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Discuss the issue of integration and autonomy with respect to tribals in India. (150 words/10 Marks)
NOTE: All the content in this answer was given by Ma"am in the class. Also this question was given by the ma"am herself. The main reason behind given this question is that Ma"am wants to see how well student summarises the content explained in the class in very brief in 150 words . So while checking, the expert should keep these guidelines. You need to see how well the student covers all the issues and yet keeps the answer within 150 words . Approach Define tribal in introduction Brief information about the condition of tribals during British period and their revolts Challenge at the time of independence with respect to Tribals. Mention about Panchasheel policy Discuss government efforts and the lacunae in it Brief way forward in the end Answer: Tribes are homogenous, geographically isolated, have unique culture with distinct means of livelihood and generally they are shy and relauctant to have contact with the outsiders. Radical transformation of tribals occurred during, when their islation was eroded by penetration of market forces. Money lenders, traders, revenue farmers invaded the tribal areas and disrupted their traditional life. tribals were engulfed in debt and lost their lands to outsiders. Hence they were reduced to the status of labour, sharecroppers or tenants. The Christian missionaries destroyed their unique culture. Colonialism also transformed tribal relations with forests i.e tribals depends on forest for their basic survival but the britishers either to conserve forest or to facilitate commercial exploitation, passed various forest laws. These laws restricted use of forest produce, shifting cultivation etc. With subjective realization of objective rality it led to the series of tribal uprising for example, Santhal rebellion, Munda revolt etc. Challenges at the time of independence Policy of Isolation: Verrier elwin proposed that Tribals are very isolated and hence they should not be integrated with the mainstream. Hence, policy of isolation should be followed. Policy of Assimilation: G.S. Ghurye propsed that tribes are nothing but backward hindus and hence, needs to be brought in the fold of mainstream society. Nehru rejected both the approaches as according to him, isolation is not desirable and assimilation would lead to loss of identity. Hence he said, “Tribals should progess but in their own way”. As a result he gave what is known as Panchasheel Policy. The following five principles were proposed for the panchasheel policy to be pursuedvis-a-visthe tribals: People should develop along the lines of their own genius, and the imposition of alien values should be avoided. Tribal rights in land and forest should be respected. Teams of tribals should be trained in the work of administration and development. TribaI areas should not be overadministered or overwhelmed with a multiplicity of schemes. Results should be judged not by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the human character that is evolved. Government efforts Various constitutional provisions: Definition: Article 342 and 366 Educational and Economic Rights: Articles 15, 16, 46 and 335 Political rights: Articles 330, 332, 243D, 243T Administration: 5 th and 6 th Schedules Cultural rights: Article 29 Agency to Monitor: Article 338A Statutory efforts: PESA (Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996), FRA (Forest Rights Act), Prevention of Atrocities Act Lacunae in government efforts Irrespective of the government efforts the tribal progess have remained dismal due to following reasons: Weak execution Ieffectiveness of state govt. in administering the policies. Misappropriation of funds allotted for tribal welfare Ineffective functioning of tribal advidory councils. Intrained administrative personels Lack of awareness among tribals with respect to their rights and entitlements Evasion of laws preventing of loss of land to outsiders Deforestation Progress of education has been very slow Neglect of primary education in tribal language Retreatment into inaccessible stretches due to loss of land, culture, etc. Emergence of elitism within tribes Way Forward Need to implement Xaxa Committee recommendations urgently. This committee was established to study socio-economic conditions of tribals and to suggest the policy initiatives for tribal upliftment Increase power of Gram Sabha with respect to land alienation Mining rights to be given tribal cooperatives Unused land should be acquired and used for tribal rehabilitation Small sized water harvesting structures in place of large dams etc.
##Question:Discuss the issue of integration and autonomy with respect to tribals in India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:NOTE: All the content in this answer was given by Ma"am in the class. Also this question was given by the ma"am herself. The main reason behind given this question is that Ma"am wants to see how well student summarises the content explained in the class in very brief in 150 words . So while checking, the expert should keep these guidelines. You need to see how well the student covers all the issues and yet keeps the answer within 150 words . Approach Define tribal in introduction Brief information about the condition of tribals during British period and their revolts Challenge at the time of independence with respect to Tribals. Mention about Panchasheel policy Discuss government efforts and the lacunae in it Brief way forward in the end Answer: Tribes are homogenous, geographically isolated, have unique culture with distinct means of livelihood and generally they are shy and relauctant to have contact with the outsiders. Radical transformation of tribals occurred during, when their islation was eroded by penetration of market forces. Money lenders, traders, revenue farmers invaded the tribal areas and disrupted their traditional life. tribals were engulfed in debt and lost their lands to outsiders. Hence they were reduced to the status of labour, sharecroppers or tenants. The Christian missionaries destroyed their unique culture. Colonialism also transformed tribal relations with forests i.e tribals depends on forest for their basic survival but the britishers either to conserve forest or to facilitate commercial exploitation, passed various forest laws. These laws restricted use of forest produce, shifting cultivation etc. With subjective realization of objective rality it led to the series of tribal uprising for example, Santhal rebellion, Munda revolt etc. Challenges at the time of independence Policy of Isolation: Verrier elwin proposed that Tribals are very isolated and hence they should not be integrated with the mainstream. Hence, policy of isolation should be followed. Policy of Assimilation: G.S. Ghurye propsed that tribes are nothing but backward hindus and hence, needs to be brought in the fold of mainstream society. Nehru rejected both the approaches as according to him, isolation is not desirable and assimilation would lead to loss of identity. Hence he said, “Tribals should progess but in their own way”. As a result he gave what is known as Panchasheel Policy. The following five principles were proposed for the panchasheel policy to be pursuedvis-a-visthe tribals: People should develop along the lines of their own genius, and the imposition of alien values should be avoided. Tribal rights in land and forest should be respected. Teams of tribals should be trained in the work of administration and development. TribaI areas should not be overadministered or overwhelmed with a multiplicity of schemes. Results should be judged not by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the human character that is evolved. Government efforts Various constitutional provisions: Definition: Article 342 and 366 Educational and Economic Rights: Articles 15, 16, 46 and 335 Political rights: Articles 330, 332, 243D, 243T Administration: 5 th and 6 th Schedules Cultural rights: Article 29 Agency to Monitor: Article 338A Statutory efforts: PESA (Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996), FRA (Forest Rights Act), Prevention of Atrocities Act Lacunae in government efforts Irrespective of the government efforts the tribal progess have remained dismal due to following reasons: Weak execution Ieffectiveness of state govt. in administering the policies. Misappropriation of funds allotted for tribal welfare Ineffective functioning of tribal advidory councils. Intrained administrative personels Lack of awareness among tribals with respect to their rights and entitlements Evasion of laws preventing of loss of land to outsiders Deforestation Progress of education has been very slow Neglect of primary education in tribal language Retreatment into inaccessible stretches due to loss of land, culture, etc. Emergence of elitism within tribes Way Forward Need to implement Xaxa Committee recommendations urgently. This committee was established to study socio-economic conditions of tribals and to suggest the policy initiatives for tribal upliftment Increase power of Gram Sabha with respect to land alienation Mining rights to be given tribal cooperatives Unused land should be acquired and used for tribal rehabilitation Small sized water harvesting structures in place of large dams etc.
36,742
Discuss the relationship between vegetation and climatic regions found all over the world. (250 words/15marks)
Approach 1. Brief introduction of climatic regions. 2. Explain vegetation in different types of climatic regions. 3. Conclude briefly Answer (Note- Please note that it is difficult to write this question in 200 words , so it is better to suggest to students to write vegetation types of different climatic zones in tabular form.) Vegetation of an area is characterized by certain factors like insolation, sunshine, precipitation, temperature. Vegetation variation in different climatic regions is explained below:- 1. The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climatic Region -The tropical rainforest e.g. Amazon tropical rainforest is found in this region. It comprises a multitude of evergreen trees that yield tropical hardwood, e.g. mahogany, ebony, greenheart, cabinet wood. Trees of single species are very scarce in such vegetation 2. The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climatic Region- Monsoon forests found in this region are deciduous which shed their leaves because of the marked dry period. Where the rainfall is heavy, e.g. in southern Burma, peninsular India, northern Australia and coastal regions with a tropical marine climate, the resultant vegetation is forest. The forests are more open and less luxuriant than the equatorial forest and there are far fewer species. Most of the forests yield valuable timber, and are prized for their durable hardwood. Amongst these teak is the best known. 3. The Savannah or Sudan Climatic Region - The savannah landscape is characterized by tall grass and short trees. The terms "parkland" or "bush-veld" perhaps describe the landscape better. The trees are deciduous, shedding their leaves in the cool, dry season e.g. acacias. Others have broad trunks, with water-storing devices to survive through the prolonged drought such as baobabs and bottle trees. Trees are mostly hard, gnarled and thorny and may exude gum like gum arabic. 4. The Hot Desert and Mid-latitude Desert Climatic Region- The predominant vegetation of both hot and mid-latitude deserts is xerophytes or drought-resistant scrub. This includes the bulbous cacti, thorny bushes, long-rooted wiry grasses, and scattered dwarf acacia. 5. The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climatic Region- Trees found in this region are not very tall and are widely spaced with small broad leaves. The warm, bright summers and cool, moist winters enable a wide range of crops to be cultivated. The Mediterranean lands are also known as the world"s orchard lands. A wide range of citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, and grapefruit are grown. 6. The Temperate Continental (Steppe) Climatic Region- Temperate grasslands lie in the Westerly wind belt, they are so remote from the maritime influence that the grasslands are practically treeless e.g. Steppes, Prairies, Pampas, Veld, and Downs. 7. The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climatic Region- This type of climate is found on the eastern margins of continents in warm temperate latitudes, just outside the tropics. The eastern margins of warm temperate latitudes have much heavier rainfall than either the western margins or the continental interiors and thus have luxuriant vegetation. The lowlands carry both evergreen broad-leaved forests and deciduous trees quite similar to those of the tropical monsoon forests. On the highlands, are various species of conifers such as pines and cypresses that are important softwood. 8. The Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type) Climatic Region- The natural vegetation of this climatic type is the deciduous forest. The trees shed their leaves in the cold season. Some of the more common species include oak, elm, ash, birch, beech, poplar, and hornbeam. Unlike the equatorial forests, the deciduous trees occur in pure stands and have greater lumbering value from the commercial point of view. The deciduous hardwoods are excellent for both fuel and industrial purposes. 9. The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climatic Region- This region is suitable for the coniferous forest like pine, fir spruce, larch having softwood which can be used for construction, furniture etc. 10 The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian) Climatic region- The heavy rainfall, the warm summers and the damp air from fogs, all favor the growth of trees and results in the cool temperate forest. Oak, beech, maple, and birch are the principal trees. 11. The Arctic or Polar Climatic region - Highlands have no vegetation because these are permanently snow-covered. Tundra vegetation e.g. mosses, lichens, sedges are found in lowlands. Conclusion:- Now it is clear that vegetation decreases as we move from the equator towards poles. Also, vegetation of an area impacts economic activities prevalent in that area e.g. nutritive grasses in temperate grassland promote dairy farming.
##Question:Discuss the relationship between vegetation and climatic regions found all over the world. (250 words/15marks)##Answer:Approach 1. Brief introduction of climatic regions. 2. Explain vegetation in different types of climatic regions. 3. Conclude briefly Answer (Note- Please note that it is difficult to write this question in 200 words , so it is better to suggest to students to write vegetation types of different climatic zones in tabular form.) Vegetation of an area is characterized by certain factors like insolation, sunshine, precipitation, temperature. Vegetation variation in different climatic regions is explained below:- 1. The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climatic Region -The tropical rainforest e.g. Amazon tropical rainforest is found in this region. It comprises a multitude of evergreen trees that yield tropical hardwood, e.g. mahogany, ebony, greenheart, cabinet wood. Trees of single species are very scarce in such vegetation 2. The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climatic Region- Monsoon forests found in this region are deciduous which shed their leaves because of the marked dry period. Where the rainfall is heavy, e.g. in southern Burma, peninsular India, northern Australia and coastal regions with a tropical marine climate, the resultant vegetation is forest. The forests are more open and less luxuriant than the equatorial forest and there are far fewer species. Most of the forests yield valuable timber, and are prized for their durable hardwood. Amongst these teak is the best known. 3. The Savannah or Sudan Climatic Region - The savannah landscape is characterized by tall grass and short trees. The terms "parkland" or "bush-veld" perhaps describe the landscape better. The trees are deciduous, shedding their leaves in the cool, dry season e.g. acacias. Others have broad trunks, with water-storing devices to survive through the prolonged drought such as baobabs and bottle trees. Trees are mostly hard, gnarled and thorny and may exude gum like gum arabic. 4. The Hot Desert and Mid-latitude Desert Climatic Region- The predominant vegetation of both hot and mid-latitude deserts is xerophytes or drought-resistant scrub. This includes the bulbous cacti, thorny bushes, long-rooted wiry grasses, and scattered dwarf acacia. 5. The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climatic Region- Trees found in this region are not very tall and are widely spaced with small broad leaves. The warm, bright summers and cool, moist winters enable a wide range of crops to be cultivated. The Mediterranean lands are also known as the world"s orchard lands. A wide range of citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, and grapefruit are grown. 6. The Temperate Continental (Steppe) Climatic Region- Temperate grasslands lie in the Westerly wind belt, they are so remote from the maritime influence that the grasslands are practically treeless e.g. Steppes, Prairies, Pampas, Veld, and Downs. 7. The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climatic Region- This type of climate is found on the eastern margins of continents in warm temperate latitudes, just outside the tropics. The eastern margins of warm temperate latitudes have much heavier rainfall than either the western margins or the continental interiors and thus have luxuriant vegetation. The lowlands carry both evergreen broad-leaved forests and deciduous trees quite similar to those of the tropical monsoon forests. On the highlands, are various species of conifers such as pines and cypresses that are important softwood. 8. The Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type) Climatic Region- The natural vegetation of this climatic type is the deciduous forest. The trees shed their leaves in the cold season. Some of the more common species include oak, elm, ash, birch, beech, poplar, and hornbeam. Unlike the equatorial forests, the deciduous trees occur in pure stands and have greater lumbering value from the commercial point of view. The deciduous hardwoods are excellent for both fuel and industrial purposes. 9. The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climatic Region- This region is suitable for the coniferous forest like pine, fir spruce, larch having softwood which can be used for construction, furniture etc. 10 The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian) Climatic region- The heavy rainfall, the warm summers and the damp air from fogs, all favor the growth of trees and results in the cool temperate forest. Oak, beech, maple, and birch are the principal trees. 11. The Arctic or Polar Climatic region - Highlands have no vegetation because these are permanently snow-covered. Tundra vegetation e.g. mosses, lichens, sedges are found in lowlands. Conclusion:- Now it is clear that vegetation decreases as we move from the equator towards poles. Also, vegetation of an area impacts economic activities prevalent in that area e.g. nutritive grasses in temperate grassland promote dairy farming.
36,744
The decade of 1980-90 is considered as a golden period in field of Science and Technology in India. Comment (200 words)
Approach Mention the achievementsin different fields Answer Modern India has had a strong focus on science and technology, realizing that it is a key element of economic growth.Technology has been a strong priority area for the government since Independence and it has always aimed to make people science-centric. In this context, the decade of 1980 to 1990 was a golden period as achievements in diverse fields occurred in this period. Major developments in this period are as follows: Polar expeditions 1981 - Antarctic Expedition 1984 – 1 st research station in Dakshin Gangotri in the Antarctic. Defense capabilities 1983 – IGMP (Integrated Guided Missile Program headed by APJ Kalam. 5 indigenous missiles were built – Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Nag, Akash Space satellites In 1983 - INSAT/GSAT were developed. In 1988 – Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (Resourcesat, Cartosat etc.). Today,India is positioned as one of the top five nations in the field of space exploration Information and Communication technology Development of ICT and telecom sector began in this decade. TRAI set up in 1985. Supercomputing In 1988 - CDAC was set up to built supercomputers. Param 8000 supercomputer was built in 1990 Biotechnology In 1986, Dept. of Biotechnology was established to promote biotechnology research in India. Today many universities have biotechnology labs.
##Question:The decade of 1980-90 is considered as a golden period in field of Science and Technology in India. Comment (200 words)##Answer:Approach Mention the achievementsin different fields Answer Modern India has had a strong focus on science and technology, realizing that it is a key element of economic growth.Technology has been a strong priority area for the government since Independence and it has always aimed to make people science-centric. In this context, the decade of 1980 to 1990 was a golden period as achievements in diverse fields occurred in this period. Major developments in this period are as follows: Polar expeditions 1981 - Antarctic Expedition 1984 – 1 st research station in Dakshin Gangotri in the Antarctic. Defense capabilities 1983 – IGMP (Integrated Guided Missile Program headed by APJ Kalam. 5 indigenous missiles were built – Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Nag, Akash Space satellites In 1983 - INSAT/GSAT were developed. In 1988 – Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (Resourcesat, Cartosat etc.). Today,India is positioned as one of the top five nations in the field of space exploration Information and Communication technology Development of ICT and telecom sector began in this decade. TRAI set up in 1985. Supercomputing In 1988 - CDAC was set up to built supercomputers. Param 8000 supercomputer was built in 1990 Biotechnology In 1986, Dept. of Biotechnology was established to promote biotechnology research in India. Today many universities have biotechnology labs.
36,746
To what extent justice has been done to goals and aspirations of Part IV of the Indian Constitution. (150 words) 10 marks
Approach 1. Introduce with DPSP. 2. Highlight steps taken for the implementation of DPSP. 3. Highlight lacunas faced in the implementation of DPSP. 4. Conclude briefly. Answer Directive principles of state policy (Part 4) are in the nature of general instructions or direction to the state. It shall be the duty of the state to follow these principles in the matter of administration and as well as in themaking of laws. As for the implementation of specific Directive Principles, some progress has been made. Some of the steps taken by the Indian government for implementing these DPSP are as follows: 1. For raising the standard of living (Article 47), particularly of the rural population, the Government of India launched its Community Development Project in 1952. 2. Various measures have been taken to promote the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes and to advance the educational and economic interests of weaker and backward sections of the people under Article 46. 3. Legislation to abolish intermediaries and Zamindari systems and land reforms were enacted in the early years of 1950 to reduce inequalities in income, status under Article 38. 4 For separation of the executive from the judiciary (Article 50), Government enacted Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 5. A large number of laws have been enacted to implement the Directive in Article 40 to organise village panchayat and endow them with powers of self-government. 73 rd Constitutional amendment providesConstitutional status to Panchayats. 6. The Maternity Benefit Act (1961) and the Equal Remuneration Act (1976) have been made to protect the interests of women workers. Lacunas in implementation of DPSP: 1. Low Learning levels in schools as reported by ASER report. 2. Panchayats face a problem of proxy representation which means women have only representation in these panchayats but in real terms, their husbands, father, brother get all the powers and responsibilities. Also, these panchayats face the problem of lack of funds, functionaries. 3. Agriculture is also facing problems which are reflected in the recent issue of farmer suicides. 4. Right to work has been made a legal right but the unemployment levels are still very high in India. 5. Though free legal aid has been provided, more than 67% of the prisoners are undertrials and most of them belong to the SC, ST or economically weaker sections of society. 6. Till date, there is no uniform civil code. Debates are going on regarding the implementation of the uniform civil code. Hence it can be concluded that partial justice is done to the goals and objectives of DPSP. Efforts should be made on a continuous basis towards the implementation of DPSP and taking Indian society on the path of welfare.
##Question:To what extent justice has been done to goals and aspirations of Part IV of the Indian Constitution. (150 words) 10 marks##Answer:Approach 1. Introduce with DPSP. 2. Highlight steps taken for the implementation of DPSP. 3. Highlight lacunas faced in the implementation of DPSP. 4. Conclude briefly. Answer Directive principles of state policy (Part 4) are in the nature of general instructions or direction to the state. It shall be the duty of the state to follow these principles in the matter of administration and as well as in themaking of laws. As for the implementation of specific Directive Principles, some progress has been made. Some of the steps taken by the Indian government for implementing these DPSP are as follows: 1. For raising the standard of living (Article 47), particularly of the rural population, the Government of India launched its Community Development Project in 1952. 2. Various measures have been taken to promote the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes and to advance the educational and economic interests of weaker and backward sections of the people under Article 46. 3. Legislation to abolish intermediaries and Zamindari systems and land reforms were enacted in the early years of 1950 to reduce inequalities in income, status under Article 38. 4 For separation of the executive from the judiciary (Article 50), Government enacted Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 5. A large number of laws have been enacted to implement the Directive in Article 40 to organise village panchayat and endow them with powers of self-government. 73 rd Constitutional amendment providesConstitutional status to Panchayats. 6. The Maternity Benefit Act (1961) and the Equal Remuneration Act (1976) have been made to protect the interests of women workers. Lacunas in implementation of DPSP: 1. Low Learning levels in schools as reported by ASER report. 2. Panchayats face a problem of proxy representation which means women have only representation in these panchayats but in real terms, their husbands, father, brother get all the powers and responsibilities. Also, these panchayats face the problem of lack of funds, functionaries. 3. Agriculture is also facing problems which are reflected in the recent issue of farmer suicides. 4. Right to work has been made a legal right but the unemployment levels are still very high in India. 5. Though free legal aid has been provided, more than 67% of the prisoners are undertrials and most of them belong to the SC, ST or economically weaker sections of society. 6. Till date, there is no uniform civil code. Debates are going on regarding the implementation of the uniform civil code. Hence it can be concluded that partial justice is done to the goals and objectives of DPSP. Efforts should be made on a continuous basis towards the implementation of DPSP and taking Indian society on the path of welfare.
36,748
Critically analyze the implications of Lucknow Pact, 1916 in India’s freedom struggle.(10 Marks/150 words)
Critically analyze the implications of Lucknow Pact, 1916 in India’s freedom struggle.(200 words) Approach:- Introduction Few features of Lucknow pact,1916 Critically analyze- Implication of the pact Conclusion Answer: Lucknow Pact is a very crucial pact in the sense that it brought Moderates and Extremist fraction of Congress together (1916) and it led to the Freedom struggle in more oriented way. Few Features of Lucknow Pact:- It brought together the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League on a common platform to put pressure on British for constitutional reforms in India. Muslim League and Congress agreed to separate electorate. which means congress formally reorganized communal politics and tacitly gave recognition that India consisted of different communities with separate interest of their own. Positive Impact of the pact :- After reunion of Extremist and Liberals, Congress came out to be a stronger force to reckon with. Congress and Muslim league stood together to present their demands to the British for self government. Recognition of separate electorate means the recognition and importance of the rights of minority Negative Impacts:- Recognition of the separate electorate left the room for communalization of politics which later build up the theory of two separate nations Even though the weightage to Muslim minority was recognized, the result was that this left the way open to the future resurgence of communalism in Indian politics. The Muslim member’s strength in legislature was laid down province by province, thus one of the most dangerous pacifist policies of congress not only recognized communal representation but also recognized communal privileges. In the imperial legislative council, Muslim representation was slated to be one-third, which was not proportional and higher than the Muslim population. This infused bitterness among the Hindus against Muslims. While the leaders of the two fractions (congress and Muslim league) came together, efforts to bring together the masses were not seriously considered. Though Lucknow pact later brought many negative consequences, Partition is one of them, but at that time it was a very vital pact as it was an effort to bring representation of minorities in mainstream freedom struggle.
##Question:Critically analyze the implications of Lucknow Pact, 1916 in India’s freedom struggle.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Critically analyze the implications of Lucknow Pact, 1916 in India’s freedom struggle.(200 words) Approach:- Introduction Few features of Lucknow pact,1916 Critically analyze- Implication of the pact Conclusion Answer: Lucknow Pact is a very crucial pact in the sense that it brought Moderates and Extremist fraction of Congress together (1916) and it led to the Freedom struggle in more oriented way. Few Features of Lucknow Pact:- It brought together the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League on a common platform to put pressure on British for constitutional reforms in India. Muslim League and Congress agreed to separate electorate. which means congress formally reorganized communal politics and tacitly gave recognition that India consisted of different communities with separate interest of their own. Positive Impact of the pact :- After reunion of Extremist and Liberals, Congress came out to be a stronger force to reckon with. Congress and Muslim league stood together to present their demands to the British for self government. Recognition of separate electorate means the recognition and importance of the rights of minority Negative Impacts:- Recognition of the separate electorate left the room for communalization of politics which later build up the theory of two separate nations Even though the weightage to Muslim minority was recognized, the result was that this left the way open to the future resurgence of communalism in Indian politics. The Muslim member’s strength in legislature was laid down province by province, thus one of the most dangerous pacifist policies of congress not only recognized communal representation but also recognized communal privileges. In the imperial legislative council, Muslim representation was slated to be one-third, which was not proportional and higher than the Muslim population. This infused bitterness among the Hindus against Muslims. While the leaders of the two fractions (congress and Muslim league) came together, efforts to bring together the masses were not seriously considered. Though Lucknow pact later brought many negative consequences, Partition is one of them, but at that time it was a very vital pact as it was an effort to bring representation of minorities in mainstream freedom struggle.
36,749
What do you understand by El Nino? How is it different from La Nina? Explain it with diagrams. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: - Define El Nino and its effects to the regions. - Defina La Nina - Mention how La Nino how is different from El Nino. Answer: El Nino is the name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high pressure system over the coast of Peru. As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. Due to warm ocean surface along the coast of equador, upwelling of cold, nutrient rich deep ocean water is significantly reduced.In an El Nino year, air pressure drops over large areas of the central Pacific and along the coast of South America.The normal low pressure system is replaced by a weak high in the western Pacific (the southern oscillation). This change in pressure pattern causes the trade winds to be reduced which rsults in Weak Walker Cell. Sometimes Walker Cell might even get reversed. This reduction allows the equatorial counter current (current along doldrums) to accumulate warm ocean water along the coastlines of Peru and Ecuador. This accumulation of warm water causes the thermocline to drop in the eastern part of Pacific Ocean which cuts off the upwelling of cold deep ocean water along the coast of Peru.Climatically, the development of an El Nino brings drought to the western Pacific, rains to the equatorial coast of South America, and convective storms and hurricanes to the central Pacific. La Nina • After an El Nino event weather conditions usually return back to normal. • However, in some years the trade winds can become extremely strong and an abnormal accumulation of cold water can occur in the central and eastern Pacific. This event is called a La Nina. The difference between El nino and La-nina are as follows: 1)Temperature at Sea Surface-Temperature at sea surface is warmer than normal sea-surface temperatures in El Nino while it is cooler than normal sea-surface temperatures for La Nina. 2) Pressure-It accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific(during La Nina) accompanied by low air surface pressure in the eastern Pacific(during El Nino). 3) Trade winds- El Nino occurs when tropical Pacific Ocean trade winds die out and ocean temperatures become unusually warm. La Nina, which occurs when the trade winds blow unusually hard and the sea temperature become colder than normal. 4) Ocean waters in Pacific-Warm water approaches the coasts of South America which results in reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water thus a decline of the fish populations during El Nino. Cold water causes increased upwelling of deep cold ocean waters numbers of drought occurrence, with more nutrient-filled eastern Pacific waters in a La Nina year. The students should draw diagrams of El-Nino and La-Nina year circulations.
##Question:What do you understand by El Nino? How is it different from La Nina? Explain it with diagrams. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Define El Nino and its effects to the regions. - Defina La Nina - Mention how La Nino how is different from El Nino. Answer: El Nino is the name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high pressure system over the coast of Peru. As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. Due to warm ocean surface along the coast of equador, upwelling of cold, nutrient rich deep ocean water is significantly reduced.In an El Nino year, air pressure drops over large areas of the central Pacific and along the coast of South America.The normal low pressure system is replaced by a weak high in the western Pacific (the southern oscillation). This change in pressure pattern causes the trade winds to be reduced which rsults in Weak Walker Cell. Sometimes Walker Cell might even get reversed. This reduction allows the equatorial counter current (current along doldrums) to accumulate warm ocean water along the coastlines of Peru and Ecuador. This accumulation of warm water causes the thermocline to drop in the eastern part of Pacific Ocean which cuts off the upwelling of cold deep ocean water along the coast of Peru.Climatically, the development of an El Nino brings drought to the western Pacific, rains to the equatorial coast of South America, and convective storms and hurricanes to the central Pacific. La Nina • After an El Nino event weather conditions usually return back to normal. • However, in some years the trade winds can become extremely strong and an abnormal accumulation of cold water can occur in the central and eastern Pacific. This event is called a La Nina. The difference between El nino and La-nina are as follows: 1)Temperature at Sea Surface-Temperature at sea surface is warmer than normal sea-surface temperatures in El Nino while it is cooler than normal sea-surface temperatures for La Nina. 2) Pressure-It accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific(during La Nina) accompanied by low air surface pressure in the eastern Pacific(during El Nino). 3) Trade winds- El Nino occurs when tropical Pacific Ocean trade winds die out and ocean temperatures become unusually warm. La Nina, which occurs when the trade winds blow unusually hard and the sea temperature become colder than normal. 4) Ocean waters in Pacific-Warm water approaches the coasts of South America which results in reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water thus a decline of the fish populations during El Nino. Cold water causes increased upwelling of deep cold ocean waters numbers of drought occurrence, with more nutrient-filled eastern Pacific waters in a La Nina year. The students should draw diagrams of El-Nino and La-Nina year circulations.
36,751
वित आयोग की संरचना को बताते हुए उसके कार्यों का वर्णन कीजिये| (200 शब्द) Describe the structure of Finance Commission and explain its functions. (200 words)
एप्रोच वित आयोग से सम्बंधित संवैधानिक प्रावधानों को बताते हुए संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए| पहले भाग में वित्त आयोग की संरचना को बताईये| दुसरे भाग में वित्त आयोग के कार्यों का वर्णन कीजिये| निष्कर्षतः 15 वें वित आयोग का संक्षिप्तता से उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तर- अनुच्छेद 280 के अंतर्गत अर्ध-न्यायिक निकाय के रूप में राष्ट्रपति द्वारा प्रत्येक 5 वर्ष या उससे पहले भी वित्त आयोग का गठन किया जाता है| संरचना- संरचना,कार्य का निर्धारण, सदस्यों की योग्यता तथा चयन विधि संसद द्वारा तय किये जाते हैं| इसमें एक अध्यक्ष तथा 4 अन्य सदस्य होतें हैं जिनकी नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है| इसका अध्यक्ष लोक सेवा के क्षेत्र में ख्याति प्राप्त कोई व्यक्ति होता है अन्य चार सदस्यों को निम्नलिखित में से चुना जाना चाहिए- किसी उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश या उस पद हेतु योग्य व्यक्ति| लेखा एवं वित्त मामलों का विशेषज्ञ| प्रशासन तथा वित्तीय मामलों में अनुभवी व्यक्ति| अर्थशास्त्र का विशेष ज्ञाता| वित आयोग के कार्य- निवल कर राजस्व(केंद्र द्वारा संग्रहित) को केंद्र-राज्यों के बीच बांटने का तौर-तरीका निर्धारित करना(उर्ध्वाधर) तथा पुनः राज्यों के बीच बांटने का तौर-तरीका निर्धारण करना(क्षैतिज)| केंद्र सरकार द्वारा राज्यों को दिए जाने वाले राजस्व अनुदान का तौर-तरीका निर्धारित करना कोई अन्य ऐसा कार्य जो राष्ट्रपति द्वारा इस आयोग को सौंपा जाये| राज्य वित आयोग द्वारा की गयी सिफारिशों के आधार पर नगरपालिकाओं तथा पंचायतों की वितीय स्थिति सुधारने के लिए राज्यों के संचित निधि के संवर्धन के उपाय| आयोग अपनी रिपोर्ट राष्ट्रपति को सौंपता है जो इसे संसद के दोनों सदनों में रखता है| वर्तमान में 15वें वित आयोग का गठन एन.के.सिंह की अध्यक्षता में किया गया है जो 2020-2025 समयावधि हेतु अपनी सिफारिशें देगा|
##Question:वित आयोग की संरचना को बताते हुए उसके कार्यों का वर्णन कीजिये| (200 शब्द) Describe the structure of Finance Commission and explain its functions. (200 words)##Answer:एप्रोच वित आयोग से सम्बंधित संवैधानिक प्रावधानों को बताते हुए संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए| पहले भाग में वित्त आयोग की संरचना को बताईये| दुसरे भाग में वित्त आयोग के कार्यों का वर्णन कीजिये| निष्कर्षतः 15 वें वित आयोग का संक्षिप्तता से उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तर- अनुच्छेद 280 के अंतर्गत अर्ध-न्यायिक निकाय के रूप में राष्ट्रपति द्वारा प्रत्येक 5 वर्ष या उससे पहले भी वित्त आयोग का गठन किया जाता है| संरचना- संरचना,कार्य का निर्धारण, सदस्यों की योग्यता तथा चयन विधि संसद द्वारा तय किये जाते हैं| इसमें एक अध्यक्ष तथा 4 अन्य सदस्य होतें हैं जिनकी नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है| इसका अध्यक्ष लोक सेवा के क्षेत्र में ख्याति प्राप्त कोई व्यक्ति होता है अन्य चार सदस्यों को निम्नलिखित में से चुना जाना चाहिए- किसी उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश या उस पद हेतु योग्य व्यक्ति| लेखा एवं वित्त मामलों का विशेषज्ञ| प्रशासन तथा वित्तीय मामलों में अनुभवी व्यक्ति| अर्थशास्त्र का विशेष ज्ञाता| वित आयोग के कार्य- निवल कर राजस्व(केंद्र द्वारा संग्रहित) को केंद्र-राज्यों के बीच बांटने का तौर-तरीका निर्धारित करना(उर्ध्वाधर) तथा पुनः राज्यों के बीच बांटने का तौर-तरीका निर्धारण करना(क्षैतिज)| केंद्र सरकार द्वारा राज्यों को दिए जाने वाले राजस्व अनुदान का तौर-तरीका निर्धारित करना कोई अन्य ऐसा कार्य जो राष्ट्रपति द्वारा इस आयोग को सौंपा जाये| राज्य वित आयोग द्वारा की गयी सिफारिशों के आधार पर नगरपालिकाओं तथा पंचायतों की वितीय स्थिति सुधारने के लिए राज्यों के संचित निधि के संवर्धन के उपाय| आयोग अपनी रिपोर्ट राष्ट्रपति को सौंपता है जो इसे संसद के दोनों सदनों में रखता है| वर्तमान में 15वें वित आयोग का गठन एन.के.सिंह की अध्यक्षता में किया गया है जो 2020-2025 समयावधि हेतु अपनी सिफारिशें देगा|
36,754
Why PSLV is said to be the most reliable space workhorse of ISRO? Briefly discuss the differences between PSLV and GSLV. (150 words/10 marks)
Brief Approach- Give reasons why PSLV is said as the important workhorse of ISRO distinguish b/w PSLV and GSLV Answer- The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the third generation launch vehicle of India. It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages. Besides, the vehicle successfully launched two spacecraft – Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013 – that later traveled to Moon and Mars respectively. There are many other achievements of PSLV, and why it s a reliable workhorse is discussed below. PSLV is the most reliable workhorse of ISRO as- 1. It has been in service for over 20 years and has launched over 40 satellites for 19 countries. 2. Due to its unmatched reliability, PSLV has also been used to launch various satellites into Geosynchronous and Geostationary orbits, like satellites from the IRNSS constellation. 3. Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India's first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1, India's first interplanetary mission Mangalyaan (Mars orbiter) and India's first space observatory, Astrosat. 4. With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in a single launch, and its geosynchronous launch capability. PSLV-C37 launch successfully carried and placed 104 satellites in Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO), a world record beating Russia’s earlier record of 37 satellites. 5. PSLV has been successful in launching small satellites notably Cubesats whose weight ranges from 0.01 to kg-500 kg. PSLV’s heaviest payload has been RISAT-1, weighing 1850 kg. Difference between PSLV and GSLV-- 1. PSLV for polar sun-synchronous orbit. can also place into GTO (1350 kg class). GSLV for heavier satellites into GTO. Can also place polar satellites into LEO. 2. PSLV works on 4-stage engine(Solid, liquid,solid-liquid) while GSLV on 3-stage- Solid liquid and cryogenic 3. PSLV versions- core alone, standard and XL version, GSLV versions- MK1, MK2, and MK3. 4. Primary PSLV is used to launch Remote sensing satellites while GSLV primarily is used for communication satellites. In sum, one can conclude that PSLV not only made India self-reliant in space technology but also with help of majorly PSLV started earning with the help of the commercial branch ANTRIX . That is because of the PSLV"s reliability and effectiveness. And It laid the strong foundation for advanced technology related to space
##Question:Why PSLV is said to be the most reliable space workhorse of ISRO? Briefly discuss the differences between PSLV and GSLV. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Brief Approach- Give reasons why PSLV is said as the important workhorse of ISRO distinguish b/w PSLV and GSLV Answer- The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the third generation launch vehicle of India. It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages. Besides, the vehicle successfully launched two spacecraft – Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013 – that later traveled to Moon and Mars respectively. There are many other achievements of PSLV, and why it s a reliable workhorse is discussed below. PSLV is the most reliable workhorse of ISRO as- 1. It has been in service for over 20 years and has launched over 40 satellites for 19 countries. 2. Due to its unmatched reliability, PSLV has also been used to launch various satellites into Geosynchronous and Geostationary orbits, like satellites from the IRNSS constellation. 3. Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India's first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1, India's first interplanetary mission Mangalyaan (Mars orbiter) and India's first space observatory, Astrosat. 4. With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in a single launch, and its geosynchronous launch capability. PSLV-C37 launch successfully carried and placed 104 satellites in Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO), a world record beating Russia’s earlier record of 37 satellites. 5. PSLV has been successful in launching small satellites notably Cubesats whose weight ranges from 0.01 to kg-500 kg. PSLV’s heaviest payload has been RISAT-1, weighing 1850 kg. Difference between PSLV and GSLV-- 1. PSLV for polar sun-synchronous orbit. can also place into GTO (1350 kg class). GSLV for heavier satellites into GTO. Can also place polar satellites into LEO. 2. PSLV works on 4-stage engine(Solid, liquid,solid-liquid) while GSLV on 3-stage- Solid liquid and cryogenic 3. PSLV versions- core alone, standard and XL version, GSLV versions- MK1, MK2, and MK3. 4. Primary PSLV is used to launch Remote sensing satellites while GSLV primarily is used for communication satellites. In sum, one can conclude that PSLV not only made India self-reliant in space technology but also with help of majorly PSLV started earning with the help of the commercial branch ANTRIX . That is because of the PSLV"s reliability and effectiveness. And It laid the strong foundation for advanced technology related to space
36,762
What do you understand by the convertibility of currency? Examine the advantages and disadvantages of convertibility of currency? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach 1. Define currency convertibilty in introduction. 2. Highlight merits and demerits of currency convertibilty. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer By convertibility of a currency we mean currency of a country can be freely converted into foreign exchange at market determined rate of exchange that is, exchange rate as determined by demand for and supply of a currency. Advantages of currency convertibilty:- a) With increased openness, increased trade, capital flows, absence of convertibility is seen as a hindrance to smooth inflows and outflows, resulting in avoidable delays in conversion, besides bringing in administrative costs of conversion. b) A convertible currency is acceptable in a non-convertible economy (USD in India) but a nonconvertible currency is not acceptable in a convertible economy (Rupees in the US). c) It is seen from the global perspective as a growing stature of the home currency gaining global acceptability. d) It reflects greater transparency in the foreign exchange transactions in the domestic economy. e) It is seen as the growing maturity and strong macro-economic fundamentals of an economy and their ability to withstand adverse global fallouts. f) It is also believed as a way to attract foreign investment. Demerits of currency convertibilty:- 1. All the crisis-ridden economies in the past had full convertibility and that convertibility exposes economies and makes them vulnerable, especially in adverse global circumstances. 2. One of the biggest dangers of convertibility is what is referred as the fear of infamous “Dutch Disease," coined in 1977 following discovery of oil in the Netherlands. There was a surge inflows resulting in currency appreciating adversely affecting their manufactured exports and slow down of the economy. 3. The stance of the monetary policy changes to managing inflows and outflows, managing what is referred as the ""impossible trinity"" of open capital account, exchange rate and independent monetary policy. The Central Bank can at best manage two but not all three. 4. Large inflows can create problems of liquidity and lead to inflationary pressures built up besides affecting growth. According to Tara pore Committee 1999- If Fiscal deficit is below 3.5%, NPA is below 5% and CRR is 3% than Full Capital Account convertibility can be a reality. Full account convertibility will be good step for India but it should in line of actual condition of economy.
##Question:What do you understand by the convertibility of currency? Examine the advantages and disadvantages of convertibility of currency? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach 1. Define currency convertibilty in introduction. 2. Highlight merits and demerits of currency convertibilty. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer By convertibility of a currency we mean currency of a country can be freely converted into foreign exchange at market determined rate of exchange that is, exchange rate as determined by demand for and supply of a currency. Advantages of currency convertibilty:- a) With increased openness, increased trade, capital flows, absence of convertibility is seen as a hindrance to smooth inflows and outflows, resulting in avoidable delays in conversion, besides bringing in administrative costs of conversion. b) A convertible currency is acceptable in a non-convertible economy (USD in India) but a nonconvertible currency is not acceptable in a convertible economy (Rupees in the US). c) It is seen from the global perspective as a growing stature of the home currency gaining global acceptability. d) It reflects greater transparency in the foreign exchange transactions in the domestic economy. e) It is seen as the growing maturity and strong macro-economic fundamentals of an economy and their ability to withstand adverse global fallouts. f) It is also believed as a way to attract foreign investment. Demerits of currency convertibilty:- 1. All the crisis-ridden economies in the past had full convertibility and that convertibility exposes economies and makes them vulnerable, especially in adverse global circumstances. 2. One of the biggest dangers of convertibility is what is referred as the fear of infamous “Dutch Disease," coined in 1977 following discovery of oil in the Netherlands. There was a surge inflows resulting in currency appreciating adversely affecting their manufactured exports and slow down of the economy. 3. The stance of the monetary policy changes to managing inflows and outflows, managing what is referred as the ""impossible trinity"" of open capital account, exchange rate and independent monetary policy. The Central Bank can at best manage two but not all three. 4. Large inflows can create problems of liquidity and lead to inflationary pressures built up besides affecting growth. According to Tara pore Committee 1999- If Fiscal deficit is below 3.5%, NPA is below 5% and CRR is 3% than Full Capital Account convertibility can be a reality. Full account convertibility will be good step for India but it should in line of actual condition of economy.
36,767
What were the causes of the Non-cooperation movement? Discuss its characteristics and mention why Gandhiji withdrew the movement despite widespread resentment against calling it off? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach:- Introduction Causes behind Non-cooperation movement Characteristics of it Reason behind the withdrawal of the movement. Conclusion Answer:- Non-cooperation movement, from 1920 to 22, was taken to induce the British government of India to grant self-government/swaraj to India. It was one of Gandhi’s first organized acts of large-scale civil .Nagpur session was significant because it passed the resolution for the Non-Cooperation movement in 1920. Various causes for this movement are:- Rowlatt Act- It was enacted to take away the right of habeas corpus, with this imprisonment was possible without trial. There was widespread opposition to this move to curb civil liberties. Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character. Jallianwalla Bagh massacre - in 1919, this incident shook the sentiment of the public and the leaders of the country. Martial law in Punjab and the atrocities which followed further worsened the situation. Hunter Commission report - to look into the Jallianwalla bagh incident found no illegitimate use of power, this angered the people. Government of India Act,1919 - The leaders of Congress were dissatisfied with the reforms of this act. They were demanding a greater role for Indians. Khilafat question - also became the basic premise of the Non-cooperation movement. After World war-1, Turkey was on the losing side. The leader of Muslims all over the world owed their allegiance to the Khalifa, the highest authority of the Ottoman empire in Turkey. So Muslim organizations in India united on the Khilafat question, raising the demand for protection of the territories of the Khalifa from the British government. High prices - in the post world war-1 period also added to the resentment of the common public which led to ultimately fuelled the movement. Chracteristics of the movement:- The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government and the exploitation. Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest which was very unique in its own sense. Along with this, people were asked to resign from their government jobs. People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges. People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods. Along with this, people were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils. People were asked not to serve in the British army and called for resign from those who were currently serving Despite the success of the movement and widespread resentment among masses for the British and the built-up momentum in the country, Gandhiji called it off. Reasons for this withdrawal are :- Chaura-Chauri incident that led to the death of 22 policemen. Fear of backlash from the British government after the incident End of Khilafat issue in Turkey which diluted the whole premise of the issue Gandhi personally opposed to violence and took moral responsibility of the act. He believed that the people have not properly understood the meaning of a non-violent struggle. Gandhian belief in struggle-truce-struggle wherein a long drawn mass movement could not be sustained therefore the need to have effective short term movement followed by social reconstruction work to connect with the masses. Though Swaraj was not achieved in one year as Gandhiji had told, but it was a truly mass movement where lakhs of Indians participated in the open protest against the government through peaceful means. It saw participation from both Hindus and Muslims thereby showcasing communal harmony in the country.
##Question:What were the causes of the Non-cooperation movement? Discuss its characteristics and mention why Gandhiji withdrew the movement despite widespread resentment against calling it off? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach:- Introduction Causes behind Non-cooperation movement Characteristics of it Reason behind the withdrawal of the movement. Conclusion Answer:- Non-cooperation movement, from 1920 to 22, was taken to induce the British government of India to grant self-government/swaraj to India. It was one of Gandhi’s first organized acts of large-scale civil .Nagpur session was significant because it passed the resolution for the Non-Cooperation movement in 1920. Various causes for this movement are:- Rowlatt Act- It was enacted to take away the right of habeas corpus, with this imprisonment was possible without trial. There was widespread opposition to this move to curb civil liberties. Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character. Jallianwalla Bagh massacre - in 1919, this incident shook the sentiment of the public and the leaders of the country. Martial law in Punjab and the atrocities which followed further worsened the situation. Hunter Commission report - to look into the Jallianwalla bagh incident found no illegitimate use of power, this angered the people. Government of India Act,1919 - The leaders of Congress were dissatisfied with the reforms of this act. They were demanding a greater role for Indians. Khilafat question - also became the basic premise of the Non-cooperation movement. After World war-1, Turkey was on the losing side. The leader of Muslims all over the world owed their allegiance to the Khalifa, the highest authority of the Ottoman empire in Turkey. So Muslim organizations in India united on the Khilafat question, raising the demand for protection of the territories of the Khalifa from the British government. High prices - in the post world war-1 period also added to the resentment of the common public which led to ultimately fuelled the movement. Chracteristics of the movement:- The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government and the exploitation. Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest which was very unique in its own sense. Along with this, people were asked to resign from their government jobs. People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges. People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods. Along with this, people were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils. People were asked not to serve in the British army and called for resign from those who were currently serving Despite the success of the movement and widespread resentment among masses for the British and the built-up momentum in the country, Gandhiji called it off. Reasons for this withdrawal are :- Chaura-Chauri incident that led to the death of 22 policemen. Fear of backlash from the British government after the incident End of Khilafat issue in Turkey which diluted the whole premise of the issue Gandhi personally opposed to violence and took moral responsibility of the act. He believed that the people have not properly understood the meaning of a non-violent struggle. Gandhian belief in struggle-truce-struggle wherein a long drawn mass movement could not be sustained therefore the need to have effective short term movement followed by social reconstruction work to connect with the masses. Though Swaraj was not achieved in one year as Gandhiji had told, but it was a truly mass movement where lakhs of Indians participated in the open protest against the government through peaceful means. It saw participation from both Hindus and Muslims thereby showcasing communal harmony in the country.
36,768
Discuss the ways by which Indian Citizenship can be acquired and terminated as per the Indian Citizenship Act, of 1955. (250 words/15 marks)
Approach: - Introduce with the provision of Constitution which provides for Citizenship.. - Explain the ways in which Citizenship can be Acquired. - Explain the reasons which amount to termination of Citizenship. Answer: The Constitution deals with the citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under Part II. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate provisions in this regard. It only identifies the persons who became citizens of India at its commencement (i.e., on January 26, 1950). The Constitution does not deal with the problem of acquisition or loss of citizenship subsequent to its commencement. It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to provide for such matters and any other matter relating to citizenship. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the Citizenship Act, 1955, which has been amended in 1986,1992, 2003 and 2005. Ways in which Citizenship can be aquired: The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory: 1. By Birth: A person born in India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 1st July 1987 is a citizen of India by birth irrespective of the nationality of his parents. A person born in India on or after 1st July 1987 is considered as a citizen of India only if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. Further, those born in India on or after 3rd December 2004 are considered citizens of India only if both of their parents are citizens of India or one of whose parents is a citizen of India and the other is not an illegal migrant at the time of their birth. The children of foreign diplomats posted in India and enemy aliens cannot acquire Indian citizenship by birth. 2. By Descent: A person born outside India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 10th December 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth. A person born outside India on or after 10th December 1992 is considered as a citizen of India if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. From 3rd December 2004 onwards, a person born outside India shall not be a citizen of India by descent, unless his birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of birth or with the permission of the Central Government, after the expiry of the said period. An application, for registration of the birth of a minor child, to an Indian consulate shall be accompanied by an undertaking in writing from the parents of such minor child that he or she does not hold the passport of another country. 3. By Registration: The Central Government may, on an application, register as a citizen of India any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he belongs to any of the following categories, namely:- (a) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; (b) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in any country or place outside undivided India; (c) a person who is married to a citizen of India and is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; (d) minor children of persons who are citizens of India; (e) a person of full age and capacity whose parents are registered as citizens of India; (f) a person of full age and capacity who, or either of his parents, was earlier citizen of independent India, and has been residing in India for one year immediately before making an application for registration; (g) a person of full age and capacity who has been registered as an overseas citizen of India for five years, and who has been residing in India for one year before making an application for registration. An applicant shall be deemed to be ordinarily resident in India if – (i) he has resided in India throughout the period of twelve months immediately before making an application for registration; and (ii) he has resided in India during the eight years immediately preceding the said period of twelve months for a period of not less than six years. 4. By Naturalisation: The Central Government may, on an application, grant a certificate of naturalisation to any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he possesses the following qualifications: (a) that he is not a subject or citizen of any country where citizens of India are prevented from becoming subjects or citizens of that country by naturalisation; (b) that, if he is a citizen of any country, he undertakes to renounce the citizenship of that country in the event of his application for Indian citizenship being accepted; (c) that he has either resided in India or been in the service of a Government in India or partly the one and partly the other, throughout the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of the application; (d) that during the fourteen years immediately preceding the said period of twelve months, he has either resided in India or been in the service of a Government in India, or partly the one and partly the other, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than eleven years; (e) that he is of good character; (f) that he has an adequate knowledge of a language specified in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution, and (g) that in the event of a certificate of naturalisation being granted to him, he intends to reside in India, or to enter into or continue in, service under a Government in India or under an international organisation of which India is a member or under a society, company or body of persons established in India. However, the Government of India may waive all or any of the above conditions for naturalisation in the case of a person who has rendered distinguished service to the science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace or human progress. Every naturalised citizen must take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of India. 5. By Incorporation of Territory: If any foreign territory becomes a part of India, the Government of India specifies the persons who among the people of the territory shall be the citizens of India. Such persons become the citizens of India from the notified date. For example, when Pondicherry became a part of India, the Government of India issued the Citizenship (Pondicherry) Order, 1962, under the Citizenship Act, 1955. Loss of Citizenship: The Citizenship Act, 1955, prescribes three ways of losing citizenship whether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz, renunciation, termination and deprivation: 1. By Renunciation: Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make a declaration renouncing his Indian citizenship. Upon the registration of that declaration, that person ceases to be a citizen of India. However, if such a declaration is made during a war in which India is engaged, its registration shall be withheld by the Central Government. Further, when a person renounces his Indian citizenship, every minor child of that person also loses Indian citizenship. However, when such a child attains the age of eighteen, he may resume Indian citizenship. 2. By Termination: When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country, his Indian citizenship automatically terminates. This provision, however, does not apply during a war in which India is engaged. 3. By Deprivation: It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if: (a) the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud: (b) the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India: (c) the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war; (d) the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and (e) the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously.
##Question:Discuss the ways by which Indian Citizenship can be acquired and terminated as per the Indian Citizenship Act, of 1955. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Introduce with the provision of Constitution which provides for Citizenship.. - Explain the ways in which Citizenship can be Acquired. - Explain the reasons which amount to termination of Citizenship. Answer: The Constitution deals with the citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under Part II. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate provisions in this regard. It only identifies the persons who became citizens of India at its commencement (i.e., on January 26, 1950). The Constitution does not deal with the problem of acquisition or loss of citizenship subsequent to its commencement. It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to provide for such matters and any other matter relating to citizenship. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the Citizenship Act, 1955, which has been amended in 1986,1992, 2003 and 2005. Ways in which Citizenship can be aquired: The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory: 1. By Birth: A person born in India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 1st July 1987 is a citizen of India by birth irrespective of the nationality of his parents. A person born in India on or after 1st July 1987 is considered as a citizen of India only if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. Further, those born in India on or after 3rd December 2004 are considered citizens of India only if both of their parents are citizens of India or one of whose parents is a citizen of India and the other is not an illegal migrant at the time of their birth. The children of foreign diplomats posted in India and enemy aliens cannot acquire Indian citizenship by birth. 2. By Descent: A person born outside India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 10th December 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth. A person born outside India on or after 10th December 1992 is considered as a citizen of India if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. From 3rd December 2004 onwards, a person born outside India shall not be a citizen of India by descent, unless his birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of birth or with the permission of the Central Government, after the expiry of the said period. An application, for registration of the birth of a minor child, to an Indian consulate shall be accompanied by an undertaking in writing from the parents of such minor child that he or she does not hold the passport of another country. 3. By Registration: The Central Government may, on an application, register as a citizen of India any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he belongs to any of the following categories, namely:- (a) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; (b) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in any country or place outside undivided India; (c) a person who is married to a citizen of India and is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration; (d) minor children of persons who are citizens of India; (e) a person of full age and capacity whose parents are registered as citizens of India; (f) a person of full age and capacity who, or either of his parents, was earlier citizen of independent India, and has been residing in India for one year immediately before making an application for registration; (g) a person of full age and capacity who has been registered as an overseas citizen of India for five years, and who has been residing in India for one year before making an application for registration. An applicant shall be deemed to be ordinarily resident in India if – (i) he has resided in India throughout the period of twelve months immediately before making an application for registration; and (ii) he has resided in India during the eight years immediately preceding the said period of twelve months for a period of not less than six years. 4. By Naturalisation: The Central Government may, on an application, grant a certificate of naturalisation to any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he possesses the following qualifications: (a) that he is not a subject or citizen of any country where citizens of India are prevented from becoming subjects or citizens of that country by naturalisation; (b) that, if he is a citizen of any country, he undertakes to renounce the citizenship of that country in the event of his application for Indian citizenship being accepted; (c) that he has either resided in India or been in the service of a Government in India or partly the one and partly the other, throughout the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of the application; (d) that during the fourteen years immediately preceding the said period of twelve months, he has either resided in India or been in the service of a Government in India, or partly the one and partly the other, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than eleven years; (e) that he is of good character; (f) that he has an adequate knowledge of a language specified in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution, and (g) that in the event of a certificate of naturalisation being granted to him, he intends to reside in India, or to enter into or continue in, service under a Government in India or under an international organisation of which India is a member or under a society, company or body of persons established in India. However, the Government of India may waive all or any of the above conditions for naturalisation in the case of a person who has rendered distinguished service to the science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace or human progress. Every naturalised citizen must take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of India. 5. By Incorporation of Territory: If any foreign territory becomes a part of India, the Government of India specifies the persons who among the people of the territory shall be the citizens of India. Such persons become the citizens of India from the notified date. For example, when Pondicherry became a part of India, the Government of India issued the Citizenship (Pondicherry) Order, 1962, under the Citizenship Act, 1955. Loss of Citizenship: The Citizenship Act, 1955, prescribes three ways of losing citizenship whether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz, renunciation, termination and deprivation: 1. By Renunciation: Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make a declaration renouncing his Indian citizenship. Upon the registration of that declaration, that person ceases to be a citizen of India. However, if such a declaration is made during a war in which India is engaged, its registration shall be withheld by the Central Government. Further, when a person renounces his Indian citizenship, every minor child of that person also loses Indian citizenship. However, when such a child attains the age of eighteen, he may resume Indian citizenship. 2. By Termination: When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country, his Indian citizenship automatically terminates. This provision, however, does not apply during a war in which India is engaged. 3. By Deprivation: It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if: (a) the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud: (b) the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India: (c) the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war; (d) the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and (e) the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously.
36,773
To what extent was the event associated with Indian National Army and Royal Indian Naval Mutiny hastened Independence for India? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: The answer should convey the fact that INA and RIN mutiny pressurized the Britishers to grant independence to India. In a way significance and impact of both these events have to be explained. As the question asks "to what extent" factors other than these have to also be mentioned, i.e. the other factors which promoted independence. But the major emphasis has to be on the first part of the answer. Answer: Indian National Army (INA) was conceptualisedby Mohan Sigh bringing together theBritish prisoners of war. It was able to attain both domestic and international significance: - Freedom through military conquest- The INA was able to draw Japanese support in order to invoke a military strike to win India"s independence. -Formation of government- They organised themselves politically to form a government of India in exile under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose. This government was recognised by the Axis powers, giving it a global standing. -Burden of war- The British were fighting at many fronts in the world and were exhausted both financially and through loss of lives. Though they won the Battle of Kohima, it is still considered to be a profound and tedious battle for them. -Integration with the national movement- Congress supported and fought the cases of the INA trials. It also increased national consciousness and created an uproar in the masses. On this question of the treatment of INA soldiers, a mutiny was seen in the Royal Indian Navy (RIN). It had the following significance: -Weakeningof British control overthe army- The colonial rule is maintained by stronghold of the armed forces, a mutiny within the navy was an indication that this foundation had been shaken. -Other mutinies- This promoted a similarsentiment of mutiny in the other regiments which followed the RIN. -Spread ofnationalistconsciousness in British soldiers- This was a clear indication that they cannot be trusted anymore and British rule is not possible without them. -Dropping charges in the INA trials- In a way, it was the RIN mutiny which pushed the dropping of all charges against Britishsoldiers. Thus these two incidents compelled the British government to send the Cabinet mission plan whose main aim was to bring a prompt proposal for transfer of power. But these did not become effective in isolation: -Overall geopolitical situation after the first world war was seeing decolonisation happening all over the world. -International sentiment support the freedom of colonies and a new world order. -Economic burden of the warhad made Britishers tired and they did not want to indulge anymore in conflict. -The nationalist consciousnesshad reached all parts of the country including the princely states, so Freedom could no longer be delayed. Thus we can say INA and RIN triggered the responsewhich was already on its way though the momentum was increased.
##Question:To what extent was the event associated with Indian National Army and Royal Indian Naval Mutiny hastened Independence for India? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: The answer should convey the fact that INA and RIN mutiny pressurized the Britishers to grant independence to India. In a way significance and impact of both these events have to be explained. As the question asks "to what extent" factors other than these have to also be mentioned, i.e. the other factors which promoted independence. But the major emphasis has to be on the first part of the answer. Answer: Indian National Army (INA) was conceptualisedby Mohan Sigh bringing together theBritish prisoners of war. It was able to attain both domestic and international significance: - Freedom through military conquest- The INA was able to draw Japanese support in order to invoke a military strike to win India"s independence. -Formation of government- They organised themselves politically to form a government of India in exile under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose. This government was recognised by the Axis powers, giving it a global standing. -Burden of war- The British were fighting at many fronts in the world and were exhausted both financially and through loss of lives. Though they won the Battle of Kohima, it is still considered to be a profound and tedious battle for them. -Integration with the national movement- Congress supported and fought the cases of the INA trials. It also increased national consciousness and created an uproar in the masses. On this question of the treatment of INA soldiers, a mutiny was seen in the Royal Indian Navy (RIN). It had the following significance: -Weakeningof British control overthe army- The colonial rule is maintained by stronghold of the armed forces, a mutiny within the navy was an indication that this foundation had been shaken. -Other mutinies- This promoted a similarsentiment of mutiny in the other regiments which followed the RIN. -Spread ofnationalistconsciousness in British soldiers- This was a clear indication that they cannot be trusted anymore and British rule is not possible without them. -Dropping charges in the INA trials- In a way, it was the RIN mutiny which pushed the dropping of all charges against Britishsoldiers. Thus these two incidents compelled the British government to send the Cabinet mission plan whose main aim was to bring a prompt proposal for transfer of power. But these did not become effective in isolation: -Overall geopolitical situation after the first world war was seeing decolonisation happening all over the world. -International sentiment support the freedom of colonies and a new world order. -Economic burden of the warhad made Britishers tired and they did not want to indulge anymore in conflict. -The nationalist consciousnesshad reached all parts of the country including the princely states, so Freedom could no longer be delayed. Thus we can say INA and RIN triggered the responsewhich was already on its way though the momentum was increased.
36,777
The food processing industry in India has a very high potential for growth. Elaborate. Also, discuss various steps taken by the government to promote the food processing industry in India. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach Brief introduction with facts about the food processing industry in India Elaborate on various factors that provide huge potential for the food processing industry in India Mention various government steps for this sector Briefly conclude Answer: The Food Processing industry is a sunrise sector and is vital to India’s development, primarily due to the linkages and synergies it promotes between the two pillars of our economy - industry and agriculture. India has evolved from a food-scarce to a food-surplus nation during the last decade and the ever-growing trade in the production of food commodities indicates that the industry is on track in terms of growth and profitability. India’s USD 600 Billion food processing industry is expected to grow three-fold by 2020. India currently ranks second in terms of global food production, next only to China. Huge potential for growth Diverse sources of raw materials: India has the tenth-largest arable land resource in the world with 161 million tonnes. With 20 agri-climatic regions, all 15 major climates in the world exist in India. The country also possesses 46 of the 60 soil types in the world. Labour: Food processing industry is a labour-intensive industry and the huge availability of cheap labour in India provides good potential for the growth of this industry in India. Production costs in India are lower by about 40 per cent in comparison to most developed and developing countries Exports: There is a rise in the demand for Indian processed food in the international market. In addition to changing consumer tastes in foreign markets, there is a huge population of people of Indian origin that live abroad. With India’s increased integration with the global economy and proximity to important foreign markets such as the Middle Eastern countries and Africa, the country’s food processing industry is also witnessing greater export potential. Increasing demand: As the consumers in the country are becoming more health-conscious, the demand for nutritious food is growing proportionately. In addition, the rising number of working women and nuclear families is resulting in high demand for ready-to-eat and frozen food. Various steps were taken by the government to promote the food processing industry in India Under the Make in India initiative , the Government plans to stimulate growth in the Food Processing sector through the creation of a strong infrastructure, reduction of food wastage and promotion of Ease of Doing Business (EODB) measures. The upcoming ‘Scheme For Agro-Marine produces Processing and Development of Agro-clusters’ (SAMPADA) will provide a renewed thrust to the sector with a budget allocation of USD 923 Million. The FDI in trading and e-commerce of food products is allowed up to 100% through the government approval route. Additionally, the 100% FDI policy through automatic routes in the sector for manufacturing in India has resulted in inflows of foreign investments. The Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure scheme under MoFPI aims to build strong cold storage infrastructure for dairy, fish and horticultural industries. In the Budget 2017- 18, a new Dairy Processing and Infrastructure Development Fund worth USD 1.3 Billion was proposed in addition to the already allocated National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD’s) Food Processing Fund worth USD 307 Million. The Mega Food Parks have been at the forefront of setting up Food Processing clusters across the country. Nine Mega Food Parks, namely Patanjali Food and Herbal Park (Haridwar, Srini Food Park (Chittoor) and North East Mega Food Park (Nalbari), among others, are functional so far and several more are in the pipeline. The Food Processing industry is critical to India’s growth and the government is focused on providing adequate impetus to the sector. A well-developed Food Processing sector will help facilitate crop diversification and generate employment opportunities. The introduction of modern processing techniques for food will result in improved shelf-life of agricultural produce and ensure steady revenue to farmers. With the correct set of policy implementations and support, the industry can grow by leaps and bounds, taking India to a new position of strength and prosperity in the global economy.
##Question:The food processing industry in India has a very high potential for growth. Elaborate. Also, discuss various steps taken by the government to promote the food processing industry in India. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach Brief introduction with facts about the food processing industry in India Elaborate on various factors that provide huge potential for the food processing industry in India Mention various government steps for this sector Briefly conclude Answer: The Food Processing industry is a sunrise sector and is vital to India’s development, primarily due to the linkages and synergies it promotes between the two pillars of our economy - industry and agriculture. India has evolved from a food-scarce to a food-surplus nation during the last decade and the ever-growing trade in the production of food commodities indicates that the industry is on track in terms of growth and profitability. India’s USD 600 Billion food processing industry is expected to grow three-fold by 2020. India currently ranks second in terms of global food production, next only to China. Huge potential for growth Diverse sources of raw materials: India has the tenth-largest arable land resource in the world with 161 million tonnes. With 20 agri-climatic regions, all 15 major climates in the world exist in India. The country also possesses 46 of the 60 soil types in the world. Labour: Food processing industry is a labour-intensive industry and the huge availability of cheap labour in India provides good potential for the growth of this industry in India. Production costs in India are lower by about 40 per cent in comparison to most developed and developing countries Exports: There is a rise in the demand for Indian processed food in the international market. In addition to changing consumer tastes in foreign markets, there is a huge population of people of Indian origin that live abroad. With India’s increased integration with the global economy and proximity to important foreign markets such as the Middle Eastern countries and Africa, the country’s food processing industry is also witnessing greater export potential. Increasing demand: As the consumers in the country are becoming more health-conscious, the demand for nutritious food is growing proportionately. In addition, the rising number of working women and nuclear families is resulting in high demand for ready-to-eat and frozen food. Various steps were taken by the government to promote the food processing industry in India Under the Make in India initiative , the Government plans to stimulate growth in the Food Processing sector through the creation of a strong infrastructure, reduction of food wastage and promotion of Ease of Doing Business (EODB) measures. The upcoming ‘Scheme For Agro-Marine produces Processing and Development of Agro-clusters’ (SAMPADA) will provide a renewed thrust to the sector with a budget allocation of USD 923 Million. The FDI in trading and e-commerce of food products is allowed up to 100% through the government approval route. Additionally, the 100% FDI policy through automatic routes in the sector for manufacturing in India has resulted in inflows of foreign investments. The Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure scheme under MoFPI aims to build strong cold storage infrastructure for dairy, fish and horticultural industries. In the Budget 2017- 18, a new Dairy Processing and Infrastructure Development Fund worth USD 1.3 Billion was proposed in addition to the already allocated National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD’s) Food Processing Fund worth USD 307 Million. The Mega Food Parks have been at the forefront of setting up Food Processing clusters across the country. Nine Mega Food Parks, namely Patanjali Food and Herbal Park (Haridwar, Srini Food Park (Chittoor) and North East Mega Food Park (Nalbari), among others, are functional so far and several more are in the pipeline. The Food Processing industry is critical to India’s growth and the government is focused on providing adequate impetus to the sector. A well-developed Food Processing sector will help facilitate crop diversification and generate employment opportunities. The introduction of modern processing techniques for food will result in improved shelf-life of agricultural produce and ensure steady revenue to farmers. With the correct set of policy implementations and support, the industry can grow by leaps and bounds, taking India to a new position of strength and prosperity in the global economy.
36,784
Explain the paradox that on one hand increasing violence against has women justifies strong laws whereas on the other the same laws are being misused by women. (150 words/10 mark)
Approach:- Brief introduction about violence against women Mention how strong laws are addressing the issue Explain how and why these Laws are misused by women. Suggest steps to be taken Answer:- Violence against women has become a norm as part of patriarchy institution itself in our society. It makes India the most dangerous country for women as per Thomson Reuters Foundation survey. Strong laws and violence against women:- Women in our traditional society face violence at workplace and home as well. Legislatures have made many laws to protect women from the violence of any type. For example- the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.Increasing rape cases in recent years and involving of males under adult age has made the Parliament make stringent laws. It shows the seriousness and commitment of the state to protect women.Strong laws against the violence of women have improved the situation of women. Many women are coming in light against the violence and stringent provisions of the laws provide them justice. More and more educated women are being aware of their rights. Though strong laws are made against violence, these laws are in many cases are misused against males. For example- Anti Dowry laws. Reasons for the misuse of Laws:- In many cases, it is found that these laws are used to settle a personal score against male members. This problem is found more in urban areas where women are more aware of their rights. There is no provision of counteraction if the complaint is false One of the most prominent reason is materialism, the culture of consumerism. Many women use these laws for material gains in the lieu of getting compensation to settle the cases. Corruption of value systems. Women in many cases are found ignorant of the ill impact of these cases on their families. Declining status of an institution of marriage- Marriage is not considered to be a sacrosanct institute anymore by many women. Steps to be taken: Gender neutral laws should be their women cannot take unnecessary advantages of the laws which are biased in their favour. Laws should be such that it is equal for both men and women. Mindset needs to be changed where personal issues between male and female can be effectively used by involving family members first. Community policing can be an alternative where neighbours and domestic workers can be an effective source of information f0r police. Fast track courts can be of great help because it may end the plight of males in case of any false complaints. Though in most of the cases, women are on the weaker side, but gender-neutral laws and consideration of all stakeholders can make these laws more effective. We need to adopt a holistic approach to look into these matters with the help of all section of society.
##Question:Explain the paradox that on one hand increasing violence against has women justifies strong laws whereas on the other the same laws are being misused by women. (150 words/10 mark)##Answer:Approach:- Brief introduction about violence against women Mention how strong laws are addressing the issue Explain how and why these Laws are misused by women. Suggest steps to be taken Answer:- Violence against women has become a norm as part of patriarchy institution itself in our society. It makes India the most dangerous country for women as per Thomson Reuters Foundation survey. Strong laws and violence against women:- Women in our traditional society face violence at workplace and home as well. Legislatures have made many laws to protect women from the violence of any type. For example- the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.Increasing rape cases in recent years and involving of males under adult age has made the Parliament make stringent laws. It shows the seriousness and commitment of the state to protect women.Strong laws against the violence of women have improved the situation of women. Many women are coming in light against the violence and stringent provisions of the laws provide them justice. More and more educated women are being aware of their rights. Though strong laws are made against violence, these laws are in many cases are misused against males. For example- Anti Dowry laws. Reasons for the misuse of Laws:- In many cases, it is found that these laws are used to settle a personal score against male members. This problem is found more in urban areas where women are more aware of their rights. There is no provision of counteraction if the complaint is false One of the most prominent reason is materialism, the culture of consumerism. Many women use these laws for material gains in the lieu of getting compensation to settle the cases. Corruption of value systems. Women in many cases are found ignorant of the ill impact of these cases on their families. Declining status of an institution of marriage- Marriage is not considered to be a sacrosanct institute anymore by many women. Steps to be taken: Gender neutral laws should be their women cannot take unnecessary advantages of the laws which are biased in their favour. Laws should be such that it is equal for both men and women. Mindset needs to be changed where personal issues between male and female can be effectively used by involving family members first. Community policing can be an alternative where neighbours and domestic workers can be an effective source of information f0r police. Fast track courts can be of great help because it may end the plight of males in case of any false complaints. Though in most of the cases, women are on the weaker side, but gender-neutral laws and consideration of all stakeholders can make these laws more effective. We need to adopt a holistic approach to look into these matters with the help of all section of society.
36,792
Discuss the temperaturezones of the world. Also explain how the winds determine the precipitation patterns in different parts of the world? (200 words)
Approach- Firstpart of the question should be answered with the help of a diagram.The regionson the basis of temperature zones on the earth have to be mentioned. After that, the second part shoulddiscuss howdifferent winds impact the precipitation in these different temperature regions. Answer- The solar insolationdetermines the temperature conditions in the regions. The surface of the earth can be divided into the following regions in both the hemispheres on the basis of temperature : 0-10 degrees- Equatorial- doldrums 10-30 degrees-Tropical- strong easterlies 30-45 degrees- Warm temperate- westerlies 45-66 degrees- Cold temperate- westerlies 66-90 degrees - Polar- polar easterlies Wind help in dispersing the heat from one region to the next and maintain the heat balance of the earth. -In the equatorial region, doldrumsbringlow pressure. Itremains warm around the year, thus low pressure is maintained as such andthis brings increased precipitation around the year. -In the tropical region, easterlies bring moisture from the eastern side,from the ocean. Thus the eastern coastal region receivesmore rainfall which goes on decreasing as we move into the interior regions. By the time the easterlies reach the western side of the continent, rainfall is minimal. Due to the high temperature in the region and lesser rain, western sides of the continents in the tropical regions are the driest regions. -In the temperate regions, westerlies bring moisture from the western side of the continent. As coastal temperate does not become too warm, conventional rain is limited in western coastaltemperate. Western coast gets more rainfall in the winter season which is mainly orographic and cyclonic. Cyclonic conditions are best developed during winter due to high variation of temperature between air masses. In the interior regions of the continent, convectional rainfall may occur in summers. Eastern side of the continent similarly receives rainfall insummerseason. -In the polar region- Precipitation is less and mostly in the form of snow. Low temperature dictates low evaporation in the region. Polar easterliesare assuch weak and irregular. They are cold winds as they blow from the polar high-pressure region. Thus it can be clearly understood that temperature, winds and precipitation are linked and together define the climatic conditions in a region.
##Question:Discuss the temperaturezones of the world. Also explain how the winds determine the precipitation patterns in different parts of the world? (200 words)##Answer:Approach- Firstpart of the question should be answered with the help of a diagram.The regionson the basis of temperature zones on the earth have to be mentioned. After that, the second part shoulddiscuss howdifferent winds impact the precipitation in these different temperature regions. Answer- The solar insolationdetermines the temperature conditions in the regions. The surface of the earth can be divided into the following regions in both the hemispheres on the basis of temperature : 0-10 degrees- Equatorial- doldrums 10-30 degrees-Tropical- strong easterlies 30-45 degrees- Warm temperate- westerlies 45-66 degrees- Cold temperate- westerlies 66-90 degrees - Polar- polar easterlies Wind help in dispersing the heat from one region to the next and maintain the heat balance of the earth. -In the equatorial region, doldrumsbringlow pressure. Itremains warm around the year, thus low pressure is maintained as such andthis brings increased precipitation around the year. -In the tropical region, easterlies bring moisture from the eastern side,from the ocean. Thus the eastern coastal region receivesmore rainfall which goes on decreasing as we move into the interior regions. By the time the easterlies reach the western side of the continent, rainfall is minimal. Due to the high temperature in the region and lesser rain, western sides of the continents in the tropical regions are the driest regions. -In the temperate regions, westerlies bring moisture from the western side of the continent. As coastal temperate does not become too warm, conventional rain is limited in western coastaltemperate. Western coast gets more rainfall in the winter season which is mainly orographic and cyclonic. Cyclonic conditions are best developed during winter due to high variation of temperature between air masses. In the interior regions of the continent, convectional rainfall may occur in summers. Eastern side of the continent similarly receives rainfall insummerseason. -In the polar region- Precipitation is less and mostly in the form of snow. Low temperature dictates low evaporation in the region. Polar easterliesare assuch weak and irregular. They are cold winds as they blow from the polar high-pressure region. Thus it can be clearly understood that temperature, winds and precipitation are linked and together define the climatic conditions in a region.
36,795
With the help of examples, discuss the various types of artificial satellites. (150 words/10 marks)
Brief approach- Briefly mention different types of satellites and give examples in context of India ANSWER- India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under: 1. Communication Satellites: These are the satellites that are placed in earts orbit for purpose sending and receiving data between source and destinition for purpose of communication. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. 2. Earth Observation Satellites: Similar to spy satellites these are satellites used for observation of earth from a particular orbit.Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. 3. Space Science and Exploration: These satellites are for multipurpose uses for space exploration and experiments in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. some examples from India are as follows- (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. 4. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategic applications. these are used to enhance navigation and tracking capability of a nation (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as ""NavIC"" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. 5. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-2’ is also on track and will be launched by the end of this year. "
##Question:With the help of examples, discuss the various types of artificial satellites. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Brief approach- Briefly mention different types of satellites and give examples in context of India ANSWER- India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under: 1. Communication Satellites: These are the satellites that are placed in earts orbit for purpose sending and receiving data between source and destinition for purpose of communication. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. 2. Earth Observation Satellites: Similar to spy satellites these are satellites used for observation of earth from a particular orbit.Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. 3. Space Science and Exploration: These satellites are for multipurpose uses for space exploration and experiments in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. some examples from India are as follows- (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. 4. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategic applications. these are used to enhance navigation and tracking capability of a nation (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as ""NavIC"" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. 5. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-2’ is also on track and will be launched by the end of this year. "
36,797
Challenges in harnessing or tapping the Tidal energy has been a hindrance in realising its true potential. Discuss. (150 words) 10 marks
Approach: - Define Tidal energy with its current status around the world. - Mention the challenges associated in its efficient generation. - The benefits/advantages associated with harnessing tidal energy(so as to realise its true potential) - Way Forward Answer: Tidal energy is a form ofhydropowerthat converts the energy oftidesinto electricity or other useful forms of power. being a form of renewable energy source wherethe Earth’s tides are caused by the tidal forces due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun, and the Earth’s rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible. It is estimated that there are only 20 places worldwide, where the height of the high tide is over five meters higher than the low tide to capture the tidal power potential. Globally, only a few countries have harnessed the tidal energy potential, among which La Rance Tidal plant of France(earliest) and Shiwa Lake Tidal plant(largest) in South Korea are few remarkable ones in the list. India though has a coastline of 7500 km has not been able to realise its true potential through sites such as Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat has a high potential for the same. Challenges associated in the generation of Tidal Energy The following are the major challenges while harnessing Tidal energy: 1)Tidal Energy requires a suitable site, where the tides and tidal streams are consistently strong and can be harnessed where the installation of tidal barrages can take place. 2) Also,the tidal energy is dependent on the movement of the tides and hence there is no consistent generation of electricity. It generates power only ten hours a day during the outgoing and incoming of the tides 3) Tidal power plants are very expensive to install, and affects a very wide area – the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream. 4) Other than its installation and generation costs, the power plant should be able to withstand forces of nature thereby resulting in additional investment, apt construction and maintenance costs. 5) There is also danger to marine organisms life as they might get stuck in the barrages orget sucked by the force of tidal turbine blades. Benefits/advantages of Tidal energy generation: 1) Being a form of renewable energy it has lower environmental costs associated during its generation. Also, it isclean because it uses no fuel so it’s environment-friendly and no waste by-products are produced either. 2) It is bio-friendly energy as it has the potential to produce free and green energy. 3) Since the tides have high predictability as high and low tides can be predicted years in advance and there is a definite surety of high and low tides occurring twice a day respectively. 4) As compared to other forms of renewable energy it is easy to be maintained where the tidal turbines are installed under water which neither affects visibility not acts as a hindrance to birds(submerged under water) 5)Tidal barrages simultaneously provide protection against flooding and land damage and tidal stream generators cause lesser or no harm to the natural landscape. Way Forward: Though tidal energy has huge potential to be one of the prominent sources of renewable energy generation proper research and development is required so as to minimize the challenges associated in its installation. There is also theneed to consider factors like the environmental impact of these projects on the ecosystem simultaneously the transmission requirements of the electricity from coastal regions to the central part of the country should be taken care of, as well as there should be a strong tidal energy policy(especially with respect to India) to attract investors to projects.
##Question:Challenges in harnessing or tapping the Tidal energy has been a hindrance in realising its true potential. Discuss. (150 words) 10 marks##Answer:Approach: - Define Tidal energy with its current status around the world. - Mention the challenges associated in its efficient generation. - The benefits/advantages associated with harnessing tidal energy(so as to realise its true potential) - Way Forward Answer: Tidal energy is a form ofhydropowerthat converts the energy oftidesinto electricity or other useful forms of power. being a form of renewable energy source wherethe Earth’s tides are caused by the tidal forces due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun, and the Earth’s rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible. It is estimated that there are only 20 places worldwide, where the height of the high tide is over five meters higher than the low tide to capture the tidal power potential. Globally, only a few countries have harnessed the tidal energy potential, among which La Rance Tidal plant of France(earliest) and Shiwa Lake Tidal plant(largest) in South Korea are few remarkable ones in the list. India though has a coastline of 7500 km has not been able to realise its true potential through sites such as Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat has a high potential for the same. Challenges associated in the generation of Tidal Energy The following are the major challenges while harnessing Tidal energy: 1)Tidal Energy requires a suitable site, where the tides and tidal streams are consistently strong and can be harnessed where the installation of tidal barrages can take place. 2) Also,the tidal energy is dependent on the movement of the tides and hence there is no consistent generation of electricity. It generates power only ten hours a day during the outgoing and incoming of the tides 3) Tidal power plants are very expensive to install, and affects a very wide area – the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream. 4) Other than its installation and generation costs, the power plant should be able to withstand forces of nature thereby resulting in additional investment, apt construction and maintenance costs. 5) There is also danger to marine organisms life as they might get stuck in the barrages orget sucked by the force of tidal turbine blades. Benefits/advantages of Tidal energy generation: 1) Being a form of renewable energy it has lower environmental costs associated during its generation. Also, it isclean because it uses no fuel so it’s environment-friendly and no waste by-products are produced either. 2) It is bio-friendly energy as it has the potential to produce free and green energy. 3) Since the tides have high predictability as high and low tides can be predicted years in advance and there is a definite surety of high and low tides occurring twice a day respectively. 4) As compared to other forms of renewable energy it is easy to be maintained where the tidal turbines are installed under water which neither affects visibility not acts as a hindrance to birds(submerged under water) 5)Tidal barrages simultaneously provide protection against flooding and land damage and tidal stream generators cause lesser or no harm to the natural landscape. Way Forward: Though tidal energy has huge potential to be one of the prominent sources of renewable energy generation proper research and development is required so as to minimize the challenges associated in its installation. There is also theneed to consider factors like the environmental impact of these projects on the ecosystem simultaneously the transmission requirements of the electricity from coastal regions to the central part of the country should be taken care of, as well as there should be a strong tidal energy policy(especially with respect to India) to attract investors to projects.
36,801
Right To Equality is not absolute but highly qualified under the Constitution Of India. Comment (150 words)
Approach Brief introduction about Right to equality in Indian Constitution Explain how this right is not absolute but qualified in nature, using various exceptions to the articles Conclude briefly in favor exceptions to right to equality. Answer: The Constitution of India guarantees the Right to Equality through Article 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution. Article 14 outlaws discrimination in a general way and guarantees equality before the Law to all the Citizens, irrespective of caste, creed, religion, sex, regions, or sex etc. Article 14 The Article 14 of the Indian Constitution reads as follows that " the State shall not deny to any person equality before law or the Equal Protection of the Law within the territory of India ". However, this is not an absolute rule and there are a number of exceptions to it. For example, foreign Diplomats enjoy immunity from the Countries Judicial process. Even Article 361 extends immunity to the President of India and Governors of the States, Public Officers and Judges. Some special groups and interests like Trade Unions have been accorded special privileges by law. Under the concept of "equal protection by laws”, legislature have the power of making certain distinct laws to attain particular objectives. In case of sitting MLAs and MPs when they are alleged criminal charges, they could not be immediately arrested but the case under trial is found guilty of a corrupt practice by an order under Sec. 99 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, by the High Court, the sitting MLA or MP may be ,within a period of three months from the date of such Order of the Court, may be disqualified only after intimating to the President for determination of the question as to whether such person shall be disqualified and if so, for what period. Article 15 Similarly, Article 15 (1) of the Constitution specially bars the state from discriminating against any citizen of India on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, any of them and Article 15(2) prohibits subjection of a citizen to any disability, liability, restriction or condition on ground only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of entertainments or the use of wells, tanks, bathing places, roads, places of public resorts maintained wholly or partially out of state funds or dedicated to the use of general public. But, there is special provision under Article 15(3) for safeguarding the women and children and Art. 15 (4) too declares that the state has privileges to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes. Hence, the Principle of Equality enshrined in article 14 and 15 of the constitution are not absolute but highly qualified in nature. But, considering the diverse nature of Indian society and social discriminations present in India since historical times such exceptions in the FRs are completely valid. Also, the nature of work performed by the person occupying posts like President, Governor, MPs, MLAs and diplomats also calls for certain special provisions. [Note: The answer covers only about Article 14 and 15 since in this class only these two articles were covered. If student writes only about these two article, then it should be considered as full answer. But if student writes only about Article 14 then you can suggest about other article related to equality as well. Also if student writes about all the articles from 14 to 18 then also the answer should be valid. Any content on Article 16, 17, 18 will be on similar lines as mentioned about article 14 and 15 in this answer. ]
##Question:Right To Equality is not absolute but highly qualified under the Constitution Of India. Comment (150 words)##Answer: Approach Brief introduction about Right to equality in Indian Constitution Explain how this right is not absolute but qualified in nature, using various exceptions to the articles Conclude briefly in favor exceptions to right to equality. Answer: The Constitution of India guarantees the Right to Equality through Article 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution. Article 14 outlaws discrimination in a general way and guarantees equality before the Law to all the Citizens, irrespective of caste, creed, religion, sex, regions, or sex etc. Article 14 The Article 14 of the Indian Constitution reads as follows that " the State shall not deny to any person equality before law or the Equal Protection of the Law within the territory of India ". However, this is not an absolute rule and there are a number of exceptions to it. For example, foreign Diplomats enjoy immunity from the Countries Judicial process. Even Article 361 extends immunity to the President of India and Governors of the States, Public Officers and Judges. Some special groups and interests like Trade Unions have been accorded special privileges by law. Under the concept of "equal protection by laws”, legislature have the power of making certain distinct laws to attain particular objectives. In case of sitting MLAs and MPs when they are alleged criminal charges, they could not be immediately arrested but the case under trial is found guilty of a corrupt practice by an order under Sec. 99 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, by the High Court, the sitting MLA or MP may be ,within a period of three months from the date of such Order of the Court, may be disqualified only after intimating to the President for determination of the question as to whether such person shall be disqualified and if so, for what period. Article 15 Similarly, Article 15 (1) of the Constitution specially bars the state from discriminating against any citizen of India on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, any of them and Article 15(2) prohibits subjection of a citizen to any disability, liability, restriction or condition on ground only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of entertainments or the use of wells, tanks, bathing places, roads, places of public resorts maintained wholly or partially out of state funds or dedicated to the use of general public. But, there is special provision under Article 15(3) for safeguarding the women and children and Art. 15 (4) too declares that the state has privileges to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes. Hence, the Principle of Equality enshrined in article 14 and 15 of the constitution are not absolute but highly qualified in nature. But, considering the diverse nature of Indian society and social discriminations present in India since historical times such exceptions in the FRs are completely valid. Also, the nature of work performed by the person occupying posts like President, Governor, MPs, MLAs and diplomats also calls for certain special provisions. [Note: The answer covers only about Article 14 and 15 since in this class only these two articles were covered. If student writes only about these two article, then it should be considered as full answer. But if student writes only about Article 14 then you can suggest about other article related to equality as well. Also if student writes about all the articles from 14 to 18 then also the answer should be valid. Any content on Article 16, 17, 18 will be on similar lines as mentioned about article 14 and 15 in this answer. ]
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राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के यथार्थवादी व उदारवादी दृष्टिकोण को समझाएं ? क्या भारत की विशाल सीमा रेखा राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के समक्ष उपस्थित एक चुनौती की तरह हैं? चर्चा कीजिए | (200 शब्द)
राष्ट्रीय आंतरिक सुरक्षा के अर्थ क्या हैं? संप्रभु राज्य के द्वारा सीमा के अंतर्गत शांति स्थापना से सम्बंधित राष्ट्रीय हितों एवं राष्ट्रीय कानून व विधि व्यवस्था पर संभावित खतरों से रक्षा अर्द्ध सैनिक बलों व अन्य सुरक्षा एजेंसीयों की जिम्मेदारी राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के वैचारिक और सैधांतिक आयाम यथार्थवादी-मानव स्वाभाव मूलतः ईर्ष्यालु ,भयग्रस्त और महत्वकांक्षी होता है जिन्हें प्राप्त करने के लिए वह शक्ति का संचय करता है | शक्ति संचय के दो रूप होते हैं ,प्रथम सुरक्षात्मक यथार्थवाद जहाँ कोई राष्ट्र केवल अपनी सुरक्षा के लिए शक्ति का संचय करता है | दूसरा ,आक्रामक यथार्थवाद जब एक राष्ट्र स्वयं की सुरक्षा से कही अधिक अपने राष्ट्रीय मूल्यों को विश्व में प्रसारित करना चाहता है | उदारवादी सिद्धांत- ऐसी प्रणाली के निर्माण पर जोड़ देता है जो सहयोग का विकास कर सकें ,ऐसी वैश्विक संस्थाओं को प्रोत्साहित करता है जो सभी राष्ट्रों के मध्य विधमान समस्याओं का निर्धारण सहयोग और समझौते के माध्यम से कर सकें|अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थाओं के साथ होकर उनका अनुसरण करना जैसे- uno का अनुसरण भारत की व्यापक एवं विवधतापूर्ण सीमा रेखा भारत की स्थलीय सीमा 15 हज़ार किमी. एवं द्वीपीय सीमा सहित इसकी तटीय सीमा रेखा 7516 किमी. लम्बी है | देश के प्रति शत्रुतापूर्ण हितों के विरुद्ध देश की सीमाओं को सुरक्षित करना तथा वैध व्यापार और वाणिज्य की सुविधा प्रदान करन एवं विरोधी हितों को प्रतिबंधित करने वाली सक्षम प्रणाली की स्थापना करना सीमा प्रबंधन के प्रमुख उद्येश्यों में सम्मिलित है | प्रमुख सीमा जो राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा के प्रति संवेदनशील रहें हैं : पंजाब –बीआस नदी के विभाजन को लेकर मामला परन्तु सिन्धु नदी जल समझौते के पश्चात ख़त्म| राजस्थान – भारत की ओर मरुस्थलीय क्षेत्र एवं पाकिस्तान की ओर पथरीली भूमि के होने के कारण भारत को विभिन समस्याएं | मरुस्थल में – गैर कानूनी घुसपैठ में वृद्धि , सैन्य तैयारी में विशेष प्रशिक्षण व साजो सामान की आवश्यकता गुजरात –क्रीक – सीमा निर्धारण में समस्या जम्मू कश्मीर – सीमा पर आतंकवाद व अवैध घुसपैठ एवं तस्करी किन समस्या राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा के लिए प्रमुख संवेदनशील क्षेत्र बना हुआ है | सीमा प्रबंधन की जटिलता एवं चुनौतियाँ शत्रु देशों की उपस्थिति –पाकिस्तान ,चीन जैसे राष्ट्र सीमाओं की जटिलता- सागरीय सीमा एवं उत्तर एवं उत्तर पूर्व में पर्वतीय व दुर्गम स्थ्लाकृतियाँ सीमाओं की सुरक्षा- अवैध घुसपैठ –सीमा पर आतंकवाद एवं विशेषकर बांग्लादेश सीमा इसके लिए बेहद संवेदनशील दशा में है परिधीय क्षेत्रों के विकास एवं कल्याण पर प्रभाव तस्करी- मानव तस्करी ,शास्त्र तस्करी एवं ड्रग तस्करी समुद्री लुटेरे –अरब सागरीय क्षेत्र जो भारत के लिए मुख्य व्यापारिक मार्ग है जहाँ पश्चिमी अफ्रीका के समीप सागरीय तटों के पास लूट पाट की घटना अवैध मुद्रा - सीमा प्रबंधन के लिए रणनीति सैन्य तंत्र की सुदृढ ता एवं आवश्यक अवसंरचना का विकास तारबंदी,फ्लड लाइट आदि सीमावर्ती क्षेत्र के विकास हेतु महत्वपूर्ण प्रयास निष्कर्ष सीमा सुरक्षा के सन्दर्भ उपस्थित मुख्य चुनौतियों के संदर्भ में सीमा पर अत्यधिक सतर्कता व सीमा सुरक्षा बालों को मजबूत करना आवश्यक है | हालाँकि इस बात की ध्यान में रखा जाना चाहिए कि सीमा सुरक्षा तंत्र सीमा क्षेत्र से व्यापार ,वाणिज्य व सांस्कृतिक गतिशीलता को बाधित न करें बल्कि सुविधा प्रदान करें |
##Question:राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के यथार्थवादी व उदारवादी दृष्टिकोण को समझाएं ? क्या भारत की विशाल सीमा रेखा राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के समक्ष उपस्थित एक चुनौती की तरह हैं? चर्चा कीजिए | (200 शब्द) ##Answer:राष्ट्रीय आंतरिक सुरक्षा के अर्थ क्या हैं? संप्रभु राज्य के द्वारा सीमा के अंतर्गत शांति स्थापना से सम्बंधित राष्ट्रीय हितों एवं राष्ट्रीय कानून व विधि व्यवस्था पर संभावित खतरों से रक्षा अर्द्ध सैनिक बलों व अन्य सुरक्षा एजेंसीयों की जिम्मेदारी राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के वैचारिक और सैधांतिक आयाम यथार्थवादी-मानव स्वाभाव मूलतः ईर्ष्यालु ,भयग्रस्त और महत्वकांक्षी होता है जिन्हें प्राप्त करने के लिए वह शक्ति का संचय करता है | शक्ति संचय के दो रूप होते हैं ,प्रथम सुरक्षात्मक यथार्थवाद जहाँ कोई राष्ट्र केवल अपनी सुरक्षा के लिए शक्ति का संचय करता है | दूसरा ,आक्रामक यथार्थवाद जब एक राष्ट्र स्वयं की सुरक्षा से कही अधिक अपने राष्ट्रीय मूल्यों को विश्व में प्रसारित करना चाहता है | उदारवादी सिद्धांत- ऐसी प्रणाली के निर्माण पर जोड़ देता है जो सहयोग का विकास कर सकें ,ऐसी वैश्विक संस्थाओं को प्रोत्साहित करता है जो सभी राष्ट्रों के मध्य विधमान समस्याओं का निर्धारण सहयोग और समझौते के माध्यम से कर सकें|अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थाओं के साथ होकर उनका अनुसरण करना जैसे- uno का अनुसरण भारत की व्यापक एवं विवधतापूर्ण सीमा रेखा भारत की स्थलीय सीमा 15 हज़ार किमी. एवं द्वीपीय सीमा सहित इसकी तटीय सीमा रेखा 7516 किमी. लम्बी है | देश के प्रति शत्रुतापूर्ण हितों के विरुद्ध देश की सीमाओं को सुरक्षित करना तथा वैध व्यापार और वाणिज्य की सुविधा प्रदान करन एवं विरोधी हितों को प्रतिबंधित करने वाली सक्षम प्रणाली की स्थापना करना सीमा प्रबंधन के प्रमुख उद्येश्यों में सम्मिलित है | प्रमुख सीमा जो राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा के प्रति संवेदनशील रहें हैं : पंजाब –बीआस नदी के विभाजन को लेकर मामला परन्तु सिन्धु नदी जल समझौते के पश्चात ख़त्म| राजस्थान – भारत की ओर मरुस्थलीय क्षेत्र एवं पाकिस्तान की ओर पथरीली भूमि के होने के कारण भारत को विभिन समस्याएं | मरुस्थल में – गैर कानूनी घुसपैठ में वृद्धि , सैन्य तैयारी में विशेष प्रशिक्षण व साजो सामान की आवश्यकता गुजरात –क्रीक – सीमा निर्धारण में समस्या जम्मू कश्मीर – सीमा पर आतंकवाद व अवैध घुसपैठ एवं तस्करी किन समस्या राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा के लिए प्रमुख संवेदनशील क्षेत्र बना हुआ है | सीमा प्रबंधन की जटिलता एवं चुनौतियाँ शत्रु देशों की उपस्थिति –पाकिस्तान ,चीन जैसे राष्ट्र सीमाओं की जटिलता- सागरीय सीमा एवं उत्तर एवं उत्तर पूर्व में पर्वतीय व दुर्गम स्थ्लाकृतियाँ सीमाओं की सुरक्षा- अवैध घुसपैठ –सीमा पर आतंकवाद एवं विशेषकर बांग्लादेश सीमा इसके लिए बेहद संवेदनशील दशा में है परिधीय क्षेत्रों के विकास एवं कल्याण पर प्रभाव तस्करी- मानव तस्करी ,शास्त्र तस्करी एवं ड्रग तस्करी समुद्री लुटेरे –अरब सागरीय क्षेत्र जो भारत के लिए मुख्य व्यापारिक मार्ग है जहाँ पश्चिमी अफ्रीका के समीप सागरीय तटों के पास लूट पाट की घटना अवैध मुद्रा - सीमा प्रबंधन के लिए रणनीति सैन्य तंत्र की सुदृढ ता एवं आवश्यक अवसंरचना का विकास तारबंदी,फ्लड लाइट आदि सीमावर्ती क्षेत्र के विकास हेतु महत्वपूर्ण प्रयास निष्कर्ष सीमा सुरक्षा के सन्दर्भ उपस्थित मुख्य चुनौतियों के संदर्भ में सीमा पर अत्यधिक सतर्कता व सीमा सुरक्षा बालों को मजबूत करना आवश्यक है | हालाँकि इस बात की ध्यान में रखा जाना चाहिए कि सीमा सुरक्षा तंत्र सीमा क्षेत्र से व्यापार ,वाणिज्य व सांस्कृतिक गतिशीलता को बाधित न करें बल्कि सुविधा प्रदान करें |
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Discuss to what extent the linguistic reorganization of states has contributed to Indian unity. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneityhas been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of bothculture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addresseduntil bifurcationof Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: -It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. -This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitatedin the administration of the new states. -It eased out the stresses created in different part of the country and paved way for focus on the developmental issues. -It releases the pent-upsteam of agitation which was seen in different states. -With such a reorganization it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. -With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, thenational unity is not definitebecause ofcertain challenges: -it was not possible to have one state for one language dueto a large number of languages in the country. -Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. -Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
##Question:Discuss to what extent the linguistic reorganization of states has contributed to Indian unity. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: The answer should explain how the linguistic reorganisation of states addressed the issues being faced by India and this, in turn, strengthened the Unity of the nation. Along with this the second part of the answer should include the fact how this has not been able to fully resolve the issue with certain issues of contention still lingering on. Answer: Ever since independence, there have been demands for re-organisation of states. Various committees were set up to look into to logic and feasibility of setting up new states. Among the criteria for reorganisation, linguistic and cultural homogeneityhas been one prime factor. The popular demands kept on rising as language is an issue of bothculture and livelihood. The Fazl Ali commission was set up which created 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. But the demands were not addresseduntil bifurcationof Bombay and Punjab. Hence we can say post-1967 the linguistic issues disappeared from the political scene and contributed to National unity: -It demonstrated the capacity of the Indian political system to deal with such issues on a democratic basis. -This was instrumental in creating a linguistically homogenous state which facilitatedin the administration of the new states. -It eased out the stresses created in different part of the country and paved way for focus on the developmental issues. -It releases the pent-upsteam of agitation which was seen in different states. -With such a reorganization it has also been possible to design the social sector and employment network in the country. -With the different languages being preserved the states are not culturally insecure and thus are more open to exchange with other states in different parts of the country. But even after linguistic organisation, thenational unity is not definitebecause ofcertain challenges: -it was not possible to have one state for one language dueto a large number of languages in the country. -Minority languages exist in each state, this has seen to develop a tendency of linguistic chauvinism exists. The most recent controversy of such instance is that of Gorkhaland. This threatens the unity and integrity of the country. -Son of soil concept has emerged and this has fueled regionalism in different capacities in the country. eg Uttar Pradesh is being pressed with the demand of being divided into 4 states. Thus though Linguistic reorganisation has been an effective tool for strengthening national integration, the task is not wholesome as cracks are seen till date. Regional development should be promoted along with putting official efforts to make sure that no linguistic minority suffers due to the language barriers.
36,813
पाकिस्तान-चीन के बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) निरंतर बढ़ती जा रही है | भारत के लिए इसके क्या निहितार्थ है ? भारत को अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की सुरक्षा करने के लिए कौन -कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए ? (200 शब्द )
दृष्टिकोण – पाकिस्तान-चीन के बीच संबंधों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिये पाकिस्तान-चीन के बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों मेंसमाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) के बिन्दुओं को रेखांकित कीजिये इस बढतीसमाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) से भारत के लियेचिन्ताओं को बताइए इस सन्दर्भ में भारत को क्या करना चाहिए चर्चा कीजिये उत्तर - हाल की कुछ वर्षों में पाकिस्तान व चीन के बीच विभिन्न सामरिक ,राजनीतिक ,आर्थिक व सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में काफी निकट सहयोग दिखा जा रहा है | दोनों देश मिलकर एक-दूसरे के हितों को के अनुरूप कार्य कर रहे है | सहयोग के बिन्दुओं को निम्न प्रकार दिखा जा सकता है – पाकिस्तान चीन के परियोजना OBOR का एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी है | इसी परियोजना के तहत एक चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारें का निर्माण किया जा रहा है ,जो की POK से होकर गुजरता है | चीन पाकिस्तान में भारी पैमाने पर अवसंरननात्मक परियोजना में निवेश कर रहा है| भारत द्वारा मसूद अज़हर को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए UNSC में लाए गए प्रस्ताव को चीन द्वारा वीटो कर दिया गया | चीन भारत की NSG की दावेदारी का विरोध करता है ,साथ ही पाकिस्तान को भी NSG का सदस्य बनाने की वकालत करता है | चीन ,पाकिस्तान को हथियारों की भी आपूर्ति करता है ,साथ ही दोनों देश परमाणु हथियारों के क्षेत्र में भी सहयोग कर रहे हैं | भारत की चिंताए – पाकिस्तान से आने वाला आतंकवाद भारत की चिंता का प्रमुख कारण है | चीन आतंकवाद को लेकर पाकिस्तान का समर्थन करता है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा ,POK से होकर निकालता है ,जो की भारत की संप्रभुता के खिलाफ है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा का एक छोर हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान का ग्वादर बंदरगाह है ,इसके हिन्द महासागर में चीन की मौजूदगी बढ़ेगी | भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को अपने आर्थिक विकास व सुरक्षात्मक क्षमता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि चीन के साथ पॉवर गैप को कम किया जा सके| चीन व पाकिस्तान को अलग –अलग न समझकर ,दोनों देशों को एक मानकर एक सटीक व सशक्त विदेश नीति का निर्माण करना | भारत को सामान विचारधारा वाले देशों जैसे –जापान ,अमेरिका व EU के साथ मिलकर कार्य करना चाहिए | भारत को अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ मिलकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए |
##Question:पाकिस्तान-चीन के बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) निरंतर बढ़ती जा रही है | भारत के लिए इसके क्या निहितार्थ है ? भारत को अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की सुरक्षा करने के लिए कौन -कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए ? (200 शब्द )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण – पाकिस्तान-चीन के बीच संबंधों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिये पाकिस्तान-चीन के बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों मेंसमाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) के बिन्दुओं को रेखांकित कीजिये इस बढतीसमाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) से भारत के लियेचिन्ताओं को बताइए इस सन्दर्भ में भारत को क्या करना चाहिए चर्चा कीजिये उत्तर - हाल की कुछ वर्षों में पाकिस्तान व चीन के बीच विभिन्न सामरिक ,राजनीतिक ,आर्थिक व सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में काफी निकट सहयोग दिखा जा रहा है | दोनों देश मिलकर एक-दूसरे के हितों को के अनुरूप कार्य कर रहे है | सहयोग के बिन्दुओं को निम्न प्रकार दिखा जा सकता है – पाकिस्तान चीन के परियोजना OBOR का एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी है | इसी परियोजना के तहत एक चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारें का निर्माण किया जा रहा है ,जो की POK से होकर गुजरता है | चीन पाकिस्तान में भारी पैमाने पर अवसंरननात्मक परियोजना में निवेश कर रहा है| भारत द्वारा मसूद अज़हर को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए UNSC में लाए गए प्रस्ताव को चीन द्वारा वीटो कर दिया गया | चीन भारत की NSG की दावेदारी का विरोध करता है ,साथ ही पाकिस्तान को भी NSG का सदस्य बनाने की वकालत करता है | चीन ,पाकिस्तान को हथियारों की भी आपूर्ति करता है ,साथ ही दोनों देश परमाणु हथियारों के क्षेत्र में भी सहयोग कर रहे हैं | भारत की चिंताए – पाकिस्तान से आने वाला आतंकवाद भारत की चिंता का प्रमुख कारण है | चीन आतंकवाद को लेकर पाकिस्तान का समर्थन करता है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा ,POK से होकर निकालता है ,जो की भारत की संप्रभुता के खिलाफ है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा का एक छोर हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान का ग्वादर बंदरगाह है ,इसके हिन्द महासागर में चीन की मौजूदगी बढ़ेगी | भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को अपने आर्थिक विकास व सुरक्षात्मक क्षमता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि चीन के साथ पॉवर गैप को कम किया जा सके| चीन व पाकिस्तान को अलग –अलग न समझकर ,दोनों देशों को एक मानकर एक सटीक व सशक्त विदेश नीति का निर्माण करना | भारत को सामान विचारधारा वाले देशों जैसे –जापान ,अमेरिका व EU के साथ मिलकर कार्य करना चाहिए | भारत को अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ मिलकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए |
36,825
What are new developments in defence technologies with reference to missiles?(200 words)
Brief Approach- Briefly explain different types of missile systems in India along with examples ANSWER- India is increasing investments in the defence sector and this is leading to new developments in this field. All the three wings- army, navy and air force have introduced newer elements intheir striking capabilities. The responsibility of developing India’s defence technology isassigned to the DRDO. Recently several missiles, such as Agni V, Dhanush, Prithvi-II andNag, being developed under IGDMP were successfully test fired at various locations. Missile technology The development of missile technology in India started in the 1960s. The first successfultesting of space-cum-missile technology was the Rohini-75, which was tested in 1967. 1. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMPD) The idea of IGMDP was conceptualized by the former President and eminent scientist, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. The objective of this program was to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. The missiles proposed under this program are − Agni - It is an intercontinental surface-to-surface, nuclear-capable ballistic missile. Starting with Agni-I which was first tested in 1989, India has recently successfully conducted tests on Agni-V, which has the following features: o Powered by 3 stage solid, all composite rocket motors o Coverage: 5000 km o Canister-launch for quick-response, higher reliability, longer shelf-life, less maintenance and enhanced road mobility Prithvi − Prithvi-II is indigenously developed and nuclear-capable surface-to-surface missile. It is a short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) capable of carrying 500-1,000 kgsof warheads. It uses advanced inertial guidance system with manoeuvring trajectory to hit its target. Dhanush (also known as Prithvi III), a naval variant of this Prithvi missile, has also been tested recently Trishul – It"s a Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile. It employs dual thrustpropulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant. With its quickest reaction time,high-frequency operation, high manoeuvrability, high lethal capability and multi-roles for three services, is a state-of-the-art system providing considerable advantage to the Armed forces. Akash − it’s a supersonic surface-to-air missile. Akash has a strike range of about 25 km and can carry a 55- kg fragmentation warhead. It"s designed to neutralise multiple aerial targets attacking from several directions simultaneously. The system is autonomous and its operation is fully automated. Nag − It is a third generation “fire and forget” ATGM (anti-tank guided missile). The missile is equipped with highly advanced Imaging Infrared Radar (IRR) seeker and has integrated avionics technology in its arsenal. Nag can be launched from land andair-based platforms. The land version is currently available for integration on the Nag missile carrier (NAMICA), which is derived from a BMP-2 tracked infantry combat vehicle. The helicopter-launched configuration, designated as helicopter-launched NAG(HELINA), can be fired from Dhruv advanced light helicopter (ALH) and HAL Rudra attack helicopter. The land-based version has the maximum range of 4 km while air based version has a maximum range of 7 km. 2. Brahmos Cruise Missile: The land-to-land configuration of BRAHMOS Block III, the missile was launched from a Mobile Autonomous Launcher (MAL) for its full-range testing recently. It is a joint venture between India and Russia and is named after the Brahmaputra andMoscowa rivers. The first stage of the system takes the missile to supersonic speed and the second stage with liquid ramjet accelerates it to 2.8 mach. Brahmos ALCM (Air Launched Cruise Missile), is the heaviest weapon to be deployed on India’s Su-30. Previously its limit was up to 290 Km"s, however after India"s membership in MTCR its range has been increased to 490 Km"s. 3. NIRBHAY: India’s first indigenous Long Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile. It can carry a warhead of 200-300 kg at a speed of 0.6-0.7 Mach with a launch weight of about 1500 kg. It can avoid detection as it has the ability to cruise at heights as low as 100 m. It is powered by solid rocket motor booster and has a range of 1000km. With the successful launch of NIRBHAY, India joins the select league of nations that possess the ability to make sub-soniccruise missile. 4. ASTRA: Beyond Visual Range Air to Air Missile (BVRAAM) was successfully conductedrecently. Jointly developed by DRDO and IAF. It is an all-weather weapon’s system capableof destroying an enemy target 60 to 70 km far away. In a typical Astra engagement both thelauncher and the target move at a speed in excess of 1000 kmph. 5. Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (MRSAM): It is an advanced, all-weather, mobile, land-based air defence system. It is capable of engaging multiple aerial targets at ranges of more than 50 km. The system will be jointly developed by Israel and DRDO with the involvement of private sectors and DPSUs. The system will have majority indigenous content , giving boost to the Make-in-India initiative. The MRSAM is a land-based variant of the long-range surface-to-air missile (LRSAM) or Barak-8 naval air defence system, which is designed to operate from naval vessels and has range upto 100 km. Barak-8 was also jointly developed with Israel 6. Recently, India successfully test-fired it’s indigenously developed Advanced Air Defence (AAD) supersonic interceptor missile. It is an indigenously developed single stage missilepowered by solid propellant. The interceptor missile has a navigation system, mobile launcher, and secure data link for interception, independent tracking and sophisticated radars. The missile is capable of destroying incoming ballistic missile at low altitude within 30 km of the earth’s atmosphere. The successful development and deployment of missiles would provide a definite boost to the armed forces, indigenous defence industry and India’s capability to design and develop lethal weapons of strategic importance.
##Question:What are new developments in defence technologies with reference to missiles?(200 words)##Answer:Brief Approach- Briefly explain different types of missile systems in India along with examples ANSWER- India is increasing investments in the defence sector and this is leading to new developments in this field. All the three wings- army, navy and air force have introduced newer elements intheir striking capabilities. The responsibility of developing India’s defence technology isassigned to the DRDO. Recently several missiles, such as Agni V, Dhanush, Prithvi-II andNag, being developed under IGDMP were successfully test fired at various locations. Missile technology The development of missile technology in India started in the 1960s. The first successfultesting of space-cum-missile technology was the Rohini-75, which was tested in 1967. 1. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMPD) The idea of IGMDP was conceptualized by the former President and eminent scientist, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. The objective of this program was to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. The missiles proposed under this program are − Agni - It is an intercontinental surface-to-surface, nuclear-capable ballistic missile. Starting with Agni-I which was first tested in 1989, India has recently successfully conducted tests on Agni-V, which has the following features: o Powered by 3 stage solid, all composite rocket motors o Coverage: 5000 km o Canister-launch for quick-response, higher reliability, longer shelf-life, less maintenance and enhanced road mobility Prithvi − Prithvi-II is indigenously developed and nuclear-capable surface-to-surface missile. It is a short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) capable of carrying 500-1,000 kgsof warheads. It uses advanced inertial guidance system with manoeuvring trajectory to hit its target. Dhanush (also known as Prithvi III), a naval variant of this Prithvi missile, has also been tested recently Trishul – It"s a Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile. It employs dual thrustpropulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant. With its quickest reaction time,high-frequency operation, high manoeuvrability, high lethal capability and multi-roles for three services, is a state-of-the-art system providing considerable advantage to the Armed forces. Akash − it’s a supersonic surface-to-air missile. Akash has a strike range of about 25 km and can carry a 55- kg fragmentation warhead. It"s designed to neutralise multiple aerial targets attacking from several directions simultaneously. The system is autonomous and its operation is fully automated. Nag − It is a third generation “fire and forget” ATGM (anti-tank guided missile). The missile is equipped with highly advanced Imaging Infrared Radar (IRR) seeker and has integrated avionics technology in its arsenal. Nag can be launched from land andair-based platforms. The land version is currently available for integration on the Nag missile carrier (NAMICA), which is derived from a BMP-2 tracked infantry combat vehicle. The helicopter-launched configuration, designated as helicopter-launched NAG(HELINA), can be fired from Dhruv advanced light helicopter (ALH) and HAL Rudra attack helicopter. The land-based version has the maximum range of 4 km while air based version has a maximum range of 7 km. 2. Brahmos Cruise Missile: The land-to-land configuration of BRAHMOS Block III, the missile was launched from a Mobile Autonomous Launcher (MAL) for its full-range testing recently. It is a joint venture between India and Russia and is named after the Brahmaputra andMoscowa rivers. The first stage of the system takes the missile to supersonic speed and the second stage with liquid ramjet accelerates it to 2.8 mach. Brahmos ALCM (Air Launched Cruise Missile), is the heaviest weapon to be deployed on India’s Su-30. Previously its limit was up to 290 Km"s, however after India"s membership in MTCR its range has been increased to 490 Km"s. 3. NIRBHAY: India’s first indigenous Long Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile. It can carry a warhead of 200-300 kg at a speed of 0.6-0.7 Mach with a launch weight of about 1500 kg. It can avoid detection as it has the ability to cruise at heights as low as 100 m. It is powered by solid rocket motor booster and has a range of 1000km. With the successful launch of NIRBHAY, India joins the select league of nations that possess the ability to make sub-soniccruise missile. 4. ASTRA: Beyond Visual Range Air to Air Missile (BVRAAM) was successfully conductedrecently. Jointly developed by DRDO and IAF. It is an all-weather weapon’s system capableof destroying an enemy target 60 to 70 km far away. In a typical Astra engagement both thelauncher and the target move at a speed in excess of 1000 kmph. 5. Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (MRSAM): It is an advanced, all-weather, mobile, land-based air defence system. It is capable of engaging multiple aerial targets at ranges of more than 50 km. The system will be jointly developed by Israel and DRDO with the involvement of private sectors and DPSUs. The system will have majority indigenous content , giving boost to the Make-in-India initiative. The MRSAM is a land-based variant of the long-range surface-to-air missile (LRSAM) or Barak-8 naval air defence system, which is designed to operate from naval vessels and has range upto 100 km. Barak-8 was also jointly developed with Israel 6. Recently, India successfully test-fired it’s indigenously developed Advanced Air Defence (AAD) supersonic interceptor missile. It is an indigenously developed single stage missilepowered by solid propellant. The interceptor missile has a navigation system, mobile launcher, and secure data link for interception, independent tracking and sophisticated radars. The missile is capable of destroying incoming ballistic missile at low altitude within 30 km of the earth’s atmosphere. The successful development and deployment of missiles would provide a definite boost to the armed forces, indigenous defence industry and India’s capability to design and develop lethal weapons of strategic importance.
36,831
What do you mean by Corporate Social Responsibility? Critically Analyse how it makes companies more profitable and sustainable. (200 words)
Brief Approach- define CSR list down Importance of CSR Give Issues with CSR suggest some Way forward Answer- United Nations Industrial Development Organization defined it as the responsiveness of businesses to stakeholders’ legal, social, ethical andenvironmental expectations. According to UNIDO, it is a management concept where companies integrate environmental and social concerns in interactionwith their stakeholders’ and also in their business operations. It is a way through which other companies achieve a balance of environmental, social and economic imperatives. At present around Rs12000 cr are spent in CSR in India annually which is more than 2% limit of all corporations combined. Highest being spent on education followed by poverty elevation and health care sector. Importance of CSR It gives chanceto company to serve society, masses, environment, etc. And hence helps in developing a sustainable environment and society. It helps in brand building by word of mouth as people see it as a contribution to society by corporates and hence improves their attitude towards company. For example Patanjali spending more CSR helped it inbrand building in initial years Enhances morale of employees as they seecontributionbycompanyas their own contribution and hence they work more efficiently. This also helps in becoming innovative and creative, Infosys being an example Increase in brand value of company and making them more innovative helps them in attracting more FDI Issues with CSR survey found that 52 of the country’s largest 100 companies failed to spend the required 2%. Some companies cheated by giving donations to charitable foundations that then returned the fund minus a commission. Charitable spending was used as a big reputation builder for family-led conglomerates with a long tradition of philanthropy. And hence taking undue personal advantages. Unequal distribution of charity as the bigger charities that are more well-known are being flooded with money leaving out smaller charities. Compounding the problem is that smaller charities often lack the capacity to cope with companies’ bureaucratic and operational demands Similar thing happened in case of geographic bias under the 2% law, with companies funding projects closer to where they are based. Therefore more industrialised states are winning over poorer, more remote regions where development aid is acutely needed. Some companies looking to gain goodwill by backing government-led projects rather than independent initiatives and hence politicisation of CSR WayForward- Need ofstructuring of CSR so that there is equitable distribution among sectors and geography. check on fraud for fake charitable foundation and fake donations by companies need to include masses and local government to decide what per centto be spent on which area. Need to ensure that company owners/major stakeholdersdo not take undue advantages in name of CSR.
##Question:What do you mean by Corporate Social Responsibility? Critically Analyse how it makes companies more profitable and sustainable. (200 words)##Answer:Brief Approach- define CSR list down Importance of CSR Give Issues with CSR suggest some Way forward Answer- United Nations Industrial Development Organization defined it as the responsiveness of businesses to stakeholders’ legal, social, ethical andenvironmental expectations. According to UNIDO, it is a management concept where companies integrate environmental and social concerns in interactionwith their stakeholders’ and also in their business operations. It is a way through which other companies achieve a balance of environmental, social and economic imperatives. At present around Rs12000 cr are spent in CSR in India annually which is more than 2% limit of all corporations combined. Highest being spent on education followed by poverty elevation and health care sector. Importance of CSR It gives chanceto company to serve society, masses, environment, etc. And hence helps in developing a sustainable environment and society. It helps in brand building by word of mouth as people see it as a contribution to society by corporates and hence improves their attitude towards company. For example Patanjali spending more CSR helped it inbrand building in initial years Enhances morale of employees as they seecontributionbycompanyas their own contribution and hence they work more efficiently. This also helps in becoming innovative and creative, Infosys being an example Increase in brand value of company and making them more innovative helps them in attracting more FDI Issues with CSR survey found that 52 of the country’s largest 100 companies failed to spend the required 2%. Some companies cheated by giving donations to charitable foundations that then returned the fund minus a commission. Charitable spending was used as a big reputation builder for family-led conglomerates with a long tradition of philanthropy. And hence taking undue personal advantages. Unequal distribution of charity as the bigger charities that are more well-known are being flooded with money leaving out smaller charities. Compounding the problem is that smaller charities often lack the capacity to cope with companies’ bureaucratic and operational demands Similar thing happened in case of geographic bias under the 2% law, with companies funding projects closer to where they are based. Therefore more industrialised states are winning over poorer, more remote regions where development aid is acutely needed. Some companies looking to gain goodwill by backing government-led projects rather than independent initiatives and hence politicisation of CSR WayForward- Need ofstructuring of CSR so that there is equitable distribution among sectors and geography. check on fraud for fake charitable foundation and fake donations by companies need to include masses and local government to decide what per centto be spent on which area. Need to ensure that company owners/major stakeholdersdo not take undue advantages in name of CSR.
36,834
Biotechnology has emerged as one of the most important sectors for the development of society. Discuss various applications and concerns regarding the use of biotechnology. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: - Define Biotechnology and its evolution - Enumerate the various applications of Biotechnology. - Enumerate the concerns associated with the use of Biotechnology - Conclude Answer: Biotechnology is any technique which involves the application of biological organisms or their components, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals or to develop micro-organisms for special uses. Since 1953, when Watson and Crick identified the structure of DNA as the genetic basis of all living organisms, the scientific understanding of biological and genetic processes has dramatically accelerated. Following are the areas where Biotechnology application has emerged as an important factor for Socio-economic development: 1) Biotech in medicine: There is a legitimate hope that new vaccines and diagnostic methods for diseases will be developed. Because of high investigation costs, the prospect for an economical use for companies that work on the development is only evident in some take-off countries. Diseases of the poor are especially to be fought in a socio-economic way. 2) Biotechnology in Agriculture: Feeding the poor is still a priority in many developing countries around the globe. To feed the increasing world population food production must be doubled within the next 15 years. 3) Biotechnology in Industries: Industrial biotechnology (known mainly in Europe as white biotechnology) is the application of biotechnology for industrial purposes, including industrial fermentation. It includes the practice of using cells such as micro-organisms, or components of cells like enzymes, to generate industrially useful products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and biofuels 4) Biotechnology in the environment: Cleaning up environmental wastes is an example of an application of environmental biotechnology; whereas loss of biodiversity or loss of containment of a harmful microbe is examples of environmental implications of biotechnology. 5) The Human Genome Project: It is now estimated that the human genome has around 30,000 genes. Many common genetic disorders are caused by defects in several genes. However, around 4,000 other disorders, including sickle cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis, are now thought to be caused by a single mutant gene. Concerns regarding the use of biotechnology: 1) Research & Development is very slow as the experiments require years to come to a conclusion. There is a lack of skilled professionals, machinery and other resources like finance as causes for slow development in this field. 2)This is an investment driven sector and very few people are willing to invest in this field as this is a new field and results are generally not known. 3)There are certainly environmental issues as sometimes applications may interfere in nature and cause harm to other components of the environment. The example in case of genetically modified crops one of the potential problems is that the novel gene might be unintentionally transferred by pollination to other plants, including weeds and also wild relatives of the crop species. It poses threat to biological diversity. 4)Social and ethical concerns- Example, there are cases of human subjects in clinical trials and even for animals their health, life and rights are subjugated. These biotech treatments and some of the medicines are so costly to be affordable by common masses, thus it has become a thing for elites only. There are debates going on that by decreasing the possibility of natural death in humans it is violating with human life as well as the ecosystem (because of burgeoning human population). 5) Concerns have also been expressed about the risks to human health of food products derived from genetically modified crops. This is particularly the case where novel genes have been transferred to crops from organisms that are not normally used in food or animal feed products. Many who oppose genetic engineering suggest that this might lead to the introduction of previously unknown allergens into the food chain. 6)Most of the people are not aware regarding the issues or even benefits so they are very vulnerable to any possible hazard by these technologies Conclusion: Although the area of Biotechnology has seen tremendous development in the last few years there needs to be proper calibration and R&D before its proper application in the real world (especially in the case of GM-crops).
##Question:Biotechnology has emerged as one of the most important sectors for the development of society. Discuss various applications and concerns regarding the use of biotechnology. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: - Define Biotechnology and its evolution - Enumerate the various applications of Biotechnology. - Enumerate the concerns associated with the use of Biotechnology - Conclude Answer: Biotechnology is any technique which involves the application of biological organisms or their components, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals or to develop micro-organisms for special uses. Since 1953, when Watson and Crick identified the structure of DNA as the genetic basis of all living organisms, the scientific understanding of biological and genetic processes has dramatically accelerated. Following are the areas where Biotechnology application has emerged as an important factor for Socio-economic development: 1) Biotech in medicine: There is a legitimate hope that new vaccines and diagnostic methods for diseases will be developed. Because of high investigation costs, the prospect for an economical use for companies that work on the development is only evident in some take-off countries. Diseases of the poor are especially to be fought in a socio-economic way. 2) Biotechnology in Agriculture: Feeding the poor is still a priority in many developing countries around the globe. To feed the increasing world population food production must be doubled within the next 15 years. 3) Biotechnology in Industries: Industrial biotechnology (known mainly in Europe as white biotechnology) is the application of biotechnology for industrial purposes, including industrial fermentation. It includes the practice of using cells such as micro-organisms, or components of cells like enzymes, to generate industrially useful products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and biofuels 4) Biotechnology in the environment: Cleaning up environmental wastes is an example of an application of environmental biotechnology; whereas loss of biodiversity or loss of containment of a harmful microbe is examples of environmental implications of biotechnology. 5) The Human Genome Project: It is now estimated that the human genome has around 30,000 genes. Many common genetic disorders are caused by defects in several genes. However, around 4,000 other disorders, including sickle cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis, are now thought to be caused by a single mutant gene. Concerns regarding the use of biotechnology: 1) Research & Development is very slow as the experiments require years to come to a conclusion. There is a lack of skilled professionals, machinery and other resources like finance as causes for slow development in this field. 2)This is an investment driven sector and very few people are willing to invest in this field as this is a new field and results are generally not known. 3)There are certainly environmental issues as sometimes applications may interfere in nature and cause harm to other components of the environment. The example in case of genetically modified crops one of the potential problems is that the novel gene might be unintentionally transferred by pollination to other plants, including weeds and also wild relatives of the crop species. It poses threat to biological diversity. 4)Social and ethical concerns- Example, there are cases of human subjects in clinical trials and even for animals their health, life and rights are subjugated. These biotech treatments and some of the medicines are so costly to be affordable by common masses, thus it has become a thing for elites only. There are debates going on that by decreasing the possibility of natural death in humans it is violating with human life as well as the ecosystem (because of burgeoning human population). 5) Concerns have also been expressed about the risks to human health of food products derived from genetically modified crops. This is particularly the case where novel genes have been transferred to crops from organisms that are not normally used in food or animal feed products. Many who oppose genetic engineering suggest that this might lead to the introduction of previously unknown allergens into the food chain. 6)Most of the people are not aware regarding the issues or even benefits so they are very vulnerable to any possible hazard by these technologies Conclusion: Although the area of Biotechnology has seen tremendous development in the last few years there needs to be proper calibration and R&D before its proper application in the real world (especially in the case of GM-crops).
36,838
What are various forces responsible for the formation of Tides? Differentiate between Spring tides and Neap tides. Also, bring out the economic advantages of tides. (10 marks/ 150 words)
Approach: 1. Briefly mention what are tides. Explain the formation of tides due to the combined action of the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal force. 2. Diagram is mandatory for illustration. 3. Bring out the difference between Springtide and Neap tide, their formation, and their period. 4. List out the economic advantage of tides for human beings. Answer: The periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, is called a tide. The resultant force of two forces namely the Moon’s gravitational pull and the sun’s gravitational pull is the major cause for the occurrence of tides. Another factor is centrifugal force, which is the force that acts to counter the effect of the resultant gravitational force. Together, the gravitational pull and the centrifugal force are responsible for creating the two major tidal bulges on the earth. [Here bring diagram] On the surface of the earth, nearest the moon, pull or the attractive force of the moon is greater than the centrifugal force, and so there is a net force causing a bulge towards the moon. On the opposite side of the earth, the attractive force is less, as it is farther away from the moon, the centrifugal force is dominant. Hence, there is a net force away from the moon. It creates the second bulge away from the moon. Spring Tide and Neap tide [Here bring diagram] The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has a direct bearing on tide height. When the sun, the moon, and the earth are in a straight line, the resultant force is the summation of the forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon. These are called spring tides. When the position of the sun, earth and moon are at right angles neap tides occur. The resultant force is the difference between the gravitational pull exerted by sun and moon. At this time the forces of the sun and moon tend to counteract one another. The Moon’s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the sun’s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the sun’s gravitational pull. Height of the spring tides is high as compared to neap tides. Spring tides occur twice a month, one on full moon period and another during new moon period. Neap tides occur halfway between each new and full moon – at the first quarter and last quarter moon phase –Normally, there is a seven day interval between the spring tides and neap tides. Economic advantages of Tides for human beings are: 1. Since tides are caused by the earth-moon-sun positions which are known accurately, the tides can be predicted well in advance. This helps the navigators and fishermen plan their activities. 2. Tidal flows are of great importance in navigation. Tidal heights are very important, especially harbors near rivers and within estuaries having shallow ‘bars’ at the entrance, which prevent ships and boats from entering into the harbour. 3. Tides are also helpful in desilting the sediments and in removing polluted water from river estuaries. 4. [Tides are used to generate electrical power (in Canada, France, Russia, and China). A 3 MW tidal power project at Durgaduani in Sunderbans of West Bengal is under way.]
##Question:What are various forces responsible for the formation of Tides? Differentiate between Spring tides and Neap tides. Also, bring out the economic advantages of tides. (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Briefly mention what are tides. Explain the formation of tides due to the combined action of the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal force. 2. Diagram is mandatory for illustration. 3. Bring out the difference between Springtide and Neap tide, their formation, and their period. 4. List out the economic advantage of tides for human beings. Answer: The periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, is called a tide. The resultant force of two forces namely the Moon’s gravitational pull and the sun’s gravitational pull is the major cause for the occurrence of tides. Another factor is centrifugal force, which is the force that acts to counter the effect of the resultant gravitational force. Together, the gravitational pull and the centrifugal force are responsible for creating the two major tidal bulges on the earth. [Here bring diagram] On the surface of the earth, nearest the moon, pull or the attractive force of the moon is greater than the centrifugal force, and so there is a net force causing a bulge towards the moon. On the opposite side of the earth, the attractive force is less, as it is farther away from the moon, the centrifugal force is dominant. Hence, there is a net force away from the moon. It creates the second bulge away from the moon. Spring Tide and Neap tide [Here bring diagram] The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has a direct bearing on tide height. When the sun, the moon, and the earth are in a straight line, the resultant force is the summation of the forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon. These are called spring tides. When the position of the sun, earth and moon are at right angles neap tides occur. The resultant force is the difference between the gravitational pull exerted by sun and moon. At this time the forces of the sun and moon tend to counteract one another. The Moon’s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the sun’s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the sun’s gravitational pull. Height of the spring tides is high as compared to neap tides. Spring tides occur twice a month, one on full moon period and another during new moon period. Neap tides occur halfway between each new and full moon – at the first quarter and last quarter moon phase –Normally, there is a seven day interval between the spring tides and neap tides. Economic advantages of Tides for human beings are: 1. Since tides are caused by the earth-moon-sun positions which are known accurately, the tides can be predicted well in advance. This helps the navigators and fishermen plan their activities. 2. Tidal flows are of great importance in navigation. Tidal heights are very important, especially harbors near rivers and within estuaries having shallow ‘bars’ at the entrance, which prevent ships and boats from entering into the harbour. 3. Tides are also helpful in desilting the sediments and in removing polluted water from river estuaries. 4. [Tides are used to generate electrical power (in Canada, France, Russia, and China). A 3 MW tidal power project at Durgaduani in Sunderbans of West Bengal is under way.]
36,847
When it comes to decline of such a large empire as the Mughals, one single individual cannot be held responsible. Rather, a complex set of politico-administrative and socio-economic factors precipitated the decline. Comment.(150-200 words; 10 marks)
Approach:- Brief introduction about Aurangzeb Briefly mention about the Expansion during Aurangzeb and then the aftermath of this death Mention causes for the decline other than the death of the Aurangzeb- Politico-administrative and socio-economic factors Answer:- Mughal empire has seen its maximum expansion during the reign of Aurangzeb(1658-1707), but after his death, Mughal empire started declining which was an interplay of many factors ranging from Politico-administrative to socio-economic. The few reasons were mainly a result of Aurangzeb’s policy:- Aurangzeb’s expansionist military campaigns: in western India against the two autonomous states of Bijapur & Golconda & against the Maratha’s are believed to have sapped the vitality of the empire. Some historians ascribe Aurangzeb’s divisive policies for this rapid decline, particularly his religious policies which alienated the Hindus who constituted the majority of subject population. Including socio-religious issues, intolerant attitude of Aurangzeb and imposition of Jaziya, a religious tax on Hindus. Political causes: The bitter faction between Mughal court like Irani, Turani and Hindustani Alliance with the Rajput rajas with the consequent military support was one of the main pillars of Mughal strength in the past, but Aurangzeb"s conflict with some of the Rajput states also had serious consequences. Other reasons:- Jagirdari Crisis: the Mughal state has been described as a “war state” in its core. It sought to develop a centralized administrative system whose vitality depended upon its military power. The Mughals had organized the administration through Mansabdari system, which meant a military organization of aristocracy, its basis being personal loyalty to the emperor. Aurangzeb’s conquest of the two Deccan kingdoms of Bijapur(1685) & Golconda (1689), there was an expansion of nobility which accentuated the Jagirdari crisis: too many Jagirdars chasing too few jagiris coupled with the hugely unequal sizes of jagirs. This led to intense conflicts within the nobility between the Turani faction, Irani faction & Hindustani faction Weakening of military might: This problem multiplied during the reign of Farrukhsiyar (1713-19) & the reign of Muhammad Shah (1719-1748). It affected the patron-client relationship. The dissatisfied nobles did not maintain the required number of soldiers & horses and there was no effective supervision either (corruption in army). Lack of fresh technological inputs : the decline of army became more palpable as there were no fresh technological inputs. Recurrent peasant revolts : These local peasant revolts were led by the Jat peasant-zamindars in north India and Maratha Sardars in deccan, the sikhs in punjab and the rajput chief’s withdrew their support in Rajasthan. Thus the jagirdars/ intermediary classes constituted a centrifugal force in mughal structure. Nobles thus became more interested in carving out semi-autonomous principalities for themselves. Long wars to conquer South Indian states ( for 30 years) led to the weakening of exchequre. Khalisa system though proved to be good for revenue collection, but it did not address the Jagirdari crisis. After Aurangzeb, this matter became more crucial. Rise of British in later time proved to be the last nail in the coffin and final decline of Mughals was witnessed. 18th century Mughal India was not a dark age, nor an age of overall decline. The decline of one pan-Indian empire(Mughal), was followed by the rise of another( British), the intervening period dominated by a variety of regional entities.
##Question:When it comes to decline of such a large empire as the Mughals, one single individual cannot be held responsible. Rather, a complex set of politico-administrative and socio-economic factors precipitated the decline. Comment.(150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- Brief introduction about Aurangzeb Briefly mention about the Expansion during Aurangzeb and then the aftermath of this death Mention causes for the decline other than the death of the Aurangzeb- Politico-administrative and socio-economic factors Answer:- Mughal empire has seen its maximum expansion during the reign of Aurangzeb(1658-1707), but after his death, Mughal empire started declining which was an interplay of many factors ranging from Politico-administrative to socio-economic. The few reasons were mainly a result of Aurangzeb’s policy:- Aurangzeb’s expansionist military campaigns: in western India against the two autonomous states of Bijapur & Golconda & against the Maratha’s are believed to have sapped the vitality of the empire. Some historians ascribe Aurangzeb’s divisive policies for this rapid decline, particularly his religious policies which alienated the Hindus who constituted the majority of subject population. Including socio-religious issues, intolerant attitude of Aurangzeb and imposition of Jaziya, a religious tax on Hindus. Political causes: The bitter faction between Mughal court like Irani, Turani and Hindustani Alliance with the Rajput rajas with the consequent military support was one of the main pillars of Mughal strength in the past, but Aurangzeb"s conflict with some of the Rajput states also had serious consequences. Other reasons:- Jagirdari Crisis: the Mughal state has been described as a “war state” in its core. It sought to develop a centralized administrative system whose vitality depended upon its military power. The Mughals had organized the administration through Mansabdari system, which meant a military organization of aristocracy, its basis being personal loyalty to the emperor. Aurangzeb’s conquest of the two Deccan kingdoms of Bijapur(1685) & Golconda (1689), there was an expansion of nobility which accentuated the Jagirdari crisis: too many Jagirdars chasing too few jagiris coupled with the hugely unequal sizes of jagirs. This led to intense conflicts within the nobility between the Turani faction, Irani faction & Hindustani faction Weakening of military might: This problem multiplied during the reign of Farrukhsiyar (1713-19) & the reign of Muhammad Shah (1719-1748). It affected the patron-client relationship. The dissatisfied nobles did not maintain the required number of soldiers & horses and there was no effective supervision either (corruption in army). Lack of fresh technological inputs : the decline of army became more palpable as there were no fresh technological inputs. Recurrent peasant revolts : These local peasant revolts were led by the Jat peasant-zamindars in north India and Maratha Sardars in deccan, the sikhs in punjab and the rajput chief’s withdrew their support in Rajasthan. Thus the jagirdars/ intermediary classes constituted a centrifugal force in mughal structure. Nobles thus became more interested in carving out semi-autonomous principalities for themselves. Long wars to conquer South Indian states ( for 30 years) led to the weakening of exchequre. Khalisa system though proved to be good for revenue collection, but it did not address the Jagirdari crisis. After Aurangzeb, this matter became more crucial. Rise of British in later time proved to be the last nail in the coffin and final decline of Mughals was witnessed. 18th century Mughal India was not a dark age, nor an age of overall decline. The decline of one pan-Indian empire(Mughal), was followed by the rise of another( British), the intervening period dominated by a variety of regional entities.
36,872
What are the benefits of Civil Services Neutrality? Discuss how civil services neutrality has evolved in India over the years. (200 words)
Approach : Introduce an answer by defining civil service neutrality. Explain the benefits ofcivil service neutrality. Discuss the evolution of thecivil service neutrality in India. Answer : Neutrality in Indian Civil Services means the civil servants should execute duties in accordance to laws and regulations without prejudice against or preferential treatment towards any groups or individuals. Benefits of Civil Service Neutrality Having neutral civil servants allows people to develop confidence that even if their favourite party is not in power they will still be served in the most efficient and impartial manner by the civil servants and people’s faith in the administration is very vital for the survival of democracy. A neutral civil servant can adjust with the changing political parties in power as well as they can function without fear or vested interest. This increases the efficiency of administration. Neutral civil servants give the best guidance/advises to the political masters in the interest of the country. Politicians are temporary but civil services machinery remains the same. A neutral civil servant is able to assess every scheme and policy in practice from the perspective of their objective value and thus they can advise the government in power to continue all the objectively good policies and discontinue not so effective policies irrespective of the fact which party started the policy thus serving the national interest. Evolution of civil services neutrality over the years During the Nehruvian era , the concept of neutrality was visible. Neither political masters misused their position to wrongly influence the working of civil servants or pressurize them for a favour. Nor civil servants themselves asked for any political favours. Both took decisions with only one consideration in mind which was nations’ interest. It was because civil servants, as well as the political masters, were not corrupt in their intentions and the civil servants were thorough professionals as they were the legacy of highly trained British India Civil Services. They earned the reputation of acting like a steel frame of Indian Administration However, by the second phase of 1960s civil services neutrality as a principle of Indian civil services got a jolt. Civil Service machinery particularly IAS was misused by Centre to harass the states particularly ruled by opposition parties. So Civil Services machinery was now used to weaken the spirit of Federalism. Later on, the civil services machinery was misused to have strong control over the country’s administration, seen particularly during an emergency. By late 1970s came a culture when the civil servants themselves started to seek the political patronage in order to get favourable postings, fast promotions and post-retirement benefits. Recently, with the positive intervention of the J udiciary and the Media , there is a debate over the reforms in civil services wrt relationship with the political masters. Supreme Court has directed to establish Civil Service Board in all states and at the Central level. This board will deal with appointment, transfer, promotion etc of senior-level civil servants to reduce the political interference and uphold the civil service neutrality. 2nd ARC in its report Ethics in Governance has put the responsibility for maintaining the neutrality of the civil servants not only on the civil servants but on the political executives also.
##Question:What are the benefits of Civil Services Neutrality? Discuss how civil services neutrality has evolved in India over the years. (200 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce an answer by defining civil service neutrality. Explain the benefits ofcivil service neutrality. Discuss the evolution of thecivil service neutrality in India. Answer : Neutrality in Indian Civil Services means the civil servants should execute duties in accordance to laws and regulations without prejudice against or preferential treatment towards any groups or individuals. Benefits of Civil Service Neutrality Having neutral civil servants allows people to develop confidence that even if their favourite party is not in power they will still be served in the most efficient and impartial manner by the civil servants and people’s faith in the administration is very vital for the survival of democracy. A neutral civil servant can adjust with the changing political parties in power as well as they can function without fear or vested interest. This increases the efficiency of administration. Neutral civil servants give the best guidance/advises to the political masters in the interest of the country. Politicians are temporary but civil services machinery remains the same. A neutral civil servant is able to assess every scheme and policy in practice from the perspective of their objective value and thus they can advise the government in power to continue all the objectively good policies and discontinue not so effective policies irrespective of the fact which party started the policy thus serving the national interest. Evolution of civil services neutrality over the years During the Nehruvian era , the concept of neutrality was visible. Neither political masters misused their position to wrongly influence the working of civil servants or pressurize them for a favour. Nor civil servants themselves asked for any political favours. Both took decisions with only one consideration in mind which was nations’ interest. It was because civil servants, as well as the political masters, were not corrupt in their intentions and the civil servants were thorough professionals as they were the legacy of highly trained British India Civil Services. They earned the reputation of acting like a steel frame of Indian Administration However, by the second phase of 1960s civil services neutrality as a principle of Indian civil services got a jolt. Civil Service machinery particularly IAS was misused by Centre to harass the states particularly ruled by opposition parties. So Civil Services machinery was now used to weaken the spirit of Federalism. Later on, the civil services machinery was misused to have strong control over the country’s administration, seen particularly during an emergency. By late 1970s came a culture when the civil servants themselves started to seek the political patronage in order to get favourable postings, fast promotions and post-retirement benefits. Recently, with the positive intervention of the J udiciary and the Media , there is a debate over the reforms in civil services wrt relationship with the political masters. Supreme Court has directed to establish Civil Service Board in all states and at the Central level. This board will deal with appointment, transfer, promotion etc of senior-level civil servants to reduce the political interference and uphold the civil service neutrality. 2nd ARC in its report Ethics in Governance has put the responsibility for maintaining the neutrality of the civil servants not only on the civil servants but on the political executives also.
36,877
Non-Alignment is not about neutrality, but the freedom to decide each issue on its merit. In the light of this statement, examine how india played an active part in international affairs during Nehruvian era. (150 words)
Approach: Brief introduction about NAM Explain how India playes an important role in international affairs in context of NAM Give brief conclusion in the end Answer After World War II, the world was engaged in cold war by forming two military blocks. In this scenario, India followed the policy of Non-Alignment and set its priority of fighting poverty, illiteracy, and building of newly independent nation. Therefore, it did not join or approved western block or Soviet Union. However, by Non-Alignment policy, India meant to have freedom to weigh what is right or wrong in each issue and then take a stand in favour of right. She was not neutral or inactive in international affairs. On the other hand, India took various bold initiatives and interventions considering India’s political and economic status at that time. Korean War: India voted against major powers in UN to prevent entry of outside powers in conflict. Further, India provided formula to end war and was made chairman of Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to repatriate soldiers. Indo-China: India’s peaceful negotiations with major powers prevented the internationalization of Indo-China conflict. It prevented the militarization of region. Further, India was appointed chairman of International Control Commission which supervised the import of armaments into the region. Suez Canal: At London Conference, India proposed the formula of Egyptian control, advisory role for users of canal and dispute settlement in accordance with UN Charter. It was met with widespread approval. Indian troops also participated in large numbers in peace-keeping force. Hungary Conflict: The Prime Ministercondemned Soviet Union"s intrusion in Hungary and withstood considerable pressure although Soviet support was important for Kashmir issue. The Congo Conflict: India played an important role in maintaining the integrity and independence of Congo. India’s proactive stand against foreign intervention in Congo"s civil war resulted in UNSC resolution. Indian armed forces successfully brought civil war to close and restored the central government’s authority. Throughout the 1940s and 50s , Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Hence, under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 in New Delhi. Later India supported the Indonesian struggle for freedom from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process , firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the zenith of India"s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals. The Bandung Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM. The first Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Further, India received support from both the blocks. The Soviet Union was the largest arms supplier to India. It built many dams, steel plants in India. On the other hand, the Green Revolution technology for agricultural development was backed by the United States.
##Question:Non-Alignment is not about neutrality, but the freedom to decide each issue on its merit. In the light of this statement, examine how india played an active part in international affairs during Nehruvian era. (150 words)##Answer:Approach: Brief introduction about NAM Explain how India playes an important role in international affairs in context of NAM Give brief conclusion in the end Answer After World War II, the world was engaged in cold war by forming two military blocks. In this scenario, India followed the policy of Non-Alignment and set its priority of fighting poverty, illiteracy, and building of newly independent nation. Therefore, it did not join or approved western block or Soviet Union. However, by Non-Alignment policy, India meant to have freedom to weigh what is right or wrong in each issue and then take a stand in favour of right. She was not neutral or inactive in international affairs. On the other hand, India took various bold initiatives and interventions considering India’s political and economic status at that time. Korean War: India voted against major powers in UN to prevent entry of outside powers in conflict. Further, India provided formula to end war and was made chairman of Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to repatriate soldiers. Indo-China: India’s peaceful negotiations with major powers prevented the internationalization of Indo-China conflict. It prevented the militarization of region. Further, India was appointed chairman of International Control Commission which supervised the import of armaments into the region. Suez Canal: At London Conference, India proposed the formula of Egyptian control, advisory role for users of canal and dispute settlement in accordance with UN Charter. It was met with widespread approval. Indian troops also participated in large numbers in peace-keeping force. Hungary Conflict: The Prime Ministercondemned Soviet Union"s intrusion in Hungary and withstood considerable pressure although Soviet support was important for Kashmir issue. The Congo Conflict: India played an important role in maintaining the integrity and independence of Congo. India’s proactive stand against foreign intervention in Congo"s civil war resulted in UNSC resolution. Indian armed forces successfully brought civil war to close and restored the central government’s authority. Throughout the 1940s and 50s , Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Hence, under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 in New Delhi. Later India supported the Indonesian struggle for freedom from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process , firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the zenith of India"s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals. The Bandung Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM. The first Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Further, India received support from both the blocks. The Soviet Union was the largest arms supplier to India. It built many dams, steel plants in India. On the other hand, the Green Revolution technology for agricultural development was backed by the United States.
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चर्चा कीजिये कि किसी राष्ट्र की आर्थिक, प्रशासनिक व राजनीतिक परिस्थितियां वहां की आंतरिक सुरक्षा की दशाओं को प्रभावित करती हैं | साथ ही इन्ही कारकों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में बेहतर आंतरिक सुरक्षा के लिए अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discuss how the economic, administrative and political conditions of a nation affect its internal security conditions. Also, in the context of these factors, present your suggestions for better internal security. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
आंतरिक सुरक्षा एक देश के द्वारा अपनी सीमाओं के अन्दर की सुरक्षा करने हेतु उठाई गयी रणनीति व् प्रयासों को आंतरिक सुरक्षा कहा जाता है | इसके अंतर्गत किसी भी देश के लिए अपने अधिकार क्षेत्र के अंतर्गत विधि व्यवस्था व प्रभुसत्ता बनाये रखना महत्वपूर्ण हैं | इस प्रकार आन्रिक सुरक्षा के अंतर्गत केवल वे ही घटनाएँ शामिल की जाती हैं जो प्रत्यक्ष या परोक्ष रूप प्रभावित करती हैं | आंतरिक सुरक्षा के लिए उत्तरदायी कारक विरासत में प्राप्त कारक -जटिल भौगोलिक परिस्थितियाँ एवं पड़ोसी राष्ट्रों के साथ कटु संबंध असमानता और असंतुलित विकास आर्थिक असमानता की खाई – गरीबी के कारण एक बड़ा जनसँख्या समूह सापेक्षिक वंचना का शिकार है प्रशासनिक विफलता – लाल फीताशाही ,राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप,कर्ताव्यनिष्ठता का व्याप्त होना इसके कारण प्रशासनिक कार्य का समयबद्ध तरीके से नहीं होना | दलगत राजनीति –अपने दलगत हितों को साधने हेतु मनोवैज्ञानिक रूप से नकारात्मक भावनाओं को जनता के मध्य प्रसार करना जो मूलतः समाज को जाति ,धर्म व पंथ के आधार पर तनाव व अलगाव की भावना का निर्माण करता है| इसके साथ ही क्षेत्र के आधार पर क्षेत्रवाद की भावना का जन्म होता है | शासकीय असक्षमता – SMART (Simple,Moral,Accountable,Responsiveness,Transparent) की कमी ;समय और समाज के अनुकूल आंतरिक सुरक्षा को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक आय के स्वरुप में परिवर्तन – प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक क्षेत्र के साथ तृतीय क्षेत्र के भी चरणबद्ध तरीके से विकास होने पर एक आदर्श आर्थव्यवस्था का निर्माण जिसमे आय विषमता व अपवंचना की समस्या को दूर किया जा सकता है | शिक्षा – शिक्षा के स्वरुप को व्यावसायिक व मौद्रिक लक्ष्यों से आगे बढ़ते हुए मानवतावाद एवं नैतिक भावनाओं की वृद्धि करना | नगरीकरण- केन्द्रीकरण नगरीकरण होने के स्थान पर विकेंद्रीकृत नगरीकरण पर बल प्रदान करना जिससे नगरीय क्षेत्रों में जीवन की आदर्श दशाओं व सुविधाओं को सभी के लिए उपलब्द्ध करवाया जाये जिससे अवसाद,तनाव व द्वेष की भावना को कम किया जाना | कुशलता में वृद्धि करना – अधिक से अधिक लोगों को रोजगार के अवसर उपलब्द्ध करवाने हेतु उनके लिए कौशल विकास की व्यवस्था करना ,विशेषकर युवाओं को कुशल बनाकर अलगाव व तनाव की मार्ग से विकास की ओर मोड़ने की रणनीति पर कार्य करना चाहिए | आर्थिक संवृद्धि एवं उसके अनुपात में विकास से उत्पन्न लाभों का सामान वितरण समाज के सभी के लिए गरिमापूर्ण जीवन एवं मानवाधिकार संरक्षित किया जाना ,विशेषकर सुदूरवर्ती व ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रह रहे कमजोरवर्गों की | जागरूकता में प्रसार -जनजागरूकता का प्रसार और अपने अधिकारों के प्रति जागरूक करना ,इससे सरकार के द्वारा किये जा रहे सकारात्मक पहलों के प्रति जागरूकता बढ़ेगी और उस्ससे लाभान्वित हो पाएंगे | प्रशासन में भागीदारी/सहभागिता - स्थानीय स्तर पर प्रशासन में जनता की भागीदारी में वृद्धि करना |इस दृष्टि से पंचायती राज अधिनियम के प्रसार के द्वारा सामाजिक आर्थिक योजनाओं के लाभ को जनता तक अधिक से अधिक पहूँचाने हेतु आवश्यक कदम एवं भ्रष्टाचार व लीकेज रोकने हेतु कदम उठाना | छत्तीसगढ़ में pds प्रणाली इसका सर्वोत्तम व उल्लेखनीय उदहारण है | निष्कर्ष अर्थात आंतरिक सुरक्षा के प्रति उत्पन्न खतरों के संभावित समाधान हेतु बहु क्षेत्रीय व बहु स्तरीय रणनीति अपनाये जाने की आवश्यकता है |
##Question:चर्चा कीजिये कि किसी राष्ट्र की आर्थिक, प्रशासनिक व राजनीतिक परिस्थितियां वहां की आंतरिक सुरक्षा की दशाओं को प्रभावित करती हैं | साथ ही इन्ही कारकों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में बेहतर आंतरिक सुरक्षा के लिए अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discuss how the economic, administrative and political conditions of a nation affect its internal security conditions. Also, in the context of these factors, present your suggestions for better internal security. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:आंतरिक सुरक्षा एक देश के द्वारा अपनी सीमाओं के अन्दर की सुरक्षा करने हेतु उठाई गयी रणनीति व् प्रयासों को आंतरिक सुरक्षा कहा जाता है | इसके अंतर्गत किसी भी देश के लिए अपने अधिकार क्षेत्र के अंतर्गत विधि व्यवस्था व प्रभुसत्ता बनाये रखना महत्वपूर्ण हैं | इस प्रकार आन्रिक सुरक्षा के अंतर्गत केवल वे ही घटनाएँ शामिल की जाती हैं जो प्रत्यक्ष या परोक्ष रूप प्रभावित करती हैं | आंतरिक सुरक्षा के लिए उत्तरदायी कारक विरासत में प्राप्त कारक -जटिल भौगोलिक परिस्थितियाँ एवं पड़ोसी राष्ट्रों के साथ कटु संबंध असमानता और असंतुलित विकास आर्थिक असमानता की खाई – गरीबी के कारण एक बड़ा जनसँख्या समूह सापेक्षिक वंचना का शिकार है प्रशासनिक विफलता – लाल फीताशाही ,राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप,कर्ताव्यनिष्ठता का व्याप्त होना इसके कारण प्रशासनिक कार्य का समयबद्ध तरीके से नहीं होना | दलगत राजनीति –अपने दलगत हितों को साधने हेतु मनोवैज्ञानिक रूप से नकारात्मक भावनाओं को जनता के मध्य प्रसार करना जो मूलतः समाज को जाति ,धर्म व पंथ के आधार पर तनाव व अलगाव की भावना का निर्माण करता है| इसके साथ ही क्षेत्र के आधार पर क्षेत्रवाद की भावना का जन्म होता है | शासकीय असक्षमता – SMART (Simple,Moral,Accountable,Responsiveness,Transparent) की कमी ;समय और समाज के अनुकूल आंतरिक सुरक्षा को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक आय के स्वरुप में परिवर्तन – प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक क्षेत्र के साथ तृतीय क्षेत्र के भी चरणबद्ध तरीके से विकास होने पर एक आदर्श आर्थव्यवस्था का निर्माण जिसमे आय विषमता व अपवंचना की समस्या को दूर किया जा सकता है | शिक्षा – शिक्षा के स्वरुप को व्यावसायिक व मौद्रिक लक्ष्यों से आगे बढ़ते हुए मानवतावाद एवं नैतिक भावनाओं की वृद्धि करना | नगरीकरण- केन्द्रीकरण नगरीकरण होने के स्थान पर विकेंद्रीकृत नगरीकरण पर बल प्रदान करना जिससे नगरीय क्षेत्रों में जीवन की आदर्श दशाओं व सुविधाओं को सभी के लिए उपलब्द्ध करवाया जाये जिससे अवसाद,तनाव व द्वेष की भावना को कम किया जाना | कुशलता में वृद्धि करना – अधिक से अधिक लोगों को रोजगार के अवसर उपलब्द्ध करवाने हेतु उनके लिए कौशल विकास की व्यवस्था करना ,विशेषकर युवाओं को कुशल बनाकर अलगाव व तनाव की मार्ग से विकास की ओर मोड़ने की रणनीति पर कार्य करना चाहिए | आर्थिक संवृद्धि एवं उसके अनुपात में विकास से उत्पन्न लाभों का सामान वितरण समाज के सभी के लिए गरिमापूर्ण जीवन एवं मानवाधिकार संरक्षित किया जाना ,विशेषकर सुदूरवर्ती व ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रह रहे कमजोरवर्गों की | जागरूकता में प्रसार -जनजागरूकता का प्रसार और अपने अधिकारों के प्रति जागरूक करना ,इससे सरकार के द्वारा किये जा रहे सकारात्मक पहलों के प्रति जागरूकता बढ़ेगी और उस्ससे लाभान्वित हो पाएंगे | प्रशासन में भागीदारी/सहभागिता - स्थानीय स्तर पर प्रशासन में जनता की भागीदारी में वृद्धि करना |इस दृष्टि से पंचायती राज अधिनियम के प्रसार के द्वारा सामाजिक आर्थिक योजनाओं के लाभ को जनता तक अधिक से अधिक पहूँचाने हेतु आवश्यक कदम एवं भ्रष्टाचार व लीकेज रोकने हेतु कदम उठाना | छत्तीसगढ़ में pds प्रणाली इसका सर्वोत्तम व उल्लेखनीय उदहारण है | निष्कर्ष अर्थात आंतरिक सुरक्षा के प्रति उत्पन्न खतरों के संभावित समाधान हेतु बहु क्षेत्रीय व बहु स्तरीय रणनीति अपनाये जाने की आवश्यकता है |
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By describing the factors of production, explain the relevance of social capital and human capital by giving examples. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach- in the introduction start with the context of the industry and factors of production is important in the body part, mention the various factors of production in second part specifically mentions the relevance of human capital and social capital conclude accordingly Answer- Production refers to the process by which natural resources are converted into human usable form and whatsoever is required for production are called factors of production Factors of production Land- which refers to geographical space (in the 21st century as the digital space requirements are increasing some economists are also referring to this as a kind of land) Labor- refers to the human workforce and consists of three elements of will to work, skill to work, and capacity to work. Enterprise- refers to the ability to bring various factors of production together for the purpose of production. it consists of management skills, risk-taking abilities, innovation, and such like attributes Capital- It refers to anything which increases the chances of income. it can be divided into physical capital, social capital, and human capital Relevance of human capital It refers to the sum total of knowledge, skill, experiences, will to work, integrity to work, and health This human capital is an intangible asset. World bank also releases the human capital index. The Index compares critical aspects of human capital in different countries. In the HCI 2020, India is placed 116th out of 180 countries. The HCI provides a foundation for the Indian government to prioritize and a dimension to promote human capital. Relevance of social capital Refers that mutual trust through which capital is formed like SHG (self-help group) movement in India, Grammen banks etc In order to promote cooperatives and thereby encash social capital GOI has introduced a dedicated ministry for the purpose i.e ministry of cooperatives. [From cooperation, we get prosperity (sahkar se samriddhi).] Example- Kudumshree yojana, Kerala; SEWA by Ela Bhatt, Case study - Gullak bank, Bihar, where students utilized this concept to create a small bank encashing the social capital PARAKH center is envisaged in NEP 2020 to evaluate whether whatever is taught in class has some employment utility or not. Thus it can be said that social capital and human capital have a lot of potential in bringing a revolutionary change in the spirit of the production system in India.
##Question:By describing the factors of production, explain the relevance of social capital and human capital by giving examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- in the introduction start with the context of the industry and factors of production is important in the body part, mention the various factors of production in second part specifically mentions the relevance of human capital and social capital conclude accordingly Answer- Production refers to the process by which natural resources are converted into human usable form and whatsoever is required for production are called factors of production Factors of production Land- which refers to geographical space (in the 21st century as the digital space requirements are increasing some economists are also referring to this as a kind of land) Labor- refers to the human workforce and consists of three elements of will to work, skill to work, and capacity to work. Enterprise- refers to the ability to bring various factors of production together for the purpose of production. it consists of management skills, risk-taking abilities, innovation, and such like attributes Capital- It refers to anything which increases the chances of income. it can be divided into physical capital, social capital, and human capital Relevance of human capital It refers to the sum total of knowledge, skill, experiences, will to work, integrity to work, and health This human capital is an intangible asset. World bank also releases the human capital index. The Index compares critical aspects of human capital in different countries. In the HCI 2020, India is placed 116th out of 180 countries. The HCI provides a foundation for the Indian government to prioritize and a dimension to promote human capital. Relevance of social capital Refers that mutual trust through which capital is formed like SHG (self-help group) movement in India, Grammen banks etc In order to promote cooperatives and thereby encash social capital GOI has introduced a dedicated ministry for the purpose i.e ministry of cooperatives. [From cooperation, we get prosperity (sahkar se samriddhi).] Example- Kudumshree yojana, Kerala; SEWA by Ela Bhatt, Case study - Gullak bank, Bihar, where students utilized this concept to create a small bank encashing the social capital PARAKH center is envisaged in NEP 2020 to evaluate whether whatever is taught in class has some employment utility or not. Thus it can be said that social capital and human capital have a lot of potential in bringing a revolutionary change in the spirit of the production system in India.
36,899
The experience of Gandhiji in South Africa was a training platform to defeat the largest empire on the Earth of the time. Explain. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the historical background of Gandhiji to travel South Africa. Discuss the experience he gained with different events and their impact Then bring similarities with the Indian context and conclude accordingly. Answer Gandhi traveled to South Africa in early 1893 to practice law under a one-year contract. Settling in Natal, he was subjected to racism and South African laws that restricted the rights of Indian laborers. The experience of Gandhiji in the struggle in South Africa had, in its turn, a great influence on the Indian national movement. Grievances of the Indians in South Africa: Government disenfranchised Indians (No right to vote). The indentured Indians who had overstayed the tenure of their contracts were given a choice to either get re-indentured or pay a poll tax or to leave South Africa. Transvaal banned the immigration of Indians from other states. “This hurt employment opportunities for the Indians. For example Hawking, etc. Registration certificates that had fingerprints were made mandatory and were to be carried at all times. If not then there was a fine and imprisonment. Supreme Court in 1913 invalidated all marriages not done as per Christianity. Ways adopted by the Mahatma Gandhi From 1893 to 1906 Gandhi Ji adopted moderate methods of sending petitions, and writing articles in the newspaper “Indian Opinion”. However, these methods failed. From 1906 to 1915, Mahatma Gandhi adopted methods of extra-constitutional non-violent struggle which he called Satyagraha. Satyagraha means passive resistance (Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience, non-violence, spirituality, or morality of Satyagrahi). Satyagrahi means truthful, non-violent, fearless, ready to accept suffering, loves the evildoers, and hate being alien to his nature. Mahatma Gandhi hated the breach of promise. Utility and result: With high mortality, a Satyagrahi got the confidence to resist a much more physically powerful oppressive state/colonial power. Indian workers women and merchants all joined the Gandhiji movement. Gopal Krishna Gokhale raised awareness in India and Viceroy Hardinge (1910-16) criticized the government of South Africa. Result: Mahatma Gandhi"s demands on the Poll tax, registration certificate, and recognition of non-Christian marriages were accepted. In January 1915 Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India. The Indian scenario was very similar with respect to colonial exploitation. Thus all these ways adopted by Gandhiji for the struggle against British exploitation were improved and used in India from his Champaran Satyagrah to the Quit India Movement to achieve its independence against British Rule.
##Question:The experience of Gandhiji in South Africa was a training platform to defeat the largest empire on the Earth of the time. Explain. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the historical background of Gandhiji to travel South Africa. Discuss the experience he gained with different events and their impact Then bring similarities with the Indian context and conclude accordingly. Answer Gandhi traveled to South Africa in early 1893 to practice law under a one-year contract. Settling in Natal, he was subjected to racism and South African laws that restricted the rights of Indian laborers. The experience of Gandhiji in the struggle in South Africa had, in its turn, a great influence on the Indian national movement. Grievances of the Indians in South Africa: Government disenfranchised Indians (No right to vote). The indentured Indians who had overstayed the tenure of their contracts were given a choice to either get re-indentured or pay a poll tax or to leave South Africa. Transvaal banned the immigration of Indians from other states. “This hurt employment opportunities for the Indians. For example Hawking, etc. Registration certificates that had fingerprints were made mandatory and were to be carried at all times. If not then there was a fine and imprisonment. Supreme Court in 1913 invalidated all marriages not done as per Christianity. Ways adopted by the Mahatma Gandhi From 1893 to 1906 Gandhi Ji adopted moderate methods of sending petitions, and writing articles in the newspaper “Indian Opinion”. However, these methods failed. From 1906 to 1915, Mahatma Gandhi adopted methods of extra-constitutional non-violent struggle which he called Satyagraha. Satyagraha means passive resistance (Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience, non-violence, spirituality, or morality of Satyagrahi). Satyagrahi means truthful, non-violent, fearless, ready to accept suffering, loves the evildoers, and hate being alien to his nature. Mahatma Gandhi hated the breach of promise. Utility and result: With high mortality, a Satyagrahi got the confidence to resist a much more physically powerful oppressive state/colonial power. Indian workers women and merchants all joined the Gandhiji movement. Gopal Krishna Gokhale raised awareness in India and Viceroy Hardinge (1910-16) criticized the government of South Africa. Result: Mahatma Gandhi"s demands on the Poll tax, registration certificate, and recognition of non-Christian marriages were accepted. In January 1915 Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India. The Indian scenario was very similar with respect to colonial exploitation. Thus all these ways adopted by Gandhiji for the struggle against British exploitation were improved and used in India from his Champaran Satyagrah to the Quit India Movement to achieve its independence against British Rule.
36,925
What is Agricultural Produce Market? What are the issues associated with Agriculture Produce Market and suggest the reforms needed? (150 words / 10 marks)
Approach: Give a brief informative introduction about the Agricultural Produce Market Mention the significance of the APM and then bring out various issues associated with the Agricultural Produce Market Suggest reforms needed to overcome these issues Conclude the answer based on the above analysis. Answer: Introduction: The National Commission on Agriculture defined agricultural marketing as a “process which starts with a decision to produce a saleable farm commodity and it involves all aspects of the market structure of the system, both functional and institutional, based on technical and economic considerations and includes pre and post-harvest operations, assembling, grading, storage, transportation, and distribution”. Significance of the Agriculture Produce Markets: Monetizing the Produce: Marketing facilitates and improves the sale of agricultural products. Acting as a source of market information and price signal: It provides them with relevant demand-linked information on quantity, desired quality, standards, and specifications of the produce. It helps in reducing the role of intermediaries Value addition in agriculture: Robust marketing systems provide access to agricultural produce to downstream industries, creating a potential for large-scale value addition. Issues pertaining to Agriculture Markets in India: (Student is required to just mention the issues in a line or two) A. Institutional Issues: 1. Licensing Barriers: The compulsory requirement of owning a shop/godown for getting a license as commission agents/traders has led to the monopoly of certain licensed traders. This acts as a major entry barrier in existing APMCs for new entrepreneurs, thus, creating cartelization and preventing competition. 2. High Incidence of Market Charges: APMCs are authorized to collect market fees ranging from 0.5% to 2.0% of the sale value of the produce. Further, other charges, such as purchase tax, weight charges, etc. are also required to be paid. In some States, this works out to total charges as large as 15 %. 3. Absence of standardized grading mechanism of agricultural produce before it is sold. It hinders farmers from fetching the prices commensurate with the quality of their produce. B. Infrastructural Issues: 1. Poor Infrastructure in Agricultural Markets: Studies indicate that covered and open auction platforms exist only in two-thirds of the regulated markets, while only one-fourth of the markets have common drying yards. Cold storage units exist in less than one-tenth of the markets and grading facilities in less than one-third of the markets. 2. Poor economic viability of projects: Agriculture marketing infrastructure projects have a long gestation period. The seasonality and aggregation of small surpluses of agricultural produce further affect the economic viability of the projects, which deters investments. C. Market information system issues: 1. Lag in demand signals: The absence of efficient real-time informational channels creates a lag in demand signals. This has resulted in farmers following price trends as indicators to supply. Presently, price is a measure that is post-circumstantial and these circumstances may not repeat next season. 2. Limited information channels and content: The current information dissemination systems, (like local newspapers and APMC display boards) provide information only on prices of major commodities, are far away from the farmer’s location, and are generally not available in local languages. 3. Poor awareness about new channels of information: Only a small fraction of farmers use the more accessible SMS-based advisories or Voice interactive systems. D. Other issues: 1. Absence of a National Integrated Market: Although, there exists a national-level physical market in the form of APMCs, there is no national-level regulation for the same and the existing regulations do not provide for a barrier-free market in the country. 2. Limited public investment: Public expenditure on the agricultural marketing sub-sector ranges from 4-5 % of the total public expenses on agriculture, while expenditure on marketing infrastructure development has been less than 1%. Reforms Needed: 1. NITI Aayog Recommendation: NITI Aayog has identified key reforms required in state APMC acts and is now persuading states to undertake certain reforms. These reforms include: a) Provision for e-trading, unified trading license, and a single point levy of market fee b) Set up markets in the private sector (private mandis) and direct marketing to reduce the intermediaries between producer and buyer. c) States are advised to relax the felling and transit rules for trees grown by farmers on their own lands to encourage agroforestry for supplementary income. d) Liberalize the land lease market – Niti Aayog has already brought up a model Land leasing law for the same e) Delink provisions of the compulsory requirement of space for registration of traders. 2. Strengthening Co-operative Marketing Societies: The progress made by co-operative marketing societies so far, though noteworthy, is not wholly satisfactory. Co-operatives have yet to cover a substantial part of the total agricultural produce. It is, therefore, essential that these co-operatives develop at a faster speed and along the right lines. 3. Providing Processing, Packaging, and Grading Facilities: Proper cleaning, grading, and packaging of primary products will need greater attention not only in the physical markets but also in the villages from where produce is brought to the market for sale. 4. Improving Storage Facility: The private sector needs to be encouraged to enter the warehousing and storage in a big way by extending proper incentives to it. 5. Promoting Direct Marketing: Rythu Bazaars in Andhra Pradesh, Apni Mandis in Punjab & Haryana and Uzavar Santhaigal in Tamil Nadu have shown success. Conclusion: The collective result of these issues has been low price realization for farmers, the creation of food and nutritional insecurity, and high wastage in the supply chain. Hence intervention by the govt at appropriate bottlenecks would lead to the realization of a win-win situation for both the farmers and traders and will help in achieving the objectives of eliminating unhealthy and unscrupulous practices, reducing marketing costs, and providing facilities to the producer-seller in the market.
##Question:What is Agricultural Produce Market? What are the issues associated with Agriculture Produce Market and suggest the reforms needed? (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief informative introduction about the Agricultural Produce Market Mention the significance of the APM and then bring out various issues associated with the Agricultural Produce Market Suggest reforms needed to overcome these issues Conclude the answer based on the above analysis. Answer: Introduction: The National Commission on Agriculture defined agricultural marketing as a “process which starts with a decision to produce a saleable farm commodity and it involves all aspects of the market structure of the system, both functional and institutional, based on technical and economic considerations and includes pre and post-harvest operations, assembling, grading, storage, transportation, and distribution”. Significance of the Agriculture Produce Markets: Monetizing the Produce: Marketing facilitates and improves the sale of agricultural products. Acting as a source of market information and price signal: It provides them with relevant demand-linked information on quantity, desired quality, standards, and specifications of the produce. It helps in reducing the role of intermediaries Value addition in agriculture: Robust marketing systems provide access to agricultural produce to downstream industries, creating a potential for large-scale value addition. Issues pertaining to Agriculture Markets in India: (Student is required to just mention the issues in a line or two) A. Institutional Issues: 1. Licensing Barriers: The compulsory requirement of owning a shop/godown for getting a license as commission agents/traders has led to the monopoly of certain licensed traders. This acts as a major entry barrier in existing APMCs for new entrepreneurs, thus, creating cartelization and preventing competition. 2. High Incidence of Market Charges: APMCs are authorized to collect market fees ranging from 0.5% to 2.0% of the sale value of the produce. Further, other charges, such as purchase tax, weight charges, etc. are also required to be paid. In some States, this works out to total charges as large as 15 %. 3. Absence of standardized grading mechanism of agricultural produce before it is sold. It hinders farmers from fetching the prices commensurate with the quality of their produce. B. Infrastructural Issues: 1. Poor Infrastructure in Agricultural Markets: Studies indicate that covered and open auction platforms exist only in two-thirds of the regulated markets, while only one-fourth of the markets have common drying yards. Cold storage units exist in less than one-tenth of the markets and grading facilities in less than one-third of the markets. 2. Poor economic viability of projects: Agriculture marketing infrastructure projects have a long gestation period. The seasonality and aggregation of small surpluses of agricultural produce further affect the economic viability of the projects, which deters investments. C. Market information system issues: 1. Lag in demand signals: The absence of efficient real-time informational channels creates a lag in demand signals. This has resulted in farmers following price trends as indicators to supply. Presently, price is a measure that is post-circumstantial and these circumstances may not repeat next season. 2. Limited information channels and content: The current information dissemination systems, (like local newspapers and APMC display boards) provide information only on prices of major commodities, are far away from the farmer’s location, and are generally not available in local languages. 3. Poor awareness about new channels of information: Only a small fraction of farmers use the more accessible SMS-based advisories or Voice interactive systems. D. Other issues: 1. Absence of a National Integrated Market: Although, there exists a national-level physical market in the form of APMCs, there is no national-level regulation for the same and the existing regulations do not provide for a barrier-free market in the country. 2. Limited public investment: Public expenditure on the agricultural marketing sub-sector ranges from 4-5 % of the total public expenses on agriculture, while expenditure on marketing infrastructure development has been less than 1%. Reforms Needed: 1. NITI Aayog Recommendation: NITI Aayog has identified key reforms required in state APMC acts and is now persuading states to undertake certain reforms. These reforms include: a) Provision for e-trading, unified trading license, and a single point levy of market fee b) Set up markets in the private sector (private mandis) and direct marketing to reduce the intermediaries between producer and buyer. c) States are advised to relax the felling and transit rules for trees grown by farmers on their own lands to encourage agroforestry for supplementary income. d) Liberalize the land lease market – Niti Aayog has already brought up a model Land leasing law for the same e) Delink provisions of the compulsory requirement of space for registration of traders. 2. Strengthening Co-operative Marketing Societies: The progress made by co-operative marketing societies so far, though noteworthy, is not wholly satisfactory. Co-operatives have yet to cover a substantial part of the total agricultural produce. It is, therefore, essential that these co-operatives develop at a faster speed and along the right lines. 3. Providing Processing, Packaging, and Grading Facilities: Proper cleaning, grading, and packaging of primary products will need greater attention not only in the physical markets but also in the villages from where produce is brought to the market for sale. 4. Improving Storage Facility: The private sector needs to be encouraged to enter the warehousing and storage in a big way by extending proper incentives to it. 5. Promoting Direct Marketing: Rythu Bazaars in Andhra Pradesh, Apni Mandis in Punjab & Haryana and Uzavar Santhaigal in Tamil Nadu have shown success. Conclusion: The collective result of these issues has been low price realization for farmers, the creation of food and nutritional insecurity, and high wastage in the supply chain. Hence intervention by the govt at appropriate bottlenecks would lead to the realization of a win-win situation for both the farmers and traders and will help in achieving the objectives of eliminating unhealthy and unscrupulous practices, reducing marketing costs, and providing facilities to the producer-seller in the market.
36,951
Throw light on the reasons for the conflict on the border between India and China. In this context what steps have been taken by India & China toward the resolution of these disputes? (10 Marks/150 Words)
APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting the border between India & China. In the body write about the conflict and the reasons therein. Steps taken by India & China towards resolution of these disputes. Conclusion. ANSWER: The border dispute between India & China has been the biggest predicament in their relations. The recent border clash at the Galwan valley highlights the same. India and China share an undemarcated and porous border of approximately 3500 km. The borders between the two countries are divided in the Western, Middle, and the Eastern sector, spanning from Ladakh to Arunachal Prasdesh. SECTOR WISE BORDER DISPUTE AND THEIR REASONS: Western Sector: China remains in illegal occupation of Aksai Chin which is 3800 km of our territory. The uninhabited areas of this land, geography, and lack of historical documents resulted in this dispute. Middle Sector: Chinese trespassing has been observed in the Barhoti Plains in the Uttarakhand time and again. Also, till 2003 China, claimed Sikkim to be a part of South Tibet. Eastern Sector: China claims Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet and refuses to recognize the British demarcated McMohan line as the settled boundary between the two countries. STEPS TAKEN TO RESOLVE THE BOREDR ISSUE: In 1988, Peace and Tranquality Agreement was signed between the two countries. There have been confidence building measures in the field of Military. In 2003, the two countries moved to a special representative mechanism. In 2005- Three-pronged strategy was adopted: (1) Signing of agreement on principles and political parameters. (2) Sector-specific approach (3) Delineation of borders on the map and a final boundary agreement. In the given circumstances it means that India and China are trying to come up at a Modus-Vivendi. As our ecternal affairs minister, Mr, Jaishankar suggests that a recognition of mutual respect, mutual sensitivities, and mutual interests are key to repairing India-China relations.
##Question:Throw light on the reasons for the conflict on the border between India and China. In this context what steps have been taken by India & China toward the resolution of these disputes? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting the border between India & China. In the body write about the conflict and the reasons therein. Steps taken by India & China towards resolution of these disputes. Conclusion. ANSWER: The border dispute between India & China has been the biggest predicament in their relations. The recent border clash at the Galwan valley highlights the same. India and China share an undemarcated and porous border of approximately 3500 km. The borders between the two countries are divided in the Western, Middle, and the Eastern sector, spanning from Ladakh to Arunachal Prasdesh. SECTOR WISE BORDER DISPUTE AND THEIR REASONS: Western Sector: China remains in illegal occupation of Aksai Chin which is 3800 km of our territory. The uninhabited areas of this land, geography, and lack of historical documents resulted in this dispute. Middle Sector: Chinese trespassing has been observed in the Barhoti Plains in the Uttarakhand time and again. Also, till 2003 China, claimed Sikkim to be a part of South Tibet. Eastern Sector: China claims Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet and refuses to recognize the British demarcated McMohan line as the settled boundary between the two countries. STEPS TAKEN TO RESOLVE THE BOREDR ISSUE: In 1988, Peace and Tranquality Agreement was signed between the two countries. There have been confidence building measures in the field of Military. In 2003, the two countries moved to a special representative mechanism. In 2005- Three-pronged strategy was adopted: (1) Signing of agreement on principles and political parameters. (2) Sector-specific approach (3) Delineation of borders on the map and a final boundary agreement. In the given circumstances it means that India and China are trying to come up at a Modus-Vivendi. As our ecternal affairs minister, Mr, Jaishankar suggests that a recognition of mutual respect, mutual sensitivities, and mutual interests are key to repairing India-China relations.
36,960
Discuss the Gandhian Ideology with special emphasis on his thoughts on the stateless society and village republic. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach Introduce the evolution of the Gandhian ideology. Then discuss the Gandhian Ideology in its mature form Further, explain the Gandhian concept of a stateless society and Village republic. Answer We can trace back the evolution of the ideology of Gandhiji from South Africa itself. From 1896 to 1906 Gandhi Ji adopted moderate methods of sending petitions, and writing articles in the newspaper “Indian Opinion”. However, these methods failed. From 1906 to 1915, Mahatma Gandhi adopted methods of extra-constitutional non-violent struggle which he called Satyagraha. Satyagraha means passive resistance (Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience, non-violence, spirituality, or morality of Satyagrahi). Satyagrahi means truthful, non-violent, fearless, ready to accept suffering, loves the evildoers, and hates being alien to his nature. However, the Hind Swaraj by Mahatma Gandhi in 1909 is the most authentic work on the ideology of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhian Ideology Inclusive approach: Mahatma Gandhi was fully aware of the plural nature of Indian society. For example, he never defined Swaraj. Therefore Swaraj meant different things for different sections. Cultural Nationalism: “An ideology was rooted in Indian Civilization” Simple attire, use of Hindi, and symbols like Ramrajya, Sita, and Draupadi made him one of us. He Rejected the western concept of classes and favoured Varnashram. The class concept can lead to hatred in society due to class conflicts while Varnashram is an ancient Indian way to organize society. Karl Max used to say that capitalism is the root of conflicts in society. The capitalist class"s motive is always earning profits. Therefore the interest of capitalists is inversely proportional to the interest of workers because the profits = Revenue – Cost. The wages are the costs. Varnashram : based on Varnas. For Gandhiji, varnas mean the Profession and all Varnas are equal. Shudras = Vaishya = Kshatriya = Brahmins Shudras are all other professions and not the professions. Varnas are not hereditary and not fixed. Caste should be just one’s profession. He used religion to mobilize the masses. As religion was stronger than class in India but with a focus on the morality of religion and not revivalism. He criticized the modern civilizations : There is nothing to learn from the Godless western civilization based solely on industrial capitalism with a focus only on profit motive and with no regard for morality. (Swami Vivekananda: World can benefit from the materialism of the west and the spiritualism of India; today sustainable in development and green in technology rooted in these ideas). As per Mahatma Gandhi, Indian are responsible for their own enslavement as they had accepted the capitalism of the west and now doctors, lawyers, and railways are looting the countries. India is a nation since ancient times and the basis of nationality is the ancient civilization and not just one language, one religion, or one race like the west. The stateless society and Village Republics Like Marx, Mahatma Gandhi believed in a stateless society. For Marx, the state was an agent of the middle class and should be replaced by the rule of the working class. But Mahatma Gandhi wanted a stateless society due to his belief in the liberty of each individual. Therefore for Mahatma Gandhi Swaraj meant self-rule of each individual and not a home rule or class rule i.e. total liberty to each individual. However, Mahatma Gandhi wanted enlightened anarchy and not anarchy i.e. morality instead of law should guide behaviour and morality as a replacement of law and not lawlessness or anarchy. Until such high morality is achieved in society Mahatma Gandhi favoured Parliamentary democracy but with a state that could be as weak as possible. Mahatma Gandhi wanted village republics instead of the strong state-led Representative Democracy. Representative Democracy as per him lead to not the will of the people but the will of the political parties. Party discipline hurts the independence of parliamentarians/representatives. Instead of the capitalist economy, Mahatma Gandhi wanted a village-based self-sufficient economy of ancient times. For Mahatma Gandhi, democracy is equal to a system that gives equal opportunity to the weak. (Marxism or communism leads to equality that is forced equality and not the equality of opportunity. Mahatma Gandhi did not favour forceful land redistribution but wanted the landlords to give up their lands voluntarily based on morality. Bhudan Movement, 1951 by Acharya Vinobha Bhave in Telangana was inspired by these ideals. The idea of trusteeship to resolve disputes between capitalist and working class i.e. capitalist should act as the trustee, working for the interest of workers and not for the profit motive. The idea of arbitration : To reveal the truth with help of mediation and transparency and arrived at a win-win compromise or solution. The traditional Indian model of justice had the main focus, not on punishment but on compromise. For example Mughal judicial system before 1772. Favoured universal disarmament and against the selective disarmaments of Indians while colonial states remained armed, therefore Mahatma Gandhi against arms act 1878 of Lytton (1976-80). Mahatma Gandhi was not anti-modernization but used this idea to criticize the west. For example, he himself used railways extensively. Non-violence also had the utility of allowing greater participation by the masses including women, as it may prevent the British from using violence. Mahatma Gandhi wanted a controlled mass movement i.e. strict adherence by the masses to a decided programme. Mahatma Gandhi"s gradualist approach of struggle-truce-struggle: as masses developed fatigue after a period of struggle. Mahatma Gandhi wanted mass movement thus he take a break to re-energise the masses. Mahatma Gandhi did not want to take benefit of the weakness of the evildoer. For example, he did not participate in the Home Rule League 1916-18. Mahatma Gandhi always took a stand on side of justice. For example, toured India during WWI asking Indians to join the British army as allied powers were victims of aggression by the Central powers. Thus all these ideologies of the Gandhiji helped the Indians to prepare and struggle against the mighty British empire without using any weapons. These ideologies brought ethical and moral courage and it ultimately led to the Indian Independence in 1947 with a sense of ethical behaviour in each Indian.
##Question:Discuss the Gandhian Ideology with special emphasis on his thoughts on the stateless society and village republic. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the evolution of the Gandhian ideology. Then discuss the Gandhian Ideology in its mature form Further, explain the Gandhian concept of a stateless society and Village republic. Answer We can trace back the evolution of the ideology of Gandhiji from South Africa itself. From 1896 to 1906 Gandhi Ji adopted moderate methods of sending petitions, and writing articles in the newspaper “Indian Opinion”. However, these methods failed. From 1906 to 1915, Mahatma Gandhi adopted methods of extra-constitutional non-violent struggle which he called Satyagraha. Satyagraha means passive resistance (Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience, non-violence, spirituality, or morality of Satyagrahi). Satyagrahi means truthful, non-violent, fearless, ready to accept suffering, loves the evildoers, and hates being alien to his nature. However, the Hind Swaraj by Mahatma Gandhi in 1909 is the most authentic work on the ideology of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhian Ideology Inclusive approach: Mahatma Gandhi was fully aware of the plural nature of Indian society. For example, he never defined Swaraj. Therefore Swaraj meant different things for different sections. Cultural Nationalism: “An ideology was rooted in Indian Civilization” Simple attire, use of Hindi, and symbols like Ramrajya, Sita, and Draupadi made him one of us. He Rejected the western concept of classes and favoured Varnashram. The class concept can lead to hatred in society due to class conflicts while Varnashram is an ancient Indian way to organize society. Karl Max used to say that capitalism is the root of conflicts in society. The capitalist class"s motive is always earning profits. Therefore the interest of capitalists is inversely proportional to the interest of workers because the profits = Revenue – Cost. The wages are the costs. Varnashram : based on Varnas. For Gandhiji, varnas mean the Profession and all Varnas are equal. Shudras = Vaishya = Kshatriya = Brahmins Shudras are all other professions and not the professions. Varnas are not hereditary and not fixed. Caste should be just one’s profession. He used religion to mobilize the masses. As religion was stronger than class in India but with a focus on the morality of religion and not revivalism. He criticized the modern civilizations : There is nothing to learn from the Godless western civilization based solely on industrial capitalism with a focus only on profit motive and with no regard for morality. (Swami Vivekananda: World can benefit from the materialism of the west and the spiritualism of India; today sustainable in development and green in technology rooted in these ideas). As per Mahatma Gandhi, Indian are responsible for their own enslavement as they had accepted the capitalism of the west and now doctors, lawyers, and railways are looting the countries. India is a nation since ancient times and the basis of nationality is the ancient civilization and not just one language, one religion, or one race like the west. The stateless society and Village Republics Like Marx, Mahatma Gandhi believed in a stateless society. For Marx, the state was an agent of the middle class and should be replaced by the rule of the working class. But Mahatma Gandhi wanted a stateless society due to his belief in the liberty of each individual. Therefore for Mahatma Gandhi Swaraj meant self-rule of each individual and not a home rule or class rule i.e. total liberty to each individual. However, Mahatma Gandhi wanted enlightened anarchy and not anarchy i.e. morality instead of law should guide behaviour and morality as a replacement of law and not lawlessness or anarchy. Until such high morality is achieved in society Mahatma Gandhi favoured Parliamentary democracy but with a state that could be as weak as possible. Mahatma Gandhi wanted village republics instead of the strong state-led Representative Democracy. Representative Democracy as per him lead to not the will of the people but the will of the political parties. Party discipline hurts the independence of parliamentarians/representatives. Instead of the capitalist economy, Mahatma Gandhi wanted a village-based self-sufficient economy of ancient times. For Mahatma Gandhi, democracy is equal to a system that gives equal opportunity to the weak. (Marxism or communism leads to equality that is forced equality and not the equality of opportunity. Mahatma Gandhi did not favour forceful land redistribution but wanted the landlords to give up their lands voluntarily based on morality. Bhudan Movement, 1951 by Acharya Vinobha Bhave in Telangana was inspired by these ideals. The idea of trusteeship to resolve disputes between capitalist and working class i.e. capitalist should act as the trustee, working for the interest of workers and not for the profit motive. The idea of arbitration : To reveal the truth with help of mediation and transparency and arrived at a win-win compromise or solution. The traditional Indian model of justice had the main focus, not on punishment but on compromise. For example Mughal judicial system before 1772. Favoured universal disarmament and against the selective disarmaments of Indians while colonial states remained armed, therefore Mahatma Gandhi against arms act 1878 of Lytton (1976-80). Mahatma Gandhi was not anti-modernization but used this idea to criticize the west. For example, he himself used railways extensively. Non-violence also had the utility of allowing greater participation by the masses including women, as it may prevent the British from using violence. Mahatma Gandhi wanted a controlled mass movement i.e. strict adherence by the masses to a decided programme. Mahatma Gandhi"s gradualist approach of struggle-truce-struggle: as masses developed fatigue after a period of struggle. Mahatma Gandhi wanted mass movement thus he take a break to re-energise the masses. Mahatma Gandhi did not want to take benefit of the weakness of the evildoer. For example, he did not participate in the Home Rule League 1916-18. Mahatma Gandhi always took a stand on side of justice. For example, toured India during WWI asking Indians to join the British army as allied powers were victims of aggression by the Central powers. Thus all these ideologies of the Gandhiji helped the Indians to prepare and struggle against the mighty British empire without using any weapons. These ideologies brought ethical and moral courage and it ultimately led to the Indian Independence in 1947 with a sense of ethical behaviour in each Indian.
36,967
What do you understand by the term base year and base effect? Also mention the rationale and criteria for selecting a base year. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach In the introduction one can give the context of the GDP at constant prices and the utility of the base year Then define the base year and base effect Mention the criteria and the rationale for selecting the base year conclude accordingly. Answer: - To measure the level of price rise, GDP at constant prices and GDP at current prices are compared. The GDP at constant prices is adjusted to the prices of the base year. Base year and Base effect The base year is the year with which the values from other years are compared. The index value of the base year is conventionally set to equal 100. A base year is used for comparison in the measure of business activity or economic index. The base year can also describe the starting point from a point of growth or a baseline for calculating same-store sales. The base year is also used for calculating real GDP and nominal GDP with the help of it GDP deflator can also be found. The current base year of GDP calculation is 2011-12 which was decided in 2015. Ideally, the base year should be changed after every five years to capture the changing economy. Base effect refers to that situation where because of the previous data, i.e data from where we are comparing may have an impact on the current data. for example, if in 2021 the economy has not performed well, then suddenly the data for 2021-22 may look bigger. Rationale and criteria for selecting a base year Stability of macroeconomic parameters. It has to be a normal year without large fluctuations in production, trade, and prices of goods and services. Stability from any environmental shocks- The base year is a representative year that must not experience any abnormal incidents such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, etc. Data availability - Data available for the year should be reliable. Comparability - so that the same parameter should be in use in both years. therefore it should be a recent year and not go long back into history. Structural changes- The base year has to be revised periodically in order to reflect the structural changes taking place within an economy, such as increasing the share of services in GDP. Recently the government announces to change in the base year for the calculation of GDP and retail inflation to 2017-18 and 2018 respectively to align with the United Nations system of national accounting UNSNA practices.
##Question:What do you understand by the term base year and base effect? Also mention the rationale and criteria for selecting a base year. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach In the introduction one can give the context of the GDP at constant prices and the utility of the base year Then define the base year and base effect Mention the criteria and the rationale for selecting the base year conclude accordingly. Answer: - To measure the level of price rise, GDP at constant prices and GDP at current prices are compared. The GDP at constant prices is adjusted to the prices of the base year. Base year and Base effect The base year is the year with which the values from other years are compared. The index value of the base year is conventionally set to equal 100. A base year is used for comparison in the measure of business activity or economic index. The base year can also describe the starting point from a point of growth or a baseline for calculating same-store sales. The base year is also used for calculating real GDP and nominal GDP with the help of it GDP deflator can also be found. The current base year of GDP calculation is 2011-12 which was decided in 2015. Ideally, the base year should be changed after every five years to capture the changing economy. Base effect refers to that situation where because of the previous data, i.e data from where we are comparing may have an impact on the current data. for example, if in 2021 the economy has not performed well, then suddenly the data for 2021-22 may look bigger. Rationale and criteria for selecting a base year Stability of macroeconomic parameters. It has to be a normal year without large fluctuations in production, trade, and prices of goods and services. Stability from any environmental shocks- The base year is a representative year that must not experience any abnormal incidents such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, etc. Data availability - Data available for the year should be reliable. Comparability - so that the same parameter should be in use in both years. therefore it should be a recent year and not go long back into history. Structural changes- The base year has to be revised periodically in order to reflect the structural changes taking place within an economy, such as increasing the share of services in GDP. Recently the government announces to change in the base year for the calculation of GDP and retail inflation to 2017-18 and 2018 respectively to align with the United Nations system of national accounting UNSNA practices.
36,976
What do you mean by Igneous rocks? Explain the various landforms of Intrusive igneous rocks. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach Introduction. Introduce with explaining rocks and the meaning of igneous rocks. Body- write about Igneous rocks etc Mention intrusive rock features. Conclusion - conclude with the significance of igneous rocks. Answer When the magma cools on the earth’s surface, it forms rocks known as igneous rocks. Cooling, and crystallization of molten material of earth results in the igneous rocks, or the primary rocks. There are two types of igneous rocks: intrusive and extrusive. Magma = molten rock below ground. Lava = molten rock above the ground Intrusive landforms are formed when magma cools within the crust · 1. Batholith · These are large rock masses formed due to cooling down and the solidification of hot magma inside the earth. They appear on the surface only after the denudation processes remove the overlying materials. Batholiths form the core of huge mountains and may be exposed on the surface after erosion. These are granitic. · 2. Phacolith · A wavy mass of intrusive rocks, at times, is found at the base of synclines or at the top of the anticline in the folded igneous country. Such wavy materials have a definite conduit to source beneath in the form of magma chambers (subsequently developed as batholiths). These are called the Phytoliths. · 3. Sills · These are solidified horizontal lava layers inside the earth. The near horizontal bodies of the intrusive igneous rocks are called sill or sheets, depending on the thickness of the material. The thinner ones are called sheets while the thick horizontal deposits are called sills. · 4. Dykes · When the lava makes its way through cracks and the fissures developed in the land, it solidifies almost perpendicular to the ground. It gets cooled in the same position to develop a wall-like structure. Such structures are called dykes. These are the most commonly found intrusive forms in the western Maharashtra area. These are considered the feeders for the eruptions that led to the development of the Deccan Traps. · 5. Laccoliths · These are large dome-shaped intrusive bodies connected by a pipe-like conduit from below. These are basically intrusive counterparts of an exposed domelike batholith. The Karnataka plateau is spotted with dome hills of granite rocks. Most of these, now exfoliated, are examples of laccoliths or batholiths. · 6. Lapolith · As and when the lava moves upwards, a portion of the same may tend to move in a horizontal direction wherever it finds a weak plane. It may get rested in different forms. In case it develops into a saucer shape, concave to the sky body, it is called Lapolith. · · These rocks are very much useful in our day-to-day life. From talc to the floor of our houses, rocks are present everywhere. Research in the field of petrology has provided us the details of rocks. Further research is being carried out to have better insights into the details of rocks. · · NOTE: A diagram needs to be given to illustrate the above-mentioned rocks
##Question:What do you mean by Igneous rocks? Explain the various landforms of Intrusive igneous rocks. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction. Introduce with explaining rocks and the meaning of igneous rocks. Body- write about Igneous rocks etc Mention intrusive rock features. Conclusion - conclude with the significance of igneous rocks. Answer When the magma cools on the earth’s surface, it forms rocks known as igneous rocks. Cooling, and crystallization of molten material of earth results in the igneous rocks, or the primary rocks. There are two types of igneous rocks: intrusive and extrusive. Magma = molten rock below ground. Lava = molten rock above the ground Intrusive landforms are formed when magma cools within the crust · 1. Batholith · These are large rock masses formed due to cooling down and the solidification of hot magma inside the earth. They appear on the surface only after the denudation processes remove the overlying materials. Batholiths form the core of huge mountains and may be exposed on the surface after erosion. These are granitic. · 2. Phacolith · A wavy mass of intrusive rocks, at times, is found at the base of synclines or at the top of the anticline in the folded igneous country. Such wavy materials have a definite conduit to source beneath in the form of magma chambers (subsequently developed as batholiths). These are called the Phytoliths. · 3. Sills · These are solidified horizontal lava layers inside the earth. The near horizontal bodies of the intrusive igneous rocks are called sill or sheets, depending on the thickness of the material. The thinner ones are called sheets while the thick horizontal deposits are called sills. · 4. Dykes · When the lava makes its way through cracks and the fissures developed in the land, it solidifies almost perpendicular to the ground. It gets cooled in the same position to develop a wall-like structure. Such structures are called dykes. These are the most commonly found intrusive forms in the western Maharashtra area. These are considered the feeders for the eruptions that led to the development of the Deccan Traps. · 5. Laccoliths · These are large dome-shaped intrusive bodies connected by a pipe-like conduit from below. These are basically intrusive counterparts of an exposed domelike batholith. The Karnataka plateau is spotted with dome hills of granite rocks. Most of these, now exfoliated, are examples of laccoliths or batholiths. · 6. Lapolith · As and when the lava moves upwards, a portion of the same may tend to move in a horizontal direction wherever it finds a weak plane. It may get rested in different forms. In case it develops into a saucer shape, concave to the sky body, it is called Lapolith. · · These rocks are very much useful in our day-to-day life. From talc to the floor of our houses, rocks are present everywhere. Research in the field of petrology has provided us the details of rocks. Further research is being carried out to have better insights into the details of rocks. · · NOTE: A diagram needs to be given to illustrate the above-mentioned rocks
36,987
Discuss the Peasants Movement of 1920s with focus on their grievances, events and result. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the historical background of the peasant movements. Then Bring how these movements were integrated with the Indian Nation Movement in the 1920s. Further, bring the events of different peasant movements with their grievance and end result. Conclude accordingly. Answer The trace of the peasant movement can be found in the 19th century itself in the form of the Indigo revolt, the Pabna movement, and the Deccan riots. These movements were localised in it demand and do not have any concrete ideology or coherence with each other. These peasant movements lack integration with the Indian National Movement. However, the entry of Gandhiji with the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha gave a nationalistic attachment to the peasant. Thus we see the increase in the peasant movement in the 1920s. Peasants Movement of the 1920s UP Kisan Sabha Movement 1918 Grievance: The oppression of tenants by big landlords i.e. high rents and illegal abwabs, disrespecting occupancy rights via Bedakhali i.e forceful evictions, forced labour/Begar/Hari. The movement was initiated by Madan Mohan Malvia (a moderate). There was a general grievance of war inflation (WWI 1914-19). Home Rule League (HRL) movement had politicized the peasants and this contributed to peasant movements. During Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), 1920-22 Kisan Sabha got split between those who supported moderate methods of Malvia and those who supported methods of non-cooperation of Mahatma Gandhi. They later formed Awadh Kisan Sabha, in 1920 which merged into Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), therefore, strengthening the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM). Result : Finally there was violence which led to repression in 1921. However, the British also brought Awadh Rent Amendment Act. Eka movement in Awadh 1921 Same grievances and oppression by rent collectors It adopted the same methods of non-cooperation as the Awadh Kisan Sabha movement i.e. non-payment of rent. It refused the Hari/Begar, not paying abwabs, and resisting the bedakhali/eviction. However, lower caste leader Madari Pasi did not believe in Mahatma Gandhi"s non-violence. Thus movement turned violent. It was easily repressed by the British. Mopilla/Moplah Revolt 1921 in Malabar Muslim ryots Mopilla/Moplah participated in the Khilafat Movement under the Indian National Congress (INC) leaders. The ryots who were Muslims had grievances of oppression by landlords/Jenmis who were Hindus. After the arrest by the British of INC leaders, the movement became leaderless. Therefore communal riots broke out as Moplah were religiously charged due to the Khilafat issue. British repressed the movement. Negatives : It broke the Hindu-Muslim unity otherwise strong during the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM). Borsad Satyagraha in Gujarat 1922-24 It was led by Patel who organized the peasants for the non-violent Satyagraha. Grievance : Collusion between dacoits and police. The government deployed additional police forces and for its expenditure applied additional taxes. Action: Patel started the no-tax campaign against the additional tax. (Mahatma Gandhi styled: Opposed only the unjust aspects; exceptions were the movements where the goal was Swaraj with the spirit of No Taxation Without Representation). The movement forced the governor of Bombay to order an enquiry and therefore led to the withdrawal of additional tax and resolution of other grievances. Patel showed a great organizational skills. For example, they organized villagers into volunteer corps that alerted villagers when officials came to seize their property (the villagers used to escape and return later). Bardoli Satyagraha 1928 Grievance : 30% increase in Land Revenue by the government (Ryotwari System). Preparations were done for the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) phase of the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) since November 1921 (i.e. CDM only in Badoli = decision of Mahatma Gandhi after violence during the visit of Prince of Wales), in form of constructive work with a focus on unity between Uzliparaj/Upper caste and Kaliparaj/lower caste. It also focused on anti-untouchability and anti-liquor campaigns. Patel took leadership and highlighted: The unjust increases in land revenue and ask peasants to pay land revenue only at old rates. It also demanded an independent tribunal to decide the issue. It organized peasants including women into chhavanis which implemented the no-tax campaign and social boycott of non-supporters. Raised awareness via Bardoli Patrika. Simultaneously Mahatma Gandhi raised issues in Young India and Nav Jivan. Provincial Legislative Assembly (PLA) members resigned and Mahatma Gandhi reached Bardoli in 1928. Finally under pressure British set up an independent tribunal which decided a 6.03% increase in land revenue as against 30%. Here women of Bardoli gave the title of Sardar to Vallabh Bhai Patel and Mahatma Gandhi gave the name Ranipraja to the Kaliparaj. (Raniparaj means people of the forest) Thus these peasant movements provided a mass base for the Indian National Movement that bring vigour to the Indian National Movement.
##Question:Discuss the Peasants Movement of 1920s with focus on their grievances, events and result. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the historical background of the peasant movements. Then Bring how these movements were integrated with the Indian Nation Movement in the 1920s. Further, bring the events of different peasant movements with their grievance and end result. Conclude accordingly. Answer The trace of the peasant movement can be found in the 19th century itself in the form of the Indigo revolt, the Pabna movement, and the Deccan riots. These movements were localised in it demand and do not have any concrete ideology or coherence with each other. These peasant movements lack integration with the Indian National Movement. However, the entry of Gandhiji with the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha gave a nationalistic attachment to the peasant. Thus we see the increase in the peasant movement in the 1920s. Peasants Movement of the 1920s UP Kisan Sabha Movement 1918 Grievance: The oppression of tenants by big landlords i.e. high rents and illegal abwabs, disrespecting occupancy rights via Bedakhali i.e forceful evictions, forced labour/Begar/Hari. The movement was initiated by Madan Mohan Malvia (a moderate). There was a general grievance of war inflation (WWI 1914-19). Home Rule League (HRL) movement had politicized the peasants and this contributed to peasant movements. During Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), 1920-22 Kisan Sabha got split between those who supported moderate methods of Malvia and those who supported methods of non-cooperation of Mahatma Gandhi. They later formed Awadh Kisan Sabha, in 1920 which merged into Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), therefore, strengthening the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM). Result : Finally there was violence which led to repression in 1921. However, the British also brought Awadh Rent Amendment Act. Eka movement in Awadh 1921 Same grievances and oppression by rent collectors It adopted the same methods of non-cooperation as the Awadh Kisan Sabha movement i.e. non-payment of rent. It refused the Hari/Begar, not paying abwabs, and resisting the bedakhali/eviction. However, lower caste leader Madari Pasi did not believe in Mahatma Gandhi"s non-violence. Thus movement turned violent. It was easily repressed by the British. Mopilla/Moplah Revolt 1921 in Malabar Muslim ryots Mopilla/Moplah participated in the Khilafat Movement under the Indian National Congress (INC) leaders. The ryots who were Muslims had grievances of oppression by landlords/Jenmis who were Hindus. After the arrest by the British of INC leaders, the movement became leaderless. Therefore communal riots broke out as Moplah were religiously charged due to the Khilafat issue. British repressed the movement. Negatives : It broke the Hindu-Muslim unity otherwise strong during the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM). Borsad Satyagraha in Gujarat 1922-24 It was led by Patel who organized the peasants for the non-violent Satyagraha. Grievance : Collusion between dacoits and police. The government deployed additional police forces and for its expenditure applied additional taxes. Action: Patel started the no-tax campaign against the additional tax. (Mahatma Gandhi styled: Opposed only the unjust aspects; exceptions were the movements where the goal was Swaraj with the spirit of No Taxation Without Representation). The movement forced the governor of Bombay to order an enquiry and therefore led to the withdrawal of additional tax and resolution of other grievances. Patel showed a great organizational skills. For example, they organized villagers into volunteer corps that alerted villagers when officials came to seize their property (the villagers used to escape and return later). Bardoli Satyagraha 1928 Grievance : 30% increase in Land Revenue by the government (Ryotwari System). Preparations were done for the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) phase of the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) since November 1921 (i.e. CDM only in Badoli = decision of Mahatma Gandhi after violence during the visit of Prince of Wales), in form of constructive work with a focus on unity between Uzliparaj/Upper caste and Kaliparaj/lower caste. It also focused on anti-untouchability and anti-liquor campaigns. Patel took leadership and highlighted: The unjust increases in land revenue and ask peasants to pay land revenue only at old rates. It also demanded an independent tribunal to decide the issue. It organized peasants including women into chhavanis which implemented the no-tax campaign and social boycott of non-supporters. Raised awareness via Bardoli Patrika. Simultaneously Mahatma Gandhi raised issues in Young India and Nav Jivan. Provincial Legislative Assembly (PLA) members resigned and Mahatma Gandhi reached Bardoli in 1928. Finally under pressure British set up an independent tribunal which decided a 6.03% increase in land revenue as against 30%. Here women of Bardoli gave the title of Sardar to Vallabh Bhai Patel and Mahatma Gandhi gave the name Ranipraja to the Kaliparaj. (Raniparaj means people of the forest) Thus these peasant movements provided a mass base for the Indian National Movement that bring vigour to the Indian National Movement.
36,992
What do you understand by the money supply? Discuss the relationship between money supply and reserve money in the economy. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce the explanation of the money supply Then bring the relationship between money supply and reserve money in the economy. Further, establish it by the equation. Conclude accordingly. Answer Money supply, like money demand, is a stock variable. The total stock of money in circulation among the public at a particular point in time is called the money supply. In a modern economy, money consists mainly of currency notes and coins issued by the monetary authority of the country. In India currency notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is the monetary authority in India. However, coins are issued by the Government of India. Apart from currency notes and coins, the balance in savings, or current account deposits, held by the public in commercial banks is also considered money since cheques drawn on these accounts are used to settle transactions. Such deposits are called demand deposits as they are payable by the bank on demand from the account holder. Other deposits, e.g. fixed deposits, have a fixed period to maturity and are referred to as time deposits. Reserve Money (H) The total liability of the monetary authority of the country, RBI, is called the reserve money, monetary base or high-powered money. It consists of currency (notes and coins in circulation with the public and vault cash of commercial banks) and deposits held by the Government of India and commercial banks with RBI. Relationship Between money supply and reserve money in the economy Reserve money = currency in circulation+ bankers’ deposits with RBI + ‘other’ deposits with RBI. It is the base level for the money supply or the high-powered component of the money supply. Relationship between money supply and reserve money: The relation between the two can be explained by “The H Theory of Money Supply” more popularly called the ‘Money-multiplier Theory of Money Supply. According to this, the determination of the money supply is based on the supply of and demand for high-powered money. Further, the Money multiplier is the degree to which the money supply is expanded as a result of the increase in high-powered money. It can be represented as, m = M/H Where m is the money multiplier M = money supply H = high-powered money Rearranging we have, M = H. m From the above expression, it follows that the money supply will increase: When the supply of high-powered money (i.e., reserve money) H increases. In other words, there is a direct correlation between the two. Also, this relationship can be established by the following equation- High-powered money (H) = Cp + R Where Cp = currency held by the public, R = Cash reserves Thus, it follows from above that if there is an increase in currency held by the public which is a part of the high-powered money with demand deposits remaining unchanged, there will be a direct increase in the money supply in the economy because this constitutes a part of the money supply.
##Question:What do you understand by the money supply? Discuss the relationship between money supply and reserve money in the economy. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the explanation of the money supply Then bring the relationship between money supply and reserve money in the economy. Further, establish it by the equation. Conclude accordingly. Answer Money supply, like money demand, is a stock variable. The total stock of money in circulation among the public at a particular point in time is called the money supply. In a modern economy, money consists mainly of currency notes and coins issued by the monetary authority of the country. In India currency notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is the monetary authority in India. However, coins are issued by the Government of India. Apart from currency notes and coins, the balance in savings, or current account deposits, held by the public in commercial banks is also considered money since cheques drawn on these accounts are used to settle transactions. Such deposits are called demand deposits as they are payable by the bank on demand from the account holder. Other deposits, e.g. fixed deposits, have a fixed period to maturity and are referred to as time deposits. Reserve Money (H) The total liability of the monetary authority of the country, RBI, is called the reserve money, monetary base or high-powered money. It consists of currency (notes and coins in circulation with the public and vault cash of commercial banks) and deposits held by the Government of India and commercial banks with RBI. Relationship Between money supply and reserve money in the economy Reserve money = currency in circulation+ bankers’ deposits with RBI + ‘other’ deposits with RBI. It is the base level for the money supply or the high-powered component of the money supply. Relationship between money supply and reserve money: The relation between the two can be explained by “The H Theory of Money Supply” more popularly called the ‘Money-multiplier Theory of Money Supply. According to this, the determination of the money supply is based on the supply of and demand for high-powered money. Further, the Money multiplier is the degree to which the money supply is expanded as a result of the increase in high-powered money. It can be represented as, m = M/H Where m is the money multiplier M = money supply H = high-powered money Rearranging we have, M = H. m From the above expression, it follows that the money supply will increase: When the supply of high-powered money (i.e., reserve money) H increases. In other words, there is a direct correlation between the two. Also, this relationship can be established by the following equation- High-powered money (H) = Cp + R Where Cp = currency held by the public, R = Cash reserves Thus, it follows from above that if there is an increase in currency held by the public which is a part of the high-powered money with demand deposits remaining unchanged, there will be a direct increase in the money supply in the economy because this constitutes a part of the money supply.
37,009
The National Revolutionaries of 1922 to 1933 were neither “blood-thirsty tyrants” who ‘enjoyed shedding human blood’ nor “misguided patriots,” but were men committed to higher values of life. Elaborate. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the rise of the National revolutionaries Activities from 1922. Bring the change in revolutionaries’ activities of this phase and compare it with the first phase of the revolutionaries" activities. Further elaborate on the deep understanding of the revolutionaries as per their ideology, their programme, and the society they wanted to establish. Conclude accordingly. Answer National Revolutionaries in post-1922 joined Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) with enthusiasm but were disappointed due to the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) in 1922 after Chauri Chaura. They were neither interested in parliamentary politics nor interested in the constructive work of Mahatama Gandhi (MG). Therefore now revived revolutionary Activities. The revolutionary party cherished certain ideals and goals for the 2nd phase of the revolutionaries. For example, the main revolutionary organization Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA) was very clear about its objectives. They were unequivocal in their commitment to Freedom from the yoke of British imperialism Revolution or overthrow of the present system of relationships based on manifest inequality and exploitation Socialism will sound the dah-knell of capitalism. Establishment of the dictatorship of the Proletariat. They reflected the greatest of Human value in their thoughts They envisaged the realization of their objectives in a broad perspective, and their commitment to freedom was not limited to India, they desired the end of all imperialism from all corners of the world. They had many ideas regarding the solution of the religious and social problems peculiar to the Indian situation and ethos. The “freedom” of the conception of revolutionaries had a wider meaning and a greater scope. Their struggle against the imperialist masters was not going to end with the attainment of freedom for India. In the freedom of India, they visualized the end of all imperialism and the breaking down all chains that fetter mankind. They visualized the freedom of mankind long before the Indian National Congress. INC only in the “Quit India” resolution “To make the deaf here” Bhagat Singh stated, “I have acted like a terrorist but I am not a terrorist”. He did not want youth to follow the path of the violent revolutionary Activities but to join Indian National Congress (INC) and Indian National Movement (INM). Therefore only wanted to inspire nationalism among the youth. Central legislative Assembly (CLA) was deliberating upon the Public Safety Bill and Trade Dispute Bill which were aimed at curbing the liberty and working-class movement. The Bomb was harmless and leaflets were thrown in the Central Legislative Assembly (CLA) with the slogan “To Make the Deaf Hear”. After his arrest, Bhagat Singh did propaganda in court to inspire nationalism among the masses. While in jail he set up a library as he believed more in the power of the pen. He also started a hunger strike against the inhumane living conditions of Prisoners. He also argued that communalism is as big an enemy as colonialism. Therefore he was deeply secular. Philosophy of Bomb written by the Bhagawati Charan Vohra defined revolution as independence: social, economic, and political and elaborated on the ideology of revolutionaries. Therefore this time revolutionaries were more politically aware and ideologically stronger. They were driven by more human values as we can see in the statement of the Surya Sen of the Chittagong Armoury Raid who was fond of saying Humanism is a special virtue of a revolutionary.
##Question:The National Revolutionaries of 1922 to 1933 were neither “blood-thirsty tyrants” who ‘enjoyed shedding human blood’ nor “misguided patriots,” but were men committed to higher values of life. Elaborate. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the rise of the National revolutionaries Activities from 1922. Bring the change in revolutionaries’ activities of this phase and compare it with the first phase of the revolutionaries" activities. Further elaborate on the deep understanding of the revolutionaries as per their ideology, their programme, and the society they wanted to establish. Conclude accordingly. Answer National Revolutionaries in post-1922 joined Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) with enthusiasm but were disappointed due to the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) in 1922 after Chauri Chaura. They were neither interested in parliamentary politics nor interested in the constructive work of Mahatama Gandhi (MG). Therefore now revived revolutionary Activities. The revolutionary party cherished certain ideals and goals for the 2nd phase of the revolutionaries. For example, the main revolutionary organization Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA) was very clear about its objectives. They were unequivocal in their commitment to Freedom from the yoke of British imperialism Revolution or overthrow of the present system of relationships based on manifest inequality and exploitation Socialism will sound the dah-knell of capitalism. Establishment of the dictatorship of the Proletariat. They reflected the greatest of Human value in their thoughts They envisaged the realization of their objectives in a broad perspective, and their commitment to freedom was not limited to India, they desired the end of all imperialism from all corners of the world. They had many ideas regarding the solution of the religious and social problems peculiar to the Indian situation and ethos. The “freedom” of the conception of revolutionaries had a wider meaning and a greater scope. Their struggle against the imperialist masters was not going to end with the attainment of freedom for India. In the freedom of India, they visualized the end of all imperialism and the breaking down all chains that fetter mankind. They visualized the freedom of mankind long before the Indian National Congress. INC only in the “Quit India” resolution “To make the deaf here” Bhagat Singh stated, “I have acted like a terrorist but I am not a terrorist”. He did not want youth to follow the path of the violent revolutionary Activities but to join Indian National Congress (INC) and Indian National Movement (INM). Therefore only wanted to inspire nationalism among the youth. Central legislative Assembly (CLA) was deliberating upon the Public Safety Bill and Trade Dispute Bill which were aimed at curbing the liberty and working-class movement. The Bomb was harmless and leaflets were thrown in the Central Legislative Assembly (CLA) with the slogan “To Make the Deaf Hear”. After his arrest, Bhagat Singh did propaganda in court to inspire nationalism among the masses. While in jail he set up a library as he believed more in the power of the pen. He also started a hunger strike against the inhumane living conditions of Prisoners. He also argued that communalism is as big an enemy as colonialism. Therefore he was deeply secular. Philosophy of Bomb written by the Bhagawati Charan Vohra defined revolution as independence: social, economic, and political and elaborated on the ideology of revolutionaries. Therefore this time revolutionaries were more politically aware and ideologically stronger. They were driven by more human values as we can see in the statement of the Surya Sen of the Chittagong Armoury Raid who was fond of saying Humanism is a special virtue of a revolutionary.
37,013
International trade is important to ensure economic growth in a country. In this context, highlight the challenges being faced by India to improve its share in world trade. (200 words)
APPROACH: Introduction: Briefly explain how international trade ensures economic growth. Body: Highlight the challenges being faced by India to improve its share in world trade. Conclusion: Conclude with few initiatives taken recently to solve the issues. ANSWER: International trade has helped in generating employment, giving consumers more choice and producing goods at competitive prices. It also helps to ensure regional growth, transfer of state-of-the-art technology and procuring products which the country lacks .eg. India is dependent on import of oil to meet its energy requirements. Trade surplus helps to generate revenues and ensure robust economic growth. However despite these benefits and India being the sixth largest economy of the world, its share in world trade has been at abysmal level of about 2%. CHALLENGES BEING FACED BY INDIA TO IMPROVE ITS SHARE IN WORLD TRADE India is perceived to be a high tariff country due to high exemptions and concessions which leaves it with a huge headline rate. There are concerns of sanitary and phytosanitary standards. Eg European Union had rejected Indian Alphonso mangoes due to same reasons. The administrative lacunae such as corruption, red tapism, bureaucratic apathy and regulatory hurdles impact growth of trade. Agreements like TPP may harm India’s apparel and footwear sector. At the same time, agreements on RCEP and BTIA have not been concluded. Weak global demand has led to slow growth of trade. Lack of diversification of export products. The top 10 principal exports in terms of commodity groups account for as much as 78 per cent of total merchandise exports. There have been increasing protectionist policies from countries like US. For example there is significant restriction on the import of medical devices in US. India’s manufacturing sector such as textiles, food industry etc. has particularly seen lack of innovation making it uncompetitive. Also most the products exported are primary in nature instead of being value added goods. There is inverted duty structure in India which makes import of finished product cheaper than raw material. There are infrastructural bottlenecks like poor condition of roadways, railways; erratic power supply; complex land and labour laws etc. Banks are also facing issue of NPA which limits their capacity to invest in domestic industries. Trade wars between US and China; dumping of products like steel by China are detrimental to growth of Indian trade. The challenges emphasize on urgency to initiate reforms to improve India’s share in world trade. India has launched Foreign Trade Policy 2015-2020 thatprovides a framework for increasing exports of goods and services as well as generation of employment and increasing value addition in the country. Other than that, steps like Niryat Bandhu, Make in India, SAMPADA, resolving NPAs through recapitalization etc. will help to increase India’s share in world trade gradually.
##Question:International trade is important to ensure economic growth in a country. In this context, highlight the challenges being faced by India to improve its share in world trade. (200 words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction: Briefly explain how international trade ensures economic growth. Body: Highlight the challenges being faced by India to improve its share in world trade. Conclusion: Conclude with few initiatives taken recently to solve the issues. ANSWER: International trade has helped in generating employment, giving consumers more choice and producing goods at competitive prices. It also helps to ensure regional growth, transfer of state-of-the-art technology and procuring products which the country lacks .eg. India is dependent on import of oil to meet its energy requirements. Trade surplus helps to generate revenues and ensure robust economic growth. However despite these benefits and India being the sixth largest economy of the world, its share in world trade has been at abysmal level of about 2%. CHALLENGES BEING FACED BY INDIA TO IMPROVE ITS SHARE IN WORLD TRADE India is perceived to be a high tariff country due to high exemptions and concessions which leaves it with a huge headline rate. There are concerns of sanitary and phytosanitary standards. Eg European Union had rejected Indian Alphonso mangoes due to same reasons. The administrative lacunae such as corruption, red tapism, bureaucratic apathy and regulatory hurdles impact growth of trade. Agreements like TPP may harm India’s apparel and footwear sector. At the same time, agreements on RCEP and BTIA have not been concluded. Weak global demand has led to slow growth of trade. Lack of diversification of export products. The top 10 principal exports in terms of commodity groups account for as much as 78 per cent of total merchandise exports. There have been increasing protectionist policies from countries like US. For example there is significant restriction on the import of medical devices in US. India’s manufacturing sector such as textiles, food industry etc. has particularly seen lack of innovation making it uncompetitive. Also most the products exported are primary in nature instead of being value added goods. There is inverted duty structure in India which makes import of finished product cheaper than raw material. There are infrastructural bottlenecks like poor condition of roadways, railways; erratic power supply; complex land and labour laws etc. Banks are also facing issue of NPA which limits their capacity to invest in domestic industries. Trade wars between US and China; dumping of products like steel by China are detrimental to growth of Indian trade. The challenges emphasize on urgency to initiate reforms to improve India’s share in world trade. India has launched Foreign Trade Policy 2015-2020 thatprovides a framework for increasing exports of goods and services as well as generation of employment and increasing value addition in the country. Other than that, steps like Niryat Bandhu, Make in India, SAMPADA, resolving NPAs through recapitalization etc. will help to increase India’s share in world trade gradually.
37,016
Explain the stages of India"s nuclear energy program. Also, mention the advantages of the fast breeder reactor in this program. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
Approach: - Briefly mention India"s nuclear energy program as introduction - Explain the stages of India"s nuclear energy program - Mention the advantages of Fast breeder reactor programme in India - Conclude Answer: India"s nuclear program was designed in a way so as to make India self-reliant in energy production. There is increasing energy demand and the scarcity of natural energy resources can be addressed by the use of nuclear technology. India"s nuclear program has three stages: -Boiling water reactor/ pressurised heavy water reactor- natural uranium was used. PHWRs was a natural choice for implementing the first stage because it had the most efficient reactor design in terms of uranium utilization.It uses natural uranium (though it contains only 0.7% fissile uranium-235 ) and generates plutonium- 239 which will be used in the next stage. It was chosen because it was easier to create heavy water production facilities (required for PHWRs) than uranium enrichment facilities. -Fast breeder reactor- Plutonium 239 from the first stage, thus making it the logical next step as the fissile material material will be available. Moreover, this will create more fuel than it utilizes, thus it is called "breeder" reactor. Plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy, while the uranium-238 present in the mixed oxide fuel used in this reactor transmutes to additional plutonium-239. -Advanced heavy water reactor- Thorium will be used which is available in abundance in India. India in fact has the largest global thorium reserves, while it"s uranium reserves are limited, making us dependent on imports. This is the ultimate stage of the program which will make production completely based on Indian resources, thus reducing the cost of electricity produced. This is still in research stage. Advantages of Fast Breeder Reactor The fast breeder reactor is the second stage which is being looked forward to due to numerous advantages: - It is a sophisticated design which has a number of safety features. -It has benefits from the environment considerations also. -The waste from the first stage nuclear programme is reprocessed and used as fuel in FBR. -Large spaces will not be needed for storage of fuel and the waste as re-processing is happening in a closed cycle. -Indigenously produced Mixed Uranium & Plutonium Oxide will be used as the fuel in the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam Coclusion: With proper R & D in the development and deployment of nuclear energy plants, it will be possible to reduce the dependece upon oil and coal, move towards reducing the burden on fossil fuels for energy generation and ultimately emerge as a green economy at the global level.
##Question:Explain the stages of India"s nuclear energy program. Also, mention the advantages of the fast breeder reactor in this program. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: - Briefly mention India"s nuclear energy program as introduction - Explain the stages of India"s nuclear energy program - Mention the advantages of Fast breeder reactor programme in India - Conclude Answer: India"s nuclear program was designed in a way so as to make India self-reliant in energy production. There is increasing energy demand and the scarcity of natural energy resources can be addressed by the use of nuclear technology. India"s nuclear program has three stages: -Boiling water reactor/ pressurised heavy water reactor- natural uranium was used. PHWRs was a natural choice for implementing the first stage because it had the most efficient reactor design in terms of uranium utilization.It uses natural uranium (though it contains only 0.7% fissile uranium-235 ) and generates plutonium- 239 which will be used in the next stage. It was chosen because it was easier to create heavy water production facilities (required for PHWRs) than uranium enrichment facilities. -Fast breeder reactor- Plutonium 239 from the first stage, thus making it the logical next step as the fissile material material will be available. Moreover, this will create more fuel than it utilizes, thus it is called "breeder" reactor. Plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy, while the uranium-238 present in the mixed oxide fuel used in this reactor transmutes to additional plutonium-239. -Advanced heavy water reactor- Thorium will be used which is available in abundance in India. India in fact has the largest global thorium reserves, while it"s uranium reserves are limited, making us dependent on imports. This is the ultimate stage of the program which will make production completely based on Indian resources, thus reducing the cost of electricity produced. This is still in research stage. Advantages of Fast Breeder Reactor The fast breeder reactor is the second stage which is being looked forward to due to numerous advantages: - It is a sophisticated design which has a number of safety features. -It has benefits from the environment considerations also. -The waste from the first stage nuclear programme is reprocessed and used as fuel in FBR. -Large spaces will not be needed for storage of fuel and the waste as re-processing is happening in a closed cycle. -Indigenously produced Mixed Uranium & Plutonium Oxide will be used as the fuel in the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam Coclusion: With proper R & D in the development and deployment of nuclear energy plants, it will be possible to reduce the dependece upon oil and coal, move towards reducing the burden on fossil fuels for energy generation and ultimately emerge as a green economy at the global level.
37,017
पूर्वोत्तर भारतीय क्षेत्र के सामरिक महत्व पर प्रकाश डालिए तथा इस क्षेत्र द्वारा सामना किए जा रहे है प्रमुख सुरक्षा खतरों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए | इस क्षेत्र में ,शांति व स्थिरता हेतु सरकार द्वारा उठाएं गए कदमों का परीक्षण कीजिए |(200 शब्द )
दृष्टिकोण :- उत्तर-पूर्व के सामरिक महत्व को बताते हुए उत्तर की शुरुआत कीजिए पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा खतरों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए प्रशन के दूसरे भाग में सरकार द्वारा उठाये गए क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिए एक सुझावात्मक निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत कीजिए उत्तर-पूर्व का सामरिक महत्व – इस क्षेत्र की लगभग 99% सीमा बांग्लादेश ,म्यन्मार ,चीन और भूटान के साथ लगती है यह क्षेत्र दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के लिए भारत के प्रवेश द्वार के रूप में जाना जाता है | भारत की ‘एक्ट ईस्ट पालिसी’ ,BBIN समझौता और कालादान मल्टीमॉडल प्रोजेक्ट आदि पहलों के संदर्भ में इसकी रणनीतिक महत्ता है | पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्र यूरेनियम ,कोयला ,पनबिजली ,वन ,पेट्रोलियम और गैस आदि प्राकृतिक संसाधनों से संपन्न है | दक्षिणी-पश्चिमी चीन और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया जैसे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बाजारों से निकटता के कारण यह क्षेत्र विदेशी और घरेलू निवेशकों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण आधार बनने की क्षमता रखता है | यह चीन और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के संगम पर अवस्थित क्षेत्र है |यह सुरक्षा चुनौतियों से घिरा है | सुरक्षा ख़तरे – असम ,नागालैंड ,मणिपुर और मेघालय में उग्रवाद की समस्या | विभिन्न चरमपंथी समूहों द्वारा पृथकतावादी आन्दोलनों को प्रोत्साहन ,जैसे – नेशनल डेमोक्रेटिक फ्रंट ऑफ़ बोडोलैंड द्वारा ‘बोडोलैंड’ को स्वायत्त क्षेत्र के रूप में स्थापित करने हेतु की जा रही मांग | अवैध प्रवास के विरुद्ध असम अन्दोलन , त्रिपुरा में बंगाली वर्चस्व के विरुद्ध जनजातीय आन्दोलन | इन समस्याओं के साथ –साथ अल्प विकास की समस्या भी इस क्षेत्र में बनी हुई है | सीमा से सम्बंधित मुद्दे भी इस क्षेत्र में बने हुए है , जैसे- अरुणाचल प्रदेश में चीनी सैनिकों द्वारा सीमा का उल्घंघन करना |साथ ही, उग्रवादी समूहों द्वारा म्यांमार को सुरक्षित आश्रय स्थल के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाना | पूर्वोत्तर गोल्डन ट्रायंगल स्थित है ,इससे यह क्षेत्र नशीले प्रदार्थों की तस्करी का केंद्र बन गया हैं | इसके कारण मानव स्वास्थ्य और सामाजिक हितों को तो नुकसान पहुँचता ही है ,साथ ही यह उग्रवादी समूहों को भी धन एकत्र करने का जरियां है | सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों का परीक्षण – केंद्र सरकार विद्रोही समूहों के साथ बातचीत/समझौते द्वारा उन्हें हिंसा को छोड़ने तथा हथियार डालने के लिए सहमत करने का कार्य कर रही है | भारत सरकार द्वारा संवेधानिक ढांचे के अंतर्गत उनकी समस्याओं के शांतिपूर्ण समाधान निकलने नीति अपनाई जा रही है | सरकार ने विद्रोही गुटों के साथ नागा शांति समझौते तथा मिजोरम समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किये है जिसके बाद हिंसा पर पर्याप्य सीमा तक नियंत्रण स्थापित कर लिया गया हैं | इस प्रकार के क्षेत्रों में विद्रोही गुटों से निपटने के लिए सशस्त्र बलों की तैनाती और क्षेत्र में रिज़र्व बटालिन की मंजूरी जैसे विभिन्न तरीकों से केंद्र सरकार ने अपनाए है | UAPA के तहत क्षेत्र में सक्रिय गैर-क़ानूनी संगठनों पर प्रतिबन्ध लगाया गया है | इसके अतिरिक्त ,सरकार AFSPA के ,लिए विशिष्ट क्षेत्रों मको ‘अशांत क्षेत्र’ घोषित कर दिया है | हालाँकि इन राज्यों में रहने वाले लोगों ने AFSPA के विरुद्ध प्रतिक्रिया दी | पूर्वोत्तर में पथभ्रष्ट युवाओं और कट्टर उग्रवादीयों को मुख्यधारा में शामिल करने के लिए आत्मसमर्पण-सह-पुनर्वास नि नीति अपनाई है | संविधान के 6वीं अनुसूची परंपरागत संस्थानों को विशेष दर्जा देती है और इस क्षेत्र में स्वायत्त जिला परिषदों के निर्माण का प्रावधान करती है | सरकार पूर्वोत्तर में आर्थिक गलियारों के निर्माण पर भी कार्य कर रही हैं ,ताकि पूर्वो पड़ोसीयों की सहायता से अपनी समस्याओं से उबर सके है | उदाहरण के लिए BCIM कोरिडोर ,IMT त्रिपक्षीय राजमार्ग ,बांग्लादेश होते हुए पूर्वोत्तर तक पहुँच आदि | सरकार के इन प्रयासों के बावजूद सुरक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दा है | यह क्षेत्र अभी भी पिछड़ा हुआ है ,पूर्वोत्तर के निवासी अन्य भारतीय शहरों में भेदभाव व नस्लवादी हिंसा के शिकार होते रहते है |
##Question:पूर्वोत्तर भारतीय क्षेत्र के सामरिक महत्व पर प्रकाश डालिए तथा इस क्षेत्र द्वारा सामना किए जा रहे है प्रमुख सुरक्षा खतरों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए | इस क्षेत्र में ,शांति व स्थिरता हेतु सरकार द्वारा उठाएं गए कदमों का परीक्षण कीजिए |(200 शब्द )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण :- उत्तर-पूर्व के सामरिक महत्व को बताते हुए उत्तर की शुरुआत कीजिए पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा खतरों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए प्रशन के दूसरे भाग में सरकार द्वारा उठाये गए क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिए एक सुझावात्मक निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत कीजिए उत्तर-पूर्व का सामरिक महत्व – इस क्षेत्र की लगभग 99% सीमा बांग्लादेश ,म्यन्मार ,चीन और भूटान के साथ लगती है यह क्षेत्र दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के लिए भारत के प्रवेश द्वार के रूप में जाना जाता है | भारत की ‘एक्ट ईस्ट पालिसी’ ,BBIN समझौता और कालादान मल्टीमॉडल प्रोजेक्ट आदि पहलों के संदर्भ में इसकी रणनीतिक महत्ता है | पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्र यूरेनियम ,कोयला ,पनबिजली ,वन ,पेट्रोलियम और गैस आदि प्राकृतिक संसाधनों से संपन्न है | दक्षिणी-पश्चिमी चीन और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया जैसे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बाजारों से निकटता के कारण यह क्षेत्र विदेशी और घरेलू निवेशकों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण आधार बनने की क्षमता रखता है | यह चीन और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के संगम पर अवस्थित क्षेत्र है |यह सुरक्षा चुनौतियों से घिरा है | सुरक्षा ख़तरे – असम ,नागालैंड ,मणिपुर और मेघालय में उग्रवाद की समस्या | विभिन्न चरमपंथी समूहों द्वारा पृथकतावादी आन्दोलनों को प्रोत्साहन ,जैसे – नेशनल डेमोक्रेटिक फ्रंट ऑफ़ बोडोलैंड द्वारा ‘बोडोलैंड’ को स्वायत्त क्षेत्र के रूप में स्थापित करने हेतु की जा रही मांग | अवैध प्रवास के विरुद्ध असम अन्दोलन , त्रिपुरा में बंगाली वर्चस्व के विरुद्ध जनजातीय आन्दोलन | इन समस्याओं के साथ –साथ अल्प विकास की समस्या भी इस क्षेत्र में बनी हुई है | सीमा से सम्बंधित मुद्दे भी इस क्षेत्र में बने हुए है , जैसे- अरुणाचल प्रदेश में चीनी सैनिकों द्वारा सीमा का उल्घंघन करना |साथ ही, उग्रवादी समूहों द्वारा म्यांमार को सुरक्षित आश्रय स्थल के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाना | पूर्वोत्तर गोल्डन ट्रायंगल स्थित है ,इससे यह क्षेत्र नशीले प्रदार्थों की तस्करी का केंद्र बन गया हैं | इसके कारण मानव स्वास्थ्य और सामाजिक हितों को तो नुकसान पहुँचता ही है ,साथ ही यह उग्रवादी समूहों को भी धन एकत्र करने का जरियां है | सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों का परीक्षण – केंद्र सरकार विद्रोही समूहों के साथ बातचीत/समझौते द्वारा उन्हें हिंसा को छोड़ने तथा हथियार डालने के लिए सहमत करने का कार्य कर रही है | भारत सरकार द्वारा संवेधानिक ढांचे के अंतर्गत उनकी समस्याओं के शांतिपूर्ण समाधान निकलने नीति अपनाई जा रही है | सरकार ने विद्रोही गुटों के साथ नागा शांति समझौते तथा मिजोरम समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किये है जिसके बाद हिंसा पर पर्याप्य सीमा तक नियंत्रण स्थापित कर लिया गया हैं | इस प्रकार के क्षेत्रों में विद्रोही गुटों से निपटने के लिए सशस्त्र बलों की तैनाती और क्षेत्र में रिज़र्व बटालिन की मंजूरी जैसे विभिन्न तरीकों से केंद्र सरकार ने अपनाए है | UAPA के तहत क्षेत्र में सक्रिय गैर-क़ानूनी संगठनों पर प्रतिबन्ध लगाया गया है | इसके अतिरिक्त ,सरकार AFSPA के ,लिए विशिष्ट क्षेत्रों मको ‘अशांत क्षेत्र’ घोषित कर दिया है | हालाँकि इन राज्यों में रहने वाले लोगों ने AFSPA के विरुद्ध प्रतिक्रिया दी | पूर्वोत्तर में पथभ्रष्ट युवाओं और कट्टर उग्रवादीयों को मुख्यधारा में शामिल करने के लिए आत्मसमर्पण-सह-पुनर्वास नि नीति अपनाई है | संविधान के 6वीं अनुसूची परंपरागत संस्थानों को विशेष दर्जा देती है और इस क्षेत्र में स्वायत्त जिला परिषदों के निर्माण का प्रावधान करती है | सरकार पूर्वोत्तर में आर्थिक गलियारों के निर्माण पर भी कार्य कर रही हैं ,ताकि पूर्वो पड़ोसीयों की सहायता से अपनी समस्याओं से उबर सके है | उदाहरण के लिए BCIM कोरिडोर ,IMT त्रिपक्षीय राजमार्ग ,बांग्लादेश होते हुए पूर्वोत्तर तक पहुँच आदि | सरकार के इन प्रयासों के बावजूद सुरक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दा है | यह क्षेत्र अभी भी पिछड़ा हुआ है ,पूर्वोत्तर के निवासी अन्य भारतीय शहरों में भेदभाव व नस्लवादी हिंसा के शिकार होते रहते है |
37,040
Issues that gave rise to Assam Movement in 1979 were a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain.(10 Marks/150 marks)
Approach 1. Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. 2. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam was the resultof cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in the Assam. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: 1. Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, but since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. 2. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. 3. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). 4. Porous borders with neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar adds to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. 5. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violation have also been a matter of great concern. 6. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. Conclusion: All the factors mentioned above initiated Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fight against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. [Note-All the points are comprehensively covered in the class.]
##Question:Issues that gave rise to Assam Movement in 1979 were a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain.(10 Marks/150 marks)##Answer:Approach 1. Give a brief overview of the Assam Movement in 1979. 2. Mention factors highlighting cultural pride and economic backwardness which were responsible for Assam Movement. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer Assam Movement in 1979 was a popular movement against illegal immigrants in Assam was the resultof cultural pride and economic backwardness prevailing in the Assam. This can be explained by the reasons mentioned below: 1. Cultural and ethnic diversity: Though cultural and ethnic diversity per se are not causes for conflict, but since ethnic and cultural specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, it gave rise to discontentment and assertion of identity. 2. Historical reasons: The British administered the hills as a loose ‘frontier area’, with the result that large parts of the north-eastern hill areas never came in touch with the principle of a central administration. 3. Poor geographical connectivity: The allegiance of various tribes to the newly formed Indian State was lacking from the beginning and it was accentuated by the creation of Bangladesh, which isolated the region further in terms of geographical connectivity (the region stands connected with the mainland through the narrow Siliguri corridor; 99% boundary of the region being international). 4. Porous borders with neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar adds to the crisis of demographic change which threatens local culture and employment opportunities. Hazarika Commission appointed by the Supreme Court has revealed the influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants into Assam. 5. Issues related to governance: For example, clubbing all the states under the tag of ‘northeast’ has a homogenizing effect for the region, which is culturally very diverse. Similarly the Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils feel overshadowed by State Legislatures. AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression in the region. Reports of Human rights violation have also been a matter of great concern. 6. Ethnic assertions of tribals have resulted in ethnic riots and mass agitations. Some ethnic movements in the region include the Assam Movement of 1979-84 against illegal migration and protection of Assamese identity, the Mizo uprising in 1966 demanding an independent state, tribal movements in Tripura against Bengali domination etc. Conclusion: All the factors mentioned above initiated Assam movement in 1979 with the main objective of maintaining cultural integration and fight against unemployment and poverty. It continued till 1984 when the Assam Accord was signed. [Note-All the points are comprehensively covered in the class.]
37,048
What do you understand by orbit? Write about the classification of different orbits based on different criteria. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: 1. Introduction- Define the orbit 2. Write the classification of orbit based on different criteria 3. Write a brief conclusion- the current mission could be written Answer: Orbit: An orbit is a path taken by spacecraft in outer space.In our solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun, as do the other eight planets. They all travel on or near the orbital plane, an imaginary disk-shaped surface in space. All of the orbits are circular or elliptical in their shape. In addition to the planets" orbits, many planets have moons which are in orbit around them. Classification of Orbit 1. Based on the shape of the orbit a) Elliptical Orbit -An elliptical orbit is the revolving of one object around another in an oval-shaped path called an ellipse. The planets in the solar system orbit the sun in elliptical orbits. b) Circular Orbit-A circular orbit is a special (and very unlikely) case of an elliptical orbit. 2. Based on Movement a) Geosynchronous Orbit-geostationary orbit, often referred to as a GEO orbit, circles the Earth above the equator from west to east at a height of 36 000 km. b) Sun Synchronous Orbit- It is a polar Orbit (polar orbits pass over the Earth’s polar regions from north to south.)A satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit would usually be at an altitude of between 600 to 800 km. c) Geostationary Orbit-As satellites in geostationary orbit continuously cover a large portion of the Earth, this makes it an ideal orbit for telecommunications or for monitoring continent-wide weather patterns and environmental conditions 3. Based on the Distance of the satellite from the earth a) Low earth orbit-A low Earth orbit is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km and could be as low as 160 km above the Earth. b) Middle Earth Orbit-This orbit takes place at an altitude of around 1000 km and is particularly suited for constellations of satellites mainly used for telecommunications. Conclusion Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle was developed to launch Low Earth Orbit satellites into Polar and Sun Synchronous Orbits. It has since proved its versatility by launching Geosynchronous, Lunar and Interplanetary spacecraft successfully.
##Question:What do you understand by orbit? Write about the classification of different orbits based on different criteria. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction- Define the orbit 2. Write the classification of orbit based on different criteria 3. Write a brief conclusion- the current mission could be written Answer: Orbit: An orbit is a path taken by spacecraft in outer space.In our solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun, as do the other eight planets. They all travel on or near the orbital plane, an imaginary disk-shaped surface in space. All of the orbits are circular or elliptical in their shape. In addition to the planets" orbits, many planets have moons which are in orbit around them. Classification of Orbit 1. Based on the shape of the orbit a) Elliptical Orbit -An elliptical orbit is the revolving of one object around another in an oval-shaped path called an ellipse. The planets in the solar system orbit the sun in elliptical orbits. b) Circular Orbit-A circular orbit is a special (and very unlikely) case of an elliptical orbit. 2. Based on Movement a) Geosynchronous Orbit-geostationary orbit, often referred to as a GEO orbit, circles the Earth above the equator from west to east at a height of 36 000 km. b) Sun Synchronous Orbit- It is a polar Orbit (polar orbits pass over the Earth’s polar regions from north to south.)A satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit would usually be at an altitude of between 600 to 800 km. c) Geostationary Orbit-As satellites in geostationary orbit continuously cover a large portion of the Earth, this makes it an ideal orbit for telecommunications or for monitoring continent-wide weather patterns and environmental conditions 3. Based on the Distance of the satellite from the earth a) Low earth orbit-A low Earth orbit is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km and could be as low as 160 km above the Earth. b) Middle Earth Orbit-This orbit takes place at an altitude of around 1000 km and is particularly suited for constellations of satellites mainly used for telecommunications. Conclusion Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle was developed to launch Low Earth Orbit satellites into Polar and Sun Synchronous Orbits. It has since proved its versatility by launching Geosynchronous, Lunar and Interplanetary spacecraft successfully.
37,050
पूर्वोत्तर भारत में शांति ,सुरक्षा व विकास के दृष्टिकोण से बांग्लादेश का व्यापक महत्व हैं | इस संदर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत-बांग्लादेश संबंधों की प्रमुख उपलब्धियों की चर्चा कीजिए तथा इन संबंधों को अधिक सुद्रढ़ बनाने हेतु कुछ उपायों को भी बताइए |(200 शब्द )
दृष्टिकोण:- भूमिका में पूर्वोत्तर भारत के विशेष संदर्भ में बांग्लादेश के महत्व की चर्चा कीजिये उत्तर के प्रथम भाग में दोनों देशों के संबंधों की प्रमुख उपलब्धियों को बताइए दोनों देशों के संबंधों को अधिक मजबूत बनाने के लिए सुझाव दीजिए भारत व बांग्लादेश ,समान औपनिवेशिक इतिहास ,संस्कृतिक सम्बन्ध और विभाजन त्रासदी को साझा करते हैं | भारत ने बांग्लादेश के मुक्ति युद्ध में मदद की जिससे अंततः 1971 में बांग्लादेश एक स्वत्रंत देश के रूप में सामने आया | इसके पश्चात दोनों देशों ने सुरक्षा और रक्षा ,व्यापार और वाणिज्य .स्वास्थ्य ,कनेक्टिविटी ,शिक्षा ,कौशल विकास आदि क्षेत्रों में सहयोग किया | उत्तर-पूर्वी भारत में विद्यमान समस्याओं जैसे उग्रवादी आन्दोलन ,मानव व मादक प्रदार्थ की तस्करी , अवैध अप्रवासन आदि से निपटने के लिए भारत-बांग्लादेश के बीच मजबूत सहयोग आवश्यक है | भारत-बांग्लादेश संबंधों की हाल की प्रमुख उपलब्धियां - संविधान का 100 वा संसोधन अधिनियम ,2015 के अंतर्गत भूमि सीमा समझौता , इसके तहत एन्क्लेव का आदान-प्रदान | UNCLOS के प्रावधानों के अनुसार 2014 में स्थायी मध्यस्थता न्यायालय के माध्यम से बांग्लादेश और भारत के बीच बंगाल की खाड़ी समुद्री सीमामध्यस्थता | सुरक्षा ,अप्रवासन,सीमा शुल्क से सम्बन्धित संचालन हेतु पेट्रोपोल इंटीग्रेटेड चेक पोस्ट आरम्भ की गयी | ढाका-शिलांग-गुवाहाटी और कोलकाता-ढाका-अगरतला मार्गो पर सीमा-पारीय बस सेवाएं प्रारम्भ की गयी | बंगाल की खाड़ी और हिन्द महासागर में ब्लू इकॉनमी और मेरीटाइम कोऑपरेशन पर समझौता ज्ञापन | भेरामारा-बहरामपुर और त्रिपुरा-दक्षिण कोमिला इंटरकनेक्शन के माध्यम से 600 Mega watt विधुत पारेषित की गई| 2010 में ट्रान्सफर ऑफ़ सेंटेंस्ड पर्सन एग्रीमेंट पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए | बांग्लादेश के विकास हेतु भारत द्वारा कई बार लाइन ऑफ़ क्रडिट प्रदान की गईं | बांग्लादेश में रूपपुर परमाणु संयंत्र की स्थापना हेतु भारत-बांग्लादेश व् रूस के बीच समझौता | त्रिपुरा में पलटना पॉवर प्लांट की स्थापना के लिए बांग्लादेश द्वारा लोजिस्टिक्स सहयोग संबंधों को अधिक सुद्रढ़ बनाने हेतु सुझाव- तीस्ता नदी जल समझौता करना | सार्क ,बिम्सटेक ,BBIN ,BCIM , मेकाँग गंगा सहयोग जैसी पहल का सक्रिय संचालन पूर्वोत्तर भारतीय राज्यों की कनेक्टिविटी और उनके विकास के लिए बांग्लादेश हा सहयोग प्राप्त करना | व्यापार की सुविधा के लिए ,आतंकवाद को रोकने के लिए सीमाओं पर बाढ़ लगाना और सीमा हाट को बढ़ावा देना | तिपाईमुख जलविधुत संयंत्र के सम्बन्ध में बांग्लादेश की चिंताओं का समाधान करना भारत-बंगला मैत्री पाइपलाइन पर तेज़ी से कार्य करना | सैन्य उपकरणों पर सहयोग बढ़ाना | रोहिंग्या शरणार्थी के मुद्दे पर सहयोग अतः संबंधों को बेहतर करने में भारत को अधिक सक्रियता से कार्य करना होगा | ताकि शांत ,सुरक्षित व स्थायी मित्रतापूर्ण संबंधों को आगे बढ़ाया जा सके है |
##Question:पूर्वोत्तर भारत में शांति ,सुरक्षा व विकास के दृष्टिकोण से बांग्लादेश का व्यापक महत्व हैं | इस संदर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत-बांग्लादेश संबंधों की प्रमुख उपलब्धियों की चर्चा कीजिए तथा इन संबंधों को अधिक सुद्रढ़ बनाने हेतु कुछ उपायों को भी बताइए |(200 शब्द )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण:- भूमिका में पूर्वोत्तर भारत के विशेष संदर्भ में बांग्लादेश के महत्व की चर्चा कीजिये उत्तर के प्रथम भाग में दोनों देशों के संबंधों की प्रमुख उपलब्धियों को बताइए दोनों देशों के संबंधों को अधिक मजबूत बनाने के लिए सुझाव दीजिए भारत व बांग्लादेश ,समान औपनिवेशिक इतिहास ,संस्कृतिक सम्बन्ध और विभाजन त्रासदी को साझा करते हैं | भारत ने बांग्लादेश के मुक्ति युद्ध में मदद की जिससे अंततः 1971 में बांग्लादेश एक स्वत्रंत देश के रूप में सामने आया | इसके पश्चात दोनों देशों ने सुरक्षा और रक्षा ,व्यापार और वाणिज्य .स्वास्थ्य ,कनेक्टिविटी ,शिक्षा ,कौशल विकास आदि क्षेत्रों में सहयोग किया | उत्तर-पूर्वी भारत में विद्यमान समस्याओं जैसे उग्रवादी आन्दोलन ,मानव व मादक प्रदार्थ की तस्करी , अवैध अप्रवासन आदि से निपटने के लिए भारत-बांग्लादेश के बीच मजबूत सहयोग आवश्यक है | भारत-बांग्लादेश संबंधों की हाल की प्रमुख उपलब्धियां - संविधान का 100 वा संसोधन अधिनियम ,2015 के अंतर्गत भूमि सीमा समझौता , इसके तहत एन्क्लेव का आदान-प्रदान | UNCLOS के प्रावधानों के अनुसार 2014 में स्थायी मध्यस्थता न्यायालय के माध्यम से बांग्लादेश और भारत के बीच बंगाल की खाड़ी समुद्री सीमामध्यस्थता | सुरक्षा ,अप्रवासन,सीमा शुल्क से सम्बन्धित संचालन हेतु पेट्रोपोल इंटीग्रेटेड चेक पोस्ट आरम्भ की गयी | ढाका-शिलांग-गुवाहाटी और कोलकाता-ढाका-अगरतला मार्गो पर सीमा-पारीय बस सेवाएं प्रारम्भ की गयी | बंगाल की खाड़ी और हिन्द महासागर में ब्लू इकॉनमी और मेरीटाइम कोऑपरेशन पर समझौता ज्ञापन | भेरामारा-बहरामपुर और त्रिपुरा-दक्षिण कोमिला इंटरकनेक्शन के माध्यम से 600 Mega watt विधुत पारेषित की गई| 2010 में ट्रान्सफर ऑफ़ सेंटेंस्ड पर्सन एग्रीमेंट पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए | बांग्लादेश के विकास हेतु भारत द्वारा कई बार लाइन ऑफ़ क्रडिट प्रदान की गईं | बांग्लादेश में रूपपुर परमाणु संयंत्र की स्थापना हेतु भारत-बांग्लादेश व् रूस के बीच समझौता | त्रिपुरा में पलटना पॉवर प्लांट की स्थापना के लिए बांग्लादेश द्वारा लोजिस्टिक्स सहयोग संबंधों को अधिक सुद्रढ़ बनाने हेतु सुझाव- तीस्ता नदी जल समझौता करना | सार्क ,बिम्सटेक ,BBIN ,BCIM , मेकाँग गंगा सहयोग जैसी पहल का सक्रिय संचालन पूर्वोत्तर भारतीय राज्यों की कनेक्टिविटी और उनके विकास के लिए बांग्लादेश हा सहयोग प्राप्त करना | व्यापार की सुविधा के लिए ,आतंकवाद को रोकने के लिए सीमाओं पर बाढ़ लगाना और सीमा हाट को बढ़ावा देना | तिपाईमुख जलविधुत संयंत्र के सम्बन्ध में बांग्लादेश की चिंताओं का समाधान करना भारत-बंगला मैत्री पाइपलाइन पर तेज़ी से कार्य करना | सैन्य उपकरणों पर सहयोग बढ़ाना | रोहिंग्या शरणार्थी के मुद्दे पर सहयोग अतः संबंधों को बेहतर करने में भारत को अधिक सक्रियता से कार्य करना होगा | ताकि शांत ,सुरक्षित व स्थायी मित्रतापूर्ण संबंधों को आगे बढ़ाया जा सके है |
37,056
What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project? Discuss its merits and demerits. (200 words)
Approach- -First, explain the concept and working of the run-off the river hydroelectricity project. -Then compare it with the features of hydroelectricprojects. -The last part of the answer should have merits and demerits of this kind of projects. Answer- The run-off the river project is the one in which little or no storage of water is needed for the production of energy. In this project, water is diverted from a rivulet, stream, small water channels etc. into a settlement tank. The water is then allowed to pass through a penstock into a hydro- turbine generator to generate electricity. These projects are different from the other hydroelectric projects: -A dam is needed in a hydroelectric project for storage which is not there in run of river project. -the hydroelectric project has greater applications as it can be a multipurpose project to be used for irrigation also while the run of river project is for electricity production only. -There is relatively more environmental damage in case of a hydroelectric project. -The water of the run of the project is diverted back to the mainstream. -The potential of production of electricity is lesser in the run-of-river project as compared to a larger scale project which can be integrated with the grid. Only localised off-grid production is possible. -The runoff projects are dependent on the flow of the river and are thus seasonal in nature. Merits: 1. The projects have the potential to meet the power requirements of remote and isolated areas 2. Initial cost not high as compared to hydroelectricity projects. Cost-effective energy solution 3. They normally do not encounter the problems associated with large hydel projects of deforestation, land acquisition and resettlement. 4. Efficient energy source-It only takes a small amount of flow (as little as two gallons per minute) or a drop as low as two feet to generate electricity with micro hydro. Electricity can be delivered as far as a mile away to the location where it is being used. 5. Reliable electricity source-Hydro produces a continuous supply of electrical energy in comparison to other small-scale renewable technologies. The peak energy season is during the winter months when large quantities of electricity are required. 6. No reservoir required-It is considered to function as a ‘run-of-river’ system, meaning that the water passing through the generator is directed back into the stream with relatively little impact on the surrounding ecology. Demerits- 1. Capacity is low 2. Distribution is an issue as small power generated cannot be integrated into the grid. 3. A large number of projects on a single river create problems downstream. 4. Energy expansion not possible-The size and flow of small streams may restrict future site expansion as the power demand increases. Thus this run off the river hydroelectricity projects have their suitabilityin specific regions and can be a real asset where other projects are not feasible.
##Question:What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project? Discuss its merits and demerits. (200 words)##Answer:Approach- -First, explain the concept and working of the run-off the river hydroelectricity project. -Then compare it with the features of hydroelectricprojects. -The last part of the answer should have merits and demerits of this kind of projects. Answer- The run-off the river project is the one in which little or no storage of water is needed for the production of energy. In this project, water is diverted from a rivulet, stream, small water channels etc. into a settlement tank. The water is then allowed to pass through a penstock into a hydro- turbine generator to generate electricity. These projects are different from the other hydroelectric projects: -A dam is needed in a hydroelectric project for storage which is not there in run of river project. -the hydroelectric project has greater applications as it can be a multipurpose project to be used for irrigation also while the run of river project is for electricity production only. -There is relatively more environmental damage in case of a hydroelectric project. -The water of the run of the project is diverted back to the mainstream. -The potential of production of electricity is lesser in the run-of-river project as compared to a larger scale project which can be integrated with the grid. Only localised off-grid production is possible. -The runoff projects are dependent on the flow of the river and are thus seasonal in nature. Merits: 1. The projects have the potential to meet the power requirements of remote and isolated areas 2. Initial cost not high as compared to hydroelectricity projects. Cost-effective energy solution 3. They normally do not encounter the problems associated with large hydel projects of deforestation, land acquisition and resettlement. 4. Efficient energy source-It only takes a small amount of flow (as little as two gallons per minute) or a drop as low as two feet to generate electricity with micro hydro. Electricity can be delivered as far as a mile away to the location where it is being used. 5. Reliable electricity source-Hydro produces a continuous supply of electrical energy in comparison to other small-scale renewable technologies. The peak energy season is during the winter months when large quantities of electricity are required. 6. No reservoir required-It is considered to function as a ‘run-of-river’ system, meaning that the water passing through the generator is directed back into the stream with relatively little impact on the surrounding ecology. Demerits- 1. Capacity is low 2. Distribution is an issue as small power generated cannot be integrated into the grid. 3. A large number of projects on a single river create problems downstream. 4. Energy expansion not possible-The size and flow of small streams may restrict future site expansion as the power demand increases. Thus this run off the river hydroelectricity projects have their suitabilityin specific regions and can be a real asset where other projects are not feasible.
37,059
The SEZ policy was supposed to create pockets of industrial excellence and boost Indian exports over the years. However, SEZs have failed to achieve that aim. Comment. (150 words/10 marks )
APPROACH: Introduction: Briefly describe SEZ and the aim with which they were established. Body: Comment on reasons for failure of SEZs Conclusion: Give Way Forward ANSWER: SEZs are areas that are notified to be outside Domestic Tariff Area and firms located in SEZ can import input/capital goods duty free. Such firms must be net forex earner. SEZs were set up to increase export of goods and services, promote domestic and foreign investment, generate employment, develop infrastructure and generate additional economic activity. Despite such ambitious aims, performance of SEZs has not been upto the mark. REASONS FOR FAILURE OF SEZ As per a 2014 report, more than 25,000 hectares of land remain unutilized under SEZ. Also there is lack of flexibility in utilizing such lands for different sectors. Multiplicity in models of economic zones such SEZs, coastal economic zone, Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, National Investment and Manufacturing Zone, food park and textile park. There is need to rationalize these models. ASEAN countries have to pay less customs duty as compared to SEZ due to Free Trade Agreements. Most of the SEZs are in land locked areas. Thus transportation cost increases. Lack of policy coordination between centre and state. Despite Central Government´s SEZ Act, many state governments have not framed their own SEZ policies which makes the approval procedure for developers a difficult task. Imposition of Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) on SEZs as well as imposition of income tax on new SEZs and new unit makes them unattractive. There is 20% minimum alternate tax (MAT) and the 20% dividend distribution tax (DDT) on SEZs from 2011-12. The site selection of SEZs has mostly been based on real estate speculation rather than its economic potential. It has been guided by self-serving agendas rather than considerations of growth and development. Absence of complementary infrastructure such as power supply, road and port connectivity have led to low investment in these areas. As of September 2014, there were 564 formally approved SEZs. But only 192 were operational.Thus more than 50% of SEZs approved are not even functional. As per CAG Report of 2014, 57% of SEZs were in the IT (information technology) and ITES (information technology-enabled services) sector, and only 9.6% were for multi-product manufacturing sectors. Thus there is lack of product diversification. Export incentives like Focus Product and Focus Market Schemes were not extended to SEZs, making them less attractive. More than 70% of the SEZs are located in four states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh leading to imbalanced regional growth. There is need to revise SEZ policy to ensure a balanced economic growth. Success of SEZ depends on the business facilitation measures adopted. Location, infrastructure, logistics and professional zone management should be the key in determining success of SEZs.
##Question:The SEZ policy was supposed to create pockets of industrial excellence and boost Indian exports over the years. However, SEZs have failed to achieve that aim. Comment. (150 words/10 marks )##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction: Briefly describe SEZ and the aim with which they were established. Body: Comment on reasons for failure of SEZs Conclusion: Give Way Forward ANSWER: SEZs are areas that are notified to be outside Domestic Tariff Area and firms located in SEZ can import input/capital goods duty free. Such firms must be net forex earner. SEZs were set up to increase export of goods and services, promote domestic and foreign investment, generate employment, develop infrastructure and generate additional economic activity. Despite such ambitious aims, performance of SEZs has not been upto the mark. REASONS FOR FAILURE OF SEZ As per a 2014 report, more than 25,000 hectares of land remain unutilized under SEZ. Also there is lack of flexibility in utilizing such lands for different sectors. Multiplicity in models of economic zones such SEZs, coastal economic zone, Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, National Investment and Manufacturing Zone, food park and textile park. There is need to rationalize these models. ASEAN countries have to pay less customs duty as compared to SEZ due to Free Trade Agreements. Most of the SEZs are in land locked areas. Thus transportation cost increases. Lack of policy coordination between centre and state. Despite Central Government´s SEZ Act, many state governments have not framed their own SEZ policies which makes the approval procedure for developers a difficult task. Imposition of Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) on SEZs as well as imposition of income tax on new SEZs and new unit makes them unattractive. There is 20% minimum alternate tax (MAT) and the 20% dividend distribution tax (DDT) on SEZs from 2011-12. The site selection of SEZs has mostly been based on real estate speculation rather than its economic potential. It has been guided by self-serving agendas rather than considerations of growth and development. Absence of complementary infrastructure such as power supply, road and port connectivity have led to low investment in these areas. As of September 2014, there were 564 formally approved SEZs. But only 192 were operational.Thus more than 50% of SEZs approved are not even functional. As per CAG Report of 2014, 57% of SEZs were in the IT (information technology) and ITES (information technology-enabled services) sector, and only 9.6% were for multi-product manufacturing sectors. Thus there is lack of product diversification. Export incentives like Focus Product and Focus Market Schemes were not extended to SEZs, making them less attractive. More than 70% of the SEZs are located in four states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh leading to imbalanced regional growth. There is need to revise SEZ policy to ensure a balanced economic growth. Success of SEZ depends on the business facilitation measures adopted. Location, infrastructure, logistics and professional zone management should be the key in determining success of SEZs.
37,065
प्रगति के बावजूद भारत व आसियान संबंध अपेक्षाओं पर खरे नहीं उतरे है ? हाल की में घोषित दिल्ली डिक्लेरेशन (Delhi Declaration) दोनों पक्षों के मध्य संबंधों को मजबूत करने में किस प्रकार भूमिका निभा सकती है ,चर्चा कीजिए |(200 शब्द )
दृष्टिकोण- भूमिका में भारत -आसियान संबंधों की चर्चा कीजिए दोनों पक्षों के बीच विभिन्न मुद्दों व चुनौतियों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए दिल्ली डिक्लेरेशन किस प्रकार संबंधों के सुधार हेतु भूमिका निभा सकता है चर्चा कीजिए उत्तर - हाल में भारत के
##Question:प्रगति के बावजूद भारत व आसियान संबंध अपेक्षाओं पर खरे नहीं उतरे है ? हाल की में घोषित दिल्ली डिक्लेरेशन (Delhi Declaration) दोनों पक्षों के मध्य संबंधों को मजबूत करने में किस प्रकार भूमिका निभा सकती है ,चर्चा कीजिए |(200 शब्द )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- भूमिका में भारत -आसियान संबंधों की चर्चा कीजिए दोनों पक्षों के बीच विभिन्न मुद्दों व चुनौतियों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए दिल्ली डिक्लेरेशन किस प्रकार संबंधों के सुधार हेतु भूमिका निभा सकता है चर्चा कीजिए उत्तर - हाल में भारत के
37,077
What is telemedicine? Discuss its application along with possible challenges in the implementation. (200 words)
Answer: Telemedicine is a method in which the delivery of essential medicine is ensured to the remote location. The use of technology like (drones, internet connectivity etc) is important for the delivery of telemedicine. Application of Telemedicine: ( These points could be elaborated) 1.To help vulnerable section of society - to women during pregnancy, the elderly population of the country ( which constitute 8 % of total population) 2. Providing postnatal care 3. For treatment of tribals 4. In the case of the space mission 5. During disaster relief operations. 6. For providing medicine to our security personnel at the time of war and also during peacetime at difficult terrains like Kargil Challenges: 1. Infrastructure: low internet penetration in the country could hamper the effective implementation of the telemedicine 2. The digital divide: the rural and urban divide in the case of digital awareness and knowledge poses a challenge of effective delivery of drugs. 3. Cybersecurity: If there would be a dependency on the Internet to deliver the telemedicine then there would need to ensure a robust cybersecurity infrastructure. 4, Nationalsecurity: The illicit drugs could be supplied like Opium and this will strengthen organized crime in the society. Drones could be misused by an anti socialelement in the disguise of providing telemedicine 5. Cost: Country is having approximately 20%b poor people. We have to make thetelemedicine affordable for everyone Way forward: A strong healthcare system in the country: There is need to increase the no of health personnel, a good doctor to people ratio (which is 7 to 1000 currently), More hospitals in remote area and increased no of wealth. Ayushman Bharat scheme needs to be progress towards the universal health care and lowest possible out of pocket expenditure for countrymen.
##Question:What is telemedicine? Discuss its application along with possible challenges in the implementation. (200 words)##Answer:Answer: Telemedicine is a method in which the delivery of essential medicine is ensured to the remote location. The use of technology like (drones, internet connectivity etc) is important for the delivery of telemedicine. Application of Telemedicine: ( These points could be elaborated) 1.To help vulnerable section of society - to women during pregnancy, the elderly population of the country ( which constitute 8 % of total population) 2. Providing postnatal care 3. For treatment of tribals 4. In the case of the space mission 5. During disaster relief operations. 6. For providing medicine to our security personnel at the time of war and also during peacetime at difficult terrains like Kargil Challenges: 1. Infrastructure: low internet penetration in the country could hamper the effective implementation of the telemedicine 2. The digital divide: the rural and urban divide in the case of digital awareness and knowledge poses a challenge of effective delivery of drugs. 3. Cybersecurity: If there would be a dependency on the Internet to deliver the telemedicine then there would need to ensure a robust cybersecurity infrastructure. 4, Nationalsecurity: The illicit drugs could be supplied like Opium and this will strengthen organized crime in the society. Drones could be misused by an anti socialelement in the disguise of providing telemedicine 5. Cost: Country is having approximately 20%b poor people. We have to make thetelemedicine affordable for everyone Way forward: A strong healthcare system in the country: There is need to increase the no of health personnel, a good doctor to people ratio (which is 7 to 1000 currently), More hospitals in remote area and increased no of wealth. Ayushman Bharat scheme needs to be progress towards the universal health care and lowest possible out of pocket expenditure for countrymen.
37,083
Discuss the factors that determine ocean salinity. Elaborate upon the general trend of horizontal and vertical salinity in the oceans. (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach 1. Mention basics about salinity like the definition, measurement in the introduction. 2. Discuss factors determining ocean salinity. 3. Highlight vertical variations of salinity in oceans. 4. Highlight horizontal variations of salinity in oceans. 5. Conclude briefly (as such there is no need of conclusion in this answer.) Answer Salinity is the term used to define the total content of dissolved salts in seawater. It is calculated as the amount of salt (in gm) dissolved in 1,000 gm (1 kg) of seawater. It is usually expressed as parts per thousand or ppt. Factors that determine Ocean Salinity:- 1. Salinity, temperature, and density of water are interrelated. Hence, any change in the temperature or density influences the salinity of an area. 2. Evaporation and Precipitation. 3. Freshwater flow from rivers, and in polar regions by the processes of freezing and thawing of ice. 4. Wind 5. The ocean currents (Note-Faculty has discussed all the factors in detail and he has also dictated all the factors. ) Vertical Variations: - (A diagram showing the Halocline can be drawn) Salinity changes with depth, but the way it changes depends upon the location of the sea. Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation or decreased by the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers. Salinity at depth is very much fixed because there is no way that water is ‘lost’, or the salt is ‘added.’ There is a marked difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans. The lower salinity water rests above the higher salinity dense water. Salinity, generally, increases with depth and there is a distinct zone called the halocline (compare this with thermocline), where salinity increases sharply. Other factors being constant, increasing salinity of seawater causes its density to increase. High salinity seawater, generally, sinks below the lower salinity water. This leads to stratification by salinity. Horizontal Variations:- The highest salinity is recorded between 15° and 20° latitudes. The salinity gradually decreases towards the north. The salinity sometimes reaches up to 70 ppt in the hot and dry regions where evaporation is high. In the landlocked Red Sea, the salinity is 41 ppt which considerably high while the salinity in the estuaries and the Arctic varies from 0 – 35 ppt seasonally. Due to the influx of melted water from the Arctic region, the salinity decreases from 35 – 31 ppt on the western parts of the northern hemisphere. The North Sea records higher salinity due to more saline water brought by the North Atlantic Drift despite its location in higher latitudes. Due to the influx of river waters in the large amount, the Baltic Sea records low salinity. The Mediterranean Sea accounts for the higher salinity due to high evaporation. Salinity is very low in the Black Sea due to massive freshwater influx by rivers. The low salinity trend in the Bay of Bengal is due to the influx of river water. But the Arabian Sea displays higher salinity due to the low influx of fresh water and high evaporation. Ocean salinity determined by many factors which are explained aboveand it has the multidimensional effect (both direct and indirect impact) like ocean salinity affects the growth of marine organisms, ocean currents, rainfall pattern etc.
##Question:Discuss the factors that determine ocean salinity. Elaborate upon the general trend of horizontal and vertical salinity in the oceans. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach 1. Mention basics about salinity like the definition, measurement in the introduction. 2. Discuss factors determining ocean salinity. 3. Highlight vertical variations of salinity in oceans. 4. Highlight horizontal variations of salinity in oceans. 5. Conclude briefly (as such there is no need of conclusion in this answer.) Answer Salinity is the term used to define the total content of dissolved salts in seawater. It is calculated as the amount of salt (in gm) dissolved in 1,000 gm (1 kg) of seawater. It is usually expressed as parts per thousand or ppt. Factors that determine Ocean Salinity:- 1. Salinity, temperature, and density of water are interrelated. Hence, any change in the temperature or density influences the salinity of an area. 2. Evaporation and Precipitation. 3. Freshwater flow from rivers, and in polar regions by the processes of freezing and thawing of ice. 4. Wind 5. The ocean currents (Note-Faculty has discussed all the factors in detail and he has also dictated all the factors. ) Vertical Variations: - (A diagram showing the Halocline can be drawn) Salinity changes with depth, but the way it changes depends upon the location of the sea. Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation or decreased by the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers. Salinity at depth is very much fixed because there is no way that water is ‘lost’, or the salt is ‘added.’ There is a marked difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans. The lower salinity water rests above the higher salinity dense water. Salinity, generally, increases with depth and there is a distinct zone called the halocline (compare this with thermocline), where salinity increases sharply. Other factors being constant, increasing salinity of seawater causes its density to increase. High salinity seawater, generally, sinks below the lower salinity water. This leads to stratification by salinity. Horizontal Variations:- The highest salinity is recorded between 15° and 20° latitudes. The salinity gradually decreases towards the north. The salinity sometimes reaches up to 70 ppt in the hot and dry regions where evaporation is high. In the landlocked Red Sea, the salinity is 41 ppt which considerably high while the salinity in the estuaries and the Arctic varies from 0 – 35 ppt seasonally. Due to the influx of melted water from the Arctic region, the salinity decreases from 35 – 31 ppt on the western parts of the northern hemisphere. The North Sea records higher salinity due to more saline water brought by the North Atlantic Drift despite its location in higher latitudes. Due to the influx of river waters in the large amount, the Baltic Sea records low salinity. The Mediterranean Sea accounts for the higher salinity due to high evaporation. Salinity is very low in the Black Sea due to massive freshwater influx by rivers. The low salinity trend in the Bay of Bengal is due to the influx of river water. But the Arabian Sea displays higher salinity due to the low influx of fresh water and high evaporation. Ocean salinity determined by many factors which are explained aboveand it has the multidimensional effect (both direct and indirect impact) like ocean salinity affects the growth of marine organisms, ocean currents, rainfall pattern etc.
37,084
म्यांमार ,भारत के लिए न केवल एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण है ,अपितु भारत के प्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी देशों को प्रतिसंतुलित करने में भी इसकी महत्ता हैं |कथन का परीक्षण कीजिए |(200 शब्द )
दृष्टिकोण- भारत के लिए म्यंमार के महत्व को बताते हुए उत्तर की शुरुआत कीजिए ,एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के विशेष संदर्भ में उत्तर के प्रथम भाग मेंप्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी के देशों को संतुलित करने में म्यांमार की भूमिका की चर्चा कीजिए भारत को म्यंमार के साथ संबंधों में सुधार के लिए क्या करना चाहिए ,चर्चा कीजिए उत्तर- भारत के लिए म्यांमार का महत्व(विशेष रूप से एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के दृष्टिकोण से) – म्यांमार भारत से सीमा साझा अकरने वाला एकमात्र आसियान देश है ,इसलिए यह भारत के लिए दक्षिण –पूर्व एशिया का द्वार है ,जिसके साथ भारत “एक्ट ईस्ट” की नीति के माध्यम से अधिक आर्थिक एकीकरण हेतु प्रयासरत है | म्यांमार की भौगोलिक स्थिति महत्वपूर्ण है अतः यह दक्षिण –पूर्वी एशिया के देशों के साथ भारत की कनेक्टिविटी के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है ,जैसे- भारत-म्यांमार-थाईलैंड त्रिपक्षीय हाईवे | उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में आसान पहुँच में भी म्यांमार की महत्ता है , जैसे-कालादान मल्टी मॉडल प्रोजेक्ट म्यांमार आसियान, मेकोंग गंगा व बिम्सटेक जैसी क्षेत्रीय पहलों का सदस्य है | म्यांमार में महत्वपूर्ण हाइड्रोकार्बिन संसाधनों के भंडार है ,उयः भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा के दृष्टिकोण से काफी महत्वपूर्ण है | उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में अलगाववादी आन्दोलनों को नियंत्रण करने में भी म्यांमार की महत्ता है || आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से म्यांमार भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है ,भारत म्यांमार का 5वां सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक भागीदार हैं | प्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी के देशों को संतुलित करने में म्यांमार की भूमिका – म्यांमार में 1990 के दशक से जारी चीनी खनन व अवसंरचना परियोजनाओं ने म्यांमार में पर्यावरण पारिस्थितिकी को काफी नुकसान पहुचायां है साथ ये परियोजनाएं बड़े पैमाने पर विस्थापन हेतु भी उत्तरदायी रही है | चीन ने अन्य परियोजना सहित क्यौक्फ्यु में विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र के दबाव बनाकर म्यांमार में अपनी उपस्थिति दर्ज की हैं | चीन की शोषण करने वाली परियोजनाओं को देखते हुए म्यांमार भारत से अधिक सहयोग की अपेक्षा रखता है भारत म्यांमार में अपनी मौजूदगी दर्ज करा कर चीन को प्रतिसंतुलित कर सकता है भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को म्यांमार के साथ मिलकर अपने आर्थिक सहयोग की समीक्षा करने की आवश्यकता है तथा सहयोग के नए क्षेत्रों को तलाशने की जरूरत हैं | सितवे पोर्ट को विकसित करने के ओर तेज़ी से बढ़ना चाहिए | परियोजनाओं के क्रियान्वयन में होने वाली देरी को कम किये जाने की आवश्यकता है | रोहिंग्या मुद्दे पर भी दोनों देश सहयोग कर सकते है |
##Question:म्यांमार ,भारत के लिए न केवल एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण है ,अपितु भारत के प्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी देशों को प्रतिसंतुलित करने में भी इसकी महत्ता हैं |कथन का परीक्षण कीजिए |(200 शब्द )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- भारत के लिए म्यंमार के महत्व को बताते हुए उत्तर की शुरुआत कीजिए ,एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के विशेष संदर्भ में उत्तर के प्रथम भाग मेंप्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी के देशों को संतुलित करने में म्यांमार की भूमिका की चर्चा कीजिए भारत को म्यंमार के साथ संबंधों में सुधार के लिए क्या करना चाहिए ,चर्चा कीजिए उत्तर- भारत के लिए म्यांमार का महत्व(विशेष रूप से एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के दृष्टिकोण से) – म्यांमार भारत से सीमा साझा अकरने वाला एकमात्र आसियान देश है ,इसलिए यह भारत के लिए दक्षिण –पूर्व एशिया का द्वार है ,जिसके साथ भारत “एक्ट ईस्ट” की नीति के माध्यम से अधिक आर्थिक एकीकरण हेतु प्रयासरत है | म्यांमार की भौगोलिक स्थिति महत्वपूर्ण है अतः यह दक्षिण –पूर्वी एशिया के देशों के साथ भारत की कनेक्टिविटी के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है ,जैसे- भारत-म्यांमार-थाईलैंड त्रिपक्षीय हाईवे | उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में आसान पहुँच में भी म्यांमार की महत्ता है , जैसे-कालादान मल्टी मॉडल प्रोजेक्ट म्यांमार आसियान, मेकोंग गंगा व बिम्सटेक जैसी क्षेत्रीय पहलों का सदस्य है | म्यांमार में महत्वपूर्ण हाइड्रोकार्बिन संसाधनों के भंडार है ,उयः भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा के दृष्टिकोण से काफी महत्वपूर्ण है | उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में अलगाववादी आन्दोलनों को नियंत्रण करने में भी म्यांमार की महत्ता है || आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से म्यांमार भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है ,भारत म्यांमार का 5वां सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक भागीदार हैं | प्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी के देशों को संतुलित करने में म्यांमार की भूमिका – म्यांमार में 1990 के दशक से जारी चीनी खनन व अवसंरचना परियोजनाओं ने म्यांमार में पर्यावरण पारिस्थितिकी को काफी नुकसान पहुचायां है साथ ये परियोजनाएं बड़े पैमाने पर विस्थापन हेतु भी उत्तरदायी रही है | चीन ने अन्य परियोजना सहित क्यौक्फ्यु में विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र के दबाव बनाकर म्यांमार में अपनी उपस्थिति दर्ज की हैं | चीन की शोषण करने वाली परियोजनाओं को देखते हुए म्यांमार भारत से अधिक सहयोग की अपेक्षा रखता है भारत म्यांमार में अपनी मौजूदगी दर्ज करा कर चीन को प्रतिसंतुलित कर सकता है भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को म्यांमार के साथ मिलकर अपने आर्थिक सहयोग की समीक्षा करने की आवश्यकता है तथा सहयोग के नए क्षेत्रों को तलाशने की जरूरत हैं | सितवे पोर्ट को विकसित करने के ओर तेज़ी से बढ़ना चाहिए | परियोजनाओं के क्रियान्वयन में होने वाली देरी को कम किये जाने की आवश्यकता है | रोहिंग्या मुद्दे पर भी दोनों देश सहयोग कर सकते है |
37,088
What are the different types of corals? What are the conditions favorable for their growth in different parts of the world? Also, explain the phenomenon of coral bleaching. (10marks/150 words)
Approach: -Describe what corals are -Mention their 2 types and how these are different -Conditions required for the growth of coralshave to be discussed -A brief description of coral bleaching is needed for the last part of the answer Answer: Corals are invertebrates organisms which live in colonies. The individual organisms are the polyps. They have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae. The coral secretes calcareousdeposits to form reefs. They are of two types -Hermatypic corals are the reef-building corals. They usually are photosynthetic in nature. -Ahermatypic corals are the non-reef building corals.They do not perform photosynthesis as they lack zooxanthellae. Conditions for growth Corals are very sensitive to the conditions which they need to grow. Any alteration in their environment threatens their survival. The conditions are as follows: -Sunlight- The photosynthetic corals are present in shallow waters as sunlight is needed for photosynthesis. They are not found in areas where sunlight cannot penetrate. -Temperature- Warm water is needed in the growth of corals. The ideal temperatureconditions are around 27 degrees Celsius. - S aline water- Saline water is needed as fresh water is not suitable for theirexistence. - Low pollutants- The water should be clear with little or no pollutants Coral Bleaching Coral bleaching is the loss of zooxanthellaefrom the corals due to the stresses faced by the coral reef. Without the algae, coral loses its major source of food and ultimately dies. It appears as the de-pigmentation of the corals. The main reasons responsible for coral bleaching are: -Increased water temperature -Increased influx of fresh water (usually from the rivers) -Increased pollution -Reduced oxygen in the water (eutrophication) Corals are one of the most productive ecosystems but they are also very vulnerable. The challenges of coral bleaching are real and need to be mitigated to preserve the essence of the different types of corals.
##Question:What are the different types of corals? What are the conditions favorable for their growth in different parts of the world? Also, explain the phenomenon of coral bleaching. (10marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: -Describe what corals are -Mention their 2 types and how these are different -Conditions required for the growth of coralshave to be discussed -A brief description of coral bleaching is needed for the last part of the answer Answer: Corals are invertebrates organisms which live in colonies. The individual organisms are the polyps. They have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae. The coral secretes calcareousdeposits to form reefs. They are of two types -Hermatypic corals are the reef-building corals. They usually are photosynthetic in nature. -Ahermatypic corals are the non-reef building corals.They do not perform photosynthesis as they lack zooxanthellae. Conditions for growth Corals are very sensitive to the conditions which they need to grow. Any alteration in their environment threatens their survival. The conditions are as follows: -Sunlight- The photosynthetic corals are present in shallow waters as sunlight is needed for photosynthesis. They are not found in areas where sunlight cannot penetrate. -Temperature- Warm water is needed in the growth of corals. The ideal temperatureconditions are around 27 degrees Celsius. - S aline water- Saline water is needed as fresh water is not suitable for theirexistence. - Low pollutants- The water should be clear with little or no pollutants Coral Bleaching Coral bleaching is the loss of zooxanthellaefrom the corals due to the stresses faced by the coral reef. Without the algae, coral loses its major source of food and ultimately dies. It appears as the de-pigmentation of the corals. The main reasons responsible for coral bleaching are: -Increased water temperature -Increased influx of fresh water (usually from the rivers) -Increased pollution -Reduced oxygen in the water (eutrophication) Corals are one of the most productive ecosystems but they are also very vulnerable. The challenges of coral bleaching are real and need to be mitigated to preserve the essence of the different types of corals.
37,099
What were the reasons for establishment of WTO? Discuss the five trading principles of WTO (150 words/10 Marks).
Approach: 1. Introduce providing basic information regarding WTO. 2. Highlight reasons for the establishment of WTO. 3. Mention 5 trading principles of WTO. 4. Conclude briefly Answer: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The WTO deals with the regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants" adherence to WTO agreements. Reasons for the establishment of WTO – • High protectionism through tariff and non-tariff barriers leading to very low international trade. • The need to facilitate an agreement between different economies thus improving trade relations. • Low flow of technology and essential goods to the underdeveloped countries due to trade restrictions. • Huge trade imbalances between different countries. • Lack of an international forum for arbitration of trade-related disputes. The five trading principles of WTO are– 1. Non-discrimination: It has two major components: a) Most Favoured Nation (MFN)- MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members, i.e. a WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members. "Grant someone a special favor and you have to do the same for all other WTO members." b) National Treatment- National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods (at least after the foreign goods have entered the market) and was introduced to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade (e.g. technical standards, security standards et al. discriminating against imported goods) 2. Reciprocity- It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise because of the MFN rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. A related point is that for a nation to negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so be greater than the gain available from unilateral liberalization; reciprocal concessions intend to ensure that such gains will materialize. 3. Binding and enforceable commitments- The tariff commitments made by WTO members in multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a schedule (list) of concessions. These schedules establish "ceiling bindings": a country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could mean compensating them for loss of trade. If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures. 4. Transparency- The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO. These internal transparency requirements are supplemented and facilitated by periodic country-specific reports (trade policy reviews) through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). The WTO system tries also to improve predictability and stability, discouraging the use of quotas and other measures used to set limits on quantities of imports. 5. Safety values- In specific circumstances, governments are able to restrict trade. The WTO"s agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health, and plant health. As the world is getting more and more connected economically and the trade volumes are increasing day by day the significance of WTO as a facilitator of international trade has become even more important.
##Question:What were the reasons for establishment of WTO? Discuss the five trading principles of WTO (150 words/10 Marks).##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce providing basic information regarding WTO. 2. Highlight reasons for the establishment of WTO. 3. Mention 5 trading principles of WTO. 4. Conclude briefly Answer: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The WTO deals with the regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants" adherence to WTO agreements. Reasons for the establishment of WTO – • High protectionism through tariff and non-tariff barriers leading to very low international trade. • The need to facilitate an agreement between different economies thus improving trade relations. • Low flow of technology and essential goods to the underdeveloped countries due to trade restrictions. • Huge trade imbalances between different countries. • Lack of an international forum for arbitration of trade-related disputes. The five trading principles of WTO are– 1. Non-discrimination: It has two major components: a) Most Favoured Nation (MFN)- MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members, i.e. a WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members. "Grant someone a special favor and you have to do the same for all other WTO members." b) National Treatment- National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods (at least after the foreign goods have entered the market) and was introduced to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade (e.g. technical standards, security standards et al. discriminating against imported goods) 2. Reciprocity- It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise because of the MFN rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. A related point is that for a nation to negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so be greater than the gain available from unilateral liberalization; reciprocal concessions intend to ensure that such gains will materialize. 3. Binding and enforceable commitments- The tariff commitments made by WTO members in multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a schedule (list) of concessions. These schedules establish "ceiling bindings": a country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could mean compensating them for loss of trade. If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures. 4. Transparency- The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO. These internal transparency requirements are supplemented and facilitated by periodic country-specific reports (trade policy reviews) through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). The WTO system tries also to improve predictability and stability, discouraging the use of quotas and other measures used to set limits on quantities of imports. 5. Safety values- In specific circumstances, governments are able to restrict trade. The WTO"s agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health, and plant health. As the world is getting more and more connected economically and the trade volumes are increasing day by day the significance of WTO as a facilitator of international trade has become even more important.
37,101
Write a short note on( 100 words each):- 1. Interaction among organisms 2. Types of biodiversity
1. Organism-Environment Interaction Ecology is the study of the interaction between living and non-living. Organisms, Populations, and Communities interact with each other for survival. These can be intra-specific and inter-specific inter-specific interactions Aetoclogy is also called species ecology- Study of the interaction of individual organism or single species with the living and non-living species. Synecology- Study of organization and functioning of communities which are assemblage/group of the interacting population of species living within a particular area. Organism -environment interaction:- Regulators:- Regulators have an ability of homeostatic or ability to maintain the temperature or the osmotic pressure. These are also called a warm-blooded organism. The regulators, though able to maintain the temperature/osmotic pressure, but in this process, they have to spend extra energy to maintain this pressure. Regulators use many methods for the same. For example, hummingbirds must eat every several minutes to regulate their body temperatures. Conformers or Poikilotherms:- Conformers need to change their environment to survive temperature variations.These are also called cold-blooded organisms. Conformers refer to animals that rely on the environment for their heat. For example:- fish, reptiles, insects, amphibians, and worms 2.Biodiversity :- Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat. Types of biodiversity:- Genetic Diversity: - It refers to the variation of genes within a species which enables a population to adapt to its environment and to respond to natural selection. Genetic diversity describes how closely related the members of one species are in a given ecosystem. For ex: Butterflies, Corals etc. Species Diversity: - It is the biodiversity observed within a community. The numbers of species of plants and animals that are present in a region constitute its species diversity. Ecosystem Diversity:- It is defined as the diversity observed among the ecosystems in a particular region. For example:- landscapes such as forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, etc.
##Question:Write a short note on( 100 words each):- 1. Interaction among organisms 2. Types of biodiversity##Answer:1. Organism-Environment Interaction Ecology is the study of the interaction between living and non-living. Organisms, Populations, and Communities interact with each other for survival. These can be intra-specific and inter-specific inter-specific interactions Aetoclogy is also called species ecology- Study of the interaction of individual organism or single species with the living and non-living species. Synecology- Study of organization and functioning of communities which are assemblage/group of the interacting population of species living within a particular area. Organism -environment interaction:- Regulators:- Regulators have an ability of homeostatic or ability to maintain the temperature or the osmotic pressure. These are also called a warm-blooded organism. The regulators, though able to maintain the temperature/osmotic pressure, but in this process, they have to spend extra energy to maintain this pressure. Regulators use many methods for the same. For example, hummingbirds must eat every several minutes to regulate their body temperatures. Conformers or Poikilotherms:- Conformers need to change their environment to survive temperature variations.These are also called cold-blooded organisms. Conformers refer to animals that rely on the environment for their heat. For example:- fish, reptiles, insects, amphibians, and worms 2.Biodiversity :- Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat. Types of biodiversity:- Genetic Diversity: - It refers to the variation of genes within a species which enables a population to adapt to its environment and to respond to natural selection. Genetic diversity describes how closely related the members of one species are in a given ecosystem. For ex: Butterflies, Corals etc. Species Diversity: - It is the biodiversity observed within a community. The numbers of species of plants and animals that are present in a region constitute its species diversity. Ecosystem Diversity:- It is defined as the diversity observed among the ecosystems in a particular region. For example:- landscapes such as forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, etc.
37,106
"The position of Indian President is that of influence but not power.’ Critically analyse. (10 Marks/150 words)
Brief Approach 1. Introduce briefly about President position in India. 2. Highlight constitutional provisions, Judicial pronouncements, views of Constitution makers, actual functioning of President discussing the position of President. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer India is a parliamentary system where the President is the nominal executive (dejure) and Prime Minister is the real executive head(defacto). But his position is explained in different aspects as follows: Constitutional Provision (Article 74) : Constitution has given elaborate powers to the Indian President. In fact, every Executive action of the Union Government is taken under his name. However, a deeper look in the meaning of Article 74 makes us understand that whatever powers President has, he exercises those powers as per the aid and advice of the CoM and only in rare situations he exercises his discretion. Also, the Constitution explicitly hasn’t given discretionary powers to the President. Judicial Pronouncements : SC in various cases (Shamsher Singh, RC Cooper) clarified the position of the Indian president and explained that since India follows a parliamentary form of government, the president has to be only a nominal head and the real powers are vested in the CoM headed by PM. Also wherever, the constitution says that it is the satisfaction of the President, it is not his personal satisfaction rather the satisfaction of CoM. SC also clarified that all the decisions of union taken in the name of the president, are actually the decisions of the CoM. From the perspective of the judiciary, the Indian President is more of a nominal head without having many powers. Views of Constitution-makers : Dr Ambedkar opined that India followed a parliamentary system where the Head of the State has to act as per the advice of CoM. So Indian president must go as per directions of CoM. Thus not a powerful office. However, Dr. Rajendra Prasad had a different view regarding the power and position of India president as he said that we cannot go exactly the British way because, in Britain, the Head of the State (Monarch) is the hereditary ruler which is not the case in India where President comes to office after winning an election. Former President V.V. Giri also suggested that today political parties aggressively campaign their men to become the president which itself is a proof that this office must be having many powers provided right person occupies it. Pt. Nehru also didn’t want a mechanized president who is completely controlled by the CoM. Actual Functioning of President: Within the limited powers, there have been presidents who have asserted themselves in the favour of Constitution and its values, called activist Presidents. For eg. Dr Rajendra Prasad refused to sign an emergency in Kerala (1959), proving that he’s not merely a rubber stamp. President Zail Singh using pocket veto killed Indian Post Office Amendment Bill1986, thus single-handedly safeguarded the privacy of people. KR Narayan sent back the advice of CoM regarding emergency in UP and Bihar in 1997 and 1998. Thus saving federalism. Dr APJ Kalam on the office of profit (NDC), Pranab Mukherjee on the misuse of ordinances. However, there have been Presidents who are referred to as PM’s President because they didn’t assert much against the views of govt. even if controversial. Explaining the importance of the office of President, former President R Venkatraman remarked that Indian President is like an emergency lamp who is not assertive or dominant in normal situations, but in a period of crisis he takes charge and provides light in the situation of darkness (eg. Shankar Dayal Sharma, Zail Singh etc.) Thus the position of the President is as powerful as the incumbent makes it, with limited power and substantial influence.
##Question:"The position of Indian President is that of influence but not power.’ Critically analyse. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief Approach 1. Introduce briefly about President position in India. 2. Highlight constitutional provisions, Judicial pronouncements, views of Constitution makers, actual functioning of President discussing the position of President. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer India is a parliamentary system where the President is the nominal executive (dejure) and Prime Minister is the real executive head(defacto). But his position is explained in different aspects as follows: Constitutional Provision (Article 74) : Constitution has given elaborate powers to the Indian President. In fact, every Executive action of the Union Government is taken under his name. However, a deeper look in the meaning of Article 74 makes us understand that whatever powers President has, he exercises those powers as per the aid and advice of the CoM and only in rare situations he exercises his discretion. Also, the Constitution explicitly hasn’t given discretionary powers to the President. Judicial Pronouncements : SC in various cases (Shamsher Singh, RC Cooper) clarified the position of the Indian president and explained that since India follows a parliamentary form of government, the president has to be only a nominal head and the real powers are vested in the CoM headed by PM. Also wherever, the constitution says that it is the satisfaction of the President, it is not his personal satisfaction rather the satisfaction of CoM. SC also clarified that all the decisions of union taken in the name of the president, are actually the decisions of the CoM. From the perspective of the judiciary, the Indian President is more of a nominal head without having many powers. Views of Constitution-makers : Dr Ambedkar opined that India followed a parliamentary system where the Head of the State has to act as per the advice of CoM. So Indian president must go as per directions of CoM. Thus not a powerful office. However, Dr. Rajendra Prasad had a different view regarding the power and position of India president as he said that we cannot go exactly the British way because, in Britain, the Head of the State (Monarch) is the hereditary ruler which is not the case in India where President comes to office after winning an election. Former President V.V. Giri also suggested that today political parties aggressively campaign their men to become the president which itself is a proof that this office must be having many powers provided right person occupies it. Pt. Nehru also didn’t want a mechanized president who is completely controlled by the CoM. Actual Functioning of President: Within the limited powers, there have been presidents who have asserted themselves in the favour of Constitution and its values, called activist Presidents. For eg. Dr Rajendra Prasad refused to sign an emergency in Kerala (1959), proving that he’s not merely a rubber stamp. President Zail Singh using pocket veto killed Indian Post Office Amendment Bill1986, thus single-handedly safeguarded the privacy of people. KR Narayan sent back the advice of CoM regarding emergency in UP and Bihar in 1997 and 1998. Thus saving federalism. Dr APJ Kalam on the office of profit (NDC), Pranab Mukherjee on the misuse of ordinances. However, there have been Presidents who are referred to as PM’s President because they didn’t assert much against the views of govt. even if controversial. Explaining the importance of the office of President, former President R Venkatraman remarked that Indian President is like an emergency lamp who is not assertive or dominant in normal situations, but in a period of crisis he takes charge and provides light in the situation of darkness (eg. Shankar Dayal Sharma, Zail Singh etc.) Thus the position of the President is as powerful as the incumbent makes it, with limited power and substantial influence.
37,114
What do you understand by Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)? Discuss the expected role and rationale behind the establishment of these PSUs. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- Introduction:- Briefly explain about public sector Bring out the objectives behind setting up PSUs Bring out the rationale behind the establishment of Public sector/PSUs Conclusion Answer:- Public sector is the part of theeconomywhich is related to thebasicgovernmentservices. It consistsof services as the police, military, public roads, publictransit, primary education and healthcare for thepoor. Policymakers Objectives of setting up Public sectors:- PSUs were set up for a motive of making India self-sufficient in core industries One of the second objects was to develop the interior areas of the country as a part of decreasing the spatial inequality Generating employment was also one of the key objectives of developing public sector after independence. Even today, State is the largest employer. The heavy industry needed to be developed to become self-sufficient as It was vital to decrease the dependence on imports. The rationale behind setting up Public sector:- The biggest hurdles in industrial development were the lack of capital. The private sector did not have enough capital to build a new industry. And even the risk involved was too high. So State had to come forward at set up industries. Capital goods are ones used in the production of other goods and they are a hallmark of a good industrials sector. So the government decided to focus on the capital goods industry for the development of our industrial sector. Russian socialism had a great impact on the minds of Indian Politicians and policymakers. So, after independence, they focused on the Capital goods industry in the form of setting up Public sector as the part of Five Year plans in the initial years. All Industries were divided into 3 categories. First Category included Industries exclusively owned only by the State. The second Category included industries for which private sectors could provide supplementary services. These industries would still be mainly the responsibility of the State. The third Category included the remaining industries which fell to the Private Sector. Because of exploitation of so many years during the colonial era, policymakers felt that the state had the prime responsibility to provide basic facilities and Pubic sector is the way to realize the vision. Even many sectors were open to the private sector, the private sector is focused on profit making. So, the private sector is hesitant to invest in those sectors where monetary gains are not very much. So, the state had to focus on those sectors and as a result, the public sector had been developed. Though after the early 1990s, the private sector has taken a central role in the development process, still state has a very crucial role as a facilitator and public sector is the biggest employer. In the era of Globalization, public and private sector need to go side by side for the overall growth of the economy and society.
##Question:What do you understand by Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)? Discuss the expected role and rationale behind the establishment of these PSUs. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- Introduction:- Briefly explain about public sector Bring out the objectives behind setting up PSUs Bring out the rationale behind the establishment of Public sector/PSUs Conclusion Answer:- Public sector is the part of theeconomywhich is related to thebasicgovernmentservices. It consistsof services as the police, military, public roads, publictransit, primary education and healthcare for thepoor. Policymakers Objectives of setting up Public sectors:- PSUs were set up for a motive of making India self-sufficient in core industries One of the second objects was to develop the interior areas of the country as a part of decreasing the spatial inequality Generating employment was also one of the key objectives of developing public sector after independence. Even today, State is the largest employer. The heavy industry needed to be developed to become self-sufficient as It was vital to decrease the dependence on imports. The rationale behind setting up Public sector:- The biggest hurdles in industrial development were the lack of capital. The private sector did not have enough capital to build a new industry. And even the risk involved was too high. So State had to come forward at set up industries. Capital goods are ones used in the production of other goods and they are a hallmark of a good industrials sector. So the government decided to focus on the capital goods industry for the development of our industrial sector. Russian socialism had a great impact on the minds of Indian Politicians and policymakers. So, after independence, they focused on the Capital goods industry in the form of setting up Public sector as the part of Five Year plans in the initial years. All Industries were divided into 3 categories. First Category included Industries exclusively owned only by the State. The second Category included industries for which private sectors could provide supplementary services. These industries would still be mainly the responsibility of the State. The third Category included the remaining industries which fell to the Private Sector. Because of exploitation of so many years during the colonial era, policymakers felt that the state had the prime responsibility to provide basic facilities and Pubic sector is the way to realize the vision. Even many sectors were open to the private sector, the private sector is focused on profit making. So, the private sector is hesitant to invest in those sectors where monetary gains are not very much. So, the state had to focus on those sectors and as a result, the public sector had been developed. Though after the early 1990s, the private sector has taken a central role in the development process, still state has a very crucial role as a facilitator and public sector is the biggest employer. In the era of Globalization, public and private sector need to go side by side for the overall growth of the economy and society.
37,121
What are oceanic currents? Explain the general patterns of oceanic currents. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach 1. Define ocean current. 2. Discuss factors affecting ocean current- primary forces and secondary forces. 3. Highlight effect of ocean currents on coastal climates with an example. 4. Conclude briefly. Answer Ocean currents are like river flow in oceans. They represent a regular volume of water in a definite path and direction. Factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents are- Primary forces that initiate the movement of water are as follows:- 1. Influence of insolation-Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand. That is why, near the equator the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope. The flow is normally from east to west. 2. Influence of wind (atmospheric circulation)-Wind blowing on the surface of the ocean pushes the water to move. Friction between the wind and the water surface affects the movement of the water body in its course. Winds are responsible for both magnitude and direction [Coriolis force also affects direction] of the ocean currents. Example: Monsoon winds are responsible for the seasonal reversal of ocean currents in the Indian ocean. 3. The oceanic circulation pattern roughly corresponds to the earth’s atmospheric circulation pattern. The air circulation over the oceans in the middle latitudes is mainly anticyclonic [Sub-tropical High-Pressure Belt] (more pronounced in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere due to differences in the extent of landmass). The oceanic circulation pattern also corresponds to the same. At higher latitudes, where the wind flow is mostly cyclonic [Sub-polar Low-Pressure Belt], the oceanic circulation follows this pattern. In regions of pronounced monsoonal flow [Northern Indian Ocean], the monsoon winds influence the current movements which change directions according to seasons. 4. Influence of gravity-Gravity tends to pull the water down to the pile and create gradient variation. 5. Influence of Coriolis force-The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. Secondary Forces Responsible For Ocean Currents that influence currents to flow are as follows:- 1. Temperature difference and salinity difference are the secondary forces. Differences in water density affect the vertical mobility of ocean currents (vertical currents). Water with high salinity is denser than water with low salinity and in the same way cold water is denser than warm water. Denser water tends to sink, while relatively lighter water tends to rise. Cold-water ocean currents occur when the cold water at the poles sinks and slowly moves towards the equator. Warm-water currents travel out from the equator along the surface, flowing towards the poles to replace the sinking cold water. 2. Other secondary features are coastal features and local physiographic factors Effects of Ocean Currents Warm and cold ocean currents can affect the climate of an area along the coast if the winds blow in from the ocean. Warm ocean currents heat the air above the water and carry the warm air to the land, increasing the temperature of the coastal region. The same is true for cold ocean currents, except that they carry cooler air to the land and lower the temperatures of the coastal region. The current flow influenced by salinity, wind, topography and earth’s rotation brings cold water from the depths to the surface by pushing away the surface water (Upwelling). This process explains why the ocean is colder on the east coast than the west coast. The colder water sinks and moves towards the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic basin. The changes in current movements affect the coastal climate by carrying a lot of heat. This effect can be seen in two cities at the same latitudes but along different coastlines. For example, cities along the west coast of the United States are affected by a cool ocean current that carries cool air toward the California coast. Along the east coast, the Gulf Stream brings warm air toward the coast, which helps maintain warmer temperatures along the coast. Areas that are “landlocked” receive the sun’s energy directly, based on latitude, but do not have the moderating effects of the ocean currents and the air they bring with them. For instance, water from the tropical Atlantic moves northwards through Atlantic in a Gulf Stream suffusing Western Europe’s shores thus producing a mild climate. The mild climate raises the temperatures of the region higher than the regions across the Atlantic but on the same latitude. The Gulf Stream explains why Canada"s east coast is locked in ice while England is not especially during winter. The current cooling events being experienced in Western Europe is attributed to the Gulf Stream slowing down as a result of the global warming which has caused the polar ice cap to melt and slowing down the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt. Conclusion Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Without currents, regional temperatures would be more extreme—super hot at the equator and frigid toward the poles—and much less of Earth’s land would be habitable.
##Question:What are oceanic currents? Explain the general patterns of oceanic currents. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer: Approach 1. Define ocean current. 2. Discuss factors affecting ocean current- primary forces and secondary forces. 3. Highlight effect of ocean currents on coastal climates with an example. 4. Conclude briefly. Answer Ocean currents are like river flow in oceans. They represent a regular volume of water in a definite path and direction. Factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents are- Primary forces that initiate the movement of water are as follows:- 1. Influence of insolation-Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand. That is why, near the equator the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope. The flow is normally from east to west. 2. Influence of wind (atmospheric circulation)-Wind blowing on the surface of the ocean pushes the water to move. Friction between the wind and the water surface affects the movement of the water body in its course. Winds are responsible for both magnitude and direction [Coriolis force also affects direction] of the ocean currents. Example: Monsoon winds are responsible for the seasonal reversal of ocean currents in the Indian ocean. 3. The oceanic circulation pattern roughly corresponds to the earth’s atmospheric circulation pattern. The air circulation over the oceans in the middle latitudes is mainly anticyclonic [Sub-tropical High-Pressure Belt] (more pronounced in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere due to differences in the extent of landmass). The oceanic circulation pattern also corresponds to the same. At higher latitudes, where the wind flow is mostly cyclonic [Sub-polar Low-Pressure Belt], the oceanic circulation follows this pattern. In regions of pronounced monsoonal flow [Northern Indian Ocean], the monsoon winds influence the current movements which change directions according to seasons. 4. Influence of gravity-Gravity tends to pull the water down to the pile and create gradient variation. 5. Influence of Coriolis force-The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. Secondary Forces Responsible For Ocean Currents that influence currents to flow are as follows:- 1. Temperature difference and salinity difference are the secondary forces. Differences in water density affect the vertical mobility of ocean currents (vertical currents). Water with high salinity is denser than water with low salinity and in the same way cold water is denser than warm water. Denser water tends to sink, while relatively lighter water tends to rise. Cold-water ocean currents occur when the cold water at the poles sinks and slowly moves towards the equator. Warm-water currents travel out from the equator along the surface, flowing towards the poles to replace the sinking cold water. 2. Other secondary features are coastal features and local physiographic factors Effects of Ocean Currents Warm and cold ocean currents can affect the climate of an area along the coast if the winds blow in from the ocean. Warm ocean currents heat the air above the water and carry the warm air to the land, increasing the temperature of the coastal region. The same is true for cold ocean currents, except that they carry cooler air to the land and lower the temperatures of the coastal region. The current flow influenced by salinity, wind, topography and earth’s rotation brings cold water from the depths to the surface by pushing away the surface water (Upwelling). This process explains why the ocean is colder on the east coast than the west coast. The colder water sinks and moves towards the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic basin. The changes in current movements affect the coastal climate by carrying a lot of heat. This effect can be seen in two cities at the same latitudes but along different coastlines. For example, cities along the west coast of the United States are affected by a cool ocean current that carries cool air toward the California coast. Along the east coast, the Gulf Stream brings warm air toward the coast, which helps maintain warmer temperatures along the coast. Areas that are “landlocked” receive the sun’s energy directly, based on latitude, but do not have the moderating effects of the ocean currents and the air they bring with them. For instance, water from the tropical Atlantic moves northwards through Atlantic in a Gulf Stream suffusing Western Europe’s shores thus producing a mild climate. The mild climate raises the temperatures of the region higher than the regions across the Atlantic but on the same latitude. The Gulf Stream explains why Canada"s east coast is locked in ice while England is not especially during winter. The current cooling events being experienced in Western Europe is attributed to the Gulf Stream slowing down as a result of the global warming which has caused the polar ice cap to melt and slowing down the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt. Conclusion Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Without currents, regional temperatures would be more extreme—super hot at the equator and frigid toward the poles—and much less of Earth’s land would be habitable.
37,122
What were the causes of the Non-cooperation movement? Why was the movement withdrawn by Gandhi despite widespread resentment against calling it off? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- Brief introduction about the movement Bring out the causes behind non-cooperation movement Mention the causes behind the withdrawal of the movement Conclusion-long term significance Answer- Non-cooperation means the refusal to cooperate with the British government on all levels. Nagpur session was significant because it passed the resolution for Non-Cooperation movement in 1920. Various causes for this movement are:- Rowlatt Act- It was enacted to take away the right of habeous corpus, with this imprisonment was possible without trial. There was wide spread opposition to this move to curb civil liberties. Jallianwalla bagh massacre - in 1919, this incident shook the sentiment of the public and the leaders of the country. Martial law in Punjab and the atrocities which followed further worsened the situation. Hunter Commission report- to look into the Jallianwalla Bagh incident found no illegitimate use of power, this angered the people. Government of India Act,1919 - The leaders of the Congress were dissatisfied with the reforms of this act. They were demanding a greater role for Indians. Khilafat question - also became the basic premise of the Non-cooperation movement. After the world war-1, Turkey was on the losing side. The leader of Muslims all over the world owed their allegiance to the Khalifa, the highest authority of the Ottomon Empire in Turkey. So Muslim organizations in India united on the Khilafat question, raising the demand for protection of the territories of the Khalifa from the British government. High prices - in the post world war-1 period also added to the resentment of the common public which led to ultimately fuel the movement. Despite the huge response from all walks of life, success of the movement and the built up momentum in the country Gandhi ji called it off. Reasons for this withdrawal are :- Chaura-chauri incident that led to death of 22 policemen. Fear of backlash from the British government after the incident made Gandhiji convince that takinmg back movemnet is a better choice than leading peiople in an unknown territory where response of British govt. might be very harsh End of Khilafat issue in Turkey which diluted the whole premise of the issue. Gandhi personally opposed to violence and took moral responsibility of the act. He believed that the people have not properly understood the meaning of a non- violent struggle. Gandhian belief in struggle-truce-struggle where in a long drawn mass movement could not be sustained therefore the need to have effective short term movement followed by social reconstruction work to connect with the masses. Though movement has been taken aback, it led to very instrumental impact on people. IT helped them prepare for the future struggles and apreading the values of nationaloism in the psyche of the people. It basically paved the way for the future struggle for independence
##Question:What were the causes of the Non-cooperation movement? Why was the movement withdrawn by Gandhi despite widespread resentment against calling it off? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer: Approach:- Brief introduction about the movement Bring out the causes behind non-cooperation movement Mention the causes behind the withdrawal of the movement Conclusion-long term significance Answer- Non-cooperation means the refusal to cooperate with the British government on all levels. Nagpur session was significant because it passed the resolution for Non-Cooperation movement in 1920. Various causes for this movement are:- Rowlatt Act- It was enacted to take away the right of habeous corpus, with this imprisonment was possible without trial. There was wide spread opposition to this move to curb civil liberties. Jallianwalla bagh massacre - in 1919, this incident shook the sentiment of the public and the leaders of the country. Martial law in Punjab and the atrocities which followed further worsened the situation. Hunter Commission report- to look into the Jallianwalla Bagh incident found no illegitimate use of power, this angered the people. Government of India Act,1919 - The leaders of the Congress were dissatisfied with the reforms of this act. They were demanding a greater role for Indians. Khilafat question - also became the basic premise of the Non-cooperation movement. After the world war-1, Turkey was on the losing side. The leader of Muslims all over the world owed their allegiance to the Khalifa, the highest authority of the Ottomon Empire in Turkey. So Muslim organizations in India united on the Khilafat question, raising the demand for protection of the territories of the Khalifa from the British government. High prices - in the post world war-1 period also added to the resentment of the common public which led to ultimately fuel the movement. Despite the huge response from all walks of life, success of the movement and the built up momentum in the country Gandhi ji called it off. Reasons for this withdrawal are :- Chaura-chauri incident that led to death of 22 policemen. Fear of backlash from the British government after the incident made Gandhiji convince that takinmg back movemnet is a better choice than leading peiople in an unknown territory where response of British govt. might be very harsh End of Khilafat issue in Turkey which diluted the whole premise of the issue. Gandhi personally opposed to violence and took moral responsibility of the act. He believed that the people have not properly understood the meaning of a non- violent struggle. Gandhian belief in struggle-truce-struggle where in a long drawn mass movement could not be sustained therefore the need to have effective short term movement followed by social reconstruction work to connect with the masses. Though movement has been taken aback, it led to very instrumental impact on people. IT helped them prepare for the future struggles and apreading the values of nationaloism in the psyche of the people. It basically paved the way for the future struggle for independence
37,125
What do you understand by Subsistence Agriculture? Discuss the types of subsistence agriculture and mention their locations around the world. (150 words)
Approach 1. Define subsistence agriculture. 2. Mention the types of subsistence agriculture with relevant locations around the world. Answer Subsistence agriculture is one in which farming is done for personal consumption by the farmer"s family. The farming areas consume all, or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It can be grouped in two categories — Primitive Subsistence Agriculture and Intensive Subsistence Agriculture. 1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is widely practised by many tribes in the tropics, especially in Africa, south and central America and south east Asia The vegetation is usually cleared by fire, and the ashes add to the fertility of the soil. Shifting cultivation is thus, also called slash and burn agriculture. The cultivated patches are very small and cultivation is done with very primitive tools such as sticks and hoes. After some time (3 to 5 years) the soil loses its fertility and the farmer shifts to other parts and clears another patch of the forest for cultivation. The farmer may return to the earlier patch after some time. One of the major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of jhum becomes less and less due to the loss of fertility in different parcels. It is prevalent in the tropical region in different names, e.g. Jhuming in Northeastern states of India, Milpa in central America and Mexico andLadang in Indonesia and Malaysia. Find out other areas and the names with which shifting cultivation is done. 2. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture This type of agriculture is largely found in densely populated regions of monsoon Asia. Basically, there are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture. (i) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation: This type of agriculture is characterized by the dominance of the rice crop. Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population. Farmers work with the help of family labor leading to intensive use of land. Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labor. Farmyard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type of agriculture, the yield per unit area is high but per labor productivity is low. (ii) Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy: Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and some of the other geographical factors, it is not practical to grow paddy in many parts of monsoon Asia. Wheat, soybeans, barley, and sorghum are grown in northern China, Manchuria, North Korea, and northern Japan. In India, wheat is grown in western parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains and millets are grown in dry parts of western and southern India. Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are similar to those dominated by wet paddy except that irrigation is often used. In recent times, intensive subsistence agriculture is showing significant improvement in for of mechanization, improved seed quality, fertilizers etc.
##Question:What do you understand by Subsistence Agriculture? Discuss the types of subsistence agriculture and mention their locations around the world. (150 words)##Answer:Approach 1. Define subsistence agriculture. 2. Mention the types of subsistence agriculture with relevant locations around the world. Answer Subsistence agriculture is one in which farming is done for personal consumption by the farmer"s family. The farming areas consume all, or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It can be grouped in two categories — Primitive Subsistence Agriculture and Intensive Subsistence Agriculture. 1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is widely practised by many tribes in the tropics, especially in Africa, south and central America and south east Asia The vegetation is usually cleared by fire, and the ashes add to the fertility of the soil. Shifting cultivation is thus, also called slash and burn agriculture. The cultivated patches are very small and cultivation is done with very primitive tools such as sticks and hoes. After some time (3 to 5 years) the soil loses its fertility and the farmer shifts to other parts and clears another patch of the forest for cultivation. The farmer may return to the earlier patch after some time. One of the major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of jhum becomes less and less due to the loss of fertility in different parcels. It is prevalent in the tropical region in different names, e.g. Jhuming in Northeastern states of India, Milpa in central America and Mexico andLadang in Indonesia and Malaysia. Find out other areas and the names with which shifting cultivation is done. 2. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture This type of agriculture is largely found in densely populated regions of monsoon Asia. Basically, there are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture. (i) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation: This type of agriculture is characterized by the dominance of the rice crop. Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population. Farmers work with the help of family labor leading to intensive use of land. Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labor. Farmyard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type of agriculture, the yield per unit area is high but per labor productivity is low. (ii) Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy: Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and some of the other geographical factors, it is not practical to grow paddy in many parts of monsoon Asia. Wheat, soybeans, barley, and sorghum are grown in northern China, Manchuria, North Korea, and northern Japan. In India, wheat is grown in western parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains and millets are grown in dry parts of western and southern India. Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are similar to those dominated by wet paddy except that irrigation is often used. In recent times, intensive subsistence agriculture is showing significant improvement in for of mechanization, improved seed quality, fertilizers etc.
37,130
Why was salt chosen as the center of the Civil Disobedience Movement? Discuss the nature of this movement. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- Introduction Bring out the reasons why Sallt was chosen as the centre of the movement Mention the nature of the movement. Conclusion- Long term consequences Answer:- Disobedience means not obeying with the commands of the authority. The Civil disobedience movement was a crucial part of Indian freedom movement. It was led by Gandhi ji in 1930 against certain laws and commands of the ruling British Government. It started with the Dandi March, where Gandhiji walked from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi and broke the salt law. Why salt was chosen? Salt is such a basic item every individual can relate to , be it rich, poor, higher or lower caste. Salt is an item with which every one can relate to. Hence, it has the capacity to unite the masses at first place, a symbolical important commodity. Indians were not allowed to make salt and it was thus chosen as the central issue to start this movement. The right to make one"s own salt is fundamental to the life of all sections of the people. It easier to garner support and understand this issue. It would draw lesser British opposition because it was non-political in nature. They wanted to end British monopoly over production of salt. The high tax on salt assured bare survival of most Indians, who were so poor that after spending their income on food were left with no such amount that could be invested at any other place. This was one of the measures that prevented opposition to British expoitation Owing to abovementioned points, salt was chosen as the centre for the movement. The civil disobedience movement had the following features: It was the biggest mass movement which was led by the Congress. It saw large scale participation of women. They were active participants in all kinds of activities like picketing of shops selling foreign goods. It saw limited participation of the Muslims and muslim organizations like Muslim League did not participate in it. Non- payment of taxes was an essential component of civil disobedience. Civil disobedience movement had a great impact on future struggle as it paved the way for generating the feeling of nationhood in the psyche of the masses that made them stand against the expoitation in future movements.
##Question:Why was salt chosen as the center of the Civil Disobedience Movement? Discuss the nature of this movement. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- Introduction Bring out the reasons why Sallt was chosen as the centre of the movement Mention the nature of the movement. Conclusion- Long term consequences Answer:- Disobedience means not obeying with the commands of the authority. The Civil disobedience movement was a crucial part of Indian freedom movement. It was led by Gandhi ji in 1930 against certain laws and commands of the ruling British Government. It started with the Dandi March, where Gandhiji walked from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi and broke the salt law. Why salt was chosen? Salt is such a basic item every individual can relate to , be it rich, poor, higher or lower caste. Salt is an item with which every one can relate to. Hence, it has the capacity to unite the masses at first place, a symbolical important commodity. Indians were not allowed to make salt and it was thus chosen as the central issue to start this movement. The right to make one"s own salt is fundamental to the life of all sections of the people. It easier to garner support and understand this issue. It would draw lesser British opposition because it was non-political in nature. They wanted to end British monopoly over production of salt. The high tax on salt assured bare survival of most Indians, who were so poor that after spending their income on food were left with no such amount that could be invested at any other place. This was one of the measures that prevented opposition to British expoitation Owing to abovementioned points, salt was chosen as the centre for the movement. The civil disobedience movement had the following features: It was the biggest mass movement which was led by the Congress. It saw large scale participation of women. They were active participants in all kinds of activities like picketing of shops selling foreign goods. It saw limited participation of the Muslims and muslim organizations like Muslim League did not participate in it. Non- payment of taxes was an essential component of civil disobedience. Civil disobedience movement had a great impact on future struggle as it paved the way for generating the feeling of nationhood in the psyche of the masses that made them stand against the expoitation in future movements.
37,139
How have space programs in India developed over the past 50 years? Discuss the role of ISRO in promoting the socio-economic development of the country. (250 words/ 15 Marks)
Brief approach- Briefly mention different types of satellites and give examples in context of India ANSWER- India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under: Communication Satellites: These are the satellites that are placed in earts orbit for purpose sending and receiving data between source and destinition for purpose of communication. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. Earth Observation Satellites: Similar to spy satellites these are satellites used for observation of earth from a particular orbit.Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. Space Science and Exploration: These satellites are for multipurpose uses for space exploration and experiments in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. some examples from India are as follows- (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategic applications. these are used to enhance navigation and tracking capability of a nation (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as ""NavIC"" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-2’ is also on track and will be launched by the end of this year.
##Question:How have space programs in India developed over the past 50 years? Discuss the role of ISRO in promoting the socio-economic development of the country. (250 words/ 15 Marks)##Answer:Brief approach- Briefly mention different types of satellites and give examples in context of India ANSWER- India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under: Communication Satellites: These are the satellites that are placed in earts orbit for purpose sending and receiving data between source and destinition for purpose of communication. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. Earth Observation Satellites: Similar to spy satellites these are satellites used for observation of earth from a particular orbit.Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. Space Science and Exploration: These satellites are for multipurpose uses for space exploration and experiments in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. some examples from India are as follows- (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategic applications. these are used to enhance navigation and tracking capability of a nation (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as ""NavIC"" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-2’ is also on track and will be launched by the end of this year.
37,149
Discuss why the Industrial revolution first took place in England ( 150 words,10 Marks)
Approach The answer student should give brief idea about philosophers of that time and how they impacted American Revolution. Student should cover at least 3-4 important thinkers of that time. The answer can be structured as follows Brief introduction about the enlightenment era in Europe between 15 th and 18 th Century and its link to American Revolution Mention briefly about the work of political thinker and then mention how it impacted American Revolution Brief conclusion in the end summarizing the overall opinion Answer: The American Revolution was the time period where America tried to gain its independence from England. The development during the era of Enlightenment was the root of many of the ideas of that led to American Revolution. The political thinkers of the era focused mostly on freedom of speech, equality, freedom of press, and religious tolerance. These Enlightenment ideas were the main influences for American Colonies to become their own nation. Some of the major leaders of the American Revolution were influenced by Enlightenment ideas Declaration of Independence : In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson wrote about American’s natural rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” These ideas came from the Enlightenment. Montesquieu: Montesquieu wrote the book The Spirit of the Laws, which greatly covers the importance of separation of power in balancing the control of the government. The Spirit of the Laws was translated into English, therefore, the American Colonists could read and incorporate it’s Enlightenment ideals, such as a balance of power that provided greater liberty to individuals. American Colonists wanted freedom and believed that England should not be able to control them from overseas. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: He was one of the most influential thinkers during the time period of the Enlightenment. He published a book called The Social Contract, which explains how a government could exist in a way that it protects society and citizens. These ideas were essential for the American Revolution. John Locke: The founding fathers of the American Revolution drew heavily on the ideals of John Locke. Locke argued that individuals have a natural right to hold property and this can never be taken from them without their own consent. If a ruler infringes these rights without consent, the people can resist and depose him. These arguments are things that American Colonists wanted to have but couldn’t under the control of England. Therefore, American Colonists wanted independence from England. Thomas Hobbes: Hobbes rejects free will of determinism, in which freedom is treated as having the ability to do what an individual desires. He believes that people should obey a group or person that is in power, rather than a state of nature. The way out of this desperate state is to establish social contract, and have the state in peace and order. The American Colonists ended up turning to Hobbe’s work to justify the passage of the U.S constitution. Soon after the revolution, the Declaration of Independence was written by Jefferson. It stated that America now had freedom to become their own nation. This just shows that the Enlightenment ideals had a huge impact on America. The Enlightenment ideals were the main influences for American Colonies to become their own nation. Montesquieu, Locke, and Hobbes (philosophers) ideas and thoughts on life were a big impact.
##Question:Discuss why the Industrial revolution first took place in England ( 150 words,10 Marks)##Answer:Approach The answer student should give brief idea about philosophers of that time and how they impacted American Revolution. Student should cover at least 3-4 important thinkers of that time. The answer can be structured as follows Brief introduction about the enlightenment era in Europe between 15 th and 18 th Century and its link to American Revolution Mention briefly about the work of political thinker and then mention how it impacted American Revolution Brief conclusion in the end summarizing the overall opinion Answer: The American Revolution was the time period where America tried to gain its independence from England. The development during the era of Enlightenment was the root of many of the ideas of that led to American Revolution. The political thinkers of the era focused mostly on freedom of speech, equality, freedom of press, and religious tolerance. These Enlightenment ideas were the main influences for American Colonies to become their own nation. Some of the major leaders of the American Revolution were influenced by Enlightenment ideas Declaration of Independence : In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson wrote about American’s natural rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” These ideas came from the Enlightenment. Montesquieu: Montesquieu wrote the book The Spirit of the Laws, which greatly covers the importance of separation of power in balancing the control of the government. The Spirit of the Laws was translated into English, therefore, the American Colonists could read and incorporate it’s Enlightenment ideals, such as a balance of power that provided greater liberty to individuals. American Colonists wanted freedom and believed that England should not be able to control them from overseas. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: He was one of the most influential thinkers during the time period of the Enlightenment. He published a book called The Social Contract, which explains how a government could exist in a way that it protects society and citizens. These ideas were essential for the American Revolution. John Locke: The founding fathers of the American Revolution drew heavily on the ideals of John Locke. Locke argued that individuals have a natural right to hold property and this can never be taken from them without their own consent. If a ruler infringes these rights without consent, the people can resist and depose him. These arguments are things that American Colonists wanted to have but couldn’t under the control of England. Therefore, American Colonists wanted independence from England. Thomas Hobbes: Hobbes rejects free will of determinism, in which freedom is treated as having the ability to do what an individual desires. He believes that people should obey a group or person that is in power, rather than a state of nature. The way out of this desperate state is to establish social contract, and have the state in peace and order. The American Colonists ended up turning to Hobbe’s work to justify the passage of the U.S constitution. Soon after the revolution, the Declaration of Independence was written by Jefferson. It stated that America now had freedom to become their own nation. This just shows that the Enlightenment ideals had a huge impact on America. The Enlightenment ideals were the main influences for American Colonies to become their own nation. Montesquieu, Locke, and Hobbes (philosophers) ideas and thoughts on life were a big impact.
37,158
With the help of examples, discuss the various types of satellites being used in India. (150 words)
Brief approach- Briefly mention different types of satellites and give examples in context of India ANSWER- India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under: Communication Satellites: These are the satellites that are placed in earts orbit for purpose sending and receiving data between source and destinition for purpose of communication. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. Earth Observation Satellites: Similar to spy satellites these are satellites used for observation of earth from a particular orbit.Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. Space Science and Exploration: These satellites are for multipurpose uses for space exploration and experiments in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. some examples from India are as follows- (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategic applications. these are used to enhance navigation and tracking capability of a nation (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as ""NavIC"" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-2’ is also on track and will be launched by the end of this year.
##Question:With the help of examples, discuss the various types of satellites being used in India. (150 words)##Answer:Brief approach- Briefly mention different types of satellites and give examples in context of India ANSWER- India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under: Communication Satellites: These are the satellites that are placed in earts orbit for purpose sending and receiving data between source and destinition for purpose of communication. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. Earth Observation Satellites: Similar to spy satellites these are satellites used for observation of earth from a particular orbit.Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. Space Science and Exploration: These satellites are for multipurpose uses for space exploration and experiments in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. some examples from India are as follows- (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategic applications. these are used to enhance navigation and tracking capability of a nation (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as ""NavIC"" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-2’ is also on track and will be launched by the end of this year.
37,164
Briefly discuss the difference between Indian model of secularism and Western model of secularism. (200 words)
Approach: Briefly define Secularism In first part of answer, explain the Western Model and Indian Model Briefly In second part of answer, explain the difference between the Western and Indian Model of Secularism Conclude briefly Introduction Secularism is defined as principle of separation of State and persons who are mandated to represent the state, from religious institutions and dignitaries. It is devoid of both inter and intra religious domination. Secularism promotes- Freedom within religion, Equality in between and within religion and Separation of state from Religion. The nature and extent of separation depends upon the values it tends to promote. Hence, Secularism connotes different ideology for west and for India Western Model of secularism- In the western model, the main sense of secular and secularism has to do with the separation of church and state. State has no role in the religion, it does not intervene in the religious matters neither does it protect any religion. Indian concept of secularism- The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, Secularism in India ensures that all religions are equally protected by the State. Difference between Western models of secularism and Indian model of secularism In the U.S.A. there is separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another. This separation was related to the process of “secularisation” or the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. Secularization in turn was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world. On the other hand, Indian secularism differs from secularism as practiced in West. Unlike the strict separation between religion and the State in western secularism, in Indian secularism the State can intervene in religious affairs. The objective of this unique model of secularism in India is to prevent the dominance of one religious community on another. Complete separation between state and religion in India is not possible due to the diversity of communities. Social realities also make complete secularism not possible. For eg - the subsidiary status of women has sanction from religious ideologies, which can be addressed only through optimal interference by state in the religious arena. eg - recent case of Triple talaq In terms of the state-religion relationship, this sense of secularism implies equal respect for all religions, rather than separation or distancing. For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions. Hence, Secularism in India is unique, a sui generis model that has emerged due to the conditions prevailing in India when it got independence.
##Question:Briefly discuss the difference between Indian model of secularism and Western model of secularism. (200 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define Secularism In first part of answer, explain the Western Model and Indian Model Briefly In second part of answer, explain the difference between the Western and Indian Model of Secularism Conclude briefly Introduction Secularism is defined as principle of separation of State and persons who are mandated to represent the state, from religious institutions and dignitaries. It is devoid of both inter and intra religious domination. Secularism promotes- Freedom within religion, Equality in between and within religion and Separation of state from Religion. The nature and extent of separation depends upon the values it tends to promote. Hence, Secularism connotes different ideology for west and for India Western Model of secularism- In the western model, the main sense of secular and secularism has to do with the separation of church and state. State has no role in the religion, it does not intervene in the religious matters neither does it protect any religion. Indian concept of secularism- The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, Secularism in India ensures that all religions are equally protected by the State. Difference between Western models of secularism and Indian model of secularism In the U.S.A. there is separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another. This separation was related to the process of “secularisation” or the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. Secularization in turn was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world. On the other hand, Indian secularism differs from secularism as practiced in West. Unlike the strict separation between religion and the State in western secularism, in Indian secularism the State can intervene in religious affairs. The objective of this unique model of secularism in India is to prevent the dominance of one religious community on another. Complete separation between state and religion in India is not possible due to the diversity of communities. Social realities also make complete secularism not possible. For eg - the subsidiary status of women has sanction from religious ideologies, which can be addressed only through optimal interference by state in the religious arena. eg - recent case of Triple talaq In terms of the state-religion relationship, this sense of secularism implies equal respect for all religions, rather than separation or distancing. For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions. Hence, Secularism in India is unique, a sui generis model that has emerged due to the conditions prevailing in India when it got independence.
37,170
1980-90 is considered to be golden period for S&T development in India. What are the important developments of that time. (200 words)
Approach- Discussthe developments in the 1980-90s in the field of Science and technology. They should be listed under the subheading of different topics Examplesof specific projects should be included. Answer- 1980- 90s is considered to be a golden period for scientific development. The newly independent country India had by this time reached a phase where basic requirements had stabilised and research and development were given emphasis. The primary developments were in the following fields: 1.Space satellites The space program which developed during this period has today taken India to a level where it is one of the most advanced countries In 1983 - INSAT/GSAT were developed. In 1988 – Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (ResourceSat, Cartosat etc.). Today,India is positioned as one of the top five nations in the field of space exploration 2. Telecom revolution The telecom boom made telephone a household commodity reaching across urban and rural India aiding in connectivity of the country at an affordable cost. Development of ICT and telecom sector began in this decade. TRAI set up in 1985. 3.Biotechnology In 1986, Dept. of Biotechnology was established to promote biotechnology research in India. Today many universities have biotechnology labs. 4.Polar expeditions Polar explorations were first started during this period purely from scientific curiosity. 1981 - Antarctic Expedition 1984 – 1 st research station in Dakshin Gangotri in the Antarctic. 5.Defence capabilities In lieu of the three wars India fought in the first 15 years of independence, it was necessary to invest in sophisticated defence technologies because of hostile neighbours. 1983 – IGMP (Integrated Guided Missile Program) 5 indigenous missiles were built – Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Nag, Akash 6.Supercomputing This was one area where India joined quite late and was before that dependent on other countries for their computing needs. In 1988 - CDAC was set up to built supercomputers. Param 8000 supercomputer was built in 1990 7. Immunisation The UniversalImmunisation Programme(UIP) was rolled out inIndiain1985.It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) since 2005. Health was now to be made to reach all and focus shifted to the need for preventive health care. Thus we can see developments were not limited to any one area, it varied around a number of sectors all which are seen experience growth which is drawing benefits even to this day.
##Question:1980-90 is considered to be golden period for S&T development in India. What are the important developments of that time. (200 words)##Answer: Approach- Discussthe developments in the 1980-90s in the field of Science and technology. They should be listed under the subheading of different topics Examplesof specific projects should be included. Answer- 1980- 90s is considered to be a golden period for scientific development. The newly independent country India had by this time reached a phase where basic requirements had stabilised and research and development were given emphasis. The primary developments were in the following fields: 1.Space satellites The space program which developed during this period has today taken India to a level where it is one of the most advanced countries In 1983 - INSAT/GSAT were developed. In 1988 – Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (ResourceSat, Cartosat etc.). Today,India is positioned as one of the top five nations in the field of space exploration 2. Telecom revolution The telecom boom made telephone a household commodity reaching across urban and rural India aiding in connectivity of the country at an affordable cost. Development of ICT and telecom sector began in this decade. TRAI set up in 1985. 3.Biotechnology In 1986, Dept. of Biotechnology was established to promote biotechnology research in India. Today many universities have biotechnology labs. 4.Polar expeditions Polar explorations were first started during this period purely from scientific curiosity. 1981 - Antarctic Expedition 1984 – 1 st research station in Dakshin Gangotri in the Antarctic. 5.Defence capabilities In lieu of the three wars India fought in the first 15 years of independence, it was necessary to invest in sophisticated defence technologies because of hostile neighbours. 1983 – IGMP (Integrated Guided Missile Program) 5 indigenous missiles were built – Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Nag, Akash 6.Supercomputing This was one area where India joined quite late and was before that dependent on other countries for their computing needs. In 1988 - CDAC was set up to built supercomputers. Param 8000 supercomputer was built in 1990 7. Immunisation The UniversalImmunisation Programme(UIP) was rolled out inIndiain1985.It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) since 2005. Health was now to be made to reach all and focus shifted to the need for preventive health care. Thus we can see developments were not limited to any one area, it varied around a number of sectors all which are seen experience growth which is drawing benefits even to this day.
37,184
What do you understand by tropical cyclone? Differentiate between tropical and extra tropical cyclone. (150 words/ 10 marks)
Approach: - Define Tropical Cyclones - Differentiate between tropical and extra tropical cyclones - Conclude Answer: Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements involving closed circulation of air around a low pressure.They have a thermal origin, and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November). At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Extra- tropical cyclones on the other end are very large and extensive weather systems which are formed along a front in the temperate regions in both the hemisphere. Associated with extensive precipitation these extra-tropical cylones bring abrupt changes in the middle and higher latitudes. The differences between tropical and extratropical cyclones are as follows: 1. Location Tropical cyclones form along the 5 to 30 degree latitude whereas temperate cyclone are formed along middle latitude (35 to 60 degree) where convergence of thermally different masses collide each other. 2. Origin Tropical cyclones always origin in large water bodies, where as temperate cyclones can origin on both landmass or water. 3. Structure Tropical cyclones have a definite structure of formation having a front end followed by a zone of calmness called “eye” and ends with tail (rear end). In temperate cyclone, two different air masses collide each other so four different sectors are formed, they are cold sector (cold drier air mass), cold front, warm sector(warm moist air mass) and warm front. 4. Size and speed Tropical cyclones range from 150-200 kms with high velocity where as temperate cyclones are larger in size ranging around 1900 km and due to large size it moves slower at the speed of 40-60 kmph. 5. Movement direction Tropical direction moves from east to west direction under the influence of trade winds on the other hand temperate cyclones move from west to east direction under the influence of westerly winds . 6. Weather condition The tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rain fall and high velocity of winds for short duration at small area, sometimes the rain and associated winds are so high that it can cause damage to life and property mostly at eastern coastal areas. In temperate cyclone the weather are mild and overcast sky in initial stage and followed by moderate to heavy rain for long period of time on large area. Conclusion: Though the frequency and intensity of Cyclones has increased in the recent past where the destruction and loss associated with its landfall can be devastating (like in the case of Cyclone Hudhud which caused extensive damage on Andhra Pradesh coast) but with proactive preparedness its devastating effects on the coastal communities can be reduced to a considerable extent.
##Question:What do you understand by tropical cyclone? Differentiate between tropical and extra tropical cyclone. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: - Define Tropical Cyclones - Differentiate between tropical and extra tropical cyclones - Conclude Answer: Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements involving closed circulation of air around a low pressure.They have a thermal origin, and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November). At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Extra- tropical cyclones on the other end are very large and extensive weather systems which are formed along a front in the temperate regions in both the hemisphere. Associated with extensive precipitation these extra-tropical cylones bring abrupt changes in the middle and higher latitudes. The differences between tropical and extratropical cyclones are as follows: 1. Location Tropical cyclones form along the 5 to 30 degree latitude whereas temperate cyclone are formed along middle latitude (35 to 60 degree) where convergence of thermally different masses collide each other. 2. Origin Tropical cyclones always origin in large water bodies, where as temperate cyclones can origin on both landmass or water. 3. Structure Tropical cyclones have a definite structure of formation having a front end followed by a zone of calmness called “eye” and ends with tail (rear end). In temperate cyclone, two different air masses collide each other so four different sectors are formed, they are cold sector (cold drier air mass), cold front, warm sector(warm moist air mass) and warm front. 4. Size and speed Tropical cyclones range from 150-200 kms with high velocity where as temperate cyclones are larger in size ranging around 1900 km and due to large size it moves slower at the speed of 40-60 kmph. 5. Movement direction Tropical direction moves from east to west direction under the influence of trade winds on the other hand temperate cyclones move from west to east direction under the influence of westerly winds . 6. Weather condition The tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rain fall and high velocity of winds for short duration at small area, sometimes the rain and associated winds are so high that it can cause damage to life and property mostly at eastern coastal areas. In temperate cyclone the weather are mild and overcast sky in initial stage and followed by moderate to heavy rain for long period of time on large area. Conclusion: Though the frequency and intensity of Cyclones has increased in the recent past where the destruction and loss associated with its landfall can be devastating (like in the case of Cyclone Hudhud which caused extensive damage on Andhra Pradesh coast) but with proactive preparedness its devastating effects on the coastal communities can be reduced to a considerable extent.
37,189
The name "All India Services" is a misnomer. Comment. (200 words)
Approach : Introduce an answer by defining All India Services. Explain the rationale behind All India Services. Highlight the features of All India Services which goes against its nature. Answer : There are only three All India Services namely Indian Administrative Service [IAS], Indian Police Service [IPS] and Indian Forest Service [IFS]. The officers of these services are allotted a state [called as cadre state] and have to work in that state government only till retirement. However, they can also work for the Central Government while on deputation for some years. The rationalebehind All India Services With an extensive training programme, personnel of All India Services becomes an expert to handle administrative affairs effectively. Officers of all India services carry the broader national vision with non-parochial mindset. Common Link between State and Centre administration E.g. Centre idea of Uniform Education, Views of Different States, Differences between views of All India Service Officers and State Service Officers Federalism with Unitary Bias - All India Service Officers areeffectivecomponent to achieve this unitary bias Senseof belongingness - Belongingness among the officers leads to better inter and intrastate cooperation Limitations of All India Service Preference to work only in Centre or only in State Preference forhomecadre. Elitism among offices (Syndrome of arrogance) & Corruption Develops bias towards cadre state Can be misused by Centre against the States Less Visit to Field - Non-Productive Routine Work, Solution-Delegation of work Drawbacks of Home Cadre-Insider Officers Suggestions for Reforms Regular rotation between Centre and Cadre Faster promotion from State Services to All India Services Training inlatesttechnological developments Formation of Civil Services Board for postings and promotions Delegation and use of technology for routine work Scientific assessment of performance Lateral Entry in services
##Question:The name "All India Services" is a misnomer. Comment. (200 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce an answer by defining All India Services. Explain the rationale behind All India Services. Highlight the features of All India Services which goes against its nature. Answer : There are only three All India Services namely Indian Administrative Service [IAS], Indian Police Service [IPS] and Indian Forest Service [IFS]. The officers of these services are allotted a state [called as cadre state] and have to work in that state government only till retirement. However, they can also work for the Central Government while on deputation for some years. The rationalebehind All India Services With an extensive training programme, personnel of All India Services becomes an expert to handle administrative affairs effectively. Officers of all India services carry the broader national vision with non-parochial mindset. Common Link between State and Centre administration E.g. Centre idea of Uniform Education, Views of Different States, Differences between views of All India Service Officers and State Service Officers Federalism with Unitary Bias - All India Service Officers areeffectivecomponent to achieve this unitary bias Senseof belongingness - Belongingness among the officers leads to better inter and intrastate cooperation Limitations of All India Service Preference to work only in Centre or only in State Preference forhomecadre. Elitism among offices (Syndrome of arrogance) & Corruption Develops bias towards cadre state Can be misused by Centre against the States Less Visit to Field - Non-Productive Routine Work, Solution-Delegation of work Drawbacks of Home Cadre-Insider Officers Suggestions for Reforms Regular rotation between Centre and Cadre Faster promotion from State Services to All India Services Training inlatesttechnological developments Formation of Civil Services Board for postings and promotions Delegation and use of technology for routine work Scientific assessment of performance Lateral Entry in services
37,193
GDP as a concept is a very good indicator to provide growth in the economy. But, it fails in terms of providing the development picture of the economy. Justify the statement. (150 words/10 marks)
APPROACH: Introduction- Briefly explain GDP, growth, and development Body- Explain why GDP fails to provide a development picture of an economy. Conclusion- Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of a given country’s economic health. It represents the market value of all goods and services produced by the economy during the period measured, including personal consumption, government purchases, private inventories, paid-in construction costs, and the foreign trade balance. It has been looked at as a comprehensive measure of growth denoting the increase in the economic wealth of the country. It provides an economic snapshot of a country, used to estimate the size of the economy and growth rate. GDP is not sufficient to provide a development picture in the economy as: GDP is a measure of the output of the economy, and thus of incomes. Incomes have a high degree of correlation with well-being. There are exceptions where countries with higher income may not be as good as countries with lower incomes on various parameters of development/wellbeing. However, there is generally a high degree of overlap between incomes and the standards of living of people. As such the limitations of GDP are more about its use as a means of well-being and less about the statistics themselves. (1) GDP is value- therefore it can increase with either an increase in price or due to government increase of taxes or reduction of subsidies. (2) GDP is an aggregate measure and therefore it is insensitive to: (i) who controls the factors of production ie. who earns the income. (ii) Nature of goods produced- merit or demerit. (3) Difficulty in the accurate calculation- GDP doesn"t include non-monetary transactions and hence an economy with a large prevalence of such transactions will have a lower GDP as compared to another economy where such transactions are valued. Similarly an economy with a prevalence of barter exchanges will be difficult to be valued the common currency units. And hence will probably be undervalued. Further, an economy with a prevalence of a large informal sector or with a high circulation of black money will be difficult to be valued accurately. Despite the fact that GDP is not a sufficient condition but it is still one of the most basic economic indicators providing the overall health of the economy and facilitating comparison between different countries. There are other alternates to GDP which talk about overall development, gender inequality, etc. which are used in development reports across the globe.
##Question:GDP as a concept is a very good indicator to provide growth in the economy. But, it fails in terms of providing the development picture of the economy. Justify the statement. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction- Briefly explain GDP, growth, and development Body- Explain why GDP fails to provide a development picture of an economy. Conclusion- Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of a given country’s economic health. It represents the market value of all goods and services produced by the economy during the period measured, including personal consumption, government purchases, private inventories, paid-in construction costs, and the foreign trade balance. It has been looked at as a comprehensive measure of growth denoting the increase in the economic wealth of the country. It provides an economic snapshot of a country, used to estimate the size of the economy and growth rate. GDP is not sufficient to provide a development picture in the economy as: GDP is a measure of the output of the economy, and thus of incomes. Incomes have a high degree of correlation with well-being. There are exceptions where countries with higher income may not be as good as countries with lower incomes on various parameters of development/wellbeing. However, there is generally a high degree of overlap between incomes and the standards of living of people. As such the limitations of GDP are more about its use as a means of well-being and less about the statistics themselves. (1) GDP is value- therefore it can increase with either an increase in price or due to government increase of taxes or reduction of subsidies. (2) GDP is an aggregate measure and therefore it is insensitive to: (i) who controls the factors of production ie. who earns the income. (ii) Nature of goods produced- merit or demerit. (3) Difficulty in the accurate calculation- GDP doesn"t include non-monetary transactions and hence an economy with a large prevalence of such transactions will have a lower GDP as compared to another economy where such transactions are valued. Similarly an economy with a prevalence of barter exchanges will be difficult to be valued the common currency units. And hence will probably be undervalued. Further, an economy with a prevalence of a large informal sector or with a high circulation of black money will be difficult to be valued accurately. Despite the fact that GDP is not a sufficient condition but it is still one of the most basic economic indicators providing the overall health of the economy and facilitating comparison between different countries. There are other alternates to GDP which talk about overall development, gender inequality, etc. which are used in development reports across the globe.
37,204
1857 की क्रांति केवल एक सैनिक विद्रोह न होकर अंग्रेजों द्वारा वर्षों से अपनाई जा रही आर्थिक, राजनीतिक व प्रशासनिक नीतियों का भी परिणाम थी। कथन का विश्लेषण कीजिए।(150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) The revolution of 1857 was not just a military revolt but also was the result of economic, political, and administrative policies adopted by the British for years. Analyze the statement. (150-200 words/ 10 Marks)
एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत सेना में असंतोष को बताते हुए कीजिये | इसके पश्चात 1857 की क्रांति के सामाजिक आधार और आर्थिक कारण को बताते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये | अंत में 1857 की क्रांति के राजनीतिक-प्रशासनिक कारणों को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये | उत्तर - सेना में असंतोष ब्रिटिश सरकार की नीतियों से सेना में प्रारंभ से ही असंतोष के तत्व दिखाई पड़ते हैं ,जैसे- कम वेतन ,नस्लीय टिका टिप्पणी जातीय धार्मिक प्रतीकों पर प्रतिबन्ध आदि ; ईसाई मिशनरियों की गतिविधियों से भी सेना में असंतोष को देख सकते हैं ; 1850 के दशक में कुछ कानूनों से असंतोष व्याप्त थी ,जैसे-1854 में निःशुल्क डाक की सुविधा का समाप्त किया जाना ,कैनिंग के द्वारा सैनिकों को आवश्यकता पड़ने पर समुद्र पर की अत्र अनिवार्य कर दी गयी चर्बी वाले कारतूस के नुद्दे पर –बैरकपुर(मार्च 1857), मेरठ(अप्रैल 1857) को सैनिकों का विद्रोह | इसी क्रम में क्रांति की औपचारिक शुरुआत 10 मई 1857 को हुई | 1857 का सामाजिक आधार समाज के विविध वर्गों की सहभागिता – जैसे असंतुष्ट शासक ,जमींदार ,बंगाल की सेना के अधिकांशतः सैनिक ,किसान भूमिहीन श्रमिक ,कारीगर एवं आम जनता ;आदि शिक्षित वर्ग विद्रोह के दौरान तटस्थ था; परन्तु इस क्रांति की उत्पत्ति के बीज दीर्घकालिक सामाजिक –आर्थिक व राजनीतिक कारण पहले से व्याप्त थे आर्थिक कारण- ब्रिटिश भूराजस्व नीतियों से किसानों में असंतोष; उद्योगों के पत्तन से कारीगरों में असंतोष; भारतीय राज्यों के पतन से अभिजात्य वर्ग एवं राज्यों पर निर्भर कारीगर,कलाकार आदि वर्गों के आर्थिक हितों को चोट पहुंची; राजनीतिक-प्रशासनिक कारण अंग्रेजों की विस्तारवादी नीति से शासक वर्ग में भय व्याप्त था जैसे-अवध के विलय से शासकों के साथ –साथ सैनिकों में भी असुरक्षा की भावना थी; डलहौजी की प्रतिक्रियावादी नीति – डोक्टोरिन ऑफ़ लैप्स ,पेंशन निषेध एवं गोद निषेध अधिनियम; शासकों की प्रतिष्ठा को ठेस – उदहारण स्वरुप डलहौजी की घोषणा के अनुसार बहादुरशाह के उत्तराधिकारी को लाल किले से बाहर रहना होगा और कैनिंग ने यह कहा कि उनसे शासन छीन लिए जायेंगे | प्रशासनिक स्तर पर भारतीयों के साथ भेदभाव – नस्लीय आधार पर टिका टिप्पणी एवं भारतियों के साथ भेदभाव के कारन असंतोष व्याप्त था ; इसी असंतोष की पृष्ठभूमि में कुछ घटनाओं ने असंतुष्ट शासक और सेनाओं में उत्साह का संचार किया जैसे- प्रथम अफगान युद्ध में अंग्रेजों की पराजय ,संथाल विद्रोह के दौरान संथालियों का साहस आदि | प्रारंभिक शोधों में यह माना गया कि विद्रोह का प्रसार मुख्यतः उत्तर भारत में था लेकिन आधुनिक शोधों में अखिल भारतीय प्रसार की बात की जाती है | हालाँकि इसकी तीव्रता उत्तर भारत में अधिक थी –पूर्वी ,पश्चिमी एवं दक्षिण भारत में तीव्रता के कम होने का एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण यह था कि इन क्षेत्रों में नागरिक विद्रोह एवं इन विद्रोहों का कठोरतम दमन|
##Question:1857 की क्रांति केवल एक सैनिक विद्रोह न होकर अंग्रेजों द्वारा वर्षों से अपनाई जा रही आर्थिक, राजनीतिक व प्रशासनिक नीतियों का भी परिणाम थी। कथन का विश्लेषण कीजिए।(150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) The revolution of 1857 was not just a military revolt but also was the result of economic, political, and administrative policies adopted by the British for years. Analyze the statement. (150-200 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत सेना में असंतोष को बताते हुए कीजिये | इसके पश्चात 1857 की क्रांति के सामाजिक आधार और आर्थिक कारण को बताते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये | अंत में 1857 की क्रांति के राजनीतिक-प्रशासनिक कारणों को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये | उत्तर - सेना में असंतोष ब्रिटिश सरकार की नीतियों से सेना में प्रारंभ से ही असंतोष के तत्व दिखाई पड़ते हैं ,जैसे- कम वेतन ,नस्लीय टिका टिप्पणी जातीय धार्मिक प्रतीकों पर प्रतिबन्ध आदि ; ईसाई मिशनरियों की गतिविधियों से भी सेना में असंतोष को देख सकते हैं ; 1850 के दशक में कुछ कानूनों से असंतोष व्याप्त थी ,जैसे-1854 में निःशुल्क डाक की सुविधा का समाप्त किया जाना ,कैनिंग के द्वारा सैनिकों को आवश्यकता पड़ने पर समुद्र पर की अत्र अनिवार्य कर दी गयी चर्बी वाले कारतूस के नुद्दे पर –बैरकपुर(मार्च 1857), मेरठ(अप्रैल 1857) को सैनिकों का विद्रोह | इसी क्रम में क्रांति की औपचारिक शुरुआत 10 मई 1857 को हुई | 1857 का सामाजिक आधार समाज के विविध वर्गों की सहभागिता – जैसे असंतुष्ट शासक ,जमींदार ,बंगाल की सेना के अधिकांशतः सैनिक ,किसान भूमिहीन श्रमिक ,कारीगर एवं आम जनता ;आदि शिक्षित वर्ग विद्रोह के दौरान तटस्थ था; परन्तु इस क्रांति की उत्पत्ति के बीज दीर्घकालिक सामाजिक –आर्थिक व राजनीतिक कारण पहले से व्याप्त थे आर्थिक कारण- ब्रिटिश भूराजस्व नीतियों से किसानों में असंतोष; उद्योगों के पत्तन से कारीगरों में असंतोष; भारतीय राज्यों के पतन से अभिजात्य वर्ग एवं राज्यों पर निर्भर कारीगर,कलाकार आदि वर्गों के आर्थिक हितों को चोट पहुंची; राजनीतिक-प्रशासनिक कारण अंग्रेजों की विस्तारवादी नीति से शासक वर्ग में भय व्याप्त था जैसे-अवध के विलय से शासकों के साथ –साथ सैनिकों में भी असुरक्षा की भावना थी; डलहौजी की प्रतिक्रियावादी नीति – डोक्टोरिन ऑफ़ लैप्स ,पेंशन निषेध एवं गोद निषेध अधिनियम; शासकों की प्रतिष्ठा को ठेस – उदहारण स्वरुप डलहौजी की घोषणा के अनुसार बहादुरशाह के उत्तराधिकारी को लाल किले से बाहर रहना होगा और कैनिंग ने यह कहा कि उनसे शासन छीन लिए जायेंगे | प्रशासनिक स्तर पर भारतीयों के साथ भेदभाव – नस्लीय आधार पर टिका टिप्पणी एवं भारतियों के साथ भेदभाव के कारन असंतोष व्याप्त था ; इसी असंतोष की पृष्ठभूमि में कुछ घटनाओं ने असंतुष्ट शासक और सेनाओं में उत्साह का संचार किया जैसे- प्रथम अफगान युद्ध में अंग्रेजों की पराजय ,संथाल विद्रोह के दौरान संथालियों का साहस आदि | प्रारंभिक शोधों में यह माना गया कि विद्रोह का प्रसार मुख्यतः उत्तर भारत में था लेकिन आधुनिक शोधों में अखिल भारतीय प्रसार की बात की जाती है | हालाँकि इसकी तीव्रता उत्तर भारत में अधिक थी –पूर्वी ,पश्चिमी एवं दक्षिण भारत में तीव्रता के कम होने का एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण यह था कि इन क्षेत्रों में नागरिक विद्रोह एवं इन विद्रोहों का कठोरतम दमन|
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It has been argued that the fertilizer subsidy regime in India created an environment that leads to a series of adverse outcomes. Examine. What measures are required to address concerns arising out of the fertilizer subsidy policy in India? (150 words/10marks)
Brief Approach- Give a brief intro about the fertilizer subsidy in India List down major deviations in fertilizer subsidies mention major leakages in the fertilizersector provide way forward Answer- In spite of the recent reforms by the Government, fertilizer subsidy amounted to around Rs. 80,000 crore in 2017-18. Distortions due to multiple regulations, feed upon each other and together create an environment that leads to a series of adverse outcomes. Major deviations in the fertilizer subsidy regime 1. Subsidies to the tune of 0.7% of GDP, next only to food, especially for Urea. 2. Under Pricing Urea vis-à-vis other fertilizer especially P & K, encouraging overuse. Unlike Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) & Murate of Potash (MOP) which is subsidized based on nutrient content, Urea is subsidized based on the cost of production. 3. Restriction on production, import, & selling of fertilizers. leading to black marketing and diversions of fertilizers 4. Only 3 import agencies are allowed to import Urea, this creates a type of cartel and monopoly in urea import 5. The government tells agencies how much to import and where to sell. Leakages in the fertilizer sector 1.Only agriculture usable Urea is subsidized which leads to the illegal diversion of subsidized Urea for industrial uses. 2. Restricted import or canalization leads to shortage when fertilizer demands are underestimated. This leads to black marketing. 3. Subsidies benefit large farmers & producers the most while small farmers have to pay a heavy price for black marketed Urea 4.A govt. subsidy based on the cost of production promotes inefficient firms and also disincentivizes efficient ones leading to more import. 5. Urea overuse leads to soil degradation, for example, the recommendeduse of NPK is 4:2:1 while the actual use is 61:19:1 in Punjab and Haryana 6. Nitrogen being more subsidized is overused compared to P & K fertilizers. This leads to groundwater pollution and associated health impacts. Conclusion and way forward 1. Decanalizing urea imports: Allowing more agencies to import urea and giving them more freedom in procurement decision would allow flexibility in adjusting to demand. 2. Bringing urea under nutrient-based subsidy compared to the current practice of cost-based subsidy. This would incentive firms to reduce cost and become more efficient. 3. Using JAM trinity to check leakages and improve targeting, instaling of PoS machines in the distribution centre. 4.Opting for Universal subsidy with a cap on the number of bags of Urea. This would benefit small farmers and also reduce subsidy bill. Also, fertilizers should be distributed based on farm size and requirement as mentioned in soil health card. 5. Reforms of the fertilizer sector would not only help farmers & improve efficiency in the sector but also show that India is prepared to overcome exit barriers. 6. Rationalizing subsidies would also enable the govt. to spend on more productive areas like drip irrigation, PM Gram Sadak Yojna etc. Finally, India should look to secure long-term supplies from locations where energy prices are cheap. For eg. from Iran and Oman.
##Question:It has been argued that the fertilizer subsidy regime in India created an environment that leads to a series of adverse outcomes. Examine. What measures are required to address concerns arising out of the fertilizer subsidy policy in India? (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Brief Approach- Give a brief intro about the fertilizer subsidy in India List down major deviations in fertilizer subsidies mention major leakages in the fertilizersector provide way forward Answer- In spite of the recent reforms by the Government, fertilizer subsidy amounted to around Rs. 80,000 crore in 2017-18. Distortions due to multiple regulations, feed upon each other and together create an environment that leads to a series of adverse outcomes. Major deviations in the fertilizer subsidy regime 1. Subsidies to the tune of 0.7% of GDP, next only to food, especially for Urea. 2. Under Pricing Urea vis-à-vis other fertilizer especially P & K, encouraging overuse. Unlike Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) & Murate of Potash (MOP) which is subsidized based on nutrient content, Urea is subsidized based on the cost of production. 3. Restriction on production, import, & selling of fertilizers. leading to black marketing and diversions of fertilizers 4. Only 3 import agencies are allowed to import Urea, this creates a type of cartel and monopoly in urea import 5. The government tells agencies how much to import and where to sell. Leakages in the fertilizer sector 1.Only agriculture usable Urea is subsidized which leads to the illegal diversion of subsidized Urea for industrial uses. 2. Restricted import or canalization leads to shortage when fertilizer demands are underestimated. This leads to black marketing. 3. Subsidies benefit large farmers & producers the most while small farmers have to pay a heavy price for black marketed Urea 4.A govt. subsidy based on the cost of production promotes inefficient firms and also disincentivizes efficient ones leading to more import. 5. Urea overuse leads to soil degradation, for example, the recommendeduse of NPK is 4:2:1 while the actual use is 61:19:1 in Punjab and Haryana 6. Nitrogen being more subsidized is overused compared to P & K fertilizers. This leads to groundwater pollution and associated health impacts. Conclusion and way forward 1. Decanalizing urea imports: Allowing more agencies to import urea and giving them more freedom in procurement decision would allow flexibility in adjusting to demand. 2. Bringing urea under nutrient-based subsidy compared to the current practice of cost-based subsidy. This would incentive firms to reduce cost and become more efficient. 3. Using JAM trinity to check leakages and improve targeting, instaling of PoS machines in the distribution centre. 4.Opting for Universal subsidy with a cap on the number of bags of Urea. This would benefit small farmers and also reduce subsidy bill. Also, fertilizers should be distributed based on farm size and requirement as mentioned in soil health card. 5. Reforms of the fertilizer sector would not only help farmers & improve efficiency in the sector but also show that India is prepared to overcome exit barriers. 6. Rationalizing subsidies would also enable the govt. to spend on more productive areas like drip irrigation, PM Gram Sadak Yojna etc. Finally, India should look to secure long-term supplies from locations where energy prices are cheap. For eg. from Iran and Oman.
37,222
Discuss the factors which are responsible for setting up of Manufacturing Industry in a country, with special emphasis on India. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Mention briefly about the Manufacturing sector. Briefly mention what is the meaning of location factor List down different factors Write an appropriate conclusion Answer: Manufacturing industries are the secondary sector of the economy. (Primary sector being the agriculture). It includes the production of goods. Location of industries is influenced by several factors like access to raw materials, power, market, capital, transport and labour, etc. Relative significance of these factors varies with time and place. There is strong relationship between raw material and type of industry. It is economical to locate the manufacturing industries at a place where cost of production and delivery cost of manufactured goods to consumers are the least. Transport costs, to a great extent, depend on the nature of raw materials and manufactured products Location factors of the Manufacturing industry include: Raw Material: Availability of raw material makes the cost of production low.Industries using weight-losing raw materials are located in the regions where raw materials are located. For example the Jute making industries are mainly located in West Bangal region due to crop of Jute Electricity: Power provides the motive force for machines, and therefore, its supply has to be ensured before the location of any industry. However, certain industries, like aluminium and synthetic nitrogen manufacturing industries tend to be located near sources of power because they are power intensive and require huge quantum of electricity. Availability of labor: For continuousproduction of the goods there is need of a continuous supply of skilled labour.In India, labour is quite mobile and is available in large numbers due to our large population. A skilled human resource helps in achieving high indus]trial growth. Example- Japan has achieved high industrial growth due to skilled human resource. Availability of Market: Markets provide the outlets for manufactured products. Heavy machine, machine tools, heavy chemicals are located near the high demand areas as these are market orientated. Government Policy: India, being a democratic country aims at bringing about economic growth with balanced regional development. Establishment of iron and steel industry in Bhilai and Rourkela were based on decision to develop backward tribal areas of the country. At present, government of India provides lots of incentives to industries locating in backward areas. Political Will and stability in the country: Transportation facilities : Transportation is required for movement of labour as well as for distribution of goods.The industries shifted to interior locations, only when railway lines were laid. All major industrial plants are located on the trunk rail routes. Conclusion: Based on the abovelocation factors many industrial regions have been developed in the India. Some of them are Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor. Hugli Industrial region in West Bangal etc
##Question:Discuss the factors which are responsible for setting up of Manufacturing Industry in a country, with special emphasis on India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Mention briefly about the Manufacturing sector. Briefly mention what is the meaning of location factor List down different factors Write an appropriate conclusion Answer: Manufacturing industries are the secondary sector of the economy. (Primary sector being the agriculture). It includes the production of goods. Location of industries is influenced by several factors like access to raw materials, power, market, capital, transport and labour, etc. Relative significance of these factors varies with time and place. There is strong relationship between raw material and type of industry. It is economical to locate the manufacturing industries at a place where cost of production and delivery cost of manufactured goods to consumers are the least. Transport costs, to a great extent, depend on the nature of raw materials and manufactured products Location factors of the Manufacturing industry include: Raw Material: Availability of raw material makes the cost of production low.Industries using weight-losing raw materials are located in the regions where raw materials are located. For example the Jute making industries are mainly located in West Bangal region due to crop of Jute Electricity: Power provides the motive force for machines, and therefore, its supply has to be ensured before the location of any industry. However, certain industries, like aluminium and synthetic nitrogen manufacturing industries tend to be located near sources of power because they are power intensive and require huge quantum of electricity. Availability of labor: For continuousproduction of the goods there is need of a continuous supply of skilled labour.In India, labour is quite mobile and is available in large numbers due to our large population. A skilled human resource helps in achieving high indus]trial growth. Example- Japan has achieved high industrial growth due to skilled human resource. Availability of Market: Markets provide the outlets for manufactured products. Heavy machine, machine tools, heavy chemicals are located near the high demand areas as these are market orientated. Government Policy: India, being a democratic country aims at bringing about economic growth with balanced regional development. Establishment of iron and steel industry in Bhilai and Rourkela were based on decision to develop backward tribal areas of the country. At present, government of India provides lots of incentives to industries locating in backward areas. Political Will and stability in the country: Transportation facilities : Transportation is required for movement of labour as well as for distribution of goods.The industries shifted to interior locations, only when railway lines were laid. All major industrial plants are located on the trunk rail routes. Conclusion: Based on the abovelocation factors many industrial regions have been developed in the India. Some of them are Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor. Hugli Industrial region in West Bangal etc
37,224
Why Nanotechnology is an enabling technology? Illustrate with examples. Enumerate some steps taken by the Department of Science and Technology for the promotion of Nanotechnology in India. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: - Define Nanotechnology - Explain why it is an enabling technology with the use of examples of its varied usage - Talk about the measures taken by DST for its promotion - End with an optimistic conclusion Answer: The term nanotechnology was coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguichi of Japan who defined it as the process of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule. It is the branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometres, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology is helping to considerably improve, even revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors: information technology, security, medicine, transportation, energy, food safety and environmental science, among others. Following are its applications in some important sectors that have led it to being termed as enabling technology: 1. Everyday materials and processes: Using nanotechnology, materials can effectively be made stronger, lighter, more durable, more reactive, more sieve-like, or better electrical conductors, among many other traits. 2. Medical Sciences: broadening the medical tools, knowledge, and therapies currently available to clinicians. Nanomedicine draws on the natural scale of biological phenomena to produce precise solutions for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. 3. Electronics and Computing: leading to faster, smaller, and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of information. 4. Defence & Space technology: developing multifunctional materials that will contribute to building and maintaining lighter, safer, smarter, and more efficient vehicles, aircraft, spacecraft, and ships. It can provide for more efficient tools and equipments to aid surveillance and monitoring. 5. Energy applications: in traditional energy sources and is greatly enhancing alternative energy approaches to help meet the world’s increasing energy demands. Scientists are looking into ways to develop clean, affordable and renewable energy sources, along with means to reduce energy consumption and lessen toxicity burdens on the environment Steps taken by DST for promotion of nanotechnology: Since the investment in R&D in India was meagre as compared to global investments, the government’s DIT has initiated a Nanotechnology Development Programme to create infrastructure for research in nanoelectronics and nanometrology at national level and also to fund small and medium level research projects in specific areas such as nanomaterials, nanodevices, carbon nanotubes (CNT), nanosystems, etc. The project aims at providing traceability to: (i) scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) (ii) industry and all others for line width, step height, surface texture measurements (iii) calibration of low voltage, low current and low electric charge. In 2007 a mission on nanoscience and technology was approved by the Government of India. The mission aims at making India a world-class centre for nanotechnology. DST is the nodal agency for implementing the mission. The thrust areas of the nano mission are: (i) capacity-building in research in nanoscience and technology (ii) training and creation of a large skilled manpower base (iii) development of products and processes for national development especially in the fields such as materials development, drug delivery and safe drinking water, etc. (iv) establishment of linkages between industry and research and educational institutions and promoting public private partnerships (PPPs) (v) promoting foreign collaboration in nanotechnology programmes. The Nano Mission had been extended till 2017 as Phase II. Since nanotechnology is an emerging technology and India has abundant skilled workforce, India can aim to become a global leader in nanotechnology.
##Question:Why Nanotechnology is an enabling technology? Illustrate with examples. Enumerate some steps taken by the Department of Science and Technology for the promotion of Nanotechnology in India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: - Define Nanotechnology - Explain why it is an enabling technology with the use of examples of its varied usage - Talk about the measures taken by DST for its promotion - End with an optimistic conclusion Answer: The term nanotechnology was coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguichi of Japan who defined it as the process of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule. It is the branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometres, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology is helping to considerably improve, even revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors: information technology, security, medicine, transportation, energy, food safety and environmental science, among others. Following are its applications in some important sectors that have led it to being termed as enabling technology: 1. Everyday materials and processes: Using nanotechnology, materials can effectively be made stronger, lighter, more durable, more reactive, more sieve-like, or better electrical conductors, among many other traits. 2. Medical Sciences: broadening the medical tools, knowledge, and therapies currently available to clinicians. Nanomedicine draws on the natural scale of biological phenomena to produce precise solutions for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. 3. Electronics and Computing: leading to faster, smaller, and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of information. 4. Defence & Space technology: developing multifunctional materials that will contribute to building and maintaining lighter, safer, smarter, and more efficient vehicles, aircraft, spacecraft, and ships. It can provide for more efficient tools and equipments to aid surveillance and monitoring. 5. Energy applications: in traditional energy sources and is greatly enhancing alternative energy approaches to help meet the world’s increasing energy demands. Scientists are looking into ways to develop clean, affordable and renewable energy sources, along with means to reduce energy consumption and lessen toxicity burdens on the environment Steps taken by DST for promotion of nanotechnology: Since the investment in R&D in India was meagre as compared to global investments, the government’s DIT has initiated a Nanotechnology Development Programme to create infrastructure for research in nanoelectronics and nanometrology at national level and also to fund small and medium level research projects in specific areas such as nanomaterials, nanodevices, carbon nanotubes (CNT), nanosystems, etc. The project aims at providing traceability to: (i) scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) (ii) industry and all others for line width, step height, surface texture measurements (iii) calibration of low voltage, low current and low electric charge. In 2007 a mission on nanoscience and technology was approved by the Government of India. The mission aims at making India a world-class centre for nanotechnology. DST is the nodal agency for implementing the mission. The thrust areas of the nano mission are: (i) capacity-building in research in nanoscience and technology (ii) training and creation of a large skilled manpower base (iii) development of products and processes for national development especially in the fields such as materials development, drug delivery and safe drinking water, etc. (iv) establishment of linkages between industry and research and educational institutions and promoting public private partnerships (PPPs) (v) promoting foreign collaboration in nanotechnology programmes. The Nano Mission had been extended till 2017 as Phase II. Since nanotechnology is an emerging technology and India has abundant skilled workforce, India can aim to become a global leader in nanotechnology.
37,227
"Internal migration is not only governed by the pattern of development but also the social structure of the society". Discuss the statement in the context of Indian society. (10 marks/150 words)
Spatial movement from one unit to another involving a change in residence for a considerable period of time within a country is internal migration. This migration is a very common phenomenon in people due to the disparity created by the development of different regions. Economic opportunities are one of the most important drivers of internal migration but they are not the only ones. The social structure of the society is equally if not more significant in this regard: 1. Caste inequalities- Rigid caste system has denied various opportunities for development to the people. These contrasts are more evident in the rural areas 2.Differential access to resources due to linguistic, regional and ethnic identities. This primarily includesaccess to education and limited avenues especially for higher education in rural areas. 3.Marriage- Itis the most important factorfor migration as far as the female population is considered. 4.Urbanism - attraction towards city life is one social aspect which is promoting people to migrate to urban areas for a better standard of life and urban culture. 5.Ghettoisation- Lack of culturalintegration, inequalities of caste, religions etc leading to ghettoisation which is driving people away from their native places 6. Pull back to the original place- A feeling of nativity and reunion with the family are seen to be the reasons for which people are migrating back to their home places. The pattern of development is further adding to the social structureby: 1. Regional inequality- The different areas are developed at different levels which perpetuateseconomic inequalitiesand as a result fuels migration to the more developed regions. 2. Industrialisation- It provides more employmentopportunities in the urban areas and the need for labour to run these industries creates a push and pull balance in migration. 3. Agricultural distress- It is increasing the pressure on land in the form of small and fragmented land holdings. 4. Globalisation- It has led to proliferation of informal sector which demands more labour in the urban areas. This labour has to be provided by internal migration. 5. Government planning and schemes- The governmentpolicy of development can work both ways, infrastructure development in cities can bring people there and schemes of assured livelihood like MGNREGA lead to migration to the villages. 6. Urban planning- Creation ofCounter magnets can ease out the migrant burden of big cities. Also the lack of planning and haphazard infrastructure like blooming of slums can force people back for the need of sanitary and comfortable living conditions. Thus it is fair to say that migration is bound to happen, but its occurrence is multifactorial.Internal migration is not only governed bythe patternof development but also the social structure of the society.
##Question:"Internal migration is not only governed by the pattern of development but also the social structure of the society". Discuss the statement in the context of Indian society. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Spatial movement from one unit to another involving a change in residence for a considerable period of time within a country is internal migration. This migration is a very common phenomenon in people due to the disparity created by the development of different regions. Economic opportunities are one of the most important drivers of internal migration but they are not the only ones. The social structure of the society is equally if not more significant in this regard: 1. Caste inequalities- Rigid caste system has denied various opportunities for development to the people. These contrasts are more evident in the rural areas 2.Differential access to resources due to linguistic, regional and ethnic identities. This primarily includesaccess to education and limited avenues especially for higher education in rural areas. 3.Marriage- Itis the most important factorfor migration as far as the female population is considered. 4.Urbanism - attraction towards city life is one social aspect which is promoting people to migrate to urban areas for a better standard of life and urban culture. 5.Ghettoisation- Lack of culturalintegration, inequalities of caste, religions etc leading to ghettoisation which is driving people away from their native places 6. Pull back to the original place- A feeling of nativity and reunion with the family are seen to be the reasons for which people are migrating back to their home places. The pattern of development is further adding to the social structureby: 1. Regional inequality- The different areas are developed at different levels which perpetuateseconomic inequalitiesand as a result fuels migration to the more developed regions. 2. Industrialisation- It provides more employmentopportunities in the urban areas and the need for labour to run these industries creates a push and pull balance in migration. 3. Agricultural distress- It is increasing the pressure on land in the form of small and fragmented land holdings. 4. Globalisation- It has led to proliferation of informal sector which demands more labour in the urban areas. This labour has to be provided by internal migration. 5. Government planning and schemes- The governmentpolicy of development can work both ways, infrastructure development in cities can bring people there and schemes of assured livelihood like MGNREGA lead to migration to the villages. 6. Urban planning- Creation ofCounter magnets can ease out the migrant burden of big cities. Also the lack of planning and haphazard infrastructure like blooming of slums can force people back for the need of sanitary and comfortable living conditions. Thus it is fair to say that migration is bound to happen, but its occurrence is multifactorial.Internal migration is not only governed bythe patternof development but also the social structure of the society.
37,238
Elaborate on differences between a written and an unwritten constitution. (10 marks/150 words)
A written constitution is the one whose articles and provisions are codified or written in a single legal document like India and USA. The provisions of the unwritten constitution are not written in a single legal book but consist of several different sources. Eg. Britain Differences between written and unwritten Constitution There is distinction between constitution and other laws in Written Constitution which is not the case in Unwritten Constitution where every enactment of Parliament becomes law. Written Constitution is an enacted Constitution since it was created by a special body i.e. Constituent Assembly and came into force on a particular date which in case of India is 26 th , 1949. Unwritten Constitution is not an enacted Constitution but an evolved Constitution since it is not created by a single body, but it is an outcome of joint effort of many over a period of time. Written system can give rise to a federal or unitary system of government whereas Unwritten Constitution always gives rise to only unitary set up. Written Constitution may be rigid or flexible. Eg. The American constitution is written by rigid, Sri Lankan constitution is written but flexible. Indian Constitution is written and is a combination of rigidity and flexibility since some provisions of Indian Constitution can be changed easily (Art. 3). However some provisions may require a difficult process to change them (art. 368). The very fact that in the last 70 years India has seen more than 100 amendments points to the fact that Indian Constitution that rigid in spirit. Unwritten Constitution is always flexible since all it takes to bring an amendment in it is a law of Parliament which can be passed easily. The judiciary enjoys wider powers in a Written Constitution as it can declare the enactments of Parliament and acts of executive as null and void if it violates Constitution. In Unwritten Constitution, judiciary has limited powers. The written constitution emphasizes on supremacy of Constitution and no law can be made violating its provisions. This is not true for an Unwritten Constitution that relies on supremacy of Parliament.
##Question:Elaborate on differences between a written and an unwritten constitution. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:A written constitution is the one whose articles and provisions are codified or written in a single legal document like India and USA. The provisions of the unwritten constitution are not written in a single legal book but consist of several different sources. Eg. Britain Differences between written and unwritten Constitution There is distinction between constitution and other laws in Written Constitution which is not the case in Unwritten Constitution where every enactment of Parliament becomes law. Written Constitution is an enacted Constitution since it was created by a special body i.e. Constituent Assembly and came into force on a particular date which in case of India is 26 th , 1949. Unwritten Constitution is not an enacted Constitution but an evolved Constitution since it is not created by a single body, but it is an outcome of joint effort of many over a period of time. Written system can give rise to a federal or unitary system of government whereas Unwritten Constitution always gives rise to only unitary set up. Written Constitution may be rigid or flexible. Eg. The American constitution is written by rigid, Sri Lankan constitution is written but flexible. Indian Constitution is written and is a combination of rigidity and flexibility since some provisions of Indian Constitution can be changed easily (Art. 3). However some provisions may require a difficult process to change them (art. 368). The very fact that in the last 70 years India has seen more than 100 amendments points to the fact that Indian Constitution that rigid in spirit. Unwritten Constitution is always flexible since all it takes to bring an amendment in it is a law of Parliament which can be passed easily. The judiciary enjoys wider powers in a Written Constitution as it can declare the enactments of Parliament and acts of executive as null and void if it violates Constitution. In Unwritten Constitution, judiciary has limited powers. The written constitution emphasizes on supremacy of Constitution and no law can be made violating its provisions. This is not true for an Unwritten Constitution that relies on supremacy of Parliament.
37,239
According to Dr. Ambedkar, rigidity and legalism were two serious weaknesses of federalism. In light of this statement, explain why India has been termed a “Union of states”. (150 words/10 marks)
APPROACH- - Briefly mention federal features of Indian Constitution - Discuss the unitary features of Indian Constitution. - Conclude by mentioning the uniqueness of Indian Constitution ANSWER- Though the term federation has not been explicitly used in the constitution, federalism is still a basic feature of the Indian political system. The Constitution establishes a dual polity consisting the Union at the Centre and the states at the periphery. To avoid any misunderstandings and confusions, the Indian Constitution is written that specifies the structure, organisation, powers and functions of both the Central and state governments. The Constitution is the supreme (or the highest) law of the land and it has divided the powers between the Centre and the states in terms of the Union List, State List and Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule. Also, an independent judiciary is a federal feature of the Indian Constitution. But along with these features, there are other aspects of the constitution which show a strong centralizing tendency- Strong centre - The Union list has a number of subjects and also more important subjects. The Centre has overriding authority over the Concurrent List. Also, the residuary powers have also been left with the Centre. The territorial integrity of states - The Parliament can by unilateral action change the area, boundaries or name of any state. Moreover, it requires only a simple majority and not a special majority. Single constitution - The Constitution of India embodies not only the Constitution of the Centre but also those of the states. Both the Centre and the states must operate within this single-frame. Flexible Constitution- The process of the constitutional amendment is less rigid than what is found in other federations. The bulk of the Constitution can be amended by the unilateral action of the Parliament, either by simple majority or by a special majority. Further, the power to initiate an amendment to the Constitution lies only with the Centre. Emergency Provisions- During an emergency, the Central government becomes all powerful and the states go into the total control of the Centre. It converts the federal structure into a unitary one without a formal amendment of the Constitution. Single citizenship- There is only Indian Citizenship and no separate state citizenship. All citizens irrespective of the state in which they are born or reside enjoy the same rights all over the country. Integrated judiciary- The Indian Constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top and the state high courts below it. This single system of courts enforces both the Central laws as well as the state laws. All India services - There are all-India services (IAS, IPS, and IFS) which are common to both the Centre and the states. The members of these services are recruited and trained by the Centre which also possesses ultimate control over them. Thus, these services violate the principle of federalism under the Constitution. Integrated audit machinery - The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India audits the accounts of not only the Central government but also those of the states. But, his appointment and removal are done by the president without consulting the states. Appointment of Governor - The Governor who is the head of the State is appointed by the President. He acts as an agent of Centre. Integrated Election Machinery- The Election Commission conducts elections not only to the Central legislature but also to the state legislatures. But, this body is constituted by the President and the states have no say in this matter. Veto over State Bills - The governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the state legislature for the consideration of the President. The President can withhold his assent to such bills not only in the first instance but also in the second instance. Thus it is clear that the Constitution of India has deviated from the traditional federal systems and incorporated a large number of unitary or non-federal features, tilting the balance of power in favour of the Centre. However, it has not made the state governments weak and reduced them to the level of administrative agencies for the execution of policies of the Central government. The constitution of India was made serving the peculiar needs of the country making it one of a kind or sui generis federation.
##Question:According to Dr. Ambedkar, rigidity and legalism were two serious weaknesses of federalism. In light of this statement, explain why India has been termed a “Union of states”. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH- - Briefly mention federal features of Indian Constitution - Discuss the unitary features of Indian Constitution. - Conclude by mentioning the uniqueness of Indian Constitution ANSWER- Though the term federation has not been explicitly used in the constitution, federalism is still a basic feature of the Indian political system. The Constitution establishes a dual polity consisting the Union at the Centre and the states at the periphery. To avoid any misunderstandings and confusions, the Indian Constitution is written that specifies the structure, organisation, powers and functions of both the Central and state governments. The Constitution is the supreme (or the highest) law of the land and it has divided the powers between the Centre and the states in terms of the Union List, State List and Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule. Also, an independent judiciary is a federal feature of the Indian Constitution. But along with these features, there are other aspects of the constitution which show a strong centralizing tendency- Strong centre - The Union list has a number of subjects and also more important subjects. The Centre has overriding authority over the Concurrent List. Also, the residuary powers have also been left with the Centre. The territorial integrity of states - The Parliament can by unilateral action change the area, boundaries or name of any state. Moreover, it requires only a simple majority and not a special majority. Single constitution - The Constitution of India embodies not only the Constitution of the Centre but also those of the states. Both the Centre and the states must operate within this single-frame. Flexible Constitution- The process of the constitutional amendment is less rigid than what is found in other federations. The bulk of the Constitution can be amended by the unilateral action of the Parliament, either by simple majority or by a special majority. Further, the power to initiate an amendment to the Constitution lies only with the Centre. Emergency Provisions- During an emergency, the Central government becomes all powerful and the states go into the total control of the Centre. It converts the federal structure into a unitary one without a formal amendment of the Constitution. Single citizenship- There is only Indian Citizenship and no separate state citizenship. All citizens irrespective of the state in which they are born or reside enjoy the same rights all over the country. Integrated judiciary- The Indian Constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top and the state high courts below it. This single system of courts enforces both the Central laws as well as the state laws. All India services - There are all-India services (IAS, IPS, and IFS) which are common to both the Centre and the states. The members of these services are recruited and trained by the Centre which also possesses ultimate control over them. Thus, these services violate the principle of federalism under the Constitution. Integrated audit machinery - The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India audits the accounts of not only the Central government but also those of the states. But, his appointment and removal are done by the president without consulting the states. Appointment of Governor - The Governor who is the head of the State is appointed by the President. He acts as an agent of Centre. Integrated Election Machinery- The Election Commission conducts elections not only to the Central legislature but also to the state legislatures. But, this body is constituted by the President and the states have no say in this matter. Veto over State Bills - The governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the state legislature for the consideration of the President. The President can withhold his assent to such bills not only in the first instance but also in the second instance. Thus it is clear that the Constitution of India has deviated from the traditional federal systems and incorporated a large number of unitary or non-federal features, tilting the balance of power in favour of the Centre. However, it has not made the state governments weak and reduced them to the level of administrative agencies for the execution of policies of the Central government. The constitution of India was made serving the peculiar needs of the country making it one of a kind or sui generis federation.
37,250
State funding is a possible solution but it alone will not do away with the black money-electoral politics nexus. Critically analyse. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: - Introduce by the rationale of State Funding of election - Mention the need/requirement for the state funding - Explain the advantages and disadvantages of state funding of elections - Suggest Way Forward Answer: The idea of state funding of elections is a concept designed to reduce corruption by funding elections with government money as opposed to individual campaign contributions. Many committees (especially the Dinesh Goswami Committee) has recommended that state funding of elections can be the best way to achieve transparency in political funding. Need for State funding of elections: 1. Indian elections cost huge sums of money. A large chunk of this money is unaccounted or black money. 2. The money comes from big corporate houses and thus in the long run influence decision making of the government - crony capitalism 3. This unaccounted money reduces the transparency of working of political parties. Advantages of state-funding of elections: 1. Can reduce corruption and thus improve transparency 2. It brings new and growing parties in par with the established parties, thus ensuring fair elections. 3. State funding would provide a level playing field for political parties and cut out money power from the equation 4. Would reduce infusion of black money in politics and thus would limit crony capitalism Disadvantages of state funding of elections: 1. Financing elections in India are very expensive and as India collects only 17% of GDP as a tax it will be very difficult in practical 2. As still, India is facing problems of poverty, hunger, huge unemployment and underdevelopment in a large part of nation channelling finances towards elections can be detrimental. 3. State funding of elections will not prevent parties from lobbying and getting undisclosed supplementary private funding, with associated implications. 4. State funding would encourage every second outfit to get into the political arena merely to avail of state funds. Way forward - 1. Full disclosure of funds of all the political parties. 2. Ensuring RTI compliance of political parties. 3. Strictly monitoring the expenditure limitations of candidates and political parties. 4. A complete ban on cash donations to political parties.
##Question:State funding is a possible solution but it alone will not do away with the black money-electoral politics nexus. Critically analyse. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: - Introduce by the rationale of State Funding of election - Mention the need/requirement for the state funding - Explain the advantages and disadvantages of state funding of elections - Suggest Way Forward Answer: The idea of state funding of elections is a concept designed to reduce corruption by funding elections with government money as opposed to individual campaign contributions. Many committees (especially the Dinesh Goswami Committee) has recommended that state funding of elections can be the best way to achieve transparency in political funding. Need for State funding of elections: 1. Indian elections cost huge sums of money. A large chunk of this money is unaccounted or black money. 2. The money comes from big corporate houses and thus in the long run influence decision making of the government - crony capitalism 3. This unaccounted money reduces the transparency of working of political parties. Advantages of state-funding of elections: 1. Can reduce corruption and thus improve transparency 2. It brings new and growing parties in par with the established parties, thus ensuring fair elections. 3. State funding would provide a level playing field for political parties and cut out money power from the equation 4. Would reduce infusion of black money in politics and thus would limit crony capitalism Disadvantages of state funding of elections: 1. Financing elections in India are very expensive and as India collects only 17% of GDP as a tax it will be very difficult in practical 2. As still, India is facing problems of poverty, hunger, huge unemployment and underdevelopment in a large part of nation channelling finances towards elections can be detrimental. 3. State funding of elections will not prevent parties from lobbying and getting undisclosed supplementary private funding, with associated implications. 4. State funding would encourage every second outfit to get into the political arena merely to avail of state funds. Way forward - 1. Full disclosure of funds of all the political parties. 2. Ensuring RTI compliance of political parties. 3. Strictly monitoring the expenditure limitations of candidates and political parties. 4. A complete ban on cash donations to political parties.
37,254
“भारत में नक्सलवाद का एक परिवर्तनशील स्वरुप देखा गया है जो विभिन्न चरणों में अपने उद्येश्यों व स्वरुप में लगातार बदलता रहा है|” उक्त सन्दर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए नक्सलवाद के नियंत्रण के लिए सरकार द्वारा किये जा रहे प्रमुख पहलों की चर्चा कीजिए| (200 शब्द )
वामपंथी उग्रवाद के प्रथम चरण एवं उत्पत्ति 1967 -71 ;बंगाल के नक्सलबारी से उत्पत्ति सामाजिक –आर्थिक व राजनीतिक कृषक संघर्ष को एक सशस्त्र संघर्ष में परिवर्तित करने वाला कारक वैचारिक व सैधांतिक आधार प्रदान करना (माओवाद और लेनिनवाद ) All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionary का गठन द्वितीय चरण MCC का गठन तत्कालीन बिहार,आंध्र प्रदेश 1976 से 1995 तक तृतीय चरण 2004 से 2010 तक नक्सलवाद का एकीकरण नक्सलवाद का क्षेत्र विस्तार (छत्तीसगढ़,झारखण्ड,ओडिशा एवं बिहार राज्य इससे मुख्य रूप से प्रभावित ) गृह मंत्रालय के अनुसार ,वर्ष 2016 में 10 राज्यों के 106 जिलें LWE से प्रभावित हैं सरकार के द्वारा एक अनुमित आंकड़े के अनुसार 40000पूर्णकालिक कैडरों का अनुमान है आंतरिक सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में मुख्य बाधा नगरीकृत होना प्रारंभ चतुर्थ चरण 2010 से 2017 वैचारिक स्तर से भटकाव उग्रवादी तत्वों की अधिकता एवं सरकार विरोध कर अपने प्रभाव में वृद्धि करना नगरीय क्षेत्रों में सक्रियता में वृद्धि स्थानीय स्तर पर व्याप्त विभिन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक मुद्दों में शामिल होना जैसे- विस्थापन एवं पुनर्वास का विरोध ,खनन का विरोध ,भूमि अधिग्रहण का विरोध आदि आतंकवाद के साथ संपर्क नक्सलवाद के प्रसिद्धि में प्रसार राजनीति और नक्सलवाद के मध्य अवैध संबंध LWE के नियंत्रण के लिए किये गए प्रमुख पहल विकासात्मक पहल एकीकृत एक्शन प्लान (IAP) सुरक्षा संबंधी व्यय योजना (SRI) विशिष्ट मूलभूत योजना – RRP-I- सड़क कनेक्टिविटी बढ़ाने के लिए 8 राज्यों में प्रारंभ सिविक एक्शन प्लान – सशस्त्र सुरक्षा बलों एवं जनता के मध्य दूरियों को ख़त्म करने हेतु जिसका मूल उद्येश्य नैतिक पुलिसिंग का निर्माण करना होता है | अत्याधुनिक पुलिस स्टेशन का निर्माण रोशनी योजना प्रभावित राज्यों को अतिरिक्त वित्तीय सहायता समाधान –मई 2017में प्रारंभ सशक्त कार्यवाही पुलिस स्टेशन एवं पुलिस व्यवस्था का सुद्रीढीकरण नक्सल विरोधी अभियान नक्सल नियंत्रित भूभाग पर कब्ज़ा नक्सलियों के वित्तीयन को बंद करना वामपंथी उग्रवाद के प्रथम चरण एवं उत्पत्ति 1967 -71 ;बंगाल के नक्सलबारी से उत्पत्ति सामाजिक –आर्थिक व राजनीतिक कृषक संघर्ष को एक सशस्त्र संघर्ष में परिवर्तित करने वाला कारक वैचारिक व सैधांतिक आधार प्रदान करना (माओवाद और लेनिनवाद ) All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionary का गठन द्वितीय चरण MCC का गठन तत्कालीन बिहार,आंध्र प्रदेश 1976 से 1995 तक तृतीय चरण 2004 से 2010 तक नक्सलवाद का एकीकरण नक्सलवाद का क्षेत्र विस्तार (छत्तीसगढ़,झारखण्ड,ओडिशा एवं बिहार राज्य इससे मुख्य रूप से प्रभावित ) गृह मंत्रालय के अनुसार ,वर्ष 2016 में 10 राज्यों के 106 जिलें LWE से प्रभावित हैं सरकार के द्वारा एक अनुमित आंकड़े के अनुसार 40000पूर्णकालिक कैडरों का अनुमान है आंतरिक सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में मुख्य बाधा नगरीकृत होना प्रारंभ चतुर्थ चरण 2010 से 2017 वैचारिक स्तर से भटकाव उग्रवादी तत्वों की अधिकता एवं सरकार विरोध कर अपने प्रभाव में वृद्धि करना नगरीय क्षेत्रों में सक्रियता में वृद्धि स्थानीय स्तर पर व्याप्त विभिन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक मुद्दों में शामिल होना जैसे- विस्थापन एवं पुनर्वास का विरोध ,खनन का विरोध ,भूमि अधिग्रहण का विरोध आदि आतंकवाद के साथ संपर्क नक्सलवाद के प्रसिद्धि में प्रसार राजनीति और नक्सलवाद के मध्य अवैध संबंध LWE के नियंत्रण के लिए किये गए प्रमुख पहल विकासात्मक पहल एकीकृत एक्शन प्लान (IAP) सुरक्षा संबंधी व्यय योजना (SRI) विशिष्ट मूलभूत योजना – RRP-I- सड़क कनेक्टिविटी बढ़ाने के लिए 8 राज्यों में प्रारंभ सिविक एक्शन प्लान – सशस्त्र सुरक्षा बलों एवं जनता के मध्य दूरियों को ख़त्म करने हेतु जिसका मूल उद्येश्य नैतिक पुलिसिंग का निर्माण करना होता है | अत्याधुनिक पुलिस स्टेशन का निर्माण रोशनी योजना प्रभावित राज्यों को अतिरिक्त वित्तीय सहायता समाधान –मई 2017में प्रारंभ सशक्त कार्यवाही पुलिस स्टेशन एवं पुलिस व्यवस्था का सुद्रीढीकरण नक्सल विरोधी अभियान नक्सल नियंत्रित भूभाग पर कब्ज़ा नक्सलियों के वित्तीयन को बंद करना
##Question:“भारत में नक्सलवाद का एक परिवर्तनशील स्वरुप देखा गया है जो विभिन्न चरणों में अपने उद्येश्यों व स्वरुप में लगातार बदलता रहा है|” उक्त सन्दर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए नक्सलवाद के नियंत्रण के लिए सरकार द्वारा किये जा रहे प्रमुख पहलों की चर्चा कीजिए| (200 शब्द )##Answer:वामपंथी उग्रवाद के प्रथम चरण एवं उत्पत्ति 1967 -71 ;बंगाल के नक्सलबारी से उत्पत्ति सामाजिक –आर्थिक व राजनीतिक कृषक संघर्ष को एक सशस्त्र संघर्ष में परिवर्तित करने वाला कारक वैचारिक व सैधांतिक आधार प्रदान करना (माओवाद और लेनिनवाद ) All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionary का गठन द्वितीय चरण MCC का गठन तत्कालीन बिहार,आंध्र प्रदेश 1976 से 1995 तक तृतीय चरण 2004 से 2010 तक नक्सलवाद का एकीकरण नक्सलवाद का क्षेत्र विस्तार (छत्तीसगढ़,झारखण्ड,ओडिशा एवं बिहार राज्य इससे मुख्य रूप से प्रभावित ) गृह मंत्रालय के अनुसार ,वर्ष 2016 में 10 राज्यों के 106 जिलें LWE से प्रभावित हैं सरकार के द्वारा एक अनुमित आंकड़े के अनुसार 40000पूर्णकालिक कैडरों का अनुमान है आंतरिक सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में मुख्य बाधा नगरीकृत होना प्रारंभ चतुर्थ चरण 2010 से 2017 वैचारिक स्तर से भटकाव उग्रवादी तत्वों की अधिकता एवं सरकार विरोध कर अपने प्रभाव में वृद्धि करना नगरीय क्षेत्रों में सक्रियता में वृद्धि स्थानीय स्तर पर व्याप्त विभिन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक मुद्दों में शामिल होना जैसे- विस्थापन एवं पुनर्वास का विरोध ,खनन का विरोध ,भूमि अधिग्रहण का विरोध आदि आतंकवाद के साथ संपर्क नक्सलवाद के प्रसिद्धि में प्रसार राजनीति और नक्सलवाद के मध्य अवैध संबंध LWE के नियंत्रण के लिए किये गए प्रमुख पहल विकासात्मक पहल एकीकृत एक्शन प्लान (IAP) सुरक्षा संबंधी व्यय योजना (SRI) विशिष्ट मूलभूत योजना – RRP-I- सड़क कनेक्टिविटी बढ़ाने के लिए 8 राज्यों में प्रारंभ सिविक एक्शन प्लान – सशस्त्र सुरक्षा बलों एवं जनता के मध्य दूरियों को ख़त्म करने हेतु जिसका मूल उद्येश्य नैतिक पुलिसिंग का निर्माण करना होता है | अत्याधुनिक पुलिस स्टेशन का निर्माण रोशनी योजना प्रभावित राज्यों को अतिरिक्त वित्तीय सहायता समाधान –मई 2017में प्रारंभ सशक्त कार्यवाही पुलिस स्टेशन एवं पुलिस व्यवस्था का सुद्रीढीकरण नक्सल विरोधी अभियान नक्सल नियंत्रित भूभाग पर कब्ज़ा नक्सलियों के वित्तीयन को बंद करना वामपंथी उग्रवाद के प्रथम चरण एवं उत्पत्ति 1967 -71 ;बंगाल के नक्सलबारी से उत्पत्ति सामाजिक –आर्थिक व राजनीतिक कृषक संघर्ष को एक सशस्त्र संघर्ष में परिवर्तित करने वाला कारक वैचारिक व सैधांतिक आधार प्रदान करना (माओवाद और लेनिनवाद ) All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionary का गठन द्वितीय चरण MCC का गठन तत्कालीन बिहार,आंध्र प्रदेश 1976 से 1995 तक तृतीय चरण 2004 से 2010 तक नक्सलवाद का एकीकरण नक्सलवाद का क्षेत्र विस्तार (छत्तीसगढ़,झारखण्ड,ओडिशा एवं बिहार राज्य इससे मुख्य रूप से प्रभावित ) गृह मंत्रालय के अनुसार ,वर्ष 2016 में 10 राज्यों के 106 जिलें LWE से प्रभावित हैं सरकार के द्वारा एक अनुमित आंकड़े के अनुसार 40000पूर्णकालिक कैडरों का अनुमान है आंतरिक सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में मुख्य बाधा नगरीकृत होना प्रारंभ चतुर्थ चरण 2010 से 2017 वैचारिक स्तर से भटकाव उग्रवादी तत्वों की अधिकता एवं सरकार विरोध कर अपने प्रभाव में वृद्धि करना नगरीय क्षेत्रों में सक्रियता में वृद्धि स्थानीय स्तर पर व्याप्त विभिन्न सामाजिक-आर्थिक मुद्दों में शामिल होना जैसे- विस्थापन एवं पुनर्वास का विरोध ,खनन का विरोध ,भूमि अधिग्रहण का विरोध आदि आतंकवाद के साथ संपर्क नक्सलवाद के प्रसिद्धि में प्रसार राजनीति और नक्सलवाद के मध्य अवैध संबंध LWE के नियंत्रण के लिए किये गए प्रमुख पहल विकासात्मक पहल एकीकृत एक्शन प्लान (IAP) सुरक्षा संबंधी व्यय योजना (SRI) विशिष्ट मूलभूत योजना – RRP-I- सड़क कनेक्टिविटी बढ़ाने के लिए 8 राज्यों में प्रारंभ सिविक एक्शन प्लान – सशस्त्र सुरक्षा बलों एवं जनता के मध्य दूरियों को ख़त्म करने हेतु जिसका मूल उद्येश्य नैतिक पुलिसिंग का निर्माण करना होता है | अत्याधुनिक पुलिस स्टेशन का निर्माण रोशनी योजना प्रभावित राज्यों को अतिरिक्त वित्तीय सहायता समाधान –मई 2017में प्रारंभ सशक्त कार्यवाही पुलिस स्टेशन एवं पुलिस व्यवस्था का सुद्रीढीकरण नक्सल विरोधी अभियान नक्सल नियंत्रित भूभाग पर कब्ज़ा नक्सलियों के वित्तीयन को बंद करना
37,264
मालाबार एक्सरसाइज का परिचय देते हुए भारत के लिए उसके भू राजनितिक महत्वों को समझाएँ| क्या भारत को मालाबार एक्सरसाइज में बने रहना चाहिए? चर्चा कीजिए| (200 शब्द)
प्रस्तावना भारत का जापान एवं अमेरिका के साथ अभ्यास हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में तीनों राष्ट्रों की मध्य सैन्य सहयोग में वृद्धि एक नियम आधारित व्यावस्था निर्माण में सहायक उभरती हुई चुनौतयों को प्रत्युत्तर देना मालाबार एक्सरसाइज के महत्त्व तीनों राष्ट्रों की नेवी के मध्य इंटरऑपरेबिलिटी में वृद्धि नेवी में विशेषज्ञता में वृद्धि एवं तकनीकी विकास चाइना के बढ़ते प्रभाव में एक मजबूत सैन्य सहयोग विक्सित करना और वातावरण निर्मित करना हिन्द महासागर में भारत की मजबूत उपस्थिति को दर्ज करने में सहायक क्या भारत को इस एक्सरसाइज का सदस्य बने रहना चाहिए ? क्यों जुड़े रहना चाहिए ? चीन –पाकिस्तान के गठजोड़ (axis ) के प्रभाव को कम – भारत भी इसके विरुद्ध अमेरिका एवं जापान के साथ रणनीतिक संबंध स्थापत करके हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में अपने प्रभाव में वृद्धि कर सकता है | अमेरिका और जापान के साथ अलग-अलग भी भारत के रणनीतिक सम्बन्ध स्थापित होंगे जो भारतीय प्रभाव को वृध्ही करने में सहायक होगा | चीन की विस्तारवादी नीति को प्रतिसंतुलित करने हेतु इस एक्सरसाइज को एक उपकरण के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है | क्यों नहीं बने रहना चाहिए ? रूस-पाकिस्तान-चीन एक्सिस के निर्माण को बढ़ावा -इसके विरुद्ध पाकिस्तान –चीन के साथ रूस की सहयोग में वृद्धि हो सकती है जिससे भारत के साथ रूस के संबध प्रभावित हो सकते हैं | ट्रम्प प्रशासन का अनिश्चित व्यवहार – अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर विभिन्न मुद्दों जैसे ईरान डील से अमेरिका का बाहर आना ,पेरिस समझौते को नकारना आदि के कारण ट्रम्प प्रशासन से किसी एक निश्चित व्यवहार की अपेक्षा किये जाने की सम्भावना कम हो गयी है | रणनीतिक स्वयात्तता- विशेषज्ञों का यह भी मानना हैं कि भारत के लिए विश्व की दो प्रमुख प्रभावी राष्ट्रों के साथ रहते हुए अपनी सामरिक रणनीतियों को प्राथमिकता दे एवं इसने प्रभाव में न आये | चुकी भूतकाल के ऐसे कई उदाहरणों को इनके द्वारा आधार बनाया जाता है जब भारत अपनी सामरिक हितों के विरुद्ध पश्चिमी राष्ट्रों के प्रभाव में कार्य किया है |इसलिए रणनीतिक स्तर पर स्वयत्तता बनाये रखन एक बहुत बड़ी चुनौती होगी | अतः मालाबार एक्सरसाइज हिन्द महासागर की भूराजनीति में भारत को अपनी स्थिति को निर्णायक मोड़ सिद्ध हो सकता है एशियाई नेतृत्वकर्ता के रूप में भारत के उभरने में मुख्य भूमिका निभाएंगे |
##Question:मालाबार एक्सरसाइज का परिचय देते हुए भारत के लिए उसके भू राजनितिक महत्वों को समझाएँ| क्या भारत को मालाबार एक्सरसाइज में बने रहना चाहिए? चर्चा कीजिए| (200 शब्द)##Answer:प्रस्तावना भारत का जापान एवं अमेरिका के साथ अभ्यास हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में तीनों राष्ट्रों की मध्य सैन्य सहयोग में वृद्धि एक नियम आधारित व्यावस्था निर्माण में सहायक उभरती हुई चुनौतयों को प्रत्युत्तर देना मालाबार एक्सरसाइज के महत्त्व तीनों राष्ट्रों की नेवी के मध्य इंटरऑपरेबिलिटी में वृद्धि नेवी में विशेषज्ञता में वृद्धि एवं तकनीकी विकास चाइना के बढ़ते प्रभाव में एक मजबूत सैन्य सहयोग विक्सित करना और वातावरण निर्मित करना हिन्द महासागर में भारत की मजबूत उपस्थिति को दर्ज करने में सहायक क्या भारत को इस एक्सरसाइज का सदस्य बने रहना चाहिए ? क्यों जुड़े रहना चाहिए ? चीन –पाकिस्तान के गठजोड़ (axis ) के प्रभाव को कम – भारत भी इसके विरुद्ध अमेरिका एवं जापान के साथ रणनीतिक संबंध स्थापत करके हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में अपने प्रभाव में वृद्धि कर सकता है | अमेरिका और जापान के साथ अलग-अलग भी भारत के रणनीतिक सम्बन्ध स्थापित होंगे जो भारतीय प्रभाव को वृध्ही करने में सहायक होगा | चीन की विस्तारवादी नीति को प्रतिसंतुलित करने हेतु इस एक्सरसाइज को एक उपकरण के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है | क्यों नहीं बने रहना चाहिए ? रूस-पाकिस्तान-चीन एक्सिस के निर्माण को बढ़ावा -इसके विरुद्ध पाकिस्तान –चीन के साथ रूस की सहयोग में वृद्धि हो सकती है जिससे भारत के साथ रूस के संबध प्रभावित हो सकते हैं | ट्रम्प प्रशासन का अनिश्चित व्यवहार – अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर विभिन्न मुद्दों जैसे ईरान डील से अमेरिका का बाहर आना ,पेरिस समझौते को नकारना आदि के कारण ट्रम्प प्रशासन से किसी एक निश्चित व्यवहार की अपेक्षा किये जाने की सम्भावना कम हो गयी है | रणनीतिक स्वयात्तता- विशेषज्ञों का यह भी मानना हैं कि भारत के लिए विश्व की दो प्रमुख प्रभावी राष्ट्रों के साथ रहते हुए अपनी सामरिक रणनीतियों को प्राथमिकता दे एवं इसने प्रभाव में न आये | चुकी भूतकाल के ऐसे कई उदाहरणों को इनके द्वारा आधार बनाया जाता है जब भारत अपनी सामरिक हितों के विरुद्ध पश्चिमी राष्ट्रों के प्रभाव में कार्य किया है |इसलिए रणनीतिक स्तर पर स्वयत्तता बनाये रखन एक बहुत बड़ी चुनौती होगी | अतः मालाबार एक्सरसाइज हिन्द महासागर की भूराजनीति में भारत को अपनी स्थिति को निर्णायक मोड़ सिद्ध हो सकता है एशियाई नेतृत्वकर्ता के रूप में भारत के उभरने में मुख्य भूमिका निभाएंगे |
37,270
The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar was an important milestone in the establishment of British Rule in India. In light of the above statement, discuss the causes of these battles and the significance of their outcomes for the British. (150 words/ 10 marks)
The battle of Plassey happened in Bengal with the Nawab pitched against the east India company. In the Buxar there was the coalition of the Nawab of Bengal, Awadh and the Mughal emperor was also involved. Causes for Battle of Plassey The succession disputes that emerged after following Asif jahan I death and that were engineered in Carnatic with the assassination of Nawab Anwariddin provided a fertile ground for French and British interference in succession The Anglo French rivalry in South Asia, particularly in the Carnatic region became acute as Dupliex, the French Military Commander was keen on expanding the French presence in the region and especially keen on getting the British out The Anglo-French rivalry in North America and Europe in Austrian Succession dispute also triggered the break out of hostilities in Anglo-Carnatic War. For example in the Third Anglo Carnatic Wars. Causes for Battle of Buxar Consequences of the Battle of Plassey itself such as Plassey Plunder, loss to outside powers etc. led to resentment among the rulers. Hence they vowed to take revenge from British Mir Jafar, the new Nawab of Bengal, realised that it was impossible to meet the demands of the East India company and its officials. And hence stopped paying British. British forced Mir Jafar to renounce the throne for Mir Qasim. Mir Qasim was enthroned with the help of Englishmen and he rewarded them satisfactorily. While Mir Qasim wanted to see himself in the role of independent ruler, the English wanted to use him as a mere tool in their hands as they put him in his power. In this situation, the war was inevitable between Mir Qasim and the English. In 1763, Shah Alam 2 (Mughal emperor), Sujha-ud-Daula (Awadh) and Mir Qasim planned to form a grand alliance to fight against British. significance of these Battles for British It brought in the British Crown troops into India in large numbers, tilting the balance of power in the region in favour of British vis-à-vis Indian regional states. The treaty of Paris saw the eventual French withdrawal from the region and thus allowed the British to calmly focus upon the regional Indian states without any threat of French intervention. The Siege of Arcot of 1751 saw the (British assistance to M.Ali to capture Arcot against French) British dealing a decisive blow to French prestige in Carnatic in the Second Anglo-Carnatic War. Many historians argue that the Siege of Arcot was the historical Battle that could be seen as marking the British entry into the subcontinent. This also changed British mindset from mere traders to rulers. The possibility of French assistance to Indian princely states to overthrow British Presence now seemed distant following the French withdrawal. This became evident in case of Tipu Sultan where no substantial help came from French. 1765- Treaty of Allahabad: Shah Alam 2 was treated with respect after the defeat and the nominal rule of Mughal continued. In return, the British were granted revenue collecting rights for Bengal. Leading to a permanent source of Income to ECI, financing for further expansion. Hence, the British East India company became a dominant power in the region. This is considered the first step toward the British imperialism policy to conquer entire India.
##Question:The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar was an important milestone in the establishment of British Rule in India. In light of the above statement, discuss the causes of these battles and the significance of their outcomes for the British. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:The battle of Plassey happened in Bengal with the Nawab pitched against the east India company. In the Buxar there was the coalition of the Nawab of Bengal, Awadh and the Mughal emperor was also involved. Causes for Battle of Plassey The succession disputes that emerged after following Asif jahan I death and that were engineered in Carnatic with the assassination of Nawab Anwariddin provided a fertile ground for French and British interference in succession The Anglo French rivalry in South Asia, particularly in the Carnatic region became acute as Dupliex, the French Military Commander was keen on expanding the French presence in the region and especially keen on getting the British out The Anglo-French rivalry in North America and Europe in Austrian Succession dispute also triggered the break out of hostilities in Anglo-Carnatic War. For example in the Third Anglo Carnatic Wars. Causes for Battle of Buxar Consequences of the Battle of Plassey itself such as Plassey Plunder, loss to outside powers etc. led to resentment among the rulers. Hence they vowed to take revenge from British Mir Jafar, the new Nawab of Bengal, realised that it was impossible to meet the demands of the East India company and its officials. And hence stopped paying British. British forced Mir Jafar to renounce the throne for Mir Qasim. Mir Qasim was enthroned with the help of Englishmen and he rewarded them satisfactorily. While Mir Qasim wanted to see himself in the role of independent ruler, the English wanted to use him as a mere tool in their hands as they put him in his power. In this situation, the war was inevitable between Mir Qasim and the English. In 1763, Shah Alam 2 (Mughal emperor), Sujha-ud-Daula (Awadh) and Mir Qasim planned to form a grand alliance to fight against British. significance of these Battles for British It brought in the British Crown troops into India in large numbers, tilting the balance of power in the region in favour of British vis-à-vis Indian regional states. The treaty of Paris saw the eventual French withdrawal from the region and thus allowed the British to calmly focus upon the regional Indian states without any threat of French intervention. The Siege of Arcot of 1751 saw the (British assistance to M.Ali to capture Arcot against French) British dealing a decisive blow to French prestige in Carnatic in the Second Anglo-Carnatic War. Many historians argue that the Siege of Arcot was the historical Battle that could be seen as marking the British entry into the subcontinent. This also changed British mindset from mere traders to rulers. The possibility of French assistance to Indian princely states to overthrow British Presence now seemed distant following the French withdrawal. This became evident in case of Tipu Sultan where no substantial help came from French. 1765- Treaty of Allahabad: Shah Alam 2 was treated with respect after the defeat and the nominal rule of Mughal continued. In return, the British were granted revenue collecting rights for Bengal. Leading to a permanent source of Income to ECI, financing for further expansion. Hence, the British East India company became a dominant power in the region. This is considered the first step toward the British imperialism policy to conquer entire India.
37,312
To what extent justice has been done to the goals and objectives of Part IV of Indian Constitution? (10 marks/150-200 Words)
Approach : Introduce an answer by highlighting the objectives of the DPSPs Discuss those provisions of DPSPs, to which partial justice has been done. Discuss those provisions of DPSPs, to which not even the partial justice has been done. Discuss those provisions of DPSPs, to which full partial justice has been done. Answer : Part IV of the Indian Constitution is a Directive Principles of State Policy. This part is in the nature of directions or guidelines to the state. So that a just law, policies etc can be enacted and implemented. The provisions of DPSPs are not enforceable in the court of law, however, the aim of DPSP is to establish a welfaricsociety. To date, the govt is able to provide partial justice to some of the provisions of DPSPs, while some provisions have not even got a partial justice, whereas some provisions have got comparatively full justice. 1. Article 47 This article state that it is the duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health, particularly of the rural population. Govt has launched Mid Day Meal Scheme for school children. Many state govt.shave banned the sale of liquor in their states. 2.Article 46 Various measures have been taken to promote the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes and to advance the educational and economic interests of weaker and backward sections of the people. PESA act has been enacted by the parliament to introduce self-governance in tribal areas. Scheme UDAN, MUDRA Yojana has been launched for the upliftment of the Scheduled Caste people. 3.Article 38 Legislation to abolish intermediaries and Zamindari systems and land reforms were enacted in the early years of 1950 to reduce inequalities in income and status. 4.Article 50 For separation of the executive from the judiciary, Government enacted Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 5. Article 40 A large number of laws have been enacted to implement the Directive in Article 40 to organise village panchayat and endow them with powers of self-government. 73rd Constitutional Amendment provides Constitutional status to Panchayats. 6. Article 42 The Maternity Benefit Act (1961) and the Equal Remuneration Act (1976) have been made to protect the interests of working women. A recent amendment to the Maternity Benefits Act increase paid leave for a womenemployee from 12 weeks to 26 weeks. Lacunas in the implementation of DPSP : 1. Article 44 - Till date, there is no uniform civil code. Debates are going on regarding the implementation of the uniform civil code. 2. Article 41 - Right to work has been made a legal right but the unemployment levels are still very high in India. 3. Article 39 A - Though free legal aid has been provided, more than 67% of the prisoners are undertrials and most of them belong to the SC, ST or economically weaker sections of society. 4. Article 39 d - The Govt has enacted Equal Wages Act. However, in practice at many places particularly in agriculture differences in wages is clearly visible. 5. Low Learning levels in schools as reported by ASER report. 6. Panchayats face the problem of proxy representation which means women have only representation in these panchayats but in real terms, their husbands, father, brother get all the powers and responsibilities. Also, these panchayats face the problem of lack of funds, functionaries. 7. Agriculture is also facing problems which are reflected in a recent issue of farmer suicides. Hence it can be concluded that partial justice is done to the goals and objectives of DPSP. Efforts should be made on a continuous basis towards implementation of DPSP and taking Indian society on the path of welfare.
##Question:To what extent justice has been done to the goals and objectives of Part IV of Indian Constitution? (10 marks/150-200 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce an answer by highlighting the objectives of the DPSPs Discuss those provisions of DPSPs, to which partial justice has been done. Discuss those provisions of DPSPs, to which not even the partial justice has been done. Discuss those provisions of DPSPs, to which full partial justice has been done. Answer : Part IV of the Indian Constitution is a Directive Principles of State Policy. This part is in the nature of directions or guidelines to the state. So that a just law, policies etc can be enacted and implemented. The provisions of DPSPs are not enforceable in the court of law, however, the aim of DPSP is to establish a welfaricsociety. To date, the govt is able to provide partial justice to some of the provisions of DPSPs, while some provisions have not even got a partial justice, whereas some provisions have got comparatively full justice. 1. Article 47 This article state that it is the duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health, particularly of the rural population. Govt has launched Mid Day Meal Scheme for school children. Many state govt.shave banned the sale of liquor in their states. 2.Article 46 Various measures have been taken to promote the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes and to advance the educational and economic interests of weaker and backward sections of the people. PESA act has been enacted by the parliament to introduce self-governance in tribal areas. Scheme UDAN, MUDRA Yojana has been launched for the upliftment of the Scheduled Caste people. 3.Article 38 Legislation to abolish intermediaries and Zamindari systems and land reforms were enacted in the early years of 1950 to reduce inequalities in income and status. 4.Article 50 For separation of the executive from the judiciary, Government enacted Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 5. Article 40 A large number of laws have been enacted to implement the Directive in Article 40 to organise village panchayat and endow them with powers of self-government. 73rd Constitutional Amendment provides Constitutional status to Panchayats. 6. Article 42 The Maternity Benefit Act (1961) and the Equal Remuneration Act (1976) have been made to protect the interests of working women. A recent amendment to the Maternity Benefits Act increase paid leave for a womenemployee from 12 weeks to 26 weeks. Lacunas in the implementation of DPSP : 1. Article 44 - Till date, there is no uniform civil code. Debates are going on regarding the implementation of the uniform civil code. 2. Article 41 - Right to work has been made a legal right but the unemployment levels are still very high in India. 3. Article 39 A - Though free legal aid has been provided, more than 67% of the prisoners are undertrials and most of them belong to the SC, ST or economically weaker sections of society. 4. Article 39 d - The Govt has enacted Equal Wages Act. However, in practice at many places particularly in agriculture differences in wages is clearly visible. 5. Low Learning levels in schools as reported by ASER report. 6. Panchayats face the problem of proxy representation which means women have only representation in these panchayats but in real terms, their husbands, father, brother get all the powers and responsibilities. Also, these panchayats face the problem of lack of funds, functionaries. 7. Agriculture is also facing problems which are reflected in a recent issue of farmer suicides. Hence it can be concluded that partial justice is done to the goals and objectives of DPSP. Efforts should be made on a continuous basis towards implementation of DPSP and taking Indian society on the path of welfare.
37,316
The years 2014-2018 have been four years of solid achievement for India"s Nuclear programme. Discuss. (200 words)
Brief approach- list down achievements of Indian Nuclear Programme Give issues faced in fulfilling objectives if indian nuclear programme Answer Currently India has 22 nuclear reactors operational with total installed capacity of 6780 MW out of which 2000 MW has been added by the two reactors of KKNPP that are currently the biggest ones in the country.Additional 6700 MW in the offing with 9 new nuclear reactors. This exemplifies India"s feat achieved in nuclear energy. ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIA"S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME IN RECENT YEARS- - Cabinet approved fleet-mode construction of 10 indigenous nuclear reactors for addition of 7000 MW (700MWx10) to the installed capacity; a major boost to domestic nuclear industry - Approval for construction of two more reactors, KKNPP 5&6, at Kudankulam in cooperation with Russia - Second reactor of KKNPP, Unit 2 which is a symbol of the Indo - Russian Friendship and Co-operation (achieved 100% power in Jan 2017) - Laid foundation concrete for two reactors, Units 3&4 of KKNPP, each of 1000 MW. - Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP) for Rs. 1500 Crore operationalised in August 2016 - IAEA’s Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) for nuclear damage ratified in February 2016 - India’s largest Radioactive Waste Management Plant (WIP) operationalised at Kalpakkam - World record production of fuel achieved for indigenous nuclear reactors for 3 consecutive years 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17 - There has been various nuclear agreements between India and other countries for peaceful use of nuclear energy viz. Australia (2014), Sri Lanka (2015), Great Britain (2015), Japan (2016), Vietnam (2016) and recently Bangladesh (2017) -First criticality of 500 MWe reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu expected in 2018 Though India has achieved many milestones in the last few years, there have been few glitches such as- - India has not been able to secure membership of Nuclear Suppliers Group due to which India is not able to import many state-of-the-art technologies. -Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority (NSRA) Bill is still pending which is crucial to ensure independence of country"s atomic regulatorAtomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). - India has reduced its ambitious target of 63,000 MW nuclear capacity by 2031-32 to 22,480 MW in April, 2018. - The pace of development of actions on nuclear agreements has been slow. e. Inability of India to import Uranium from Namibia due to Pelindaba Treaty or ANWFZT. Namibia has asked India to come up with similar agreements with other countries to help it convince the ANWFZT members forit to supply Uranium to India. Despite the setbacks, the importance of nuclear energy as a vital source of energy can"t be ignored. India has come a long way in building up its nuclear programme that had faced stiff opposition from global powers like USA initially. The fact that India is a responsible nuclear power is well established.Hence there is need to promote safe, secure and sustainable nuclear energy through global partnership.
##Question:The years 2014-2018 have been four years of solid achievement for India"s Nuclear programme. Discuss. (200 words)##Answer:Brief approach- list down achievements of Indian Nuclear Programme Give issues faced in fulfilling objectives if indian nuclear programme Answer Currently India has 22 nuclear reactors operational with total installed capacity of 6780 MW out of which 2000 MW has been added by the two reactors of KKNPP that are currently the biggest ones in the country.Additional 6700 MW in the offing with 9 new nuclear reactors. This exemplifies India"s feat achieved in nuclear energy. ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIA"S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME IN RECENT YEARS- - Cabinet approved fleet-mode construction of 10 indigenous nuclear reactors for addition of 7000 MW (700MWx10) to the installed capacity; a major boost to domestic nuclear industry - Approval for construction of two more reactors, KKNPP 5&6, at Kudankulam in cooperation with Russia - Second reactor of KKNPP, Unit 2 which is a symbol of the Indo - Russian Friendship and Co-operation (achieved 100% power in Jan 2017) - Laid foundation concrete for two reactors, Units 3&4 of KKNPP, each of 1000 MW. - Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP) for Rs. 1500 Crore operationalised in August 2016 - IAEA’s Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) for nuclear damage ratified in February 2016 - India’s largest Radioactive Waste Management Plant (WIP) operationalised at Kalpakkam - World record production of fuel achieved for indigenous nuclear reactors for 3 consecutive years 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17 - There has been various nuclear agreements between India and other countries for peaceful use of nuclear energy viz. Australia (2014), Sri Lanka (2015), Great Britain (2015), Japan (2016), Vietnam (2016) and recently Bangladesh (2017) -First criticality of 500 MWe reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu expected in 2018 Though India has achieved many milestones in the last few years, there have been few glitches such as- - India has not been able to secure membership of Nuclear Suppliers Group due to which India is not able to import many state-of-the-art technologies. -Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority (NSRA) Bill is still pending which is crucial to ensure independence of country"s atomic regulatorAtomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). - India has reduced its ambitious target of 63,000 MW nuclear capacity by 2031-32 to 22,480 MW in April, 2018. - The pace of development of actions on nuclear agreements has been slow. e. Inability of India to import Uranium from Namibia due to Pelindaba Treaty or ANWFZT. Namibia has asked India to come up with similar agreements with other countries to help it convince the ANWFZT members forit to supply Uranium to India. Despite the setbacks, the importance of nuclear energy as a vital source of energy can"t be ignored. India has come a long way in building up its nuclear programme that had faced stiff opposition from global powers like USA initially. The fact that India is a responsible nuclear power is well established.Hence there is need to promote safe, secure and sustainable nuclear energy through global partnership.
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The years 2014-2018 have been four years of solid achievement for India"s Nuclear programme. Discuss. (200 words)
Brief approach- list down achievements of Indian Nuclear Programme Give issues faced in fulfilling objectives ifindiannuclear programme Answer CurrentlyIndia has 22 nuclear reactors operational withtotalinstalled capacity of 6780 MW out of which 2000 MW has been added by the two reactors of KKNPP that are currently the biggest ones in the country.Additional 6700 MW in the offing with 9 new nuclear reactors. This exemplifies India"s feat achieved in nuclear energy. ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIA"S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME IN RECENT YEARS- - Cabinet approved fleet-mode construction of 10 indigenous nuclear reactors foradditionof 7000 MW (700MWx10) to the installed capacity; a major boost todomesticnuclear industry - Approval for construction of two more reactors, KKNPP 5&6, at Kudankulam in cooperation with Russia - Second reactor of KKNPP, Unit 2 which is a symbol of the Indo - Russian Friendship and Co-operation (achieved 100% power in Jan 2017) - Laid foundation concrete for two reactors, Units 3&4 of KKNPP, each of 1000 MW. - Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP) for Rs. 1500 Crore operationalised in August 2016 - IAEA’s Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) for nuclear damage ratified in February 2016 - India’s largest Radioactive Waste Management Plant (WIP) operationalised at Kalpakkam - World record production of fuel achieved for indigenous nuclear reactors for 3 consecutive years 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17 - Therehasbeen various nuclear agreements between India and other countries for peaceful use of nuclear energy viz. Australia (2014), Sri Lanka (2015), Great Britain (2015), Japan (2016), Vietnam (2016) and recently Bangladesh (2017) -Firstcriticality of 500 MWe reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu expected in 2018 Though India has achieved many milestones in the last few years, there have been few glitches such as- - India has not been able to secure membership of Nuclear Suppliers Group due to which India is not able to import many state-of-the-art technologies. -Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority (NSRA) Bill is still pending which is crucial to ensureindependenceof country"s atomic regulatorAtomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). - India has reduced its ambitious target of 63,000 MW nuclear capacity by 2031-32 to 22,480 MW inApril,2018. - The pace of development of actions on nuclear agreements has been slow. e.Inabilityof India to import Uranium from Namibia due to Pelindaba Treaty orANWFZT. Namibia has asked India to come up with similar agreements with other countries to help it convince theANWFZTmembers forit to supply Uranium to India. Despite the setbacks, the importance of nuclear energy as a vital source of energy can"t be ignored. India has come a long way in building up its nuclear programme that had faced stiff opposition from global powers likeUSAinitially. The fact that India is a responsible nuclear power is well established.Hence there isneedto promote safe, secure and sustainable nuclear energy through global partnership.
##Question:The years 2014-2018 have been four years of solid achievement for India"s Nuclear programme. Discuss. (200 words)##Answer:Brief approach- list down achievements of Indian Nuclear Programme Give issues faced in fulfilling objectives ifindiannuclear programme Answer CurrentlyIndia has 22 nuclear reactors operational withtotalinstalled capacity of 6780 MW out of which 2000 MW has been added by the two reactors of KKNPP that are currently the biggest ones in the country.Additional 6700 MW in the offing with 9 new nuclear reactors. This exemplifies India"s feat achieved in nuclear energy. ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIA"S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME IN RECENT YEARS- - Cabinet approved fleet-mode construction of 10 indigenous nuclear reactors foradditionof 7000 MW (700MWx10) to the installed capacity; a major boost todomesticnuclear industry - Approval for construction of two more reactors, KKNPP 5&6, at Kudankulam in cooperation with Russia - Second reactor of KKNPP, Unit 2 which is a symbol of the Indo - Russian Friendship and Co-operation (achieved 100% power in Jan 2017) - Laid foundation concrete for two reactors, Units 3&4 of KKNPP, each of 1000 MW. - Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP) for Rs. 1500 Crore operationalised in August 2016 - IAEA’s Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) for nuclear damage ratified in February 2016 - India’s largest Radioactive Waste Management Plant (WIP) operationalised at Kalpakkam - World record production of fuel achieved for indigenous nuclear reactors for 3 consecutive years 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17 - Therehasbeen various nuclear agreements between India and other countries for peaceful use of nuclear energy viz. Australia (2014), Sri Lanka (2015), Great Britain (2015), Japan (2016), Vietnam (2016) and recently Bangladesh (2017) -Firstcriticality of 500 MWe reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu expected in 2018 Though India has achieved many milestones in the last few years, there have been few glitches such as- - India has not been able to secure membership of Nuclear Suppliers Group due to which India is not able to import many state-of-the-art technologies. -Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority (NSRA) Bill is still pending which is crucial to ensureindependenceof country"s atomic regulatorAtomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). - India has reduced its ambitious target of 63,000 MW nuclear capacity by 2031-32 to 22,480 MW inApril,2018. - The pace of development of actions on nuclear agreements has been slow. e.Inabilityof India to import Uranium from Namibia due to Pelindaba Treaty orANWFZT. Namibia has asked India to come up with similar agreements with other countries to help it convince theANWFZTmembers forit to supply Uranium to India. Despite the setbacks, the importance of nuclear energy as a vital source of energy can"t be ignored. India has come a long way in building up its nuclear programme that had faced stiff opposition from global powers likeUSAinitially. The fact that India is a responsible nuclear power is well established.Hence there isneedto promote safe, secure and sustainable nuclear energy through global partnership.
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Give an account of the major outcomes of the third and fourth Buddhist Councils. Also, explain the differences between the Hinayana and Mahayana sects of Buddhism. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
Approach Briefly mention the death of Buddha and the outcomes of the first and second Councils. Provide details of major outcomes of the third and fourth Councils, and how Hinayana and Mahanaya sects were created as a result of these Councils. Discuss the differences between the Hinayana and Mahayana sects of Buddhism. Conclude by providing a current geographical spread of these sects. Answer After spreading Buddhism across a vast tract of India, Buddha attained Mahaparinibbana in Kushinagar at the age of 80. After his death, his followers persuaded King Ajatshatru to convene the first Buddhist Council to discuss collate, and classify the discourses of the Buddha into authoritative canonical texts. In the First Buddhist Council (483 BC) at Rajgriha, Vinayapitaka and Suttapitaka were compiled as a result of the efforts of Upali and Anand. In the second Buddhist Council (383 BC), under the patronage of Kalashoka, Buddhism was informally divided into two sects- Stharvadins, who believed in the original teachings of Buddha, and Mahasanghikas, who took liberal interpretations of the codes provided in the Vinaya Pitaka. In the above context, the Third Buddhist Council was convened in 250 BC under the Patronage of King Ashoka and was presided over by the Monk Mogali Putta Tissa. King Ashoka, himself attended the Council in the capacity of Monk. The Major Outcomes of the Third Council Ashoka derecognized all the diversions from Buddhism and established Theravada Buddhism as the original Buddhism. Compilation of Abhidhammapitaka, which had a philosophical interpretation of Buddha’s teaching. This was provided by Moggali Putta to counter the other heretic teachings. All the Pittaka books were combined into one and are known as Tripitaka- the Holy Book of Buddhism. After this Council, Ashoka started Buddhist Missionary Activity and sent Missionaries to different parts of India, and the regional countries Srilanka, Thailand, etc. The Fourth Buddhist Council was held in 78AD at Kundalavan in Kashmir under the patronage of Kushana King Kanishka. The Council was presided over by the great Monk Vashumitra. Major Outcomes of the Fourth Buddhist Council An encyclopedia of Buddhism was compiled and it was called Mahavibhash. By the end of the Council was Buddhism was divided into two distinct sects called Mahayana(Greater Vehicle), and Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle). The division in Buddhism that took place during the Fourth Buddhist Council is still prevalent today. The point of discord between the Hinayana and Mahayana sects arose mainly due to the interpretation of the teachings of the Buddha. Hinayana encompasses eighteen schools, however, the two most important schools are Theravada and Sarvastivada. Sarvastivada is further divided into Vaibhashika and Sautantrika based on philosophical differences. Mahayana sect, whereas, is divided into two major sub-sects- Chittamatra and Madhyamika. Other Major Differences between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism Buddhas and Arhats: Both agree that Arhats(liberated beings) are more limited than the Buddhas(enlightened ones). However, the Mahayana sect claims that the Arhats are free only of emotional obscurations, and not free of cognitive obscurations, whereas Buddha is free of both sets of obscurations. Hinayana sect does not provide any such formulation. Teachings of Buddha: The Hinayana believed in the original teachings of Buddha, and did not accept any changes to it. Whereas, the Mahayana sect took a liberal interpretation of the teachings of the Buddha. For example, Mahayana monks received gifts and enjoyed luxuries, while Hianayana believed that enlightenment cannot be achieved through these practices. Salvation: Hianayana believed that salvation, that is the attainment of enlightenment, to be an individual process, and it can be achieved through a disciplined life and meditation. Mahayana, on the other hand, believed the salvation to be an individual as well as group objective. That’s why Mahayana was also called the Greater Vehicle. Idol Worship: The Hinayana believed Buddha to be just a man who achieved enlightenment through meditation and discipline, and any other person can achieve it too. They did not regard Buddha to be a heavenly figure. Whereas, the Mahayana believed Buddha to be a heavenly figure who came down to earth to help people cross the sea of life, and practiced idol worship. Language: The Hinayana used Pali, a language of the common people, to teach, write, and spread the teachings of Buddha, while the Mahayana used Sanskrit, an elitist language, for the same purposes. The two sects of Buddhism are practiced in different parts of the world. Mahayana Buddhism is practiced in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, and Mongolia, while Hianayana Buddism(Theravada) is largely practiced in Sri Lanka and the Indo China region.
##Question:Give an account of the major outcomes of the third and fourth Buddhist Councils. Also, explain the differences between the Hinayana and Mahayana sects of Buddhism. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach Briefly mention the death of Buddha and the outcomes of the first and second Councils. Provide details of major outcomes of the third and fourth Councils, and how Hinayana and Mahanaya sects were created as a result of these Councils. Discuss the differences between the Hinayana and Mahayana sects of Buddhism. Conclude by providing a current geographical spread of these sects. Answer After spreading Buddhism across a vast tract of India, Buddha attained Mahaparinibbana in Kushinagar at the age of 80. After his death, his followers persuaded King Ajatshatru to convene the first Buddhist Council to discuss collate, and classify the discourses of the Buddha into authoritative canonical texts. In the First Buddhist Council (483 BC) at Rajgriha, Vinayapitaka and Suttapitaka were compiled as a result of the efforts of Upali and Anand. In the second Buddhist Council (383 BC), under the patronage of Kalashoka, Buddhism was informally divided into two sects- Stharvadins, who believed in the original teachings of Buddha, and Mahasanghikas, who took liberal interpretations of the codes provided in the Vinaya Pitaka. In the above context, the Third Buddhist Council was convened in 250 BC under the Patronage of King Ashoka and was presided over by the Monk Mogali Putta Tissa. King Ashoka, himself attended the Council in the capacity of Monk. The Major Outcomes of the Third Council Ashoka derecognized all the diversions from Buddhism and established Theravada Buddhism as the original Buddhism. Compilation of Abhidhammapitaka, which had a philosophical interpretation of Buddha’s teaching. This was provided by Moggali Putta to counter the other heretic teachings. All the Pittaka books were combined into one and are known as Tripitaka- the Holy Book of Buddhism. After this Council, Ashoka started Buddhist Missionary Activity and sent Missionaries to different parts of India, and the regional countries Srilanka, Thailand, etc. The Fourth Buddhist Council was held in 78AD at Kundalavan in Kashmir under the patronage of Kushana King Kanishka. The Council was presided over by the great Monk Vashumitra. Major Outcomes of the Fourth Buddhist Council An encyclopedia of Buddhism was compiled and it was called Mahavibhash. By the end of the Council was Buddhism was divided into two distinct sects called Mahayana(Greater Vehicle), and Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle). The division in Buddhism that took place during the Fourth Buddhist Council is still prevalent today. The point of discord between the Hinayana and Mahayana sects arose mainly due to the interpretation of the teachings of the Buddha. Hinayana encompasses eighteen schools, however, the two most important schools are Theravada and Sarvastivada. Sarvastivada is further divided into Vaibhashika and Sautantrika based on philosophical differences. Mahayana sect, whereas, is divided into two major sub-sects- Chittamatra and Madhyamika. Other Major Differences between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism Buddhas and Arhats: Both agree that Arhats(liberated beings) are more limited than the Buddhas(enlightened ones). However, the Mahayana sect claims that the Arhats are free only of emotional obscurations, and not free of cognitive obscurations, whereas Buddha is free of both sets of obscurations. Hinayana sect does not provide any such formulation. Teachings of Buddha: The Hinayana believed in the original teachings of Buddha, and did not accept any changes to it. Whereas, the Mahayana sect took a liberal interpretation of the teachings of the Buddha. For example, Mahayana monks received gifts and enjoyed luxuries, while Hianayana believed that enlightenment cannot be achieved through these practices. Salvation: Hianayana believed that salvation, that is the attainment of enlightenment, to be an individual process, and it can be achieved through a disciplined life and meditation. Mahayana, on the other hand, believed the salvation to be an individual as well as group objective. That’s why Mahayana was also called the Greater Vehicle. Idol Worship: The Hinayana believed Buddha to be just a man who achieved enlightenment through meditation and discipline, and any other person can achieve it too. They did not regard Buddha to be a heavenly figure. Whereas, the Mahayana believed Buddha to be a heavenly figure who came down to earth to help people cross the sea of life, and practiced idol worship. Language: The Hinayana used Pali, a language of the common people, to teach, write, and spread the teachings of Buddha, while the Mahayana used Sanskrit, an elitist language, for the same purposes. The two sects of Buddhism are practiced in different parts of the world. Mahayana Buddhism is practiced in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, and Mongolia, while Hianayana Buddism(Theravada) is largely practiced in Sri Lanka and the Indo China region.
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केंद्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बल न केवल भारत की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं पर बल्कि देश की सीमाओं के भीतर भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते है। स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक ) The Central Armed Police Forces plays an important role not only on India"s international borders but also within the country"s borders. Explain (150-200 words, 10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण- 1-भूमिका में केन्द्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बल का परिचय 2-बलों को प्राप्त अधिदेश 3-अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं पर भूमिका 4-देश के आंतरिक भागों में भूमिका 5- व्यापक महत्त्व के संदर्भ में निष्कर्ष | केन्द्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बल भारत का सबसे बड़ा आंतरिक पुलिस बल है | CAPF, देश की सीमाओं की सुरक्षा के साथ-साथ आंतरिक सुरक्षा, लोक व्यवस्था, कानून व्यवस्था को सुनिश्चित कर देश में समरसता एवं शान्ति की स्थापना में भारत सरकार की सहायता करता है| इस प्रकार यह भारत के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है | CAPF के अंतर्गत विभिन्न घटक हैं जैसे, BSF, SSB, ITBP, CRPF, CRPF, CISF, NSG आदि | सभी घटकों का अधिदेश विशिष्ट है | विशिष्ट अधिदेश BSF को भारत-पाक सीमाओं की सुरक्षा के लिए गठित बल है | इसका गठन 1965 में भारत-पाक युद्ध के बाद किया गया था | SSB का गठन भारत-चीन युद्ध के बाद किया गया था इसे सियाचिन, अरुणाचल प्रदेश, सिक्किम आदि क्षेत्रों से लगी भारत-चीन सीमा की सुरक्षा का विशिष्ट अधिदेश प्राप्त है | ITBP भारत-तिब्बत सीमा की निगरानी और सुरक्षा की जिम्मेदारी निभाता है | CISF भारत के औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों की सुरक्षा तथा विदेशों में भारतीय मिशनों में भागीदारी का अधिदेश दिया गया है | अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं पर भूमिका सीमाओं की सुरक्षा के साथ ही CAPF के बल निम्नलिखित कार्य भी करते हैं, यथा भारतीय सीना द्वारा विजित भूमि पर कब्ज़ा बनाये रखना, आवश्यकता पड़ने पर सीमित आक्रामक कार्यवाही करना, युद्धबंदियों का नियंत्रण एवं निगरानी करना, शरणार्थियों के नियंत्रण एवं प्रबंधन में सहायता तथा भारतीय सेना को आवश्यक सहायता उपलब्ध कराना ,आदि | देश के आंतरिक भागों में भूमिका सीमा क्षेत्र के विकास कार्यों में रचनात्मक भूमिका निभाना, जैसे-स्थानीय बच्चों का अध्यापन,अवसंरचना विकास आदि, सीमावर्ती क्षेत्र के नागरिकों में सुरक्षा की भावना विकसित करना और इस प्रकार उनमे राष्ट्रीयता की भावना का विकास करना, राष्ट्रीय समेकन का प्रयास करना, अवैध अप्रवासन पर रोक लगाना, मादक पदार्थों और मानव तस्करी पर नियंत्रण करना, घुसपैठ विरोधी कानूनों का प्रवर्तन करना, औद्योगिक प्रतिष्ठानों की आवश्यक सुरक्षा प्रदान करना, संसद और महत्वपूर्ण पदों पर आसीन व्यक्तियों की सुरक्षा, आंतरिक उग्रवाद के नियंत्रण में भागीदारी आपदा प्रबंधन में भागीदारी करना, आंतरिक अस्थिरताओं पर नियंत्रण स्थापना में पुलिस की सहायता, तथा कैलाश मानसरोवर यात्रा जैसी सांस्कृतिक गतिविधियों का आयोजन में सहयोग करना आदि | इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि CAPF बाह्य एवं आंतरिक चुनौतियों का सामना कर देश के विकास में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है |
##Question:केंद्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बल न केवल भारत की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं पर बल्कि देश की सीमाओं के भीतर भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते है। स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक ) The Central Armed Police Forces plays an important role not only on India"s international borders but also within the country"s borders. Explain (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- 1-भूमिका में केन्द्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बल का परिचय 2-बलों को प्राप्त अधिदेश 3-अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं पर भूमिका 4-देश के आंतरिक भागों में भूमिका 5- व्यापक महत्त्व के संदर्भ में निष्कर्ष | केन्द्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बल भारत का सबसे बड़ा आंतरिक पुलिस बल है | CAPF, देश की सीमाओं की सुरक्षा के साथ-साथ आंतरिक सुरक्षा, लोक व्यवस्था, कानून व्यवस्था को सुनिश्चित कर देश में समरसता एवं शान्ति की स्थापना में भारत सरकार की सहायता करता है| इस प्रकार यह भारत के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है | CAPF के अंतर्गत विभिन्न घटक हैं जैसे, BSF, SSB, ITBP, CRPF, CRPF, CISF, NSG आदि | सभी घटकों का अधिदेश विशिष्ट है | विशिष्ट अधिदेश BSF को भारत-पाक सीमाओं की सुरक्षा के लिए गठित बल है | इसका गठन 1965 में भारत-पाक युद्ध के बाद किया गया था | SSB का गठन भारत-चीन युद्ध के बाद किया गया था इसे सियाचिन, अरुणाचल प्रदेश, सिक्किम आदि क्षेत्रों से लगी भारत-चीन सीमा की सुरक्षा का विशिष्ट अधिदेश प्राप्त है | ITBP भारत-तिब्बत सीमा की निगरानी और सुरक्षा की जिम्मेदारी निभाता है | CISF भारत के औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों की सुरक्षा तथा विदेशों में भारतीय मिशनों में भागीदारी का अधिदेश दिया गया है | अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं पर भूमिका सीमाओं की सुरक्षा के साथ ही CAPF के बल निम्नलिखित कार्य भी करते हैं, यथा भारतीय सीना द्वारा विजित भूमि पर कब्ज़ा बनाये रखना, आवश्यकता पड़ने पर सीमित आक्रामक कार्यवाही करना, युद्धबंदियों का नियंत्रण एवं निगरानी करना, शरणार्थियों के नियंत्रण एवं प्रबंधन में सहायता तथा भारतीय सेना को आवश्यक सहायता उपलब्ध कराना ,आदि | देश के आंतरिक भागों में भूमिका सीमा क्षेत्र के विकास कार्यों में रचनात्मक भूमिका निभाना, जैसे-स्थानीय बच्चों का अध्यापन,अवसंरचना विकास आदि, सीमावर्ती क्षेत्र के नागरिकों में सुरक्षा की भावना विकसित करना और इस प्रकार उनमे राष्ट्रीयता की भावना का विकास करना, राष्ट्रीय समेकन का प्रयास करना, अवैध अप्रवासन पर रोक लगाना, मादक पदार्थों और मानव तस्करी पर नियंत्रण करना, घुसपैठ विरोधी कानूनों का प्रवर्तन करना, औद्योगिक प्रतिष्ठानों की आवश्यक सुरक्षा प्रदान करना, संसद और महत्वपूर्ण पदों पर आसीन व्यक्तियों की सुरक्षा, आंतरिक उग्रवाद के नियंत्रण में भागीदारी आपदा प्रबंधन में भागीदारी करना, आंतरिक अस्थिरताओं पर नियंत्रण स्थापना में पुलिस की सहायता, तथा कैलाश मानसरोवर यात्रा जैसी सांस्कृतिक गतिविधियों का आयोजन में सहयोग करना आदि | इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि CAPF बाह्य एवं आंतरिक चुनौतियों का सामना कर देश के विकास में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है |
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"Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, but in many ways, he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which he sprang.” Comment. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- Brief introduction by explaining the statement Mention about the wars led by Napoleon that helped in his rise Mention the negative policies of him that were not aligned with the values of Revolution Conclusion ANSWER Napoleon was the product of French Revolution, who, in 1799, combined a passion for power with his genius for leadership. Although much of what Napoleon accomplished over fifteen years seemed to undermine the principles of 1789, the end result was that many of the achievements of the Revolution were made French realities. Napoleon was a very respected military general that helped France win many wars. It made him a national hero in the times when the outcome of the revolution was failing and people were looking for hope. In 1793, when he was only 24 years old, Napoleon’s artillery pushed the British out of Toulon. In 1795, he saved the Convention from a Royalist insurrection. In 1796, he was given command of the French Army of Italy. 1802: Became first Counsel 1804: crowned himself Emperor ThoughNapoleon was the product of revolution itself, but later he tried to take policies those were against the values of the revolution. He instituted the CODE NAPOLEON which incorporated the great principles of 1789: equality before the law, etc. However, also had its less-liberal side. Workers were denied collective bargaining, trade unions were outlawed, and a system of labor passports was instituted. He betrayed equality by creating the civil code that only gave rights to man and not the woman. he also betrayed fraternity by creating his position hereditary. Women were declared to be inferior to men by law, and children had no rights at all. Between 1805 and 1807, Napoleon defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia becoming the virtual ruler of the Continent. etc He even declared a policythat was against thebasic freedom such as, he denied gathering of people more than 20 in numbers Napoleon declared that his aim was to defend the Revolution and consolidate its gains. However, he did help to consolidate many gains of the Revolution. But, such a view ignores the downside of Napoleon, his repression of liberty, the general subversion of republicanism, and the oppression of conquered peoples. Hence, in many ways, he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which he sprang."
##Question:"Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, but in many ways, he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which he sprang.” Comment. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- Brief introduction by explaining the statement Mention about the wars led by Napoleon that helped in his rise Mention the negative policies of him that were not aligned with the values of Revolution Conclusion ANSWER Napoleon was the product of French Revolution, who, in 1799, combined a passion for power with his genius for leadership. Although much of what Napoleon accomplished over fifteen years seemed to undermine the principles of 1789, the end result was that many of the achievements of the Revolution were made French realities. Napoleon was a very respected military general that helped France win many wars. It made him a national hero in the times when the outcome of the revolution was failing and people were looking for hope. In 1793, when he was only 24 years old, Napoleon’s artillery pushed the British out of Toulon. In 1795, he saved the Convention from a Royalist insurrection. In 1796, he was given command of the French Army of Italy. 1802: Became first Counsel 1804: crowned himself Emperor ThoughNapoleon was the product of revolution itself, but later he tried to take policies those were against the values of the revolution. He instituted the CODE NAPOLEON which incorporated the great principles of 1789: equality before the law, etc. However, also had its less-liberal side. Workers were denied collective bargaining, trade unions were outlawed, and a system of labor passports was instituted. He betrayed equality by creating the civil code that only gave rights to man and not the woman. he also betrayed fraternity by creating his position hereditary. Women were declared to be inferior to men by law, and children had no rights at all. Between 1805 and 1807, Napoleon defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia becoming the virtual ruler of the Continent. etc He even declared a policythat was against thebasic freedom such as, he denied gathering of people more than 20 in numbers Napoleon declared that his aim was to defend the Revolution and consolidate its gains. However, he did help to consolidate many gains of the Revolution. But, such a view ignores the downside of Napoleon, his repression of liberty, the general subversion of republicanism, and the oppression of conquered peoples. Hence, in many ways, he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which he sprang."
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Communalism was inherent in the nature of a colonial state where the British rulers made blatant use of the divide and rule policy to ensure their own survival. In this context, comment on the causes for the emergence of communalism in India during British rule. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Define communalism briefly in an introductory part. Refer to an absence of communalism in a pre-British era Highlight causes of the emergence of communalism during British rule Answer : Communalism or communal ideology consists of three basic perceptions – 1. A belief that the people of same religion have common socio-economic and cultural interests. 2. In a multi-religious society, the interests of one religion or its followers are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of other religion or its followers. 3. Interests of followers of one religion are incompatible, antagonistic and hostile with respect to the interests of the followers of other religion. It is often said that multiplicity of religion was the reason for the spread of communalism in India which is true to some extent but not entirely. However, the nature of British rule was primarily responsible forthe development of communalism in India. Before the British rule i.e. in an ancient and medieval India, there were hardly any incidents of communal violence. In fact, in medieval India, minority group (Muslims) was ruling the majority group (Hindu). Even in the revolt of 1857, there was a unity between Hindu and Muslim against the British rule. Communalism during the British Rule I]Divide and rule policy of British - To counter the growing nationalism, communalism became the main prop of colonialism. For eg. Tolerance towards the communal press. British divided the Bengal on a communal line by giving the administrative reason. A policy of separate electorate granted in 1909 become the main cause for partition of India in 1947 on communal lines.Other such policies/awards like Communal Award, a virtual veto on political settlement given by the British to the AIML. II] Policy of Appeasement - Immediate after the end of the revolt of 1857, British softened their policy towards Hindu. However, after the formation of Congress, British tilted softness towards Muslim by supporting Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan, helping Muslim in the formation of Muslim League in 1906. III] Power Struggle through social stratification - The social and class distinctions of Indian society coincided with the religious divisions. The Muslims and the lower caste Hindus were generally peasants or exploited sections while upper caste Hindus were, in general, the moneylenders and landlords or the exploiters. Thus the society was divided on the lines of exploiters and the exploited. Communalism was manufactured vis-à-vis power struggle among upper strata. For eg. Muslim zamindars vs. Hindu moneylenders in West Punjab and Muslim Jotedars vs. Hindu zamindars in East Bengal IV] Communal Interpretation of History - Ancient history is considered a history of Hindus while medieval history is considered a history of dominance of Muslim over Hindus. Other reasons for the growth of communalism - i) Side effects of Socio-religious reforms/militant nationalist movements. Hindu tinge was given to the nationalist agenda. For eg. Taking a dip in Ganga or overemphasizing ancient Indian culture and undermining medieval Indian culture led to the resentment among educated Muslims. Also, Shuddhi movements among Hindus and Tabligh and Tanzeem movements among the Muslims widened the gap. ii) Failure of national leadership to unify different sections of society and were restricted to a policy of negotiations. Events like Lucknow Pact, Delhi proposals, Desai-liaqat talks, Rajagopalachari formula, etc gave tacit approval to the idea of Communalism since it recognised AIML as a negotiator of Muslim interests. iii) British policies like separate electorate formalised the communal pattern of Indian politics. Its acceptance by all political parties dictated that religions share economic and political interests but are socio-culturally different. iv) Evolution of the 2 nation theory over the years gave credence to communal narratives. Thus failure of governance was covered up by furthering the religion card and it was an inherent trait of the colonial rule in India whose ripples ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947. However,, some inherent features of the struggle for freedom, though not done deliberately, also contributed to the promotion of communalism further.
##Question:Communalism was inherent in the nature of a colonial state where the British rulers made blatant use of the divide and rule policy to ensure their own survival. In this context, comment on the causes for the emergence of communalism in India during British rule. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Define communalism briefly in an introductory part. Refer to an absence of communalism in a pre-British era Highlight causes of the emergence of communalism during British rule Answer : Communalism or communal ideology consists of three basic perceptions – 1. A belief that the people of same religion have common socio-economic and cultural interests. 2. In a multi-religious society, the interests of one religion or its followers are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of other religion or its followers. 3. Interests of followers of one religion are incompatible, antagonistic and hostile with respect to the interests of the followers of other religion. It is often said that multiplicity of religion was the reason for the spread of communalism in India which is true to some extent but not entirely. However, the nature of British rule was primarily responsible forthe development of communalism in India. Before the British rule i.e. in an ancient and medieval India, there were hardly any incidents of communal violence. In fact, in medieval India, minority group (Muslims) was ruling the majority group (Hindu). Even in the revolt of 1857, there was a unity between Hindu and Muslim against the British rule. Communalism during the British Rule I]Divide and rule policy of British - To counter the growing nationalism, communalism became the main prop of colonialism. For eg. Tolerance towards the communal press. British divided the Bengal on a communal line by giving the administrative reason. A policy of separate electorate granted in 1909 become the main cause for partition of India in 1947 on communal lines.Other such policies/awards like Communal Award, a virtual veto on political settlement given by the British to the AIML. II] Policy of Appeasement - Immediate after the end of the revolt of 1857, British softened their policy towards Hindu. However, after the formation of Congress, British tilted softness towards Muslim by supporting Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan, helping Muslim in the formation of Muslim League in 1906. III] Power Struggle through social stratification - The social and class distinctions of Indian society coincided with the religious divisions. The Muslims and the lower caste Hindus were generally peasants or exploited sections while upper caste Hindus were, in general, the moneylenders and landlords or the exploiters. Thus the society was divided on the lines of exploiters and the exploited. Communalism was manufactured vis-à-vis power struggle among upper strata. For eg. Muslim zamindars vs. Hindu moneylenders in West Punjab and Muslim Jotedars vs. Hindu zamindars in East Bengal IV] Communal Interpretation of History - Ancient history is considered a history of Hindus while medieval history is considered a history of dominance of Muslim over Hindus. Other reasons for the growth of communalism - i) Side effects of Socio-religious reforms/militant nationalist movements. Hindu tinge was given to the nationalist agenda. For eg. Taking a dip in Ganga or overemphasizing ancient Indian culture and undermining medieval Indian culture led to the resentment among educated Muslims. Also, Shuddhi movements among Hindus and Tabligh and Tanzeem movements among the Muslims widened the gap. ii) Failure of national leadership to unify different sections of society and were restricted to a policy of negotiations. Events like Lucknow Pact, Delhi proposals, Desai-liaqat talks, Rajagopalachari formula, etc gave tacit approval to the idea of Communalism since it recognised AIML as a negotiator of Muslim interests. iii) British policies like separate electorate formalised the communal pattern of Indian politics. Its acceptance by all political parties dictated that religions share economic and political interests but are socio-culturally different. iv) Evolution of the 2 nation theory over the years gave credence to communal narratives. Thus failure of governance was covered up by furthering the religion card and it was an inherent trait of the colonial rule in India whose ripples ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947. However,, some inherent features of the struggle for freedom, though not done deliberately, also contributed to the promotion of communalism further.
37,351
Explain the seriousness of terrorism as an issue in India-Pakistan relations.(150 words/10 marks)
Approach: The main theme of the question is to list out why terrorism is an important issue between India and Pakistan. Answer: Terrorism is the most contentious issue as far as India- Pakistan relationship is concerned. Though there are other issues between the two countries, Ministry of External affairs has made it very clear that terror and talks cannot go on together, though they want to resolve the issues through dialogue only. The seriousness of terrorism as an issue can be understood through the following arguments: - Highlighted as a critical issue- India has been pressing concerns on the Pakistan based terrorism in India for a very long time making it central to all interactions with Pakistan. - International support- In recent times India"s concerns have been backed by USA and the International community at large. - State policy - This is the biggest concern that terrorism is a part of Pakistan"s state policy, it is not an isolated affair. When it is an official policy it obviously becomes crucial India as well. -State-sponsored terrorism - The state is actively involved in providing assistance and sponsoring anti- India activitieslike trainingand funding toinsurgents and terror outfits. - Cross-border Terrorism - Infiltration and other illegal activities are getting a boost from the other side of the border. This cross-borderterrorism is not just a security issue but it has taken the form of Narcoterrorismlike the one being experienced in Punjab. -Sub-conventional warfare - It is an armedconflict which is above the thresholdof peace but below the thresholdof war. It has not been declaredas a war but isolated instances keep taking place like ceasefire violation, infiltrationof terrorists, bombing and law and order disruption. -Toll on military- Even without an actual war, military expenditures have been increasing owing to the strains of terrorism. There is loss of life which shakes the morale of the soldiers. Even in otherwise normal conditions, Army has to be deployed rather than the civilian forces to check terrorism. Attacksarebeing targeted directly on military bases like the Pathankot air base attack. - Situation in Kashmir- Most of the terror activieshave been targeted at Kashmir. this creates a secessionisttendency in the region which makes it integration with India a challenging affair. This state-sponsored terrorism is thus also considered to be meddling in the internal affairs of India. -Violence in other parts of the country- Violence threatened all the parts of the country, it is believed that in the current scenario none of the frontiers are safe. Mumbai attacks are one examplewhere activities were planned and collaborated from Pakistan. There has been pushing demand from India to bring to trial the terrorists involved in the incident who are known to get refuge in Pakistan. Until the time Pakistan"s support to anti-India elements continues terrorism will take centre-stage in India- Pakistanrelations. Violence particularly in Kashmir and the sub-conventional warfare is perceived in all seriousness and will need to be addressed for focusing the relationship on greater positive engagement in terms of culture and trade.
##Question:Explain the seriousness of terrorism as an issue in India-Pakistan relations.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: The main theme of the question is to list out why terrorism is an important issue between India and Pakistan. Answer: Terrorism is the most contentious issue as far as India- Pakistan relationship is concerned. Though there are other issues between the two countries, Ministry of External affairs has made it very clear that terror and talks cannot go on together, though they want to resolve the issues through dialogue only. The seriousness of terrorism as an issue can be understood through the following arguments: - Highlighted as a critical issue- India has been pressing concerns on the Pakistan based terrorism in India for a very long time making it central to all interactions with Pakistan. - International support- In recent times India"s concerns have been backed by USA and the International community at large. - State policy - This is the biggest concern that terrorism is a part of Pakistan"s state policy, it is not an isolated affair. When it is an official policy it obviously becomes crucial India as well. -State-sponsored terrorism - The state is actively involved in providing assistance and sponsoring anti- India activitieslike trainingand funding toinsurgents and terror outfits. - Cross-border Terrorism - Infiltration and other illegal activities are getting a boost from the other side of the border. This cross-borderterrorism is not just a security issue but it has taken the form of Narcoterrorismlike the one being experienced in Punjab. -Sub-conventional warfare - It is an armedconflict which is above the thresholdof peace but below the thresholdof war. It has not been declaredas a war but isolated instances keep taking place like ceasefire violation, infiltrationof terrorists, bombing and law and order disruption. -Toll on military- Even without an actual war, military expenditures have been increasing owing to the strains of terrorism. There is loss of life which shakes the morale of the soldiers. Even in otherwise normal conditions, Army has to be deployed rather than the civilian forces to check terrorism. Attacksarebeing targeted directly on military bases like the Pathankot air base attack. - Situation in Kashmir- Most of the terror activieshave been targeted at Kashmir. this creates a secessionisttendency in the region which makes it integration with India a challenging affair. This state-sponsored terrorism is thus also considered to be meddling in the internal affairs of India. -Violence in other parts of the country- Violence threatened all the parts of the country, it is believed that in the current scenario none of the frontiers are safe. Mumbai attacks are one examplewhere activities were planned and collaborated from Pakistan. There has been pushing demand from India to bring to trial the terrorists involved in the incident who are known to get refuge in Pakistan. Until the time Pakistan"s support to anti-India elements continues terrorism will take centre-stage in India- Pakistanrelations. Violence particularly in Kashmir and the sub-conventional warfare is perceived in all seriousness and will need to be addressed for focusing the relationship on greater positive engagement in terms of culture and trade.
37,358
Explain different generation of biofuel with examples.(150 words)/(10 words)
1. Introduction -Try to define biofuel 2. Body -Try to define different Generations. 3. Give salient features of National policy on biofuels 4. Conclusion - Give importance to biofuel ANSWER- ‘Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass resources and used in place of, or in addition to, diesel, petrol or other fossil fuels for transport, stationary, portable and other applications; Generation of Biofuel First Generation Biofuel First-generation biofuels , also known as conventional biofuels, are made from sugar, starch or vegetable oil. First-generation biofuels are produced through well-understood technologies and processes, like fermentation, distillation and transesterification. These processes have been used for hundreds of years in many uses, such as making alcohol. Sugars and starches are fermented to produce primarily ethanol, and in smaller quantities, butanol and propanol. Ethanol has one-third of the energy density of gasoline but is currently used in many countries, including the United States, as an additive to gasoline. They pose a threat to food prices since the biomass used is food crops such as corn and sugar beet. First-generation biofuel production has contributed to recent increases in world prices for food and animal feeds. They also have the potential to have a negative impact on biodiversity and competition for water in some regions. Second Generation Biofuels Second-generation biofuels address many issues associated with 1st generation biofuels. They don’t compete between fuels and food crops since they come from distinct biomass. Second-generation biofuels also generate higher energy yields per acre than 1st generation fuels. They allow for use of poorer-quality land where food crops may not be able to grow. The technology is fairly immature, so it still has the potential for cost reductions and increased production efficiency as scientific advances occur Third Generation Biofuel - Third-generation biofuels use specially engineered crops such as algae as the energy source. These algae are grown and harvested to extract oil from them. The oil can then be converted into biodiesel through a similar process as 1st generation biofuels, or it can be refined into other fuels as replacements for petroleum-based fuels. Fourth Generation Biofuel Four Generation Bio-fuels are aimed at not only producing sustainable energy but also a way of capturing and storing co2. Biomass materials, which have absorbed co2 while growing, are converted into fuel using the same processes as second-generation biofuels. This process differs from second and third-generation production as at all stages of production the carbon dioxide is captured using processes such as oxy-fuel combustion [4] . The carbon dioxide can then be geosequestered by storing it in old oil and gas fields or saline aquifers. Salient Feature Nationalpolicy on Biofuel. 1. An indicative target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol and 5% blending of biodieselin proposed by 2030. 2. With a thrust on advanced Biofuels, the policy indicates a viability gap funding scheme for 2g ethanol biorefineries of Rs 5900 crore in 6 years in addition to additional tax incentives, higher purchase price as compared to 1 G biofuels 3. Categorisation of biofuels into basic biofuels -First generation (1G) Bioethanol and Biodiesel and advanced biofuels -second Generation ethanol drop-in fuels algae-based third generation (3G) biofuels 4. Increase the scope of raw material for ethanol procurement by encouraging intermediate (b-molasses) sugarcane juice and other sugar-containing materials and damaged as well as surplus food grains 5. Develop a national biomass repository by conducting an appraisalof biomass across the country 6. Biodiesel production to be encouraged from non-edible oilseeds, and used cooking oil. short gestation crops and development of supply chain mechanism 7. Thrust on research development and demonstration in the field of biofuel feedstock production, advanced conversion technologies from identified feedstock 8. Setting up of National biofuel coordination committee (NBCC) under the ministry of petroleum and natural gas and the working group on biofuels. India’s energy security would remain vulnerable until alternative fuels to substitute/supplement petro-based fuels are developed based on indigenously produced renewable feedstocks. In biofuels, the country has a ray of hope in providing energy security. Biofuels are environment-friendly fuels and their utilization would address global concerns about the containment of carbon emissions. The transportation sector has been identified as a major polluting sector. The use of biofuels has, therefore, become compelling in view of the tightening automotive vehicle emission standards to curb air pollution
##Question:Explain different generation of biofuel with examples.(150 words)/(10 words)##Answer:1. Introduction -Try to define biofuel 2. Body -Try to define different Generations. 3. Give salient features of National policy on biofuels 4. Conclusion - Give importance to biofuel ANSWER- ‘Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass resources and used in place of, or in addition to, diesel, petrol or other fossil fuels for transport, stationary, portable and other applications; Generation of Biofuel First Generation Biofuel First-generation biofuels , also known as conventional biofuels, are made from sugar, starch or vegetable oil. First-generation biofuels are produced through well-understood technologies and processes, like fermentation, distillation and transesterification. These processes have been used for hundreds of years in many uses, such as making alcohol. Sugars and starches are fermented to produce primarily ethanol, and in smaller quantities, butanol and propanol. Ethanol has one-third of the energy density of gasoline but is currently used in many countries, including the United States, as an additive to gasoline. They pose a threat to food prices since the biomass used is food crops such as corn and sugar beet. First-generation biofuel production has contributed to recent increases in world prices for food and animal feeds. They also have the potential to have a negative impact on biodiversity and competition for water in some regions. Second Generation Biofuels Second-generation biofuels address many issues associated with 1st generation biofuels. They don’t compete between fuels and food crops since they come from distinct biomass. Second-generation biofuels also generate higher energy yields per acre than 1st generation fuels. They allow for use of poorer-quality land where food crops may not be able to grow. The technology is fairly immature, so it still has the potential for cost reductions and increased production efficiency as scientific advances occur Third Generation Biofuel - Third-generation biofuels use specially engineered crops such as algae as the energy source. These algae are grown and harvested to extract oil from them. The oil can then be converted into biodiesel through a similar process as 1st generation biofuels, or it can be refined into other fuels as replacements for petroleum-based fuels. Fourth Generation Biofuel Four Generation Bio-fuels are aimed at not only producing sustainable energy but also a way of capturing and storing co2. Biomass materials, which have absorbed co2 while growing, are converted into fuel using the same processes as second-generation biofuels. This process differs from second and third-generation production as at all stages of production the carbon dioxide is captured using processes such as oxy-fuel combustion [4] . The carbon dioxide can then be geosequestered by storing it in old oil and gas fields or saline aquifers. Salient Feature Nationalpolicy on Biofuel. 1. An indicative target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol and 5% blending of biodieselin proposed by 2030. 2. With a thrust on advanced Biofuels, the policy indicates a viability gap funding scheme for 2g ethanol biorefineries of Rs 5900 crore in 6 years in addition to additional tax incentives, higher purchase price as compared to 1 G biofuels 3. Categorisation of biofuels into basic biofuels -First generation (1G) Bioethanol and Biodiesel and advanced biofuels -second Generation ethanol drop-in fuels algae-based third generation (3G) biofuels 4. Increase the scope of raw material for ethanol procurement by encouraging intermediate (b-molasses) sugarcane juice and other sugar-containing materials and damaged as well as surplus food grains 5. Develop a national biomass repository by conducting an appraisalof biomass across the country 6. Biodiesel production to be encouraged from non-edible oilseeds, and used cooking oil. short gestation crops and development of supply chain mechanism 7. Thrust on research development and demonstration in the field of biofuel feedstock production, advanced conversion technologies from identified feedstock 8. Setting up of National biofuel coordination committee (NBCC) under the ministry of petroleum and natural gas and the working group on biofuels. India’s energy security would remain vulnerable until alternative fuels to substitute/supplement petro-based fuels are developed based on indigenously produced renewable feedstocks. In biofuels, the country has a ray of hope in providing energy security. Biofuels are environment-friendly fuels and their utilization would address global concerns about the containment of carbon emissions. The transportation sector has been identified as a major polluting sector. The use of biofuels has, therefore, become compelling in view of the tightening automotive vehicle emission standards to curb air pollution
37,367
एशिया के बदलते भू-राजनीतिक परिदृश्य में भारत के लिए ईरान का महत्त्व बढ़ता जा रहा है लेकिन ईरान के साथ अपने संबंधों के विस्तार में भारत को अनेक चुनौतियाँ का सामना करना पड़ रहा है। टिप्पणी कीजिए। (10 अंक; 150-200 शब्द ) Iran"s importance to India is increasing in the changing geopolitical scenario of Asia, but India is facing many challenges in expanding its relations with Iran. Comment. (10 marks; 150-200 words)
दृष्टिकोण भूमिका (एशिया में बदलता भू-राजनीतिक परिदृश्य और भारत की आवश्यकताओं का स्पष्टीकरण) ईरान की भू-राजनीतिक स्थिति भारत के लिए ईरान का महत्त्व भारत के समक्ष चुनौतियां समाधान युक्त निष्कर्ष उत्तर- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय शक्ति व्यवस्था में हो रहे परिवर्तनों के अनुरूप ही एशिया में रणनीतिक वातावरण परिवर्तित हुआ है| निकट वर्षों में एशिया में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूराजनीतिक परिवर्तनों को देखा जा सकता है|चीन-पाकिस्तान सम्बन्ध प्रगाढ़ हुए हैं|इसी प्रकार हाल ही में पाकिस्तान-रूस के मध्य संबंधों की स्थापना को देखा जा सकता है| चीन-पाकिस्तान-रूस त्रिगुट भारत के हितों को महत्वपूर्ण स्तर तक प्रभावित कर सकता है|इसीलिए भारत को अपने आर्थिक, सामरिक और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हितों के संरक्षण के लिए एशिया में प्रभावशाली मित्र राष्ट्रों की आवश्यकता है| मध्य एशिया के साथ भौगोलिक रूप से सम्बद्ध ईरान, भारतीय हितों के संवर्धन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है| भारत के लिए ईरान का महत्त्व ऊर्जा सुरक्षा - भारत एक महत्वपूर्ण ऊर्जा आयातक राष्ट्र है| भारत का विकास सुनिश्चित करने और विकास को निरंतरता देने के लिए ऊर्जा की अबाध आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित करना अति आवश्यक है |ईरान बड़े तेल उत्पादक एवं निर्यातक राष्ट्रों में से एक है|ईरान के साथ सम्बन्धों में प्रगाढ़ता लाने का प्रयास भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा को सुनिश्चित करेगा कनेक्टीविटी - ईरान मध्य एशियाई देशों के साथ भौगोलिक रूप से जुड़ा हुआ है और इस तरह से यूरेशियाई क्षेत्रों के भौगोलिक संपर्क में है| भारत को मध्य एशिया के देशों और यूरोपीय देशों तक जाने के लिए एक पारगमन मार्ग की आवश्यकता है|ईरान इस आवश्यकता की पूर्ति करने में सक्षम है| अफगानिस्तान के संदर्भ में - भारत को मध्य एशिया में अपनी पैठ मजबूत करने के लिए तथा आतंकवाद पर नियंत्रण के लिए अफगानिस्तान में स्थिरता आवश्यक है| अफगानिस्तान एक स्थल अवरुद्ध देश है अतः भारत को अफगानिस्तान के विकास, निवेश की सुरक्षा तथा पाकिस्तान के प्रतिसंतुलन के लिए एक पारगमन मार्ग के अतिरिक्त एक विश्वसनीय भागीदार की आवश्यकता है |इस सन्दर्भ में ईरान एक प्रभावशाली एवं सक्षम भागीदार हो सकता है| चाबहार बंदरगाह, अश्गाबात समझौते तथा INSTC के माध्यम से CPEC और ग्वादर बंदरगाह के प्रतिसंतुलन में ईरान भारत के लिए प्रभावशाली सहयोगी साबित हो सकता है|इनके अतिरिक्त, हिन्द महासागर में चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव को संतुलित करने में, मध्य एशिया के देशों में भारत की पहुँच और चीन का प्रतिसंतुलन, पश्चिम एशिया में भारत का प्रभाव बढाने में, क्षेत्रीय सहयोग में विस्तार, बाजार विस्तार आदि संदर्भों में ईरान भारत के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थिति में है| किन्तु ईरान के साथ सम्बन्ध स्थापना में भारत को अनेक चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ता है| चुनौतियाँ चीन के साथ ईरान का मजबूत होता सम्बन्ध(निवेश,व्यापार, चाबहार SEZ का विकास) ईरान-सऊदी अरब सम्बन्ध में संतुलन स्थापना की समस्या (शिया-सुन्नी विवाद ) भारत-अमेरिका सम्बन्धों का प्रभाव प्रत्यक्षतः भारत-ईरान सम्बन्ध पर पड़ता है भारत- इजराइल के मध्य बढ़ती सहभागिता और ईरान साथ सम्बन्ध को संतुलित रखने की चुनौती आदि उपरोक्त चुनौतियों को देखते हुए भारत को अपनी ईरान नीति के निरंतर संवर्धन का प्रयास करना चाहिए|
##Question:एशिया के बदलते भू-राजनीतिक परिदृश्य में भारत के लिए ईरान का महत्त्व बढ़ता जा रहा है लेकिन ईरान के साथ अपने संबंधों के विस्तार में भारत को अनेक चुनौतियाँ का सामना करना पड़ रहा है। टिप्पणी कीजिए। (10 अंक; 150-200 शब्द ) Iran"s importance to India is increasing in the changing geopolitical scenario of Asia, but India is facing many challenges in expanding its relations with Iran. Comment. (10 marks; 150-200 words)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण भूमिका (एशिया में बदलता भू-राजनीतिक परिदृश्य और भारत की आवश्यकताओं का स्पष्टीकरण) ईरान की भू-राजनीतिक स्थिति भारत के लिए ईरान का महत्त्व भारत के समक्ष चुनौतियां समाधान युक्त निष्कर्ष उत्तर- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय शक्ति व्यवस्था में हो रहे परिवर्तनों के अनुरूप ही एशिया में रणनीतिक वातावरण परिवर्तित हुआ है| निकट वर्षों में एशिया में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूराजनीतिक परिवर्तनों को देखा जा सकता है|चीन-पाकिस्तान सम्बन्ध प्रगाढ़ हुए हैं|इसी प्रकार हाल ही में पाकिस्तान-रूस के मध्य संबंधों की स्थापना को देखा जा सकता है| चीन-पाकिस्तान-रूस त्रिगुट भारत के हितों को महत्वपूर्ण स्तर तक प्रभावित कर सकता है|इसीलिए भारत को अपने आर्थिक, सामरिक और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हितों के संरक्षण के लिए एशिया में प्रभावशाली मित्र राष्ट्रों की आवश्यकता है| मध्य एशिया के साथ भौगोलिक रूप से सम्बद्ध ईरान, भारतीय हितों के संवर्धन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है| भारत के लिए ईरान का महत्त्व ऊर्जा सुरक्षा - भारत एक महत्वपूर्ण ऊर्जा आयातक राष्ट्र है| भारत का विकास सुनिश्चित करने और विकास को निरंतरता देने के लिए ऊर्जा की अबाध आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित करना अति आवश्यक है |ईरान बड़े तेल उत्पादक एवं निर्यातक राष्ट्रों में से एक है|ईरान के साथ सम्बन्धों में प्रगाढ़ता लाने का प्रयास भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा को सुनिश्चित करेगा कनेक्टीविटी - ईरान मध्य एशियाई देशों के साथ भौगोलिक रूप से जुड़ा हुआ है और इस तरह से यूरेशियाई क्षेत्रों के भौगोलिक संपर्क में है| भारत को मध्य एशिया के देशों और यूरोपीय देशों तक जाने के लिए एक पारगमन मार्ग की आवश्यकता है|ईरान इस आवश्यकता की पूर्ति करने में सक्षम है| अफगानिस्तान के संदर्भ में - भारत को मध्य एशिया में अपनी पैठ मजबूत करने के लिए तथा आतंकवाद पर नियंत्रण के लिए अफगानिस्तान में स्थिरता आवश्यक है| अफगानिस्तान एक स्थल अवरुद्ध देश है अतः भारत को अफगानिस्तान के विकास, निवेश की सुरक्षा तथा पाकिस्तान के प्रतिसंतुलन के लिए एक पारगमन मार्ग के अतिरिक्त एक विश्वसनीय भागीदार की आवश्यकता है |इस सन्दर्भ में ईरान एक प्रभावशाली एवं सक्षम भागीदार हो सकता है| चाबहार बंदरगाह, अश्गाबात समझौते तथा INSTC के माध्यम से CPEC और ग्वादर बंदरगाह के प्रतिसंतुलन में ईरान भारत के लिए प्रभावशाली सहयोगी साबित हो सकता है|इनके अतिरिक्त, हिन्द महासागर में चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव को संतुलित करने में, मध्य एशिया के देशों में भारत की पहुँच और चीन का प्रतिसंतुलन, पश्चिम एशिया में भारत का प्रभाव बढाने में, क्षेत्रीय सहयोग में विस्तार, बाजार विस्तार आदि संदर्भों में ईरान भारत के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थिति में है| किन्तु ईरान के साथ सम्बन्ध स्थापना में भारत को अनेक चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ता है| चुनौतियाँ चीन के साथ ईरान का मजबूत होता सम्बन्ध(निवेश,व्यापार, चाबहार SEZ का विकास) ईरान-सऊदी अरब सम्बन्ध में संतुलन स्थापना की समस्या (शिया-सुन्नी विवाद ) भारत-अमेरिका सम्बन्धों का प्रभाव प्रत्यक्षतः भारत-ईरान सम्बन्ध पर पड़ता है भारत- इजराइल के मध्य बढ़ती सहभागिता और ईरान साथ सम्बन्ध को संतुलित रखने की चुनौती आदि उपरोक्त चुनौतियों को देखते हुए भारत को अपनी ईरान नीति के निरंतर संवर्धन का प्रयास करना चाहिए|
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Although India has developed Defence Technologies, still India is one of the largest Defence importersof the World. Comment. Suggest Measures to increase self-reliance in defence technology. (150 words) 10 marks
MODEL ANSWER: (Provided by faculty itself) India is the largest importer of defence equipment, research and development within the country hasn’t led to expected results which have led to over-dependence on international partners. The woes of the DRDO: --the research and manufacturing capabilities of the DRDO are not strong. -- saddled by the problem of utterly slow bureaucracy and inordinate delays in decision making and progress of critical defence research programmes. -- it is facing a huge shortage of skilled manpower and infrastructure such as advance labs. Generally, countries are reluctant to share technology Insufficient budgetary allocations Over specification by armed forces- it requires state of art technologies as well as highly skilled manpower which eliminates domestic producer. CAG audit (2013) found only 29 per cent of the products developed during the last 17 years are being used by the Armed Forces. work culture- seniority-based promotion, the exodus of more than 300 scientists taking VRS in the past 5 years. corruption and nepotism in higher echelons, undue favor to some external vendors, and irregular appointments in the agency Way forward: 1)Setting up a Defense R&D Commission, (recommendation of Rama Rao committee), it will increase the autonomy of functioning of the DRDO laboratories. 2)decentralization of DRDO management 3) making DRDO a leaner organization by merging institutions, laboratories of similar nature 4) engagement human resource expertise(HR) to rationalize the manpower of DRDO. 5) setting up a commercial arm of DRDO in collaboration of end users. 6) creation of a board of research for advanced research sciences on the lines of DARPA(USA). 7) private sector to be encouraged for tier I players 8)avoiding over-specification by armed forces. Defence sector (particularly, state of art technology sector) is claimed as strategic property by the government which even most friendly countries (even Russia) denies on a commercial basis, thus sensing our future requirement it is much desirable to create an ecosystem of defence industries in India where DRDO has to play the linchpin role. The expectation that by allowing liberal FDI scheme in the defence sector will reduce our dependency on imports is not entirely correct. There is a crucial requirement for various structural and institutional changes such as restructuring DPSEs, empowering DRDO and private R&D along with channelizing FDI investment. Self-sufficiency in defence technology is not only crucial from the strategic point of view but also to follow independent Foreign Policy and better fiscal consolidation.
##Question:Although India has developed Defence Technologies, still India is one of the largest Defence importersof the World. Comment. Suggest Measures to increase self-reliance in defence technology. (150 words) 10 marks##Answer:MODEL ANSWER: (Provided by faculty itself) India is the largest importer of defence equipment, research and development within the country hasn’t led to expected results which have led to over-dependence on international partners. The woes of the DRDO: --the research and manufacturing capabilities of the DRDO are not strong. -- saddled by the problem of utterly slow bureaucracy and inordinate delays in decision making and progress of critical defence research programmes. -- it is facing a huge shortage of skilled manpower and infrastructure such as advance labs. Generally, countries are reluctant to share technology Insufficient budgetary allocations Over specification by armed forces- it requires state of art technologies as well as highly skilled manpower which eliminates domestic producer. CAG audit (2013) found only 29 per cent of the products developed during the last 17 years are being used by the Armed Forces. work culture- seniority-based promotion, the exodus of more than 300 scientists taking VRS in the past 5 years. corruption and nepotism in higher echelons, undue favor to some external vendors, and irregular appointments in the agency Way forward: 1)Setting up a Defense R&D Commission, (recommendation of Rama Rao committee), it will increase the autonomy of functioning of the DRDO laboratories. 2)decentralization of DRDO management 3) making DRDO a leaner organization by merging institutions, laboratories of similar nature 4) engagement human resource expertise(HR) to rationalize the manpower of DRDO. 5) setting up a commercial arm of DRDO in collaboration of end users. 6) creation of a board of research for advanced research sciences on the lines of DARPA(USA). 7) private sector to be encouraged for tier I players 8)avoiding over-specification by armed forces. Defence sector (particularly, state of art technology sector) is claimed as strategic property by the government which even most friendly countries (even Russia) denies on a commercial basis, thus sensing our future requirement it is much desirable to create an ecosystem of defence industries in India where DRDO has to play the linchpin role. The expectation that by allowing liberal FDI scheme in the defence sector will reduce our dependency on imports is not entirely correct. There is a crucial requirement for various structural and institutional changes such as restructuring DPSEs, empowering DRDO and private R&D along with channelizing FDI investment. Self-sufficiency in defence technology is not only crucial from the strategic point of view but also to follow independent Foreign Policy and better fiscal consolidation.
37,381
मध्यपाषाण कालीन संस्कृति को समझने में भीमबेटका की चित्रकारी का महत्त्व की चर्चा कीजिए|(200 शब्द )
दृष्टिकोण 1 भूमिका में पाषाणकालीन संस्कृति को समझने में सहायक स्रोत की चर्चा कीजिए 2 भीमबेटका के बारे में संक्षिप्त जानकारी को बताइए 3 मध्य पाषाण कालीन संस्कृति को समझने में भीमबेटका के चित्रों का महत्त्व को रेखांकित कीजिए 4 निष्कर्ष –महत्त्व को देखते हुए वैश्विक प्रसिद्धि के संदर्भ में | उत्तर- पाषाणकाल के इतिहास को जानने के लिए इतिहासकारों को केवल पुरातात्विक स्रोतों पर निर्भर रहना पड़ता है क्योंकि इस संदर्भ में लिखित अथवा साहित्यिक स्रोतों की अनुपस्थिति है| आदिमानव द्वारा प्रयुक्त उपकरणों, उनके निवास प्रारूप, उनकी भौगोलिक स्थिति और मानवीय गतिविधियों को प्रकट करने वाले स्रोतों के आधार पर ही आदिम जीवन और इतिहास का अंदाजा लगाया जाता है| भीमबेटका मध्यप्रदेश के रायसेन जिले में स्थित है | पुरापाषाण काल से मध्य पाषाण काल तक यह स्थान मानवीय गतिविधियों का केंद्र रहा | भीमबेटका गुफाएं प्रागैतिहासिक मानव द्वारा की गयी चित्रकारियों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है | भीमबेटका की गुफाओं से मिले चित्र मुख्य रूप से मध्य पाषाण कालीन मानव की दैनिक गतिविधियों को समझने में सहायक हैं | इसे निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों से समझ सकते हैं- भीमबेटका के चित्रों में सामूहिक नृत्य के चित्रों से उनके सामुदायिक जीवन को समझा जा सकता है | यह प्रारम्भिक समुदायों की स्थिति को स्पष्ट करता है| समूह आखेट का चित्र भी आवश्यकता अनुरूप सहयोग की भावना और सामुदायिकता की भावना को समझने में सहायक है | चित्रों में गेरुआ, लाल एवं सफ़ेद रंगों का प्रयोग किया गया है |इससे तत्कालीन मानव के रंगों के निर्माण के विषय में भिज्ञता का अंदाजा लगाया जा सकता है| यह सभी चित्र भीमबेटका की शैल गुफाओं में बने हैं जिनके मध्य पाषाण कालीन मानव निवास करता था|ये शैलआश्रय प्रारम्भिक मानव बस्तियों के रूप में उपस्थित हैं| घोड़ो और हाथियों की सवारी के चित्र पशुओं,जानवरों के साथ उनके सम्बन्ध को समझने में सहायक हैं| इनसे स्पष्ट होता है कि मानव ने घोड़े और हाथी जैसे जानवरों पर नियंत्रण करना सीख लिया था| पुरापाषाण कालीन आखेटक मानव अब पशुपालक मानव के रूप में विकसित हो चूका था| यहाँ आभूषण धारण किये हुए मानवों का चित्रांकन भी किया गया है जो मध्यपाषाण कालीन मनुष्यों के सौन्दर्य बोध को समझने में सहायक है| उपरोक्त चित्रों के अतिरिक्त भीमबेटका की गुफाओं में दैनिक क्रियाकलाप सम्बन्धी चित्र, पारिवारिक जीवन सम्बन्धी चित्र, वाद्ययंत्रों के चित्र, सांस्कृतिक आयोजनों आदि के चित्र मध्यपाषाण कालीन मानव के दैनिक जीवन को समझने में महत्त्वपूर्ण पुरातात्विक स्रोत के रूप में हैं| प्रागैतिहासिक मानव के इतिहास को जानने,तत्कालीन समाज की अवस्था को समझने तथा मानव के उद्विकास की स्थिति को समझने में भीमबेटका की गुफाओं के चित्रों के महत्त्व को देखते हुए यूनेस्को द्वारा इसे विश्व विरासत स्थल के रूप में मान्यता दी गयी है|
##Question:मध्यपाषाण कालीन संस्कृति को समझने में भीमबेटका की चित्रकारी का महत्त्व की चर्चा कीजिए|(200 शब्द )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1 भूमिका में पाषाणकालीन संस्कृति को समझने में सहायक स्रोत की चर्चा कीजिए 2 भीमबेटका के बारे में संक्षिप्त जानकारी को बताइए 3 मध्य पाषाण कालीन संस्कृति को समझने में भीमबेटका के चित्रों का महत्त्व को रेखांकित कीजिए 4 निष्कर्ष –महत्त्व को देखते हुए वैश्विक प्रसिद्धि के संदर्भ में | उत्तर- पाषाणकाल के इतिहास को जानने के लिए इतिहासकारों को केवल पुरातात्विक स्रोतों पर निर्भर रहना पड़ता है क्योंकि इस संदर्भ में लिखित अथवा साहित्यिक स्रोतों की अनुपस्थिति है| आदिमानव द्वारा प्रयुक्त उपकरणों, उनके निवास प्रारूप, उनकी भौगोलिक स्थिति और मानवीय गतिविधियों को प्रकट करने वाले स्रोतों के आधार पर ही आदिम जीवन और इतिहास का अंदाजा लगाया जाता है| भीमबेटका मध्यप्रदेश के रायसेन जिले में स्थित है | पुरापाषाण काल से मध्य पाषाण काल तक यह स्थान मानवीय गतिविधियों का केंद्र रहा | भीमबेटका गुफाएं प्रागैतिहासिक मानव द्वारा की गयी चित्रकारियों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है | भीमबेटका की गुफाओं से मिले चित्र मुख्य रूप से मध्य पाषाण कालीन मानव की दैनिक गतिविधियों को समझने में सहायक हैं | इसे निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों से समझ सकते हैं- भीमबेटका के चित्रों में सामूहिक नृत्य के चित्रों से उनके सामुदायिक जीवन को समझा जा सकता है | यह प्रारम्भिक समुदायों की स्थिति को स्पष्ट करता है| समूह आखेट का चित्र भी आवश्यकता अनुरूप सहयोग की भावना और सामुदायिकता की भावना को समझने में सहायक है | चित्रों में गेरुआ, लाल एवं सफ़ेद रंगों का प्रयोग किया गया है |इससे तत्कालीन मानव के रंगों के निर्माण के विषय में भिज्ञता का अंदाजा लगाया जा सकता है| यह सभी चित्र भीमबेटका की शैल गुफाओं में बने हैं जिनके मध्य पाषाण कालीन मानव निवास करता था|ये शैलआश्रय प्रारम्भिक मानव बस्तियों के रूप में उपस्थित हैं| घोड़ो और हाथियों की सवारी के चित्र पशुओं,जानवरों के साथ उनके सम्बन्ध को समझने में सहायक हैं| इनसे स्पष्ट होता है कि मानव ने घोड़े और हाथी जैसे जानवरों पर नियंत्रण करना सीख लिया था| पुरापाषाण कालीन आखेटक मानव अब पशुपालक मानव के रूप में विकसित हो चूका था| यहाँ आभूषण धारण किये हुए मानवों का चित्रांकन भी किया गया है जो मध्यपाषाण कालीन मनुष्यों के सौन्दर्य बोध को समझने में सहायक है| उपरोक्त चित्रों के अतिरिक्त भीमबेटका की गुफाओं में दैनिक क्रियाकलाप सम्बन्धी चित्र, पारिवारिक जीवन सम्बन्धी चित्र, वाद्ययंत्रों के चित्र, सांस्कृतिक आयोजनों आदि के चित्र मध्यपाषाण कालीन मानव के दैनिक जीवन को समझने में महत्त्वपूर्ण पुरातात्विक स्रोत के रूप में हैं| प्रागैतिहासिक मानव के इतिहास को जानने,तत्कालीन समाज की अवस्था को समझने तथा मानव के उद्विकास की स्थिति को समझने में भीमबेटका की गुफाओं के चित्रों के महत्त्व को देखते हुए यूनेस्को द्वारा इसे विश्व विरासत स्थल के रूप में मान्यता दी गयी है|
37,390
चाबहार पत्तन का प्रारंभ होना भारत- ईरान संबंधों की दृष्टिकोण से एक महत्वपूर्ण पड़ाव के रूप में है |उक्त सन्दर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत के लिए पश्चिम एशिया में चाबहार पत्तन के विशेष आर्थिक व सामरिक महत्त्व का उल्लेख कीजिए | (200 शब्द)
प्रस्तावना स्वतंत्रता के पूर्व साझा सीमा (बलूचिस्तान में ) बेहतर सांस्कृतिक और व्यापारिक संबंध 19 50 में संबंध की स्थापना परन्तु शीत काल में ईरान पर पश्चिमी प्रभाव के कारण सम्बन्ध सीमित रहे वर्त्तमान विश्व राजनीतिक परिप्र्येक्ष्य में रणनीतिक व आर्थिक रूप से भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण शीत युद्ध काल के पश्चात अर्थव्यवस्था का उदारीकरण एवं अर्थव्यवस्था के तीव्र विकास हेतु ऊर्जा संसाधनों की विशेष आवश्यकता इराक ईरान युद्ध में इराक जैसे तेल आपूर्ति देश की ख़राब स्थिति 1993 में भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री की ईरान यात्रा 2005 पश्चिम की ओर देखो नीति 2006 में ईरान के नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम को IAEA की निगरानी में लाने वाले सुरक्षा परिषद् के प्रस्ताव का सहयोग भारत के लिए ईरान की महत्ता भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा – ईरान ,विश्व में महत्वपूर्ण ऊर्जा उत्पादक देश है| इसलिए दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य अच्छे सम्बन्ध भारत के लिए भविष्य कीऊर्जा सुरक्षा की दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा कर सकता है | अफगानिस्तान एवं मध्य एशिया में पहुँच में सहायक – भौगोलिक रूप से भारत के लिए मध्य एशिया एवं अफगानिस्तान में पहुँचने के लिए ईरान एक द्वार के रूप में है | इसलिए ईरान का जमीनी सहयोग भारत का इन क्षेत्रों में कनेक्टिविटी में सुधार करेंगे | पाकिस्तान से प्रतिद्वंदिता –भविष्य में पाकिस्तान को चुनौती प्रदान करने केलिए ईरान एक सहयोगी राष्ट्र हो सकता है|इससे विशेषकर पाकिस्तान प्रेरित आतंकवादी घटना को नियंत्रित करने में सहयोग प्राप्त हो सकता है| पाकिस्तान के ग्वादर में चीन के द्वारा कॉरिडोर निर्माण को चुनौती – चीन के बेल्ट रोड परियोजना (OBOR) के अन्तर्गत निर्माणाधीन ग्वादर पत्तन एवं CPEC कॉरिडोर जैसी परियोजनाओ के सामानांतर भारत के प्रयासों को सहयोग प्रदान कर सकता है| चाबहार पत्तन का महत्त्व नजदीकी पत्तन –ईरान के तट पर भारत का सबसे नजदीकी पत्तन है जो भारत के पश्चिमी पत्तनों (कांडला)से भी नजदीक हैं | मध्य एशिया एवं अफगानिस्तान के लिए गेटवे -ईरान,अफगानिस्तान होते हुए मध्य एशिया के संसाधनों व बाज़ार तक पहुँच सुनिश्चित करने में चाबहार एक गेटवे के रूप में होगा |इससे इन क्षेत्रों के साथ भारत के संपर्क व व्यापार में वृद्धि होगी | रानीतिक अवस्थिति – होर्मुज स्ट्रेट होते हुए सीधे हिन्द महासागर में जाने के लिए एक सुगम व शांत मार्ग के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है |इससे पश्चिम एशिया में किसी भी गड़बड़ी व अशांति की दशाओं में भारत द्वारा इस मार्ग का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है| ग्वादर पत्तन – पाकिस्तान के ग्वादर पत्तन के एक विकल्प के रूप में इस पत्तन का प्रयोग किया जायेगा | वर्त्तमान परिप्र्येक्ष्य में यह देखा जा रहा है अफगानिस्तान जैसे राष्ट्र जो पूर्व में ग्वादर पत्तन के द्वारा अपना समुद्री व्यापर करते थे ,अब वो अपने व्यापर को चाबहार की ओर हस्तानांतरित कर रहें हैं | हिन्द महासागर में चीन के प्रभाव को चुनौती प्रदान करने में सहायक | भारत-ईरान –अफगानिस्तान के सम्बन्ध में सुधार भरता-ईरान संबंधों में चुनौतियाँ अमेरिका के वर्तमान कदम –अमेरिका के साथ भारत की नजदीकियां एवं अवं वर्त्तमान में अमेरिका की ट्रम्प सरकार का ईरान के प्रति सख्त रवैया भविष्य में ईरान को चीन व रूस के ज्यादा नजदीक ला सकता है| उस दशा में भारत के लिए ईरान के साथ रणनीतिक सम्बन्ध बनायें रखना मुश्किल हो सकता है | निष्कर्ष चुनौतियों के बावजूद भारत –ईरान सम्बन्ध में बहुत संभावनाएं व्याप्त हैं क्योंकि भारत के साथ-साथ ईरान को भी भरत जैसे प्रजातान्त्रिक व आर्थिक रूप से उभरते हुए एशियाई अर्थव्यवस्था से सम्बन्ध बनाये रखने की आवश्यकता है|
##Question:चाबहार पत्तन का प्रारंभ होना भारत- ईरान संबंधों की दृष्टिकोण से एक महत्वपूर्ण पड़ाव के रूप में है |उक्त सन्दर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत के लिए पश्चिम एशिया में चाबहार पत्तन के विशेष आर्थिक व सामरिक महत्त्व का उल्लेख कीजिए | (200 शब्द)##Answer:प्रस्तावना स्वतंत्रता के पूर्व साझा सीमा (बलूचिस्तान में ) बेहतर सांस्कृतिक और व्यापारिक संबंध 19 50 में संबंध की स्थापना परन्तु शीत काल में ईरान पर पश्चिमी प्रभाव के कारण सम्बन्ध सीमित रहे वर्त्तमान विश्व राजनीतिक परिप्र्येक्ष्य में रणनीतिक व आर्थिक रूप से भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण शीत युद्ध काल के पश्चात अर्थव्यवस्था का उदारीकरण एवं अर्थव्यवस्था के तीव्र विकास हेतु ऊर्जा संसाधनों की विशेष आवश्यकता इराक ईरान युद्ध में इराक जैसे तेल आपूर्ति देश की ख़राब स्थिति 1993 में भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री की ईरान यात्रा 2005 पश्चिम की ओर देखो नीति 2006 में ईरान के नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम को IAEA की निगरानी में लाने वाले सुरक्षा परिषद् के प्रस्ताव का सहयोग भारत के लिए ईरान की महत्ता भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा – ईरान ,विश्व में महत्वपूर्ण ऊर्जा उत्पादक देश है| इसलिए दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य अच्छे सम्बन्ध भारत के लिए भविष्य कीऊर्जा सुरक्षा की दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा कर सकता है | अफगानिस्तान एवं मध्य एशिया में पहुँच में सहायक – भौगोलिक रूप से भारत के लिए मध्य एशिया एवं अफगानिस्तान में पहुँचने के लिए ईरान एक द्वार के रूप में है | इसलिए ईरान का जमीनी सहयोग भारत का इन क्षेत्रों में कनेक्टिविटी में सुधार करेंगे | पाकिस्तान से प्रतिद्वंदिता –भविष्य में पाकिस्तान को चुनौती प्रदान करने केलिए ईरान एक सहयोगी राष्ट्र हो सकता है|इससे विशेषकर पाकिस्तान प्रेरित आतंकवादी घटना को नियंत्रित करने में सहयोग प्राप्त हो सकता है| पाकिस्तान के ग्वादर में चीन के द्वारा कॉरिडोर निर्माण को चुनौती – चीन के बेल्ट रोड परियोजना (OBOR) के अन्तर्गत निर्माणाधीन ग्वादर पत्तन एवं CPEC कॉरिडोर जैसी परियोजनाओ के सामानांतर भारत के प्रयासों को सहयोग प्रदान कर सकता है| चाबहार पत्तन का महत्त्व नजदीकी पत्तन –ईरान के तट पर भारत का सबसे नजदीकी पत्तन है जो भारत के पश्चिमी पत्तनों (कांडला)से भी नजदीक हैं | मध्य एशिया एवं अफगानिस्तान के लिए गेटवे -ईरान,अफगानिस्तान होते हुए मध्य एशिया के संसाधनों व बाज़ार तक पहुँच सुनिश्चित करने में चाबहार एक गेटवे के रूप में होगा |इससे इन क्षेत्रों के साथ भारत के संपर्क व व्यापार में वृद्धि होगी | रानीतिक अवस्थिति – होर्मुज स्ट्रेट होते हुए सीधे हिन्द महासागर में जाने के लिए एक सुगम व शांत मार्ग के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है |इससे पश्चिम एशिया में किसी भी गड़बड़ी व अशांति की दशाओं में भारत द्वारा इस मार्ग का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है| ग्वादर पत्तन – पाकिस्तान के ग्वादर पत्तन के एक विकल्प के रूप में इस पत्तन का प्रयोग किया जायेगा | वर्त्तमान परिप्र्येक्ष्य में यह देखा जा रहा है अफगानिस्तान जैसे राष्ट्र जो पूर्व में ग्वादर पत्तन के द्वारा अपना समुद्री व्यापर करते थे ,अब वो अपने व्यापर को चाबहार की ओर हस्तानांतरित कर रहें हैं | हिन्द महासागर में चीन के प्रभाव को चुनौती प्रदान करने में सहायक | भारत-ईरान –अफगानिस्तान के सम्बन्ध में सुधार भरता-ईरान संबंधों में चुनौतियाँ अमेरिका के वर्तमान कदम –अमेरिका के साथ भारत की नजदीकियां एवं अवं वर्त्तमान में अमेरिका की ट्रम्प सरकार का ईरान के प्रति सख्त रवैया भविष्य में ईरान को चीन व रूस के ज्यादा नजदीक ला सकता है| उस दशा में भारत के लिए ईरान के साथ रणनीतिक सम्बन्ध बनायें रखना मुश्किल हो सकता है | निष्कर्ष चुनौतियों के बावजूद भारत –ईरान सम्बन्ध में बहुत संभावनाएं व्याप्त हैं क्योंकि भारत के साथ-साथ ईरान को भी भरत जैसे प्रजातान्त्रिक व आर्थिक रूप से उभरते हुए एशियाई अर्थव्यवस्था से सम्बन्ध बनाये रखने की आवश्यकता है|
37,407
Discuss the three stages of communalism observed during the Indian freedom struggle. Was the presence of multiplicity of religions the only cause of emergence of communalism in India? (200 words)
Approach A brief introduction to communalism Explain three stages of Communalism during the Indian Freedom Struggle BrieflybBring out the causes how religion was the only cause of the emergence of communalism or not. Cover other causes as well rather than religion. Conclusion Answer:- The concept of communalism holds that religious distinction is the most fundamental and overriding distinction that separates a particular community from other community. In the first half of the 20 th century, India faced the problem of communalism that led to the weakening of freedom struggle to a great extent. Communalism of three basic stages – Weak/mild communalism:- A belief that the people of same religion have common socio-economic and cultural interests. In the first stage the Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh nationalists talked about securing the interests of their religious community especially in government jobs, economic opportunities, and political reservations. The 1st stage of communalism, according to Bipan Chandra, originated mainly in the second half of the 19th Century, due to the social religious reform movement liberal communalism :- it states that In a multi-religious society the interests of one religion or its followers are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of other religion or its followers –In this stage the liberal communalists practiced communal politics e.g. separate electorates, reservations in assemblies based on religion etc. but at the same time upheld the democratic and nationalist values. E.g. Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League before 1937 Extreme communalism:- Interests of followers of one religion are incompatible, antagonistic and hostile with respect to the interests of the followers of other religion. It leads to violence. This stage was based on fear, hatred, and violence. The Hindu and Muslim communalists demanded separate nations and resorted to violence for fulfilling their demands. According to Bipan Chandra Thus the 2nd stage is the result of the 1st stage of communalism, and the 3rd, the result of the 2nd stage of communalism In 1857 revolt, People from all religious sections came together and fought against the exploitation. But after that British policy of Divide and Rule created drift. The multiplicity of religion was one of the main factors for the rise of communalism in India. Though there were other factors were also. The other factors were:- New political realities - Multiple religions were present in India since the medieval times but communalism is a modern phenomenon which developed as a tool for politicization and mobilization of people in the modern people based politics. Social stratification based on religious lines - The social and class distinctions of Indian society coincided with the religious divisions - the Muslims and the lower caste Hindus were generally peasants or exploited sections while upper caste Hindus were, in general, the moneylenders and landlords or the exploiters. Thus the society was divided into the lines of exploiters and the exploited. British policies – The policy of divide and rule created deliberate divisions between the religious communities. Economic stagnation and intense competition for government jobs also pitched on religion against each other From the above points, it is clear that there were multiple factors responsible. Communalism in India proved to be very detrimental to the freedom struggle and still, it is very much present in society. The rise of the communalism ultimately led to the division of India in two parts in 1947.
##Question:Discuss the three stages of communalism observed during the Indian freedom struggle. Was the presence of multiplicity of religions the only cause of emergence of communalism in India? (200 words)##Answer:Approach A brief introduction to communalism Explain three stages of Communalism during the Indian Freedom Struggle BrieflybBring out the causes how religion was the only cause of the emergence of communalism or not. Cover other causes as well rather than religion. Conclusion Answer:- The concept of communalism holds that religious distinction is the most fundamental and overriding distinction that separates a particular community from other community. In the first half of the 20 th century, India faced the problem of communalism that led to the weakening of freedom struggle to a great extent. Communalism of three basic stages – Weak/mild communalism:- A belief that the people of same religion have common socio-economic and cultural interests. In the first stage the Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh nationalists talked about securing the interests of their religious community especially in government jobs, economic opportunities, and political reservations. The 1st stage of communalism, according to Bipan Chandra, originated mainly in the second half of the 19th Century, due to the social religious reform movement liberal communalism :- it states that In a multi-religious society the interests of one religion or its followers are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of other religion or its followers –In this stage the liberal communalists practiced communal politics e.g. separate electorates, reservations in assemblies based on religion etc. but at the same time upheld the democratic and nationalist values. E.g. Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League before 1937 Extreme communalism:- Interests of followers of one religion are incompatible, antagonistic and hostile with respect to the interests of the followers of other religion. It leads to violence. This stage was based on fear, hatred, and violence. The Hindu and Muslim communalists demanded separate nations and resorted to violence for fulfilling their demands. According to Bipan Chandra Thus the 2nd stage is the result of the 1st stage of communalism, and the 3rd, the result of the 2nd stage of communalism In 1857 revolt, People from all religious sections came together and fought against the exploitation. But after that British policy of Divide and Rule created drift. The multiplicity of religion was one of the main factors for the rise of communalism in India. Though there were other factors were also. The other factors were:- New political realities - Multiple religions were present in India since the medieval times but communalism is a modern phenomenon which developed as a tool for politicization and mobilization of people in the modern people based politics. Social stratification based on religious lines - The social and class distinctions of Indian society coincided with the religious divisions - the Muslims and the lower caste Hindus were generally peasants or exploited sections while upper caste Hindus were, in general, the moneylenders and landlords or the exploiters. Thus the society was divided into the lines of exploiters and the exploited. British policies – The policy of divide and rule created deliberate divisions between the religious communities. Economic stagnation and intense competition for government jobs also pitched on religion against each other From the above points, it is clear that there were multiple factors responsible. Communalism in India proved to be very detrimental to the freedom struggle and still, it is very much present in society. The rise of the communalism ultimately led to the division of India in two parts in 1947.
37,430
what is the major characteristic feature of various divisions of northern plains? Highlight the major division of the Northern plain. (150 words/10 marks)
The northern plains are formed by thealluvial deposits brought by the rivers – the These plains extend approximately 3,200 kmfrom the east to the west. The average widthof these plains varies between 150-300 km. The maximum depth of alluvium depositsvaries between 1,000-2,000 m. From thenorth to the south, these can be divided intothree major zones: the Bhabar, the Tarai andthe alluvial plains. The alluvial plains can befurther divided into the Khadar and theBhangar Bhabar is a narrow belt ranging between8-10 km parallel to the Shiwalik foothills atthe break-up of the slope. As a result of this,the streams and rivers coming from themountains deposit heavy materials of rocksand boulders, and at times, disappear in this zone. South of the Bhabar is the Tarai belt, with an approximate width of 10-20 km wheremost of the streams and rivers re-emergewithout having any properly demarcatedchannel, thereby, creating marshy andswampy conditions known as the Tarai. This has a luxurious growth of natural vegetationand houses varied wildlife. The south of Tarai is a belt consisting ofold and new alluvial deposits known as theBhangar and Khadar respectively. Theseplains have characteristic features of maturestage of fluvial rosional and depositional landforms such as sand bars, meanders, oxbowlakes and braided channels. TheBrahmaputra plains are known for theirriverine islands and sand bars. Most of theseareas are subjected to periodic floods andshifting river courses forming braided streams. The mouths of these mighty rivers also form some of the largest deltas of the world, forexample, the famous Sunderbans delta.Otherwise, this is a featureless plain with ageneral elevation of 50-150 m above the meansea level. The states of Haryana and Delhi forma water divide between the Indus and theGanga river systems. As opposed to this, theBrahmaputra river flows from the northeast tothe southwest direction before it takes analmost 90° southward turn at Dhubri before it enters into Bangladesh. These river valleyplains have a fertile alluvial soil cover whichsupports a variety of crops like wheat, rice,sugarcane and jute, and hence, supports alarge population.
##Question:what is the major characteristic feature of various divisions of northern plains? Highlight the major division of the Northern plain. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:The northern plains are formed by thealluvial deposits brought by the rivers – the These plains extend approximately 3,200 kmfrom the east to the west. The average widthof these plains varies between 150-300 km. The maximum depth of alluvium depositsvaries between 1,000-2,000 m. From thenorth to the south, these can be divided intothree major zones: the Bhabar, the Tarai andthe alluvial plains. The alluvial plains can befurther divided into the Khadar and theBhangar Bhabar is a narrow belt ranging between8-10 km parallel to the Shiwalik foothills atthe break-up of the slope. As a result of this,the streams and rivers coming from themountains deposit heavy materials of rocksand boulders, and at times, disappear in this zone. South of the Bhabar is the Tarai belt, with an approximate width of 10-20 km wheremost of the streams and rivers re-emergewithout having any properly demarcatedchannel, thereby, creating marshy andswampy conditions known as the Tarai. This has a luxurious growth of natural vegetationand houses varied wildlife. The south of Tarai is a belt consisting ofold and new alluvial deposits known as theBhangar and Khadar respectively. Theseplains have characteristic features of maturestage of fluvial rosional and depositional landforms such as sand bars, meanders, oxbowlakes and braided channels. TheBrahmaputra plains are known for theirriverine islands and sand bars. Most of theseareas are subjected to periodic floods andshifting river courses forming braided streams. The mouths of these mighty rivers also form some of the largest deltas of the world, forexample, the famous Sunderbans delta.Otherwise, this is a featureless plain with ageneral elevation of 50-150 m above the meansea level. The states of Haryana and Delhi forma water divide between the Indus and theGanga river systems. As opposed to this, theBrahmaputra river flows from the northeast tothe southwest direction before it takes analmost 90° southward turn at Dhubri before it enters into Bangladesh. These river valleyplains have a fertile alluvial soil cover whichsupports a variety of crops like wheat, rice,sugarcane and jute, and hence, supports alarge population.
37,442
What are the major issues with electoral politics in India? Discuss with special reference to the recent issues around National Resigster of Citizens in India (200 words)
Brief Approach- List down the issues of electoral politics and briefly explain give events happened wrt National Register of Citizens Answer - Election is the foundation stone in a democracy however the elections at present are not being held in ideal conditions because of the use of money power and muscle power which has become a need for winning the elections. In addition, to these, there are other factors like casteism, communalism, criminalization of politics, poll violence, booth capturing, non-serious independent candidates, low voter turnout, etc which is now affecting electoral results. MAIN ISSUES IN ELECTORAL POLITICS OF INDIA Money power– Though the ECI have fixed the maximum amount a candidate can spend in an election, however, on ground level, this is rarely followed as candidatespends much greater than the sanctioned amount. This is mainly because of the loophole that though the limit has been provided for candidate however no limit has been prescribed for the political party. Muscle Power – use of Violence, pre-election intimidation, booth capturing are mainly the products of muscle power and are prevalent in many parts of the country like Bihar, Western UP, West Bengal, etc. and is slowly spreading toother parts of the country. The criminalisation of politics and politicization of criminals – are like two sides of the same coin and are mainly responsible for the manifestation of muscle power at elections. According to ADR report, more than 25% of MP"s have serious criminal charges against them, the situation is even worse in case ot MLA"s. The major reason here is, such candidates have a better chance of winning the election over a serious candidate. Politicization of criminals : criminals enter into politics to gain influence and ensure that cases against them are dropped or not proceeded with. Also, The political parties field criminals in elections for the fund and in return provide them with political patronage and protection Misuse of Government Machinery: It is generally alleged that the government in power at the time of election misuse official machinery to improve the image of their candidate"s. The misuse of official machinery takes different forms, such as use of government vehicles for canvassing ,advertisements at the cost of government and public exchequer highlighting their achievements, disbursements out of the discretionary funds at the disposal of the ministers, etc. which gives an unfair advantage to the ruling party at the time of elections. Non-serious Independent candidates -.Non-serious candidates are largely floated by serious candidates either to cut sizeable portion of votes of rival candidates or to split the votes into caste lines or to have additional physical force at the polling station and counting centres Casteism: In India,it is said that "People do not cast their vote but vote their caste" this is even truer in areas with low literacy rate or where there is a stronghold of dominant castes. And therefore political parties concentrate on securing their vote bank and designs their political manifesto. This creates a divide between community and caste lines Communalism: Similar to castism Communal polarization has posed a serious threat to the Indian political ethos of pluralism, secularism and federalism. These two issues in the post-election period are reflected in policies of elected government as the government which should have worked for nation building now wors in the interest of these parochial groups. Low voter turnout- Frequent elections and failure of candidates in fulfilling the promises made had led to voter lethargy and it is being observed that the voter turnout have progressively reduced since independence. The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is the register containing names of Indian citizens. National Register of Citizens (NRC) was prepared first in 1951 after the conduct of the Census of 1951 The NRC will be now updated to include the names of those persons (or their descendants) who appear in the NRC, 1951, or in any of the Electoral Rolls up to the midnight of 24th March, 1971 or in any one of the other admissible documents issued up to midnight of 24th March, 1971, which would prove their presence in Assam or in any part of India on or before 24th March, 1971. The provisions governing NRC update in Assam are The Citizenship Act, 1955, and The Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity cards) Rules,2003. Major reasons for NRC in Assam- -The issue is to separate the legal and illegal migrants, so yes to make a more relevant voting list. -Assam has seen a huge inflow of migrants from Bangladesh after it"s the creation in 1971, NRC will identify them. -The next step will be to deport them back and give constitutional rights only to the legal citizens of India. -There is a risk of igniting communal tensions with the illegal migrants belonging to the Muslim community would be rendered stateless. After much deliberation and discussion, the list of NRC is now being updated under the guidance of SC and is in the final phase of updation.
##Question:What are the major issues with electoral politics in India? Discuss with special reference to the recent issues around National Resigster of Citizens in India (200 words)##Answer:Brief Approach- List down the issues of electoral politics and briefly explain give events happened wrt National Register of Citizens Answer - Election is the foundation stone in a democracy however the elections at present are not being held in ideal conditions because of the use of money power and muscle power which has become a need for winning the elections. In addition, to these, there are other factors like casteism, communalism, criminalization of politics, poll violence, booth capturing, non-serious independent candidates, low voter turnout, etc which is now affecting electoral results. MAIN ISSUES IN ELECTORAL POLITICS OF INDIA Money power– Though the ECI have fixed the maximum amount a candidate can spend in an election, however, on ground level, this is rarely followed as candidatespends much greater than the sanctioned amount. This is mainly because of the loophole that though the limit has been provided for candidate however no limit has been prescribed for the political party. Muscle Power – use of Violence, pre-election intimidation, booth capturing are mainly the products of muscle power and are prevalent in many parts of the country like Bihar, Western UP, West Bengal, etc. and is slowly spreading toother parts of the country. The criminalisation of politics and politicization of criminals – are like two sides of the same coin and are mainly responsible for the manifestation of muscle power at elections. According to ADR report, more than 25% of MP"s have serious criminal charges against them, the situation is even worse in case ot MLA"s. The major reason here is, such candidates have a better chance of winning the election over a serious candidate. Politicization of criminals : criminals enter into politics to gain influence and ensure that cases against them are dropped or not proceeded with. Also, The political parties field criminals in elections for the fund and in return provide them with political patronage and protection Misuse of Government Machinery: It is generally alleged that the government in power at the time of election misuse official machinery to improve the image of their candidate"s. The misuse of official machinery takes different forms, such as use of government vehicles for canvassing ,advertisements at the cost of government and public exchequer highlighting their achievements, disbursements out of the discretionary funds at the disposal of the ministers, etc. which gives an unfair advantage to the ruling party at the time of elections. Non-serious Independent candidates -.Non-serious candidates are largely floated by serious candidates either to cut sizeable portion of votes of rival candidates or to split the votes into caste lines or to have additional physical force at the polling station and counting centres Casteism: In India,it is said that "People do not cast their vote but vote their caste" this is even truer in areas with low literacy rate or where there is a stronghold of dominant castes. And therefore political parties concentrate on securing their vote bank and designs their political manifesto. This creates a divide between community and caste lines Communalism: Similar to castism Communal polarization has posed a serious threat to the Indian political ethos of pluralism, secularism and federalism. These two issues in the post-election period are reflected in policies of elected government as the government which should have worked for nation building now wors in the interest of these parochial groups. Low voter turnout- Frequent elections and failure of candidates in fulfilling the promises made had led to voter lethargy and it is being observed that the voter turnout have progressively reduced since independence. The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is the register containing names of Indian citizens. National Register of Citizens (NRC) was prepared first in 1951 after the conduct of the Census of 1951 The NRC will be now updated to include the names of those persons (or their descendants) who appear in the NRC, 1951, or in any of the Electoral Rolls up to the midnight of 24th March, 1971 or in any one of the other admissible documents issued up to midnight of 24th March, 1971, which would prove their presence in Assam or in any part of India on or before 24th March, 1971. The provisions governing NRC update in Assam are The Citizenship Act, 1955, and The Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity cards) Rules,2003. Major reasons for NRC in Assam- -The issue is to separate the legal and illegal migrants, so yes to make a more relevant voting list. -Assam has seen a huge inflow of migrants from Bangladesh after it"s the creation in 1971, NRC will identify them. -The next step will be to deport them back and give constitutional rights only to the legal citizens of India. -There is a risk of igniting communal tensions with the illegal migrants belonging to the Muslim community would be rendered stateless. After much deliberation and discussion, the list of NRC is now being updated under the guidance of SC and is in the final phase of updation.
37,445
Explain how the foundation of Modern World was laid by the American and French Revolution? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- • Write a brief introduction on the AR and FR • Discuss the impact of AR on the modern world • Discuss the impact of FR on the modern world • Include some examples in both discussions above Answer:- Towards the end of the 18th century, the world saw the American Revolution and French Revolution inspired by the enlightenment thinker which left a lasting impact on the world- from the structure of government to the society. Impact of American Revolution:- • 1st republic- US became the first republic, which showed that a system of governance can work without any monarch. • Written constitution- It came up with a written constitution that has paved the way for many countries adopting this system. Eg. India • Fundamental Rights- The concept of Fundamental rights, which ensures life, liberty, and security of the property of a person was born here. India has adopted the Fundamental rights from the US • Black Rights- Slowly the black community got the right to vote in the US. It also put a dent on Slavery. • Anti-colonialism- Led to anti-colonial struggle in many nations inspired by the American Revolution. Eg. Bolivia in South America. Impact of French Revolution:- • It gave the idea of Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity. These ideals are part of many modern constitutions. Eg Indian Constitution • Ended feudalism- Thus is removed the concept of a privileged class. It also ensured land-redistribution which helped the poor and the landless. • Napoleonic code- It was a written civil code that dealt with marriage, inheritance, etc. Its linkage can be drawn with the demand for uniform civil code in India. • Slavery was banned- The ideas developed during the French Revolution led to the banning of Slavery across the world. • Jacobin constitution gave the Right to vote to workers without income criteria. It was a stepping stone towards the universal adult suffrage. • Decolonization- French revolution also contributed in anti-colonial struggle which led to decolonization effort in South America. • Gave modern meaning to term Nation- Nation is formed by people and not by land and military, • Wave of Nationalism in Europe, the unification of Italy and Germany. It further also led to the fall of Monarchy. Thus we see that the American and French Revolution has helped shape the political boundaries across the world as well as it has given the foundational principle for many modern Constitution of the World.
##Question:Explain how the foundation of Modern World was laid by the American and French Revolution? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- • Write a brief introduction on the AR and FR • Discuss the impact of AR on the modern world • Discuss the impact of FR on the modern world • Include some examples in both discussions above Answer:- Towards the end of the 18th century, the world saw the American Revolution and French Revolution inspired by the enlightenment thinker which left a lasting impact on the world- from the structure of government to the society. Impact of American Revolution:- • 1st republic- US became the first republic, which showed that a system of governance can work without any monarch. • Written constitution- It came up with a written constitution that has paved the way for many countries adopting this system. Eg. India • Fundamental Rights- The concept of Fundamental rights, which ensures life, liberty, and security of the property of a person was born here. India has adopted the Fundamental rights from the US • Black Rights- Slowly the black community got the right to vote in the US. It also put a dent on Slavery. • Anti-colonialism- Led to anti-colonial struggle in many nations inspired by the American Revolution. Eg. Bolivia in South America. Impact of French Revolution:- • It gave the idea of Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity. These ideals are part of many modern constitutions. Eg Indian Constitution • Ended feudalism- Thus is removed the concept of a privileged class. It also ensured land-redistribution which helped the poor and the landless. • Napoleonic code- It was a written civil code that dealt with marriage, inheritance, etc. Its linkage can be drawn with the demand for uniform civil code in India. • Slavery was banned- The ideas developed during the French Revolution led to the banning of Slavery across the world. • Jacobin constitution gave the Right to vote to workers without income criteria. It was a stepping stone towards the universal adult suffrage. • Decolonization- French revolution also contributed in anti-colonial struggle which led to decolonization effort in South America. • Gave modern meaning to term Nation- Nation is formed by people and not by land and military, • Wave of Nationalism in Europe, the unification of Italy and Germany. It further also led to the fall of Monarchy. Thus we see that the American and French Revolution has helped shape the political boundaries across the world as well as it has given the foundational principle for many modern Constitution of the World.
37,446
What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industries in India? Can E-commerce help in overcoming these bottlenecks?(10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach- Define Food Processing Industries in brief in an introductory part. Highlight the challenges faced by Food Processing Industries wrt marketing and supply chain management. Discuss the role of E-commerce to overcome these bottlenecks Conclude an answer by suggesting more measures. Answer- Food processing involves the conversion of agriculture produces to other forms of the food item by some mechanical, physical, chemical or biological process. Like processing of fruits to Jam, jelly, etc. The industries/sector performing these functions are called Food Processing Industries. India ranked number one in production of rice, milk, pulses, ginger, banana, papaya, mango, second largest producer of wheat, potato, garlic, groundnut, etc however ranked 12th in exports of food and food products also India produced 175 million tonnes of vegetables and 85 million tonnes of fruits, but processing of only 10% so have a huge untapped export potential. FPI currently close to 121-130 billion USD. The industry exported worth 16.2 billion in 2016. CII estimates the FPI sector has the potential to attract 33 billion USD investment in the next 10 years.It could reduce rural-urban migration which could further solve the issue of unemployment, farmers income, poor living condition, etc. However, FPI is facing lots of issues. Issues faced by the food processing industry There is limited access to the market information, literacy level among the farmers is low. Supply side constraints- Connectivity is a major issue. Infrastructural constraints- poor storage facilities. Marketing at global level suffers due to the poor quality of produce. APMC laws in some states don’t allow food processing industries to procure directly from farmers and thus increases cost due to coming of middlemen. Low of private investment due to a lack of faith in government policy and duplicity/ adulteration in food products also creates a hurdle to supply chain management. Competition from MNCs which uses huge finances to market their products. Despite massive production, a low degree of production and low wages. Improper storage facilities and supply change management, an estimated loss of around Rs. 35000 cr Processing of only 10% in comparison to >20% in China and > 60%in USA. Low use of technology, low investment in R&D in comparison to other economies A higher share of packaging costs as a proportion of total costs as Indian consumers demands small packets. Lack of skilled manpower Variable tax slabs for products makes them less competable in the International and domestic market. Poor economies of scale because of small land holdings, use of traditional methods of manufacturing, no proper policy for contract farming. E-commerce can help tackle these bottlenecks as 1. It provides a wide platform for selling their products so that they can expand their reach and visibility. Marketing issues will be solved to an extent. 2. Investment from e-commerce portals may provide cold storage and help in maintaining the safety standards to maintain their brand value. 3. Eliminates middlemen as they can directly procure from farmers. 4. The decreasing cost of Inventory Management. Some other measures to help promote this sector are 1. Stringent quality laws. Strict implementation of these laws. 2. Promotion of Research and Development in Food Processing Industry. 3. Tax benefits and capital at concessional rates to set up the Food processing industry. 4. Promoting Mega Food park schemes. 5. Training and awareness programmes for the farmers. 6 Proper testing facilities need to be established 7 Exports need to be promoted like in MEIS scheme
##Question:What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industries in India? Can E-commerce help in overcoming these bottlenecks?(10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach- Define Food Processing Industries in brief in an introductory part. Highlight the challenges faced by Food Processing Industries wrt marketing and supply chain management. Discuss the role of E-commerce to overcome these bottlenecks Conclude an answer by suggesting more measures. Answer- Food processing involves the conversion of agriculture produces to other forms of the food item by some mechanical, physical, chemical or biological process. Like processing of fruits to Jam, jelly, etc. The industries/sector performing these functions are called Food Processing Industries. India ranked number one in production of rice, milk, pulses, ginger, banana, papaya, mango, second largest producer of wheat, potato, garlic, groundnut, etc however ranked 12th in exports of food and food products also India produced 175 million tonnes of vegetables and 85 million tonnes of fruits, but processing of only 10% so have a huge untapped export potential. FPI currently close to 121-130 billion USD. The industry exported worth 16.2 billion in 2016. CII estimates the FPI sector has the potential to attract 33 billion USD investment in the next 10 years.It could reduce rural-urban migration which could further solve the issue of unemployment, farmers income, poor living condition, etc. However, FPI is facing lots of issues. Issues faced by the food processing industry There is limited access to the market information, literacy level among the farmers is low. Supply side constraints- Connectivity is a major issue. Infrastructural constraints- poor storage facilities. Marketing at global level suffers due to the poor quality of produce. APMC laws in some states don’t allow food processing industries to procure directly from farmers and thus increases cost due to coming of middlemen. Low of private investment due to a lack of faith in government policy and duplicity/ adulteration in food products also creates a hurdle to supply chain management. Competition from MNCs which uses huge finances to market their products. Despite massive production, a low degree of production and low wages. Improper storage facilities and supply change management, an estimated loss of around Rs. 35000 cr Processing of only 10% in comparison to >20% in China and > 60%in USA. Low use of technology, low investment in R&D in comparison to other economies A higher share of packaging costs as a proportion of total costs as Indian consumers demands small packets. Lack of skilled manpower Variable tax slabs for products makes them less competable in the International and domestic market. Poor economies of scale because of small land holdings, use of traditional methods of manufacturing, no proper policy for contract farming. E-commerce can help tackle these bottlenecks as 1. It provides a wide platform for selling their products so that they can expand their reach and visibility. Marketing issues will be solved to an extent. 2. Investment from e-commerce portals may provide cold storage and help in maintaining the safety standards to maintain their brand value. 3. Eliminates middlemen as they can directly procure from farmers. 4. The decreasing cost of Inventory Management. Some other measures to help promote this sector are 1. Stringent quality laws. Strict implementation of these laws. 2. Promotion of Research and Development in Food Processing Industry. 3. Tax benefits and capital at concessional rates to set up the Food processing industry. 4. Promoting Mega Food park schemes. 5. Training and awareness programmes for the farmers. 6 Proper testing facilities need to be established 7 Exports need to be promoted like in MEIS scheme
37,454
Discuss the regional division of Northern plains in India. Also mention their wider significance. (150 words/ 10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Explain the meaning of plain Body: 1) Write the regional variation of plains 2) Mention the significance as: Economical, social, cultural etc Conclusion: write an appropriate conclusion Answer: Plains are large stretches of flat land. They are, generally, not more than 200 metres above mean sea level. The northern plains are formed by the alluvial deposits brought by the rivers – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These plains extend approximately 3,200 km from the east to the west. The average width of these plains varies between 150-300 km. The maximum depth of alluvium deposits varies between 1,000-2,000 m. From the north to the south, these can be divided into three major zones: the Bhabar, the Tarai and the alluvial plains. The alluvial plains can be further divided into the Khadar and the Bhangar. 1) Bhabar is a narrow belt ranging between 8-10 km parallel to the Shiwalik foothills at the break-up of the slope. As a result of this, the streams and rivers coming from the mountains deposit heavy materials of rocks and boulders, and at times, disappear in this zone. 2) South of the Bhabar is the Tarai belt, with an approximate width of 10-20 km where most of the streams and rivers re-emerge without having any properly demarcated channel, thereby, creating marshy and swampy conditions known as the Tarai. 3)The south of Tarai is a belt consisting of old and new alluvial deposits known as the Bhangar and Khadar respectively. These plains have characteristic features of the mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional landforms such as sandbars, meanders, oxbow lakes, and braided channels. 4) The Brahmaputra plains are known for their riverine islands and sandbars. The significance of these plains: 1) Economic Significance: These plains are highly fertile due to deposits of alluvial soils brought by rivers like Ganga and Brahmaputra. The fertility of these plains has resulted in food security of the country due to increased production of crop like Wheat, Rice etc Construction of transport network is easy. Thus, these plains are very thickly-populated regions of the world. 2) Cultural Significance: The organization of local fairs helps in strengthening the cultural assimilation of the people of North India. For ex- Kumbh Mela organized in Allahabad 3) Environmental Significance: The luxurious growth of natural vegetation and houses ofa varied wildlife of these plains add in the sustainability of the environment Conclusion Most of these areas are subjected to periodic floods and shifting river courses forming braided streams. The mouths of these mighty rivers also form some of the largest deltas of the world, for example, the famous Sunderbans delta. Otherwise, this is a featureless plain with a general elevation of 50-150 m above the mean sea level. The states of Haryana and Delhi form a water divide between the Indus and the Ganga river systems.
##Question:Discuss the regional division of Northern plains in India. Also mention their wider significance. (150 words/ 10 marks) ##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Explain the meaning of plain Body: 1) Write the regional variation of plains 2) Mention the significance as: Economical, social, cultural etc Conclusion: write an appropriate conclusion Answer: Plains are large stretches of flat land. They are, generally, not more than 200 metres above mean sea level. The northern plains are formed by the alluvial deposits brought by the rivers – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These plains extend approximately 3,200 km from the east to the west. The average width of these plains varies between 150-300 km. The maximum depth of alluvium deposits varies between 1,000-2,000 m. From the north to the south, these can be divided into three major zones: the Bhabar, the Tarai and the alluvial plains. The alluvial plains can be further divided into the Khadar and the Bhangar. 1) Bhabar is a narrow belt ranging between 8-10 km parallel to the Shiwalik foothills at the break-up of the slope. As a result of this, the streams and rivers coming from the mountains deposit heavy materials of rocks and boulders, and at times, disappear in this zone. 2) South of the Bhabar is the Tarai belt, with an approximate width of 10-20 km where most of the streams and rivers re-emerge without having any properly demarcated channel, thereby, creating marshy and swampy conditions known as the Tarai. 3)The south of Tarai is a belt consisting of old and new alluvial deposits known as the Bhangar and Khadar respectively. These plains have characteristic features of the mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional landforms such as sandbars, meanders, oxbow lakes, and braided channels. 4) The Brahmaputra plains are known for their riverine islands and sandbars. The significance of these plains: 1) Economic Significance: These plains are highly fertile due to deposits of alluvial soils brought by rivers like Ganga and Brahmaputra. The fertility of these plains has resulted in food security of the country due to increased production of crop like Wheat, Rice etc Construction of transport network is easy. Thus, these plains are very thickly-populated regions of the world. 2) Cultural Significance: The organization of local fairs helps in strengthening the cultural assimilation of the people of North India. For ex- Kumbh Mela organized in Allahabad 3) Environmental Significance: The luxurious growth of natural vegetation and houses ofa varied wildlife of these plains add in the sustainability of the environment Conclusion Most of these areas are subjected to periodic floods and shifting river courses forming braided streams. The mouths of these mighty rivers also form some of the largest deltas of the world, for example, the famous Sunderbans delta. Otherwise, this is a featureless plain with a general elevation of 50-150 m above the mean sea level. The states of Haryana and Delhi form a water divide between the Indus and the Ganga river systems.
37,461
Despite the closeness in terms of culture, geography, and people-to-people relations, India-Nepal relations are fraught with challenges. Examine. (150 Words, 10 Marks)
Approach- A brief introduction highlighting the closeness of the relations in terms of culture, geography, people to people contact, etc. Discussing the challenges in the relations. Way Forward: What should the Government of India do. India and Nepal share close historical ties since ancient times having civilizational linkages. India-Nepal relations As close neighbours, India - Nepal Share unique relation characterized by open borders and deep-rooted people to people relation so much so that the relationship has been described as “ Roti-Beti Ka Rishta “. There exist geographical continuity between the two countries with the Trai region of Nepal continuing into India’s northern plains. Such is the geographical proximity between the two that Nepal is often referred to as India locked rather than just landlocked. The cultural connect between the two countries run from Lumbini to Bodh Gaya and from Pashupatinath to Kashivishvanath. Indian Languages such as Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Maithili are widely spoken in Nepal. Nepal has a total population of 29 million, of which 6 million reside and work in India. The people of the two countries have together fought against British imperialism. Not only India trains the Nepali Army, But It also has a Gorkha regiment that recruits Nepali Gorkhas, this indicated the special nature of the relationship between the two countries. Such is the proximity across sectors between the two countries that India Nepal, S.D Muni has referred that "India and Nepal are lodged in each other"s intestine " Despite the above the reasons for the relation being fraught with challenges India does not have an independent Nepal policy, its Nepal policy is a subset of Its China policy, it looks at Nepal through the prism of China, this is so because of India’s deep-seated security wrt China. Even Jawahar Lal Nehru (articulator of the principle of Non-Alignment, Panchshil with emphasis on National Sovereignty and non-interference in the domestic affairs ) has no hesitation to declare in the India parliament on 6th December 1950 India ’s security would enjoy priority over Nepal’s sovereignty. He declared India can not accept the policy of equidistant followed by Nepal. Nepal should have closer relations with India. It is in this context India has sought to micromanage affairs in Nepal. The faulty attitude of the Nepali elite who have sought to play China card to extract better deals from India. Nepal’s founder, Prithvi Narayan once commented on Nepal’s unique relation as “ Yam between two large boulders" Instability in Nepal has been a factor because of which India could not develop coherent Nepal policies, there have been five formal constitution and two interim constitutions since Independence. Nepal also represents a polarised polity. In the 1950s it comprised three pillars the King, Ranas, and the Nepali Congress and even presently it has multiple parties spanning various ideologies. Lack of professionalism in India’s approach- Most of Indian Ambassador belong to the states of UP and Bihar who more often than not have cross border familial relations. Therefore they failed to present a neutral perspective of the ground reality in Nepal. India often fails to follow diplomatic protocol and as a result, hurt Nepali pride. For instance, the 1950 peace and friendship treaty was signed between Nepali PM on one hand and Indian Ambassador on the other. Failure of India In implementing the developmental projects on time as a consequence China has made deep strides in Nepal, especially in the Hydroelectric power sector (HEP). Way Forward: What should the Government of India do There is a general perception that India promises and China delivers, therefore, GoI needs to ensure timely completion of the promised project. Since its achievement will be measured against that of China. Implement Gujral Doctrine in spirit. Under Gujral doctrine, India needs to undertake non-reciprocal initiatives towards Nepal. Only through it, it will be able to tackle “ big powers and small powers” syndrome. India should invest in the Nepali economy - a developing economy that needs investment in key areas such as agriculture, manufacturing, IT and Tourism. New Delhi can correct trade imbalance by investing in manufacturing in Nepal.
##Question:Despite the closeness in terms of culture, geography, and people-to-people relations, India-Nepal relations are fraught with challenges. Examine. (150 Words, 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach- A brief introduction highlighting the closeness of the relations in terms of culture, geography, people to people contact, etc. Discussing the challenges in the relations. Way Forward: What should the Government of India do. India and Nepal share close historical ties since ancient times having civilizational linkages. India-Nepal relations As close neighbours, India - Nepal Share unique relation characterized by open borders and deep-rooted people to people relation so much so that the relationship has been described as “ Roti-Beti Ka Rishta “. There exist geographical continuity between the two countries with the Trai region of Nepal continuing into India’s northern plains. Such is the geographical proximity between the two that Nepal is often referred to as India locked rather than just landlocked. The cultural connect between the two countries run from Lumbini to Bodh Gaya and from Pashupatinath to Kashivishvanath. Indian Languages such as Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Maithili are widely spoken in Nepal. Nepal has a total population of 29 million, of which 6 million reside and work in India. The people of the two countries have together fought against British imperialism. Not only India trains the Nepali Army, But It also has a Gorkha regiment that recruits Nepali Gorkhas, this indicated the special nature of the relationship between the two countries. Such is the proximity across sectors between the two countries that India Nepal, S.D Muni has referred that "India and Nepal are lodged in each other"s intestine " Despite the above the reasons for the relation being fraught with challenges India does not have an independent Nepal policy, its Nepal policy is a subset of Its China policy, it looks at Nepal through the prism of China, this is so because of India’s deep-seated security wrt China. Even Jawahar Lal Nehru (articulator of the principle of Non-Alignment, Panchshil with emphasis on National Sovereignty and non-interference in the domestic affairs ) has no hesitation to declare in the India parliament on 6th December 1950 India ’s security would enjoy priority over Nepal’s sovereignty. He declared India can not accept the policy of equidistant followed by Nepal. Nepal should have closer relations with India. It is in this context India has sought to micromanage affairs in Nepal. The faulty attitude of the Nepali elite who have sought to play China card to extract better deals from India. Nepal’s founder, Prithvi Narayan once commented on Nepal’s unique relation as “ Yam between two large boulders" Instability in Nepal has been a factor because of which India could not develop coherent Nepal policies, there have been five formal constitution and two interim constitutions since Independence. Nepal also represents a polarised polity. In the 1950s it comprised three pillars the King, Ranas, and the Nepali Congress and even presently it has multiple parties spanning various ideologies. Lack of professionalism in India’s approach- Most of Indian Ambassador belong to the states of UP and Bihar who more often than not have cross border familial relations. Therefore they failed to present a neutral perspective of the ground reality in Nepal. India often fails to follow diplomatic protocol and as a result, hurt Nepali pride. For instance, the 1950 peace and friendship treaty was signed between Nepali PM on one hand and Indian Ambassador on the other. Failure of India In implementing the developmental projects on time as a consequence China has made deep strides in Nepal, especially in the Hydroelectric power sector (HEP). Way Forward: What should the Government of India do There is a general perception that India promises and China delivers, therefore, GoI needs to ensure timely completion of the promised project. Since its achievement will be measured against that of China. Implement Gujral Doctrine in spirit. Under Gujral doctrine, India needs to undertake non-reciprocal initiatives towards Nepal. Only through it, it will be able to tackle “ big powers and small powers” syndrome. India should invest in the Nepali economy - a developing economy that needs investment in key areas such as agriculture, manufacturing, IT and Tourism. New Delhi can correct trade imbalance by investing in manufacturing in Nepal.
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यद्यपि इजराइल के साथ भारत के परंपरागत सम्बन्ध नहीं रहे हैं किन्तु निकट वर्षों में दोनों के मध्य बहुआयामी सहयोग की प्रवृत्ति देखी जा रही है। इस संदर्भ में भारत-इजराइल के द्वारा की गयी पहलों को स्पष्ट करें। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Although India does not have traditional relations with Israel, but there is a trend of multi-faceted cooperation between the two in the recent time. Explain the initiatives taken by India-Israel in this context. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण भूमिका में 1992 से पूर्व की स्थिति और उसके कारकों की चर्चा कीजिए सम्बन्धों की शुरुआत एवं उसके कारक को बताइए निकट वर्षों में सम्बन्धों में प्रगाढ़ता आने के कारक सहयोगात्मक पहलें की चर्चा कीजिए निष्कर्ष- इजराइल के साथ सम्बन्धों में महत्त्व के संदर्भ में| सुदूर पश्चिम एशिया में इजराइल एक राष्ट्र के रूप में मई 1948 में आस्तित्व में आया| एक राष्ट्र के रूप में इजराइल को भारत ने 1950 में मान्यता दे दी थी किन्तु भारत एवं इजराइल के मध्य राजनयिक संबंधों की शुरुआत 1992 में हुई| 1950 से लेकर 1992 के मध्य दोनों देशों में पारस्परिक सहयोग के कई उदाहरण देखे जा सकते हैं लेकिन कूटनीतिक संबधों में विलंबित स्थापना के अनेक कारक थे|यह आदर्शवादी विदेश नीति का काल था, इस दौर में भारतीय विदेश नीति फिलिस्तीन को एक राष्ट्र के रूप में मान्यता देती थी| दूसरे भारत एक गुटनिरपेक्ष राष्ट्र था जबकि इजराइल को पश्चिमी राष्ट्रों का सहयोग प्राप्त था, इसके साथ ही भारत समाजवादी विचारधारा की ओर झुकाव से युक्त राष्ट्र था| इन्ही कारकों ने भारत-इजराइल सम्बन्ध को राजनयिक स्तर तक पहुचने से रोक रखा था| 1990 के दशक में विश्व व्यवस्था में परिवर्तन आया | सोवियत संघ, जो कि भारत का परंपरागत एवं प्रमुख सहयोगी राष्ट्र था विभाजित हो गया,यहाँ शीत युद्ध की समाप्ति होती है | इसी समय भारत संप्रभु ऋण संकट अथवा भुगतान संतुलन संकट का सामना कर रहा था | इन परिस्थितियों में भारतीय विदेश नीति की प्राथमिकताओं में परिवर्तन आया | अब भारत को नए एवं सक्षम मित्र राष्ट्रों की आवश्यकता थी जो आवश्यकता पड़ने पर भारत को आर्थिक एवं सामरिक सहयोग दे सकें | इसी पृष्ठभूमि में भारत इजराइल के मध्य कूटनीतिक सम्बन्धों की शुरुआत हुई | 1992 के बाद सुधार के आयाम भारत द्वारा द्विराष्ट्र सिद्धांत समाधान प्रस्तुत करना संयुक्त राष्ट्र में वोटिंग में अनुपस्थित रहकर सम्बन्धों में संतुलन स्थापना के प्रयास डीहाईफनेशन की नीति (भारतीय हितों के अनुरूप निर्णयन न कि किसी अन्य राष्ट्र के दृष्टिकोण से) जेरुशलम पर भारतीय दृष्टिकोण | विगत तीन दशकों में भारत-इजराइल के मध्य सहयोग निरंतर बढ़ता ही गया है |भारत की आवश्यकतायें और उनकी पूर्ति में इजराइल का सक्षम होना निरंतर बढ़ती सहयोगात्मक प्रवृत्ति का मुख्य कारक है| इसे निम्नलिखित पहलों के माध्यम से समझा जा सकता है- विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में- विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में संयुक्त शोध के लिए 40 मिलियन का फण्ड अटॉमिक क्लॉक पर संयुक्त शोध जिओ और लियो (ऑप्टिकल फाइबर नेटवर्क) बराक समझौता आदि पानी के संदर्भ में – जल अलवणीकरण/पुनर्चक्रण की तकनीक सूक्ष्म सिचाई तकनीकों का विकास ये पहलें नमामि गंगे तथा प्रति बूंद अधिक फसल आदि पहलों के लिए उपयोगी हैं कृषि – 2006 से चरणबद्ध तरीके से सहयोग कृषि सहयोग तीन चरणों में हो रहा है ये सहयोग बागवानी, उत्पादकता में वृद्धि और शुष्क कृषि का विकास आदि संदर्भों में हो रहा है| आतंकवाद और कट्टरपंथ के संदर्भ में - भारत-इजराइल के मध्य आसूचना सहयोग UN में आतंकवाद के संदर्भ में दोनों एक दूसरे का परस्पर सहयोग करते हैं| इजराइल आतंकवाद के नियंत्रण में भारत का सामरिक एवं तकनीकी सहयोग कर रहा है| सुरक्षा के संदर्भ में- रूस और अमेरिका के बाद इजरायल हमारा सबसे बड़ा हथियार निर्यातक देश हैं। इजरायल सबसे ज्यादा हथियार भारत को बेचता है।इजराइल अपने कुल निर्यात का 40 प्रतिशत भारत को बेचता है । इजरायल भारत को पाकिस्तान सीमा पर बाड़ लगाने में तकनीकी सहायता उपलब्ध करा रहा है बराक मिसाइल, स्पाइक एंटी टैंक गाइडेड मिसाइल,हेरॉन यूएवी आदि की आपूर्ति| इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि सामाजिक-आर्थिक आवश्यकताओं के साथ ही विज्ञान-तकनीकी और सामरिक आवश्यकताओं के संदर्भों में भी इजराइल भारत के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी राष्ट्र है| अतः भारत को दोनों देशों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को निरंतर सुदृढ़ करते हुए सहयोग के नए आयामों की खोज करते रहना चाहिए |
##Question:यद्यपि इजराइल के साथ भारत के परंपरागत सम्बन्ध नहीं रहे हैं किन्तु निकट वर्षों में दोनों के मध्य बहुआयामी सहयोग की प्रवृत्ति देखी जा रही है। इस संदर्भ में भारत-इजराइल के द्वारा की गयी पहलों को स्पष्ट करें। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Although India does not have traditional relations with Israel, but there is a trend of multi-faceted cooperation between the two in the recent time. Explain the initiatives taken by India-Israel in this context. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण भूमिका में 1992 से पूर्व की स्थिति और उसके कारकों की चर्चा कीजिए सम्बन्धों की शुरुआत एवं उसके कारक को बताइए निकट वर्षों में सम्बन्धों में प्रगाढ़ता आने के कारक सहयोगात्मक पहलें की चर्चा कीजिए निष्कर्ष- इजराइल के साथ सम्बन्धों में महत्त्व के संदर्भ में| सुदूर पश्चिम एशिया में इजराइल एक राष्ट्र के रूप में मई 1948 में आस्तित्व में आया| एक राष्ट्र के रूप में इजराइल को भारत ने 1950 में मान्यता दे दी थी किन्तु भारत एवं इजराइल के मध्य राजनयिक संबंधों की शुरुआत 1992 में हुई| 1950 से लेकर 1992 के मध्य दोनों देशों में पारस्परिक सहयोग के कई उदाहरण देखे जा सकते हैं लेकिन कूटनीतिक संबधों में विलंबित स्थापना के अनेक कारक थे|यह आदर्शवादी विदेश नीति का काल था, इस दौर में भारतीय विदेश नीति फिलिस्तीन को एक राष्ट्र के रूप में मान्यता देती थी| दूसरे भारत एक गुटनिरपेक्ष राष्ट्र था जबकि इजराइल को पश्चिमी राष्ट्रों का सहयोग प्राप्त था, इसके साथ ही भारत समाजवादी विचारधारा की ओर झुकाव से युक्त राष्ट्र था| इन्ही कारकों ने भारत-इजराइल सम्बन्ध को राजनयिक स्तर तक पहुचने से रोक रखा था| 1990 के दशक में विश्व व्यवस्था में परिवर्तन आया | सोवियत संघ, जो कि भारत का परंपरागत एवं प्रमुख सहयोगी राष्ट्र था विभाजित हो गया,यहाँ शीत युद्ध की समाप्ति होती है | इसी समय भारत संप्रभु ऋण संकट अथवा भुगतान संतुलन संकट का सामना कर रहा था | इन परिस्थितियों में भारतीय विदेश नीति की प्राथमिकताओं में परिवर्तन आया | अब भारत को नए एवं सक्षम मित्र राष्ट्रों की आवश्यकता थी जो आवश्यकता पड़ने पर भारत को आर्थिक एवं सामरिक सहयोग दे सकें | इसी पृष्ठभूमि में भारत इजराइल के मध्य कूटनीतिक सम्बन्धों की शुरुआत हुई | 1992 के बाद सुधार के आयाम भारत द्वारा द्विराष्ट्र सिद्धांत समाधान प्रस्तुत करना संयुक्त राष्ट्र में वोटिंग में अनुपस्थित रहकर सम्बन्धों में संतुलन स्थापना के प्रयास डीहाईफनेशन की नीति (भारतीय हितों के अनुरूप निर्णयन न कि किसी अन्य राष्ट्र के दृष्टिकोण से) जेरुशलम पर भारतीय दृष्टिकोण | विगत तीन दशकों में भारत-इजराइल के मध्य सहयोग निरंतर बढ़ता ही गया है |भारत की आवश्यकतायें और उनकी पूर्ति में इजराइल का सक्षम होना निरंतर बढ़ती सहयोगात्मक प्रवृत्ति का मुख्य कारक है| इसे निम्नलिखित पहलों के माध्यम से समझा जा सकता है- विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में- विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में संयुक्त शोध के लिए 40 मिलियन का फण्ड अटॉमिक क्लॉक पर संयुक्त शोध जिओ और लियो (ऑप्टिकल फाइबर नेटवर्क) बराक समझौता आदि पानी के संदर्भ में – जल अलवणीकरण/पुनर्चक्रण की तकनीक सूक्ष्म सिचाई तकनीकों का विकास ये पहलें नमामि गंगे तथा प्रति बूंद अधिक फसल आदि पहलों के लिए उपयोगी हैं कृषि – 2006 से चरणबद्ध तरीके से सहयोग कृषि सहयोग तीन चरणों में हो रहा है ये सहयोग बागवानी, उत्पादकता में वृद्धि और शुष्क कृषि का विकास आदि संदर्भों में हो रहा है| आतंकवाद और कट्टरपंथ के संदर्भ में - भारत-इजराइल के मध्य आसूचना सहयोग UN में आतंकवाद के संदर्भ में दोनों एक दूसरे का परस्पर सहयोग करते हैं| इजराइल आतंकवाद के नियंत्रण में भारत का सामरिक एवं तकनीकी सहयोग कर रहा है| सुरक्षा के संदर्भ में- रूस और अमेरिका के बाद इजरायल हमारा सबसे बड़ा हथियार निर्यातक देश हैं। इजरायल सबसे ज्यादा हथियार भारत को बेचता है।इजराइल अपने कुल निर्यात का 40 प्रतिशत भारत को बेचता है । इजरायल भारत को पाकिस्तान सीमा पर बाड़ लगाने में तकनीकी सहायता उपलब्ध करा रहा है बराक मिसाइल, स्पाइक एंटी टैंक गाइडेड मिसाइल,हेरॉन यूएवी आदि की आपूर्ति| इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि सामाजिक-आर्थिक आवश्यकताओं के साथ ही विज्ञान-तकनीकी और सामरिक आवश्यकताओं के संदर्भों में भी इजराइल भारत के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी राष्ट्र है| अतः भारत को दोनों देशों के मध्य सम्बन्धों को निरंतर सुदृढ़ करते हुए सहयोग के नए आयामों की खोज करते रहना चाहिए |
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