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भारत में जलमार्ग का विकास अपेक्षाकृत कम हुआ है ,कथन का परीक्षण कीजिए | साथ ही ,इस दिशा में सुधार के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा किए जा रहे प्रयासों का वर्णन कीजिए (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक ) Waterways development in India has been relatively less, Examine the statement. Also, describe the efforts being made by the Government of India to improve in this direction (150-200 words/ 10 Marks).
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एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत जलमार्ग का सामान्य परिचय देते हुए कीजिये | इसके पश्चात जलमार्ग के कम विकसित होने के कारणों का उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये | अंत मेंजलमार्गों में विकास हेतु भारत सरकार द्वारा किए जा रहे प्रयासों को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये | उत्तर - भारत में 14500 km नदी चैनल नौगम्य है | चीन व कोरिया जैसे देशों ने अपना 40 % से अधिक यात्री और माल यातायात को चैनलाइज कर दिया है ,लेकिन भारत में यह अनुपात केवल 3.5 % है | जलमार्ग के पूर्ण रूप से विकसित न होने के निम्न कारण है : माल के वाणिज्यिक आवागमन के लिए भारतीय जलमार्गो के एक बड़े भाग में अपर्याप्त गहराई का होना एक प्रमुख समस्या है | नदियाँ, विशेष रूप से उत्तरी नदियाँ वर्षपर्यंत गाद की गंभीर समस्या का सामना करती है | फलतः नदीतल ऊपर उठ जाता है ,जिससे गैर-मानसूनी महीनों के दौरान माल के आवागमन में बाधा पड़ती है | मौसमी वर्षा के कारण जलमार्ग गहराई में उतार-चढ़ाव देखने को मिलते है | हिमालयी नदियों में विसर्पण की संभावना व ढाल अधिक जलमार्ग की मांग अपेक्षाकृत कम | जहाँ मांग होती है वहां यातायात के अन्य साधन उपलब्ध हैं | अंतर्देशीय जलपोतों की कमी ,क्योंकि जलपोतों का निर्माण अत्यधिक पूंजी वाला कार्य है | निजी क्षेत्र द्वारा नौकाओं के निर्माण में निवेश नहीं किया जाता है | नदी सूचना प्रणाली जैसी रात्रि नौवहन सुविधाओं का अभाव| संभावित मल्टीमॉडल गलियारों के साथ –साथ जलमार्गों ,औद्योगिक समूहों और अंतर्देशीय जल परिवहन गलियारे में मल्टीमॉडल परिवहन केन्द्रों के विस्तृत मानचित्रण का अभाव | वैसे तो अंतर्देशीय जल परिवहन ,रेल और सड़क जैसे अन्य परिवहन साधनों के साथ लागत प्रतिस्पर्धा है ,लेकिन यह स्थिति कभी-कभी अन्य साधनों को प्रदत्त अधिमान्यता से बिगड़ जाती हैं | जलमार्गों में विकास हेतु भारत सरकार द्वारा किए जा रहे प्रयास : अंतर्देशीय जलमार्ग परियोजनाएं PPP और FDI को मिलाकर विकसित की जायंगी वर्तमान में केंद्र सरकार जलमार्ग से माल की ढूलाई और यात्रियों के आवागमन को पांच गुना बढ़ाने के उद्देश्य से कार्य कर रही है | जलमार्गों द्वारा वर्तमान यात्री और माल ढुलाई केवल 3.5 % है | सरकार इसे वर्ष 2019 तक लगभग 15% करने की रणनीति पर कार्य कर रही है | तटीय जहाजरानी द्वारा माल की ढुलाई प्रोत्साहित करने ले लिए ,सेवा कर सड़क और रेल परिवहन के साथ बराबरी पर लाया गया हैं | राष्ट्रीय जलमार्ग अधिनियम 2016 पांच वर्त्तमान जलमार्गो के अतिरिक्त राष्ट्रीय जलमार्ग के रूप में 101 जलमार्गो की पहचान करता है | प्रधानमंत्री जल मार्ग योजना भुबद्द राज्यों के लिए शुष्क पत्तन और उप-पत्तन प्रदान करने के साथ –साथ नदियों को जलमार्गों में परिवर्तित करने ले लिए आरम्भ की गई थी | ‘जल मार्ग विकास’ परियोजना में बड़े वाणिज्यिक नौवहन जहाजों को सक्षम बनाने के लिए 3 मीटर गहराई वाला जहाजी मार्ग विकसित किया जाएगा| सागर माला परियोजना के अंतर्गत रेल,सड़क और अंतर्देशीय जलमार्गों द्वारा आन्तरिक भागों को पत्तनों से जोड़ा जाएगा | सुरक्षित ,सटीक नौवहन की सुविधा परदान करने के लिए रेडियोलोजी इन्फॉर्मेशन सिस्टम (RIS ) की शुरुआत की गयी है |
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##Question:भारत में जलमार्ग का विकास अपेक्षाकृत कम हुआ है ,कथन का परीक्षण कीजिए | साथ ही ,इस दिशा में सुधार के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा किए जा रहे प्रयासों का वर्णन कीजिए (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक ) Waterways development in India has been relatively less, Examine the statement. Also, describe the efforts being made by the Government of India to improve in this direction (150-200 words/ 10 Marks).##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत जलमार्ग का सामान्य परिचय देते हुए कीजिये | इसके पश्चात जलमार्ग के कम विकसित होने के कारणों का उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये | अंत मेंजलमार्गों में विकास हेतु भारत सरकार द्वारा किए जा रहे प्रयासों को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये | उत्तर - भारत में 14500 km नदी चैनल नौगम्य है | चीन व कोरिया जैसे देशों ने अपना 40 % से अधिक यात्री और माल यातायात को चैनलाइज कर दिया है ,लेकिन भारत में यह अनुपात केवल 3.5 % है | जलमार्ग के पूर्ण रूप से विकसित न होने के निम्न कारण है : माल के वाणिज्यिक आवागमन के लिए भारतीय जलमार्गो के एक बड़े भाग में अपर्याप्त गहराई का होना एक प्रमुख समस्या है | नदियाँ, विशेष रूप से उत्तरी नदियाँ वर्षपर्यंत गाद की गंभीर समस्या का सामना करती है | फलतः नदीतल ऊपर उठ जाता है ,जिससे गैर-मानसूनी महीनों के दौरान माल के आवागमन में बाधा पड़ती है | मौसमी वर्षा के कारण जलमार्ग गहराई में उतार-चढ़ाव देखने को मिलते है | हिमालयी नदियों में विसर्पण की संभावना व ढाल अधिक जलमार्ग की मांग अपेक्षाकृत कम | जहाँ मांग होती है वहां यातायात के अन्य साधन उपलब्ध हैं | अंतर्देशीय जलपोतों की कमी ,क्योंकि जलपोतों का निर्माण अत्यधिक पूंजी वाला कार्य है | निजी क्षेत्र द्वारा नौकाओं के निर्माण में निवेश नहीं किया जाता है | नदी सूचना प्रणाली जैसी रात्रि नौवहन सुविधाओं का अभाव| संभावित मल्टीमॉडल गलियारों के साथ –साथ जलमार्गों ,औद्योगिक समूहों और अंतर्देशीय जल परिवहन गलियारे में मल्टीमॉडल परिवहन केन्द्रों के विस्तृत मानचित्रण का अभाव | वैसे तो अंतर्देशीय जल परिवहन ,रेल और सड़क जैसे अन्य परिवहन साधनों के साथ लागत प्रतिस्पर्धा है ,लेकिन यह स्थिति कभी-कभी अन्य साधनों को प्रदत्त अधिमान्यता से बिगड़ जाती हैं | जलमार्गों में विकास हेतु भारत सरकार द्वारा किए जा रहे प्रयास : अंतर्देशीय जलमार्ग परियोजनाएं PPP और FDI को मिलाकर विकसित की जायंगी वर्तमान में केंद्र सरकार जलमार्ग से माल की ढूलाई और यात्रियों के आवागमन को पांच गुना बढ़ाने के उद्देश्य से कार्य कर रही है | जलमार्गों द्वारा वर्तमान यात्री और माल ढुलाई केवल 3.5 % है | सरकार इसे वर्ष 2019 तक लगभग 15% करने की रणनीति पर कार्य कर रही है | तटीय जहाजरानी द्वारा माल की ढुलाई प्रोत्साहित करने ले लिए ,सेवा कर सड़क और रेल परिवहन के साथ बराबरी पर लाया गया हैं | राष्ट्रीय जलमार्ग अधिनियम 2016 पांच वर्त्तमान जलमार्गो के अतिरिक्त राष्ट्रीय जलमार्ग के रूप में 101 जलमार्गो की पहचान करता है | प्रधानमंत्री जल मार्ग योजना भुबद्द राज्यों के लिए शुष्क पत्तन और उप-पत्तन प्रदान करने के साथ –साथ नदियों को जलमार्गों में परिवर्तित करने ले लिए आरम्भ की गई थी | ‘जल मार्ग विकास’ परियोजना में बड़े वाणिज्यिक नौवहन जहाजों को सक्षम बनाने के लिए 3 मीटर गहराई वाला जहाजी मार्ग विकसित किया जाएगा| सागर माला परियोजना के अंतर्गत रेल,सड़क और अंतर्देशीय जलमार्गों द्वारा आन्तरिक भागों को पत्तनों से जोड़ा जाएगा | सुरक्षित ,सटीक नौवहन की सुविधा परदान करने के लिए रेडियोलोजी इन्फॉर्मेशन सिस्टम (RIS ) की शुरुआत की गयी है |
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Discuss the meaning and objectives of DTAA? How countries like Cyprus, Mauritius are acting as tax heavens for tax invaders? Discuss the reforms in context of DTAA. (250 Words)
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##Question:Discuss the meaning and objectives of DTAA? How countries like Cyprus, Mauritius are acting as tax heavens for tax invaders? Discuss the reforms in context of DTAA. (250 Words)##Answer:.
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Write short note on- (50 words each) GAAR Base erosion and Profit shifting
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##Question:Write short note on- (50 words each) GAAR Base erosion and Profit shifting ##Answer:.
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It has been argued that India should move to full convertibility of currency. What do you mean by full convertibility of currency? Examine the advantages and disadvantages of full convertibility of currency. (10 marks/150 words)
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Brief approach- Define convertibility of currency Give advantages of full convertibility Give disadvantages of full convertibility Conclude suitably Answer- By convertibility of a currency, we mean currency of a country can be freely converted into foreign exchange at the market-determined rate of exchange that is, the exchange rate as determined by the demand for and supply of a currency. why is convertibility important for open economies? a) With increased openness, increased trade, capital flows, the absence of convertibility is seen as a hindrance to smooth inflows and outflows, resulting in avoidable delays in conversion, besides bringing in administrative costs of conversion. b) A convertible currency is acceptable in a non-convertible economy (USD in India) but a nonconvertible currency is not acceptable in a convertible economy (Rupees in the US). c) It is seen from the global perspective as a growing stature of the home currency gaining global acceptability. d) It reflects greater transparency in the foreign exchange transactions in the domestic economy. e) It is seen as the growing maturity and strong macroeconomic fundamentals of an economy and their ability to withstand adverse global fallouts. f) It is also believed as a way to attract foreign investment. what could be the possible fallouts of convertibility? 1. All the crisis-ridden economies in the past had full convertibility and that convertibility exposes economies and makes them vulnerable, especially in adverse global circumstances. 2. One of the biggest dangers of convertibility is what is referred to as the fear of infamous “Dutch Disease," coined in 1977 following the discovery of oil in the Netherlands. There was a surge inflow resulting in currency appreciating adversely affecting their manufactured exports and slow down of the economy. 3. The stance of the monetary policy changes to managing inflows and outflows, managing what is referred to as the "impossible trinity" of the open capital account, exchange rate, and independent monetary policy. The Central Bank can at best manage two but not all three. 4. Large inflows can create problems of liquidity and lead to inflationary pressures built up beside affecting growth. According to Tara pore Committee 1999- If the Fiscal deficit is below 3.5%, NPA is below 5% and CRR is 3% than Full Capital Account convertibility can be a reality. Full account convertibility will be a good step for India but it should in the line of the actual condition of the economy.
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##Question:It has been argued that India should move to full convertibility of currency. What do you mean by full convertibility of currency? Examine the advantages and disadvantages of full convertibility of currency. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief approach- Define convertibility of currency Give advantages of full convertibility Give disadvantages of full convertibility Conclude suitably Answer- By convertibility of a currency, we mean currency of a country can be freely converted into foreign exchange at the market-determined rate of exchange that is, the exchange rate as determined by the demand for and supply of a currency. why is convertibility important for open economies? a) With increased openness, increased trade, capital flows, the absence of convertibility is seen as a hindrance to smooth inflows and outflows, resulting in avoidable delays in conversion, besides bringing in administrative costs of conversion. b) A convertible currency is acceptable in a non-convertible economy (USD in India) but a nonconvertible currency is not acceptable in a convertible economy (Rupees in the US). c) It is seen from the global perspective as a growing stature of the home currency gaining global acceptability. d) It reflects greater transparency in the foreign exchange transactions in the domestic economy. e) It is seen as the growing maturity and strong macroeconomic fundamentals of an economy and their ability to withstand adverse global fallouts. f) It is also believed as a way to attract foreign investment. what could be the possible fallouts of convertibility? 1. All the crisis-ridden economies in the past had full convertibility and that convertibility exposes economies and makes them vulnerable, especially in adverse global circumstances. 2. One of the biggest dangers of convertibility is what is referred to as the fear of infamous “Dutch Disease," coined in 1977 following the discovery of oil in the Netherlands. There was a surge inflow resulting in currency appreciating adversely affecting their manufactured exports and slow down of the economy. 3. The stance of the monetary policy changes to managing inflows and outflows, managing what is referred to as the "impossible trinity" of the open capital account, exchange rate, and independent monetary policy. The Central Bank can at best manage two but not all three. 4. Large inflows can create problems of liquidity and lead to inflationary pressures built up beside affecting growth. According to Tara pore Committee 1999- If the Fiscal deficit is below 3.5%, NPA is below 5% and CRR is 3% than Full Capital Account convertibility can be a reality. Full account convertibility will be a good step for India but it should in the line of the actual condition of the economy.
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Fertility rates in India are more closely related to education level and socio-economic development rather than religious beliefs. Elaborate. Enumerate the steps that can be taken to achieve population stabilization. (250 words/15 marks)
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India was the first country to start family planning in 1952. Still, it is the second most populous country in the world. To stabilize the population growth, National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 set the target of achieving Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 by 2010, the target we missed and revised to be achieved by 2020. Though the TFR declined from 3.6 in 1991 to 2.3 in 2013, India is yet to achieve the replacement level of 2.1. In spite of family planning initiatives, TFR is higher than 3 in some districts of BIMARU states. IN certain cases, such high TFR has been attributed to religious beliefs - certain religions don"t allow the use of contraceptives. the requirement of a male child to carry out oblations to ancestors. Hence, couples reproduce until they get a male child. However, today with relatively declining religiosity, TFR continues to be quite high. This makes it clear that other factors also play a role in highfertility rates: • High TFR rate is accompanied by high incidents of poverty, as parents see their children as an economic asset. For example, high TFR in BIMARU states. • High TFR rate is accompanied by high incidents of early marriage of women under 18 years of age. For example, UP and Bihar. • High TFR rate is accompanied by low literacy rates and vice-versa. For example, high TFR in UP and Bihar, while very low in southern states. • TFR rate is lower for women who are part of the formal workforce. Even participation of males in formal employment restricts TFR. • The social status of females and prevalence of dowry affects the TFR. In regions where such a trend is present, parents having girl child produce more children in hope of having a boy. • TFR rate is lower in those states where women empowerment index is relatively higher because it has a direct bearing on reproductive decisions and use of contraceptives. For example, lower TFR in Kerala, TN while higher in northern states. Stepstaken: • Scheme for Home delivery of contraceptives by ASHAs at the doorstep of beneficiaries. • Scheme for ASHAs to ensure spacing in births (launched in 2012), under which ASHAs provide family planning counseling to newly married couples. • Compensation for sterilization has been enhanced for states with high TFR. • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme for education, growth, and nurture of female child. It would also prevent child marriages. • Some social welfare schemes provide benefits only to two children of the family. • Mission Parivar Vikas to target 146 districts in states with fertility rates above the national average. • Conditional schemes such as IGMSY Way Ahead: • Increase awareness against child marriages and enhance community participation in preventing it. • Provide informed reproductive services to women to restore gender balance, by reforming the sterilization programs and giving more choices to women. • Focus on women’s empowerment and women education. • Focus on a rights-based approach to reproductive health to address the special and unmet needs of women and adolescent girls.
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##Question:Fertility rates in India are more closely related to education level and socio-economic development rather than religious beliefs. Elaborate. Enumerate the steps that can be taken to achieve population stabilization. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:India was the first country to start family planning in 1952. Still, it is the second most populous country in the world. To stabilize the population growth, National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 set the target of achieving Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 by 2010, the target we missed and revised to be achieved by 2020. Though the TFR declined from 3.6 in 1991 to 2.3 in 2013, India is yet to achieve the replacement level of 2.1. In spite of family planning initiatives, TFR is higher than 3 in some districts of BIMARU states. IN certain cases, such high TFR has been attributed to religious beliefs - certain religions don"t allow the use of contraceptives. the requirement of a male child to carry out oblations to ancestors. Hence, couples reproduce until they get a male child. However, today with relatively declining religiosity, TFR continues to be quite high. This makes it clear that other factors also play a role in highfertility rates: • High TFR rate is accompanied by high incidents of poverty, as parents see their children as an economic asset. For example, high TFR in BIMARU states. • High TFR rate is accompanied by high incidents of early marriage of women under 18 years of age. For example, UP and Bihar. • High TFR rate is accompanied by low literacy rates and vice-versa. For example, high TFR in UP and Bihar, while very low in southern states. • TFR rate is lower for women who are part of the formal workforce. Even participation of males in formal employment restricts TFR. • The social status of females and prevalence of dowry affects the TFR. In regions where such a trend is present, parents having girl child produce more children in hope of having a boy. • TFR rate is lower in those states where women empowerment index is relatively higher because it has a direct bearing on reproductive decisions and use of contraceptives. For example, lower TFR in Kerala, TN while higher in northern states. Stepstaken: • Scheme for Home delivery of contraceptives by ASHAs at the doorstep of beneficiaries. • Scheme for ASHAs to ensure spacing in births (launched in 2012), under which ASHAs provide family planning counseling to newly married couples. • Compensation for sterilization has been enhanced for states with high TFR. • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme for education, growth, and nurture of female child. It would also prevent child marriages. • Some social welfare schemes provide benefits only to two children of the family. • Mission Parivar Vikas to target 146 districts in states with fertility rates above the national average. • Conditional schemes such as IGMSY Way Ahead: • Increase awareness against child marriages and enhance community participation in preventing it. • Provide informed reproductive services to women to restore gender balance, by reforming the sterilization programs and giving more choices to women. • Focus on women’s empowerment and women education. • Focus on a rights-based approach to reproductive health to address the special and unmet needs of women and adolescent girls.
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Explain the significance of financial inclusion in promoting inclusive growth. In this context, enumerate the recent initiatives taken by the government to promote financial inclusion. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Financial inclusion can be defined as a comprehensive and holistic process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost. Significance of Financial inclusion in promoting inclusive growth Access to banking inculcates the habit to save, thus increasing capital formation in the country and giving it an economic boost. Financial inclusion can help in direct cash transfers to beneficiary bank accounts, instead of physical cash payments. This also ensures that the funds actually reach the intended recipients instead of being siphoned off along the way. Financial inclusion help increase the availability of credit from formal banking channels, this in turn fosters the entrepreneurial spirit of the masses to increase output and prosperity in the countryside Financial inclusion women can lead to their financial independence, which in turn can lead to their overall empowerment and growth. Recent steps taken by government to promote financial inclusion are Jan Dhan Yojana MUDRA Atal Pension Yojana Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana PM Suraksha Bima Yojana UPI, Bharat QR Code by NCPI Payments Banks and Small Banks (Student should provide brief infiromation about each of these measures in the answer)
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##Question:Explain the significance of financial inclusion in promoting inclusive growth. In this context, enumerate the recent initiatives taken by the government to promote financial inclusion. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer: Financial inclusion can be defined as a comprehensive and holistic process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost. Significance of Financial inclusion in promoting inclusive growth Access to banking inculcates the habit to save, thus increasing capital formation in the country and giving it an economic boost. Financial inclusion can help in direct cash transfers to beneficiary bank accounts, instead of physical cash payments. This also ensures that the funds actually reach the intended recipients instead of being siphoned off along the way. Financial inclusion help increase the availability of credit from formal banking channels, this in turn fosters the entrepreneurial spirit of the masses to increase output and prosperity in the countryside Financial inclusion women can lead to their financial independence, which in turn can lead to their overall empowerment and growth. Recent steps taken by government to promote financial inclusion are Jan Dhan Yojana MUDRA Atal Pension Yojana Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana PM Suraksha Bima Yojana UPI, Bharat QR Code by NCPI Payments Banks and Small Banks (Student should provide brief infiromation about each of these measures in the answer)
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म्यांमार ,भारत के लिए न केवल एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण है ,अपितु भारत के प्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी देशों को प्रतिसंतुलित करने में भी इसकी महत्ता हैं |(200 शब्द )
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भारत के लिए म्यांमार का महत्व(विशेष रूप से एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के दृष्टिकोण से) – म्यांमार भारत से सीमा साझा अकरने वाला एकमात्र आसियान देश है ,इसलिए यह भारत के लिए दक्षिण –पूर्व एशिया का द्वार है ,जिसके साथ भारत “एक्ट ईस्ट” की नीति के माध्यम से अधिक आर्थिक एकीकरण हेतु प्रयासरत है | म्यांमार की भौगोलिक स्थिति महत्वपूर्ण है अतः यह दक्षिण –पूर्वी एशिया के देशों के साथ भारत की कनेक्टिविटी के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है ,जैसे- भारत-म्यांमार-थाईलैंड त्रिपक्षीय हाईवे | उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में आसान पहुँच में भी म्यांमार की महत्ता है , जैसे-कालादान मल्टी मॉडल प्रोजेक्ट म्यांमार आसियान, मेकोंग गंगा व बिम्सटेक जैसी क्षेत्रीय पहलों का सदस्य है | म्यांमार में महत्वपूर्ण हाइड्रोकार्बिन संसाधनों के भंडार है ,उयः भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा के दृष्टिकोण से काफी महत्वपूर्ण है | उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में अलगाववादी आन्दोलनों को नियंत्रण करने में भी म्यांमार की महत्ता है || आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से म्यांमार भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है ,भारत म्यांमार का 5वां सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक भागीदार हैं | प्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी के देशों को संतुलित करने में म्यांमार की भूमिका – म्यांमार में 1990 के दशक से जारी चीनी खनन व अवसंरचना परियोजनाओं ने म्यांमार में पर्यावरण पारिस्थितिकी को काफी नुकसान पहुचायां है साथ ये परियोजनाएं बड़े पैमाने पर विस्थापन हेतु भी उत्तरदायी रही है | चीन ने अन्य परियोजना सहित क्यौक्फ्यु में विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र के दबाव बनाकर म्यांमार में अपनी उपस्थिति दर्ज की हैं | चीन की शोषण करने वाली परियोजनाओं को देखते हुए म्यांमार भारत से अधिक सहयोग की अपेक्षा रखता है भारत म्यांमार में अपनी मौजूदगी दर्ज करा कर चीन को प्रतिसंतुलित कर सकता है भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को म्यांमार के साथ मिलकर अपने आर्थिक सहयोग की समीक्षा करने की आवश्यकता है तथा सहयोग के नए क्षेत्रों को तलाशने की जरूरत हैं | सितवे पोर्ट को विकसित करने के ओर तेज़ी से बढ़ना चाहिए | परियोजनाओं के क्रियान्वयन में होने वाली देरी को कम किये जाने की आवश्यकता है | रोहिंग्या मुद्दे पर भी दोनों देश सहयोग कर सकते है |
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##Question:म्यांमार ,भारत के लिए न केवल एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण है ,अपितु भारत के प्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी देशों को प्रतिसंतुलित करने में भी इसकी महत्ता हैं |(200 शब्द )##Answer:भारत के लिए म्यांमार का महत्व(विशेष रूप से एक्ट ईस्ट नीति के दृष्टिकोण से) – म्यांमार भारत से सीमा साझा अकरने वाला एकमात्र आसियान देश है ,इसलिए यह भारत के लिए दक्षिण –पूर्व एशिया का द्वार है ,जिसके साथ भारत “एक्ट ईस्ट” की नीति के माध्यम से अधिक आर्थिक एकीकरण हेतु प्रयासरत है | म्यांमार की भौगोलिक स्थिति महत्वपूर्ण है अतः यह दक्षिण –पूर्वी एशिया के देशों के साथ भारत की कनेक्टिविटी के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है ,जैसे- भारत-म्यांमार-थाईलैंड त्रिपक्षीय हाईवे | उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में आसान पहुँच में भी म्यांमार की महत्ता है , जैसे-कालादान मल्टी मॉडल प्रोजेक्ट म्यांमार आसियान, मेकोंग गंगा व बिम्सटेक जैसी क्षेत्रीय पहलों का सदस्य है | म्यांमार में महत्वपूर्ण हाइड्रोकार्बिन संसाधनों के भंडार है ,उयः भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा के दृष्टिकोण से काफी महत्वपूर्ण है | उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों में अलगाववादी आन्दोलनों को नियंत्रण करने में भी म्यांमार की महत्ता है || आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से म्यांमार भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है ,भारत म्यांमार का 5वां सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक भागीदार हैं | प्रतिद्वंद्वी पड़ोसी के देशों को संतुलित करने में म्यांमार की भूमिका – म्यांमार में 1990 के दशक से जारी चीनी खनन व अवसंरचना परियोजनाओं ने म्यांमार में पर्यावरण पारिस्थितिकी को काफी नुकसान पहुचायां है साथ ये परियोजनाएं बड़े पैमाने पर विस्थापन हेतु भी उत्तरदायी रही है | चीन ने अन्य परियोजना सहित क्यौक्फ्यु में विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र के दबाव बनाकर म्यांमार में अपनी उपस्थिति दर्ज की हैं | चीन की शोषण करने वाली परियोजनाओं को देखते हुए म्यांमार भारत से अधिक सहयोग की अपेक्षा रखता है भारत म्यांमार में अपनी मौजूदगी दर्ज करा कर चीन को प्रतिसंतुलित कर सकता है भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को म्यांमार के साथ मिलकर अपने आर्थिक सहयोग की समीक्षा करने की आवश्यकता है तथा सहयोग के नए क्षेत्रों को तलाशने की जरूरत हैं | सितवे पोर्ट को विकसित करने के ओर तेज़ी से बढ़ना चाहिए | परियोजनाओं के क्रियान्वयन में होने वाली देरी को कम किये जाने की आवश्यकता है | रोहिंग्या मुद्दे पर भी दोनों देश सहयोग कर सकते है |
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What you understand by money laundering? What steps have been taken by the government to fight money laundering? (150 words/10 Marks)
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Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of large amounts of money that have been gained through illegitimate means. Objective of Money laundering 1. Converting black money into legal money 2. concealing illegal activity Money evidently gained through crime is "dirty" money, and money that has been "laundered" to appear as if it came from a legitimate source is "clean" money. Money can be laundered by many methods, which vary in complexity and sophistication. Money laundering is commonly defined as occurring in three steps: First, cash is introduced into the financial system by some means ("placement"); The second involves carrying out complex financial transactions to camouflage the illegal source ("layering"); and, The final step entails acquiring wealth generated from the transactions of the illicit funds ("integration").In the case of money laundering, even if the proceeds of unlawful activities/ crime get ‘laundered’, enforcement authorities could undo the effect on the basis of post-facto investigation. Steps Taken by the Govt : India’s strategy to deal with money laundering : • The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA-1967) and the Prevention of Money laundering Act (PMLA-2002) are effective instrumentalities to combat offences relating to Money laundering. Both UAPA and PMLA have been strengthened by respective amendments made in 2013. •The Benami transactions (Prohibiton) Act- 1988 seeks to prohibit Benami transactions and the right to recover property held Benami and for matters corrected therewith or incidental thereto. •National Risk Assessment (NRA) exercise to identify the sectors that are susceptible to money laundering and terror funding, and plug the loopholes. This is in line with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations. •International cooperation such as FATF, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties, Joint Working Group on Counter Terrorism. • The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 • The Income Tax Act, 1961 •The Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 •The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 India has a long way to go before we can match the efforts of developed countries in the area of Anti Money Laundering measure. The government needs to take more effective action and generate a grassroots-level focus amongst financial institutions. It is difficult to implement control over money laundering activities without support from legislative and executive bodies
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##Question:What you understand by money laundering? What steps have been taken by the government to fight money laundering? (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of large amounts of money that have been gained through illegitimate means. Objective of Money laundering 1. Converting black money into legal money 2. concealing illegal activity Money evidently gained through crime is "dirty" money, and money that has been "laundered" to appear as if it came from a legitimate source is "clean" money. Money can be laundered by many methods, which vary in complexity and sophistication. Money laundering is commonly defined as occurring in three steps: First, cash is introduced into the financial system by some means ("placement"); The second involves carrying out complex financial transactions to camouflage the illegal source ("layering"); and, The final step entails acquiring wealth generated from the transactions of the illicit funds ("integration").In the case of money laundering, even if the proceeds of unlawful activities/ crime get ‘laundered’, enforcement authorities could undo the effect on the basis of post-facto investigation. Steps Taken by the Govt : India’s strategy to deal with money laundering : • The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA-1967) and the Prevention of Money laundering Act (PMLA-2002) are effective instrumentalities to combat offences relating to Money laundering. Both UAPA and PMLA have been strengthened by respective amendments made in 2013. •The Benami transactions (Prohibiton) Act- 1988 seeks to prohibit Benami transactions and the right to recover property held Benami and for matters corrected therewith or incidental thereto. •National Risk Assessment (NRA) exercise to identify the sectors that are susceptible to money laundering and terror funding, and plug the loopholes. This is in line with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations. •International cooperation such as FATF, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties, Joint Working Group on Counter Terrorism. • The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 • The Income Tax Act, 1961 •The Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 •The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 India has a long way to go before we can match the efforts of developed countries in the area of Anti Money Laundering measure. The government needs to take more effective action and generate a grassroots-level focus amongst financial institutions. It is difficult to implement control over money laundering activities without support from legislative and executive bodies
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भारतीय विदेश नीति में म्यांमार की व्यापक महत्ता पर प्रकाश डालते हुए दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य प्रमुख सहयोग क्षेत्रों की समीक्षा करें |(200 शब्द )
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प्रस्तावना महत्वपूर्ण पडोसी राष्ट्र ऐतिहासिक संबंध आर्थिक-रणनीतिक महत्त्व नजदीकी संबंध का काल (1947-62) नेहरु सरकार और तत्कालीन म्यांमार सरकार में सम्बन्ध प्रजातंत्र का समर्थन आर्थिक व सैन्य सहायता समस्या का काल (1962 -90) सैन्य शासन की स्थापना एवं भारत द्वारा उसका विरोध भारत-म्यांमार के संबंधों में दूरियाँ युद्ध के कारण भारत-चीन संबंध पर नकारत्मक प्रभाव सैन्य शासन एवं साम्यवादी प्रभाव की वृद्धि म्यांमार पर चीन का प्रभाव उदारीकरण का दौर साझा सीमा - ASEAN राष्ट्रों में एकमात्र ऐसा राष्ट्र जिसकी सीमा भारत से साझा है उदारीकरण LPG के दौर में दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया में पहुँच में वृद्धि करने हेतु एवं अपने निर्यात को बढ़ावा देने हेतु म्यांमार की एक आवश्यक भूमिका अर्थात भारत द्वारा यथार्थ वादी दृष्टिकोण अपनाते हुए ASEAN की ओर बढ़ने के लिए म्यांमार की सैन्य सरकार से भी संबंध स्थापित करना आंग सान सु की का प्रादुर्भाव एवं प्रजातान्त्रिक व्यवस्था की ओर अग्रसर म्यांमार की महत्ता मैकेंजी की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार (2012)- म्यांमार की अर्थव्यवस्था 2030 में 30 बिलियन डॉलर (वर्त्तमान में जो 200 मिलियन डॉलर है )की अर्थव्यवस्था हो जाएगी चीन का प्रभाव –म्यांमार अपने लगभग सम्पूर्ण निर्यात के लिए चीन पर आश्रित है जो भारत एवं अन्य सहयोगी राष्ट्रों के लिए नकारात्मक है म्यांमार की भौगोलिक अवस्थिति – मलक्का जल संधि के पास अवस्थित ,सामरिक ददृष्टि से महत्वपूर्ण भारत के लिए महत्ता सामरिक – उत्तर पूर्व के विप्लव में कमी (Insurgency)-उत्तर पूर्व में शांति व सुरक्षा के सन्दर्भ में ASEAN में भौगोलिक पहुँच बनाने की दृष्टी से आवश्यक अवस्थिति चीन के प्रभाव को चुनौती देने (Hegemony) हेतु म्यांमार में है इसलिए भारत के लिए दीर्घकालिक सन्दर्भ में सही नहीं है कनेक्टिविटी बिम्सटेक एवं ASEAN में पहुँच कालादान मल्टीमोडल परियोजना क्षेत्रीय संस्थाएं बिम्सटेक ,ASEAN एवं मेकाँग गंगा सहयोग (2000) लुक ईस्ट पालिसी को बढ़ावा ड्रग ट्राफिकिंग ,मानव तस्करी एवं गैर- कानूनी मतस्यन पर रोक भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा के दृष्टिकोण हेतु म्यांमार की तेल एवं गैस भण्डारण की महत्ता साझा सीमा भूमि सीमा सागरीय सीमा भारत और म्यांमार के मध्य कुछ प्रमुख क्षेत्रों को चिह्नित किये जा सकते हैं जिसपर दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य सहयोग हो रहें हैं : बॉर्डर सहयोग संधि 2014 में एक MOU पर हस्ताक्षर – आतंकियों को पकड़ने में सैन्य सहयोग – खापलांग समूह द्वारा 2015 में घटना की प्रतिक्रिया में सुर्जिकल स्ट्राइक Free movement agreement क्षेत्रीय सहयोग CMLB देश तक पहुँच (वियतनाम ,म्यांमार ,कम्बोडिया एवं लाओस )- यह परियोजना म्यांमार से होकर इन तीनों देशों की और जाएगी |इससे इस परियोजना को म्यांमार के सहयोग के बगैर पूर्ण ही नहीं किया जा सकता है | सार्क में म्यांमार को पर्यवेक्षक राष्ट्र का दर्जा दिलवाने में महत्वपुर्ण भूमिका निभाया है | कोस्टल शिपिंग समझौता –म्यांमार –भारत और बांग्लादेश में कनेक्टिविटी के लिए आवश्यक – भारत और बांग्लादेश के मध्य हो चूका है कनेक्टिविटी के द्वारा सहयोग विकासात्मक सहयोग वायु सेवा समझौता मानव संशाधन एवं कौशल विकास में सहयोग आगे क्या चुनतियां हैं ? ड्रग ट्राफिकिंग ,मानव तस्करी से उत्पन्न चुनौतियों का समाधान आवश्यक है बॉर्डर फेंसिंग रोहिंग्या मुद्दे पर दोनों राष्ट्रों को किसी स्पष्ट निष्कर्ष पर नहीं पहूंचना चीन का प्रभाव –चीन को प्रतिसंतुलित करने हेतु चीन के सामान वित्तीय सहायता प्रदान करनी होगी जो भारत के लिए बहुत बड़ा चुनौती है | साथ ही भारत के द्वारा प्रारंभ की जाने वाली परियोजनाओं में विलम्ब देखे गए हैं जबकि चीन की परियोजनाएं समबद्ध तरीके से पूर्ण होते हैं | निष्कर्ष भारत के आर्थिक व सामरिक हितसाधन के लिए म्यांमार की स्थिति महत्वपूर्ण है परन्तु चीन के प्रभाव एवं म्यांमार की आंतरिक राजनीति से उत्पन्न होने वाली चुनौतियों का समाधान आवश्यक है |
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##Question:भारतीय विदेश नीति में म्यांमार की व्यापक महत्ता पर प्रकाश डालते हुए दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य प्रमुख सहयोग क्षेत्रों की समीक्षा करें |(200 शब्द )##Answer:प्रस्तावना महत्वपूर्ण पडोसी राष्ट्र ऐतिहासिक संबंध आर्थिक-रणनीतिक महत्त्व नजदीकी संबंध का काल (1947-62) नेहरु सरकार और तत्कालीन म्यांमार सरकार में सम्बन्ध प्रजातंत्र का समर्थन आर्थिक व सैन्य सहायता समस्या का काल (1962 -90) सैन्य शासन की स्थापना एवं भारत द्वारा उसका विरोध भारत-म्यांमार के संबंधों में दूरियाँ युद्ध के कारण भारत-चीन संबंध पर नकारत्मक प्रभाव सैन्य शासन एवं साम्यवादी प्रभाव की वृद्धि म्यांमार पर चीन का प्रभाव उदारीकरण का दौर साझा सीमा - ASEAN राष्ट्रों में एकमात्र ऐसा राष्ट्र जिसकी सीमा भारत से साझा है उदारीकरण LPG के दौर में दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया में पहुँच में वृद्धि करने हेतु एवं अपने निर्यात को बढ़ावा देने हेतु म्यांमार की एक आवश्यक भूमिका अर्थात भारत द्वारा यथार्थ वादी दृष्टिकोण अपनाते हुए ASEAN की ओर बढ़ने के लिए म्यांमार की सैन्य सरकार से भी संबंध स्थापित करना आंग सान सु की का प्रादुर्भाव एवं प्रजातान्त्रिक व्यवस्था की ओर अग्रसर म्यांमार की महत्ता मैकेंजी की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार (2012)- म्यांमार की अर्थव्यवस्था 2030 में 30 बिलियन डॉलर (वर्त्तमान में जो 200 मिलियन डॉलर है )की अर्थव्यवस्था हो जाएगी चीन का प्रभाव –म्यांमार अपने लगभग सम्पूर्ण निर्यात के लिए चीन पर आश्रित है जो भारत एवं अन्य सहयोगी राष्ट्रों के लिए नकारात्मक है म्यांमार की भौगोलिक अवस्थिति – मलक्का जल संधि के पास अवस्थित ,सामरिक ददृष्टि से महत्वपूर्ण भारत के लिए महत्ता सामरिक – उत्तर पूर्व के विप्लव में कमी (Insurgency)-उत्तर पूर्व में शांति व सुरक्षा के सन्दर्भ में ASEAN में भौगोलिक पहुँच बनाने की दृष्टी से आवश्यक अवस्थिति चीन के प्रभाव को चुनौती देने (Hegemony) हेतु म्यांमार में है इसलिए भारत के लिए दीर्घकालिक सन्दर्भ में सही नहीं है कनेक्टिविटी बिम्सटेक एवं ASEAN में पहुँच कालादान मल्टीमोडल परियोजना क्षेत्रीय संस्थाएं बिम्सटेक ,ASEAN एवं मेकाँग गंगा सहयोग (2000) लुक ईस्ट पालिसी को बढ़ावा ड्रग ट्राफिकिंग ,मानव तस्करी एवं गैर- कानूनी मतस्यन पर रोक भारत की ऊर्जा सुरक्षा के दृष्टिकोण हेतु म्यांमार की तेल एवं गैस भण्डारण की महत्ता साझा सीमा भूमि सीमा सागरीय सीमा भारत और म्यांमार के मध्य कुछ प्रमुख क्षेत्रों को चिह्नित किये जा सकते हैं जिसपर दोनों राष्ट्रों के मध्य सहयोग हो रहें हैं : बॉर्डर सहयोग संधि 2014 में एक MOU पर हस्ताक्षर – आतंकियों को पकड़ने में सैन्य सहयोग – खापलांग समूह द्वारा 2015 में घटना की प्रतिक्रिया में सुर्जिकल स्ट्राइक Free movement agreement क्षेत्रीय सहयोग CMLB देश तक पहुँच (वियतनाम ,म्यांमार ,कम्बोडिया एवं लाओस )- यह परियोजना म्यांमार से होकर इन तीनों देशों की और जाएगी |इससे इस परियोजना को म्यांमार के सहयोग के बगैर पूर्ण ही नहीं किया जा सकता है | सार्क में म्यांमार को पर्यवेक्षक राष्ट्र का दर्जा दिलवाने में महत्वपुर्ण भूमिका निभाया है | कोस्टल शिपिंग समझौता –म्यांमार –भारत और बांग्लादेश में कनेक्टिविटी के लिए आवश्यक – भारत और बांग्लादेश के मध्य हो चूका है कनेक्टिविटी के द्वारा सहयोग विकासात्मक सहयोग वायु सेवा समझौता मानव संशाधन एवं कौशल विकास में सहयोग आगे क्या चुनतियां हैं ? ड्रग ट्राफिकिंग ,मानव तस्करी से उत्पन्न चुनौतियों का समाधान आवश्यक है बॉर्डर फेंसिंग रोहिंग्या मुद्दे पर दोनों राष्ट्रों को किसी स्पष्ट निष्कर्ष पर नहीं पहूंचना चीन का प्रभाव –चीन को प्रतिसंतुलित करने हेतु चीन के सामान वित्तीय सहायता प्रदान करनी होगी जो भारत के लिए बहुत बड़ा चुनौती है | साथ ही भारत के द्वारा प्रारंभ की जाने वाली परियोजनाओं में विलम्ब देखे गए हैं जबकि चीन की परियोजनाएं समबद्ध तरीके से पूर्ण होते हैं | निष्कर्ष भारत के आर्थिक व सामरिक हितसाधन के लिए म्यांमार की स्थिति महत्वपूर्ण है परन्तु चीन के प्रभाव एवं म्यांमार की आंतरिक राजनीति से उत्पन्न होने वाली चुनौतियों का समाधान आवश्यक है |
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What do you understand by Winds? Discuss the forces affecting the speed and direction of the wind. (150 words/ 10 Marks)
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Wind is the movement of air which is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun and also due to its own rotation. It is the winds mechanism which helps in the global distribution of low and high pressure, also being an integral part of thermodynamic mechanism of atmosphere it helps in the transfer of heat, moisture and other properties from one place to another. Sun is the ultimate driving force which creats pressure difference while unevenly heating the earth"s surface. This pressure difference results in movement of wind from region of high pressure to region of low pressure. There are the various factors which affects the velocity and direction of the wind: 1) Pressure gradient force: The rate of change of pressure with respect to distance is the pressure gradient. It results from the generation of horizontal movement of winds and operates from region of high pressure to low pressure. The pressure gradient is strong where the isobars are close to each other,hence implies a strong wind speed and the pressure gradient is weak where the isobars are apart implying a weak wind speed.The direction of wind follows the direction of change of pressure, i.e. perpendicular to the isobars. 2) Frictional Force: The unevenness in earth"s surface provides resistance to the movement of wind in the form of friction. This frictional forceaffects the speed of the wind. It is greatest at the surface and its influence generally extends upto an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over the sea surface the friction is minimalso the air moves at low angles to the isobars and at a greater speed. However, anuneven terrain offers high friction and hence the wind direction makes high angles with the isobars and its speed gets retarded. 3)Coriolis Force:The rotation of the earth about its axis affects the direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis force which is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator.It deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere andto the left in the southern hemisphere. The deflection is more when the wind velocity is high. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude.The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the pressure gradient force. The higher the pressure gradient force, the more is the velocity of the wind and the larger is the deflection in the direction of wind. (students should draw the map of earth showing deflection of wind with the action of coriolis force) 4) Centripetal acceleration: Because of theinward acceleration of air towards the centre of rotation on the rotating earth, it produces a circular pattern of flow around centers of high and low pressure which is directed at right angles to the wind movement and inwards towards the centers of rotation. 5) Gravitational force: It is the force of attractiontowards Earth’s surface and acts similarly on wind/atmosphere as it works on any other object.
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##Question:What do you understand by Winds? Discuss the forces affecting the speed and direction of the wind. (150 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Wind is the movement of air which is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun and also due to its own rotation. It is the winds mechanism which helps in the global distribution of low and high pressure, also being an integral part of thermodynamic mechanism of atmosphere it helps in the transfer of heat, moisture and other properties from one place to another. Sun is the ultimate driving force which creats pressure difference while unevenly heating the earth"s surface. This pressure difference results in movement of wind from region of high pressure to region of low pressure. There are the various factors which affects the velocity and direction of the wind: 1) Pressure gradient force: The rate of change of pressure with respect to distance is the pressure gradient. It results from the generation of horizontal movement of winds and operates from region of high pressure to low pressure. The pressure gradient is strong where the isobars are close to each other,hence implies a strong wind speed and the pressure gradient is weak where the isobars are apart implying a weak wind speed.The direction of wind follows the direction of change of pressure, i.e. perpendicular to the isobars. 2) Frictional Force: The unevenness in earth"s surface provides resistance to the movement of wind in the form of friction. This frictional forceaffects the speed of the wind. It is greatest at the surface and its influence generally extends upto an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over the sea surface the friction is minimalso the air moves at low angles to the isobars and at a greater speed. However, anuneven terrain offers high friction and hence the wind direction makes high angles with the isobars and its speed gets retarded. 3)Coriolis Force:The rotation of the earth about its axis affects the direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis force which is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator.It deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere andto the left in the southern hemisphere. The deflection is more when the wind velocity is high. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude.The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the pressure gradient force. The higher the pressure gradient force, the more is the velocity of the wind and the larger is the deflection in the direction of wind. (students should draw the map of earth showing deflection of wind with the action of coriolis force) 4) Centripetal acceleration: Because of theinward acceleration of air towards the centre of rotation on the rotating earth, it produces a circular pattern of flow around centers of high and low pressure which is directed at right angles to the wind movement and inwards towards the centers of rotation. 5) Gravitational force: It is the force of attractiontowards Earth’s surface and acts similarly on wind/atmosphere as it works on any other object.
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What is Domestic Systemically Important Bank (DSIB)? Examine the implications of declaring some banks as DSIBs. ( 200 words )
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D-SIB means that the bank is too big to fail. According to the RBI, some banks become systemically important due to their size, cross-jurisdictional activities, complexity and lack of substitute and interconnection. Banks whose assets exceed 2% of GDP are considered part of this group. According to RBI if such a bank fails, there would be significant disruption to the essential services they provide to the banking system and the overall economy. The too-big-to-fail tag also indicates that in case of distress, the government is expected to support these banks. Due to this perception, these banks enjoy certain advantages in funding. It also means that these banks have a different set of policy measures regarding systemic risks and moral hazard issues. RBI has declared SBI, ICICI and HDFC as DSIBs in India which has following implications: 1. These banks will face greater regulatory scrutiny and will have to maintain higher governance standards. 2. They will have to maintain larger buffer reserves and counter-cyclical arrangements would be imposed on them faster than others. 3. They will need to be more diligent in assessing the quality and risks of credit. 4. This could also hamper their participation in government"s social schemes which tends to be comparitively riskier than commercial lending. 5. However, this also reduces the chances of their failure and ensures that the risk of economic distress due to stress in the banking system is reduced. 6. In case of distress the government is expected to support these banks. Due to this perception, these banks enjoy certain advantages in funding. 7. It also means that these banks have a different set of policy measures regarding systemic risks and moral hazard issues. The move aims to ensure long term stability of these institutions, increase their endurance to any financial crisis and therefore deter repeat of recent financial crisis. It also ensures the confidence of economy on its sound and strengthened banking sector.It is also a move towards internationalisation of Indian banking sector.
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##Question:What is Domestic Systemically Important Bank (DSIB)? Examine the implications of declaring some banks as DSIBs. ( 200 words )##Answer: D-SIB means that the bank is too big to fail. According to the RBI, some banks become systemically important due to their size, cross-jurisdictional activities, complexity and lack of substitute and interconnection. Banks whose assets exceed 2% of GDP are considered part of this group. According to RBI if such a bank fails, there would be significant disruption to the essential services they provide to the banking system and the overall economy. The too-big-to-fail tag also indicates that in case of distress, the government is expected to support these banks. Due to this perception, these banks enjoy certain advantages in funding. It also means that these banks have a different set of policy measures regarding systemic risks and moral hazard issues. RBI has declared SBI, ICICI and HDFC as DSIBs in India which has following implications: 1. These banks will face greater regulatory scrutiny and will have to maintain higher governance standards. 2. They will have to maintain larger buffer reserves and counter-cyclical arrangements would be imposed on them faster than others. 3. They will need to be more diligent in assessing the quality and risks of credit. 4. This could also hamper their participation in government"s social schemes which tends to be comparitively riskier than commercial lending. 5. However, this also reduces the chances of their failure and ensures that the risk of economic distress due to stress in the banking system is reduced. 6. In case of distress the government is expected to support these banks. Due to this perception, these banks enjoy certain advantages in funding. 7. It also means that these banks have a different set of policy measures regarding systemic risks and moral hazard issues. The move aims to ensure long term stability of these institutions, increase their endurance to any financial crisis and therefore deter repeat of recent financial crisis. It also ensures the confidence of economy on its sound and strengthened banking sector.It is also a move towards internationalisation of Indian banking sector.
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Discuss the procedure for the removal of the judges of high court. Do you think that removal procedure is violation of spirit of separation of power?(200 words)
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Introduction Constitution does not explicitly provide the removal procedure for the judges of the high court. Under article 218, it is given that procedure under article 124 clauses 4 and 5 shall also be applicable for removal of high court judges. Besides constitution provision, Judges Inquiry act 1968 also provides the guidelines to be followed in the impeachment process of the judges. Impeachment process 1. A motion addressed to the president signed by at least 100 members of Lok Sabha or 50 members of Rajya Sabha is delivered to the speaker or the chairperson. 2. The motion is to be investigated by the committee of three( 2 judges of supreme court, and 1 distinguished jurist) 3. If the committee finds the person guilty of misbehavior or incapacity, the report would be taken up for consideration in the house. 4. The order must be passed only after each house of parliament with the majority of total membership of that house, and by a majority of not less than two-third of the members of the house present and voting passes the motion. Is the removal process of judges of high court violates the separation of power? Separation of powers is a concept that calls for the existence of an independent sphere of working for different organs of the government like executive, legislature, and judiciary. The removal process violates the separation of power in that it leads to interference of executive, and legislature in the judiciary. In the impeachment procedure judiciary has nominal powers, the legislature has the real power. But impeachment process aimed not to interfere in working of the judiciary in an arbitrary manner. It has well-defined process that includes various stages, and also includes judiciary in the second stage i.e. presenting the report against the misbehavior or incapacity. The process is a tool of theory of checks and balances as it helps improve or upheld accountability of judiciary through legislative and executive. Conclusion The process of impeachment is fair and just. But still, it failed to improve the accountability of the judiciary as it is very complex and time-consuming process. Till now no judge from higher judiciary is impeached.
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##Question:Discuss the procedure for the removal of the judges of high court. Do you think that removal procedure is violation of spirit of separation of power?(200 words)##Answer:Introduction Constitution does not explicitly provide the removal procedure for the judges of the high court. Under article 218, it is given that procedure under article 124 clauses 4 and 5 shall also be applicable for removal of high court judges. Besides constitution provision, Judges Inquiry act 1968 also provides the guidelines to be followed in the impeachment process of the judges. Impeachment process 1. A motion addressed to the president signed by at least 100 members of Lok Sabha or 50 members of Rajya Sabha is delivered to the speaker or the chairperson. 2. The motion is to be investigated by the committee of three( 2 judges of supreme court, and 1 distinguished jurist) 3. If the committee finds the person guilty of misbehavior or incapacity, the report would be taken up for consideration in the house. 4. The order must be passed only after each house of parliament with the majority of total membership of that house, and by a majority of not less than two-third of the members of the house present and voting passes the motion. Is the removal process of judges of high court violates the separation of power? Separation of powers is a concept that calls for the existence of an independent sphere of working for different organs of the government like executive, legislature, and judiciary. The removal process violates the separation of power in that it leads to interference of executive, and legislature in the judiciary. In the impeachment procedure judiciary has nominal powers, the legislature has the real power. But impeachment process aimed not to interfere in working of the judiciary in an arbitrary manner. It has well-defined process that includes various stages, and also includes judiciary in the second stage i.e. presenting the report against the misbehavior or incapacity. The process is a tool of theory of checks and balances as it helps improve or upheld accountability of judiciary through legislative and executive. Conclusion The process of impeachment is fair and just. But still, it failed to improve the accountability of the judiciary as it is very complex and time-consuming process. Till now no judge from higher judiciary is impeached.
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Critically discuss the economic policies adopted by Mao Zedong to deal with the problems faced after the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949. (10 Marks / 150 words)
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The Chinese Communist Revolution or the 1949 Revolution was the culmination of the Chinese Communist Party’s drive to power since its founding in 1921 and the second part of Chinese Civil War(1946–1949). After the communist victory in 1949, Mao Zedong set about rebuilding a shattered China as the problems they were facing were quite complex. The long civil war and the war with Japan had destroyed the country’s infrastructure – railways, roads and canals. There was chronic food shortage and agriculture was inefficient. Also, population of China was huge and rapidly increasing. Industry was backward and inefficient. Mao carried out radical reforms to address the challenges that stood before newly independent China, to hold on to the support of the peasants and masses. They are: 1. Political Changes – This included the Constitution of 1950 which provided China with a strong central government for the first time. 2. In 1957, Mao Zedong proposed an increase in the industrial growth and to accomplish it he began the‘great leap forward’by setting upspecial communes that were units ofadministration, in the countryside.These communes used collective labour and mass mobilization of peasants to enhance the production of steel and to increaseagricultural production. However this did not work and the ‘great leap forward’ failed. 3. Agricultural Changes –Land was redistributed among the peasants and then, they were persuaded to join together in collective farms in order to increase food production. By 1956, about 95% of all peasants were in co-operatives. These transformed China from a country of small, inefficient private farms into large co-operative farms like those in Russia. 4. Industrial Changes – These began with the government nationalizing most businesses. With Russian aid, China embarked on a Five year plan which concentrated on development of heavy industries. However, iron & steel production didn’t significantly pick up. Moreover, the steel was of poor quality as the communes lacked the technical know-how. Attempts to import machinery from USSR led to food grains exports,eventually leading to food grain shortage and famines affecting 1.5 million people from 1957-62. 5. TheGreat Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution, was a social-political movement that took place in the People’s Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion byMao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve ‘true’ Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist, and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Maoist thought as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of power after the Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and significantly affected the country economically and socially. A significant turnaround in China’s fortune happened after the death of Mao, when Deng Xiaoping opened up the Chinese economy from 1979 onwards.
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##Question:Critically discuss the economic policies adopted by Mao Zedong to deal with the problems faced after the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949. (10 Marks / 150 words)##Answer:The Chinese Communist Revolution or the 1949 Revolution was the culmination of the Chinese Communist Party’s drive to power since its founding in 1921 and the second part of Chinese Civil War(1946–1949). After the communist victory in 1949, Mao Zedong set about rebuilding a shattered China as the problems they were facing were quite complex. The long civil war and the war with Japan had destroyed the country’s infrastructure – railways, roads and canals. There was chronic food shortage and agriculture was inefficient. Also, population of China was huge and rapidly increasing. Industry was backward and inefficient. Mao carried out radical reforms to address the challenges that stood before newly independent China, to hold on to the support of the peasants and masses. They are: 1. Political Changes – This included the Constitution of 1950 which provided China with a strong central government for the first time. 2. In 1957, Mao Zedong proposed an increase in the industrial growth and to accomplish it he began the‘great leap forward’by setting upspecial communes that were units ofadministration, in the countryside.These communes used collective labour and mass mobilization of peasants to enhance the production of steel and to increaseagricultural production. However this did not work and the ‘great leap forward’ failed. 3. Agricultural Changes –Land was redistributed among the peasants and then, they were persuaded to join together in collective farms in order to increase food production. By 1956, about 95% of all peasants were in co-operatives. These transformed China from a country of small, inefficient private farms into large co-operative farms like those in Russia. 4. Industrial Changes – These began with the government nationalizing most businesses. With Russian aid, China embarked on a Five year plan which concentrated on development of heavy industries. However, iron & steel production didn’t significantly pick up. Moreover, the steel was of poor quality as the communes lacked the technical know-how. Attempts to import machinery from USSR led to food grains exports,eventually leading to food grain shortage and famines affecting 1.5 million people from 1957-62. 5. TheGreat Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution, was a social-political movement that took place in the People’s Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion byMao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve ‘true’ Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist, and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Maoist thought as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of power after the Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and significantly affected the country economically and socially. A significant turnaround in China’s fortune happened after the death of Mao, when Deng Xiaoping opened up the Chinese economy from 1979 onwards.
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Critically examine the efforts taken by government to ensure the welfare of old people. (200 words)
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Juvenile delinquency refers to disapproved behavior of children and adolescents for which some kind of punishment or corrective measure is justified in public interest. TheNCRB compendiumof 2016 reported that 27percent of juvenile crime in 2015 was committed by individuals between ages 12-16, whereas 1.4percent was committed by those in age group 7-12. Factors responsible Poverty Dysfunctional Family- Negligence and over-strict Negative reference group and degrading value system Negative impact of mass media and technology. Negative influences of fringe elements. Consumerist culture due to globalization Mismatch between culturally defined goals and structurally available legitimate means. Poor institutional support. (Student should briefly elaborate these points with relevant facts and examples) Steps that can be taken In the best interest of the delinquent he or she should be rehabilitated as early as possible and integrated back in the society. Also the State must protect the rights of these children and come up with reformative methods and instill in them values that can socially uplifts them and give them a new found confidence so that they can play a constructive role in the society. Several researchers have promoted a positive youth development model to address the needs of youth who might be at risk of entering the juvenile justice system. Following types of school and community programs can also be employed such as classroom and behavior management programs, Bullying prevention programs, Mentoring programs etc. Combat local conditions known to contribute to juvenile delinquency. The Indian Government has taken various measures to prevent Juvenile delinquency but still there is a long way to go. In this context, recent amendments in the Juvenile Justice Act can prove to be important in preventing juvenile delinquency in India
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##Question:Critically examine the efforts taken by government to ensure the welfare of old people. (200 words)##Answer:Juvenile delinquency refers to disapproved behavior of children and adolescents for which some kind of punishment or corrective measure is justified in public interest. TheNCRB compendiumof 2016 reported that 27percent of juvenile crime in 2015 was committed by individuals between ages 12-16, whereas 1.4percent was committed by those in age group 7-12. Factors responsible Poverty Dysfunctional Family- Negligence and over-strict Negative reference group and degrading value system Negative impact of mass media and technology. Negative influences of fringe elements. Consumerist culture due to globalization Mismatch between culturally defined goals and structurally available legitimate means. Poor institutional support. (Student should briefly elaborate these points with relevant facts and examples) Steps that can be taken In the best interest of the delinquent he or she should be rehabilitated as early as possible and integrated back in the society. Also the State must protect the rights of these children and come up with reformative methods and instill in them values that can socially uplifts them and give them a new found confidence so that they can play a constructive role in the society. Several researchers have promoted a positive youth development model to address the needs of youth who might be at risk of entering the juvenile justice system. Following types of school and community programs can also be employed such as classroom and behavior management programs, Bullying prevention programs, Mentoring programs etc. Combat local conditions known to contribute to juvenile delinquency. The Indian Government has taken various measures to prevent Juvenile delinquency but still there is a long way to go. In this context, recent amendments in the Juvenile Justice Act can prove to be important in preventing juvenile delinquency in India
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After the liberalization period, significant changes in Indian foreign policy are seen. Explain through compatible examples. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Introduction: Start with the intro. of Liberalization Period in India. Body: write down the points of significant changes in Indian foreign Policy with examples after the liberalization period. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer: The end of the Cold War came as a blessing in disguise as it forced Indian policymakers to adapt to the new global political and economic realities — it was a much-needed shock. Many of the central assumptions of Indian foreign policy had to be reviewed in light of the changed circumstances. The shape of the world changed, signaling the possibility of a new Indian foreign and national security strategy. With the disintegration of the USSR and the US becoming the single superpower. This phase is in the period of the brief moment of the USA"s unipolarity. Developments in this phase: Balance of Payment crisis: India Consequently adopted a new economic policy and under it LPG reforms. Unprecedented fiscal crisis. This crisis was characterized by the Gulf War. Many foreign policy initiatives were launched in the 1990s after the liberalization period- Focus on West Asia: Normalize its relation by Israel-establish ambassadorial relations with Israel. Launched Look East Policy To develop political, economic and security cooperation with countries in South East Asia. Which was later upgraded to the cultural and strategic relationship. Nuclear test: India undertook the second Nuclear test in 1998. Through this test, India crossed the Nuclear Rubicon. Consequently, India became a defacto Nuclear Weapon state. Post the development of Nuclear weapons, India becomes one of the very few countries in the world to possess the ultimate military power in terms of Nuclear weapons. Closeness with the US: In the context of the USA becoming the Global hegemon, India sought to befriend the USA. Estranged democracies of India and the US transformed into engaged democracies. By the end of this phase, India"s credentials as both an economic and military power are strengthened. Also, Post economic reforms, by the latter half of the 1990s, the Indian economy started registering descent growth could break out from the Hindu rate of growth, and its attractiveness in terms of size and scale of its markets became evident. Thus, the sanctions that were imposed post-operation Shakti(the second Nuclear test in 1998) were more or less diluted within two years. Improved relation with the West: India"s relations with the West improved including that with Japan. Also, India became the first major nation to openly criticise China"s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a predatory infrastructure project. Today, India"s critique has become part of the global consensus on BRI. By the end of this phase, India came to be recognized as one of the emerging economies and potentially global power. As the global order evolves into a more competitive phase with major powers openly competing, global institutions largely becoming dysfunctional and economic globalization facing fragmentation, India stands at the center of most of these debates. And the world listens to India because a democratic India trying to move towards an ambitious target of a US $5 trillion economy is a story well worth believing in and nurturing. That Indian policymaker can be aspirational to this degree today is a tribute to the economic reforms of more than three decades back, which unleashed the latent energies of a populace circumscribed by decades of regressive economic policies. Indian foreign policy has come a long way from the early 1990s, but it is clear that it is shaped to a significant degree by the legacy of economic reforms that happened more than thirty years ago.
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##Question:After the liberalization period, significant changes in Indian foreign policy are seen. Explain through compatible examples. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Start with the intro. of Liberalization Period in India. Body: write down the points of significant changes in Indian foreign Policy with examples after the liberalization period. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer: The end of the Cold War came as a blessing in disguise as it forced Indian policymakers to adapt to the new global political and economic realities — it was a much-needed shock. Many of the central assumptions of Indian foreign policy had to be reviewed in light of the changed circumstances. The shape of the world changed, signaling the possibility of a new Indian foreign and national security strategy. With the disintegration of the USSR and the US becoming the single superpower. This phase is in the period of the brief moment of the USA"s unipolarity. Developments in this phase: Balance of Payment crisis: India Consequently adopted a new economic policy and under it LPG reforms. Unprecedented fiscal crisis. This crisis was characterized by the Gulf War. Many foreign policy initiatives were launched in the 1990s after the liberalization period- Focus on West Asia: Normalize its relation by Israel-establish ambassadorial relations with Israel. Launched Look East Policy To develop political, economic and security cooperation with countries in South East Asia. Which was later upgraded to the cultural and strategic relationship. Nuclear test: India undertook the second Nuclear test in 1998. Through this test, India crossed the Nuclear Rubicon. Consequently, India became a defacto Nuclear Weapon state. Post the development of Nuclear weapons, India becomes one of the very few countries in the world to possess the ultimate military power in terms of Nuclear weapons. Closeness with the US: In the context of the USA becoming the Global hegemon, India sought to befriend the USA. Estranged democracies of India and the US transformed into engaged democracies. By the end of this phase, India"s credentials as both an economic and military power are strengthened. Also, Post economic reforms, by the latter half of the 1990s, the Indian economy started registering descent growth could break out from the Hindu rate of growth, and its attractiveness in terms of size and scale of its markets became evident. Thus, the sanctions that were imposed post-operation Shakti(the second Nuclear test in 1998) were more or less diluted within two years. Improved relation with the West: India"s relations with the West improved including that with Japan. Also, India became the first major nation to openly criticise China"s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a predatory infrastructure project. Today, India"s critique has become part of the global consensus on BRI. By the end of this phase, India came to be recognized as one of the emerging economies and potentially global power. As the global order evolves into a more competitive phase with major powers openly competing, global institutions largely becoming dysfunctional and economic globalization facing fragmentation, India stands at the center of most of these debates. And the world listens to India because a democratic India trying to move towards an ambitious target of a US $5 trillion economy is a story well worth believing in and nurturing. That Indian policymaker can be aspirational to this degree today is a tribute to the economic reforms of more than three decades back, which unleashed the latent energies of a populace circumscribed by decades of regressive economic policies. Indian foreign policy has come a long way from the early 1990s, but it is clear that it is shaped to a significant degree by the legacy of economic reforms that happened more than thirty years ago.
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There arose a serious challenge to the democratic State system between the two world wars. Evaluate the Statement. (15 marks/250 words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction of the inter-war period 2. Discuss the challenges faced by the democratic state system in this duration 3. Briefly conclude your answer by relating these challenges as the cause behind World war 2 Answer In the history of the 20th century, the Interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939, the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War. This period is characterized by a number of such events that laid the foundation of the second world war. The challenge to the democratic state system was one such event. Several challenges to the democratic state system emerged in inter-war years, such as: 1. Rise of Hitler to power in Germany: It was amidst weak institutional checks. Nazi Party soon became the only political party in Germany as other parties were banned. Education and Media came under State control. It threatened the freedom of expression and ultimately posed a challenge to democracy. The economic life of the country was closely organized and industries were under strict State control. 2. Disregard for Minority rights: Poor conceptualization of minority rights facilitated ethnic targeting of Jews and Romanis and the growth of imperialistic ideas like lebensraum. Concentration camps were set up and an Anti-Semitic policy was followed. 3. Policy of appeasement: Political intolerance of communism by the capitalist bloc countries led to oversight of German excesses, such as in the Munich Agreement. The world powers wanted to avoid war due to economic concerns. They wanted to prevent war expenditure and devastations associated with war 4. Rise of fascism in Italy posed a threat to democracy in Italy. Mussolini came to power without any elections. He ended the System of Proportional representation in 1923 and it helped him in establishing a single-party government. The dissent was crushed by keeping a close watch. The education system was supervised using State Police and the syllabus was also controlled. Laws not to require the consent of Parliament and a one-party State were established. 5. Rise of ultra-nationalism and conscription promoted militarism in international politics. However, the challenges to Democratic State System were not only limited to the inter-war years: 1. The democratic traditions in Germany had been weak since the days of Bismarck. Bismarck distrusted democracy and ruled through a strong, well-trained bureaucracy with power in the hands of a traditional Junker elite that consisted of the landed nobility in eastern Prussia. 2. The major democracies of the time from the USA to the UK had been practicing colonialism which is fundamentally opposite of democratic ideals. 3. Self-interest of capitalist countries and support for dictatorial regimes in Germany and Italy had domestic democratic legitimacy in the UK, France, etc. due to economic and ideological reasons. The inter-war period saw the crisis of democratic values as we understand them today. The democratic shortcomings actively led the world to the second world war.
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##Question:There arose a serious challenge to the democratic State system between the two world wars. Evaluate the Statement. (15 marks/250 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction of the inter-war period 2. Discuss the challenges faced by the democratic state system in this duration 3. Briefly conclude your answer by relating these challenges as the cause behind World war 2 Answer In the history of the 20th century, the Interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939, the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War. This period is characterized by a number of such events that laid the foundation of the second world war. The challenge to the democratic state system was one such event. Several challenges to the democratic state system emerged in inter-war years, such as: 1. Rise of Hitler to power in Germany: It was amidst weak institutional checks. Nazi Party soon became the only political party in Germany as other parties were banned. Education and Media came under State control. It threatened the freedom of expression and ultimately posed a challenge to democracy. The economic life of the country was closely organized and industries were under strict State control. 2. Disregard for Minority rights: Poor conceptualization of minority rights facilitated ethnic targeting of Jews and Romanis and the growth of imperialistic ideas like lebensraum. Concentration camps were set up and an Anti-Semitic policy was followed. 3. Policy of appeasement: Political intolerance of communism by the capitalist bloc countries led to oversight of German excesses, such as in the Munich Agreement. The world powers wanted to avoid war due to economic concerns. They wanted to prevent war expenditure and devastations associated with war 4. Rise of fascism in Italy posed a threat to democracy in Italy. Mussolini came to power without any elections. He ended the System of Proportional representation in 1923 and it helped him in establishing a single-party government. The dissent was crushed by keeping a close watch. The education system was supervised using State Police and the syllabus was also controlled. Laws not to require the consent of Parliament and a one-party State were established. 5. Rise of ultra-nationalism and conscription promoted militarism in international politics. However, the challenges to Democratic State System were not only limited to the inter-war years: 1. The democratic traditions in Germany had been weak since the days of Bismarck. Bismarck distrusted democracy and ruled through a strong, well-trained bureaucracy with power in the hands of a traditional Junker elite that consisted of the landed nobility in eastern Prussia. 2. The major democracies of the time from the USA to the UK had been practicing colonialism which is fundamentally opposite of democratic ideals. 3. Self-interest of capitalist countries and support for dictatorial regimes in Germany and Italy had domestic democratic legitimacy in the UK, France, etc. due to economic and ideological reasons. The inter-war period saw the crisis of democratic values as we understand them today. The democratic shortcomings actively led the world to the second world war.
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There arose a serious challenge to the democratic State system between the two world wars. Evaluate the Statement. (15 marks/250 words)
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Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction of the inter-war period 2. Discuss the challenges faced by the democratic state system in this duration 3. Briefly conclude your answer by relating these challenges as the cause behind World war 2 Answer In the history of the 20th century, the Interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939, the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War. This period is characterized by a number of such events that laid the foundation of the second world war. The challenge to the democratic state system was one such event. Several challenges to the democratic state system emerged in inter-war years, such as: 1. Rise of Hitler to power in Germany: It was amidst weak institutional checks. Nazi Party soon became the only political party in Germany as other parties were banned. Education and Media came under State control. It threatened the freedom of expression and ultimately posed a challenge to democracy. The economic life of the country was closely organized and industries were under strict State control. 2. Disregard for Minority rights: Poor conceptualization of minority rights facilitated ethnic targeting of Jews and Romanis and the growth of imperialistic ideas like lebensraum. Concentration camps were set up and an Anti-Semitic policy was followed. 3. Policy of appeasement: Political intolerance of communism by the capitalist bloc countries led to oversight of German excesses, such as in the Munich Agreement. The world powers wanted to avoid war due to economic concerns. They wanted to prevent war expenditure and devastations associated with war 4. Rise of fascism in Italy posed a threat to democracy in Italy. Mussolini came to power without any elections. He ended the System of Proportional representation in 1923 and it helped him in establishing a single-party government. The dissent was crushed by keeping a close watch. The education system was supervised using State Police and the syllabus was also controlled. Laws not to require the consent of Parliament and a one-party State were established. 5. Rise of ultra-nationalism and conscription promoted militarism in international politics. However, the challenges to Democratic State System were not only limited to the inter-war years: 1. The democratic traditions in Germany had been weak since the days of Bismarck. Bismarck distrusted democracy and ruled through a strong, well-trained bureaucracy with power in the hands of a traditional Junker elite that consisted of the landed nobility in eastern Prussia. 2. The major democracies of the time from the USA to the UK had been practicing colonialism which is fundamentally opposite of democratic ideals. 3. Self-interest of capitalist countries and support for dictatorial regimes in Germany and Italy had domestic democratic legitimacy in the UK, France, etc. due to economic and ideological reasons. The inter-war period saw the crisis of democratic values as we understand them today. The democratic shortcomings actively led the world to the second world war.
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##Question:There arose a serious challenge to the democratic State system between the two world wars. Evaluate the Statement. (15 marks/250 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Give a brief introduction of the inter-war period 2. Discuss the challenges faced by the democratic state system in this duration 3. Briefly conclude your answer by relating these challenges as the cause behind World war 2 Answer In the history of the 20th century, the Interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939, the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War. This period is characterized by a number of such events that laid the foundation of the second world war. The challenge to the democratic state system was one such event. Several challenges to the democratic state system emerged in inter-war years, such as: 1. Rise of Hitler to power in Germany: It was amidst weak institutional checks. Nazi Party soon became the only political party in Germany as other parties were banned. Education and Media came under State control. It threatened the freedom of expression and ultimately posed a challenge to democracy. The economic life of the country was closely organized and industries were under strict State control. 2. Disregard for Minority rights: Poor conceptualization of minority rights facilitated ethnic targeting of Jews and Romanis and the growth of imperialistic ideas like lebensraum. Concentration camps were set up and an Anti-Semitic policy was followed. 3. Policy of appeasement: Political intolerance of communism by the capitalist bloc countries led to oversight of German excesses, such as in the Munich Agreement. The world powers wanted to avoid war due to economic concerns. They wanted to prevent war expenditure and devastations associated with war 4. Rise of fascism in Italy posed a threat to democracy in Italy. Mussolini came to power without any elections. He ended the System of Proportional representation in 1923 and it helped him in establishing a single-party government. The dissent was crushed by keeping a close watch. The education system was supervised using State Police and the syllabus was also controlled. Laws not to require the consent of Parliament and a one-party State were established. 5. Rise of ultra-nationalism and conscription promoted militarism in international politics. However, the challenges to Democratic State System were not only limited to the inter-war years: 1. The democratic traditions in Germany had been weak since the days of Bismarck. Bismarck distrusted democracy and ruled through a strong, well-trained bureaucracy with power in the hands of a traditional Junker elite that consisted of the landed nobility in eastern Prussia. 2. The major democracies of the time from the USA to the UK had been practicing colonialism which is fundamentally opposite of democratic ideals. 3. Self-interest of capitalist countries and support for dictatorial regimes in Germany and Italy had domestic democratic legitimacy in the UK, France, etc. due to economic and ideological reasons. The inter-war period saw the crisis of democratic values as we understand them today. The democratic shortcomings actively led the world to the second world war.
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Highlighting India’s concerns and approach on the issue of terrorism in its relations with Pakistan, identify the elements of the response of India on this issue. What more can be done to deal with this challenge? (150 words/10 marks)
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Dear Coordinator, Kindly submit the approach answer to the assignment quesiton on priority.
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##Question:Highlighting India’s concerns and approach on the issue of terrorism in its relations with Pakistan, identify the elements of the response of India on this issue. What more can be done to deal with this challenge? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Dear Coordinator, Kindly submit the approach answer to the assignment quesiton on priority.
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In which five-year plan India opted for a mixed economy and why was the plan holiday declared? [10 Marks, 150 words]
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Approach: Introduction: Start with the Five year Plan introduction along with a definition of Plan holiday Main body: write down about the 2nd five-year plan and also explain how it opted for a mixed economy and also mention the 3-4 points why Plan holiday was introduced. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer : From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet minister. An economic plan allocates the resources of a nation to fulfill the general and specific goals as planned by the government for a specified period. In India, these plans are made for five years and hence are known as five-year plans. These five-year plans are ultimately a short-term plan for a perspective plan. A perspective plan outlines the long-term goals of a nation, spanning twenty years. In India, after the independence, the government set up a Planning Commission in 1950. This commission would be responsible for framing and implementing the five-year plans of the country. They began their efforts with the first five-year plan in 1950. In year of 1966 to 1969, a new agricultural strategy was implemented. It involved the distribution of high-yielding varieties of seeds, extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential, and soil conservation measures, this duration is known as Plan holiday. India opted for Mixed Economy during the Second Five-year plan. A mixed economic system is one that features characteristics of both capitalism and socialism. The Nehru-Mahalanobis model was adopted.‘Rapid industrialization with particular emphasis on the development of basic and heavy industries Industrial Policy of 1956 accepted the establishment of a socialistic pattern of society as the goal of economic policy. It could not be implemented fully due to the shortage of foreign exchange. Targets had to be pruned. Yet, Hydroelectric power projects and five steel mills at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established. Plan Holiday was an emergency plan so as to mitigate the worsening situation of the economy and it was able to check inflation and food production thus making our economy stabilized. The government had to finally announce a Plan Holiday action plan which was a contingency plan that ran from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69. These three annual plans came under the Plan Holiday scheme and were the curtesy of the failure of the third Five Year Plan. Drought again was the main cause of concern from 1966 to 1967 but now whatever is the department equal opportunities were given, be it agricultural, its allied industries or the industrial sectors. The idea of economic planning for five years was taken from the Soviet Union under the socialist influence of first Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. For a long time, there had been a feeling that for a country as diverse and big as India, centralized planning could not work beyond a point due to its one-size-fits-all approach. Therefore, the NDA government has dissolved the Planning Commission which was replaced by the NITI Aayog. Thus, there was no thirteen Five Year Plan, however, the five-year defense plan was made.
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##Question:In which five-year plan India opted for a mixed economy and why was the plan holiday declared? [10 Marks, 150 words]##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Start with the Five year Plan introduction along with a definition of Plan holiday Main body: write down about the 2nd five-year plan and also explain how it opted for a mixed economy and also mention the 3-4 points why Plan holiday was introduced. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer : From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet minister. An economic plan allocates the resources of a nation to fulfill the general and specific goals as planned by the government for a specified period. In India, these plans are made for five years and hence are known as five-year plans. These five-year plans are ultimately a short-term plan for a perspective plan. A perspective plan outlines the long-term goals of a nation, spanning twenty years. In India, after the independence, the government set up a Planning Commission in 1950. This commission would be responsible for framing and implementing the five-year plans of the country. They began their efforts with the first five-year plan in 1950. In year of 1966 to 1969, a new agricultural strategy was implemented. It involved the distribution of high-yielding varieties of seeds, extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential, and soil conservation measures, this duration is known as Plan holiday. India opted for Mixed Economy during the Second Five-year plan. A mixed economic system is one that features characteristics of both capitalism and socialism. The Nehru-Mahalanobis model was adopted.‘Rapid industrialization with particular emphasis on the development of basic and heavy industries Industrial Policy of 1956 accepted the establishment of a socialistic pattern of society as the goal of economic policy. It could not be implemented fully due to the shortage of foreign exchange. Targets had to be pruned. Yet, Hydroelectric power projects and five steel mills at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established. Plan Holiday was an emergency plan so as to mitigate the worsening situation of the economy and it was able to check inflation and food production thus making our economy stabilized. The government had to finally announce a Plan Holiday action plan which was a contingency plan that ran from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69. These three annual plans came under the Plan Holiday scheme and were the curtesy of the failure of the third Five Year Plan. Drought again was the main cause of concern from 1966 to 1967 but now whatever is the department equal opportunities were given, be it agricultural, its allied industries or the industrial sectors. The idea of economic planning for five years was taken from the Soviet Union under the socialist influence of first Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. For a long time, there had been a feeling that for a country as diverse and big as India, centralized planning could not work beyond a point due to its one-size-fits-all approach. Therefore, the NDA government has dissolved the Planning Commission which was replaced by the NITI Aayog. Thus, there was no thirteen Five Year Plan, however, the five-year defense plan was made.
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What do you understand by contempt of court? What are the issues arising from the irresponsible use of this power by the higher judiciary in India? (150 words/10 marks)
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Contempt of court (CoC) refers to actions which defy a court’s authority, cast disrespect on a court, or impede the ability of the court to perform its function. Articles 129 and 215 of the Constitution of India empower the Supreme Court and High Courts respectively to punish people for their contempt. Section 10 of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971 defines the power of the High Court to punish contempt of its subordinate courts. CoC is divided as: 1. Civil Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other processes of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court. 2. Criminal Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which: (i) Scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court, or (ii) Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding, or (iii) Interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner. Issues related to contempt power: 1. The contempt powers put a restriction on the freedom of speech and expression provided under article 19(1). 2. the contempt proceedings may disincentivize a genuine criticism of a judicial verdict in the media. 3. Contempt powers are against the principle of natural justice as it is a classic case of Judges being judges in their own cause. (No man should be a judge in his own case) 4. Contempt powers have not been objectively defined, therefore some feel that they have been misused sometimes. However, the real intention behind such powers was to protect the dignity of the institution not of the individual. 5. In a free democratic society criticism of Judiciary is inevitable it should not be a matter of concern as long as it does not obstruct the administration of Justice. However, the contempt provisions have a relevance. 1. Upholding the credibility of the judiciary in a democracy is imperative in order to ensure that the executive doesn"t endanger the independence of the judiciary. If the judiciary is excessively criticized, this criticism may be used as an excuse by the executive to interfere with judicial independence. 2. Law Commission has mentioned that source of contempt power lies in Constitution itself. The Act only outlines the procedure in relation to investigation and punishment for contempt. 3. Many a time the criticism of the judicial verdicts may be politically motivated. 4. Law Commission has made an observation that there is no need to amend the law. Also, it had mentioned that this law provides a remedy to the subordinate judiciary to address cases of its contempt. Thus, it is quite clear that contempt of court provision is a necessity. Law Commission has recommended not to amend the law. However, we need to make sure that these provisions promote judicial independence rather than compromising judicial accountability.
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##Question:What do you understand by contempt of court? What are the issues arising from the irresponsible use of this power by the higher judiciary in India? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Contempt of court (CoC) refers to actions which defy a court’s authority, cast disrespect on a court, or impede the ability of the court to perform its function. Articles 129 and 215 of the Constitution of India empower the Supreme Court and High Courts respectively to punish people for their contempt. Section 10 of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971 defines the power of the High Court to punish contempt of its subordinate courts. CoC is divided as: 1. Civil Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other processes of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court. 2. Criminal Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which: (i) Scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court, or (ii) Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding, or (iii) Interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner. Issues related to contempt power: 1. The contempt powers put a restriction on the freedom of speech and expression provided under article 19(1). 2. the contempt proceedings may disincentivize a genuine criticism of a judicial verdict in the media. 3. Contempt powers are against the principle of natural justice as it is a classic case of Judges being judges in their own cause. (No man should be a judge in his own case) 4. Contempt powers have not been objectively defined, therefore some feel that they have been misused sometimes. However, the real intention behind such powers was to protect the dignity of the institution not of the individual. 5. In a free democratic society criticism of Judiciary is inevitable it should not be a matter of concern as long as it does not obstruct the administration of Justice. However, the contempt provisions have a relevance. 1. Upholding the credibility of the judiciary in a democracy is imperative in order to ensure that the executive doesn"t endanger the independence of the judiciary. If the judiciary is excessively criticized, this criticism may be used as an excuse by the executive to interfere with judicial independence. 2. Law Commission has mentioned that source of contempt power lies in Constitution itself. The Act only outlines the procedure in relation to investigation and punishment for contempt. 3. Many a time the criticism of the judicial verdicts may be politically motivated. 4. Law Commission has made an observation that there is no need to amend the law. Also, it had mentioned that this law provides a remedy to the subordinate judiciary to address cases of its contempt. Thus, it is quite clear that contempt of court provision is a necessity. Law Commission has recommended not to amend the law. However, we need to make sure that these provisions promote judicial independence rather than compromising judicial accountability.
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What is a Non-Performing Asset? Briefly discuss various steps taken by the government and RBI to solve the issue of NPA"s in India.(150 words, 10 marks)
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The Indian banking system is beleaguered with non-performing assets (NPAs). According to the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Stability ReportIndian banks" gross non-performing assets (NPAs), or bad loans, stood at Rs 10.25 lakh crore as on 31 March 2018. An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A "non-performing asset" (NPA) is defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained due for a period of 90 days. There are many reasons for the rise of NPAs in Indian banks such as economic slowdown, lack of due diligence by banks, populist measures by the government, the leadership of PSBs etc. Measures taken by the government to address NPA issue are as follows : A. Under new framework introduced by RBI, bankers have to report defaults on a weekly basis to the Credit Repository of Information on Large Credits and start on a resolution plan immediately. The immediate impact of this will be a rise in NPAs. B.Insolvency and bankruptcy code bill, 2016 : It is the bankruptcy law that consolidated all the laws related to insolvency in India by creating a single law. The bill seeks to build a new class of insolvency professionals (IPs) that would help sick companies. The bill advocates the setting up of Insolvency and bankruptcy board that will regulate IPs. National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will act as the negotiating authority and deal will cases with insolvency, bankruptcy process and liquidation of companies. C.Other measures:- 1. Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A Scheme): The S4A Scheme aims at a deep financial restructuring of big debted projects by allowing lender (bank) to acquire equity of the stressed project. 2. Strategic Debt Restructuring scheme (" SDR Scheme"): Under SDR, banks who have given loans to a corporate borrower gets the right to convert the full or part of their loans into equity shares in the loan taken company. Note:- Finally the RBI had discontinued programmes for banks to restructure their defaulted loans such as corporate debt restructuring (CDR), sustainable structuring of stressed assets (S4A), strategic debt restructuring (SDR), among others, and made the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code as the main tool to deal with defaulters Reforms :- 1. Indradhanush Plan : It is a plan to revamp the working of the Public Sector Banks. It includes seven elements to revamp the functioning. These seven elements are appointments, the board of bureau, capitalization, de-stressing, empowerment, the framework of accountability and governance reforms. Bank Board Bureau is an important outcome of this plan. It will replace the existing appointments board. Now, govt.is planning to come up with Indradhanush 2.0 after finalizing the asset quality review by RBI 2. The Banking Regulation (Amendment) seeks to amend the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to insert provisions for handling cases related to stressed assets. It contains provisions related to 3. The RBI may, from time to time, issue directions to banks for resolution of stressed assets. 4. The RBI may specify authorities or committees to advise banks on resolution of stressed assets. The members on such committees will be appointed or approved by the RBI. EASE :-The government has unveiled a reform plan that sets a goal of ‘Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE)’. The six pillars to achieve this include customer responsiveness, responsible banking credit offtake, PSBs as Udyami Mitra, deepening financial inclusion, and digitalisation and developing personnel. Recapitalization :- The government has also announced the details of the Rs. 2.1 lakh crore recapitalisation plan for public sector banks (PSBs). Recapitalisation package would be spread across the current financial year 2017-18 and the next year 2018-19. The capital infusion plan for 2017-18 includes Rs. 80,000 crore through recapitalisation bonds and Rs. 8,139 crore as budgetary support. ] Apart from the measures that have already been taken there were other steps too that government was thinking to take such as issuing provision shore-up certificates (PSC) to banks, establishing Bad Banks etc.
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##Question:What is a Non-Performing Asset? Briefly discuss various steps taken by the government and RBI to solve the issue of NPA"s in India.(150 words, 10 marks)##Answer:The Indian banking system is beleaguered with non-performing assets (NPAs). According to the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Stability ReportIndian banks" gross non-performing assets (NPAs), or bad loans, stood at Rs 10.25 lakh crore as on 31 March 2018. An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A "non-performing asset" (NPA) is defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained due for a period of 90 days. There are many reasons for the rise of NPAs in Indian banks such as economic slowdown, lack of due diligence by banks, populist measures by the government, the leadership of PSBs etc. Measures taken by the government to address NPA issue are as follows : A. Under new framework introduced by RBI, bankers have to report defaults on a weekly basis to the Credit Repository of Information on Large Credits and start on a resolution plan immediately. The immediate impact of this will be a rise in NPAs. B.Insolvency and bankruptcy code bill, 2016 : It is the bankruptcy law that consolidated all the laws related to insolvency in India by creating a single law. The bill seeks to build a new class of insolvency professionals (IPs) that would help sick companies. The bill advocates the setting up of Insolvency and bankruptcy board that will regulate IPs. National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will act as the negotiating authority and deal will cases with insolvency, bankruptcy process and liquidation of companies. C.Other measures:- 1. Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A Scheme): The S4A Scheme aims at a deep financial restructuring of big debted projects by allowing lender (bank) to acquire equity of the stressed project. 2. Strategic Debt Restructuring scheme (" SDR Scheme"): Under SDR, banks who have given loans to a corporate borrower gets the right to convert the full or part of their loans into equity shares in the loan taken company. Note:- Finally the RBI had discontinued programmes for banks to restructure their defaulted loans such as corporate debt restructuring (CDR), sustainable structuring of stressed assets (S4A), strategic debt restructuring (SDR), among others, and made the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code as the main tool to deal with defaulters Reforms :- 1. Indradhanush Plan : It is a plan to revamp the working of the Public Sector Banks. It includes seven elements to revamp the functioning. These seven elements are appointments, the board of bureau, capitalization, de-stressing, empowerment, the framework of accountability and governance reforms. Bank Board Bureau is an important outcome of this plan. It will replace the existing appointments board. Now, govt.is planning to come up with Indradhanush 2.0 after finalizing the asset quality review by RBI 2. The Banking Regulation (Amendment) seeks to amend the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to insert provisions for handling cases related to stressed assets. It contains provisions related to 3. The RBI may, from time to time, issue directions to banks for resolution of stressed assets. 4. The RBI may specify authorities or committees to advise banks on resolution of stressed assets. The members on such committees will be appointed or approved by the RBI. EASE :-The government has unveiled a reform plan that sets a goal of ‘Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE)’. The six pillars to achieve this include customer responsiveness, responsible banking credit offtake, PSBs as Udyami Mitra, deepening financial inclusion, and digitalisation and developing personnel. Recapitalization :- The government has also announced the details of the Rs. 2.1 lakh crore recapitalisation plan for public sector banks (PSBs). Recapitalisation package would be spread across the current financial year 2017-18 and the next year 2018-19. The capital infusion plan for 2017-18 includes Rs. 80,000 crore through recapitalisation bonds and Rs. 8,139 crore as budgetary support. ] Apart from the measures that have already been taken there were other steps too that government was thinking to take such as issuing provision shore-up certificates (PSC) to banks, establishing Bad Banks etc.
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Judicial activism is a result of legislative and executive inefficiencies of Indian polity and is significant for the protection of constitutionalism in India but judicial activism must not become judicial overreach. Elucidate. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach to write this answer 1 . Define judicial activism in the introduction 2. Explain how inefficiencies in the legislature and executive are one of the factors responsible for judicial activism 3. The significance of Judicial Activism 4. Introduce the concept of judicial overreach and discuss why judicial activism should not reach judicial overreach. Here you need to discuss the consequences of judicial overreach. 5. Conclude the answer in 20-25 words. Judicial Activism - Judicial activism refers to the interference of the judiciary in the legislative and executive fields and the action of the court in excess of, and beyond the power of judicial review. Judicial activism means that instead of judicial restraint, the Supreme Court and other lower courts become activists and compel the authority to act and sometimes also direct the government regarding policies and also matters of administration. Causes of Judicial Activism – • Failure of executive and legislature to provide welfare to the public. E.g. Right to pollution free environment • Ineffectiveness and inefficiency of administration in the country. E.g. Liquor Ban • Failure of state to protect the fundamental rights of people. E.g. Right to privacy • Unconstitutional laws and legislation. E.g. Ban on instant talaq • Arbitrary acts of the executive. E.g. restoring Arunachal Pradesh government after imposition of President’s rule • When the state fails to maintain law and order. E.g. Order of HC to Haryana government to maintain law and order • For the greater good of the community. E.g. Ban on certain vehicles in Delhi All the above cases justify the interference of judiciary in the working of executive and legislature. Judiciary has used the tool of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) to ensure the welfare of citizens of the country. The following are the significance of judicial activism: • Helps in achieving the objectives of the constitution as enlisted in the preamble • A check on the arbitrary actions of the legislature and executive and correction of the mistakes of the other two organs • Inculcating faith of people in the judiciary • The tool of PIL help the unprivileged sections of society get justice which is not possible for them with the formal channels Now introduce the concept of judicial overreach But the line between judicial activism and judicial overreach is very fine. Many a time, judiciary overreaches its powers and over-interferes in the working of legislature and executive. The consequences of such a judicial overreach will be: • Violation of the doctrine of separation of power – judiciary may not have the required expertise and experience to work as an executive or legislature • Violation of the principle of checks and balances – If judiciary commits any mistakes while acting as an executive or legislature there is no any institution to correct its mistakes. • Loss of faith of people in the democratically chosen government which may have a detrimental effect on the future of democracy • Misuse of PILs - The PILs are increasingly used by the influential sections of the society to halt government projects or alter the government programmes for their personal gains. Conclusion Judicial activism is necessary for a diverse country like India where there are diverse problems which are not always addressed by the executive and legislatures because of some vested interests. But, to protect the spirit of constitutionalism the courts must show restraint in over-interfering in the working of government and the parliament.
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##Question:Judicial activism is a result of legislative and executive inefficiencies of Indian polity and is significant for the protection of constitutionalism in India but judicial activism must not become judicial overreach. Elucidate. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach to write this answer 1 . Define judicial activism in the introduction 2. Explain how inefficiencies in the legislature and executive are one of the factors responsible for judicial activism 3. The significance of Judicial Activism 4. Introduce the concept of judicial overreach and discuss why judicial activism should not reach judicial overreach. Here you need to discuss the consequences of judicial overreach. 5. Conclude the answer in 20-25 words. Judicial Activism - Judicial activism refers to the interference of the judiciary in the legislative and executive fields and the action of the court in excess of, and beyond the power of judicial review. Judicial activism means that instead of judicial restraint, the Supreme Court and other lower courts become activists and compel the authority to act and sometimes also direct the government regarding policies and also matters of administration. Causes of Judicial Activism – • Failure of executive and legislature to provide welfare to the public. E.g. Right to pollution free environment • Ineffectiveness and inefficiency of administration in the country. E.g. Liquor Ban • Failure of state to protect the fundamental rights of people. E.g. Right to privacy • Unconstitutional laws and legislation. E.g. Ban on instant talaq • Arbitrary acts of the executive. E.g. restoring Arunachal Pradesh government after imposition of President’s rule • When the state fails to maintain law and order. E.g. Order of HC to Haryana government to maintain law and order • For the greater good of the community. E.g. Ban on certain vehicles in Delhi All the above cases justify the interference of judiciary in the working of executive and legislature. Judiciary has used the tool of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) to ensure the welfare of citizens of the country. The following are the significance of judicial activism: • Helps in achieving the objectives of the constitution as enlisted in the preamble • A check on the arbitrary actions of the legislature and executive and correction of the mistakes of the other two organs • Inculcating faith of people in the judiciary • The tool of PIL help the unprivileged sections of society get justice which is not possible for them with the formal channels Now introduce the concept of judicial overreach But the line between judicial activism and judicial overreach is very fine. Many a time, judiciary overreaches its powers and over-interferes in the working of legislature and executive. The consequences of such a judicial overreach will be: • Violation of the doctrine of separation of power – judiciary may not have the required expertise and experience to work as an executive or legislature • Violation of the principle of checks and balances – If judiciary commits any mistakes while acting as an executive or legislature there is no any institution to correct its mistakes. • Loss of faith of people in the democratically chosen government which may have a detrimental effect on the future of democracy • Misuse of PILs - The PILs are increasingly used by the influential sections of the society to halt government projects or alter the government programmes for their personal gains. Conclusion Judicial activism is necessary for a diverse country like India where there are diverse problems which are not always addressed by the executive and legislatures because of some vested interests. But, to protect the spirit of constitutionalism the courts must show restraint in over-interfering in the working of government and the parliament.
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What are Participatory Notes (P-Notes)? What are the effects of P-Notes on the Indian economy? (150 words/10 marks)
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Definition of p-notes in introduction P-notes are offshore derivative instruments with Indian shares as underlying assets. The notes allow foreign investors with high net worth, as well as hedge funds and other investors, to invest in Indian markets without registering with SEBI. Investors save time, money and scrutiny associated with direct registration.Brokers and FIIs registered with SEBI issue the instruments and make investments on the FII’s behalf. Brokers must report their P-note issuance status to SEBI each quarter. Effects of P-Notes on Indian Economy • Negative o Money Laundering / Round-tripping - because of the anonymity, Indian regulators face difficulty determining a P-note’s original and end owner. Therefore, much unaccounted money enters the country through P-notes. o Tax evasion – P-Notes also helps in tax evasion (Capital Gains Tax) o Inadequate regulation – SEBI has less control over the P-Notes as the foreign investors FIIs are not registered in India o Volatility of Indian market - due to the anonymity of the P-Notes holders and investors. As the financial behavior of these FIIs cannot be predicted so it increases speculations in the economy. o Terror financing - It is speculated that the money laundered through P-Notes is also used for terror financing • Positives o Increased Foreign Investment - An easy way for FIIs to invest in India thus increasing foreign investment in India o High confidence of foreign investors in Indian economy as they are completely outside the regulatory framework of Indian government. As the P-Notes are a major source of foreign investment in India and also an alleged channel of round-tripping, money laundering and tax evasion Indian government started taking steps to regulate the P-Notes. Some of the prominent steps are – • SEBI banned unregulated entities in foreign countries from subscribing P-Notes. • SEBI has banned FPIs from issuing offshore derivative instruments or P-Notes for derivatives as underlying. • SEBI has barred resident as well as non-resident Indians (NRIs) from making investments through participatory notes (P-Notes) • SEBI has extended the KYC (Know Your Client) norms and anti-money laundering norms to the PN subscribers also. • SEBI has imposed a fee of USD 1,000 that will be levied on each instrument to check any misuse for channelizing black money. Conclusion P-Notes have indeed helped India to channelize more foreign investment but the unregulated and anonymous nature of P-Notes leaves Indian economy vulnerable to global shocks and also provides an avenue for bringing unaccounted money to Indian economy. Thus the P-Notes must be regulated if not abolished and SEBI must take adequate steps in this regard
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##Question:What are Participatory Notes (P-Notes)? What are the effects of P-Notes on the Indian economy? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Definition of p-notes in introduction P-notes are offshore derivative instruments with Indian shares as underlying assets. The notes allow foreign investors with high net worth, as well as hedge funds and other investors, to invest in Indian markets without registering with SEBI. Investors save time, money and scrutiny associated with direct registration.Brokers and FIIs registered with SEBI issue the instruments and make investments on the FII’s behalf. Brokers must report their P-note issuance status to SEBI each quarter. Effects of P-Notes on Indian Economy • Negative o Money Laundering / Round-tripping - because of the anonymity, Indian regulators face difficulty determining a P-note’s original and end owner. Therefore, much unaccounted money enters the country through P-notes. o Tax evasion – P-Notes also helps in tax evasion (Capital Gains Tax) o Inadequate regulation – SEBI has less control over the P-Notes as the foreign investors FIIs are not registered in India o Volatility of Indian market - due to the anonymity of the P-Notes holders and investors. As the financial behavior of these FIIs cannot be predicted so it increases speculations in the economy. o Terror financing - It is speculated that the money laundered through P-Notes is also used for terror financing • Positives o Increased Foreign Investment - An easy way for FIIs to invest in India thus increasing foreign investment in India o High confidence of foreign investors in Indian economy as they are completely outside the regulatory framework of Indian government. As the P-Notes are a major source of foreign investment in India and also an alleged channel of round-tripping, money laundering and tax evasion Indian government started taking steps to regulate the P-Notes. Some of the prominent steps are – • SEBI banned unregulated entities in foreign countries from subscribing P-Notes. • SEBI has banned FPIs from issuing offshore derivative instruments or P-Notes for derivatives as underlying. • SEBI has barred resident as well as non-resident Indians (NRIs) from making investments through participatory notes (P-Notes) • SEBI has extended the KYC (Know Your Client) norms and anti-money laundering norms to the PN subscribers also. • SEBI has imposed a fee of USD 1,000 that will be levied on each instrument to check any misuse for channelizing black money. Conclusion P-Notes have indeed helped India to channelize more foreign investment but the unregulated and anonymous nature of P-Notes leaves Indian economy vulnerable to global shocks and also provides an avenue for bringing unaccounted money to Indian economy. Thus the P-Notes must be regulated if not abolished and SEBI must take adequate steps in this regard
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What do you understand by organized crime? What are the major challenges in controlling organized crimes in India? (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH Introduction - Define organizedcrime Body of the Answer- challenges in controlling organizedcrime in India Conclusion: Way forward can be provided MODEL ANSWER Organized crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand. Its continuing existence is maintained through the corruption of public officials and the use of intimidation, threats or force to protect its operations. The most obvious distinction between organized crime and other forms of criminal conduct is that it is "organized." In general terms, it does not include random, unplanned, individual criminal acts. Instead, it focuses exclusively on planned, rational acts that reflect the effort of groups of individuals. CHALLENGES IN CONTROLLING ORGANISED CRIME IN INDIA Lack of legal backing- There is no special law to deal with organized crime in India. Also, the existing special laws target only individuals and not organized criminal groups. The slow pace of trials- This is evident from the fact that Delhi has reported only 1 conviction in the 16 years of implementation of the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act. The aspect of dual criminality- There is difficulty in bringing the accused criminal who has fled to another country. For example, the European Union will not extradite a criminal if the maximum punishment for the offense committed by him is capital punishment in India. Difficulty in obtaining proof- The burden of proof lies on the State. Also due to lack of protection of witnesses and non-admissibility of confessions made by criminals to police make proving the crime very difficult. Lack of expertise and training- Shortage of financial resources and personnel, poor training of staff, and lack of modern technology make the investigation process tough. Lack of coordination between agencies- Multiple crime investigating agencies exist in India. There is difficulty in collecting and collating information between central and state agencies and between various state agencies. Criminal political-bureaucratic nexus- Many organized criminal groups enjoy the support of political parties and in turn fund these parties. Similarly, bureaucrats also provide patronage to these criminals. Glorification of criminals- Popular media has started glorifying criminals via movies, social media, etc. WAY FORWARD TO CURB ORGANISED CRIME IN INDIA Establishment of a Legal framework for effective dealing of the cases. Setting up a central agency that can specifically look into the issue. Need to sign extradition treaties with countries at the international level. Training modules should be provided for state police forces to fight organized crimes. Creation of special cells within the state police department Amendments in CRPC Act and Criminal Evidences Act Constructive role to be played by popular media rather than glorifying them.
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##Question:What do you understand by organized crime? What are the major challenges in controlling organized crimes in India? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH Introduction - Define organizedcrime Body of the Answer- challenges in controlling organizedcrime in India Conclusion: Way forward can be provided MODEL ANSWER Organized crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand. Its continuing existence is maintained through the corruption of public officials and the use of intimidation, threats or force to protect its operations. The most obvious distinction between organized crime and other forms of criminal conduct is that it is "organized." In general terms, it does not include random, unplanned, individual criminal acts. Instead, it focuses exclusively on planned, rational acts that reflect the effort of groups of individuals. CHALLENGES IN CONTROLLING ORGANISED CRIME IN INDIA Lack of legal backing- There is no special law to deal with organized crime in India. Also, the existing special laws target only individuals and not organized criminal groups. The slow pace of trials- This is evident from the fact that Delhi has reported only 1 conviction in the 16 years of implementation of the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act. The aspect of dual criminality- There is difficulty in bringing the accused criminal who has fled to another country. For example, the European Union will not extradite a criminal if the maximum punishment for the offense committed by him is capital punishment in India. Difficulty in obtaining proof- The burden of proof lies on the State. Also due to lack of protection of witnesses and non-admissibility of confessions made by criminals to police make proving the crime very difficult. Lack of expertise and training- Shortage of financial resources and personnel, poor training of staff, and lack of modern technology make the investigation process tough. Lack of coordination between agencies- Multiple crime investigating agencies exist in India. There is difficulty in collecting and collating information between central and state agencies and between various state agencies. Criminal political-bureaucratic nexus- Many organized criminal groups enjoy the support of political parties and in turn fund these parties. Similarly, bureaucrats also provide patronage to these criminals. Glorification of criminals- Popular media has started glorifying criminals via movies, social media, etc. WAY FORWARD TO CURB ORGANISED CRIME IN INDIA Establishment of a Legal framework for effective dealing of the cases. Setting up a central agency that can specifically look into the issue. Need to sign extradition treaties with countries at the international level. Training modules should be provided for state police forces to fight organized crimes. Creation of special cells within the state police department Amendments in CRPC Act and Criminal Evidences Act Constructive role to be played by popular media rather than glorifying them.
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Briefly discuss the land revenue systems adopted by the British in different parts of India. Analyze the effects of the British land revenue policy. (150-200 words / 10 Marks)
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The British in India introduced various land revenue systems in India after they got revenue collection rights in the late 18th Century. The major land revenue systems were – Permanent settlement- introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. It had the following distinctive features: • The Zamindar was granted property rights over land. Their right of ownership was made hereditary & transferable. • On the other hand, the cultivators were reduced to the low status of mere tenants and were deprived of long standing customary rights to land. • The revenue rates were fixed for perpetuity. While the stability of tax revenue system was supposed to incentivize the landlord to increase agricultural production Ryotwari Settlement: Thomas Munro (1820) recommended the introduction of Ryotwari system in Madras and Bombay presidency. • Under this system, the revenue settlement was to be made directly with the cultivators/ryots. The cultivator was to be recognized as the owner of his plot of land subject to the payment of land revenue • The settlement under the Ryotwari system was not made permanent. It was revised periodically after 20-30 years when the revenue demand was usually raised Mahalwari Settlement: William Bentinck (1822) introduced in Ganga valley, North-West provinces, part of central India and Punjab. Here the revenue settlement was made at the village level IMPACT OF COLONIAL LAND REVENUE POLICIES 1. High burden of taxation: the peasantry suffered under the new revenue settlement systems imposed by the British. 2. Commodification of land and alienation of cultivators from their land: the British system of revenue settlement didn’t recognize the customary rights of cultivators and made land a marketable commodity. 3. Shift in pattern of cultivation from food crops to cash crops: to meet the high revenue demands 4. Destruction of self sufficiency of Indian villages. 5. More pressure on Agriculture 6. Destruction of the livelihood of peasants and artisans 7. Alienation of the old Zamindari class: the inability to meet the high revenue demands imposed by the British saw the old Zamindar being deposed of their erstwhile Zamindari and the rise of the new merchant-Zamindar 8. Zamindars practiced sub-infeudation or absentee landlordism and took no active interest in increasing productivity. Also the British never invested capital to introduce new technologies and did not increased the area under irrigation The new land revenue system of British changed the rural Indian economy completely and made the village economy dependent on world economics and its fluctuations. This led to discontent among the peasants that ultimately led to peasant revolts. "
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##Question:Briefly discuss the land revenue systems adopted by the British in different parts of India. Analyze the effects of the British land revenue policy. (150-200 words / 10 Marks)##Answer: The British in India introduced various land revenue systems in India after they got revenue collection rights in the late 18th Century. The major land revenue systems were – Permanent settlement- introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. It had the following distinctive features: • The Zamindar was granted property rights over land. Their right of ownership was made hereditary & transferable. • On the other hand, the cultivators were reduced to the low status of mere tenants and were deprived of long standing customary rights to land. • The revenue rates were fixed for perpetuity. While the stability of tax revenue system was supposed to incentivize the landlord to increase agricultural production Ryotwari Settlement: Thomas Munro (1820) recommended the introduction of Ryotwari system in Madras and Bombay presidency. • Under this system, the revenue settlement was to be made directly with the cultivators/ryots. The cultivator was to be recognized as the owner of his plot of land subject to the payment of land revenue • The settlement under the Ryotwari system was not made permanent. It was revised periodically after 20-30 years when the revenue demand was usually raised Mahalwari Settlement: William Bentinck (1822) introduced in Ganga valley, North-West provinces, part of central India and Punjab. Here the revenue settlement was made at the village level IMPACT OF COLONIAL LAND REVENUE POLICIES 1. High burden of taxation: the peasantry suffered under the new revenue settlement systems imposed by the British. 2. Commodification of land and alienation of cultivators from their land: the British system of revenue settlement didn’t recognize the customary rights of cultivators and made land a marketable commodity. 3. Shift in pattern of cultivation from food crops to cash crops: to meet the high revenue demands 4. Destruction of self sufficiency of Indian villages. 5. More pressure on Agriculture 6. Destruction of the livelihood of peasants and artisans 7. Alienation of the old Zamindari class: the inability to meet the high revenue demands imposed by the British saw the old Zamindar being deposed of their erstwhile Zamindari and the rise of the new merchant-Zamindar 8. Zamindars practiced sub-infeudation or absentee landlordism and took no active interest in increasing productivity. Also the British never invested capital to introduce new technologies and did not increased the area under irrigation The new land revenue system of British changed the rural Indian economy completely and made the village economy dependent on world economics and its fluctuations. This led to discontent among the peasants that ultimately led to peasant revolts. "
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The war of 1857 was more than a mutiny but less than a war of independence. Discuss. (200 words)
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The war of 1857 was the first collective resistance towards the tyranny of the British. Though it was triggered by a group of soldiers, the reasons for it were lingering on due to various other policies of the British, which also led to the dissipation of the resistance to other parts of the country. Though many scholars argue that it was a war of independence, though large number of scholars and historians think otherwise. Reasons for it being more than a mutiny: 1. Mutiny is related to a band of disobedient soldiers. Although during the starting phase it can be called a mutiny, but afterward due to the involvement of various rulers like Bahadur Shah and Rani Laxmibai, it changed its face. 2. Political reasons:- The spread of the war was a shift from subsidiary alliance to Policy of Annexation. The doctrine of Lapse introduced by Dalhousie and Annexation of Awadh fuelled the rebellion. 3. Economic reasons:- Due to high rate of taxation, commodification of land and conditions of peasants, these peasants also used to get employed in the army due to their oppression being a farmer. Peasants and artisans were hugely oppressed due to economic policy. As a result, large number of peasants and artisans participated that deny the idea of being it only a mutiny. 4. Socio-religious reforms like abolition of sati and widows remarriage act led to the dissention among conservatives. 5. Role of the Christian missionary in evangelization led to the agitation among the native religions. These all factors prove that not only soldiers, but every section of society was badly impacted by British policy. Therefore, they all participtaed and hence, it can"t be said only a mutiny. Reasons for it being less than a war of independence: 1. Limited territorial extent- Mainly North and Central India 2. Aimed to overthrow foreign rulers but not empower masses. Militant in nature. 3. Lack of coordination between various stakeholders from the Indian side. 4. Leaders of the mutiny wanted the respective territories for themselves and no structure of government had been thought of. 5. Lack of national identity by then. 6. Backward looking approach was there because there was struggle to go back to older order. It is visible the way they made Mughal king as their leader. There was lack of progressive thoughts and attempts were to go to old feudal arrangement. Thus it can be argued that it was neither a mutiny or a war of independence in true sense. The original outbreaks, of which the one at Meerut is typical, took place in an environment governed by military discipline. They were obviously and classically mutinies The mutineers were later joined by others who were not soldiers or in any way bound by military rules. One might argue that all wars are wars of independence: the participants seek, whatever the issues, to maintain their freedom of action with regard to them but as it didn’t had a national identity it failed to fit in the definition of a war of ‘national’ independence.
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##Question:The war of 1857 was more than a mutiny but less than a war of independence. Discuss. (200 words)##Answer: The war of 1857 was the first collective resistance towards the tyranny of the British. Though it was triggered by a group of soldiers, the reasons for it were lingering on due to various other policies of the British, which also led to the dissipation of the resistance to other parts of the country. Though many scholars argue that it was a war of independence, though large number of scholars and historians think otherwise. Reasons for it being more than a mutiny: 1. Mutiny is related to a band of disobedient soldiers. Although during the starting phase it can be called a mutiny, but afterward due to the involvement of various rulers like Bahadur Shah and Rani Laxmibai, it changed its face. 2. Political reasons:- The spread of the war was a shift from subsidiary alliance to Policy of Annexation. The doctrine of Lapse introduced by Dalhousie and Annexation of Awadh fuelled the rebellion. 3. Economic reasons:- Due to high rate of taxation, commodification of land and conditions of peasants, these peasants also used to get employed in the army due to their oppression being a farmer. Peasants and artisans were hugely oppressed due to economic policy. As a result, large number of peasants and artisans participated that deny the idea of being it only a mutiny. 4. Socio-religious reforms like abolition of sati and widows remarriage act led to the dissention among conservatives. 5. Role of the Christian missionary in evangelization led to the agitation among the native religions. These all factors prove that not only soldiers, but every section of society was badly impacted by British policy. Therefore, they all participtaed and hence, it can"t be said only a mutiny. Reasons for it being less than a war of independence: 1. Limited territorial extent- Mainly North and Central India 2. Aimed to overthrow foreign rulers but not empower masses. Militant in nature. 3. Lack of coordination between various stakeholders from the Indian side. 4. Leaders of the mutiny wanted the respective territories for themselves and no structure of government had been thought of. 5. Lack of national identity by then. 6. Backward looking approach was there because there was struggle to go back to older order. It is visible the way they made Mughal king as their leader. There was lack of progressive thoughts and attempts were to go to old feudal arrangement. Thus it can be argued that it was neither a mutiny or a war of independence in true sense. The original outbreaks, of which the one at Meerut is typical, took place in an environment governed by military discipline. They were obviously and classically mutinies The mutineers were later joined by others who were not soldiers or in any way bound by military rules. One might argue that all wars are wars of independence: the participants seek, whatever the issues, to maintain their freedom of action with regard to them but as it didn’t had a national identity it failed to fit in the definition of a war of ‘national’ independence.
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“भारत के लिए मालदीव की आर्थिक ,सामरिक , राजनीतिक व सुरक्षात्मक महत्ता होने के बावजूद भी, पिछले कुछ वर्षों में भारत-मालदीव संबंधों में काफी उतार –चढ़ाव देखे गए हैं |” उक्त कथन के सन्दर्भ भारत-मालदीव संबंध पर टिप्पणी करें | (200 शब्द )
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भारत –मालदीव 1965 में मालदीव की स्वतंत्रता के पश्चात (ब्रिटिश शासन के द्वारा ) अब्दुल गयुम के द्वारा सैन्य शासन का प्रारंभ सागरीय सीमा विवाद को स्ल्झा लिया गया (1976 में ) ऑपरेशन कैक्टस (1988)-LTTE की समस्या 2014 में भारत के द्वारा पेय जल संकट में सहायता नशीर (2008-2012)-यमन एवं चीन के साथ संबंध को बढ़ावा भारत के लिए मालदीव की महत्ता सामरिक अवस्थिति(Stratejic Location)- भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण ; सुरक्षा प्रदाता (Net Security Provider)-भारत को हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा प्रदाता की भूमिका में स्थापित होने के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि इस क्षेत्र में भारत के द्वारा विभिन्न सैन्य आधार निर्मित किये जाये | इस दृष्टिकोण से मालदीव का प्रयोग एक बेस स्टेशन के रूप में किया जा सकता है|ब्लू अर्थव्यवस्था एवं व्यापर को बढ़ावा Ocean Conflict Free Zone- चीन के प्रभाव को चुनौती – मालदीव आर्थिक रूप से 70% तक चीन पर निर्भर है जिससे यह संभव है कि भविष्य में आर्थिक उपनिवेशवाद के माध्यम से चीन का प्रभाव और बढ़ जाये |यह भारतीय हितों के लिए खतरा होगा नेतृत्व व भारत सहयोगी शक्तियों को मजबूत किया जाये – पीपल टू पीपल कांटेक्ट बढ़ाये जाये इस्लामिक कट्टरपंथ के प्रभाव को कम करना –(यामीन के द्वारा )-भारत के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि इस पर नियंतरण किया जाये सांस्कृतिक नजदीकी – मालदीव में उदार –सामासिक संस्कृति रही है जो भारत के साथ उसके सम्बन्ध डायस्पोरा के हितों की सुरक्षा – दक्षिण भारतीय लोग वहां की जनसँख्या का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है मालदीव के लिए भारत एक मुख्य गंतव्य स्थान – मेडिकल सुविधा(केरल ) ,शिक्षा आदि भारत-मालदीव के मध्य सहयोग के क्षेत्र भारत-मालदीव संबंध के 50 वर्ष -2015 में 50 वर्ष जिससे दोनों देशों में कार्यक्रम आयोजित किये गए –ट्रैक 2 डिप्लोमेसी को बढ़ावा आर्थिक संबंध- 2008 से 20 12 के मध्य नए आयाम – विकासात्मक पहलू – सामाजिक अवसंरचना (स्कूल कॉलेज ,अस्पताल आदि ),एवं भौतिक अवसंरचना (सड़क ,हवाई अड्डा आदि ); न्यून ब्याज दरों पर क्रेडिट सहयोग आवश्यक वस्तुओं का निर्यात युक्रेन संकट में भारत का सहयोग –भारत के द्वारा मालदीव के मेडिकल के विद्यार्थियों को निकला गया | अब भारत के मेडिकल कॉलेज ,मालदीव के लिए नए गंतव्य हैं | 2014 में पेय जल संकट में भारत के द्वारा सहायता सैन्य संधि –हेलीकाप्टर बेस ;राडार इंडियन कोस्ट गार्ड मुख्य चुनौतियाँ राजनीतिक संकट – सुरक्षा परिषद् में अस्थायी सदस्यता के लिए भारत के द्वारा मालदीव के बदले इंडोनेशिया के पक्ष में वोट करना|मार्च 2018 में भारतीयों को वर्किंग वीजा नहीं दिया जा रहा है | GMR संकट – चीन के प्रभाव में GMR के अग्रीमेंट को रद्द कर दिया गया जिसके विरुद्ध GMR ने सिंगापूर के डेब्ट ट्रिब्यूनल में मामला दर्ज कर दिया गया | कट्टरपंथ में वृद्धि – सुरक्षा के दृष्टिकोण से भारतीय हितों के लिए खतरनाक | भारत के अन्दर के कट्टरपंथी संगठनों पर कार्रवाई की दशाओं में उनके द्वारा मालदीव में अपने बेस बनाये जा सकते हैं | चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव –FTA2015 में ; सागरीय सिल्क मार्ग ;अवसंरचना परियोजना अंततः भारत एवं सहयोगी राष्ट्रों के लिए यह आवश्यक होगा कि हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में चीन के बढ़ते प्रभावों एवं कट्टरपंथ के प्रसार को यथा शीघ्र नियंत्रित किये जाएँ | साथ ही भारत के लिए मालदीव के साथ संबंधों को एक सकारात्मक बिंदु पर पहूंचाने कि चुनौती होगी जिससे भारत को हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में एक प्रमुख सागरीय सहयोगी प्राप्त होगा |
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##Question:“भारत के लिए मालदीव की आर्थिक ,सामरिक , राजनीतिक व सुरक्षात्मक महत्ता होने के बावजूद भी, पिछले कुछ वर्षों में भारत-मालदीव संबंधों में काफी उतार –चढ़ाव देखे गए हैं |” उक्त कथन के सन्दर्भ भारत-मालदीव संबंध पर टिप्पणी करें | (200 शब्द )##Answer:भारत –मालदीव 1965 में मालदीव की स्वतंत्रता के पश्चात (ब्रिटिश शासन के द्वारा ) अब्दुल गयुम के द्वारा सैन्य शासन का प्रारंभ सागरीय सीमा विवाद को स्ल्झा लिया गया (1976 में ) ऑपरेशन कैक्टस (1988)-LTTE की समस्या 2014 में भारत के द्वारा पेय जल संकट में सहायता नशीर (2008-2012)-यमन एवं चीन के साथ संबंध को बढ़ावा भारत के लिए मालदीव की महत्ता सामरिक अवस्थिति(Stratejic Location)- भारत के लिए महत्वपूर्ण ; सुरक्षा प्रदाता (Net Security Provider)-भारत को हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा प्रदाता की भूमिका में स्थापित होने के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि इस क्षेत्र में भारत के द्वारा विभिन्न सैन्य आधार निर्मित किये जाये | इस दृष्टिकोण से मालदीव का प्रयोग एक बेस स्टेशन के रूप में किया जा सकता है|ब्लू अर्थव्यवस्था एवं व्यापर को बढ़ावा Ocean Conflict Free Zone- चीन के प्रभाव को चुनौती – मालदीव आर्थिक रूप से 70% तक चीन पर निर्भर है जिससे यह संभव है कि भविष्य में आर्थिक उपनिवेशवाद के माध्यम से चीन का प्रभाव और बढ़ जाये |यह भारतीय हितों के लिए खतरा होगा नेतृत्व व भारत सहयोगी शक्तियों को मजबूत किया जाये – पीपल टू पीपल कांटेक्ट बढ़ाये जाये इस्लामिक कट्टरपंथ के प्रभाव को कम करना –(यामीन के द्वारा )-भारत के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि इस पर नियंतरण किया जाये सांस्कृतिक नजदीकी – मालदीव में उदार –सामासिक संस्कृति रही है जो भारत के साथ उसके सम्बन्ध डायस्पोरा के हितों की सुरक्षा – दक्षिण भारतीय लोग वहां की जनसँख्या का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है मालदीव के लिए भारत एक मुख्य गंतव्य स्थान – मेडिकल सुविधा(केरल ) ,शिक्षा आदि भारत-मालदीव के मध्य सहयोग के क्षेत्र भारत-मालदीव संबंध के 50 वर्ष -2015 में 50 वर्ष जिससे दोनों देशों में कार्यक्रम आयोजित किये गए –ट्रैक 2 डिप्लोमेसी को बढ़ावा आर्थिक संबंध- 2008 से 20 12 के मध्य नए आयाम – विकासात्मक पहलू – सामाजिक अवसंरचना (स्कूल कॉलेज ,अस्पताल आदि ),एवं भौतिक अवसंरचना (सड़क ,हवाई अड्डा आदि ); न्यून ब्याज दरों पर क्रेडिट सहयोग आवश्यक वस्तुओं का निर्यात युक्रेन संकट में भारत का सहयोग –भारत के द्वारा मालदीव के मेडिकल के विद्यार्थियों को निकला गया | अब भारत के मेडिकल कॉलेज ,मालदीव के लिए नए गंतव्य हैं | 2014 में पेय जल संकट में भारत के द्वारा सहायता सैन्य संधि –हेलीकाप्टर बेस ;राडार इंडियन कोस्ट गार्ड मुख्य चुनौतियाँ राजनीतिक संकट – सुरक्षा परिषद् में अस्थायी सदस्यता के लिए भारत के द्वारा मालदीव के बदले इंडोनेशिया के पक्ष में वोट करना|मार्च 2018 में भारतीयों को वर्किंग वीजा नहीं दिया जा रहा है | GMR संकट – चीन के प्रभाव में GMR के अग्रीमेंट को रद्द कर दिया गया जिसके विरुद्ध GMR ने सिंगापूर के डेब्ट ट्रिब्यूनल में मामला दर्ज कर दिया गया | कट्टरपंथ में वृद्धि – सुरक्षा के दृष्टिकोण से भारतीय हितों के लिए खतरनाक | भारत के अन्दर के कट्टरपंथी संगठनों पर कार्रवाई की दशाओं में उनके द्वारा मालदीव में अपने बेस बनाये जा सकते हैं | चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव –FTA2015 में ; सागरीय सिल्क मार्ग ;अवसंरचना परियोजना अंततः भारत एवं सहयोगी राष्ट्रों के लिए यह आवश्यक होगा कि हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में चीन के बढ़ते प्रभावों एवं कट्टरपंथ के प्रसार को यथा शीघ्र नियंत्रित किये जाएँ | साथ ही भारत के लिए मालदीव के साथ संबंधों को एक सकारात्मक बिंदु पर पहूंचाने कि चुनौती होगी जिससे भारत को हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में एक प्रमुख सागरीय सहयोगी प्राप्त होगा |
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What do you understand by the phenomenon of temperature inversion? Also, Explain the types of temperature inversion. (150 words/10 marks)
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Temperature inversion is a reversal of the normal behavior of temperature in the troposphere, in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. (Under normal conditions, temperature usually decreases with height- 6.5 degree celcius per km; called Normal Lapse Rate). Conditions for Inversion: 1. Long Nights, so that outgoing radiation is greater than incoming. 2. Clear Skies, that allow unobstructed escape of radiation 3. Calm and stable air, so that there"s no vertical mixing of air at lower levels Types of Temperature Inversion:- Temperature Inversion in Inter-montane Valley (Air Drainage Type of Inversion) • Here, the surface radiates heat back to space rapidly and cools down at a faster rate than the upper layers. As a result the lower cold layers get condensed and become heavy. • The sloping surface underneath makes them move towards the bottom where the cold layer settles down as a zone of low temperature while the upper layers are relatively warmer. • This kind of temperature inversion is very strong in the middle and higher latitudes. It can be strong in regions with high mountains or deep valleys also. Ground Inversion (Surface Temperature Inversion) • A ground inversion develops when air is cooled by contact with a colder surface until it becomes cooler than the overlying atmosphere; this occurs most often on clear nights, when the ground cools off rapidly by radiation. If the temperature of surface air drops below its dew point, fog may result. • This kind of temperature inversion is very common in the higher latitudes. Subsidence Inversion (Upper Surface Temperature Inversion) • A subsidence inversion develops when a widespread layer of air descends. • The layer is compressed and heated by the resulting increase in atmospheric pressure, and as a result the lapse rate of temperature is reduced. • If the air mass sinks low enough, the air at higher altitudes becomes warmer than at lower altitudes, producing a temperature inversion. • Subsidence inversions are common over the northern continents in winter (dry atmosphere) and over the subtropical oceans; these regions generally have subsiding air because they are located under large high-pressure centers. Adiabtic Inversion: Updrafts in clouds(thunderstorms) can lead to inversion due to release of latent heat which leads to increase in temperature not in line with the normal lapse rate. Frontal Inversion (Advectional type of Temperature Inversion) • A frontal inversion occurs when a cold air mass undercuts a warm air mass (Cold and Warm Fronts: we will study in detail later) and lifts it aloft; the front between the two air masses then has warm air above and cold air below. • This kind of inversion has considerable slope, whereas other inversions are nearly horizontal. In addition, humidity may be high, and clouds may be present immediately above it. Effects • Inversions play an important role in determining cloud forms, precipitation, and visibility. • An inversion acts as a cap on the upward movement of air from the layers below. As a result, convection produced by the heating of air from below is limited to levels below the inversion. Diffusion of dust, smoke, and other air pollutants is likewise limited. • In regions where a pronounced low-level inversion is present, convective clouds cannot grow high enough to produce showers. • Visibility may be greatly reduced below the inversion due to the accumulation of dust and smoke particles. Because air near the base of an inversion tends to be cool, fog is frequently present there. (Smog) • Inversions also affect diurnal variations in temperature. Diurnal variations tend to be very small. . It also facilitates habitation and cultivation along higher slopes. The lower slopes may face the wrath of inversion damaging crops and impacting settlement.
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##Question:What do you understand by the phenomenon of temperature inversion? Also, Explain the types of temperature inversion. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Temperature inversion is a reversal of the normal behavior of temperature in the troposphere, in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. (Under normal conditions, temperature usually decreases with height- 6.5 degree celcius per km; called Normal Lapse Rate). Conditions for Inversion: 1. Long Nights, so that outgoing radiation is greater than incoming. 2. Clear Skies, that allow unobstructed escape of radiation 3. Calm and stable air, so that there"s no vertical mixing of air at lower levels Types of Temperature Inversion:- Temperature Inversion in Inter-montane Valley (Air Drainage Type of Inversion) • Here, the surface radiates heat back to space rapidly and cools down at a faster rate than the upper layers. As a result the lower cold layers get condensed and become heavy. • The sloping surface underneath makes them move towards the bottom where the cold layer settles down as a zone of low temperature while the upper layers are relatively warmer. • This kind of temperature inversion is very strong in the middle and higher latitudes. It can be strong in regions with high mountains or deep valleys also. Ground Inversion (Surface Temperature Inversion) • A ground inversion develops when air is cooled by contact with a colder surface until it becomes cooler than the overlying atmosphere; this occurs most often on clear nights, when the ground cools off rapidly by radiation. If the temperature of surface air drops below its dew point, fog may result. • This kind of temperature inversion is very common in the higher latitudes. Subsidence Inversion (Upper Surface Temperature Inversion) • A subsidence inversion develops when a widespread layer of air descends. • The layer is compressed and heated by the resulting increase in atmospheric pressure, and as a result the lapse rate of temperature is reduced. • If the air mass sinks low enough, the air at higher altitudes becomes warmer than at lower altitudes, producing a temperature inversion. • Subsidence inversions are common over the northern continents in winter (dry atmosphere) and over the subtropical oceans; these regions generally have subsiding air because they are located under large high-pressure centers. Adiabtic Inversion: Updrafts in clouds(thunderstorms) can lead to inversion due to release of latent heat which leads to increase in temperature not in line with the normal lapse rate. Frontal Inversion (Advectional type of Temperature Inversion) • A frontal inversion occurs when a cold air mass undercuts a warm air mass (Cold and Warm Fronts: we will study in detail later) and lifts it aloft; the front between the two air masses then has warm air above and cold air below. • This kind of inversion has considerable slope, whereas other inversions are nearly horizontal. In addition, humidity may be high, and clouds may be present immediately above it. Effects • Inversions play an important role in determining cloud forms, precipitation, and visibility. • An inversion acts as a cap on the upward movement of air from the layers below. As a result, convection produced by the heating of air from below is limited to levels below the inversion. Diffusion of dust, smoke, and other air pollutants is likewise limited. • In regions where a pronounced low-level inversion is present, convective clouds cannot grow high enough to produce showers. • Visibility may be greatly reduced below the inversion due to the accumulation of dust and smoke particles. Because air near the base of an inversion tends to be cool, fog is frequently present there. (Smog) • Inversions also affect diurnal variations in temperature. Diurnal variations tend to be very small. . It also facilitates habitation and cultivation along higher slopes. The lower slopes may face the wrath of inversion damaging crops and impacting settlement.
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Discuss the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy towards the Socio-religious reforms of 19th century India. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Structure:- 1. Introduction:- Briefly mention Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his viewpoint of Raja Ram Mohan Roy 2. Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy towards Socio-Religious Reforms 3. Conclusion Answer:- Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered to be the Father of Indian renaissance who tried to apply reason and selective western ideas to Indian society. He was of the firm belief that Indian society needs to come out of a narrow mindset and adopt modern ideas in changing time. With this view, he started a social movement called Brahmo Samaj. Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy:- 1. He stressed the oneness of God and Love towards all human beings. 2. He read the Vedas and Upanishads in Sanskrit and translated them into Bengali. His theological treatises show his depth in Koran, Bible as well as in the commentaries of Sankara. 3. He wrote on Indian religions, the Indian economy and Indian education to educate and involve the people in the reform movements. 4. Rammohan stood against idol worship, beliefs in many Gods and Goddesses, meaningless ceremonies and unnecessary rituals. He Vehemently criticized the Hindu orthodox practices and religious dogmas present in his contemporary Indian society. However, critics point out that his writings were not exactly critical of the Hindu texts but were rather a common criticism against elements of falsehood present in all religions. His writings take certain general observations about the nature and function of religions and explain what helps to keep them alive and useful to society. 5. Ram Mohan pointed out the value of religious beliefs and wanted religion to rest on purity, virtues, and ethics. He promoted a rational, ethical, non-authoritarian and this-worldly view on Hinduism but this turned a number of Hindus including his parents against him as his thoughts were considered outrightly radical. 6. He founded the Atmiya sabha(1815) and later the Brahmo Samaj(1828) which were pioneer organizations in the field of socio-religious change but it is also alleged that his organizations were not totally free from the very practices he renounced. eg. idolatry, monotheism 7. He opposed superstitious practices prevalent in society and worked towards women"s rights. He opposed Sati, Child Marriage, restrictions on widow marriage, polygamy, female infanticide, etc. Sati abolished in 1829 due to his efforts. However, KC Sen"s daughter was married at 13 to a wealthy brahmin much to his dismay. 8. Rammohan became the pioneer of Indian nationalism by preaching the sensitive value of unity among men. The aim of his reform movement was to liberate the individual from social tyranny and from mental ignorance but his idea of nationalism was not that of independence from the British. eg. he is credited with having written in favor of British Indigo planters who were very cruel in their dealings with the Indians. 9. Rammohan also tried his best for the political awakening among Indians. He first realized the value of free press and free opinion. He first published a weekly to ventilate the views of the people on social, political, economic problems both national and international. But the readership was confined to elite circles only. 10. In the field of education, Rammohan was one of the first thinkers in India to realize the value of Western Science, and thought. He created major opinions in favor of the English education that could generate a sense of unity among the Indian educated youths. He was responsible for the setting up of many schools to promote modern education along scientific lines. However, the involvement of the masses was limited and confined to the cities only. 11. He sought to integrate the best features of western culture with that of the Indian but many consider him to be an apologist of his times. His efforts were successful in many ways as can be seen from passing a few laws by the British. His idea of socio-religious reforms was further taken by other reformists and transformed society with modern values. It can be seen in the present setting of Democracy and a secular constitution with modern ideas in all spheres of life.
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##Question:Discuss the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy towards the Socio-religious reforms of 19th century India. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Structure:- 1. Introduction:- Briefly mention Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his viewpoint of Raja Ram Mohan Roy 2. Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy towards Socio-Religious Reforms 3. Conclusion Answer:- Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered to be the Father of Indian renaissance who tried to apply reason and selective western ideas to Indian society. He was of the firm belief that Indian society needs to come out of a narrow mindset and adopt modern ideas in changing time. With this view, he started a social movement called Brahmo Samaj. Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy:- 1. He stressed the oneness of God and Love towards all human beings. 2. He read the Vedas and Upanishads in Sanskrit and translated them into Bengali. His theological treatises show his depth in Koran, Bible as well as in the commentaries of Sankara. 3. He wrote on Indian religions, the Indian economy and Indian education to educate and involve the people in the reform movements. 4. Rammohan stood against idol worship, beliefs in many Gods and Goddesses, meaningless ceremonies and unnecessary rituals. He Vehemently criticized the Hindu orthodox practices and religious dogmas present in his contemporary Indian society. However, critics point out that his writings were not exactly critical of the Hindu texts but were rather a common criticism against elements of falsehood present in all religions. His writings take certain general observations about the nature and function of religions and explain what helps to keep them alive and useful to society. 5. Ram Mohan pointed out the value of religious beliefs and wanted religion to rest on purity, virtues, and ethics. He promoted a rational, ethical, non-authoritarian and this-worldly view on Hinduism but this turned a number of Hindus including his parents against him as his thoughts were considered outrightly radical. 6. He founded the Atmiya sabha(1815) and later the Brahmo Samaj(1828) which were pioneer organizations in the field of socio-religious change but it is also alleged that his organizations were not totally free from the very practices he renounced. eg. idolatry, monotheism 7. He opposed superstitious practices prevalent in society and worked towards women"s rights. He opposed Sati, Child Marriage, restrictions on widow marriage, polygamy, female infanticide, etc. Sati abolished in 1829 due to his efforts. However, KC Sen"s daughter was married at 13 to a wealthy brahmin much to his dismay. 8. Rammohan became the pioneer of Indian nationalism by preaching the sensitive value of unity among men. The aim of his reform movement was to liberate the individual from social tyranny and from mental ignorance but his idea of nationalism was not that of independence from the British. eg. he is credited with having written in favor of British Indigo planters who were very cruel in their dealings with the Indians. 9. Rammohan also tried his best for the political awakening among Indians. He first realized the value of free press and free opinion. He first published a weekly to ventilate the views of the people on social, political, economic problems both national and international. But the readership was confined to elite circles only. 10. In the field of education, Rammohan was one of the first thinkers in India to realize the value of Western Science, and thought. He created major opinions in favor of the English education that could generate a sense of unity among the Indian educated youths. He was responsible for the setting up of many schools to promote modern education along scientific lines. However, the involvement of the masses was limited and confined to the cities only. 11. He sought to integrate the best features of western culture with that of the Indian but many consider him to be an apologist of his times. His efforts were successful in many ways as can be seen from passing a few laws by the British. His idea of socio-religious reforms was further taken by other reformists and transformed society with modern values. It can be seen in the present setting of Democracy and a secular constitution with modern ideas in all spheres of life.
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Discuss major characteristics of planetary winds and pressure belts along with the diagrams. (150 words/10 marks)
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As our idealized model suggests, the atmosphere tends to form belts of high and low pressure along east–west axes in areas where there are no large bodies of land. These belts are arranged by latitude and generally maintain their band like pattern. (Diagram is mandatory in this answer) Pressure belts and their characteristics i. Equatorial low pressure belt It extends from 0 to 5 degrees latitudes North and South of the Equator. This zone is also called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) because of vertical rays of Sunlight and intense heating. This region is also called doldrums because of calm conditions developed due to very low pressure. ii. Sub-tropical high pressure belt It extends from around (25 - 30)° latitudes North and South of Equator. Wind from ITCZ rises due to convection up to an altitude of around 14 km and blows towards equator. Because of cooling it accumulates at around 30 degrees thus forms sub-tropical high pressure belt. It is also called as the Horse latitude. Winds near surface blows from sub-tropical region towards Equator as Trade winds or Easterlies and another wind blows towards Sub-Polar Low-Pressure as Westerlies. This circulation which is formed is called Hadley Cell. iii. Sub-polar low pressure belt It extends along 55 - 65 degrees latitudes in both the hemisphere. These belts are not thermally induced instead the winds coming from the sub-tropics and the Polar Regions converge in this belt and rise upward. The great temperature contrast between the subtropical and the Polar Regions, gives rise to cyclonic storms in this belt. In Southern hemisphere, this low pressure belt is more pronounced due to vast presence of ocean and also referred as the sub-Antarctic low. But in the northern hemisphere, there are large land masses along 60 degrees latitudes which are very cold. Therefore, the pressures over these landmasses are increased. Thus, the continuity of the belt is broken. iv. Polar high pressure belt Because of low temperature, air compresses and its density increases. Hence, high pressure is found here throughout the year. This is more marked over the land area of the Antarctic continent than over the ocean of the North Pole. In northern hemisphere, high pressure is not centered at the pole, but it extends from Greenland to Islands situated in the northern part of Canada. Planetary Winds Primary or planetary winds blow from high pressure belts to low pressure belts in the same direction throughout the year. Trade winds, Westerlies and polar easterlies together form the planetary wind circulation these are described below: i. Easterlies/Tropical easterlies/Trade wind As the name suggests they blow from east to west. The easterlies from either side of the equator converge in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Thus, winds originated at ITCZ come back in a circular fashion. Such a cell in the tropics is called Hadley Cell. Because of Coriolis force, their direction becomes north-east and south-east in northern and southern hemisphere respectively. ii. Westerlies They blow from west to east. In the middle latitudes (30 -60 degrees ) the circulation is that of sinking cold air that comes from the poles and the rising warm air that blows from the subtropical high pressure belt. These winds are deflected due to Coriolis force and become westerly in both the hemispheres. These winds meet along the sub-polar low pressure belt to raise high in the troposphere. From here, air moves away in both directions – towards pole and equator. These winds start descending down above the sup-tropical high pressure belt and polar high pressure belt to form cells. These cells are called Ferrel cell and Polar cell respectively. The Westerlies are stronger in the cold. In the southern hemisphere, Westerlies are so powerful and persistent due to absence of land between 400 -600 S that these are called ‘roaring forties’, ‘furious fifties’ and ‘screaming sixties’. iii. Polar Easterlies Winds move away from polar high pressure to sub-polar low pressure along the surface of the earth in Polar cell. Their direction becomes easterlies due to Coriolis force. These are called polar easterlies
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##Question:Discuss major characteristics of planetary winds and pressure belts along with the diagrams. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer: As our idealized model suggests, the atmosphere tends to form belts of high and low pressure along east–west axes in areas where there are no large bodies of land. These belts are arranged by latitude and generally maintain their band like pattern. (Diagram is mandatory in this answer) Pressure belts and their characteristics i. Equatorial low pressure belt It extends from 0 to 5 degrees latitudes North and South of the Equator. This zone is also called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) because of vertical rays of Sunlight and intense heating. This region is also called doldrums because of calm conditions developed due to very low pressure. ii. Sub-tropical high pressure belt It extends from around (25 - 30)° latitudes North and South of Equator. Wind from ITCZ rises due to convection up to an altitude of around 14 km and blows towards equator. Because of cooling it accumulates at around 30 degrees thus forms sub-tropical high pressure belt. It is also called as the Horse latitude. Winds near surface blows from sub-tropical region towards Equator as Trade winds or Easterlies and another wind blows towards Sub-Polar Low-Pressure as Westerlies. This circulation which is formed is called Hadley Cell. iii. Sub-polar low pressure belt It extends along 55 - 65 degrees latitudes in both the hemisphere. These belts are not thermally induced instead the winds coming from the sub-tropics and the Polar Regions converge in this belt and rise upward. The great temperature contrast between the subtropical and the Polar Regions, gives rise to cyclonic storms in this belt. In Southern hemisphere, this low pressure belt is more pronounced due to vast presence of ocean and also referred as the sub-Antarctic low. But in the northern hemisphere, there are large land masses along 60 degrees latitudes which are very cold. Therefore, the pressures over these landmasses are increased. Thus, the continuity of the belt is broken. iv. Polar high pressure belt Because of low temperature, air compresses and its density increases. Hence, high pressure is found here throughout the year. This is more marked over the land area of the Antarctic continent than over the ocean of the North Pole. In northern hemisphere, high pressure is not centered at the pole, but it extends from Greenland to Islands situated in the northern part of Canada. Planetary Winds Primary or planetary winds blow from high pressure belts to low pressure belts in the same direction throughout the year. Trade winds, Westerlies and polar easterlies together form the planetary wind circulation these are described below: i. Easterlies/Tropical easterlies/Trade wind As the name suggests they blow from east to west. The easterlies from either side of the equator converge in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Thus, winds originated at ITCZ come back in a circular fashion. Such a cell in the tropics is called Hadley Cell. Because of Coriolis force, their direction becomes north-east and south-east in northern and southern hemisphere respectively. ii. Westerlies They blow from west to east. In the middle latitudes (30 -60 degrees ) the circulation is that of sinking cold air that comes from the poles and the rising warm air that blows from the subtropical high pressure belt. These winds are deflected due to Coriolis force and become westerly in both the hemispheres. These winds meet along the sub-polar low pressure belt to raise high in the troposphere. From here, air moves away in both directions – towards pole and equator. These winds start descending down above the sup-tropical high pressure belt and polar high pressure belt to form cells. These cells are called Ferrel cell and Polar cell respectively. The Westerlies are stronger in the cold. In the southern hemisphere, Westerlies are so powerful and persistent due to absence of land between 400 -600 S that these are called ‘roaring forties’, ‘furious fifties’ and ‘screaming sixties’. iii. Polar Easterlies Winds move away from polar high pressure to sub-polar low pressure along the surface of the earth in Polar cell. Their direction becomes easterlies due to Coriolis force. These are called polar easterlies
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Discuss the significance of Right to Information Act, 2005 and issues with its implementation. (150 Words/10marks)
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Right to Information is a potent tool in the hand of the citizens to seek/access information that affects their lives or development of the nation from the public officials within a stipulated time. Right to information has ushered a new era of transparency and public participation which has a potential to make India a true democracy in letter and spirit. Significance of RTI Act,2005:- 1. Empowerment of the common man : After enactment of this act, the common man has been empowered in a way that they have got the full rights to be informed about anything that affects their life directly or indirectly and the responsible bodies have to answer them positively. 2. Easy accessibility to information : The right to know and easy access of government information helps the people to understand the limitations of government at different levels. The availability of information also helps to foster in development process and it is a symptom of true and mature democracy. 3. Public participation: Participation of both men and women is the cornerstone of good governance. The Right to information acts gives people a chance to participate not just one in five years, but every day and question any decisions. 4. Protection of Information: Once the information is in public domains on account of questions asked by people, it cannot be destroyed or tempered with. 5. Tackling Corruption: Access to information is a key mechanism for ensuring transparency and is a proven anti-corruption tool. In this context, the right to information has proven to be an effective cure to corruption. 6. Ensures transparency: Transparency is the milestone of good governance which means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. 7. Ensures accountability: Information is power and the RTI act provides people with mechanism to access information, which they can use to hold the government accountable or to seek explanation as to why decisions have been taken, by whom and with what consequences or outcomes. Issues with Implementation:- 1. Lack of assistance in filing the application : It was observed in a survey that more than 49% of the applicants did not receive any assistance from the concerned PIO while drafting and filling RTI applications. 2. Low Level of Training: An in-depth understanding of the RTI Act is a basic requirement of a PIO to discharge duties effectively. However it was observed that many of the PIOs had not received RTI training and the frequent transfers of the PIOs adds to the challenge. 3. Illiteracy and Poverty: Right to Information act has does not have any meaning for a Person who does not have enough money to live, who is not educated and who does not have freedom. In fact, their first requirement is the right to live (right to eat, right to work and right to shelter) and then Right to Information. 4. Limited Use of Technology: The limited use of technology has hindered effective implementation of RTI act. Except in a few states no effective IT system have been establish to monitor and report on the disposal of application by public authorities. 5. Time constraint: There are many offices of PIO where the access of common man is very prolonged and it becomes very hectic to carry out the process. It is mandatory to provide the information in the given time frame of 30 days. Since the information system of the organization is not integrated, therefore it becomes difficult to provide the information in the given time. 6. Uneven Implementation of RTI: The implementation of RTI act is uneven. It is not equally implemented to all the states. Therefore, awareness level also differs from state to state. Moreover different rules for different states especially on fees and costs make the RTI filing ineffective. 7. Lack of Monitoring and Review mechanism : - It is acknowledged and appreciated that the Information Commissions have been primarily been spending most of their time in hearings and disposing of appeals. However monitoring the Public Authority for compliance of the Act is also an important aspect of the role of the Information Commission, which could result in reducing the number of appeals. Though there are many issues and misuse of the Act in few cases, but overall, RTI Act proved itself as the revolutionary in ensuring transparency and strengthening Democracy.
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##Question:Discuss the significance of Right to Information Act, 2005 and issues with its implementation. (150 Words/10marks)##Answer: Right to Information is a potent tool in the hand of the citizens to seek/access information that affects their lives or development of the nation from the public officials within a stipulated time. Right to information has ushered a new era of transparency and public participation which has a potential to make India a true democracy in letter and spirit. Significance of RTI Act,2005:- 1. Empowerment of the common man : After enactment of this act, the common man has been empowered in a way that they have got the full rights to be informed about anything that affects their life directly or indirectly and the responsible bodies have to answer them positively. 2. Easy accessibility to information : The right to know and easy access of government information helps the people to understand the limitations of government at different levels. The availability of information also helps to foster in development process and it is a symptom of true and mature democracy. 3. Public participation: Participation of both men and women is the cornerstone of good governance. The Right to information acts gives people a chance to participate not just one in five years, but every day and question any decisions. 4. Protection of Information: Once the information is in public domains on account of questions asked by people, it cannot be destroyed or tempered with. 5. Tackling Corruption: Access to information is a key mechanism for ensuring transparency and is a proven anti-corruption tool. In this context, the right to information has proven to be an effective cure to corruption. 6. Ensures transparency: Transparency is the milestone of good governance which means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. 7. Ensures accountability: Information is power and the RTI act provides people with mechanism to access information, which they can use to hold the government accountable or to seek explanation as to why decisions have been taken, by whom and with what consequences or outcomes. Issues with Implementation:- 1. Lack of assistance in filing the application : It was observed in a survey that more than 49% of the applicants did not receive any assistance from the concerned PIO while drafting and filling RTI applications. 2. Low Level of Training: An in-depth understanding of the RTI Act is a basic requirement of a PIO to discharge duties effectively. However it was observed that many of the PIOs had not received RTI training and the frequent transfers of the PIOs adds to the challenge. 3. Illiteracy and Poverty: Right to Information act has does not have any meaning for a Person who does not have enough money to live, who is not educated and who does not have freedom. In fact, their first requirement is the right to live (right to eat, right to work and right to shelter) and then Right to Information. 4. Limited Use of Technology: The limited use of technology has hindered effective implementation of RTI act. Except in a few states no effective IT system have been establish to monitor and report on the disposal of application by public authorities. 5. Time constraint: There are many offices of PIO where the access of common man is very prolonged and it becomes very hectic to carry out the process. It is mandatory to provide the information in the given time frame of 30 days. Since the information system of the organization is not integrated, therefore it becomes difficult to provide the information in the given time. 6. Uneven Implementation of RTI: The implementation of RTI act is uneven. It is not equally implemented to all the states. Therefore, awareness level also differs from state to state. Moreover different rules for different states especially on fees and costs make the RTI filing ineffective. 7. Lack of Monitoring and Review mechanism : - It is acknowledged and appreciated that the Information Commissions have been primarily been spending most of their time in hearings and disposing of appeals. However monitoring the Public Authority for compliance of the Act is also an important aspect of the role of the Information Commission, which could result in reducing the number of appeals. Though there are many issues and misuse of the Act in few cases, but overall, RTI Act proved itself as the revolutionary in ensuring transparency and strengthening Democracy.
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Discuss the distinctive features of Indian federalism, and also give reasons for such distinctiveness. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach – Introduction- define federalism in brief. Discuss distinctive features of Indian federalism. Give reasons for such distinctiveness. Conclusion Answer Federalism is a set-up in which there is a well-defined division of powers between the centre and states. Both levels of government have full authority in their defined sphere. The American constitution is considered the best example of federalism. Indian constitution provides for federal set-up. It contains dual government, distribution of powers, the supremacy of the constitution, and independence of the judiciary. But Indian federalism is a unique kind of federalism, different from the ideal form of federal setup. Di stinctive features of the Indian constitution- Mode of formation – India is not an outcome of an agreement between sovereign states. India is a union of states and not a federation of states where independent units come and join for a uniform purpose. Position of states – Article 1 defines India as a Union of States. The emphasis on Union is conveying the fact that states are not sovereign units. No state can secede from the Union, nor can vary its territory. Single constitution - There is no separate constitution for states in India except Jammu and Kashmir. States have also little power in case of an amendment to the constitution. Only a few provisions like the election of the president, scheduled seven, article 368, and change in the representation of states in Rajya Sabha require the consent of states. Single citizenship – Indian constitution provides single citizenship. Integrated judiciary – There is no bifurcation of the judiciary in India. In India, the same system of courts administers both state and union laws. Distribution of power in favour of the Union - under the Indian constitution, the distribution of power is in favour of the Union. For example- under article 246, the union list contains 100 subjects while there are only 61 subjects in the state list. All India Service - There is no division of public service in India. Article 312 provides for all India services. The officials of All India Service are employed by the states but recruited by the union. Union control in normal times – Under article 249, Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution to give legislative power to parliament over state subjects, if necessary in the national interest. Appointment of the governor by the centre. <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Approach –· Introduction- define federalism in brief· Discuss distinctive feature of Indian federalism· Give reasons for such distinctiveness· ConclusionFederalism is a set- up in which there is a well- defined division of powers between centre and states. Both levels of government have full authority in their defined sphere. American constitution is considered as best example of federalism.Indian constitution provides for federal set-up. It contains dual government, distribution of powers, supremacy of the constitution, and independence of judiciary. But Indian federalism is unique kind of federalism, different from ideal form of federal set-up.Distinctive features of Indian constitution-· Mode of formation – Indian federal structure is not result of voluntary agreement of states, coming together to form a federation. No such agreement was there to form Indian federalism.· Position of states – Article 1 defines India as Union of States. The emphasis on Union is conveying the fact that states are not sovereign units. No state can secede from the Union, nor can vary its territory.· Single constitution- There is no separate constitution for states in India except Jammu and Kashmir. States have also little power in case of amendment in constitution. Only few provisions like election of president, schedule seven, article 368, and change in representation of states in Rajya Sabha require consent of states.· Single citizenship – Indian constitution provides single citizenship.· Integrated judiciary – There is no bifurcation of judiciary in India. In India same system of courts administer both state and union laws.· Distribution of power in favour of Union- under Indian constitution, the distribution of power is in favour of Union. For example- under article 246, union list contains 100 subjects while there are only 61 subjects in state list.· All India Service- There is no division of public service in India. Article 312 provides for all India service. The officials of All India Service are employed by the states, but recruited by the union.· Union control in normal times – Under article 249, Rajya Sabha can pass resolution to give legislative power to parliament over state subjects, if necessary in national interest.· Appointment of governor by the
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##Question:Discuss the distinctive features of Indian federalism, and also give reasons for such distinctiveness. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach – Introduction- define federalism in brief. Discuss distinctive features of Indian federalism. Give reasons for such distinctiveness. Conclusion Answer Federalism is a set-up in which there is a well-defined division of powers between the centre and states. Both levels of government have full authority in their defined sphere. The American constitution is considered the best example of federalism. Indian constitution provides for federal set-up. It contains dual government, distribution of powers, the supremacy of the constitution, and independence of the judiciary. But Indian federalism is a unique kind of federalism, different from the ideal form of federal setup. Di stinctive features of the Indian constitution- Mode of formation – India is not an outcome of an agreement between sovereign states. India is a union of states and not a federation of states where independent units come and join for a uniform purpose. Position of states – Article 1 defines India as a Union of States. The emphasis on Union is conveying the fact that states are not sovereign units. No state can secede from the Union, nor can vary its territory. Single constitution - There is no separate constitution for states in India except Jammu and Kashmir. States have also little power in case of an amendment to the constitution. Only a few provisions like the election of the president, scheduled seven, article 368, and change in the representation of states in Rajya Sabha require the consent of states. Single citizenship – Indian constitution provides single citizenship. Integrated judiciary – There is no bifurcation of the judiciary in India. In India, the same system of courts administers both state and union laws. Distribution of power in favour of the Union - under the Indian constitution, the distribution of power is in favour of the Union. For example- under article 246, the union list contains 100 subjects while there are only 61 subjects in the state list. All India Service - There is no division of public service in India. Article 312 provides for all India services. The officials of All India Service are employed by the states but recruited by the union. Union control in normal times – Under article 249, Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution to give legislative power to parliament over state subjects, if necessary in the national interest. Appointment of the governor by the centre. <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Approach –· Introduction- define federalism in brief· Discuss distinctive feature of Indian federalism· Give reasons for such distinctiveness· ConclusionFederalism is a set- up in which there is a well- defined division of powers between centre and states. Both levels of government have full authority in their defined sphere. American constitution is considered as best example of federalism.Indian constitution provides for federal set-up. It contains dual government, distribution of powers, supremacy of the constitution, and independence of judiciary. But Indian federalism is unique kind of federalism, different from ideal form of federal set-up.Distinctive features of Indian constitution-· Mode of formation – Indian federal structure is not result of voluntary agreement of states, coming together to form a federation. No such agreement was there to form Indian federalism.· Position of states – Article 1 defines India as Union of States. The emphasis on Union is conveying the fact that states are not sovereign units. No state can secede from the Union, nor can vary its territory.· Single constitution- There is no separate constitution for states in India except Jammu and Kashmir. States have also little power in case of amendment in constitution. Only few provisions like election of president, schedule seven, article 368, and change in representation of states in Rajya Sabha require consent of states.· Single citizenship – Indian constitution provides single citizenship.· Integrated judiciary – There is no bifurcation of judiciary in India. In India same system of courts administer both state and union laws.· Distribution of power in favour of Union- under Indian constitution, the distribution of power is in favour of Union. For example- under article 246, union list contains 100 subjects while there are only 61 subjects in state list.· All India Service- There is no division of public service in India. Article 312 provides for all India service. The officials of All India Service are employed by the states, but recruited by the union.· Union control in normal times – Under article 249, Rajya Sabha can pass resolution to give legislative power to parliament over state subjects, if necessary in national interest.· Appointment of governor by the
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What was the Cuban missile crisis? Analyse its impact in preventing an outbreak of full-fledged nuclear war.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Introduce an answer by explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Discuss its role in preventing full-fledged war. Answer - The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. Around April 1961, leaders of USSR were all tensed that the USA would invade communist-ruled Cuba and would overthrow Fidel Castro, the president of Cuba. Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union, and it gave Cuba both financial and diplomatic aid. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of USSR was all determined to convert Cuba into a Russian base. So, following this, in 1962, he placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. This put the USA under fire from close range, and they saw USSR this move as an indication of war. Impact 1. In an effort to prevent this from happening again, a direct telephone link between the White House and the Kremlin was established. 2. Having approached the brink of nuclear conflict, both superpowers began to reconsider the nuclear arms race and took the first steps in agreeing to a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 3 It also may have helped mitigate negative world opinion regarding the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. 4. Both nations agreed to ban nuclear tests in the atmosphere like Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons adopted, the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, 5. Many nuclear agreements established like nuclear supplier group to prevent a nuclear war like situation in future. 6. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which was signed in 1996 also come into the picture to prevent a nuclear war like situation. 7. The USA agreed to no interference in the regime of Cuba and also withdraw missile constructed in the Eastern European region. In short, both the Americans and Soviets were sobered by the Cuban Missile Crisis. The following year, a hotline line communication link was installed between Washington and Moscow to help defuse similar situations, and the superpowers signed two treaties related to nuclear weapons.
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##Question:What was the Cuban missile crisis? Analyse its impact in preventing an outbreak of full-fledged nuclear war.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Introduce an answer by explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Discuss its role in preventing full-fledged war. Answer - The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. Around April 1961, leaders of USSR were all tensed that the USA would invade communist-ruled Cuba and would overthrow Fidel Castro, the president of Cuba. Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union, and it gave Cuba both financial and diplomatic aid. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of USSR was all determined to convert Cuba into a Russian base. So, following this, in 1962, he placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. This put the USA under fire from close range, and they saw USSR this move as an indication of war. Impact 1. In an effort to prevent this from happening again, a direct telephone link between the White House and the Kremlin was established. 2. Having approached the brink of nuclear conflict, both superpowers began to reconsider the nuclear arms race and took the first steps in agreeing to a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 3 It also may have helped mitigate negative world opinion regarding the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. 4. Both nations agreed to ban nuclear tests in the atmosphere like Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons adopted, the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, 5. Many nuclear agreements established like nuclear supplier group to prevent a nuclear war like situation in future. 6. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which was signed in 1996 also come into the picture to prevent a nuclear war like situation. 7. The USA agreed to no interference in the regime of Cuba and also withdraw missile constructed in the Eastern European region. In short, both the Americans and Soviets were sobered by the Cuban Missile Crisis. The following year, a hotline line communication link was installed between Washington and Moscow to help defuse similar situations, and the superpowers signed two treaties related to nuclear weapons.
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Explain Rotation and Revolution of the Earth in detail. What are their respective effects on the earth? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Introduce the answer by defining the rotation and revolution of the Earth. Explain rotation and revolution in detail. Answer : Rotation is the spinning of the earth on its axis from west to east once in 24 hours. The axis is the imaginary line passing through the center of the earth as it does on the globe. Revolution means a movement of the earth around the sun in an elliptical orbit. This motion together with rotation makes the earth’s environment complex. Characteristics of rotation: 1. Direction- the earth completes one rotation from west to east on its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes 2. An inclination of axis- the earth is always tilted in the same direction (towards polestar) as it moves around the sun. 3. Speed- the speed of the earth’s rotation at the equator is 1600km. It decreases toward poles. Effects of rotation: 1. Day and night are caused by the earth"s rotation of the earth on its axis. 2. Sunrise and sunset are caused by the rotation of the earth from west to east. 3. Duration of day and night is not equal at all places on the earth because of the inclined axis. 4. Coriolis effect refers to the force experienced by an object moving over the surface of a rotating body such as the earth. The Coriolis effect plays an important role in the movement of air and water on the earth. 5. The sun, the moon, and the stars seem to move from east to west. 6. Rotation causes a difference in time over places. 7. The side of the earth towards the sun constantly gains heat and the side away from the sun constantly loses heat by radiating it into outer space. Revolution: Characteristics of revolution: 1. The earth moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit at an average speed of 29.8 km per second. 2. When the earth is closer to the sun, the gravitational pull makes the earth move faster than when it is away from the sun. 3. The period taken by the earth to make one complete round of the sun is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes. 4. The earth’s axis is always inclined to its orbital plane at an angle of 661/2 degrees. Effects of revolution: 1. Seasonal changes- revolution causes different seasons i.e., the changing weather conditions due to differences in the heating of the earth. 2. An inclination of an axis and seasonal changes: since the earth is tilted, the seasonal changes are not abrupt. 3. Perihelion and aphelion positions 4. Creation of heat zones- the torrid zone, temperate zone, frigid zone.
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##Question:Explain Rotation and Revolution of the Earth in detail. What are their respective effects on the earth? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by defining the rotation and revolution of the Earth. Explain rotation and revolution in detail. Answer : Rotation is the spinning of the earth on its axis from west to east once in 24 hours. The axis is the imaginary line passing through the center of the earth as it does on the globe. Revolution means a movement of the earth around the sun in an elliptical orbit. This motion together with rotation makes the earth’s environment complex. Characteristics of rotation: 1. Direction- the earth completes one rotation from west to east on its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes 2. An inclination of axis- the earth is always tilted in the same direction (towards polestar) as it moves around the sun. 3. Speed- the speed of the earth’s rotation at the equator is 1600km. It decreases toward poles. Effects of rotation: 1. Day and night are caused by the earth"s rotation of the earth on its axis. 2. Sunrise and sunset are caused by the rotation of the earth from west to east. 3. Duration of day and night is not equal at all places on the earth because of the inclined axis. 4. Coriolis effect refers to the force experienced by an object moving over the surface of a rotating body such as the earth. The Coriolis effect plays an important role in the movement of air and water on the earth. 5. The sun, the moon, and the stars seem to move from east to west. 6. Rotation causes a difference in time over places. 7. The side of the earth towards the sun constantly gains heat and the side away from the sun constantly loses heat by radiating it into outer space. Revolution: Characteristics of revolution: 1. The earth moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit at an average speed of 29.8 km per second. 2. When the earth is closer to the sun, the gravitational pull makes the earth move faster than when it is away from the sun. 3. The period taken by the earth to make one complete round of the sun is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes. 4. The earth’s axis is always inclined to its orbital plane at an angle of 661/2 degrees. Effects of revolution: 1. Seasonal changes- revolution causes different seasons i.e., the changing weather conditions due to differences in the heating of the earth. 2. An inclination of an axis and seasonal changes: since the earth is tilted, the seasonal changes are not abrupt. 3. Perihelion and aphelion positions 4. Creation of heat zones- the torrid zone, temperate zone, frigid zone.
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पूर्वोत्तर के सामरिक महत्व पर प्रकाश डालिए तथा इस क्षेत्र द्वारा सामना किए जा रहे है प्रमुख सुरक्षा खतरों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए | इस क्षेत्र में ,शांति व स्थिरता हेतु सरकार द्वारा उठाएं गए कदमों का परीक्षण कीजिए |(200 शब्द )
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उत्तर-पूर्व का सामरिक महत्व – इस क्षेत्र की लगभग 99% सीमा बांग्लादेश ,म्यन्मार ,चीन और भूटान के साथ लगती है यह क्षेत्र दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के लिए भारत के प्रवेश द्वार के रूप में जाना जाता है | भारत की ‘एक्ट ईस्ट पालिसी’ ,BBIN समझौता और कालादान मल्टीमॉडल प्रोजेक्ट आदि पहलों के संदर्भ में इसकी रणनीतिक महत्ता है | पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्र यूरेनियम ,कोयला ,पनबिजली ,वन ,पेट्रोलियम और गैस आदि प्राकृतिक संसाधनों से संपन्न है | दक्षिणी-पश्चिमी चीन और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया जैसे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बाजारों से निकटता के कारण यह क्षेत्र विदेशी और घरेलू निवेशकों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण आधार बनने की क्षमता रखता है | यह चीन और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के संगम पर अवस्थित क्षेत्र है |यह सुरक्षा चुनौतियों से घिरा है | सुरक्षा ख़तरे – असम ,नागालैंड ,मणिपुर और मेघालय में उग्रवाद की समस्या | विभिन्न चरमपंथी समूहों द्वारा पृथकतावादी आन्दोलनों को प्रोत्साहन ,जैसे – नेशनल डेमोक्रेटिक फ्रंट ऑफ़ बोडोलैंड द्वारा ‘बोडोलैंड’ को स्वायत्त क्षेत्र के रूप में स्थापित करने हेतु की जा रही मांग | अवैध प्रवास के विरुद्ध असम अन्दोलन , त्रिपुरा में बंगाली वर्चस्व के विरुद्ध जनजातीय आन्दोलन | इन समस्याओं के साथ –साथ अल्प विकास की समस्या भी इस क्षेत्र में बनी हुई है | सीमा से सम्बंधित मुद्दे भी इस क्षेत्र में बने हुए है , जैसे- अरुणाचल प्रदेश में चीनी सैनिकों द्वारा सीमा का उल्घंघन करना |साथ ही, उग्रवादी समूहों द्वारा म्यांमार को सुरक्षित आश्रय स्थल के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाना | पूर्वोत्तर गोल्डन ट्रायंगल स्थित है ,इससे यह क्षेत्र नशीले प्रदार्थों की तस्करी का केंद्र बन गया हैं | इसके कारण मानव स्वास्थ्य और सामाजिक हितों को तो नुकसान पहुँचता ही है ,साथ ही यह उग्रवादी समूहों को भी धन एकत्र करने का जरियां है | सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों का परीक्षण – केंद्र सरकार विद्रोही समूहों के साथ बातचीत/समझौते द्वारा उन्हें हिंसा को छोड़ने तथा हथियार डालने के लिए सहमत करने का कार्य कर रही है | भारत सरकार द्वारा संवेधानिक ढांचे के अंतर्गत उनकी समस्याओं के शांतिपूर्ण समाधान निकलने नीति अपनाई जा रही है | सरकार ने विद्रोही गुटों के साथ नागा शांति समझौते तथा मिजोरम समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किये है जिसके बाद हिंसा पर पर्याप्य सीमा तक नियंत्रण स्थापित कर लिया गया हैं | इस प्रकार के क्षेत्रों में विद्रोही गुटों से निपटने के लिए सशस्त्र बलों की तैनाती और क्षेत्र में रिज़र्व बटालिन की मंजूरी जैसे विभिन्न तरीकों से केंद्र सरकार ने अपनाए है | UAPA के तहत क्षेत्र में सक्रिय गैर-क़ानूनी संगठनों पर प्रतिबन्ध लगाया गया है | इसके अतिरिक्त ,सरकार AFSPA के ,लिए विशिष्ट क्षेत्रों मको ‘अशांत क्षेत्र’ घोषित कर दिया है | हालाँकि इन राज्यों में रहने वाले लोगों ने AFSPA के विरुद्ध प्रतिक्रिया दी | पूर्वोत्तर में पथभ्रष्ट युवाओं और कट्टर उग्रवादीयों को मुख्यधारा में शामिल करने के लिए आत्मसमर्पण-सह-पुनर्वास नि नीति अपनाई है | संविधान के 6वीं अनुसूची परंपरागत संस्थानों को विशेष दर्जा देती है और इस क्षेत्र में स्वायत्त जिला परिषदों के निर्माण का प्रावधान करती है | सरकार पूर्वोत्तर में आर्थिक गलियारों के निर्माण पर भी कार्य कर रही हैं ,ताकि पूर्वो पड़ोसीयों की सहायता से अपनी समस्याओं से उबर सके है | उदाहरण के लिए BCIM कोरिडोर ,IMT त्रिपक्षीय राजमार्ग ,बांग्लादेश होते हुए पूर्वोत्तर तक पहुँच आदि | सरकार के इन प्रयासों के बावजूद सुरक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दा है | यह क्षेत्र अभी भी पिछड़ा हुआ है ,पूर्वोत्तर के निवासी अन्य भारतीय शहरों में भेदभाव व नस्लवादी हिंसा के शिकार होते रहते है |
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##Question:पूर्वोत्तर के सामरिक महत्व पर प्रकाश डालिए तथा इस क्षेत्र द्वारा सामना किए जा रहे है प्रमुख सुरक्षा खतरों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए | इस क्षेत्र में ,शांति व स्थिरता हेतु सरकार द्वारा उठाएं गए कदमों का परीक्षण कीजिए |(200 शब्द )##Answer:उत्तर-पूर्व का सामरिक महत्व – इस क्षेत्र की लगभग 99% सीमा बांग्लादेश ,म्यन्मार ,चीन और भूटान के साथ लगती है यह क्षेत्र दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के लिए भारत के प्रवेश द्वार के रूप में जाना जाता है | भारत की ‘एक्ट ईस्ट पालिसी’ ,BBIN समझौता और कालादान मल्टीमॉडल प्रोजेक्ट आदि पहलों के संदर्भ में इसकी रणनीतिक महत्ता है | पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्र यूरेनियम ,कोयला ,पनबिजली ,वन ,पेट्रोलियम और गैस आदि प्राकृतिक संसाधनों से संपन्न है | दक्षिणी-पश्चिमी चीन और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया जैसे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बाजारों से निकटता के कारण यह क्षेत्र विदेशी और घरेलू निवेशकों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण आधार बनने की क्षमता रखता है | यह चीन और दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के संगम पर अवस्थित क्षेत्र है |यह सुरक्षा चुनौतियों से घिरा है | सुरक्षा ख़तरे – असम ,नागालैंड ,मणिपुर और मेघालय में उग्रवाद की समस्या | विभिन्न चरमपंथी समूहों द्वारा पृथकतावादी आन्दोलनों को प्रोत्साहन ,जैसे – नेशनल डेमोक्रेटिक फ्रंट ऑफ़ बोडोलैंड द्वारा ‘बोडोलैंड’ को स्वायत्त क्षेत्र के रूप में स्थापित करने हेतु की जा रही मांग | अवैध प्रवास के विरुद्ध असम अन्दोलन , त्रिपुरा में बंगाली वर्चस्व के विरुद्ध जनजातीय आन्दोलन | इन समस्याओं के साथ –साथ अल्प विकास की समस्या भी इस क्षेत्र में बनी हुई है | सीमा से सम्बंधित मुद्दे भी इस क्षेत्र में बने हुए है , जैसे- अरुणाचल प्रदेश में चीनी सैनिकों द्वारा सीमा का उल्घंघन करना |साथ ही, उग्रवादी समूहों द्वारा म्यांमार को सुरक्षित आश्रय स्थल के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाना | पूर्वोत्तर गोल्डन ट्रायंगल स्थित है ,इससे यह क्षेत्र नशीले प्रदार्थों की तस्करी का केंद्र बन गया हैं | इसके कारण मानव स्वास्थ्य और सामाजिक हितों को तो नुकसान पहुँचता ही है ,साथ ही यह उग्रवादी समूहों को भी धन एकत्र करने का जरियां है | सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों का परीक्षण – केंद्र सरकार विद्रोही समूहों के साथ बातचीत/समझौते द्वारा उन्हें हिंसा को छोड़ने तथा हथियार डालने के लिए सहमत करने का कार्य कर रही है | भारत सरकार द्वारा संवेधानिक ढांचे के अंतर्गत उनकी समस्याओं के शांतिपूर्ण समाधान निकलने नीति अपनाई जा रही है | सरकार ने विद्रोही गुटों के साथ नागा शांति समझौते तथा मिजोरम समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किये है जिसके बाद हिंसा पर पर्याप्य सीमा तक नियंत्रण स्थापित कर लिया गया हैं | इस प्रकार के क्षेत्रों में विद्रोही गुटों से निपटने के लिए सशस्त्र बलों की तैनाती और क्षेत्र में रिज़र्व बटालिन की मंजूरी जैसे विभिन्न तरीकों से केंद्र सरकार ने अपनाए है | UAPA के तहत क्षेत्र में सक्रिय गैर-क़ानूनी संगठनों पर प्रतिबन्ध लगाया गया है | इसके अतिरिक्त ,सरकार AFSPA के ,लिए विशिष्ट क्षेत्रों मको ‘अशांत क्षेत्र’ घोषित कर दिया है | हालाँकि इन राज्यों में रहने वाले लोगों ने AFSPA के विरुद्ध प्रतिक्रिया दी | पूर्वोत्तर में पथभ्रष्ट युवाओं और कट्टर उग्रवादीयों को मुख्यधारा में शामिल करने के लिए आत्मसमर्पण-सह-पुनर्वास नि नीति अपनाई है | संविधान के 6वीं अनुसूची परंपरागत संस्थानों को विशेष दर्जा देती है और इस क्षेत्र में स्वायत्त जिला परिषदों के निर्माण का प्रावधान करती है | सरकार पूर्वोत्तर में आर्थिक गलियारों के निर्माण पर भी कार्य कर रही हैं ,ताकि पूर्वो पड़ोसीयों की सहायता से अपनी समस्याओं से उबर सके है | उदाहरण के लिए BCIM कोरिडोर ,IMT त्रिपक्षीय राजमार्ग ,बांग्लादेश होते हुए पूर्वोत्तर तक पहुँच आदि | सरकार के इन प्रयासों के बावजूद सुरक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दा है | यह क्षेत्र अभी भी पिछड़ा हुआ है ,पूर्वोत्तर के निवासी अन्य भारतीय शहरों में भेदभाव व नस्लवादी हिंसा के शिकार होते रहते है |
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Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution, it is equally true that the Indian Constitution leans in favor of a strong Centre and has unitary features also. Discuss.(10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction- define federalism in brief. Highlight federal features of the Indian Constitution. Mention the unitary features of the Indian Constitution. Conclude by mentioning the uniqueness of the Indian Constitution. Answer: Federalism is a set-up in which there is a well-defined division of powers between the centre and states. Both levels of government have full authority in their defined sphere. The American constitution is considered the best example of federalism. Indian constitution provides for federal set-up. It contains dual government, distribution of powers, the supremacy of the constitution, and independence of the judiciary. But Indian federalism is a unique kind of federalism, different from the ideal form of federal setup. The federal features of the constitution are: 1. Dual Polity- The Constitution establishes a dual polity consisting of the Union at the Centre and the states at the periphery. 2. Written constitution- Indian Constitution is a written document and consists of a Preamble, about 465 Articles (divided into 25 Parts), and 12 Schedules 3. Division of Powers The Constitution divided the powers between the Centre and the states in terms of the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule. 4. Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme (or the highest) law of the land. The laws enacted by the Centre and the states must conform to its provisions. Otherwise, they can be declared invalid by the Supreme Court or the high courts through their power of judicial review. T 5. Independent judiciary- Indian judiciary headed by Supreme Court is independent. There are many measures like the security of tenure to judges, fixed service conditions, etc. to maintain the independent character of the judiciary. 6. Rigid constitution- Constitution can be amended by a special majority mentioned under Article 368 which proves that the Indian Constitution is rigid. 7. Bicameralism- The Constitution provides for a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Rajya Sabha) and a Lower House (Lok Sabha). But along with these features, there are other aspects of the constitution that show a strong centralizing tendency: 1. Single constitution- There is a single constitution for the centre and all states except Jammu and Kashmir. 2. Single citizenship- There is no separate citizenship for states except Jammu and Kashmir. There is only one citizenship i.e. Indian Citizenship. 3, Integrated judiciary- There is a hierarchy of courts in India i.e. Supreme Court, High Court then district courts. All these courts enforce central and state laws. There is no separate judiciary to enforce state laws separately from central laws. 4. Strong Centre- The union list has more subjects as compared to State List. Also, the centre has the overriding position on subjects mentioned in the concurrent list. Residuary power lies in hands of the Centre. Hence centre is more strong as compared to States regarding the division of powers. 5. Integrated Audit Machinery- The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India audit the accounts of not only the Central government but also those of the states. There is no separate CAG for states. There are many more provisions like emergency provisions, All India Services, Governor office, and Veto powers over State Bills which highlight the unitary character of the Indian Constitution. Thus it is clear that the Constitution of India has deviated from the traditional federal systems and incorporated a large number of unitary or non-federal features, tilting the balance of power in favour of the Centre. However, it has not made the state governments weak and reduced them to the level of administrative agencies for the execution of policies of the Central government. The constitution of India was made to serve the peculiar needs of the country making it one of a kind or sui generis federation.
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##Question:Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution, it is equally true that the Indian Constitution leans in favor of a strong Centre and has unitary features also. Discuss.(10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- define federalism in brief. Highlight federal features of the Indian Constitution. Mention the unitary features of the Indian Constitution. Conclude by mentioning the uniqueness of the Indian Constitution. Answer: Federalism is a set-up in which there is a well-defined division of powers between the centre and states. Both levels of government have full authority in their defined sphere. The American constitution is considered the best example of federalism. Indian constitution provides for federal set-up. It contains dual government, distribution of powers, the supremacy of the constitution, and independence of the judiciary. But Indian federalism is a unique kind of federalism, different from the ideal form of federal setup. The federal features of the constitution are: 1. Dual Polity- The Constitution establishes a dual polity consisting of the Union at the Centre and the states at the periphery. 2. Written constitution- Indian Constitution is a written document and consists of a Preamble, about 465 Articles (divided into 25 Parts), and 12 Schedules 3. Division of Powers The Constitution divided the powers between the Centre and the states in terms of the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule. 4. Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme (or the highest) law of the land. The laws enacted by the Centre and the states must conform to its provisions. Otherwise, they can be declared invalid by the Supreme Court or the high courts through their power of judicial review. T 5. Independent judiciary- Indian judiciary headed by Supreme Court is independent. There are many measures like the security of tenure to judges, fixed service conditions, etc. to maintain the independent character of the judiciary. 6. Rigid constitution- Constitution can be amended by a special majority mentioned under Article 368 which proves that the Indian Constitution is rigid. 7. Bicameralism- The Constitution provides for a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Rajya Sabha) and a Lower House (Lok Sabha). But along with these features, there are other aspects of the constitution that show a strong centralizing tendency: 1. Single constitution- There is a single constitution for the centre and all states except Jammu and Kashmir. 2. Single citizenship- There is no separate citizenship for states except Jammu and Kashmir. There is only one citizenship i.e. Indian Citizenship. 3, Integrated judiciary- There is a hierarchy of courts in India i.e. Supreme Court, High Court then district courts. All these courts enforce central and state laws. There is no separate judiciary to enforce state laws separately from central laws. 4. Strong Centre- The union list has more subjects as compared to State List. Also, the centre has the overriding position on subjects mentioned in the concurrent list. Residuary power lies in hands of the Centre. Hence centre is more strong as compared to States regarding the division of powers. 5. Integrated Audit Machinery- The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India audit the accounts of not only the Central government but also those of the states. There is no separate CAG for states. There are many more provisions like emergency provisions, All India Services, Governor office, and Veto powers over State Bills which highlight the unitary character of the Indian Constitution. Thus it is clear that the Constitution of India has deviated from the traditional federal systems and incorporated a large number of unitary or non-federal features, tilting the balance of power in favour of the Centre. However, it has not made the state governments weak and reduced them to the level of administrative agencies for the execution of policies of the Central government. The constitution of India was made to serve the peculiar needs of the country making it one of a kind or sui generis federation.
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Briefly explain different driving and steering forces which affects the wind movements.(200 words)
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Introduction The air in motion is know as wind. Driving force of wind means the forces which cause the movement of the wind. The steering force of the wind means the force which gives direction to the wind. Body Driving forces : 1. Gravitational Force- Gravitational force is the force applied by gravity of the earth. the gravitational force acts downward. Due to gravity the air at the surface is denser and hence has higher pressure. 2. Pressure Gradient Force The differences in atmospheric pressure produces a force. The rate of change of pressure with respect to distance is the pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is strong where the isobars are close to each other and is weak where the isobars are apart. Steering Forces : 1.Frictional Force It affects the speed of the wind. It is greatest at the surface and its influence generally extends upto an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over the se surface the friction is minimal. 2.Coriolis Force The rotation of the earth about its axis affects the direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis forceIt deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere andto the left in the southern hemisphere. The deflection is more when the wind velocity is high. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. It is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator. 3.Centripetal Acceleration Centripetal force increases air speed and influences the direction of wind flowing around the center of the circulation.The winds in a low pressure system, called cyclones, blow in a counterclockwise and inward direction in the Northern Hemisphere. Winds in high pressure systems, known as anticyclones, blow in a clockwise and outward direction in the Northern Hemisphere. Conclusion Seasonal temperature changes and the Earth’s rotation also affect wind speed and direction.
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##Question:Briefly explain different driving and steering forces which affects the wind movements.(200 words)##Answer:Introduction The air in motion is know as wind. Driving force of wind means the forces which cause the movement of the wind. The steering force of the wind means the force which gives direction to the wind. Body Driving forces : 1. Gravitational Force- Gravitational force is the force applied by gravity of the earth. the gravitational force acts downward. Due to gravity the air at the surface is denser and hence has higher pressure. 2. Pressure Gradient Force The differences in atmospheric pressure produces a force. The rate of change of pressure with respect to distance is the pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is strong where the isobars are close to each other and is weak where the isobars are apart. Steering Forces : 1.Frictional Force It affects the speed of the wind. It is greatest at the surface and its influence generally extends upto an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over the se surface the friction is minimal. 2.Coriolis Force The rotation of the earth about its axis affects the direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis forceIt deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere andto the left in the southern hemisphere. The deflection is more when the wind velocity is high. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. It is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator. 3.Centripetal Acceleration Centripetal force increases air speed and influences the direction of wind flowing around the center of the circulation.The winds in a low pressure system, called cyclones, blow in a counterclockwise and inward direction in the Northern Hemisphere. Winds in high pressure systems, known as anticyclones, blow in a clockwise and outward direction in the Northern Hemisphere. Conclusion Seasonal temperature changes and the Earth’s rotation also affect wind speed and direction.
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Write short notes on: (100 words each) BHUVAN Platform GAGANYAAN GAGAN
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##Question:Write short notes on: (100 words each) BHUVAN Platform GAGANYAAN GAGAN ##Answer:.
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With the help of examples, discuss various types of satellites being used in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Brief approach- List down types of satellite with example explain use and need of these satellite Answer- India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under: 1. Communication Satellites: The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. 2. Earth Observation Satellites: Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. 3. Space Science and Exploration: Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. 4. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategic applications. (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as ""NavIC"" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. 5. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-2’ is also on track and will be launched by the end of this year.
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##Question:With the help of examples, discuss various types of satellites being used in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Brief approach- List down types of satellite with example explain use and need of these satellite Answer- India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975. These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European as well as Indian such as PSLV and its variations, and the recently tested GSLV Mk-III. The various types of satellites can be grouped as under: 1. Communication Satellites: The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector. GSAT-17 has been recently added to the INSAT System already consisting 15 operational satellites, namely - INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 18. The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. 2. Earth Observation Satellites: Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites (RSS). Today, India has one of the largest constellations of RSS in operation. Currently, 13 operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit such as RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and 4 in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana& INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. These satellites provide necessary data in diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management. 3. Space Science and Exploration: Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. (a) AstroSat: It is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The payloads cover the energy bands of UV (Near and Far), limited optical and X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite. (b) Mars Orbiter Mission: It is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission can be termed as a challenging technological mission and a science mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary technological objective of the mission is to have a spacecraft with capability to perform Earth Bound Manoeuvre (EBM), Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) and Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) phases and the related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million Km. (c) Chandrayaan-1: It is India"s first mission to Moon. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. (d) Chandrayaan-2: It will be an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon.Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. 4. Satellite Navigation Service: It is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategic applications. (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) : NavIC This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services - Standard Positioning Service (SPS), Restricted Service (RS) Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. This constellation of seven satellites was named as ""NavIC"" (Navigation with Indian Constellation) on the occasion of successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last satellite of NavIC. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. All the seven Satellites of NavIC, namely, IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, ID,1E, 1F and 1G were successfully launched and are functioning from their designated orbital positions. 5. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. Examples are INS series, YOUTHSAT etc. In the near future, ISRO will launch four more satellites to boost rural internet connectivity under the Digital India project. Similarly, the moon mission ‘Chandrayaan-2’ is also on track and will be launched by the end of this year.
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What is the difference between Resuable and Conventional launch vehicles. What benefits India will gain by developing RLV? What are key challenges in development of RLV? (200 words)
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##Question:What is the difference between Resuable and Conventional launch vehicles. What benefits India will gain by developing RLV? What are key challenges in development of RLV? (200 words)##Answer:.
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Write short note on- (50 words each) Ajanta caves Chaitya and viharas
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##Question:Write short note on- (50 words each) Ajanta caves Chaitya and viharas ##Answer:.
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Gandhara, Mathura and Amravathi sculptures, all developed during the post-Mauryan period, but they had wide differences. Elaborate (200 words)
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##Question:Gandhara, Mathura and Amravathi sculptures, all developed during the post-Mauryan period, but they had wide differences. Elaborate (200 words)##Answer:.
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वर्त्तमान विश्व में हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र भू-राजनीतिक एवं आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण व गत्यात्मक है। उक्त सन्दर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में भारतीय हितों व मुख्य चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक; 150-200 शब्द ) The Indian Ocean Region is the most important and dynamic from the geo-political and economic point of view in the present world. Keeping the above context in mind, discuss the Indian interests and the main challenges in the Indian Ocean Region. (10 marks; 150–200 words)
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दृष्टिकोण हिन्द महासागर के संदर्भ में भारत की विशेष अवस्थिति का उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर आरंभ कीजिए। भारत शांत एवं तनावमुक्त हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र के निर्माण के लिए प्रयासरत भारत को एक ब्लू इकॉनमी (Blue Economy) में परिवर्तित करने हेतु हिन्द महासागर की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव एवं महासागरीय सिल्क रूट की संकल्पना हिन्द महासागर भारत के दक्षिण में स्थित है जो हिन्द दुनिया का तीसरा सबसे बड़ा समुद्र है और पृथ्वी की सतह पर उपस्थित पानी का लगभग 20% भाग इसमें समाहित है। हिंद महासागर का बढ़ता हुआ महत्त्व जनसँख्या एवं संसाधन की दृष्टिकोण से - विश्व के एक तिहाई जनसँख्या ;विश्व का 40 % तेल और गैस व्यापार और नविगेशन की दृष्टिकोण से -विश्व का 80% तेल का सागरीय व्यापारिक मार्ग हिन्द महासागर से होकर गुजरते है (होरमुज़,मलक्का ) रणनीतिक दृष्टिकोण से – चीन के obor पहल में हिन्द महासागरीय राष्ट्रों को (विशेषकर छोटे और विकासशील द्वीपीय राष्ट्र ) शामिल करने का विशेष प्रयास हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र के बढ़ते हुए महत्त्व के कारण इसकी महत्ता को कुछ इस प्रकार चिह्नित किये जा सकता है : रणनीतिक मुद्दों भारत और चीन के प्रतिस्पर्धी हित (competing interest) संभावित न्यूकिलियर अस्त्रों के प्रयोग का खतरा us का इराक और अफगानिस्तान में हित जिसके कारण इस क्षेत्र में वह अपना सैन्य बेस एवं सहयोगी राष्ट्रों से रणनीतिक संपर्कों को बनाने को इच्छुक बढती हुई पायरेसी की समस्या – अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार (तेल और गैस का प्रमुख हिस्सा )को सुगम बनाने हेतु हिन्द महासागर को इस प्रकार की समस्या से मुक्त करना आवश्यक संसाधन प्रबंधन मतस्य उद्योग – हिन्द महासागर के तटीय देशों के लिए खाद्य सुरक्षा में मतस्य उत्पादों का प्रमुख स्थान जो इसके दोहन की असीम संभावनाओं को जन्म देता है कोरल और जलवायु परिवर्तन प्रभाव पोलीमेटिकल नोड्युल (Polymatical nodules) भारतीय दृष्टि से हिन्द महासागर का महत्त्व - व्यापार एवं उर्जा सुरक्षा पश्चिमी एशिया-70 % भारतीय तेल आयात पश्चिमी एशिया से सेल गैस – भारत को अमेरिका से सेल गैस के आयात करने हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि यह क्षेत्र शनत और तनावपूर्ण हो सके जिससे व्यापार मार्गों की सुरक्षा की जा सके रणनीतिक चबाहार पत्तन –भारत के लिए ईरान में चाबहार पत्तन का निर्माण किया जाना, मध्य एशिया में भारत की पहुँच को सुनिश्चित करने में सहायक होगा | इसके लिए आवश्यक है कि हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में भारतीय प्रभाव बना रहे मालदीव एवं श्रीलंका जैसे महासागरीय देशों पर चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव के कारण भारत के हितों को इस क्षेत्र में चुनौती प्रदान कर सकता है अफ्रीका – संसाधन की उपलब्धतता की दृष्टि से अफ्रीका एक समृद्ध महाद्वीप है जो भविष्य के लिए आवश्यक हैं| सागरीय सुरक्षा काउंटर पायरेसी लम्बी तटीय क्षेत्र – आतंकवादी गतिविधियाँ एवं ड्रग,मानव और शास्त्रों की तस्करी के लिए संवेदनशील क्षेत्र आपदा की दृष्टिकोण से संवेदन शील क्षेत्र आपदा प्रबंधन सहयोग व्यापक EEZ 200 मील (370 KM) का क्षेत्र व्यापक संसधानीय आधार ,दोहन की दृष्टिकोण से अति महत्वपूर्ण पाली मेटालिक नोड्युल भारत के लिए हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र की चुनौती OBOR/ समुद्री सिल्क रूट – आतंकवादी गतिविधियाँ –मालदीव में कट्टरपंथ के प्रभाव में वृद्धि ड्रग ,मानव और आर्म्स ट्रेफिकिंग – जलवायु परिवर्तन से जुडी रणनीति – बढती पायरेसी – सोमालिया तट एवं एनी स्थानों पर पायरेसी की बढती समस्या निष्कर्ष भारत के द्वारा हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में एक नियम आधारित व्यवस्था(Rule Based System) के निर्माण के लिए लगातार प्रयास विशेषकर छोटे द्वीपीय राष्ट्रों को सहयोग व उनके हितों को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मंचों पर रखने हेतु उपयुक्त सहयोग जैसे जलवायु परिवर्तन भारत के द्वारा विभिन्न तटीय राष्ट्रों के साथ आर्थिक , सुरक्षा व सांस्कृती के क्षेत्र में संबंधों को मजबूत करना जैसे -मेरीटाइम सिक्यूरिटी रणनीति -2015 ,प्रोजेक्ट मौसम एवं एशिया अफ्रीका ग्रोथ कॉरिडोर यहाँ एक उल्लेखनीय प्रयास हैं |
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##Question:वर्त्तमान विश्व में हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र भू-राजनीतिक एवं आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण से सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण व गत्यात्मक है। उक्त सन्दर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में भारतीय हितों व मुख्य चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिए। (10 अंक; 150-200 शब्द ) The Indian Ocean Region is the most important and dynamic from the geo-political and economic point of view in the present world. Keeping the above context in mind, discuss the Indian interests and the main challenges in the Indian Ocean Region. (10 marks; 150–200 words)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण हिन्द महासागर के संदर्भ में भारत की विशेष अवस्थिति का उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर आरंभ कीजिए। भारत शांत एवं तनावमुक्त हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र के निर्माण के लिए प्रयासरत भारत को एक ब्लू इकॉनमी (Blue Economy) में परिवर्तित करने हेतु हिन्द महासागर की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव एवं महासागरीय सिल्क रूट की संकल्पना हिन्द महासागर भारत के दक्षिण में स्थित है जो हिन्द दुनिया का तीसरा सबसे बड़ा समुद्र है और पृथ्वी की सतह पर उपस्थित पानी का लगभग 20% भाग इसमें समाहित है। हिंद महासागर का बढ़ता हुआ महत्त्व जनसँख्या एवं संसाधन की दृष्टिकोण से - विश्व के एक तिहाई जनसँख्या ;विश्व का 40 % तेल और गैस व्यापार और नविगेशन की दृष्टिकोण से -विश्व का 80% तेल का सागरीय व्यापारिक मार्ग हिन्द महासागर से होकर गुजरते है (होरमुज़,मलक्का ) रणनीतिक दृष्टिकोण से – चीन के obor पहल में हिन्द महासागरीय राष्ट्रों को (विशेषकर छोटे और विकासशील द्वीपीय राष्ट्र ) शामिल करने का विशेष प्रयास हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र के बढ़ते हुए महत्त्व के कारण इसकी महत्ता को कुछ इस प्रकार चिह्नित किये जा सकता है : रणनीतिक मुद्दों भारत और चीन के प्रतिस्पर्धी हित (competing interest) संभावित न्यूकिलियर अस्त्रों के प्रयोग का खतरा us का इराक और अफगानिस्तान में हित जिसके कारण इस क्षेत्र में वह अपना सैन्य बेस एवं सहयोगी राष्ट्रों से रणनीतिक संपर्कों को बनाने को इच्छुक बढती हुई पायरेसी की समस्या – अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार (तेल और गैस का प्रमुख हिस्सा )को सुगम बनाने हेतु हिन्द महासागर को इस प्रकार की समस्या से मुक्त करना आवश्यक संसाधन प्रबंधन मतस्य उद्योग – हिन्द महासागर के तटीय देशों के लिए खाद्य सुरक्षा में मतस्य उत्पादों का प्रमुख स्थान जो इसके दोहन की असीम संभावनाओं को जन्म देता है कोरल और जलवायु परिवर्तन प्रभाव पोलीमेटिकल नोड्युल (Polymatical nodules) भारतीय दृष्टि से हिन्द महासागर का महत्त्व - व्यापार एवं उर्जा सुरक्षा पश्चिमी एशिया-70 % भारतीय तेल आयात पश्चिमी एशिया से सेल गैस – भारत को अमेरिका से सेल गैस के आयात करने हेतु यह आवश्यक है कि यह क्षेत्र शनत और तनावपूर्ण हो सके जिससे व्यापार मार्गों की सुरक्षा की जा सके रणनीतिक चबाहार पत्तन –भारत के लिए ईरान में चाबहार पत्तन का निर्माण किया जाना, मध्य एशिया में भारत की पहुँच को सुनिश्चित करने में सहायक होगा | इसके लिए आवश्यक है कि हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में भारतीय प्रभाव बना रहे मालदीव एवं श्रीलंका जैसे महासागरीय देशों पर चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव के कारण भारत के हितों को इस क्षेत्र में चुनौती प्रदान कर सकता है अफ्रीका – संसाधन की उपलब्धतता की दृष्टि से अफ्रीका एक समृद्ध महाद्वीप है जो भविष्य के लिए आवश्यक हैं| सागरीय सुरक्षा काउंटर पायरेसी लम्बी तटीय क्षेत्र – आतंकवादी गतिविधियाँ एवं ड्रग,मानव और शास्त्रों की तस्करी के लिए संवेदनशील क्षेत्र आपदा की दृष्टिकोण से संवेदन शील क्षेत्र आपदा प्रबंधन सहयोग व्यापक EEZ 200 मील (370 KM) का क्षेत्र व्यापक संसधानीय आधार ,दोहन की दृष्टिकोण से अति महत्वपूर्ण पाली मेटालिक नोड्युल भारत के लिए हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र की चुनौती OBOR/ समुद्री सिल्क रूट – आतंकवादी गतिविधियाँ –मालदीव में कट्टरपंथ के प्रभाव में वृद्धि ड्रग ,मानव और आर्म्स ट्रेफिकिंग – जलवायु परिवर्तन से जुडी रणनीति – बढती पायरेसी – सोमालिया तट एवं एनी स्थानों पर पायरेसी की बढती समस्या निष्कर्ष भारत के द्वारा हिन्द महासागरीय क्षेत्र में एक नियम आधारित व्यवस्था(Rule Based System) के निर्माण के लिए लगातार प्रयास विशेषकर छोटे द्वीपीय राष्ट्रों को सहयोग व उनके हितों को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मंचों पर रखने हेतु उपयुक्त सहयोग जैसे जलवायु परिवर्तन भारत के द्वारा विभिन्न तटीय राष्ट्रों के साथ आर्थिक , सुरक्षा व सांस्कृती के क्षेत्र में संबंधों को मजबूत करना जैसे -मेरीटाइम सिक्यूरिटी रणनीति -2015 ,प्रोजेक्ट मौसम एवं एशिया अफ्रीका ग्रोथ कॉरिडोर यहाँ एक उल्लेखनीय प्रयास हैं |
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What is GAGAN how it is different from NAVIC. Mention five different application of GAGAN.(150 words/10 Marks)
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##Question:What is GAGAN how it is different from NAVIC. Mention five different application of GAGAN.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:.
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Discuss the need for more than one time zone in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Introduction- The longitudinal extent of India is almost thirty degrees from 68 degrees, 7 minutes Eeast to 97 degrees, 24 minutes East. Thus the time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country. Arguments for two time Zone: 1.In the Northeast, the sun rises as early as four in the morning and in winter it sets by four in the evening. By the time government offices or educational institutions open, many daylight hours are already lost. 2.In winter much more electricity having to be consumed. 3. Profs. D.P. Sengupta, and Dilip Ahuja of the National Institute of Advanced Studies claim that advancing IST by half an hour would result in saving 2.7 billion units of electricity every year. 4.There are also economic benefits to having two different time zones; people will be able to work better and plan better, according to natural cycles rather than the one imposed by the state. Arguments Against 1.The unstated assumption is that the grant of a different time zone is only the first temporal step towards conceding spatial autonomy. 2.A single time, a single shared experience, no matter where you are in India, unifies the nation. 3.India’s central government is keen to retain one time zone for safety issues and to prevent confusion, specifically in regards to railway operations and flights. 4.Furthermore, there are concerns that introducing a new time zone to the northeast will force political and social divisions between the northeast and the rest of the country. Conclusion: We should never refrain from trying to implement this in experimental basis. After the collecting appropriate data and observation appropriate decision should be taken Introduction- The longitudinal extent of India is almost thirty degrees from 68 degrees, 7 minutes Eeast to 97 degrees, 24 minutes East. Thus the time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country. Arguments for two time Zone: 1.In the Northeast, the sun rises as early as four in the morning and in winter it sets by four in the evening. By the time government offices or educational institutions open, many daylight hours are already lost. 2.In winter much more electricity having to be consumed. 3. Profs. D.P. Sengupta, and Dilip Ahuja of the National Institute of Advanced Studies claim that advancing IST by half an hour would result in saving 2.7 billion units of electricity every year. 4.There are also economic benefits to having two different time zones; people will be able to work better and plan better, according to natural cycles rather than the one imposed by the state. Arguments Against 1.The unstated assumption is that the grant of a different time zone is only the first temporal step towards conceding spatial autonomy. 2.A single time, a single shared experience, no matter where you are in India, unifies the nation. 3.India’s central government is keen to retain one time zone for safety issues and to prevent confusion, specifically in regards to railway operations and flights. 4.Furthermore, there are concerns that introducing a new time zone to the northeast will force political and social divisions between the northeast and the rest of the country. Conclusion: We should never refrain from trying to implement this in experimental basis. After the collecting appropriate data and observation appropriate decision should be taken.
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##Question:Discuss the need for more than one time zone in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Introduction- The longitudinal extent of India is almost thirty degrees from 68 degrees, 7 minutes Eeast to 97 degrees, 24 minutes East. Thus the time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country. Arguments for two time Zone: 1.In the Northeast, the sun rises as early as four in the morning and in winter it sets by four in the evening. By the time government offices or educational institutions open, many daylight hours are already lost. 2.In winter much more electricity having to be consumed. 3. Profs. D.P. Sengupta, and Dilip Ahuja of the National Institute of Advanced Studies claim that advancing IST by half an hour would result in saving 2.7 billion units of electricity every year. 4.There are also economic benefits to having two different time zones; people will be able to work better and plan better, according to natural cycles rather than the one imposed by the state. Arguments Against 1.The unstated assumption is that the grant of a different time zone is only the first temporal step towards conceding spatial autonomy. 2.A single time, a single shared experience, no matter where you are in India, unifies the nation. 3.India’s central government is keen to retain one time zone for safety issues and to prevent confusion, specifically in regards to railway operations and flights. 4.Furthermore, there are concerns that introducing a new time zone to the northeast will force political and social divisions between the northeast and the rest of the country. Conclusion: We should never refrain from trying to implement this in experimental basis. After the collecting appropriate data and observation appropriate decision should be taken Introduction- The longitudinal extent of India is almost thirty degrees from 68 degrees, 7 minutes Eeast to 97 degrees, 24 minutes East. Thus the time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country. Arguments for two time Zone: 1.In the Northeast, the sun rises as early as four in the morning and in winter it sets by four in the evening. By the time government offices or educational institutions open, many daylight hours are already lost. 2.In winter much more electricity having to be consumed. 3. Profs. D.P. Sengupta, and Dilip Ahuja of the National Institute of Advanced Studies claim that advancing IST by half an hour would result in saving 2.7 billion units of electricity every year. 4.There are also economic benefits to having two different time zones; people will be able to work better and plan better, according to natural cycles rather than the one imposed by the state. Arguments Against 1.The unstated assumption is that the grant of a different time zone is only the first temporal step towards conceding spatial autonomy. 2.A single time, a single shared experience, no matter where you are in India, unifies the nation. 3.India’s central government is keen to retain one time zone for safety issues and to prevent confusion, specifically in regards to railway operations and flights. 4.Furthermore, there are concerns that introducing a new time zone to the northeast will force political and social divisions between the northeast and the rest of the country. Conclusion: We should never refrain from trying to implement this in experimental basis. After the collecting appropriate data and observation appropriate decision should be taken.
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Briefly discuss the origin of stupa construction in ancient India. (150 words)
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##Question:Briefly discuss the origin of stupa construction in ancient India. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Discuss the features of Stupas of the Mauryan period highlighting the doctrines of Buddhism associated with Stupa features. (10 marks/150 words)
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Basic Approach: The features of the stupas have to be enlisted and explained. With each feature influence of buddhism has to be mentioned. A simple diagrammatic representation can be given along with the answer. Answer: Stupa is a sanskrit word which means heap of sand. Stupa is a burial mound for an esteemed person. When the Buddha died, he was cremated and his ashes were divided and buried in several stupas. These stupas became pilgrimage sites for Buddhist practitioners. The basic features of stupas are as follows: - The shape of the stupa represents the meditative position, thus the burials were designed in this shape. The Yasti represents the head of meditating buddha, Anda is the middle part and Medhi is the meditating legs of Buddha. -Four gates- Toranas- They are the gateways which represent point the direction of four cities associated with the life events of buddhha - 1.birth-lumbini 2.nirvana-bodh gaya 3.dharmachakraparivartana- sarnath 4.mahaparinirvana- kushinagar -Boundary wall- vedika- They have folk narratives engraved on them in the form of Jataka stories. This are stories of the previous birth of buddha which come with a moral lesson. -Pradakshina- or the passage which is used to go around the stupa - At the top of stupa is a yasti is present, which symbolizes a line through the earth"s center around which the universe is thought to revolve. The yasti is surrounded by a harmika, a gate or fence, and is topped by chattris (umbrella-like objects). The three chattris which represent the tri-ratna or the three jewels of Buddhism i.e. Buddha (awakened one ), Dhamma (doctrine ), Sangha (order or followers).
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##Question:Discuss the features of Stupas of the Mauryan period highlighting the doctrines of Buddhism associated with Stupa features. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Basic Approach: The features of the stupas have to be enlisted and explained. With each feature influence of buddhism has to be mentioned. A simple diagrammatic representation can be given along with the answer. Answer: Stupa is a sanskrit word which means heap of sand. Stupa is a burial mound for an esteemed person. When the Buddha died, he was cremated and his ashes were divided and buried in several stupas. These stupas became pilgrimage sites for Buddhist practitioners. The basic features of stupas are as follows: - The shape of the stupa represents the meditative position, thus the burials were designed in this shape. The Yasti represents the head of meditating buddha, Anda is the middle part and Medhi is the meditating legs of Buddha. -Four gates- Toranas- They are the gateways which represent point the direction of four cities associated with the life events of buddhha - 1.birth-lumbini 2.nirvana-bodh gaya 3.dharmachakraparivartana- sarnath 4.mahaparinirvana- kushinagar -Boundary wall- vedika- They have folk narratives engraved on them in the form of Jataka stories. This are stories of the previous birth of buddha which come with a moral lesson. -Pradakshina- or the passage which is used to go around the stupa - At the top of stupa is a yasti is present, which symbolizes a line through the earth"s center around which the universe is thought to revolve. The yasti is surrounded by a harmika, a gate or fence, and is topped by chattris (umbrella-like objects). The three chattris which represent the tri-ratna or the three jewels of Buddhism i.e. Buddha (awakened one ), Dhamma (doctrine ), Sangha (order or followers).
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नक्सलवाद उन्मूलन के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा अपनायी गई नीति का मूल्यांकन कीजिए और बताइए की ऐसे क्या कारण है जिससे नक्सलवाद का उन्मूलन एक जटिल समस्या बनी हुई है ?आप इस समस्या के समाधान हेतु क्या सुझाव प्रस्तुत करेगें ?(200 शब्द )
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वामपंथी उग्रवाद को प्रायः ‘भारत की सबसे बड़ी आन्तरिक सुरक्षा चुनौती ‘ के रूप में वर्णित किया जाता हैं | गृह मंत्रालय की एक रेपिर्ट के अनुसार 2017 में 10 राज्यों के लगभग 106 जिले वामपंथी उग्रवाद से अत्यधिक प्रभावित थे | इसके परिणामस्वरूप ,भारत सरकार ने वामपंथी उग्रवाद का समाधान करने के लिए एक समग्र दृष्टिकोण अपनाया है ,यह चार तत्वों को सम्मिलित करता हैं – एक इंटीग्रेटेड मल्टी प्रोन्गेड स्ट्रेटेजी (multi-pronged strategy) जिसमें सुरक्षा संबंधी उपाय सम्मिलित हो, विकास सम्बन्धी पहलें और सुशासन , अधिकारों और पात्रता संबंधी मानदंडों को सुनिश्चित करना और जनधारणा का प्रबंधन करना सरकार की विकासात्मक योजनाएं – एकीकृत एक्शन प्लान – योजना आयोग द्वारा निर्मित इस प्लान का उद्देश्य वामपंथी उग्रवाद से प्रभावित 68 जिलों में सड़क,दूरसंचार संपर्क ,वनवासियों के वन अधिकारों का संरक्षण आदि| सुरक्षा संबंधी व्यय योजना- इसके तहत सुरक्षा बलों के प्रशिक्षण , व उनकी कार्यवाही के लिए आवश्यक व्यय की व्यवस्था करना | विशिष्ट मूलभूत सुविधा योजना – इसके तहत ऐसी आवश्यक सुविधाएँ के लिए धन उपलब्ध कराना जिन्हें वर्तमान विद्यमान योजनाओं से पूरा नहीं किया जा सकता है | उग्रवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में सड़क निर्माण -2009 में प्रारम्भ , नक्सल प्रभावित 34 जिलों में रोड़ निर्माण व विकास का कार्य करना | सिविक एक्शन प्लान-विकास कार्यो के लिए वित्तीय मदद देने के लिए रोशनी योजना- 24 सर्वाधिक प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में युवाओं के कौशल विकास व क्षमता निर्माण हेतु समाधान योजना – 2017 में शुरू ,इसमें नक्सलवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रोँ में 8 स्तंभों के तहत कार्य किया जाता हैं | सरकार द्वारा सशक्त शक्ति का प्रयोग – पुलिस स्टेशनों को सुद्रढ़ बनाना , विशेषज्ञ बलों का निर्माण व अतिरिक्त केन्द्रीय बलों की तैनाती करना | 2009 के बाद भारत सरकार ने प्रांतीय सरकारों के साथ समन्वय स्थापित करके नक्सल प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में बड़े स्तर पर केन्द्रीय सशस्त्र बलों द्वारा अभियान चलायें है ,जैसे – 201 1 में सैन्य बलों द्वारा वामपंथी नेता किशन जी को मार गिराना | नीति कार्यान्वयन में बाधायें – मूल ढांचा ,संचार एवं प्रशिक्षित जनशक्ति की कमी अंतरराज्यीय सीमाओं में मतभेद कानून व्यवस्था राज्य सूची का विषय है ,योजनाओं के क्रियान्वयन व सुरक्षा बलों के ऑपरेशन में केंद्र व राज्यों के बीच समन्वय का आभाव राजनीतिक दृष्टिकोण से नक्सलवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रों की सरकारों के बीच विद्यमान मतभेद ग्रामीणों द्वारा विद्रोहियों का साथ देना सुझाव – छत्तीसगढ़ पुलिस मॉडल का अनुसरण – आसूचना व अपनी स्थानीय स्थिति को मजबूत करना ,सीमावर्ती राज्यों के साथ समन्वय स्थापित करना केंद्र-राज्य सहयोग- केंद्र को राज्य पुलिस बलों नेतृत्व में सहायक की भूमिका निभानी चाहिए तकनीकी उपायों को अपनाना – UAV व ड्रोन का प्रयोग सिविल सोसाइटी व NGO को शामिल करना व लोगों को उनका अधिकार दिलाना वन अधिकार अधिनियम ,2006 को उचित व प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन अवसंरचनात्मक विकास- स्थायी सडकों का निर्माण , दूरसंचार नेटवर्क का मजबूत बनाना
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##Question:नक्सलवाद उन्मूलन के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा अपनायी गई नीति का मूल्यांकन कीजिए और बताइए की ऐसे क्या कारण है जिससे नक्सलवाद का उन्मूलन एक जटिल समस्या बनी हुई है ?आप इस समस्या के समाधान हेतु क्या सुझाव प्रस्तुत करेगें ?(200 शब्द )##Answer:वामपंथी उग्रवाद को प्रायः ‘भारत की सबसे बड़ी आन्तरिक सुरक्षा चुनौती ‘ के रूप में वर्णित किया जाता हैं | गृह मंत्रालय की एक रेपिर्ट के अनुसार 2017 में 10 राज्यों के लगभग 106 जिले वामपंथी उग्रवाद से अत्यधिक प्रभावित थे | इसके परिणामस्वरूप ,भारत सरकार ने वामपंथी उग्रवाद का समाधान करने के लिए एक समग्र दृष्टिकोण अपनाया है ,यह चार तत्वों को सम्मिलित करता हैं – एक इंटीग्रेटेड मल्टी प्रोन्गेड स्ट्रेटेजी (multi-pronged strategy) जिसमें सुरक्षा संबंधी उपाय सम्मिलित हो, विकास सम्बन्धी पहलें और सुशासन , अधिकारों और पात्रता संबंधी मानदंडों को सुनिश्चित करना और जनधारणा का प्रबंधन करना सरकार की विकासात्मक योजनाएं – एकीकृत एक्शन प्लान – योजना आयोग द्वारा निर्मित इस प्लान का उद्देश्य वामपंथी उग्रवाद से प्रभावित 68 जिलों में सड़क,दूरसंचार संपर्क ,वनवासियों के वन अधिकारों का संरक्षण आदि| सुरक्षा संबंधी व्यय योजना- इसके तहत सुरक्षा बलों के प्रशिक्षण , व उनकी कार्यवाही के लिए आवश्यक व्यय की व्यवस्था करना | विशिष्ट मूलभूत सुविधा योजना – इसके तहत ऐसी आवश्यक सुविधाएँ के लिए धन उपलब्ध कराना जिन्हें वर्तमान विद्यमान योजनाओं से पूरा नहीं किया जा सकता है | उग्रवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में सड़क निर्माण -2009 में प्रारम्भ , नक्सल प्रभावित 34 जिलों में रोड़ निर्माण व विकास का कार्य करना | सिविक एक्शन प्लान-विकास कार्यो के लिए वित्तीय मदद देने के लिए रोशनी योजना- 24 सर्वाधिक प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में युवाओं के कौशल विकास व क्षमता निर्माण हेतु समाधान योजना – 2017 में शुरू ,इसमें नक्सलवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रोँ में 8 स्तंभों के तहत कार्य किया जाता हैं | सरकार द्वारा सशक्त शक्ति का प्रयोग – पुलिस स्टेशनों को सुद्रढ़ बनाना , विशेषज्ञ बलों का निर्माण व अतिरिक्त केन्द्रीय बलों की तैनाती करना | 2009 के बाद भारत सरकार ने प्रांतीय सरकारों के साथ समन्वय स्थापित करके नक्सल प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में बड़े स्तर पर केन्द्रीय सशस्त्र बलों द्वारा अभियान चलायें है ,जैसे – 201 1 में सैन्य बलों द्वारा वामपंथी नेता किशन जी को मार गिराना | नीति कार्यान्वयन में बाधायें – मूल ढांचा ,संचार एवं प्रशिक्षित जनशक्ति की कमी अंतरराज्यीय सीमाओं में मतभेद कानून व्यवस्था राज्य सूची का विषय है ,योजनाओं के क्रियान्वयन व सुरक्षा बलों के ऑपरेशन में केंद्र व राज्यों के बीच समन्वय का आभाव राजनीतिक दृष्टिकोण से नक्सलवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रों की सरकारों के बीच विद्यमान मतभेद ग्रामीणों द्वारा विद्रोहियों का साथ देना सुझाव – छत्तीसगढ़ पुलिस मॉडल का अनुसरण – आसूचना व अपनी स्थानीय स्थिति को मजबूत करना ,सीमावर्ती राज्यों के साथ समन्वय स्थापित करना केंद्र-राज्य सहयोग- केंद्र को राज्य पुलिस बलों नेतृत्व में सहायक की भूमिका निभानी चाहिए तकनीकी उपायों को अपनाना – UAV व ड्रोन का प्रयोग सिविल सोसाइटी व NGO को शामिल करना व लोगों को उनका अधिकार दिलाना वन अधिकार अधिनियम ,2006 को उचित व प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन अवसंरचनात्मक विकास- स्थायी सडकों का निर्माण , दूरसंचार नेटवर्क का मजबूत बनाना
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What is TRIPS plus and how is it different from TRIPS? Also examine why is India oppposing TRIPS plus agreements. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Brief approach- Give an introduction to Trips and Define Trips plus Distinguish it with TRIPS Provide reasoning for Developed countries demanding it Give arguments provided by India Answer:- TRIPS-plus are a Higher level of protection norms demanded by developed countries. It has nothing to do with TRIPS agreement by WTO Difference between TRIPS and TRIPS-Plus The TRIPS Agreement, which came into effect on 1 January 1995, is to date the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property. The areas of intellectual property that it covers are: copyright and related rights (i.e. the rights of performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations); trademarks including service marks; geographical indications including appellations of origin; industrial designs; patents including the protection of new varieties of plants; the layout-designs of integrated circuits; and undisclosed information including trade secrets and test data. on the other hand, TRIPS-plus include provisions such as data exclusivity, evergreening of patents. which are mostly demanded by the developed world to get extra protection for their IPR"s. These do not fall under framework of WTO Reasons for their demand Developed countries outperform developing nations in the field of R&D, patenting and new technology, etc. therefore they are concerned about IPR"s for companies in their nation. And hence demanding for data exclusivity. This will restrict developing nations from copying their patent products. This will also result in them having an exclusive hold on making of the product which will result in an increase in imports of developing countries. Data exclusivity will restrict developing countries from using the same data as used by the parent company and hence will make the generic products costly for developing countries. India"s stance- India is opposing TRIPS-Plus for the following reasons- India won"t be able to manufacture Generic medicines cheaply. Exports will be affected. Access to better technology will be restricted. The way forward- India should not bow down to demands and pressure by developed countries and stay firm on its stand. Since it will affect India"s manufacturing industry badly, also it is against Doha agreement.It should be ensured that the provisions of TRIPS-plus are not reflected in bilateral FTA"s as demanded by the EU in CPEC.
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##Question:What is TRIPS plus and how is it different from TRIPS? Also examine why is India oppposing TRIPS plus agreements. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Brief approach- Give an introduction to Trips and Define Trips plus Distinguish it with TRIPS Provide reasoning for Developed countries demanding it Give arguments provided by India Answer:- TRIPS-plus are a Higher level of protection norms demanded by developed countries. It has nothing to do with TRIPS agreement by WTO Difference between TRIPS and TRIPS-Plus The TRIPS Agreement, which came into effect on 1 January 1995, is to date the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property. The areas of intellectual property that it covers are: copyright and related rights (i.e. the rights of performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations); trademarks including service marks; geographical indications including appellations of origin; industrial designs; patents including the protection of new varieties of plants; the layout-designs of integrated circuits; and undisclosed information including trade secrets and test data. on the other hand, TRIPS-plus include provisions such as data exclusivity, evergreening of patents. which are mostly demanded by the developed world to get extra protection for their IPR"s. These do not fall under framework of WTO Reasons for their demand Developed countries outperform developing nations in the field of R&D, patenting and new technology, etc. therefore they are concerned about IPR"s for companies in their nation. And hence demanding for data exclusivity. This will restrict developing nations from copying their patent products. This will also result in them having an exclusive hold on making of the product which will result in an increase in imports of developing countries. Data exclusivity will restrict developing countries from using the same data as used by the parent company and hence will make the generic products costly for developing countries. India"s stance- India is opposing TRIPS-Plus for the following reasons- India won"t be able to manufacture Generic medicines cheaply. Exports will be affected. Access to better technology will be restricted. The way forward- India should not bow down to demands and pressure by developed countries and stay firm on its stand. Since it will affect India"s manufacturing industry badly, also it is against Doha agreement.It should be ensured that the provisions of TRIPS-plus are not reflected in bilateral FTA"s as demanded by the EU in CPEC.
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What are patents? Differentiate between process based and product based patents. (200 words)
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##Question:What are patents? Differentiate between process based and product based patents. (200 words)##Answer:.
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WTO’s TRIPS agreement has shaped India’s intellectual property norms. Substantiate. (200 words)
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##Question:WTO’s TRIPS agreement has shaped India’s intellectual property norms. Substantiate. (200 words)##Answer:.
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Write a short note on each of the following; (75 words each) 1. Compulsory licensing clause of WTO 2. IPR
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##Question:Write a short note on each of the following; (75 words each) 1. Compulsory licensing clause of WTO 2. IPR##Answer:.
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"Non-alignment is not only about neutrality but the freedom to decide each issue on its merit.” In the light of this statement examine how India played an active part in international affairs during the Nehruvian era. (150 words/ 10 Marks)
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APPROACH - In introduction brief background for emergence of NAM and its meaning - Mention about India"s say in international affairs during Nehruvian era - Brief conclusion ANSWER After World War II, the world was engaged in cold war by forming two military blocks. In this scenario, India followed the policy of Non-Alignment and set its priority of fighting poverty, illiteracy, and building of newly independent nation. Therefore, it did not join or approved western block or Soviet Union. However, by Non-Alignment policy, India meant to have freedom to weigh what is right or wrong in each issue and then take a stand in favour of right. She was not neutral or inactive in international affairs. On the other hand, India took various bold initiatives and interventions considering India’s political and economic status at that time. India"s stand in international affairs during Nehruvian era:- 1. Korean War: India voted against major powers in UN to prevent entry of outside powers in conflict. Further, India provided formula to end war and was made chairman of Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to repatriate soldiers. 2. Indo-China war: India’s peaceful negotiations with major powers prevented the internationalization of Indo-China conflict. It prevented the militarization of region. Further, India was appointed chairman of International Control Commission which supervised the import of armaments into the region. 3. Suez Canal crisis: At London Conference, India proposed the formula of Egyptian control, advisory role for users of canal and dispute settlement in accordance with UN Charter. It was met with widespread approval. Indian troops also participated in large numbers in peace-keeping force. 4. Hungary Conflict: The Prime Ministercondemned Soviet Union"s intrusion in Hungary and withstood considerable pressure although Soviet support was important for Kashmir issue. 5. Congo conflict: India played an important role in maintaining the integrity and independence of Congo. India’s proactive stand against foreign intervention in Congo"s civil war resulted in UNSC resolution. Indian armed forces successfully brought civil war to close and restored the central government’s authority. 6. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Hence, under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 in New Delhi. Later India supported the Indonesian struggle for freedom from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949. 7. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process, firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the zenith of India"s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals. The Bandung Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM. The first Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Further, India received support from both the blocks. The Soviet Union was the largest arms supplier to India. It built many dams, steel plants in India. On the other hand, the Green Revolution technology for agricultural development was backed by the United States.
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##Question:"Non-alignment is not only about neutrality but the freedom to decide each issue on its merit.” In the light of this statement examine how India played an active part in international affairs during the Nehruvian era. (150 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH - In introduction brief background for emergence of NAM and its meaning - Mention about India"s say in international affairs during Nehruvian era - Brief conclusion ANSWER After World War II, the world was engaged in cold war by forming two military blocks. In this scenario, India followed the policy of Non-Alignment and set its priority of fighting poverty, illiteracy, and building of newly independent nation. Therefore, it did not join or approved western block or Soviet Union. However, by Non-Alignment policy, India meant to have freedom to weigh what is right or wrong in each issue and then take a stand in favour of right. She was not neutral or inactive in international affairs. On the other hand, India took various bold initiatives and interventions considering India’s political and economic status at that time. India"s stand in international affairs during Nehruvian era:- 1. Korean War: India voted against major powers in UN to prevent entry of outside powers in conflict. Further, India provided formula to end war and was made chairman of Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to repatriate soldiers. 2. Indo-China war: India’s peaceful negotiations with major powers prevented the internationalization of Indo-China conflict. It prevented the militarization of region. Further, India was appointed chairman of International Control Commission which supervised the import of armaments into the region. 3. Suez Canal crisis: At London Conference, India proposed the formula of Egyptian control, advisory role for users of canal and dispute settlement in accordance with UN Charter. It was met with widespread approval. Indian troops also participated in large numbers in peace-keeping force. 4. Hungary Conflict: The Prime Ministercondemned Soviet Union"s intrusion in Hungary and withstood considerable pressure although Soviet support was important for Kashmir issue. 5. Congo conflict: India played an important role in maintaining the integrity and independence of Congo. India’s proactive stand against foreign intervention in Congo"s civil war resulted in UNSC resolution. Indian armed forces successfully brought civil war to close and restored the central government’s authority. 6. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Hence, under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 in New Delhi. Later India supported the Indonesian struggle for freedom from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949. 7. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process, firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the zenith of India"s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals. The Bandung Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM. The first Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Further, India received support from both the blocks. The Soviet Union was the largest arms supplier to India. It built many dams, steel plants in India. On the other hand, the Green Revolution technology for agricultural development was backed by the United States.
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What are the harmful effects of Mercury in the environment? Discuss important highlights of Minamata Convention on use of mercury. (150 words)
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Approach : Explain about Mercury in brief in introductory part Highlight the harmful effects of mercury on the environment Discuss important provisions of Minamata conventionrelated to use of Mercury. Answer : Mercury occurs naturally in the earth"s crust. It is released into the environment from volcanic activity, weathering of rocks and as a result of human activity. Human activity is the main cause of mercury releases, particularly coal-fired power stations, residential coal burning for heating and cooking, industrial processes, waste incinerators and as a result of mining for mercury, gold and other metals. Harmful Effects of Mercury on the Environment 1. Mercury can damage human health because it is toxic to the nervous system — the brain and spinal cord — particularly the developing nervous system of a fetus or young child 2. Adults who have been exposed to too much methylmercury might begin to experience trembling hands and numbness or tingling in their lips, tongues, fingers or toes. 3. At higher exposures, walking could be affected, as well as vision, speech and hearing. In sufficient quantities, methylmercury can be fatal. 4. The biomagnificationof methylmercury in fishes has a most significant influence on the impact on animals and humans. Fish are the main source of food for many birds and other animals, and mercury can seriously damage the health of these species. Important Provisions of the Minamata Conventionrelated to use of Mercury 1. Reduce and where feasible, eliminate the use and release of mercury from artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). 2. Control mercury air emissions from coal-fired power plants, coal-fired industrial boilers, certain non-ferrous metals production operations, waste incineration and cement production. 3. Phase-out or take measures to reduce mercury use in certain products such as batteries, switches, lights, cosmetics, pesticides and measuring devices, and create initiatives to reduce the use of mercury in dental amalgam. 4. Phase out or reduce the use of mercury in manufacturing processes such as chlor-alkali production, vinyl chloride monomer production, and acetaldehyde production. In addition, the Convention addresses the supply and trade of mercury; safer storage and disposal, and strategies to address contaminated sites. 5. The Convention includes provisions for technical assistance, information exchange, public awareness, and research and monitoring. It also requires Parties to report on measures taken to implement certain provisions. The Convention will be periodically evaluated to assess its effectiveness at meeting its objective of protecting human health and the environment from mercury pollution. The objective of the Minamata Convention is to protect the human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds.
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##Question:What are the harmful effects of Mercury in the environment? Discuss important highlights of Minamata Convention on use of mercury. (150 words)##Answer:Approach : Explain about Mercury in brief in introductory part Highlight the harmful effects of mercury on the environment Discuss important provisions of Minamata conventionrelated to use of Mercury. Answer : Mercury occurs naturally in the earth"s crust. It is released into the environment from volcanic activity, weathering of rocks and as a result of human activity. Human activity is the main cause of mercury releases, particularly coal-fired power stations, residential coal burning for heating and cooking, industrial processes, waste incinerators and as a result of mining for mercury, gold and other metals. Harmful Effects of Mercury on the Environment 1. Mercury can damage human health because it is toxic to the nervous system — the brain and spinal cord — particularly the developing nervous system of a fetus or young child 2. Adults who have been exposed to too much methylmercury might begin to experience trembling hands and numbness or tingling in their lips, tongues, fingers or toes. 3. At higher exposures, walking could be affected, as well as vision, speech and hearing. In sufficient quantities, methylmercury can be fatal. 4. The biomagnificationof methylmercury in fishes has a most significant influence on the impact on animals and humans. Fish are the main source of food for many birds and other animals, and mercury can seriously damage the health of these species. Important Provisions of the Minamata Conventionrelated to use of Mercury 1. Reduce and where feasible, eliminate the use and release of mercury from artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). 2. Control mercury air emissions from coal-fired power plants, coal-fired industrial boilers, certain non-ferrous metals production operations, waste incineration and cement production. 3. Phase-out or take measures to reduce mercury use in certain products such as batteries, switches, lights, cosmetics, pesticides and measuring devices, and create initiatives to reduce the use of mercury in dental amalgam. 4. Phase out or reduce the use of mercury in manufacturing processes such as chlor-alkali production, vinyl chloride monomer production, and acetaldehyde production. In addition, the Convention addresses the supply and trade of mercury; safer storage and disposal, and strategies to address contaminated sites. 5. The Convention includes provisions for technical assistance, information exchange, public awareness, and research and monitoring. It also requires Parties to report on measures taken to implement certain provisions. The Convention will be periodically evaluated to assess its effectiveness at meeting its objective of protecting human health and the environment from mercury pollution. The objective of the Minamata Convention is to protect the human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds.
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What is condensation? Also, enumerate the different forms of condensation. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Define condensation. Mention the factors affecting condensation. Enumerate different forms of condensation. Introduction Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase i.e. in the case of weather it is the transformation of water vapor to water. Factors affecting condensation: 1. Temperature - with increase in temperature, there is increased evaporation. Also increase in temperature increases the moisture holding capacity of the air. This will facilitate condensation. The condensation takes when the temperature reaches closer to dew point. 2. Condensation nucleii - In free air, cooling occurs around very small particles termed as hygroscopic condensation nuclei eg. Particles of dust, smoke, pollen and salt from the ocean. 3.Pressure -the rate of condensation, depends mainly on the vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure, the faster the rate of condensation. 4.Volume of air - a decrease in volume can help in condensation as it increases the relative humidity of the air. Forms of condensation 1. Dew - When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects it is known as dew. 2.Frost - It forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point , i.e. the dew point is at or below the freezing point. 3.mist - It is formed by comparatively bigger droplets of water hanging in the air (in comparison to fog). These droplets form when warmer water in the air is rapidly cooled, causing it to change from invisible gas to tiny visible water droplets 4.fog - When the moist, warm air makes contact with the cooler surface air, water vapor condenses to create fog. he difference between the mist and fog is that mist contains more moisture than fog. 5. clouds - It is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapour in free air .
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##Question:What is condensation? Also, enumerate the different forms of condensation. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Define condensation. Mention the factors affecting condensation. Enumerate different forms of condensation. Introduction Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase i.e. in the case of weather it is the transformation of water vapor to water. Factors affecting condensation: 1. Temperature - with increase in temperature, there is increased evaporation. Also increase in temperature increases the moisture holding capacity of the air. This will facilitate condensation. The condensation takes when the temperature reaches closer to dew point. 2. Condensation nucleii - In free air, cooling occurs around very small particles termed as hygroscopic condensation nuclei eg. Particles of dust, smoke, pollen and salt from the ocean. 3.Pressure -the rate of condensation, depends mainly on the vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure, the faster the rate of condensation. 4.Volume of air - a decrease in volume can help in condensation as it increases the relative humidity of the air. Forms of condensation 1. Dew - When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects it is known as dew. 2.Frost - It forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point , i.e. the dew point is at or below the freezing point. 3.mist - It is formed by comparatively bigger droplets of water hanging in the air (in comparison to fog). These droplets form when warmer water in the air is rapidly cooled, causing it to change from invisible gas to tiny visible water droplets 4.fog - When the moist, warm air makes contact with the cooler surface air, water vapor condenses to create fog. he difference between the mist and fog is that mist contains more moisture than fog. 5. clouds - It is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapour in free air .
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What do you understand by contempt of court? What are the issues arising from the irresponsible use of this power by the higher judiciary in India? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Introduce answer by referring to the article 129 and 215. Explain the concept of Concept of Court. Highlight issues arising due to misuse of the power of contempt of court with recent example. Conclude answer by suggesting the way forward. Answer : Contempt of court (CoC) refers to actions which defy a court’s authority, cast disrespect on a court, or impede the ability of the court to perform its function. Articles 129 and 215 of the Constitution of India empower the Supreme Court and High Courts respectively to punish people for their contempt. Section 10 of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971 defines the power of the High Court to punish contempt of its subordinate courts. CoC is divided as: Civil Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other processes of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court. Criminal Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which: (i) Scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court, or (ii) Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding, or (iii) Interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner. Issues related to contempt power: 1. The contempt powers put a restriction on the freedom of speech and expression provided under article 19(1). 2. the contempt proceedings may disincentivize a genuine criticism of a judicial verdict in the media. Contempt powers are against the principle of natural justice as it is a classic case of Judges being judges in their own cause. (No man should be the judge in his own case) Contempt powers have not been objectively defined, therefore some feel that they have been misused sometimes. However, the real intention behind such powers was to protect the dignity of the institution not of the individual. In a free democratic society criticism of Judiciary is inevitable it should not be a matter of concern as long as it does not obstruct the administration of Justice. Eg. Contempt of court power makes news in the recent day again when famous writer Arundhati Roy charged under the Contempt of Court Act for criticising judiciary for sentencing Saibaba, a professor of Delhi University. However, the contempt provisions have a relevance. Upholding the credibility of the judiciary in a democracy is imperative in order to ensure that the executive doesn"t endanger the independence of the judiciary. If the judiciary is excessively criticized, this criticism may be used as an excuse by the executive to interfere with judicial independence. Constitution under article 19(1) provides contempt of court as a reasonable restriction for curbing the freedom of speech and expression. Hence, contempt based on criticism has a constitutional sanction. Many a time the criticism of the judicial verdicts may be politically motivated. Thus, it is quite clear that contempt of court provision is a necessity. However, we need to make sure that these provisions promote judicial independence rather than compromising judicial accountability. The objective definition of contempt and removing the vague nature may prove to be a good way forward in this regard.
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##Question:What do you understand by contempt of court? What are the issues arising from the irresponsible use of this power by the higher judiciary in India? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce answer by referring to the article 129 and 215. Explain the concept of Concept of Court. Highlight issues arising due to misuse of the power of contempt of court with recent example. Conclude answer by suggesting the way forward. Answer : Contempt of court (CoC) refers to actions which defy a court’s authority, cast disrespect on a court, or impede the ability of the court to perform its function. Articles 129 and 215 of the Constitution of India empower the Supreme Court and High Courts respectively to punish people for their contempt. Section 10 of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971 defines the power of the High Court to punish contempt of its subordinate courts. CoC is divided as: Civil Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other processes of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court. Criminal Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which: (i) Scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court, or (ii) Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding, or (iii) Interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner. Issues related to contempt power: 1. The contempt powers put a restriction on the freedom of speech and expression provided under article 19(1). 2. the contempt proceedings may disincentivize a genuine criticism of a judicial verdict in the media. Contempt powers are against the principle of natural justice as it is a classic case of Judges being judges in their own cause. (No man should be the judge in his own case) Contempt powers have not been objectively defined, therefore some feel that they have been misused sometimes. However, the real intention behind such powers was to protect the dignity of the institution not of the individual. In a free democratic society criticism of Judiciary is inevitable it should not be a matter of concern as long as it does not obstruct the administration of Justice. Eg. Contempt of court power makes news in the recent day again when famous writer Arundhati Roy charged under the Contempt of Court Act for criticising judiciary for sentencing Saibaba, a professor of Delhi University. However, the contempt provisions have a relevance. Upholding the credibility of the judiciary in a democracy is imperative in order to ensure that the executive doesn"t endanger the independence of the judiciary. If the judiciary is excessively criticized, this criticism may be used as an excuse by the executive to interfere with judicial independence. Constitution under article 19(1) provides contempt of court as a reasonable restriction for curbing the freedom of speech and expression. Hence, contempt based on criticism has a constitutional sanction. Many a time the criticism of the judicial verdicts may be politically motivated. Thus, it is quite clear that contempt of court provision is a necessity. However, we need to make sure that these provisions promote judicial independence rather than compromising judicial accountability. The objective definition of contempt and removing the vague nature may prove to be a good way forward in this regard.
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तकनीकी के बढ़ते विकास ने कम्प्यूटिंग को एक नई दिशा प्रदान की है जो मानव सभ्यता को नई ऊंचाइयों तक ले जाने में सक्षम है। विभिन्न कम्प्यूटिंग तकनीकों के संदर्भ में चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) The increasing development of technology has given a new direction to computing which is capable of taking human civilization to new heights. Discuss in the context of various computing techniques. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण : हाल की घटनाओं में तकनीकी के विकास को बताकर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। विभिन्न प्रकार की कम्प्यूटिंग तकनीकों को लिखिए। इन तकनीकों के अनुप्रयोगों को विस्तार से बताइए। अंत में, इनसे जुड़ी चुनौतियों और समाधान को संक्षेप में लिखकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: इंटरनेट के इस बदलते दौर में लगातार तकनीकी में दिन प्रतिदिन विकास हो रहा है। हम लगातार कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, आभासी वास्तविकता, क्वांटम तकनीकी, ब्लॉकचैन तकनीकी आदि में हो रहे परिवर्तन को देखते हैं। इसी दिशा में कम्प्यूटिंग में भी लगातार विकास हो रहा है। जिसे निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है- क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग- क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग के अंतर्गत बड़े डेटाबेसो को संग्रहीत करने, बड़े अनुप्रयोगों को विकसित करने और आवश्यकतानुसार आंकड़ों में बदलाव करने, मांग के आधार पर सेवाओं को प्रदान करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। एज कम्प्यूटिंग- यह एक नई कंप्यूटर प्रणाली है जिसके अंतर्गत डेटा प्रोसेसिंग को स्रोत या सर्वर के निकट लाया जाता है ताकि लेटेंसी और बैंडविध की समस्या को कम किया जा सके। क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग में सभी डेटा को क्लाउड डेटा केंद्रों में भेजकर संसाधित किया जाता है। जबकि एज कम्प्यूटिंग में डेटा को स्थानीय रूप से संग्रहीत और संसाधित किया जाता है। एज कम्प्यूटिंग में डेटा को नेटवर्क तक नहीं भेजा जाता अतः यह प्रणाली धीमी गति और कनेक्टिविटी के मुद्दों को दूर कर सकती है। सुपर कंप्यूटर- आधुनिक परिभाषा के अनुसार वे कंप्यूटर जो 500 मेगा फ्लॉप की क्षमता से कार्य करते हैं सुपर कंप्यूटर कहलाते हैं। एक सुपर कंप्यूटर एक सेंकेंड में एक अरब गणनाएं कर सकता है, अर्थात ये कंप्यूटर उन गणनाओं को भी कर सकते हैं जो मानव क्षमता से परे है। एक सुपर कंप्यूटर में एक से अधिक सीपीयू होते हैं एवं यह एक बार में 100 से अधिक यूजर को सपोर्ट कर सकता है। क्वांटम कम्प्यूटिंग- क्वांटम कंप्यूटर भौतिक विज्ञान के क्वांटम सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है जबकि आधुनिक कंप्यूटर भौतिकी के विद्युत प्रवाह के नियमों पर कार्य करता है। पारंपरिक कंप्यूटर बिट्स (0,1) को संसाधित कर संगणन करते हैं जिसका मान निश्चित होता है। जबकि क्वांटम कंप्यूटर क्यूबिट का इस्तेमाल करते हैं जो निश्चित रूप से शून्य अथवा एक नहीं होता। क्यूबिट एक समय में दोनों मान ग्रहण कर सकते हैं। इन सभी तकनीकी विकास की संभावनाएं या लाभ इस प्रकार हैं- क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग के माध्यम से संसाधनों का कुशलतम इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है, जबकि इसे एज कम्प्यूटिंग से जोड़कर स्लो इंटरनेट की समस्या का समाधान किया जा सकता है। एज कम्प्यूटिंग से इंटरनेट को डेटा को कम करने में मदद मिलती है क्योंकि क्लाउड और नेटवर्क के बीच डेटा प्रवाह की मात्रा कम हो जाती है। इससे लागत में भी कमी आती है। एज कम्प्यूटिंग एक अधिक सुरक्षित विकल्प हो सकता है। क्योंकि यह संवेदनशील जानकारी को फ़िल्टर कर स्थानीय स्तर पर संसाधित किया जाता है। सुपर कंप्यूटर द्वारा उन समीकरणों एवं समस्याओं को हल करने के लिए किया जाता है जो सामान्य कंप्यूटर के लिए जटिल हैं। खगोल भौतिकविदों को ब्राह्मण के अतीत एवं भविष्य का पता लगाने के लिए (बिग बैंग का सत्यापन)। मौसम और जलवायु के कारकों और उनके अन्तःसंबंधों का विश्लेषण करके मौसम पूर्वानुमान को बेहतर किया गया है। इसके अलावा सुपर कंप्यूटर, बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स , फिल्म एनिमेशन, उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण, खनिज अन्वेषण, भूकंप को समझने आदि में उपयोगी हो सकते हैं। क्वांटम कम्प्यूटिंग के माध्यम से योजना पूर्वानुमान को बेहतर बनाया जा सकता है। बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स के क्षेत्र में यह क्रांति ला सकता है। यह कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता को हासिल करने में मददगार होंगी चूंकि डेटा का संसाधन तेजी से किया जा सकेगा। क्वांटम कंप्यूटर क्रिप्टोग्राफ़ी को बेहतर बना सकता है। समग्रतः ये सभी तकनीकी उन्नति मानव सभ्यता के विकास को नई दिशा दे सकती है लेकिन इसके साथ साइबर अपराध, डेटा गोपनीयता, साइबर युद्ध जैसी नई-नई समस्याएं भी जुड़ी हुई है। अतः इनके समाधान के साथ इनका लाभ सुनिश्चित करना चाहिए।
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##Question:तकनीकी के बढ़ते विकास ने कम्प्यूटिंग को एक नई दिशा प्रदान की है जो मानव सभ्यता को नई ऊंचाइयों तक ले जाने में सक्षम है। विभिन्न कम्प्यूटिंग तकनीकों के संदर्भ में चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) The increasing development of technology has given a new direction to computing which is capable of taking human civilization to new heights. Discuss in the context of various computing techniques. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : हाल की घटनाओं में तकनीकी के विकास को बताकर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। विभिन्न प्रकार की कम्प्यूटिंग तकनीकों को लिखिए। इन तकनीकों के अनुप्रयोगों को विस्तार से बताइए। अंत में, इनसे जुड़ी चुनौतियों और समाधान को संक्षेप में लिखकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: इंटरनेट के इस बदलते दौर में लगातार तकनीकी में दिन प्रतिदिन विकास हो रहा है। हम लगातार कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, आभासी वास्तविकता, क्वांटम तकनीकी, ब्लॉकचैन तकनीकी आदि में हो रहे परिवर्तन को देखते हैं। इसी दिशा में कम्प्यूटिंग में भी लगातार विकास हो रहा है। जिसे निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है- क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग- क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग के अंतर्गत बड़े डेटाबेसो को संग्रहीत करने, बड़े अनुप्रयोगों को विकसित करने और आवश्यकतानुसार आंकड़ों में बदलाव करने, मांग के आधार पर सेवाओं को प्रदान करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। एज कम्प्यूटिंग- यह एक नई कंप्यूटर प्रणाली है जिसके अंतर्गत डेटा प्रोसेसिंग को स्रोत या सर्वर के निकट लाया जाता है ताकि लेटेंसी और बैंडविध की समस्या को कम किया जा सके। क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग में सभी डेटा को क्लाउड डेटा केंद्रों में भेजकर संसाधित किया जाता है। जबकि एज कम्प्यूटिंग में डेटा को स्थानीय रूप से संग्रहीत और संसाधित किया जाता है। एज कम्प्यूटिंग में डेटा को नेटवर्क तक नहीं भेजा जाता अतः यह प्रणाली धीमी गति और कनेक्टिविटी के मुद्दों को दूर कर सकती है। सुपर कंप्यूटर- आधुनिक परिभाषा के अनुसार वे कंप्यूटर जो 500 मेगा फ्लॉप की क्षमता से कार्य करते हैं सुपर कंप्यूटर कहलाते हैं। एक सुपर कंप्यूटर एक सेंकेंड में एक अरब गणनाएं कर सकता है, अर्थात ये कंप्यूटर उन गणनाओं को भी कर सकते हैं जो मानव क्षमता से परे है। एक सुपर कंप्यूटर में एक से अधिक सीपीयू होते हैं एवं यह एक बार में 100 से अधिक यूजर को सपोर्ट कर सकता है। क्वांटम कम्प्यूटिंग- क्वांटम कंप्यूटर भौतिक विज्ञान के क्वांटम सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है जबकि आधुनिक कंप्यूटर भौतिकी के विद्युत प्रवाह के नियमों पर कार्य करता है। पारंपरिक कंप्यूटर बिट्स (0,1) को संसाधित कर संगणन करते हैं जिसका मान निश्चित होता है। जबकि क्वांटम कंप्यूटर क्यूबिट का इस्तेमाल करते हैं जो निश्चित रूप से शून्य अथवा एक नहीं होता। क्यूबिट एक समय में दोनों मान ग्रहण कर सकते हैं। इन सभी तकनीकी विकास की संभावनाएं या लाभ इस प्रकार हैं- क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग के माध्यम से संसाधनों का कुशलतम इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है, जबकि इसे एज कम्प्यूटिंग से जोड़कर स्लो इंटरनेट की समस्या का समाधान किया जा सकता है। एज कम्प्यूटिंग से इंटरनेट को डेटा को कम करने में मदद मिलती है क्योंकि क्लाउड और नेटवर्क के बीच डेटा प्रवाह की मात्रा कम हो जाती है। इससे लागत में भी कमी आती है। एज कम्प्यूटिंग एक अधिक सुरक्षित विकल्प हो सकता है। क्योंकि यह संवेदनशील जानकारी को फ़िल्टर कर स्थानीय स्तर पर संसाधित किया जाता है। सुपर कंप्यूटर द्वारा उन समीकरणों एवं समस्याओं को हल करने के लिए किया जाता है जो सामान्य कंप्यूटर के लिए जटिल हैं। खगोल भौतिकविदों को ब्राह्मण के अतीत एवं भविष्य का पता लगाने के लिए (बिग बैंग का सत्यापन)। मौसम और जलवायु के कारकों और उनके अन्तःसंबंधों का विश्लेषण करके मौसम पूर्वानुमान को बेहतर किया गया है। इसके अलावा सुपर कंप्यूटर, बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स , फिल्म एनिमेशन, उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण, खनिज अन्वेषण, भूकंप को समझने आदि में उपयोगी हो सकते हैं। क्वांटम कम्प्यूटिंग के माध्यम से योजना पूर्वानुमान को बेहतर बनाया जा सकता है। बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स के क्षेत्र में यह क्रांति ला सकता है। यह कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता को हासिल करने में मददगार होंगी चूंकि डेटा का संसाधन तेजी से किया जा सकेगा। क्वांटम कंप्यूटर क्रिप्टोग्राफ़ी को बेहतर बना सकता है। समग्रतः ये सभी तकनीकी उन्नति मानव सभ्यता के विकास को नई दिशा दे सकती है लेकिन इसके साथ साइबर अपराध, डेटा गोपनीयता, साइबर युद्ध जैसी नई-नई समस्याएं भी जुड़ी हुई है। अतः इनके समाधान के साथ इनका लाभ सुनिश्चित करना चाहिए।
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RBI की सहायक संस्थाओं का परिचय देते हुए इनके कार्यों की भी संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Giving introduction to the subsidiary companies of Reserve Bank of India, discuss their functions in brief. (150-200 words, Marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण :- RBI का संक्षिप्त परिचय देते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . RBI की सहायक संस्थाओं की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . RBI की विभिन्न सहायक संस्थाओं के कार्यों का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए . उत्तर :- भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक ( RBI ) की स्थापना भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक अधिनियम, 1934 के प्रावधानों के अनुसार 1 अप्रैल, 1935 को हुई . प्रारंभ में RBI निजी स्वमित्व वाली संस्था थी , वर्ष 1949 में राष्ट्रीयकरण के बाद से इस पर भारत सरकार का पूर्ण स्वमित्व है . भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक की प्रस्तावना में बैंक के मूल कार्य इस प्रकार वर्णित किए गए हैं: “भारत में मौद्रिक स्थिरता प्राप्त करने की दृष्टि से बैंकनोटों के निर्गम को विनियमित करना तथा प्रारक्षित निधि को बनाएं रखना और सामान्य रूप से देश के हित में मुद्रा और ऋण प्रणाली संचालित करना, अत्यधिक जटिल अर्थव्यवस्था की चुनौती से निपटने के लिए आधुनिक मौद्रिक नीति फ्रेमवर्क रखना, वृद्धि के उद्देश्य को ध्यान में रखते हुए मूल्य स्थिरता बनाए रखना .” वर्तमान में RBI की पांच पूर्ण स्वामित्व वाली सहायक संस्थाएं कार्यरत हैं ; RBI की सहायक संस्थाओं को हम निम्न रूपों में देख सकते हैं :- 1. निक्षेप बीमा और प्रत्यय गारंटी निगम / Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) :- इसका प्रमुख कार्य विभिन्न बैंकों में जमा डिपोजिट या निक्षेप का बीमा सुनिश्चित करना है . 1950 के दशक में जब अनेक बैंक वित्तीय संकट से जूझ रहे थे तब यह सोचा गया कि यदि जमाकर्ताओं की धनराशि का इंश्योरेंस कराया जाए तो लोगों का बैंकिंग व्यवस्था में विश्वास और बढेगा . इसी क्रम में 1961 में DICGC एक्ट पारित हुआ वर्तमान में DICGC की प्रमुख विशेषताएं निम्नलिखित हैं :- वर्तमान में एक बैंक एक व्यक्ति एक खाता के सिद्धांत पर पांच लाख रूपये तक का बीमा कराया जाता है अर्थात यदि बैंक दिवालिया हो तो जमाकर्ता को 05 लाख रूपये या जमा धनराशी जो न्यूनतम हो DICGC द्वारा दी जायेगी . इस बीमा का प्रीमियम धनराशी बैंक द्वारा दी जाती है इसे DICGC विभिन्न घटकों एवं जोखिमों को चिन्हित करते हुए निर्धारित करता है . यह धनराशि 90 दिनों के अंदर DICGC द्वारा ग्राहकों को दी जाती है . कोई भी बैंक DICGC द्वारा इंश्योरेंस करा सकता है . 2. रिजर्व बैंक सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी प्राइवेट लिमिटेड / Reserve Bank Information Technology Private Limited (ReBIT) :- ReBIT वर्ष 2015 से RBI की सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी की आवश्यकताओं तथा साइबर सुरक्षा की जिम्मेदारियों का निर्वहन कर रहा है . इसके प्रमुख कार्यों में RBI की सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी की आवश्यकताओं तथा साइबर सुरक्षा को सुनिश्चित करना . साथ ही बैंकिंग प्रणाली के साइबर तंत्र को और सुदृढ़ तथा सुरक्षित बनाना . RBI के विभिन्न IT ऑडिट अर्थात सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी की जांच - पड़ताल सुनिश्चित करना . विभिन्न नवाचार तथा बदलती आवश्यकताओं के अनुरूप प्रौद्योगिकी को विकसित करना . फिनटेक( FinTech ) तथा रेगटेक ( RegTech ) के सन्दर्भ में आवश्यक शोध सुनिश्चित करना ताकि RBI एक सुरक्षित डिजिटल कार्यप्रणाली अपना सके . 3. IFTAS ( Indian Financial Technology & Allied Services ) :- IFTAS RBI के 100% स्वामित्व की संस्था है जो विभिन्न भुगतानों के लिए साइबर क्लाउड तथा नवाचार को सुनिश्चित करती है . यह संस्था भारत के विभिन्न वित्तीय संस्था तथा विभिन्न अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थानों के बीच सुरक्षित एवं सुगम बनाती है . 4. RBI इनोवेशन हब ( RBiH ) :- ये संस्था विभिन्न डिजिटल नवाचारों हेतु उत्तरदायी है , जिससे वित्तीय सेवाओं का यथासंभव डिजिटलीकरण किया जा सके . इस दिशा में ये नए सॉफ्टवेयर आदि का पाइलट रन सुनिश्चित करती है . इसके अंतर्गत एक RBI सेंडबॉक्स भी है जो विभिन्न नई तकनीकियों एवं सॉफ्टवेयर का डिजिटल इकोसिस्टम के सन्दर्भ में सुरक्षा इत्यादि पहलुओं की जांच करता है . 5. भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक नोट मुद्रण प्राइवेट लिमिटेड ( BRBNMPL ) :- भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक नोट मुद्रण प्राइवेट लिमिटेड भी RBI की शत प्रतिशत स्वामित्व वाली एक संस्था है जो वर्ष 1995 से कार्यरत है . यह संस्था भी विभिन्न प्रकार के नोट की छपाई में सहयोग करती है ; इसके अंतर्गत मैसूर ( कर्नाटक ) तथा सलगोनी ( पश्चिम बंगाल ) दो प्रेस कार्यरत हैं . इस प्रकार हम देखते हैं कि RBI अपने विभिन्न सहायक संस्थाओं के माध्यम से देश की वित्तीय व आर्थिक गतिविधियों को बढ़ावा देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वहन करती है .
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##Question:RBI की सहायक संस्थाओं का परिचय देते हुए इनके कार्यों की भी संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Giving introduction to the subsidiary companies of Reserve Bank of India, discuss their functions in brief. (150-200 words, Marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण :- RBI का संक्षिप्त परिचय देते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . RBI की सहायक संस्थाओं की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . RBI की विभिन्न सहायक संस्थाओं के कार्यों का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए . उत्तर :- भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक ( RBI ) की स्थापना भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक अधिनियम, 1934 के प्रावधानों के अनुसार 1 अप्रैल, 1935 को हुई . प्रारंभ में RBI निजी स्वमित्व वाली संस्था थी , वर्ष 1949 में राष्ट्रीयकरण के बाद से इस पर भारत सरकार का पूर्ण स्वमित्व है . भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक की प्रस्तावना में बैंक के मूल कार्य इस प्रकार वर्णित किए गए हैं: “भारत में मौद्रिक स्थिरता प्राप्त करने की दृष्टि से बैंकनोटों के निर्गम को विनियमित करना तथा प्रारक्षित निधि को बनाएं रखना और सामान्य रूप से देश के हित में मुद्रा और ऋण प्रणाली संचालित करना, अत्यधिक जटिल अर्थव्यवस्था की चुनौती से निपटने के लिए आधुनिक मौद्रिक नीति फ्रेमवर्क रखना, वृद्धि के उद्देश्य को ध्यान में रखते हुए मूल्य स्थिरता बनाए रखना .” वर्तमान में RBI की पांच पूर्ण स्वामित्व वाली सहायक संस्थाएं कार्यरत हैं ; RBI की सहायक संस्थाओं को हम निम्न रूपों में देख सकते हैं :- 1. निक्षेप बीमा और प्रत्यय गारंटी निगम / Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) :- इसका प्रमुख कार्य विभिन्न बैंकों में जमा डिपोजिट या निक्षेप का बीमा सुनिश्चित करना है . 1950 के दशक में जब अनेक बैंक वित्तीय संकट से जूझ रहे थे तब यह सोचा गया कि यदि जमाकर्ताओं की धनराशि का इंश्योरेंस कराया जाए तो लोगों का बैंकिंग व्यवस्था में विश्वास और बढेगा . इसी क्रम में 1961 में DICGC एक्ट पारित हुआ वर्तमान में DICGC की प्रमुख विशेषताएं निम्नलिखित हैं :- वर्तमान में एक बैंक एक व्यक्ति एक खाता के सिद्धांत पर पांच लाख रूपये तक का बीमा कराया जाता है अर्थात यदि बैंक दिवालिया हो तो जमाकर्ता को 05 लाख रूपये या जमा धनराशी जो न्यूनतम हो DICGC द्वारा दी जायेगी . इस बीमा का प्रीमियम धनराशी बैंक द्वारा दी जाती है इसे DICGC विभिन्न घटकों एवं जोखिमों को चिन्हित करते हुए निर्धारित करता है . यह धनराशि 90 दिनों के अंदर DICGC द्वारा ग्राहकों को दी जाती है . कोई भी बैंक DICGC द्वारा इंश्योरेंस करा सकता है . 2. रिजर्व बैंक सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी प्राइवेट लिमिटेड / Reserve Bank Information Technology Private Limited (ReBIT) :- ReBIT वर्ष 2015 से RBI की सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी की आवश्यकताओं तथा साइबर सुरक्षा की जिम्मेदारियों का निर्वहन कर रहा है . इसके प्रमुख कार्यों में RBI की सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी की आवश्यकताओं तथा साइबर सुरक्षा को सुनिश्चित करना . साथ ही बैंकिंग प्रणाली के साइबर तंत्र को और सुदृढ़ तथा सुरक्षित बनाना . RBI के विभिन्न IT ऑडिट अर्थात सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी की जांच - पड़ताल सुनिश्चित करना . विभिन्न नवाचार तथा बदलती आवश्यकताओं के अनुरूप प्रौद्योगिकी को विकसित करना . फिनटेक( FinTech ) तथा रेगटेक ( RegTech ) के सन्दर्भ में आवश्यक शोध सुनिश्चित करना ताकि RBI एक सुरक्षित डिजिटल कार्यप्रणाली अपना सके . 3. IFTAS ( Indian Financial Technology & Allied Services ) :- IFTAS RBI के 100% स्वामित्व की संस्था है जो विभिन्न भुगतानों के लिए साइबर क्लाउड तथा नवाचार को सुनिश्चित करती है . यह संस्था भारत के विभिन्न वित्तीय संस्था तथा विभिन्न अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थानों के बीच सुरक्षित एवं सुगम बनाती है . 4. RBI इनोवेशन हब ( RBiH ) :- ये संस्था विभिन्न डिजिटल नवाचारों हेतु उत्तरदायी है , जिससे वित्तीय सेवाओं का यथासंभव डिजिटलीकरण किया जा सके . इस दिशा में ये नए सॉफ्टवेयर आदि का पाइलट रन सुनिश्चित करती है . इसके अंतर्गत एक RBI सेंडबॉक्स भी है जो विभिन्न नई तकनीकियों एवं सॉफ्टवेयर का डिजिटल इकोसिस्टम के सन्दर्भ में सुरक्षा इत्यादि पहलुओं की जांच करता है . 5. भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक नोट मुद्रण प्राइवेट लिमिटेड ( BRBNMPL ) :- भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक नोट मुद्रण प्राइवेट लिमिटेड भी RBI की शत प्रतिशत स्वामित्व वाली एक संस्था है जो वर्ष 1995 से कार्यरत है . यह संस्था भी विभिन्न प्रकार के नोट की छपाई में सहयोग करती है ; इसके अंतर्गत मैसूर ( कर्नाटक ) तथा सलगोनी ( पश्चिम बंगाल ) दो प्रेस कार्यरत हैं . इस प्रकार हम देखते हैं कि RBI अपने विभिन्न सहायक संस्थाओं के माध्यम से देश की वित्तीय व आर्थिक गतिविधियों को बढ़ावा देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वहन करती है .
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Although India initially participated in negotiating the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), it subsequently walked out of the negotiations and has never signed the treaty. Evaluate India’s Stand with respect to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the origin and main aims and objective of the Treaty. Then further elaborate on the importance of the Treaty. Then bring up the reason for India not joining the treaty. Then bring up why India should join the CTBT Conclude with positive notes. Answer The Conference on Disarmament (CD) began its substantive negotiations on a comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty in January 1994 within the framework of an Ad Hoc Committee established for that purpose. It was opened for signature in 1995. 184 countries have signed the treaty and 168 countries have ratified it but CTBT has yet not entered into force. CTBT bans all explosions of nuclear weapons for both civilian and military purposes. It has been defined as a Zero-Yield Test Ban that would prohibit the Super-Critical Hydro-Nuclear test but not the Sub-Critical Hydro-Dynamic test. CTBT aims to check vertical proliferation by banning complete physical testing of nuclear weapons. The reason for the Indian Advocacy for the CTBT India traditionally has been supportive of global Nuclear disarmament In 1954, due to PM Nehru"s initiative standstill agreement on nuclear testing was proposed. This was at a time when the USA and the then Soviet Union were engaged in nuclear weapon testing at high frequency. India pioneered PTBT in 1963. India has been observing a unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing since 1998 PM Modi commented that India will continue to strengthen global Non-Proliferation efforts. India continues to believe that its national interest is best served in a de-nuclearised world. CTBT has importance as it is the largest arms control treaty and by constraining the development and qualitative improvement of Nuclear weapons, the treaty puts a break on the Nuclear arms race The reason for India remains out of CTBT India contests that this treaty is neither comprehensive nor a test ban . Developed countries can carry out sub-critical and lab-simulated tests . As per India"s stand, CTBT is neither a comprehensive nor a test ban treaty, as it only bans the physical test and hypercritical nuclear test. Today because of technology the country can do lab-simulated tests and sub-critical nuclear tests. CTBT was open to signing in 1995 and at that time India was threatened by the Nuclear weapon state of china, so India in a hurry conducted the nuclear weapon test. CTBT was open to signing in 1995 and at that time India was threatened by the Nuclear Weapon State of China , so India in a hurry conducted the nuclear weapon test. It is discriminatory in nature and divides the world into nuclear haves and nuclear have-nots. The Nuclear weapon states have marginal utility in carrying out further Nuclear tests. India stands for Universal Comprehensive Time-bound and Verifiable Nuclear disarmament. India in principle opposes the Entry-Into-Force (EIF) clause . EIF mandated that all IMS member states ratify this treaty for it to enter into force. Consequently, India had to withdraw from IMS. Therefore, India holds this treaty to be violative of the Vienna Convention on laws of the treaty . Arguments for India joining CTBT India has nothing to lose by joining CTBT. India has a self-imposed moratorium on future nuclear testing . The Civil Nuclear Agreements that India has signed with countries like USA and Japan impose the condition on India not to undertake Nuclear testing or else Nuclear cooperation with these countries will terminate. India has the capability to conduct a lab-simulated subcritical nuclear test. Also, under India"s Nuclear Doctrine, India subscribes to Credible Minimum Deterrence i.e. India will not be part of the Nuclear Arms race and will possess only such numbers of nuclear weapons which can act as effective deterrence against any future nuclear attacks on India By joining the CTBT India will gain access to data from International Monitoring System (IMS), an International Data Center (IDC) which can be used for civilian purposes and scientific research. This information has utility for research purposes such as in radionuclide has utility in studying crust topology, Sun study, and seismological study. Besides that India"s credentials as a responsible Nuclear weapon state will be bolstered. Thus It will strengthen Inda"s case for membership in NSG (Nuclear Suppliers Group) and UNSC . Moreover, India acceding to CTBT will nudge other non-signatories to join CTBT and strengthen the international nuclear arms control regime and it can act as a stepping stone in making a de-nuclearised world.
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##Question:Although India initially participated in negotiating the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), it subsequently walked out of the negotiations and has never signed the treaty. Evaluate India’s Stand with respect to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the origin and main aims and objective of the Treaty. Then further elaborate on the importance of the Treaty. Then bring up the reason for India not joining the treaty. Then bring up why India should join the CTBT Conclude with positive notes. Answer The Conference on Disarmament (CD) began its substantive negotiations on a comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty in January 1994 within the framework of an Ad Hoc Committee established for that purpose. It was opened for signature in 1995. 184 countries have signed the treaty and 168 countries have ratified it but CTBT has yet not entered into force. CTBT bans all explosions of nuclear weapons for both civilian and military purposes. It has been defined as a Zero-Yield Test Ban that would prohibit the Super-Critical Hydro-Nuclear test but not the Sub-Critical Hydro-Dynamic test. CTBT aims to check vertical proliferation by banning complete physical testing of nuclear weapons. The reason for the Indian Advocacy for the CTBT India traditionally has been supportive of global Nuclear disarmament In 1954, due to PM Nehru"s initiative standstill agreement on nuclear testing was proposed. This was at a time when the USA and the then Soviet Union were engaged in nuclear weapon testing at high frequency. India pioneered PTBT in 1963. India has been observing a unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing since 1998 PM Modi commented that India will continue to strengthen global Non-Proliferation efforts. India continues to believe that its national interest is best served in a de-nuclearised world. CTBT has importance as it is the largest arms control treaty and by constraining the development and qualitative improvement of Nuclear weapons, the treaty puts a break on the Nuclear arms race The reason for India remains out of CTBT India contests that this treaty is neither comprehensive nor a test ban . Developed countries can carry out sub-critical and lab-simulated tests . As per India"s stand, CTBT is neither a comprehensive nor a test ban treaty, as it only bans the physical test and hypercritical nuclear test. Today because of technology the country can do lab-simulated tests and sub-critical nuclear tests. CTBT was open to signing in 1995 and at that time India was threatened by the Nuclear weapon state of china, so India in a hurry conducted the nuclear weapon test. CTBT was open to signing in 1995 and at that time India was threatened by the Nuclear Weapon State of China , so India in a hurry conducted the nuclear weapon test. It is discriminatory in nature and divides the world into nuclear haves and nuclear have-nots. The Nuclear weapon states have marginal utility in carrying out further Nuclear tests. India stands for Universal Comprehensive Time-bound and Verifiable Nuclear disarmament. India in principle opposes the Entry-Into-Force (EIF) clause . EIF mandated that all IMS member states ratify this treaty for it to enter into force. Consequently, India had to withdraw from IMS. Therefore, India holds this treaty to be violative of the Vienna Convention on laws of the treaty . Arguments for India joining CTBT India has nothing to lose by joining CTBT. India has a self-imposed moratorium on future nuclear testing . The Civil Nuclear Agreements that India has signed with countries like USA and Japan impose the condition on India not to undertake Nuclear testing or else Nuclear cooperation with these countries will terminate. India has the capability to conduct a lab-simulated subcritical nuclear test. Also, under India"s Nuclear Doctrine, India subscribes to Credible Minimum Deterrence i.e. India will not be part of the Nuclear Arms race and will possess only such numbers of nuclear weapons which can act as effective deterrence against any future nuclear attacks on India By joining the CTBT India will gain access to data from International Monitoring System (IMS), an International Data Center (IDC) which can be used for civilian purposes and scientific research. This information has utility for research purposes such as in radionuclide has utility in studying crust topology, Sun study, and seismological study. Besides that India"s credentials as a responsible Nuclear weapon state will be bolstered. Thus It will strengthen Inda"s case for membership in NSG (Nuclear Suppliers Group) and UNSC . Moreover, India acceding to CTBT will nudge other non-signatories to join CTBT and strengthen the international nuclear arms control regime and it can act as a stepping stone in making a de-nuclearised world.
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भारत व मालदीव में सहयोग के विभिन्न क्षेत्र विद्यमान होने के बावजूद पिछले कुछ वर्षो में दोनों देशों संबंधों में काफी उतार-चढ़ाव देखा गया है | क्या आपको लगता है ,मालदीव में हालियाँ सत्ता परिवर्तन भारत-मालदीव संबंधों के लिए एक सकारात्मक संकेत है ?(200 शब्द )
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भारत 1965 में मालदीव की स्वंत्रतता के पश्चात उसे मान्यता देने प्रदान करने और उसके साथ राजनयिक संबंध स्थापित करने वाला पहला राष्ट्र था | दोनों देशों के सम्बन्ध 2013 तक बिना सीमाओं के बावजूद लगातार बढ़ते रहे | मालदीव में 2013-2018 के बीच राष्ट्रपति यामीन के कार्यकाल में भारत व मालदीव के सम्बन्ध काफ़ी उतार-चढ़ाव भरे रहे | सहयोग के क्षेत्र – हिन्द महासागर में मालदीव की अवस्थिति समुद्री सुरक्षा की दृष्टि से इसे महत्वपूर्ण बनाती हैं | इसके साथ ही , केरल व लक्ष्यद्वीप मालदीव द्वीपों के बहुत निकट स्थित है | आर्थिक विकास व सहयोग – भारत मालदीव में एक अग्रणी विकास भागीदार है | भारत ने इंद्रा गाँधी मेमोरियल हॉस्पिटल , फैकल्टी ऑफ़ इंजीनियरिंग टेक्नोलॉजी सहित मालदीव में कई प्रमुख संस्थानों की स्थापना की है | भारत में मालदीव को 100 मिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर की ऋण सुविधा प्रदान की है | भारत और मालदीव ने 1981 में एक व्यापार समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किये थे सैन्य सहयोग - भारत ने मालदीव में तीन तटीय निगरानी रडार प्रणालीयों की स्थापना की हैं | 2011 में माले में भारत ,श्रीलंका और मालदीव ने त्रिपक्षीय समुद्री सुरक्षा सहयोग पहल की शुरुआत की है | विवाद के बिंदु व संबंधों में उतार-चढ़ाव – मालदीव ने चीन की मेरीटाइम सिल्क रोड परियोजना का समर्थन किया है | इस परियोजना के हिन्द महासागर में रणनीतिक निहितार्थ के कारण भारत ने इसका विरोध किया हैं | 2010 में GMR के साथ एक समझौते को समाप्त करने के पश्चात भारत और मालदीव के बीच संबंधों में तनाव आ गया | भारत को चिंता है की चीन अपने रणनीतिक सहयोगी पाकिस्तान के साथ मिलकर मालदीव का उपयोग भारत को रणनीतिक रूप से अवरुद्ध करने के लिए कर सकता है| मालदीव में इस्लामिक कटट्टरता का बढ़ाना | मालदीव के साथ चीन के संबंधों को लेकर भी भारत असहज है , मालदीव द्वारा पारित नया कानून ,जो की कुछ निर्धारित शर्तों पर भूमि पर पूर्ण विदेशी स्वामित्व की अनुमति देता है ,चीन को हिन् महासागर में अपने पाँव ज़माने और विस्तार करने में यह बहुत सहायक होगा | भारत ने फरवरी 2018 में मालदीव में लगाये गए आपातकाल ,व इसकी अवधी बढानें पर निराशा व्यक्त की थीं | मालदीव ने भारत को दरकिनार कर ,चीन के साथ FTA किया है | मालदीव द्वारा ,भारतीय कामगारों को काम के लिए वीजा देने से माना करना हालियाँ सत्ता परिवर्तन व् इसके निहितार्थ- हाल ही में संपन्न मालदीव के चुनाव में मोहम्मद सोलिह ने ,अब्दुल्ला यामीन को हराकर सत्ता प्राप्त की है | उम्मीद की जा रही है की ,मालदीव के इस सत्ता परिवर्तन से चीन का मालदीव में प्रभाव कम होगा , हालांकि कई विश्लेषकों को मानना श्रीलंका में भी 2015 में सरकार बदली थी लेकिन चीन का प्रभाव कम नहीं हुआ ,ऐसे में यह कहना जल्दबाजी होगी की चीन मालदीव से बेदखल हो जायेगा | मालदीव, चीन व भारत के बीच संतुलन बनाने का प्रयास करेगा|
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##Question:भारत व मालदीव में सहयोग के विभिन्न क्षेत्र विद्यमान होने के बावजूद पिछले कुछ वर्षो में दोनों देशों संबंधों में काफी उतार-चढ़ाव देखा गया है | क्या आपको लगता है ,मालदीव में हालियाँ सत्ता परिवर्तन भारत-मालदीव संबंधों के लिए एक सकारात्मक संकेत है ?(200 शब्द )##Answer:भारत 1965 में मालदीव की स्वंत्रतता के पश्चात उसे मान्यता देने प्रदान करने और उसके साथ राजनयिक संबंध स्थापित करने वाला पहला राष्ट्र था | दोनों देशों के सम्बन्ध 2013 तक बिना सीमाओं के बावजूद लगातार बढ़ते रहे | मालदीव में 2013-2018 के बीच राष्ट्रपति यामीन के कार्यकाल में भारत व मालदीव के सम्बन्ध काफ़ी उतार-चढ़ाव भरे रहे | सहयोग के क्षेत्र – हिन्द महासागर में मालदीव की अवस्थिति समुद्री सुरक्षा की दृष्टि से इसे महत्वपूर्ण बनाती हैं | इसके साथ ही , केरल व लक्ष्यद्वीप मालदीव द्वीपों के बहुत निकट स्थित है | आर्थिक विकास व सहयोग – भारत मालदीव में एक अग्रणी विकास भागीदार है | भारत ने इंद्रा गाँधी मेमोरियल हॉस्पिटल , फैकल्टी ऑफ़ इंजीनियरिंग टेक्नोलॉजी सहित मालदीव में कई प्रमुख संस्थानों की स्थापना की है | भारत में मालदीव को 100 मिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर की ऋण सुविधा प्रदान की है | भारत और मालदीव ने 1981 में एक व्यापार समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किये थे सैन्य सहयोग - भारत ने मालदीव में तीन तटीय निगरानी रडार प्रणालीयों की स्थापना की हैं | 2011 में माले में भारत ,श्रीलंका और मालदीव ने त्रिपक्षीय समुद्री सुरक्षा सहयोग पहल की शुरुआत की है | विवाद के बिंदु व संबंधों में उतार-चढ़ाव – मालदीव ने चीन की मेरीटाइम सिल्क रोड परियोजना का समर्थन किया है | इस परियोजना के हिन्द महासागर में रणनीतिक निहितार्थ के कारण भारत ने इसका विरोध किया हैं | 2010 में GMR के साथ एक समझौते को समाप्त करने के पश्चात भारत और मालदीव के बीच संबंधों में तनाव आ गया | भारत को चिंता है की चीन अपने रणनीतिक सहयोगी पाकिस्तान के साथ मिलकर मालदीव का उपयोग भारत को रणनीतिक रूप से अवरुद्ध करने के लिए कर सकता है| मालदीव में इस्लामिक कटट्टरता का बढ़ाना | मालदीव के साथ चीन के संबंधों को लेकर भी भारत असहज है , मालदीव द्वारा पारित नया कानून ,जो की कुछ निर्धारित शर्तों पर भूमि पर पूर्ण विदेशी स्वामित्व की अनुमति देता है ,चीन को हिन् महासागर में अपने पाँव ज़माने और विस्तार करने में यह बहुत सहायक होगा | भारत ने फरवरी 2018 में मालदीव में लगाये गए आपातकाल ,व इसकी अवधी बढानें पर निराशा व्यक्त की थीं | मालदीव ने भारत को दरकिनार कर ,चीन के साथ FTA किया है | मालदीव द्वारा ,भारतीय कामगारों को काम के लिए वीजा देने से माना करना हालियाँ सत्ता परिवर्तन व् इसके निहितार्थ- हाल ही में संपन्न मालदीव के चुनाव में मोहम्मद सोलिह ने ,अब्दुल्ला यामीन को हराकर सत्ता प्राप्त की है | उम्मीद की जा रही है की ,मालदीव के इस सत्ता परिवर्तन से चीन का मालदीव में प्रभाव कम होगा , हालांकि कई विश्लेषकों को मानना श्रीलंका में भी 2015 में सरकार बदली थी लेकिन चीन का प्रभाव कम नहीं हुआ ,ऐसे में यह कहना जल्दबाजी होगी की चीन मालदीव से बेदखल हो जायेगा | मालदीव, चीन व भारत के बीच संतुलन बनाने का प्रयास करेगा|
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डेटा स्थानीयकरण क्या है? वर्तमान में इससे संबंधित मुद्दों की चर्चा कीजिए। (150 - 200 शब्द ; 10 अंक) What is data localization? Discuss the issues related to it at present. (150 - 200 words; 10 अंक)
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दृष्टिकोण: भूमिका में सर्वप्रथम डेटा स्थानीयकरण को परिभाषित कीजिए डेटा स्थानीयकरण संबंधी मुद्दे तथा चुनौती लिखिए डेटा स्थानीयकरण के लाभ लिखिए अंत में आगे की राह प्रदान कीजिए उत्तर: किसी निश्चित भगौलिक क्षेत्र में उत्पन्न हुए डेटा को उसी भौगौलिक स्थान पर संग्रहित करना डेटा स्थानीयकरण है। इसमें महत्वपूर्ण तथा गैर-महत्वपूर्ण दोनों प्रकार के डेटा का स्थानीयकरण है जैसे कि भारत में उत्पन्न डेटा का भारत में ही संग्रहण करना। यह अवधारणा भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक तथा वाणिज्य मंत्रालय द्वारा जारी की गयी अधिसूचना के परिप्रेक्ष्य में महत्वपूर्ण बनकर उभरी है। डेटा स्थानीयकरण के लाभ : बाजार की बेहतर समझ अर्थात लोकल उद्योगों द्वारा डेटा का आवश्यकता अनुसार प्रसंस्करण किया जा सकता है। नवाचार को बढ़ावा(डेटा माइनिंग) जैसे कि क्रिप्टोकरेंसी के संदर्भ में डेटा माइनिंग एक महत्वपूर्ण उद्योग के रूप में स्थापित हुआ है। आर्थिक विकास एवं कृत्रिम बुद्धिमता को बढ़ावा मिलेगा। AI के जीवन के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण हो जाने से डेटा की आवश्यकता हुई है जिसमें डेटा स्थानीयकरण से लाभ प्राप्त होने की संभावना है। गोपनीयता एवं निजता के खतरे कम हो सकते हैं। विदेशी सर्वर तथा क्लाउड में डेटा संग्रहण करने से लीक की स्थिति में जाँच एजेंसियों के दायरे से बाहर हो जाते हैं। डेटा साम्राज्यवाद को रोकना संभव जैसे कि वर्तमान में गूगल, माइक्रोसॉफ्ट तथा अमेज़न जैसी कंपनियां कर रही है। जाँच एजेंसियों को निगरानी के लिए डेटा आसानी से उपलब्ध होगा क्योंकि दूसरे देशों में क़ानूनी जटिलताएँ आती हैं। डेटा स्थानीयकरण संबंधी मुद्दे: इससे क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का उद्देश्य प्रभावित होता है। वर्तमान में आईटी उद्योग में क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का अत्यधिक महत्व है ऐसे सेवाएँ सिलिकन वैली की कंपनियों द्वारा उपलब्ध करवाई जा रही है जैसे कि अमेज़न वेब सर्विस। इससे ईज ऑफ़ डूइंग बिज़नेस प्रभावित होता है जैसे कि डेटा स्थानीयकरण हेतु भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक द्वारा जारी अधिसूचना के संदर्भ में देखा गया था। चूँकि डेटा को एन्क्रिप्ट किया जाता है अत: डेटा प्रसंस्करण में जाँच एजेंसियों को परेशानी होगी। क्योंकि डेटा को डिक्रिप्ट करने हेतु विशेषज्ञता की आवश्यकता होती है। इससे सरकार की निगरानी बढ़ सकती है। इस संदर्भ में कुछ विशेषज्ञों द्वारा संभावना व्यक्त की जा रही है। भारत के BPO उद्योग इत्यादि प्रभावित होंगें। भारत में BPO उद्योग विदेशी आय का एक महत्वपूर्ण स्त्रोत है इसलिए डेटा स्थानीयकरण इसे प्रभावित कर सकता है। इतने अधिक डेटा को सुरक्षित रूप से नियंत्रित करना भी चुनौतीपूर्ण होगा। भारत में सर्वर उपकरणों की कमी से डेटा स्थानीयकरण प्रभावित होने की सम्भावना है। फेसबुक इत्यादि जैसी कंपनियों का अतिरिक्त खर्च बढ़ेगा। USA भारत पर प्रतिबंध लगा सकता है। इस मुद्दे को विश्व व्यापार संगठन में चुनौती भी प्रदान की जा सकती है। आगे की राह डेटा स्थानीयकरण को विधिक स्वरूप प्रदान करना। व्यक्तिगत डेटा संरक्षण विधेयक को तीव्रता से पारित करना। भारत में आईटी उपकरण विनिर्माण उद्योग को बढ़ावा देना।
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##Question:डेटा स्थानीयकरण क्या है? वर्तमान में इससे संबंधित मुद्दों की चर्चा कीजिए। (150 - 200 शब्द ; 10 अंक) What is data localization? Discuss the issues related to it at present. (150 - 200 words; 10 अंक)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: भूमिका में सर्वप्रथम डेटा स्थानीयकरण को परिभाषित कीजिए डेटा स्थानीयकरण संबंधी मुद्दे तथा चुनौती लिखिए डेटा स्थानीयकरण के लाभ लिखिए अंत में आगे की राह प्रदान कीजिए उत्तर: किसी निश्चित भगौलिक क्षेत्र में उत्पन्न हुए डेटा को उसी भौगौलिक स्थान पर संग्रहित करना डेटा स्थानीयकरण है। इसमें महत्वपूर्ण तथा गैर-महत्वपूर्ण दोनों प्रकार के डेटा का स्थानीयकरण है जैसे कि भारत में उत्पन्न डेटा का भारत में ही संग्रहण करना। यह अवधारणा भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक तथा वाणिज्य मंत्रालय द्वारा जारी की गयी अधिसूचना के परिप्रेक्ष्य में महत्वपूर्ण बनकर उभरी है। डेटा स्थानीयकरण के लाभ : बाजार की बेहतर समझ अर्थात लोकल उद्योगों द्वारा डेटा का आवश्यकता अनुसार प्रसंस्करण किया जा सकता है। नवाचार को बढ़ावा(डेटा माइनिंग) जैसे कि क्रिप्टोकरेंसी के संदर्भ में डेटा माइनिंग एक महत्वपूर्ण उद्योग के रूप में स्थापित हुआ है। आर्थिक विकास एवं कृत्रिम बुद्धिमता को बढ़ावा मिलेगा। AI के जीवन के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण हो जाने से डेटा की आवश्यकता हुई है जिसमें डेटा स्थानीयकरण से लाभ प्राप्त होने की संभावना है। गोपनीयता एवं निजता के खतरे कम हो सकते हैं। विदेशी सर्वर तथा क्लाउड में डेटा संग्रहण करने से लीक की स्थिति में जाँच एजेंसियों के दायरे से बाहर हो जाते हैं। डेटा साम्राज्यवाद को रोकना संभव जैसे कि वर्तमान में गूगल, माइक्रोसॉफ्ट तथा अमेज़न जैसी कंपनियां कर रही है। जाँच एजेंसियों को निगरानी के लिए डेटा आसानी से उपलब्ध होगा क्योंकि दूसरे देशों में क़ानूनी जटिलताएँ आती हैं। डेटा स्थानीयकरण संबंधी मुद्दे: इससे क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का उद्देश्य प्रभावित होता है। वर्तमान में आईटी उद्योग में क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का अत्यधिक महत्व है ऐसे सेवाएँ सिलिकन वैली की कंपनियों द्वारा उपलब्ध करवाई जा रही है जैसे कि अमेज़न वेब सर्विस। इससे ईज ऑफ़ डूइंग बिज़नेस प्रभावित होता है जैसे कि डेटा स्थानीयकरण हेतु भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक द्वारा जारी अधिसूचना के संदर्भ में देखा गया था। चूँकि डेटा को एन्क्रिप्ट किया जाता है अत: डेटा प्रसंस्करण में जाँच एजेंसियों को परेशानी होगी। क्योंकि डेटा को डिक्रिप्ट करने हेतु विशेषज्ञता की आवश्यकता होती है। इससे सरकार की निगरानी बढ़ सकती है। इस संदर्भ में कुछ विशेषज्ञों द्वारा संभावना व्यक्त की जा रही है। भारत के BPO उद्योग इत्यादि प्रभावित होंगें। भारत में BPO उद्योग विदेशी आय का एक महत्वपूर्ण स्त्रोत है इसलिए डेटा स्थानीयकरण इसे प्रभावित कर सकता है। इतने अधिक डेटा को सुरक्षित रूप से नियंत्रित करना भी चुनौतीपूर्ण होगा। भारत में सर्वर उपकरणों की कमी से डेटा स्थानीयकरण प्रभावित होने की सम्भावना है। फेसबुक इत्यादि जैसी कंपनियों का अतिरिक्त खर्च बढ़ेगा। USA भारत पर प्रतिबंध लगा सकता है। इस मुद्दे को विश्व व्यापार संगठन में चुनौती भी प्रदान की जा सकती है। आगे की राह डेटा स्थानीयकरण को विधिक स्वरूप प्रदान करना। व्यक्तिगत डेटा संरक्षण विधेयक को तीव्रता से पारित करना। भारत में आईटी उपकरण विनिर्माण उद्योग को बढ़ावा देना।
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पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन को परिभाषित कीजिए। इस संदर्भ में वर्ष 2020 में जारी पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन अधिसूचना का आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन कीजिए। (150 - 200 शब्द; 10 अंक ) Define environmental impact assessment. In this context, critically evaluate the Environment Impact Assessment notification issued in the year 2020. (150 - 200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण सर्वप्रथम पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन को परिभाषित कीजिए वर्ष 2020 में जारी पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन अधिसूचना के प्रावधान लिखिए इस अधिसूचना में कमियों को रेखांकित कीजिए अंत में आगे की राह प्रदान कीजिए उत्तर: पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन(EIA) को पर्यावरण पर प्रस्तावित गतिविधियों या परियोजना के प्रभाव की भविष्यवाणी करने के अध्ययन के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता है। ईआईए एक परियोजना के लिए विभिन्न विकल्पों की तुलना करता है तथा एक ऐसी परियोजना की पहचान करना है जो आर्थिक और पर्यावरणीय लागतों और लाभों के सर्वोत्तम संयोजन का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। यह विकास विरोधी नहीं है बल्कि विकास प्रक्रिया के दौरान पर्यावरण के ऊपर क्या संभावित प्रभाव हो सकता है उसके मूल्यांकन पर बल देते हुए आगे बढ़ने की प्रक्रिया है इस प्रकार यह रुको और जाओ की अवधारणा पर आधारित है। वर्ष 2020 में जारी पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन अधिसूचना के प्रावधान :- इसमें राष्ट्रीय परियोजनाओं के अतिरिक्त अन्य परियोजनाओं के लिए रणनीतिक शब्द प्रयोग किया गया है। इस कानून के तहत वे कंपनी भी उद्योग स्थापित करने के लिए प्रस्ताव भेज सकती हैं जिनका पर्यावरणीय उल्लंघन का रिकॉर्ड रहा हो इसका दुरूपयोग किया जा सकता है। कुछ परियोजना इस श्रेणी में रखी गई है जिनका परियोजना स्थापित करने करने के पश्चात EIA किया जा सकता है। इसमें बॉर्डर क्षेत्र को भारत की सीमा से 100 किमी अंदर की दूरी के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है। इस कानून के तहत परियोजनाओं को तीन भागों में विभाजित किया जाता है अर्थात A, B1 तथा B2। वर्ष 2020 की EIA अधिसूचना की आलोचना : अन्य परियोजनाओं के लिए जो रणनीतिक शब्द प्रयोग किया गया है वह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि कौन-सी परियोजनाएं रणनीतिक है इस आधार पर इस कानून का दुरूपयोग संभव है। B2 श्रेणी में शामिल परियोजना का भी EIA से बाहर रखा गया है। इसका तात्पर्य यह कि ऐसी परियोजनाओं के स्थापित होने से कानूनों का उल्लंघन संभव है। बॉर्डर एरिया को 100 किमी हवाई दूरी के रूप में स्थापित किया गया है जिसमें पूर्वोत्तर के अधिकांश क्षेत्र शामिल है जो जैव विविधता के दृष्टिकोण से अधिक संवेदनशील है। इसके अलावा इसमें राजमार्गों का चौड़ाकरण, नदी जल मार्ग का निर्माण जैसी परियोजना को इससे बाहर रखा गया है। जन सुनवाई की अवधि को भी घटा दिया गया है। उपरोक्त आलोचना के संदर्भ में अधिसूचना को प्रभावी रूप से कार्यान्वित करना तथा पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन प्रक्रिया जैसे कि स्क्रीनिंग, स्कोपिंग, प्रभाव विश्लेष्ण, मिटिगेशन, रिपोर्टिंग, जन सुनवाई आदि का अक्षरश:(Letter and spirit) स्वरूप में पालन करना अति आवश्यक हो जाता है।
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##Question:पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन को परिभाषित कीजिए। इस संदर्भ में वर्ष 2020 में जारी पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन अधिसूचना का आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन कीजिए। (150 - 200 शब्द; 10 अंक ) Define environmental impact assessment. In this context, critically evaluate the Environment Impact Assessment notification issued in the year 2020. (150 - 200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण सर्वप्रथम पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन को परिभाषित कीजिए वर्ष 2020 में जारी पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन अधिसूचना के प्रावधान लिखिए इस अधिसूचना में कमियों को रेखांकित कीजिए अंत में आगे की राह प्रदान कीजिए उत्तर: पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन(EIA) को पर्यावरण पर प्रस्तावित गतिविधियों या परियोजना के प्रभाव की भविष्यवाणी करने के अध्ययन के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता है। ईआईए एक परियोजना के लिए विभिन्न विकल्पों की तुलना करता है तथा एक ऐसी परियोजना की पहचान करना है जो आर्थिक और पर्यावरणीय लागतों और लाभों के सर्वोत्तम संयोजन का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। यह विकास विरोधी नहीं है बल्कि विकास प्रक्रिया के दौरान पर्यावरण के ऊपर क्या संभावित प्रभाव हो सकता है उसके मूल्यांकन पर बल देते हुए आगे बढ़ने की प्रक्रिया है इस प्रकार यह रुको और जाओ की अवधारणा पर आधारित है। वर्ष 2020 में जारी पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन अधिसूचना के प्रावधान :- इसमें राष्ट्रीय परियोजनाओं के अतिरिक्त अन्य परियोजनाओं के लिए रणनीतिक शब्द प्रयोग किया गया है। इस कानून के तहत वे कंपनी भी उद्योग स्थापित करने के लिए प्रस्ताव भेज सकती हैं जिनका पर्यावरणीय उल्लंघन का रिकॉर्ड रहा हो इसका दुरूपयोग किया जा सकता है। कुछ परियोजना इस श्रेणी में रखी गई है जिनका परियोजना स्थापित करने करने के पश्चात EIA किया जा सकता है। इसमें बॉर्डर क्षेत्र को भारत की सीमा से 100 किमी अंदर की दूरी के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है। इस कानून के तहत परियोजनाओं को तीन भागों में विभाजित किया जाता है अर्थात A, B1 तथा B2। वर्ष 2020 की EIA अधिसूचना की आलोचना : अन्य परियोजनाओं के लिए जो रणनीतिक शब्द प्रयोग किया गया है वह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि कौन-सी परियोजनाएं रणनीतिक है इस आधार पर इस कानून का दुरूपयोग संभव है। B2 श्रेणी में शामिल परियोजना का भी EIA से बाहर रखा गया है। इसका तात्पर्य यह कि ऐसी परियोजनाओं के स्थापित होने से कानूनों का उल्लंघन संभव है। बॉर्डर एरिया को 100 किमी हवाई दूरी के रूप में स्थापित किया गया है जिसमें पूर्वोत्तर के अधिकांश क्षेत्र शामिल है जो जैव विविधता के दृष्टिकोण से अधिक संवेदनशील है। इसके अलावा इसमें राजमार्गों का चौड़ाकरण, नदी जल मार्ग का निर्माण जैसी परियोजना को इससे बाहर रखा गया है। जन सुनवाई की अवधि को भी घटा दिया गया है। उपरोक्त आलोचना के संदर्भ में अधिसूचना को प्रभावी रूप से कार्यान्वित करना तथा पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन प्रक्रिया जैसे कि स्क्रीनिंग, स्कोपिंग, प्रभाव विश्लेष्ण, मिटिगेशन, रिपोर्टिंग, जन सुनवाई आदि का अक्षरश:(Letter and spirit) स्वरूप में पालन करना अति आवश्यक हो जाता है।
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Discuss the importance of the Swadeshi movement in India’s freedom struggle. (10 Marks/150 words )
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Approach: Introduction: In the introduction mention the timeline of the Swadeshi Movement Body: Enlist the importance of the Swadeshi Movement Conclusion: Swadeshi movement can be compared with the revolt of 1857. Answer Introduction: The Swadeshi movement started in 1905. The Movement was mainly in opposition to Lord Curzon’s act of division of Bengal. The important leaders of the movement were Lal Bal Pal, Pherozshah Mehta, Importance of the Swadeshi Movement: 1. Hindu-Muslim Unity - Both Hindus and Muslims participated in equal footing in the movement. 2. Participation of Women - Women came out of their homes and participated in the movement with much enthusiasm 3. The emphasis on Swadeshi : The indigenization of Indian products and the boycott of foreign goods like clothes gave a boost to Swadeshi Industry. Many traders stopped selling foreign goods etc 4. The real nature of Bengal division was understood by people that it was not due to administrative reason but to weaken the nerve center of movement ie Bangal and to create a wedge between Hindu and Muslim 5. The conduit of energy for upcoming struggle : the Swadeshi movement served as a guide to upcoming struggles like the Non-Cooperation movement, and civil disobedience movement which weaken the hold of Britishers in India; 6 . Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’ Samitis such as the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta (in Barisal) emerge as a very popular and powerful means of mass mobilization. 7. Emphasis given to Self-Reliance- Self-reliance or ‘Atma shakti’ was encouraged. This implied re-assertion of national dignity, honor, and confidence and social and economic regeneration of the villages. 8. Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises- The swadeshi spirit also found expression in the establishment of swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance companies, shops, etc. These enterprises were based more on patriotic zeal than on business acumen. 9. In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy, and others pioneered original research which was praised the world over. 10 Imaginative use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas The idea was to use traditional festivals and occasions as a means of reaching out to the masses and spreading political messages. Some of the concerns related to the Swadeshi Movement: 1. Lack of participation of the Masses: the leaders of the Swadeshi movement were not having confidence in the energy of the masses. 2. Suppression of Movement: The British were able to suppress the movement and the movement became leaderless due to some of the concerns as the arrest of Balgangangadhar Tilak in 1906, and the retirement of Aurobindo Ghose from active politics. Conclusion: After the revolt of 1857, the Swadeshi movement was another effort to challenge the authority of the British in India. However, the revolt of 1857 was the result of the oppression of British and local in nature, Swadeshi movement, on the other hand, was having a broad vision, which was a step ahead in India’s struggle of Freedom.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of the Swadeshi movement in India’s freedom struggle. (10 Marks/150 words )##Answer:Approach: Introduction: In the introduction mention the timeline of the Swadeshi Movement Body: Enlist the importance of the Swadeshi Movement Conclusion: Swadeshi movement can be compared with the revolt of 1857. Answer Introduction: The Swadeshi movement started in 1905. The Movement was mainly in opposition to Lord Curzon’s act of division of Bengal. The important leaders of the movement were Lal Bal Pal, Pherozshah Mehta, Importance of the Swadeshi Movement: 1. Hindu-Muslim Unity - Both Hindus and Muslims participated in equal footing in the movement. 2. Participation of Women - Women came out of their homes and participated in the movement with much enthusiasm 3. The emphasis on Swadeshi : The indigenization of Indian products and the boycott of foreign goods like clothes gave a boost to Swadeshi Industry. Many traders stopped selling foreign goods etc 4. The real nature of Bengal division was understood by people that it was not due to administrative reason but to weaken the nerve center of movement ie Bangal and to create a wedge between Hindu and Muslim 5. The conduit of energy for upcoming struggle : the Swadeshi movement served as a guide to upcoming struggles like the Non-Cooperation movement, and civil disobedience movement which weaken the hold of Britishers in India; 6 . Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’ Samitis such as the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta (in Barisal) emerge as a very popular and powerful means of mass mobilization. 7. Emphasis given to Self-Reliance- Self-reliance or ‘Atma shakti’ was encouraged. This implied re-assertion of national dignity, honor, and confidence and social and economic regeneration of the villages. 8. Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises- The swadeshi spirit also found expression in the establishment of swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance companies, shops, etc. These enterprises were based more on patriotic zeal than on business acumen. 9. In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy, and others pioneered original research which was praised the world over. 10 Imaginative use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas The idea was to use traditional festivals and occasions as a means of reaching out to the masses and spreading political messages. Some of the concerns related to the Swadeshi Movement: 1. Lack of participation of the Masses: the leaders of the Swadeshi movement were not having confidence in the energy of the masses. 2. Suppression of Movement: The British were able to suppress the movement and the movement became leaderless due to some of the concerns as the arrest of Balgangangadhar Tilak in 1906, and the retirement of Aurobindo Ghose from active politics. Conclusion: After the revolt of 1857, the Swadeshi movement was another effort to challenge the authority of the British in India. However, the revolt of 1857 was the result of the oppression of British and local in nature, Swadeshi movement, on the other hand, was having a broad vision, which was a step ahead in India’s struggle of Freedom.
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The years 2014-2018 have been four years of solid achievement for India"s Nuclear programme. Discuss. (200 words)
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Currently, India has 22 nuclear reactors operational with a total installed capacity of 6780 MW out of which 2000 MW has been added by the two reactors of KKNPP that are currently the biggest ones in the country.Additional 6700 MW in the offing with 9 new nuclear reactors. This exemplifies India"s feat achieved in nuclear energy. ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIA"S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME IN RECENT YEARS- - Cabinet approved fleet-mode construction of 10 indigenous nuclear reactors for the addition of 7000 MW (700MWx10) to the installed capacity; a major boost to the domestic nuclear industry - Approval for construction of two more reactors, KKNPP 5&6, at Kudankulam in cooperation with Russia - Second reactor of KKNPP, Unit 2 which is a symbol of the Indo - Russian Friendship and Co-operation (achieved 100% power in Jan 2017) - Laid foundation concrete for two reactors, Units 3&4 of KKNPP, each of 1000 MW. - Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP) for Rs. 1500 Crore operationalised in August 2016 - IAEA’s Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) for nuclear damage ratified in February 2016 - India’s largest Radioactive Waste Management Plant (WIP) operationalised at Kalpakkam - World record production of fuel achieved for indigenous nuclear reactors for 3 consecutive years 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17 - There have been various nuclear agreements between India and other countries for peaceful use of nuclear energy viz. Australia (2014), Sri Lanka (2015), Great Britain (2015), Japan (2016), Vietnam (2016) and recently Bangladesh (2017) -The first criticality of 500 MWe reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu expected in 2018 Though India has achieved many milestones in the last few years, there have been few glitches such as- - India has not been able to secure membership of Nuclear Suppliers Group due to which India is not able to import many state-of-the-art technologies. -Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority (NSRA) Bill is still pending which is crucial to ensure the independence of country"s atomic regulatorAtomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). - India has reduced its ambitious target of 63,000 MW nuclear capacity by 2031-32 to 22,480 MW in April 2018. - The pace of development of actions on nuclear agreements has been slow. e. The inability of India to import Uranium from Namibia due to Pelindaba Treaty or ANWFZT. Namibia has asked India to come up with similar agreements with other countries to help it convince the ANWFZT members forit to supply Uranium to India. Despite the setbacks, the importance of nuclear energy as a vital source of energy can"t be ignored. India has come a long way in building up its nuclear programme that had faced stiff opposition from global powers like the USA initially. The fact that India is a responsible nuclear power is well established.Hence there is a need to promote a safe, secure and sustainable nuclear energy through global partnership.
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##Question:The years 2014-2018 have been four years of solid achievement for India"s Nuclear programme. Discuss. (200 words)##Answer:Currently, India has 22 nuclear reactors operational with a total installed capacity of 6780 MW out of which 2000 MW has been added by the two reactors of KKNPP that are currently the biggest ones in the country.Additional 6700 MW in the offing with 9 new nuclear reactors. This exemplifies India"s feat achieved in nuclear energy. ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDIA"S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME IN RECENT YEARS- - Cabinet approved fleet-mode construction of 10 indigenous nuclear reactors for the addition of 7000 MW (700MWx10) to the installed capacity; a major boost to the domestic nuclear industry - Approval for construction of two more reactors, KKNPP 5&6, at Kudankulam in cooperation with Russia - Second reactor of KKNPP, Unit 2 which is a symbol of the Indo - Russian Friendship and Co-operation (achieved 100% power in Jan 2017) - Laid foundation concrete for two reactors, Units 3&4 of KKNPP, each of 1000 MW. - Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP) for Rs. 1500 Crore operationalised in August 2016 - IAEA’s Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) for nuclear damage ratified in February 2016 - India’s largest Radioactive Waste Management Plant (WIP) operationalised at Kalpakkam - World record production of fuel achieved for indigenous nuclear reactors for 3 consecutive years 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17 - There have been various nuclear agreements between India and other countries for peaceful use of nuclear energy viz. Australia (2014), Sri Lanka (2015), Great Britain (2015), Japan (2016), Vietnam (2016) and recently Bangladesh (2017) -The first criticality of 500 MWe reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu expected in 2018 Though India has achieved many milestones in the last few years, there have been few glitches such as- - India has not been able to secure membership of Nuclear Suppliers Group due to which India is not able to import many state-of-the-art technologies. -Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority (NSRA) Bill is still pending which is crucial to ensure the independence of country"s atomic regulatorAtomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). - India has reduced its ambitious target of 63,000 MW nuclear capacity by 2031-32 to 22,480 MW in April 2018. - The pace of development of actions on nuclear agreements has been slow. e. The inability of India to import Uranium from Namibia due to Pelindaba Treaty or ANWFZT. Namibia has asked India to come up with similar agreements with other countries to help it convince the ANWFZT members forit to supply Uranium to India. Despite the setbacks, the importance of nuclear energy as a vital source of energy can"t be ignored. India has come a long way in building up its nuclear programme that had faced stiff opposition from global powers like the USA initially. The fact that India is a responsible nuclear power is well established.Hence there is a need to promote a safe, secure and sustainable nuclear energy through global partnership.
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Explain the rationale behind presentation of Budget by government every year. (150 words)
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##Question:Explain the rationale behind presentation of Budget by government every year. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Discuss various methods of preparing government budgets. (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss various methods of preparing government budgets. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Fiscal deficit is a necessary evil for India, but it should remain within a limit. Comment (150 words)
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##Question:Fiscal deficit is a necessary evil for India, but it should remain within a limit. Comment (150 words)##Answer:.
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Write short note on: (100 words each) Gender budgeting FRBM act 2003
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##Question:Write short note on: (100 words each) Gender budgeting FRBM act 2003 ##Answer:.
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What are the issues and challenges with respect to cyber security in India? What are the initiatives taken by the Government of India to address the same? (150 words/10 marks)
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Cyber security relates to any security issue aimed towards the cyber infrastructure of the nation. It is unlawful attacks and threats of attacks against computers, networks, and information stored therein to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives. This possibility of cyber-terrorism becomes very prominent because of proliferation of IT infrastructure and services across sectors in the economy. For example:banking: Most of the Indian banks have gone through computerization and therefore are prone to cyber attacks. For example, recent cyber attack, in late 2016, resulted in loss of bank data of millions of account holders. Challenges • Digital infrastructure: In India most people use cheaper smart phones with poor cyber security and privacy features, which makes them prone to cyber attack. For example, in India only 1% people use i-phones, as compared to 44% in USA. • Lack of awareness and transparency: Lack of awareness and the culture of cyber security at individual as well as institutional level. Moreover, agencies are not willing to declare cyber attacks on their infrastructure. (According to NSA) • Lack of trained manpower to counter and investigate cyber attacks. • Lack of coordination: There are many counter cyber attack agencies without effective coordination and information sharing. The army and civilian cyber security infrasturcture is separated, thus increasing problems of coordination. • Data storage elsewhere: India is net information exporter. Its information highways point west, carrying with them the data of millions of Indians. Measures already taken: • Dedicated IT infrastructure: National Informatics Center (NIC) provides the critical network backbone at various levels of government. • CERT-In: It is very critical agency to detect and counter cyber attacks on real time basis, responsible for pro-active and reactive measures. CERT-In also provides necessary expertise to audit IT infrastructure of critical and other ICT sectors. • Cyber Security Policy 2013: It provided for the creation of dedicated institutions and human resources for countering cyber attacks. • Government has setup National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) to protect the critical information infrastructure in the country. • Cyber Swachhta Kendra–For analysis of malware and botnets that affect networks and systems. • I4C (Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Center): It has been set up in 2016 to look into every kind of cybercrime. • All the Ministries/ Departments of Central Government and State Governments have been asked to implement the Crisis Management Plan (CMP) to counter cyber-attacks and cyber terrorism. • Cyber Security mock drills are regularly conducted to prepare the organizations to detect, mitigate and prevent cyber incidence. • India has been recognized as Certificate Issuing Nation in the area of cyber security under Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement (CCRA). • Government has initiated Information Security Education and Awareness (ISEA) project with the aim to develop human resource in the area of Information Security at various levels.]] Though, these measures are important but not sufficient to check the cyber terrorism in India, therefore we need to further build upon these initiatives as under. Way forward: • Create awareness: There is need to sensitize the people and institutions of the need and importance of cyber security measures, to make them report such attacks promptly, so that quick action can be taken. • Strengthen resources (R&D): This sector must be given the importance it deserves, in terms of finances and manpower. • Offensive capacity: There is need to develop the offensive capabilities as well rather than being merely defensive. • Integrated cyber security command: At present, we follow sector-specific policy of cyber security which hampers coordinated efforts. Therefore, we need an integrated cyber security command. • Strengthening cyber Legislation in the country: Against misuse of private information by private and public agencies. • Increasing inter-state and inter-ministerial coordination on cyber security related issues. • Mandatory for government organisation for a Chief Information Security Officer. • Dedicated cadre of officers for cyberspace. Eg. Digital Armed Force
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##Question:What are the issues and challenges with respect to cyber security in India? What are the initiatives taken by the Government of India to address the same? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Cyber security relates to any security issue aimed towards the cyber infrastructure of the nation. It is unlawful attacks and threats of attacks against computers, networks, and information stored therein to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives. This possibility of cyber-terrorism becomes very prominent because of proliferation of IT infrastructure and services across sectors in the economy. For example:banking: Most of the Indian banks have gone through computerization and therefore are prone to cyber attacks. For example, recent cyber attack, in late 2016, resulted in loss of bank data of millions of account holders. Challenges • Digital infrastructure: In India most people use cheaper smart phones with poor cyber security and privacy features, which makes them prone to cyber attack. For example, in India only 1% people use i-phones, as compared to 44% in USA. • Lack of awareness and transparency: Lack of awareness and the culture of cyber security at individual as well as institutional level. Moreover, agencies are not willing to declare cyber attacks on their infrastructure. (According to NSA) • Lack of trained manpower to counter and investigate cyber attacks. • Lack of coordination: There are many counter cyber attack agencies without effective coordination and information sharing. The army and civilian cyber security infrasturcture is separated, thus increasing problems of coordination. • Data storage elsewhere: India is net information exporter. Its information highways point west, carrying with them the data of millions of Indians. Measures already taken: • Dedicated IT infrastructure: National Informatics Center (NIC) provides the critical network backbone at various levels of government. • CERT-In: It is very critical agency to detect and counter cyber attacks on real time basis, responsible for pro-active and reactive measures. CERT-In also provides necessary expertise to audit IT infrastructure of critical and other ICT sectors. • Cyber Security Policy 2013: It provided for the creation of dedicated institutions and human resources for countering cyber attacks. • Government has setup National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) to protect the critical information infrastructure in the country. • Cyber Swachhta Kendra–For analysis of malware and botnets that affect networks and systems. • I4C (Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Center): It has been set up in 2016 to look into every kind of cybercrime. • All the Ministries/ Departments of Central Government and State Governments have been asked to implement the Crisis Management Plan (CMP) to counter cyber-attacks and cyber terrorism. • Cyber Security mock drills are regularly conducted to prepare the organizations to detect, mitigate and prevent cyber incidence. • India has been recognized as Certificate Issuing Nation in the area of cyber security under Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement (CCRA). • Government has initiated Information Security Education and Awareness (ISEA) project with the aim to develop human resource in the area of Information Security at various levels.]] Though, these measures are important but not sufficient to check the cyber terrorism in India, therefore we need to further build upon these initiatives as under. Way forward: • Create awareness: There is need to sensitize the people and institutions of the need and importance of cyber security measures, to make them report such attacks promptly, so that quick action can be taken. • Strengthen resources (R&D): This sector must be given the importance it deserves, in terms of finances and manpower. • Offensive capacity: There is need to develop the offensive capabilities as well rather than being merely defensive. • Integrated cyber security command: At present, we follow sector-specific policy of cyber security which hampers coordinated efforts. Therefore, we need an integrated cyber security command. • Strengthening cyber Legislation in the country: Against misuse of private information by private and public agencies. • Increasing inter-state and inter-ministerial coordination on cyber security related issues. • Mandatory for government organisation for a Chief Information Security Officer. • Dedicated cadre of officers for cyberspace. Eg. Digital Armed Force
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Differentiate between Disinvestment and Privatization. (100 words/5 Marks)
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##Question:Differentiate between Disinvestment and Privatization. (100 words/5 Marks)##Answer:.
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The New Industrial Policy of 1991 shifts emphasis from regulation to development. What were the reasons that necessitated such shift in the economy? Also, analyse the New Industrial Policy of 1991 in meeting its objective.(250 words)
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##Question:The New Industrial Policy of 1991 shifts emphasis from regulation to development. What were the reasons that necessitated such shift in the economy? Also, analyse the New Industrial Policy of 1991 in meeting its objective.(250 words)##Answer:.
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Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development”. Discuss with examples. (200 word)
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Brief approach- List down the reasons why govt. felt for emphasis on regulation Examine condition of Indian industry and market by 1991 Give features of Industrial Policy till 1991 policies which emphased was on regulation Answer- Industrial policies of India, starting from the period just after independence, have been reflecting the broader principles that we follow in pursuit of the development of our economy. Indian government tried to achieve the objectives of socialist economy, however we supported and tried to establish a mixed economy owing to the existing capitalist class in India before independence and their contribution in India’s industrial growth though at a very nascent stage. But as we had the past of being colony to imperialist nation and since the foundation of colonization was laid by a company i.e. East India company thus there was a resistance to open our economy for trade relations, there was fear of some attack on our sovereignity. Inside the country following were the objectives because of which government felt for so much emphasis on regulation:- · Encouragement to Small-scale and Cottage Industries: In order to strengthen the small-scale sector supportive measures were suggested in terms of cheap credit, subsidies, reservation etc. · Emphasized on Reduction of Regional Disparities: Fiscal concessions were granted to open industries in backward regions. Public sector enterprises were given greater role to develop these areas. The pre 1991 industrial policies created a climate for rapid industrial growth in the country. It has helped to create a broad-base infrastructure and basic industries. A diverse industrial structure with self-reliance on a large number of items such as heavy industrial goods like steel and electricity had been achieved. Over the years, the Government has built the infrastructure required by the industry and made massive investments to provide the much-needed facilities of power, communications, roads etc. A good number of institutions were promoted to help entrepreneurship development, provide finance for industry and to facilitate development of a variety of skills required by the industry. At the time of independence the consumer goods industry accounted for almost half of the industrial production. In 1991 such industries accounted for only about 20 %. In contrast capital goods production was less than 4 % of the total industrial production. In 1991 it had gone up to 24 %. Industrial investment took place in a large variety of new industries. Modern management techniques were introduced. An entirely new class of entrepreneurs has come up with the support system from the Government, and a large number of new industrial centres have developed in almost all parts of the country. Features of Industrial Policy till 1991 which were acting as obstacles in the development. 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries - coal, banks, textiles etc. to ensure adequate availability of these raw materials for development 4. Restriction on foreign investments - We still had the fear of neo colonialism 5. Heavy machinery given preference - The contemporary period was witnessing large scale industrialization across the world. 6. Compulsory licensing policy - To ensure prevention of any unwanted expansion of the private sector 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Policies which emphasised on regulation were:- 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy. 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital. 5. Administered price mechanism-Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labor laws - This increased the labor cost for industries, resulting in inadequate growth. Conclusion Excessive regulation led to poor results. Backwardness of industrial sector in the country which led to crisis in 1990. This paved the way for opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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##Question:Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development”. Discuss with examples. (200 word)##Answer:Brief approach- List down the reasons why govt. felt for emphasis on regulation Examine condition of Indian industry and market by 1991 Give features of Industrial Policy till 1991 policies which emphased was on regulation Answer- Industrial policies of India, starting from the period just after independence, have been reflecting the broader principles that we follow in pursuit of the development of our economy. Indian government tried to achieve the objectives of socialist economy, however we supported and tried to establish a mixed economy owing to the existing capitalist class in India before independence and their contribution in India’s industrial growth though at a very nascent stage. But as we had the past of being colony to imperialist nation and since the foundation of colonization was laid by a company i.e. East India company thus there was a resistance to open our economy for trade relations, there was fear of some attack on our sovereignity. Inside the country following were the objectives because of which government felt for so much emphasis on regulation:- · Encouragement to Small-scale and Cottage Industries: In order to strengthen the small-scale sector supportive measures were suggested in terms of cheap credit, subsidies, reservation etc. · Emphasized on Reduction of Regional Disparities: Fiscal concessions were granted to open industries in backward regions. Public sector enterprises were given greater role to develop these areas. The pre 1991 industrial policies created a climate for rapid industrial growth in the country. It has helped to create a broad-base infrastructure and basic industries. A diverse industrial structure with self-reliance on a large number of items such as heavy industrial goods like steel and electricity had been achieved. Over the years, the Government has built the infrastructure required by the industry and made massive investments to provide the much-needed facilities of power, communications, roads etc. A good number of institutions were promoted to help entrepreneurship development, provide finance for industry and to facilitate development of a variety of skills required by the industry. At the time of independence the consumer goods industry accounted for almost half of the industrial production. In 1991 such industries accounted for only about 20 %. In contrast capital goods production was less than 4 % of the total industrial production. In 1991 it had gone up to 24 %. Industrial investment took place in a large variety of new industries. Modern management techniques were introduced. An entirely new class of entrepreneurs has come up with the support system from the Government, and a large number of new industrial centres have developed in almost all parts of the country. Features of Industrial Policy till 1991 which were acting as obstacles in the development. 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries - coal, banks, textiles etc. to ensure adequate availability of these raw materials for development 4. Restriction on foreign investments - We still had the fear of neo colonialism 5. Heavy machinery given preference - The contemporary period was witnessing large scale industrialization across the world. 6. Compulsory licensing policy - To ensure prevention of any unwanted expansion of the private sector 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Policies which emphasised on regulation were:- 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy. 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital. 5. Administered price mechanism-Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labor laws - This increased the labor cost for industries, resulting in inadequate growth. Conclusion Excessive regulation led to poor results. Backwardness of industrial sector in the country which led to crisis in 1990. This paved the way for opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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What is condensation? What are the factors affecting condensation? Enumerate the different forms of condensation. (150 words/10 marks)
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Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase i.e. in the case of weather it is transformation of water vapour to water. Factors effecting condensation: - Temperature- with increase in temperature, there is increased evaporation. Also increase in temperature increases the moisture holding capacity of the air. This will facilitate condensation. The condensation takes when the temperature reaches closer to dew point. -Condensation nucleii- In free air, cooling occurs around very small particles termed as hygroscopic condensation nuclei eg. Particles of dust, smoke, pollen and salt from the ocean. -Pressure-the rate of condensation, depends mainly on the vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure, the faster the rate of condensation. -Volume of air- a decrease in volume can help in condensation as it increases the relative humidity of the air. Forms of condensation -Dew- When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects it is known as dew. -frost- It forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point , i.e. the dew point is at or below the freezing point. -mist- It is tiny droplets of water hanging in the air. These droplets form when warmer water in the air is rapidly cooled, causing it to change from invisible gas to tiny visible water droplets -fog- When the moist, warm air makes contact with the cooler surface air, water vapor condenses to create fog. he difference between the mist and fog is that mist contains more moisture than fog. -clouds- It is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapour in free air .
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##Question:What is condensation? What are the factors affecting condensation? Enumerate the different forms of condensation. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase i.e. in the case of weather it is transformation of water vapour to water. Factors effecting condensation: - Temperature- with increase in temperature, there is increased evaporation. Also increase in temperature increases the moisture holding capacity of the air. This will facilitate condensation. The condensation takes when the temperature reaches closer to dew point. -Condensation nucleii- In free air, cooling occurs around very small particles termed as hygroscopic condensation nuclei eg. Particles of dust, smoke, pollen and salt from the ocean. -Pressure-the rate of condensation, depends mainly on the vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure, the faster the rate of condensation. -Volume of air- a decrease in volume can help in condensation as it increases the relative humidity of the air. Forms of condensation -Dew- When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects it is known as dew. -frost- It forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point , i.e. the dew point is at or below the freezing point. -mist- It is tiny droplets of water hanging in the air. These droplets form when warmer water in the air is rapidly cooled, causing it to change from invisible gas to tiny visible water droplets -fog- When the moist, warm air makes contact with the cooler surface air, water vapor condenses to create fog. he difference between the mist and fog is that mist contains more moisture than fog. -clouds- It is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapour in free air .
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पाकिस्तान-चीन बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) निरंतर बढ़ती जा रही है | भारत के लिए इसके क्या निहितार्थ है ? भारत को अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की सुरक्षा करने के लिए कौन -कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए ?(200 शब्द )
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हाल की कुछ वर्षों में पाकिस्तान व चीन के बीच विभिन्न सामरिक ,राजनीतिक ,आर्थिक व सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में काफी निकट सहयोग दिखा जा रहा है | दोनों देश मिलकर एक-दूसरे के हितों को के अनुरूप कार्य कर रहे है | सहयोग के बिन्दुओं को निम्न प्रकार दिखा जा सकता है – पाकिस्तान चीन के परियोजना OBOR का एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी है | इसी परियोजना के तहत एक चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारें का निर्माण किया जा रहा है ,जो की POK से होकर गुजरता है | चीन पाकिस्तान में भारी पैमाने पर अवसंरननात्मक परियोजना में निवेश कर रहा है| भारत द्वारा मसूद अज़हर को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए UNSC में लाए गए प्रस्ताव को चीन द्वारा वीटो कर दिया गया | चीन भारत की NSG की दावेदारी का विरोध करता है ,साथ ही पाकिस्तान को भी NSG का सदस्य बनाने की वकालत करता है | चीन ,पाकिस्तान को हथियारों की भी आपूर्ति करता है ,साथ ही दोनों देश परमाणु हथियारों के क्षेत्र में भी सहयोग कर रहे हैं | भारत की चिंताए – पाकिस्तान से आने वाला आतंकवाद भारत की चिंता का प्रमुख कारण है | चीन आतंकवाद को लेकर पाकिस्तान का समर्थन करता है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा ,POK से होकर निकालता है ,जो की भारत की संप्रभुता के खिलाफ है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा का एक छोर हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान का ग्वादर बंदरगाह है ,इसके हिन्द महासागर में चीन की मौजूदगी बढ़ेगी | भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को अपने आर्थिक विकास व सुरक्षात्मक क्षमता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि चीन के साथ पॉवर गैप को कम किया जा सके| चीन व पाकिस्तान को अलग –अलग न समझकर ,दोनों देशों को एक मानकर एक सटीक व सशक्त विदेश नीति का निर्माण करना | भारत को सामान विचारधारा वाले देशों जैसे –जापान ,अमेरिका व EU के साथ मिलकर कार्य करना चाहिए | भारत को अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ मिलकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए |
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##Question:पाकिस्तान-चीन बीच विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समाभिरूपता (कन्वर्जेन्स ) निरंतर बढ़ती जा रही है | भारत के लिए इसके क्या निहितार्थ है ? भारत को अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की सुरक्षा करने के लिए कौन -कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए ?(200 शब्द )##Answer:हाल की कुछ वर्षों में पाकिस्तान व चीन के बीच विभिन्न सामरिक ,राजनीतिक ,आर्थिक व सुरक्षा के क्षेत्र में काफी निकट सहयोग दिखा जा रहा है | दोनों देश मिलकर एक-दूसरे के हितों को के अनुरूप कार्य कर रहे है | सहयोग के बिन्दुओं को निम्न प्रकार दिखा जा सकता है – पाकिस्तान चीन के परियोजना OBOR का एक महत्वपूर्ण सहयोगी है | इसी परियोजना के तहत एक चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारें का निर्माण किया जा रहा है ,जो की POK से होकर गुजरता है | चीन पाकिस्तान में भारी पैमाने पर अवसंरननात्मक परियोजना में निवेश कर रहा है| भारत द्वारा मसूद अज़हर को प्रतिबंधित करने के लिए UNSC में लाए गए प्रस्ताव को चीन द्वारा वीटो कर दिया गया | चीन भारत की NSG की दावेदारी का विरोध करता है ,साथ ही पाकिस्तान को भी NSG का सदस्य बनाने की वकालत करता है | चीन ,पाकिस्तान को हथियारों की भी आपूर्ति करता है ,साथ ही दोनों देश परमाणु हथियारों के क्षेत्र में भी सहयोग कर रहे हैं | भारत की चिंताए – पाकिस्तान से आने वाला आतंकवाद भारत की चिंता का प्रमुख कारण है | चीन आतंकवाद को लेकर पाकिस्तान का समर्थन करता है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा ,POK से होकर निकालता है ,जो की भारत की संप्रभुता के खिलाफ है | चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक गलियारा का एक छोर हिन्द महासागर में पाकिस्तान का ग्वादर बंदरगाह है ,इसके हिन्द महासागर में चीन की मौजूदगी बढ़ेगी | भारत को क्या करना चाहिए – भारत को अपने आर्थिक विकास व सुरक्षात्मक क्षमता को बढ़ाना चाहिए ताकि चीन के साथ पॉवर गैप को कम किया जा सके| चीन व पाकिस्तान को अलग –अलग न समझकर ,दोनों देशों को एक मानकर एक सटीक व सशक्त विदेश नीति का निर्माण करना | भारत को सामान विचारधारा वाले देशों जैसे –जापान ,अमेरिका व EU के साथ मिलकर कार्य करना चाहिए | भारत को अपने पड़ोसी देशों के साथ मिलकर विवादित मुद्दों का समाधान करना चाहिए |
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The surge in urban crimes is a reminder of the unplanned nature of urbanization in India. Discuss. Also, list the measures that can be taken to tackle the issue of urban crimes in India. (150 words) 10 marks
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APPROACH -Substantiate the question statement with facts in Introduction -Mention about reasons for increasing rate of Urban Crimes -Suggest measures for tackling urban crimes -Brief Conclusion ANSWER According to NCRB Report there has been tremendous increase in crime rates by 7.3 percent in urban areas due to rapid and unplanned nature of urbanization. This shows a positive correlation between crime rate and size of city due to its unplanned nature of urbanization. The following are the reasons behind the increasing rate of urban crimes: 1- Feeling of relative deprivation: where socio-economic disparity encourages the poor to opt for anti-social behaviour 2- Absence of moral education from childhood and faulty socialization of child since childhood as many a times both the parents are working and are unable to give proper time 3-Aspiration for better standard of living where there is increasing culture of Consumerism and Macdonaldization. 4- Crime has emerged as sub-culture where people in urban areas do not bother about others and also don"t consider crime as derogatory in nature 5-Unemployment tends to increase incidence of urban crime 6- Lack in proper implementation of law and order in the city 7- Delay in providing timely justice creates a sense of security that they will not be caught 8- Materialism and Competition between people 9- Politics of Nativism 10- Because of economic deprivation,sometimes crimes can be state sponsored too. Measures which can the taken: 1- Provide employment opportunities and encourage skill development 2- Inclusive city planning 3-Incorporation of people living in slums in slum development programs 4-Develop rural areas as counter magnets 5- Focus on developing more RURBAN areas 6-Strict implementation of law and order in the city 7-Institutional weaknesses needs to be addressed 8-Moral counselling of children and young population 9-Poverty alleviation in the city should be targeted. To counter the incidence of increasing urban crimes it is need of the hour that effective implementation of policies in this regard along with participation of all stakeholders is done on priority basis.
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##Question:The surge in urban crimes is a reminder of the unplanned nature of urbanization in India. Discuss. Also, list the measures that can be taken to tackle the issue of urban crimes in India. (150 words) 10 marks##Answer:APPROACH -Substantiate the question statement with facts in Introduction -Mention about reasons for increasing rate of Urban Crimes -Suggest measures for tackling urban crimes -Brief Conclusion ANSWER According to NCRB Report there has been tremendous increase in crime rates by 7.3 percent in urban areas due to rapid and unplanned nature of urbanization. This shows a positive correlation between crime rate and size of city due to its unplanned nature of urbanization. The following are the reasons behind the increasing rate of urban crimes: 1- Feeling of relative deprivation: where socio-economic disparity encourages the poor to opt for anti-social behaviour 2- Absence of moral education from childhood and faulty socialization of child since childhood as many a times both the parents are working and are unable to give proper time 3-Aspiration for better standard of living where there is increasing culture of Consumerism and Macdonaldization. 4- Crime has emerged as sub-culture where people in urban areas do not bother about others and also don"t consider crime as derogatory in nature 5-Unemployment tends to increase incidence of urban crime 6- Lack in proper implementation of law and order in the city 7- Delay in providing timely justice creates a sense of security that they will not be caught 8- Materialism and Competition between people 9- Politics of Nativism 10- Because of economic deprivation,sometimes crimes can be state sponsored too. Measures which can the taken: 1- Provide employment opportunities and encourage skill development 2- Inclusive city planning 3-Incorporation of people living in slums in slum development programs 4-Develop rural areas as counter magnets 5- Focus on developing more RURBAN areas 6-Strict implementation of law and order in the city 7-Institutional weaknesses needs to be addressed 8-Moral counselling of children and young population 9-Poverty alleviation in the city should be targeted. To counter the incidence of increasing urban crimes it is need of the hour that effective implementation of policies in this regard along with participation of all stakeholders is done on priority basis.
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Discuss the salient feature of the Nagara style of Temple Architecture. Also, mention its different styles with suitable examples. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce by explaining what are Nagara style of temples. In the body, highlight various parts of a Nagara style temple. Conclude appropriately Nagara is the style of temple architecture that became popular in Northern India. It is common here to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. Unlike in south India, it doesn’t usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. Elements of Temple Garbhagriha It means ‘womb-house’ and is a cave-like sanctum Garbhagriha is made to house the main deity Mandapa It is the entrance to the temple Some temples have multiple mandapas in different sizes named Ardhamandapa, Mandapa, and Mahamandapa Shikhara or Vimana- They are mountain-like structures of a free-standing temple Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South Indian temples Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal-like structure Amalaka a stone disc-like structure at the top of the temple shikhara Kalasha the topmost point of the temple above Amalaka Antarala A transition area between the Garbhagriha and the temple’s main hall (mandapa) Regional developed under Nagara style: Odisha School Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Puri and Konark. Here the shikhara called deul in Odisha, Mandapas are called jagamohana in Odisha. The exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally simple. Examples: Konark Temple, Jagannath temple, Lingaraj temple. Khujuraho/Chandel school Khajuraho’s temples are known for their extensive erotic sculptures Patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand The finest among them is the Shaivite temple known as Kandariya Mahadev, There is present multiple Shikhara in these temples Solanki School Patronized by Solanki kings (later Chalukya) Minimal decoration in these temples. Solanki temple has a water tank in them and stairs are leading toward those water tanks. They have both Hindu and Jain (Dilwara temple in Mt Abu – Highest Jain pilgrimage) The Nagara style of temple architecture paved the way for modern-day temple architecture in the country.
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##Question:Discuss the salient feature of the Nagara style of Temple Architecture. Also, mention its different styles with suitable examples. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by explaining what are Nagara style of temples. In the body, highlight various parts of a Nagara style temple. Conclude appropriately Nagara is the style of temple architecture that became popular in Northern India. It is common here to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. Unlike in south India, it doesn’t usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. Elements of Temple Garbhagriha It means ‘womb-house’ and is a cave-like sanctum Garbhagriha is made to house the main deity Mandapa It is the entrance to the temple Some temples have multiple mandapas in different sizes named Ardhamandapa, Mandapa, and Mahamandapa Shikhara or Vimana- They are mountain-like structures of a free-standing temple Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South Indian temples Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal-like structure Amalaka a stone disc-like structure at the top of the temple shikhara Kalasha the topmost point of the temple above Amalaka Antarala A transition area between the Garbhagriha and the temple’s main hall (mandapa) Regional developed under Nagara style: Odisha School Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Puri and Konark. Here the shikhara called deul in Odisha, Mandapas are called jagamohana in Odisha. The exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally simple. Examples: Konark Temple, Jagannath temple, Lingaraj temple. Khujuraho/Chandel school Khajuraho’s temples are known for their extensive erotic sculptures Patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand The finest among them is the Shaivite temple known as Kandariya Mahadev, There is present multiple Shikhara in these temples Solanki School Patronized by Solanki kings (later Chalukya) Minimal decoration in these temples. Solanki temple has a water tank in them and stairs are leading toward those water tanks. They have both Hindu and Jain (Dilwara temple in Mt Abu – Highest Jain pilgrimage) The Nagara style of temple architecture paved the way for modern-day temple architecture in the country.
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What do you mean by Capital Market? Also, differentiate between primary market and secondary market. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach : Define the capital market in the introductory part. HIghlight the differences between the capital market and money market. Answer : Securities market/capital market can be defined as the market, whereby financial instruments, obligations, and claims are available for sale. Capital market is a market where buyers and sellers engage in trade of financial securities like bonds, stocks, etc. The buying/selling is undertaken by participants such as individuals and institutions. It is classified into two interdependent segments, i.e. Primary market - a market where securities are offered for the first time for receiving a public subscription Secondary Market - a place where pre-issued securities are dealt between the investors. Difference between both markets:- Primary market Secondary market · primary market is a place where companies bring a new issue of shares · The prices in the primary market are fixed · Primary market provides financing to new companies and also to old companies for theirexpansion and diversification. · the investor can purchase shares directly from the company. · Security can be sold only once · Amount received from the securities is the income of the company. · The primary market is rooted in a particular place and has no geographical presence, as it has no organizational setup. · Primary Market encourages direct interactionbetween the company and the investor. · Investment bankers do the selling of securities in case of Primary Market · In the primary market bulk purchasing is not taken place of securities as the company is coming to the public domain for the first time · The secondary market is a type of capital market where existing shares,debentures, bonds, options, commercial papers, treasury bills, etc. of thecorporate are traded · The prices in the primary market vary depending upon the demand and supply of the securities traded. · Secondary market does not provide financingto companies, as they are not involved in the transaction. · Investors buy and sell the stocks and bonds among themselves. · It can be done an infinite number of times in case of a secondary market · Amount received from the securities is the income of the investors. · The Secondary market is present physically, like stockexchange, which is situated in a particular geographical area. · Secondary market is opposite where brokers help out the investors to buy and sell the stocks amongother investors · Conversely, brokers act as intermediaries while trading is done in the secondary market. · In the secondary market, bulk purchasing is done as securities are further sold and purchased among investors Capital market can be an indicator of the health of the economy of a country. It indicates the status of the market and the faith of investors in the market. Many reforms are needed to make the capital market more accessible to investors so that the economy can be more competitive and GDG’s growth can be more robust.
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##Question:What do you mean by Capital Market? Also, differentiate between primary market and secondary market. (150 words/ 10 marks) ##Answer:Approach : Define the capital market in the introductory part. HIghlight the differences between the capital market and money market. Answer : Securities market/capital market can be defined as the market, whereby financial instruments, obligations, and claims are available for sale. Capital market is a market where buyers and sellers engage in trade of financial securities like bonds, stocks, etc. The buying/selling is undertaken by participants such as individuals and institutions. It is classified into two interdependent segments, i.e. Primary market - a market where securities are offered for the first time for receiving a public subscription Secondary Market - a place where pre-issued securities are dealt between the investors. Difference between both markets:- Primary market Secondary market · primary market is a place where companies bring a new issue of shares · The prices in the primary market are fixed · Primary market provides financing to new companies and also to old companies for theirexpansion and diversification. · the investor can purchase shares directly from the company. · Security can be sold only once · Amount received from the securities is the income of the company. · The primary market is rooted in a particular place and has no geographical presence, as it has no organizational setup. · Primary Market encourages direct interactionbetween the company and the investor. · Investment bankers do the selling of securities in case of Primary Market · In the primary market bulk purchasing is not taken place of securities as the company is coming to the public domain for the first time · The secondary market is a type of capital market where existing shares,debentures, bonds, options, commercial papers, treasury bills, etc. of thecorporate are traded · The prices in the primary market vary depending upon the demand and supply of the securities traded. · Secondary market does not provide financingto companies, as they are not involved in the transaction. · Investors buy and sell the stocks and bonds among themselves. · It can be done an infinite number of times in case of a secondary market · Amount received from the securities is the income of the investors. · The Secondary market is present physically, like stockexchange, which is situated in a particular geographical area. · Secondary market is opposite where brokers help out the investors to buy and sell the stocks amongother investors · Conversely, brokers act as intermediaries while trading is done in the secondary market. · In the secondary market, bulk purchasing is done as securities are further sold and purchased among investors Capital market can be an indicator of the health of the economy of a country. It indicates the status of the market and the faith of investors in the market. Many reforms are needed to make the capital market more accessible to investors so that the economy can be more competitive and GDG’s growth can be more robust.
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Discuss various indicators of Balance of Payment situation. Also, examine India’s recent performance in terms of these indicators. (10 marks/150 words)
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The balance of payments (BOP), also known as the balance of international payments, summarizes all transactions that a country"s individuals, companies and government bodies complete with individuals, companies and government bodies outside the country. These transactions consist of imports and exports of goods, services, and capital, as well as transfer payments such as foreign aid and remittances. Important Indicators of BoP situation and India’s performance Foreign exchange (Forex) reserves Foreign exchange reserves are the foreign currencies held by a country"s central bank. They are also called foreign currency reserves or foreign reserves. There are seven reasons why banks hold reserves. The most important reason is to manage their currencies" values. Generally, the forex reserves covering more than 6 months of imports are considered as adequate forex reserves. India’s forex reserves in 2017 were $400 billion which covered more than 12 months of its imports and hence the amount was more than sufficient. Current Account Deficit The current account measures the flow of goods, services, and investments into and out of the country. We run into a deficit if the value of the goods and services we import exceeds the value of those we export. The current account includes net income, including interest and dividends, and transfers, like foreign aid. Comfort Zone for current account deficit is around 2-3 % of GDP for healthy BoP situation. India’s Current account deficit was 2 % of GDP in the year 2017-18, which is with the comfort zone but it can rise anytime if there is slight volatility in the international market. External Debt It refers to money borrowed from a source outside the country. External debt has to be paid back in the currency in which it is borrowed. External debt can be obtained from foreign commercial banks, international financial institutions like IMF, World Bank, ADB etc and from the government of foreign nations. It can be categorized as Government debt or Private debt and Short term debt or Long Term debt. India’s total external debt stood at 20.5% of GDP of which more than 80% is the private debt and rest is government debt. Debt Service Ratio In economics and government finance, debt service ratio is the ratio of debt service payments (principal + interest) of a country to that country"s export earnings. A country"s international finances are healthier when this ratio is low. India’s Debt Service Ratio stood at 7.5%. As per World Bank statistics, India is the 5th largest debtor in the world. But it is placed under the ‘Less indebted country’ category. The composition of Capital Flows It shows the different types of capitals coming from outside India as well as going out from India. It covers various capitals such as FDI, FII, Borrowings etc. Hence, broadly the capital flows can be categorized as debt and non-debt capital flows. Currently, India’s non-debt flows are greater than debt flows. Also, India is consistently making efforts to encourage more flows through FDI route than the portfolio route and moreover, enhancing the quality of portfolio so as to safeguard its financial markets from the abnormal momentum. Conclusion India represents a unique case of an economy that has built reserves largely on the strength of its capital rather than the current account of the BoP. India is even more unique because its currency is relatively stable, and not under frequent speculative attacks. In theory, a country can keep attracting capital flows to fund CADs so long as its growth prospects are seen to be good, and the investment environment is equally welcoming. It would help, though, if such foreign investment also goes towards augmenting the economy’s manufacturing and services export capacities, as opposed to simply producing or even importing for the domestic market. In the long run, that can help narrow the CAD to more sustainable levels.
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##Question:Discuss various indicators of Balance of Payment situation. Also, examine India’s recent performance in terms of these indicators. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:The balance of payments (BOP), also known as the balance of international payments, summarizes all transactions that a country"s individuals, companies and government bodies complete with individuals, companies and government bodies outside the country. These transactions consist of imports and exports of goods, services, and capital, as well as transfer payments such as foreign aid and remittances. Important Indicators of BoP situation and India’s performance Foreign exchange (Forex) reserves Foreign exchange reserves are the foreign currencies held by a country"s central bank. They are also called foreign currency reserves or foreign reserves. There are seven reasons why banks hold reserves. The most important reason is to manage their currencies" values. Generally, the forex reserves covering more than 6 months of imports are considered as adequate forex reserves. India’s forex reserves in 2017 were $400 billion which covered more than 12 months of its imports and hence the amount was more than sufficient. Current Account Deficit The current account measures the flow of goods, services, and investments into and out of the country. We run into a deficit if the value of the goods and services we import exceeds the value of those we export. The current account includes net income, including interest and dividends, and transfers, like foreign aid. Comfort Zone for current account deficit is around 2-3 % of GDP for healthy BoP situation. India’s Current account deficit was 2 % of GDP in the year 2017-18, which is with the comfort zone but it can rise anytime if there is slight volatility in the international market. External Debt It refers to money borrowed from a source outside the country. External debt has to be paid back in the currency in which it is borrowed. External debt can be obtained from foreign commercial banks, international financial institutions like IMF, World Bank, ADB etc and from the government of foreign nations. It can be categorized as Government debt or Private debt and Short term debt or Long Term debt. India’s total external debt stood at 20.5% of GDP of which more than 80% is the private debt and rest is government debt. Debt Service Ratio In economics and government finance, debt service ratio is the ratio of debt service payments (principal + interest) of a country to that country"s export earnings. A country"s international finances are healthier when this ratio is low. India’s Debt Service Ratio stood at 7.5%. As per World Bank statistics, India is the 5th largest debtor in the world. But it is placed under the ‘Less indebted country’ category. The composition of Capital Flows It shows the different types of capitals coming from outside India as well as going out from India. It covers various capitals such as FDI, FII, Borrowings etc. Hence, broadly the capital flows can be categorized as debt and non-debt capital flows. Currently, India’s non-debt flows are greater than debt flows. Also, India is consistently making efforts to encourage more flows through FDI route than the portfolio route and moreover, enhancing the quality of portfolio so as to safeguard its financial markets from the abnormal momentum. Conclusion India represents a unique case of an economy that has built reserves largely on the strength of its capital rather than the current account of the BoP. India is even more unique because its currency is relatively stable, and not under frequent speculative attacks. In theory, a country can keep attracting capital flows to fund CADs so long as its growth prospects are seen to be good, and the investment environment is equally welcoming. It would help, though, if such foreign investment also goes towards augmenting the economy’s manufacturing and services export capacities, as opposed to simply producing or even importing for the domestic market. In the long run, that can help narrow the CAD to more sustainable levels.
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What do you understand by contempt of court? What are the issues arising from the irresponsible use of this power by the higher judiciary in India? (150 words/10 Marks)
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Contempt of court (CoC) refers to actions which defy a court’s authority, cast disrespect on a court, or impede the ability of the court to perform its function. Articles 129 and 215 of the Constitution of India empower the Supreme Court and High Courts respectively to punish people for their contempt. Section 10 of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971 defines the power of the High Court to punish contempt of its subordinate courts. CoC is divided as: 1. Civil Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court. 2. Criminal Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which: (i) Scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court, or (ii) Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding, or (iii) Interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner. Issues related to contempt power: 1. The contempt powers put a restriction on the freedom of speech and expression provided under article 19(1). 2. the contempt proceedings may disincentivize a genuine criticism of a judicial verdict in the media. 3. Contempt powers are against the principle of natural justice as it is a classic case of Judges being judges in their own cause.(No man should be judge in his own case) 4. Contempt powers have not been objectively defined, therefore some feel that they have been misused sometimes. However, the real intention behind such powers was to protect the dignity of the institution not of the individual. 5. In a free democratic society criticism of Judiciary is inevitable it should not be a matter of concern as long as it does not obstruct the administration of Justice. However, the contempt provisions have a relevance. 1. Upholding the credibility of the judiciary in a democracy is imperative in order to ensure that the executive doesn"t endanger the independence of the judiciary. If the judiciary is excessively criticized, this criticism may be used as an excuse by the executive to interfere with judicial independence. 2. Constitution under the article 19(1) provides contempt of court as a reasonable reestriction for curbing the freedom of speech and expression. Hence, contempt based on criticism has a constitutional sanction. Thus, it is quite clear that contempt of court provision is a necessity. However, we need to make sure that these provisions promote judicial independence rather than compromising judicial accountability. Objective definition of contempt and removing the vague nature may prove to be a good way forward in this regard. Liberal interpretation of criticiam can be a tool to have a harmonized relation between criticism and freedom of speech.
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##Question:What do you understand by contempt of court? What are the issues arising from the irresponsible use of this power by the higher judiciary in India? (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer: Contempt of court (CoC) refers to actions which defy a court’s authority, cast disrespect on a court, or impede the ability of the court to perform its function. Articles 129 and 215 of the Constitution of India empower the Supreme Court and High Courts respectively to punish people for their contempt. Section 10 of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971 defines the power of the High Court to punish contempt of its subordinate courts. CoC is divided as: 1. Civil Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court. 2. Criminal Contempt: The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which: (i) Scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court, or (ii) Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding, or (iii) Interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner. Issues related to contempt power: 1. The contempt powers put a restriction on the freedom of speech and expression provided under article 19(1). 2. the contempt proceedings may disincentivize a genuine criticism of a judicial verdict in the media. 3. Contempt powers are against the principle of natural justice as it is a classic case of Judges being judges in their own cause.(No man should be judge in his own case) 4. Contempt powers have not been objectively defined, therefore some feel that they have been misused sometimes. However, the real intention behind such powers was to protect the dignity of the institution not of the individual. 5. In a free democratic society criticism of Judiciary is inevitable it should not be a matter of concern as long as it does not obstruct the administration of Justice. However, the contempt provisions have a relevance. 1. Upholding the credibility of the judiciary in a democracy is imperative in order to ensure that the executive doesn"t endanger the independence of the judiciary. If the judiciary is excessively criticized, this criticism may be used as an excuse by the executive to interfere with judicial independence. 2. Constitution under the article 19(1) provides contempt of court as a reasonable reestriction for curbing the freedom of speech and expression. Hence, contempt based on criticism has a constitutional sanction. Thus, it is quite clear that contempt of court provision is a necessity. However, we need to make sure that these provisions promote judicial independence rather than compromising judicial accountability. Objective definition of contempt and removing the vague nature may prove to be a good way forward in this regard. Liberal interpretation of criticiam can be a tool to have a harmonized relation between criticism and freedom of speech.
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What do you mean by indigenization of technology? How indigenization of technology helped India in specific areas? Discuss briefly S&T initiatives to promote indigenisation in the country? (250 words)
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##Question:What do you mean by indigenization of technology? How indigenization of technology helped India in specific areas? Discuss briefly S&T initiatives to promote indigenisation in the country? (250 words)##Answer:.
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What do you mean by the indigenization of technology? How the indigenization of technology helped India in specific areas? Discuss with examples of indigenous technologies developed in India. (200 words)
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Brief approach- define Indigenisation of technology explain how it helped India list down examples of some initiatives taken for indigenisation Answer- Indigenisation refers tosubstitution of an imported item with one that is manufactured within the country. This does not mean just copying the item it could also include improvement in technology, working, modification as per local needs and use of local resources. For example defence equipments procured by transfer of technology normally involves some modification as per needs. like that of T-90 tanks from Russia. Instances on how it helped India- Indigenisation comes with transfer of technology like in case of
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##Question:What do you mean by the indigenization of technology? How the indigenization of technology helped India in specific areas? Discuss with examples of indigenous technologies developed in India. (200 words)##Answer:Brief approach- define Indigenisation of technology explain how it helped India list down examples of some initiatives taken for indigenisation Answer- Indigenisation refers tosubstitution of an imported item with one that is manufactured within the country. This does not mean just copying the item it could also include improvement in technology, working, modification as per local needs and use of local resources. For example defence equipments procured by transfer of technology normally involves some modification as per needs. like that of T-90 tanks from Russia. Instances on how it helped India- Indigenisation comes with transfer of technology like in case of
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The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy-2013 aims to create a robust innovation environment throughout the country. Critically comment. (200 words)
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##Question:The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy-2013 aims to create a robust innovation environment throughout the country. Critically comment. (200 words)##Answer:.
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Write short notes on(100 words each): a) Scientific Policy Resolution, 1958 b) Science, Technology and Innovation Policy,2013
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##Question:Write short notes on(100 words each): a) Scientific Policy Resolution, 1958 b) Science, Technology and Innovation Policy,2013##Answer:.
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Discuss briefly contributions made by Indian scientists in strategic sectors. Mention important research of these scientists in their respective fields.(200words)
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##Question:Discuss briefly contributions made by Indian scientists in strategic sectors. Mention important research of these scientists in their respective fields.(200words)##Answer:.
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Indigenisation of technology can go a long way in addressing India’s developmental woes. Critically comment (200 words)
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##Question:Indigenisation of technology can go a long way in addressing India’s developmental woes. Critically comment (200 words)##Answer:.
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What is innovation? How innovation can support indigenisation in the country? Mention Important S&T programes to promote innovtion ecosystem in the country. (200 words)
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##Question:What is innovation? How innovation can support indigenisation in the country? Mention Important S&T programes to promote innovtion ecosystem in the country. (200 words)##Answer:..
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Discuss important acheivements of CSIR over the past 5 years. (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss important acheivements of CSIR over the past 5 years. (150 words)##Answer:.
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Justify the need for FDI for the development of the Indian economy. What are the challenges faced in bringing FDI to India? (150 words/10 marks)
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a long-term investment by an Individual or Organisation in a foreign Country for establishing Ownership or owning Assets. It is needed for the Indian economy for the following reasons. 1. brings with it capital and technical know-how. 2. Increases the competitiveness of the domestic manufacturers and service providers due to international competence pressure. 3. Supplements domestic investment to sustain high growth rate by inter-form collaboration. 4. Could also promote growth by contributing to exports. 5. FDI imparts desired dynamism to the economy on account of its global marketing network. With the size of the market of India, she has attracted quite a lot of interest in foreign investors, who have shown interest with India to bring investment. Challenges: 1. Unsuitable investment climate due to heavy paperwork and red-tapism. 2. No proper exit mechanism in place. 3. Poor ease of doing business 4. poor physical infrastructure and absence of skilled labour. 5. outdated labour and contract enforcement laws 6. tax terrorism. 7. corruption and kickbacks expectations from the official machinery. 8. High Fiscal deficit and policy paralysis Therefore India is yet to harness the FDI potential fully. And studies show that the policies that attract domestic investment also facilitate FDI pull. To be able to do that 1. Active promotion of FDI by developing viable projects necessary. 2. Single window clearances. 3. High Government investment in physical infrastructure, esp industrial corridors and ports. 4. Rational tax laws and gradual decrease in corporate taxes. 5. Having Fiscal and CAD under control. 6. Bring down the negative list of FDI. 7. Faster adjudication of disputes and better contract enforcement mechanism. Conclusion Steps regarding Abolition of FIPB, Insolvency and bankruptcy code relaxing of FDI norms in various sectors are the steps in right direction.
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##Question:Justify the need for FDI for the development of the Indian economy. What are the challenges faced in bringing FDI to India? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a long-term investment by an Individual or Organisation in a foreign Country for establishing Ownership or owning Assets. It is needed for the Indian economy for the following reasons. 1. brings with it capital and technical know-how. 2. Increases the competitiveness of the domestic manufacturers and service providers due to international competence pressure. 3. Supplements domestic investment to sustain high growth rate by inter-form collaboration. 4. Could also promote growth by contributing to exports. 5. FDI imparts desired dynamism to the economy on account of its global marketing network. With the size of the market of India, she has attracted quite a lot of interest in foreign investors, who have shown interest with India to bring investment. Challenges: 1. Unsuitable investment climate due to heavy paperwork and red-tapism. 2. No proper exit mechanism in place. 3. Poor ease of doing business 4. poor physical infrastructure and absence of skilled labour. 5. outdated labour and contract enforcement laws 6. tax terrorism. 7. corruption and kickbacks expectations from the official machinery. 8. High Fiscal deficit and policy paralysis Therefore India is yet to harness the FDI potential fully. And studies show that the policies that attract domestic investment also facilitate FDI pull. To be able to do that 1. Active promotion of FDI by developing viable projects necessary. 2. Single window clearances. 3. High Government investment in physical infrastructure, esp industrial corridors and ports. 4. Rational tax laws and gradual decrease in corporate taxes. 5. Having Fiscal and CAD under control. 6. Bring down the negative list of FDI. 7. Faster adjudication of disputes and better contract enforcement mechanism. Conclusion Steps regarding Abolition of FIPB, Insolvency and bankruptcy code relaxing of FDI norms in various sectors are the steps in right direction.
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Why there is less number of women scientists in India, despite having large number of educated women in STEM. Suggest measures to Increase participation of women in S&T research in India. (250 words)
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##Question:Why there is less number of women scientists in India, despite having large number of educated women in STEM. Suggest measures to Increase participation of women in S&T research in India. (250 words)##Answer:.
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Explain air mass and different types of air masses. Discuss how do they lead to the formation of fronts and their significance?(250 words/15marks)
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An air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform temperature and humidity. The area over which an air mass originates is what provides it"s characteristics. The longer the air mass stays over its source region, the more likely it will acquire the properties of the surface below. As such, air masses are associated with high-pressure systems. Types of Airmasses 1. Based on moisture content There are two broad overarching divisions of air masses based upon the moisture content. a) Continental air masses , originate over continents are therefore dry air masses. b) Maritime air masses , originate over the oceans and are therefore moist air masses. 2. Based on temperature content of the originating surface Each of the two divisions is then divided based upon the temperature content of the surface over which they originate. a) Arctic air masses are very cold as they originate over the Arctic or Antarctic regions. b) Polar air masses are not as cold as Arctic air masses as they originate over the higher latitudes of both land and sea. c) Tropical air masses are warm/hot as they originate over the lower latitudes of both land and sea. Airmass leading to the formation of Fronts As these air masses move around the earth they can begin to acquire additional attributes. For example, in winter an arctic air mass (very cold and dry air) can move over the ocean, picking up some warmth and moisture from the warmer ocean and becoming a maritime polar air mass - one that is still fairly cold but contains moisture. The motion of air mass motion is usually based upon the air flow in the upper atmosphere. As the jet stream changes intensity and position, it affects the motion and strength of air masses. Where air masses converge, they form boundaries called "fronts". Fronts are identified by the change of temperature based upon their motion. With a cold front, a colder air mass is replacing a warmer air mass. A warm front is an opposite effect in that warm air replaces the cold air. There is also a stationary front, which, as the name implies, means the boundary between two air masses does not move.
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##Question:Explain air mass and different types of air masses. Discuss how do they lead to the formation of fronts and their significance?(250 words/15marks)##Answer:An air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform temperature and humidity. The area over which an air mass originates is what provides it"s characteristics. The longer the air mass stays over its source region, the more likely it will acquire the properties of the surface below. As such, air masses are associated with high-pressure systems. Types of Airmasses 1. Based on moisture content There are two broad overarching divisions of air masses based upon the moisture content. a) Continental air masses , originate over continents are therefore dry air masses. b) Maritime air masses , originate over the oceans and are therefore moist air masses. 2. Based on temperature content of the originating surface Each of the two divisions is then divided based upon the temperature content of the surface over which they originate. a) Arctic air masses are very cold as they originate over the Arctic or Antarctic regions. b) Polar air masses are not as cold as Arctic air masses as they originate over the higher latitudes of both land and sea. c) Tropical air masses are warm/hot as they originate over the lower latitudes of both land and sea. Airmass leading to the formation of Fronts As these air masses move around the earth they can begin to acquire additional attributes. For example, in winter an arctic air mass (very cold and dry air) can move over the ocean, picking up some warmth and moisture from the warmer ocean and becoming a maritime polar air mass - one that is still fairly cold but contains moisture. The motion of air mass motion is usually based upon the air flow in the upper atmosphere. As the jet stream changes intensity and position, it affects the motion and strength of air masses. Where air masses converge, they form boundaries called "fronts". Fronts are identified by the change of temperature based upon their motion. With a cold front, a colder air mass is replacing a warmer air mass. A warm front is an opposite effect in that warm air replaces the cold air. There is also a stationary front, which, as the name implies, means the boundary between two air masses does not move.
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PIL is causing more nuisance than benefits. Critically examine (200 words)
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##Question:PIL is causing more nuisance than benefits. Critically examine (200 words)##Answer:.
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Recently the Election Commission proposed seeking contempt powers for itself. Critically examine on merits and issues with the demand. (200 words)
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##Question:Recently the Election Commission proposed seeking contempt powers for itself. Critically examine on merits and issues with the demand. (200 words)##Answer:.
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It has been argued that the power of contempt of court is being misused in India. What are the issues with power contempt of court? Also, examine its necessity. ( 150 words | 10 marks )
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##Question:It has been argued that the power of contempt of court is being misused in India. What are the issues with power contempt of court? Also, examine its necessity. ( 150 words | 10 marks )##Answer:.
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Discuss the procedure for the removal of the judges of Supreme Court. Isthe removal procedure is a violation of spirit of separation of power? Comment.(150 words/10)
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Brief approach- Briefly discuss the process of removal of Judge of SC discuss on the issue if it violates principle of SoP ANSWER- A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his Office by an order of the president. The President can issue the removal order only after an address by Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal. The address must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (ie, a majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting). The grounds of removal are two—proved misbehavior or incapacity. The Judges Enquiry Act (1968) regulates the procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court by the process of impeachment: 1. A removal motion signed by 100 members (in the case of Lok Sabha) or 50 members (in the case of Rajya Sabha) is to be given to the Speaker/Chairman. 2. The Speaker/Chairman may admit the motion or refuse to admit it 3. If it is admitted, then the Speaker/Chairman is to constitute a three-member committee to investigate into the charges. 4. The committee should consist of (a) the chief justice or a judge of the Supreme Court, (b) a chief justice of a high court, and (c) a distinguished jurist. 5. If the committee finds the judge to be guilty of misbehavior or suffering from an incapacity, the House can take up the consideration of the motion. 6. After the motion is passed by each House of Parliament by a special majority, an address is presented to the president for removal of the judge. 7. Finally, the president passes an order removing the judge. Separation of powers is a concept that calls for the existence of an independent sphere of working for different organs of the government like executive, legislature, and judiciary. The removal process violates the separation of power in that it leads to interference of executive, and legislature in the judiciary. In the impeachment, procedure judiciary has nominal powers and the legislature has the real power. But impeachment process aimed not to interfere in working of the judiciary in an arbitrary manner. It has a well-defined process that includes various stages, and also includes judiciary in the second stage i.e. presenting the report against the misbehavior or incapacity. This process is a tool of the theory of checks and balances as it helps improve or upheld accountability of judiciary through legislative and executive. The process of impeachment is fair and just. But still, it failed to improve the accountability of the judiciary as it is very complex and time-consuming process. Till now no judge from the higher judiciary is impeached.
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##Question:Discuss the procedure for the removal of the judges of Supreme Court. Isthe removal procedure is a violation of spirit of separation of power? Comment.(150 words/10)##Answer:Brief approach- Briefly discuss the process of removal of Judge of SC discuss on the issue if it violates principle of SoP ANSWER- A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his Office by an order of the president. The President can issue the removal order only after an address by Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal. The address must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (ie, a majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting). The grounds of removal are two—proved misbehavior or incapacity. The Judges Enquiry Act (1968) regulates the procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court by the process of impeachment: 1. A removal motion signed by 100 members (in the case of Lok Sabha) or 50 members (in the case of Rajya Sabha) is to be given to the Speaker/Chairman. 2. The Speaker/Chairman may admit the motion or refuse to admit it 3. If it is admitted, then the Speaker/Chairman is to constitute a three-member committee to investigate into the charges. 4. The committee should consist of (a) the chief justice or a judge of the Supreme Court, (b) a chief justice of a high court, and (c) a distinguished jurist. 5. If the committee finds the judge to be guilty of misbehavior or suffering from an incapacity, the House can take up the consideration of the motion. 6. After the motion is passed by each House of Parliament by a special majority, an address is presented to the president for removal of the judge. 7. Finally, the president passes an order removing the judge. Separation of powers is a concept that calls for the existence of an independent sphere of working for different organs of the government like executive, legislature, and judiciary. The removal process violates the separation of power in that it leads to interference of executive, and legislature in the judiciary. In the impeachment, procedure judiciary has nominal powers and the legislature has the real power. But impeachment process aimed not to interfere in working of the judiciary in an arbitrary manner. It has a well-defined process that includes various stages, and also includes judiciary in the second stage i.e. presenting the report against the misbehavior or incapacity. This process is a tool of the theory of checks and balances as it helps improve or upheld accountability of judiciary through legislative and executive. The process of impeachment is fair and just. But still, it failed to improve the accountability of the judiciary as it is very complex and time-consuming process. Till now no judge from the higher judiciary is impeached.
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What according to you are lacunas in the current system of appointment of Supreme Court judges in India? How can we maintain the balance between the independence of the judiciary and the checks and balances between the organs of the state? (150 words/10 marks)
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##Question:What according to you are lacunas in the current system of appointment of Supreme Court judges in India? How can we maintain the balance between the independence of the judiciary and the checks and balances between the organs of the state? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.
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The Moderates and Extremist in the Indian National Congress were different in terms of their ideologies and strategies. Elucidate (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Brief Introduction about Moderates and Extremist Difference between their ideologies Differentiate between the strategies adopted by both of them Conclusion Answer:- The Indian National Congress had two groups which had different ideologies and strategies. The leaders of the early phase of the Congress were called the Moderates. They believed in the British sense of justice and expected that they would remove the grievances of the Indians once they were aware of these. On the other hand, extremists believed that boldness and self-sacrifice alone could fulfill the aspirations of the Indian people Difference in Ideologies Extremist Moderate · They were anti-imperialists in outlook · They wanted a direct overthrow of the Britishers. · They even criticized the moderates for the failure to produce results. · The moderates were basically loyalists in orientation · they wanted to further the cause of Indians while staying within the legal framework. · They had faith in the intentions of the British government Difference in Strategies:- Extremist Moderates · Extremists were inclined towards mass movements · They mobilized the people and conducted exercises like Swadeshi and Boycott · They wanted to go beyond the awareness-building role of moderates and take action against the colonial government. · Moderates followed the strategy of Prayer, Petition, and Protest. · Their demands included- indigenization of civil services and increasing Indian representation in the legislative councils. · They wrote letters to the government and also articles in the newspapers to educate the people. The contribution of one fraction cannot be said to be more than the other. On one hand, extremists contributed in a very visible manner and brought out the ways that ultimately overthrew the Britsh. On the other hand, moderates were crucial in laying down the foundation of nationalism.
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##Question:The Moderates and Extremist in the Indian National Congress were different in terms of their ideologies and strategies. Elucidate (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Brief Introduction about Moderates and Extremist Difference between their ideologies Differentiate between the strategies adopted by both of them Conclusion Answer:- The Indian National Congress had two groups which had different ideologies and strategies. The leaders of the early phase of the Congress were called the Moderates. They believed in the British sense of justice and expected that they would remove the grievances of the Indians once they were aware of these. On the other hand, extremists believed that boldness and self-sacrifice alone could fulfill the aspirations of the Indian people Difference in Ideologies Extremist Moderate · They were anti-imperialists in outlook · They wanted a direct overthrow of the Britishers. · They even criticized the moderates for the failure to produce results. · The moderates were basically loyalists in orientation · they wanted to further the cause of Indians while staying within the legal framework. · They had faith in the intentions of the British government Difference in Strategies:- Extremist Moderates · Extremists were inclined towards mass movements · They mobilized the people and conducted exercises like Swadeshi and Boycott · They wanted to go beyond the awareness-building role of moderates and take action against the colonial government. · Moderates followed the strategy of Prayer, Petition, and Protest. · Their demands included- indigenization of civil services and increasing Indian representation in the legislative councils. · They wrote letters to the government and also articles in the newspapers to educate the people. The contribution of one fraction cannot be said to be more than the other. On one hand, extremists contributed in a very visible manner and brought out the ways that ultimately overthrew the Britsh. On the other hand, moderates were crucial in laying down the foundation of nationalism.
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Discuss the process of election of President of India. Justify the indirect election process despite India being a Republic. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach 1. Discuss the election process for the President. 2. Explain how indirect elections are justifiable in India. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer President is the head of the Indian Union and is considered the first citizen of India. Election Process of President Article 54 and 55 of the constitution deals with the election of the President of India."The President is elected not directly by the people but by members of the Electoral College consisting of: 1. The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament; 2. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states; and 3. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry The system of the election - The President’s election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot. A candidate, in order to be declared elected to the office of President, must secure a fixed quota of votes. Also, in the election process, uniformity in the scale of representation of different States is maintained and at the same time, equality between the States as a whole and Parliament is also ensured. Why indirect election – 1. The indirect election of the President is in harmony with the parliamentary system of government envisaged in the Constitution. Under this system, the President is only a nominal executive and the real powers are vested in the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. It would have been anomalous to have the President elected directly by the people and not give him any real power. 2. The direct election of the President would have been very costly and time- and energy-consuming due to the vast size of the electorate. This is unwarranted keeping in view that he is only a symbolic head. However, despite being indirectly elected and acting only as the nominal head of the country, the position of President is of considerable importance and a symbol of India as a republic.
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##Question:Discuss the process of election of President of India. Justify the indirect election process despite India being a Republic. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1. Discuss the election process for the President. 2. Explain how indirect elections are justifiable in India. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer President is the head of the Indian Union and is considered the first citizen of India. Election Process of President Article 54 and 55 of the constitution deals with the election of the President of India."The President is elected not directly by the people but by members of the Electoral College consisting of: 1. The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament; 2. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states; and 3. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry The system of the election - The President’s election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot. A candidate, in order to be declared elected to the office of President, must secure a fixed quota of votes. Also, in the election process, uniformity in the scale of representation of different States is maintained and at the same time, equality between the States as a whole and Parliament is also ensured. Why indirect election – 1. The indirect election of the President is in harmony with the parliamentary system of government envisaged in the Constitution. Under this system, the President is only a nominal executive and the real powers are vested in the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. It would have been anomalous to have the President elected directly by the people and not give him any real power. 2. The direct election of the President would have been very costly and time- and energy-consuming due to the vast size of the electorate. This is unwarranted keeping in view that he is only a symbolic head. However, despite being indirectly elected and acting only as the nominal head of the country, the position of President is of considerable importance and a symbol of India as a republic.
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Explain the need to add DPSPs in the constitution. Also, analyse the rationale to keep them non- justiciable in nature. (150 words)
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Introduction= Directive principles of state policy is in the nature of general instructions or direction to the state. It shall be the duty of the state to follow these principle in the matter of administration and as well as in the making of laws. Part4 deals with DPSP. Article 36 to 51 mentions about DPSP. DPSP are classified as Liberal, Gandhian, socialist principles. Need for DPSPs 1. Developing a socio economic democracy e.g. equal pay for equal work 2. The directive principles place an ideal before the legislator of India which shows that light while they frame the policies & laws. 3. Conception of welfare state and conscience of the constitution e.g. free legal aid 4. They are basically a code of conduct for the legislature and administrators of the country. And fundamental to the governance of the country Although DPSPs were no less important than fundamental rights yet they entailed financial back-up to implement them. Since the Indian state had and still has limited economic capacity, making DPSPs justiciable would have put the state in a tight situation. Also it was belived that no appointed legislature could afford to ignore these directivesThis fact explains why DPSPs were deliberately made non-justiciable. Conclusion= It show the path to the leaders of the country which takes the country to achieve the ideal of the constitution embodied in the Preamble “Justice, Social, Economic, Political; liberty, equality and fraternity”.
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##Question:Explain the need to add DPSPs in the constitution. Also, analyse the rationale to keep them non- justiciable in nature. (150 words)##Answer: Introduction= Directive principles of state policy is in the nature of general instructions or direction to the state. It shall be the duty of the state to follow these principle in the matter of administration and as well as in the making of laws. Part4 deals with DPSP. Article 36 to 51 mentions about DPSP. DPSP are classified as Liberal, Gandhian, socialist principles. Need for DPSPs 1. Developing a socio economic democracy e.g. equal pay for equal work 2. The directive principles place an ideal before the legislator of India which shows that light while they frame the policies & laws. 3. Conception of welfare state and conscience of the constitution e.g. free legal aid 4. They are basically a code of conduct for the legislature and administrators of the country. And fundamental to the governance of the country Although DPSPs were no less important than fundamental rights yet they entailed financial back-up to implement them. Since the Indian state had and still has limited economic capacity, making DPSPs justiciable would have put the state in a tight situation. Also it was belived that no appointed legislature could afford to ignore these directivesThis fact explains why DPSPs were deliberately made non-justiciable. Conclusion= It show the path to the leaders of the country which takes the country to achieve the ideal of the constitution embodied in the Preamble “Justice, Social, Economic, Political; liberty, equality and fraternity”.
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What do you understand by tropical cyclone? How are they named? How is it different from an extra-tropical cyclone? (200 words)
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Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements and storm surges involving closed circulation of air around a low pressure.They have a thermal origin (formed around ITCZ), and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November in the northern hemisphere).At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Names of Tropical Cyclones Based on their wind speed and region of impact, they are named differently. Some regions that witness a profound impact of such cyclones are the gulf coast of North America(Hurricane), North-western Australia(Willy-willy), South Asia(Chakravaat/Cyclones), Philippines (Typhoons) etc. Tropical storms are given names and they retain the name if they develop into an intensified cyclone. They are given names to enhance communication between forecasters and the general public since the storm may last for a week or longer and more than one could occur at a time in the same basin. Names are drawn in order from a pre-determined list prepared with inputs from littoral countries. eg. for the Indian Ocean region- 8 countries including India contribute to a set of names which are assigned sequentially whenever a cyclone develops. Names of some storms that cause widespread damage and death are usually retired and and are not brought back or reused later, at least for 10 years. These names are replaced with new names. Some names used in the past are- Katrina (Gulf of Mexico), Neelam and Phailin (Indian Ocean by Pakistan and Thailand respectively) The differences between tropical and extra-tropical cyclones are as follows: Location Tropical cyclones form along the 5 to 10 degree latitude whereas temperate cyclone are formed along middle latitude (35 to 65 degree) where convergence of thermally different air masses collide each other along fronts. Origin Tropical cyclones always origin in large water bodies, where as temperate cyclones can origin on both landmass or water. Structure Tropical cyclones have a definite structure of formation having a front end followed by a zone of calmness called “eye” and ends with tail (rear end). In temperate cyclone, two different air masses collide each other so four different sectors are formed, they are cold sector (cold drier air mass), cold front, warm sector(warm moist air mass) and warm front. Size and speed Tropical cyclones range from 150-200 kms with high velocity where as temperate cyclones are larger in size ranging around 1900 km and due to large size it moves slower at the speed of 40-60 kmph. Movement direction Tropical direction moves from east to west direction under the influence of trade winds on the other hand temperate cyclones move from west to east direction under the influence of westerly winds . Weather condition The tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rain fall and high velocity of winds for short duration at small area, sometimes the rain and associated winds are so high that it can cause damage to life and property mostly at eastern coastal areas. In temperate cyclone the weather are mild and overcast sky in initial stage and followed by moderate to heavy rain for long period of time on large area. The student must draw a diagram for Tropical Cyclone. Basic diagram for an extra-tropical cyclone is desirable but not mandatory.
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##Question:What do you understand by tropical cyclone? How are they named? How is it different from an extra-tropical cyclone? (200 words)##Answer:Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements and storm surges involving closed circulation of air around a low pressure.They have a thermal origin (formed around ITCZ), and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November in the northern hemisphere).At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Names of Tropical Cyclones Based on their wind speed and region of impact, they are named differently. Some regions that witness a profound impact of such cyclones are the gulf coast of North America(Hurricane), North-western Australia(Willy-willy), South Asia(Chakravaat/Cyclones), Philippines (Typhoons) etc. Tropical storms are given names and they retain the name if they develop into an intensified cyclone. They are given names to enhance communication between forecasters and the general public since the storm may last for a week or longer and more than one could occur at a time in the same basin. Names are drawn in order from a pre-determined list prepared with inputs from littoral countries. eg. for the Indian Ocean region- 8 countries including India contribute to a set of names which are assigned sequentially whenever a cyclone develops. Names of some storms that cause widespread damage and death are usually retired and and are not brought back or reused later, at least for 10 years. These names are replaced with new names. Some names used in the past are- Katrina (Gulf of Mexico), Neelam and Phailin (Indian Ocean by Pakistan and Thailand respectively) The differences between tropical and extra-tropical cyclones are as follows: Location Tropical cyclones form along the 5 to 10 degree latitude whereas temperate cyclone are formed along middle latitude (35 to 65 degree) where convergence of thermally different air masses collide each other along fronts. Origin Tropical cyclones always origin in large water bodies, where as temperate cyclones can origin on both landmass or water. Structure Tropical cyclones have a definite structure of formation having a front end followed by a zone of calmness called “eye” and ends with tail (rear end). In temperate cyclone, two different air masses collide each other so four different sectors are formed, they are cold sector (cold drier air mass), cold front, warm sector(warm moist air mass) and warm front. Size and speed Tropical cyclones range from 150-200 kms with high velocity where as temperate cyclones are larger in size ranging around 1900 km and due to large size it moves slower at the speed of 40-60 kmph. Movement direction Tropical direction moves from east to west direction under the influence of trade winds on the other hand temperate cyclones move from west to east direction under the influence of westerly winds . Weather condition The tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rain fall and high velocity of winds for short duration at small area, sometimes the rain and associated winds are so high that it can cause damage to life and property mostly at eastern coastal areas. In temperate cyclone the weather are mild and overcast sky in initial stage and followed by moderate to heavy rain for long period of time on large area. The student must draw a diagram for Tropical Cyclone. Basic diagram for an extra-tropical cyclone is desirable but not mandatory.
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Briefly examine features of the Nagara style of temple architecture by mentioning various examples. (10 marks/150 words)
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Brief approach: list down features of Nagara style of architecture discuss about various styles of Nagara architecture developed in India Answer: Features of the Nagara style of architecture are as follows: Presence of curvilinear shikhar covered by ambulatory passage way Panchaytan- one main God and four subsidiary Gods are placed inside temples absence of water tank crucified ground plan generally no boundary wall is present absence of gopuam In India three different styles of nagara styles were developed 1.Odisha school Most of thetemples under this stylesare located in areas around ancient Puri and Konark. In this style shikhara, were called deul in Odisha, which is vertical almost until the topthen it suddenly curves sharply inwards. Deuls are then preceded, as usual, by mandapas called jagamohana in Odisha. The ground plan of the main temple is square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure and becomes circular in the crowning mastaka. The exterior of the temples arelavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare. Thesetemples usually have boundary walls. Example: Konark Temple, Jagannath temple, Lingaraj temple. 2. Chandela/Khajurao school These areextensively erotic sculptures patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand in (10th and 11th century). There are almost 22 temples (out of the original 85) and is regarded as one of world’s greatest artistic wonders. The finest among them is Shaivite temple known as Kandariya Mahadev, built around 10th century by King Ganda The standard type of Khajuraho temple has a shrine room, an assembly hall, and an entrance portico.These entities were treated as a whole, unlikein the Odishan style they were conceived as separate elements. The sikhara is curved for its whole length, and miniature sikharas emerge from the central tower. The halls and porticos of the temple are also crowned with smaller towers which rise progressively upto the main tower. Vishnu Temple at Chaturbhunj (MP) is another prominent temples at Khajuraho. Other prominant examples being Kandariya Mahadev temple, Lashmana temple 3.Solanki school These were patronized by Solanki kings (later Chalukya) of Gujarat (11th to 13th century). The Vimala, Tejpala and Vastupala temples at Mount Abu exhibit this style. Also Dilwara temple in Mt Abu – Highest Jain pilgrimage is one of its example. these temples had minimal decoration on the wall and there is presence of water tank near or in the premise of temple
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##Question:Briefly examine features of the Nagara style of temple architecture by mentioning various examples. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief approach: list down features of Nagara style of architecture discuss about various styles of Nagara architecture developed in India Answer: Features of the Nagara style of architecture are as follows: Presence of curvilinear shikhar covered by ambulatory passage way Panchaytan- one main God and four subsidiary Gods are placed inside temples absence of water tank crucified ground plan generally no boundary wall is present absence of gopuam In India three different styles of nagara styles were developed 1.Odisha school Most of thetemples under this stylesare located in areas around ancient Puri and Konark. In this style shikhara, were called deul in Odisha, which is vertical almost until the topthen it suddenly curves sharply inwards. Deuls are then preceded, as usual, by mandapas called jagamohana in Odisha. The ground plan of the main temple is square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure and becomes circular in the crowning mastaka. The exterior of the temples arelavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare. Thesetemples usually have boundary walls. Example: Konark Temple, Jagannath temple, Lingaraj temple. 2. Chandela/Khajurao school These areextensively erotic sculptures patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand in (10th and 11th century). There are almost 22 temples (out of the original 85) and is regarded as one of world’s greatest artistic wonders. The finest among them is Shaivite temple known as Kandariya Mahadev, built around 10th century by King Ganda The standard type of Khajuraho temple has a shrine room, an assembly hall, and an entrance portico.These entities were treated as a whole, unlikein the Odishan style they were conceived as separate elements. The sikhara is curved for its whole length, and miniature sikharas emerge from the central tower. The halls and porticos of the temple are also crowned with smaller towers which rise progressively upto the main tower. Vishnu Temple at Chaturbhunj (MP) is another prominent temples at Khajuraho. Other prominant examples being Kandariya Mahadev temple, Lashmana temple 3.Solanki school These were patronized by Solanki kings (later Chalukya) of Gujarat (11th to 13th century). The Vimala, Tejpala and Vastupala temples at Mount Abu exhibit this style. Also Dilwara temple in Mt Abu – Highest Jain pilgrimage is one of its example. these temples had minimal decoration on the wall and there is presence of water tank near or in the premise of temple
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