर मशीन चालित उद्योगों की स्थापना एवं उनके लिए कच्चे माल की आवश्यकता साथ ही उनके द्वारा तैयार उत्पादों के विक्रय हेतु एक बाज़ार की आवश्यकता इन्हीं आवश्यकताओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था को ब्रिटिश जरूरतों के अनुरूप एक उपनिवेशी अर्थव्यवस्था में परिवर्तित किया गया भारतीय उद्योगों का पतन बुनकरों की दशाओं में बदलाव एवं हस्तशिल्प उद्योग पर एकाधिकार कच्चे माल का दोहन मुख्य ध्येय विदेशी मशीन निर्मित वस्तुओं का आगमन जो भारतीय वस्तुओं से सस्ती व गुणवत्ता में भी सामान थी| इसके कारण भारतीय वस्तुओं को भरी प्रतिस्पर्द्धा झेलना पड़ा एवं भारतीय बाज़ारों में टिके रहना मुश्किल हुए | साथ ही साथ ब्रिटेन में भी भारतीय वस्तुओं पर उच्च आयात शुल्क लगाये गए जिससे वहां के बाज़ार में पहुँच में समस्या मुक्त व्यापर की नीति 1813 का अधिनियम मे ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी एकाधिकार समाप्त अंतर्देशीय सीमा शुल्क भारत उद्योगों के पतन का परिणाम वैकल्पिक उद्योगों का विकास अवरूद्ध -भारत में उद्योगों के पतन के साथ वैकल्पिक उद्योगों का विकास एक लम्बे अन्तराल के पश्चात हुआ | पतन के कारण औद्योगिक ढांचा अवरूध हो गया ,इससे आगे आने वाले समय में भी औद्योगिक विकास की प्रक्रिया प्रभावित हुई | औद्योगिक नगरों का पतन -उद्योगों के कारण जिन नगरों की पहचान थी उनका पतन हो गया जैसे-ढाका,सूरत,मुर्शिदाबाद आदि बेरोजगारी में वृद्धि – उद्योगों पर निर्भर लोग बड़े संख्या में बेरोजगार हुए तथा जीवन स्तर में भी कमी आई व्यापार की प्रकृति भी प्रभावित हुई -भारत निर्यातक से आयातक के रूप में परिवर्तित हो गया नगरों से गाँवों की ओर पलायन - ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था पर इसका व्यापक प्रभाव देखा गया –रोजगार के आभाव में बड़ी संख्या में बुनकर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों की ओर पलायन कर गए ; इससे भूमिहीन कृषकों की संख्या में वृद्धि हुई तथा इनका शोषण भी अधिक हुआ | जोतों का विभाजन -कृषि पर जनसँख्या के बोझ में वृद्धि एवं जोतों का विभाजन हुआ | श्रम आधिक्य – कृषि क्षेत्र में सरम आधिक्य एवं उत्पादकता में कमी ने तकनीकी विकास को रोका जिससे कृषि के आधुनिकीकरण में बाधा उत्पन्न हुई | परिवहन के साधनों में परिवर्तन – बाज़ार की तलाश में यहाँ परिवहन व् संचार के साधनों में विकास किया अंततः इन परिवर्तनों ने ग्रामीण आर्थिक जीवन को झकझोर कर रख दिया जिसके दूरगामी सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभाव देखे गए |
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भारत में न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य के अंतर्गत होने वाली सरकारी खरीद का ढांचा विविध समस्याओं से जूझ रहा है जो कृषकों की आय को प्रभावित करता है| इस संदर्भ में वर्ष 2022 तक किसानों की आय दो गुनी करने हेतु अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में गठित समिति की अनुशंसाओं को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The government procurement framework under the minimum support price in India is beset with various problems which affect the income of the farmers. In this context, outline the recommendations of the committee formed under the chairmanship of Ashok Dalwai to double the income of farmers by the year 2022. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में भारत में न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य के अंतर्गत होने वाली सरकारी खरीद के ढाँचे के बारे में बताएं 2- सरकारी खरीद के ढाँचे द्वारा सामना की जा रही समस्याओं का वर्णन कीजिये 3- उपरोक्त में समाधान के संदर्भ में वर्ष 2022 तक किसानों की आय दो गुनी करने हेतु अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में गठित समिति की अनुशंसाओं को रेखांकित कीजिये| 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारत में सरकारी खरीद की व्यवस्था किसानों के लिए एक सुनिश्चित बाजार के रूप में कार्य करती है और फसल प्रतिरूप का मार्गदर्शन करने तथा उत्पादन को प्रोत्साहित करने में भूमिका निभाती है न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य, सरकारी खरीद के मूल्य के रूप में कार्य करता है और इसे बाजार मूल्य बेंचमार्क के रूप में उपयोग किया जाता है। सरकार 23 जिंसों (commodities), जिसमें खरीफ सत्र की 14, रबी सत्र की 7 और कैलेंडर वर्ष (अर्थात् एक वर्ष) के सत्र वाली 2 फसलों सम्मिलित हैं, के लिए प्रतिवर्ष न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य अधिसूचित करती है।MSP के साथ-साथ सरकार द्वारा वर्तमान सरकारी खरीद प्रणालियाँ, निम्नलिखित के अंतर्गत भी कार्यान्वित की जाती हैं: मूल्य समर्थन योजना (Price Support Scheme: PSS): यह MSP के तहत अधिसूचित फसलों के मामले में लागू होती है। बाजार हस्तक्षेप योजना (Market Intervention Scheme: MIS): इसके तहत ऐसी जिंसों (commodities), जैसे- फल/ सब्जियाँ/ अन्य बागवानी उत्पाद आदि का समर्थन किया जाता है जिनके लिए MSP की घोषणा नहीं की जाती है मूल्य स्थिरीकरण कोष (Price Stabilization Fund: PSF): यह उपभोक्ताओं को बढ़ते मूल्यों से संरक्षण प्रदान करने वाली योजना है केंद्रीय पूल के लिए भारतीय खाद्य निगम द्वारा खरीद: इसके तहत गेहूं और धान की खरीद बफर मानदंडों को पूरा करने तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली के लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने के लिए की जाती है। भारत में सरकारी खरीद ढांचे के साथ वर्तमान समस्याएं क्या हैं? सरकारी खरीद की सीमित पहुंच: न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य से जुड़ी सरकारी खरीद में शामिल की गई फसलों और भौगोलिक क्षेत्र के मामले में भी समानता का अभाव है। उदाहरण के लिए, गेहूं के मामले में विपणन अधिशेष (marketed surplus) की लगभग 33 प्रतिशत खरीद और 90 प्रतिशत सरकारी खरीद केवल पंजाब, हरियाणा और मध्य प्रदेश से होती है गेहूं और धान के किसानों को लाभ: गेहू और धान के अतिरिक्त अन्य न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य के तहत अधिसूचित जिंसों की खरीद बहुत उत्साहजनक नहीं रही है। उदाहरण के लिए, तिलहन की सरकारी खरीद कुल उत्पादन का मात्र लगभग 0.66 प्रतिशत रही है। मूल्य समर्थन योजना का अकुशल संचालन: इस योजना के तहत दालों की कुल सरकारी खरीद विपणन अधिशेष का केवल 10 प्रतिशत रही है, जो इसके अकुशल कार्यान्वयन को इंगित करती है बाजार हस्तक्षेप योजना (MIS) के अंतर्गत जल्दी ख़राब होने वाली जिंसों (perishables) की सरकारी खरीद अभी भी नगण्य बनी हुई है कार्रवाई में विलंब: बाजार सहभागियों ने तर्क दिया है कि संकट की स्थिति में सरकार की ओर से हस्तक्षेप में विलंब से किसानों की तुलना में बिचौलियों को अधिक लाभ होता है उत्पादन और उपभोग के प्रतिरूप में बदलाव: मूल्य और सरकारी खरीद-आधारित हस्तक्षेपों ने चावल-गेहूं की उच्चतर आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित की है। इस उच्चतर आपूर्ति ने चावल-गेहूं उपभोग में वृद्धि के साथ-साथ इसकी खेती में भी वृद्धि की है। कैलोरी को अधिक वरीयता प्रदान करने वाले इस खाद्य सुरक्षा दृष्टिकोण के परिणामस्वरूप पोषण संबंधी कमी की स्थिति उत्पन्न हुई है। उपरोक्त कारणों ने कृषकों की आय को नकारात्मक रूप से प्रभावित किया है अतः भारत सरकार ने कृषकों की आय में वृद्धि के लिए सुझाव देने हुए अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में एक समिति गठित की है| किसान की आय को दोगुना करने के लिए गठित समिति (अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में) की रिपोर्ट द्वारा निम्नलिखित अनुशंसाओं का सुझाव दिया गया है:- सरकारी खरीद की अधिक सुदृढ़ प्रणाली को अपनाया जाना: इनका देशव्यापी कार्यान्वयन; सभी फसलों तक पहुँच को सुनिश्चित करने के साथ-साथ ऐसे मामलों में जहां फसलों के मूल्यों में न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य से अधिक गिरावट हो सकती है वहां अनुक्रिया की गति तथा सरकारी खरीद की प्रभावकारिता में सुधार किया जाए। सरकारी खरीद हस्तक्षेपों में विविधता लाना: जनसंख्या की पोषण सुरक्षा को संतुलित करने के लिए सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली सहित मांग और आपूर्ति से संबंधित रणनीति पर पुनर्विचार करने की आवश्यकता है। इसलिए इस तरह के हस्तक्षेपों का उद्देश्य जनसंख्या को विभिन्न प्रकार के पोषण प्रदान करना और अप्रासंगिक नीतियों का पूर्वनिर्धारित या निश्चित समय पर उन्मूलन सुनिश्चित करना चाहिए। समयोचित बाजार हस्तक्षेप: बाजार हस्तक्षेप, मूल्य से जुड़ी संभावित घटनाओं या परिणामों से भी प्रेरित होते हैं। किसी भी बाजार हस्तक्षेप की सीमा और समय का उद्देश्य, बाजार के मूल्यों में उतार-चढ़ाव को सामान्य करने और इससे भी अधिक महत्वपूर्ण रूप में सामयिक रूप से फसल कटाई के तुरंत बाद उत्पन्न होने वाली प्रचुरता के कारण मूल्यों में तेजी से आने वाली गिरावट को सामान्य करना होना चाहिए। इसके साथ ही वर्ष 2022 तक किसानों की आय दो गुनी करने हेतु अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में गठित समिति ने निम्नलिखित अनुशंसाएं भी की हैं- कृषि विद्युत: भारत में कृषि विद्युत की खपत वर्ष 2017-18 में औसतन 2.02 किलोवाट (kW) प्रति हेक्टेयर थी। यह स्थिति एशिया-प्रशांत के देशों की तुलना में भी बेहद खराब है। अतः वर्ष 2022 तक कम से कम प्रति हेक्टेयर 4 kw का लक्ष्य रखा जाना चाहिए। अनुसंधान एवं विकास: देश में छोटे तथा सीमांत जोतों की संख्या को ध्यान में रखते हुए अनुसंधान एवं विकास का लक्ष्य लघु स्तर के उन्नत मशीनों के विकास तथा डिजाइन पर केंद्रित होना चाहिए। इसके अतिरिक्त, ऐसी मशीनें जो देश के विभिन्न भू-भागों के लिए उपयुक्त हो सकती हैं, उनपर प्राथमिकता के आधार पर ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है। राज्य/क्षेत्रीय सेवा केंद्रों’ के पास अधिक परिष्कृत तथा भारी मशीनें होनी चाहिए, जो कुछ विशिष्ट मांगों को पूरा करने के लिए बड़े क्षेत्रों को सेवाएं दे सकें। इसके अतिरिक्त, इन्हें सूचना व संचार प्रौद्योगिकी (ICT) / भौगोलिक सूचना तंत्र (GIS) / अंतरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी आधारित सेवाएं प्रदान करने में सक्षम होना चाहिए। उपरोक्त के अतिरिक्त विभिन्न स्तरों पर स्थित कस्टम हायरिंग सेंटर्स (CHCs) को उपयुक्त सहायता प्रदान की जानी चाहिए, ताकि वे आधुनिक तकनीक, जैसे- ड्रोन, सेंसर आधारित एप्लिकेशन इत्यादि को शामिल कर सकें। इसके अतिरिक्त, पशुपालन, मत्स्य पालन आदि जैसे उप-क्षेत्रकों के लिए आवश्यक तकनीक को शामिल करने हेतु प्रयास किये जाने चाहिए|
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##Question:भारत में न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य के अंतर्गत होने वाली सरकारी खरीद का ढांचा विविध समस्याओं से जूझ रहा है जो कृषकों की आय को प्रभावित करता है| इस संदर्भ में वर्ष 2022 तक किसानों की आय दो गुनी करने हेतु अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में गठित समिति की अनुशंसाओं को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The government procurement framework under the minimum support price in India is beset with various problems which affect the income of the farmers. In this context, outline the recommendations of the committee formed under the chairmanship of Ashok Dalwai to double the income of farmers by the year 2022. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में भारत में न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य के अंतर्गत होने वाली सरकारी खरीद के ढाँचे के बारे में बताएं 2- सरकारी खरीद के ढाँचे द्वारा सामना की जा रही समस्याओं का वर्णन कीजिये 3- उपरोक्त में समाधान के संदर्भ में वर्ष 2022 तक किसानों की आय दो गुनी करने हेतु अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में गठित समिति की अनुशंसाओं को रेखांकित कीजिये| 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारत में सरकारी खरीद की व्यवस्था किसानों के लिए एक सुनिश्चित बाजार के रूप में कार्य करती है और फसल प्रतिरूप का मार्गदर्शन करने तथा उत्पादन को प्रोत्साहित करने में भूमिका निभाती है न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य, सरकारी खरीद के मूल्य के रूप में कार्य करता है और इसे बाजार मूल्य बेंचमार्क के रूप में उपयोग किया जाता है। सरकार 23 जिंसों (commodities), जिसमें खरीफ सत्र की 14, रबी सत्र की 7 और कैलेंडर वर्ष (अर्थात् एक वर्ष) के सत्र वाली 2 फसलों सम्मिलित हैं, के लिए प्रतिवर्ष न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य अधिसूचित करती है।MSP के साथ-साथ सरकार द्वारा वर्तमान सरकारी खरीद प्रणालियाँ, निम्नलिखित के अंतर्गत भी कार्यान्वित की जाती हैं: मूल्य समर्थन योजना (Price Support Scheme: PSS): यह MSP के तहत अधिसूचित फसलों के मामले में लागू होती है। बाजार हस्तक्षेप योजना (Market Intervention Scheme: MIS): इसके तहत ऐसी जिंसों (commodities), जैसे- फल/ सब्जियाँ/ अन्य बागवानी उत्पाद आदि का समर्थन किया जाता है जिनके लिए MSP की घोषणा नहीं की जाती है मूल्य स्थिरीकरण कोष (Price Stabilization Fund: PSF): यह उपभोक्ताओं को बढ़ते मूल्यों से संरक्षण प्रदान करने वाली योजना है केंद्रीय पूल के लिए भारतीय खाद्य निगम द्वारा खरीद: इसके तहत गेहूं और धान की खरीद बफर मानदंडों को पूरा करने तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली के लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने के लिए की जाती है। भारत में सरकारी खरीद ढांचे के साथ वर्तमान समस्याएं क्या हैं? सरकारी खरीद की सीमित पहुंच: न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य से जुड़ी सरकारी खरीद में शामिल की गई फसलों और भौगोलिक क्षेत्र के मामले में भी समानता का अभाव है। उदाहरण के लिए, गेहूं के मामले में विपणन अधिशेष (marketed surplus) की लगभग 33 प्रतिशत खरीद और 90 प्रतिशत सरकारी खरीद केवल पंजाब, हरियाणा और मध्य प्रदेश से होती है गेहूं और धान के किसानों को लाभ: गेहू और धान के अतिरिक्त अन्य न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य के तहत अधिसूचित जिंसों की खरीद बहुत उत्साहजनक नहीं रही है। उदाहरण के लिए, तिलहन की सरकारी खरीद कुल उत्पादन का मात्र लगभग 0.66 प्रतिशत रही है। मूल्य समर्थन योजना का अकुशल संचालन: इस योजना के तहत दालों की कुल सरकारी खरीद विपणन अधिशेष का केवल 10 प्रतिशत रही है, जो इसके अकुशल कार्यान्वयन को इंगित करती है बाजार हस्तक्षेप योजना (MIS) के अंतर्गत जल्दी ख़राब होने वाली जिंसों (perishables) की सरकारी खरीद अभी भी नगण्य बनी हुई है कार्रवाई में विलंब: बाजार सहभागियों ने तर्क दिया है कि संकट की स्थिति में सरकार की ओर से हस्तक्षेप में विलंब से किसानों की तुलना में बिचौलियों को अधिक लाभ होता है उत्पादन और उपभोग के प्रतिरूप में बदलाव: मूल्य और सरकारी खरीद-आधारित हस्तक्षेपों ने चावल-गेहूं की उच्चतर आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित की है। इस उच्चतर आपूर्ति ने चावल-गेहूं उपभोग में वृद्धि के साथ-साथ इसकी खेती में भी वृद्धि की है। कैलोरी को अधिक वरीयता प्रदान करने वाले इस खाद्य सुरक्षा दृष्टिकोण के परिणामस्वरूप पोषण संबंधी कमी की स्थिति उत्पन्न हुई है। उपरोक्त कारणों ने कृषकों की आय को नकारात्मक रूप से प्रभावित किया है अतः भारत सरकार ने कृषकों की आय में वृद्धि के लिए सुझाव देने हुए अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में एक समिति गठित की है| किसान की आय को दोगुना करने के लिए गठित समिति (अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में) की रिपोर्ट द्वारा निम्नलिखित अनुशंसाओं का सुझाव दिया गया है:- सरकारी खरीद की अधिक सुदृढ़ प्रणाली को अपनाया जाना: इनका देशव्यापी कार्यान्वयन; सभी फसलों तक पहुँच को सुनिश्चित करने के साथ-साथ ऐसे मामलों में जहां फसलों के मूल्यों में न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य से अधिक गिरावट हो सकती है वहां अनुक्रिया की गति तथा सरकारी खरीद की प्रभावकारिता में सुधार किया जाए। सरकारी खरीद हस्तक्षेपों में विविधता लाना: जनसंख्या की पोषण सुरक्षा को संतुलित करने के लिए सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली सहित मांग और आपूर्ति से संबंधित रणनीति पर पुनर्विचार करने की आवश्यकता है। इसलिए इस तरह के हस्तक्षेपों का उद्देश्य जनसंख्या को विभिन्न प्रकार के पोषण प्रदान करना और अप्रासंगिक नीतियों का पूर्वनिर्धारित या निश्चित समय पर उन्मूलन सुनिश्चित करना चाहिए। समयोचित बाजार हस्तक्षेप: बाजार हस्तक्षेप, मूल्य से जुड़ी संभावित घटनाओं या परिणामों से भी प्रेरित होते हैं। किसी भी बाजार हस्तक्षेप की सीमा और समय का उद्देश्य, बाजार के मूल्यों में उतार-चढ़ाव को सामान्य करने और इससे भी अधिक महत्वपूर्ण रूप में सामयिक रूप से फसल कटाई के तुरंत बाद उत्पन्न होने वाली प्रचुरता के कारण मूल्यों में तेजी से आने वाली गिरावट को सामान्य करना होना चाहिए। इसके साथ ही वर्ष 2022 तक किसानों की आय दो गुनी करने हेतु अशोक दलवई की अध्यक्षता में गठित समिति ने निम्नलिखित अनुशंसाएं भी की हैं- कृषि विद्युत: भारत में कृषि विद्युत की खपत वर्ष 2017-18 में औसतन 2.02 किलोवाट (kW) प्रति हेक्टेयर थी। यह स्थिति एशिया-प्रशांत के देशों की तुलना में भी बेहद खराब है। अतः वर्ष 2022 तक कम से कम प्रति हेक्टेयर 4 kw का लक्ष्य रखा जाना चाहिए। अनुसंधान एवं विकास: देश में छोटे तथा सीमांत जोतों की संख्या को ध्यान में रखते हुए अनुसंधान एवं विकास का लक्ष्य लघु स्तर के उन्नत मशीनों के विकास तथा डिजाइन पर केंद्रित होना चाहिए। इसके अतिरिक्त, ऐसी मशीनें जो देश के विभिन्न भू-भागों के लिए उपयुक्त हो सकती हैं, उनपर प्राथमिकता के आधार पर ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है। राज्य/क्षेत्रीय सेवा केंद्रों’ के पास अधिक परिष्कृत तथा भारी मशीनें होनी चाहिए, जो कुछ विशिष्ट मांगों को पूरा करने के लिए बड़े क्षेत्रों को सेवाएं दे सकें। इसके अतिरिक्त, इन्हें सूचना व संचार प्रौद्योगिकी (ICT) / भौगोलिक सूचना तंत्र (GIS) / अंतरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी आधारित सेवाएं प्रदान करने में सक्षम होना चाहिए। उपरोक्त के अतिरिक्त विभिन्न स्तरों पर स्थित कस्टम हायरिंग सेंटर्स (CHCs) को उपयुक्त सहायता प्रदान की जानी चाहिए, ताकि वे आधुनिक तकनीक, जैसे- ड्रोन, सेंसर आधारित एप्लिकेशन इत्यादि को शामिल कर सकें। इसके अतिरिक्त, पशुपालन, मत्स्य पालन आदि जैसे उप-क्षेत्रकों के लिए आवश्यक तकनीक को शामिल करने हेतु प्रयास किये जाने चाहिए|
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What do you understand about the fiscal policy? Discuss the different types of deficits in Indian fiscal policy and their relevance to the Indian economy. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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What do you understand by fiscal policy? Discuss the different types of deficits used in Indian fiscal policy. Discuss its relevance for the Indian economy. Approach:- Define Fiscal Policy Explain various kinds of Fiscal deficits Discuss its relevance for Indian Economy Conclusion Answer:- Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation"s economy. Fiscal policy is a policy of raising revenue for government and setting up the expenditure mechanism as well. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a central bank influences a nation"s money supply. Deficits occur when a government"s expenditures exceed the revenue that it generates. Different types of deficit:- 1.Primary deficit :- It is defined as the difference between current government spending on goods and services and total current revenue from all types of taxes net of transfer payments. It excludes interest payments on debt. A transfer payment is a one-way payment to a person from government for which no money, good, or service is given or exchanged. For instance- Unemployment Compensation 2.Fiscal deficit:- It is defined as excess of total government expenditure (including loans net of recovery) over total government receipts (excluding borrowings). It measures the total borrowing requirements of the government.It is an indication of the total borrowings needed by the government. 3.Budget deficit :- Itis an indicator of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenue. The term budget deficit applies to governments. It is no longer used in India for indication of macro economic aspects. 4.Revenue deficit:- Revenue deficit is the gap between the consumption expenditure/revenue expenditure of the Government and its current revenues/revenue receipts. It refers to the financial position where the government’s revenue expenditure exceeds its total revenue receipts. 5. Effective Revenue Deficit:- It is the difference between revenue deficit and grants for creation of capital assets. Effective Revenue Deficit signifies that amount of capital receipts that are being used for actual consumption expenditure of the Government. Effective Revenue deficit is a new term introduced in the Union Budget 2011-12. Fiscal policy of India always has two objectives, namely improving the growth performance of the economy and ensuring social justice to the people. Relevance for Indian Economy:- 1.To maintain and achieve full employment. 2.To stabilize the price level. 3.To stabilize the growth rate of the economy. 4.To maintain equilibrium in the Balance Of Payments. 5.To promote the economic development of underdeveloped countries. 6.Fiscal policy works well in times of recession ( example -2008) by adopting a policy of state spending on developmental works. 7.The Vital aim of fiscal policy in underdeveloped countries is to mobilize resources in the private and public sectors. 8.It is very important to undertakes the policy of planned investment in the public sector. Though Fiscal policy is considered by some as the setback for the private sector ad liberal economy but it has been proved very effective in developing courtiers as it acts as a facilitator for every sector of economy and provides space for government and private sector to thrive.
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##Question:What do you understand about the fiscal policy? Discuss the different types of deficits in Indian fiscal policy and their relevance to the Indian economy. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:What do you understand by fiscal policy? Discuss the different types of deficits used in Indian fiscal policy. Discuss its relevance for the Indian economy. Approach:- Define Fiscal Policy Explain various kinds of Fiscal deficits Discuss its relevance for Indian Economy Conclusion Answer:- Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation"s economy. Fiscal policy is a policy of raising revenue for government and setting up the expenditure mechanism as well. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a central bank influences a nation"s money supply. Deficits occur when a government"s expenditures exceed the revenue that it generates. Different types of deficit:- 1.Primary deficit :- It is defined as the difference between current government spending on goods and services and total current revenue from all types of taxes net of transfer payments. It excludes interest payments on debt. A transfer payment is a one-way payment to a person from government for which no money, good, or service is given or exchanged. For instance- Unemployment Compensation 2.Fiscal deficit:- It is defined as excess of total government expenditure (including loans net of recovery) over total government receipts (excluding borrowings). It measures the total borrowing requirements of the government.It is an indication of the total borrowings needed by the government. 3.Budget deficit :- Itis an indicator of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenue. The term budget deficit applies to governments. It is no longer used in India for indication of macro economic aspects. 4.Revenue deficit:- Revenue deficit is the gap between the consumption expenditure/revenue expenditure of the Government and its current revenues/revenue receipts. It refers to the financial position where the government’s revenue expenditure exceeds its total revenue receipts. 5. Effective Revenue Deficit:- It is the difference between revenue deficit and grants for creation of capital assets. Effective Revenue Deficit signifies that amount of capital receipts that are being used for actual consumption expenditure of the Government. Effective Revenue deficit is a new term introduced in the Union Budget 2011-12. Fiscal policy of India always has two objectives, namely improving the growth performance of the economy and ensuring social justice to the people. Relevance for Indian Economy:- 1.To maintain and achieve full employment. 2.To stabilize the price level. 3.To stabilize the growth rate of the economy. 4.To maintain equilibrium in the Balance Of Payments. 5.To promote the economic development of underdeveloped countries. 6.Fiscal policy works well in times of recession ( example -2008) by adopting a policy of state spending on developmental works. 7.The Vital aim of fiscal policy in underdeveloped countries is to mobilize resources in the private and public sectors. 8.It is very important to undertakes the policy of planned investment in the public sector. Though Fiscal policy is considered by some as the setback for the private sector ad liberal economy but it has been proved very effective in developing courtiers as it acts as a facilitator for every sector of economy and provides space for government and private sector to thrive.
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