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जलवाष्प को परिभाषित करते हुए उसके संघनन के विविध रूपों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining water vapor, discuss its various forms of condensation. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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जलवाष्प जब किसी निश्चित तापमान पर वायु में आर्द्रता सामर्थ्य के बराबर जलवाष्प की मात्रा उपस्थित होती है तो ऐसी दशा में वायु को संतृप्त वायु कहते हैं| जिस तापमान पर वायु संतृप्त हो जाती है, उस तापमान को वायु का ओसांक बिंदु (Dew point) कहते हैं। यदि वायु का तापमान उसके ओसांक बिंदु से अधिक हो जाता है तो संघनन प्रारम्भ हो जाता है। वायुमंडल में संघनन के लिए अतिसूक्ष्म नाभिकों (केन्द्रकों) का पर्याप्त मात्रा में होना आवश्यक है ताकि इनके इर्द-गिर्द जलवाष्प जल के सूक्ष्म कणों में परिवर्तित हो सके। धूल, धुँआ तथा महासागरों से प्राप्त नमक के कण एवं कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड अच्छे नाभिक होते हैं, क्योंकि ये जल को अवशोषित करते हैं। इन छोटे-छोटे कणों को संघनन केन्द्रक या आर्द्रताग्राही नाभिक (Hygroscopic Nuclei) कहा जाता है। कभी-कभी वायु में आर्द्रताग्राही नाभिकों के अभाव में ओसांक बिंदु पर भी संघनन की क्रिया प्रारंभ नहीं हो पाती है। ऐसी वायु जिसमें संघनन का प्रारम्भ ओसांक से कई डिग्री कम तापमान पर होता है, को अतिसंतृप्त वायु (supersaturated) कहते हैं। संघनन के विविध रूप: वायु के शीतलन के कारण संघनित जलवाष्प ओस, तुषार, कोहरा, कुहासा, धुन्ध, मेघ आदि का रूप ले सकता है। ओस (Dew): धरातल की निकटवर्ती वायु में उपस्थित जलवाष्प के प्रत्यक्ष संघनन के द्वारा, मुख्यतः रात्रिकालीन विकिरण द्वारा, शीतलीकृत क्षैतिज तलों पर संचित जल की बूँदों को ओस कहते हैं। इसमें जलवाष्प धरातल के ऊपर वायु में आर्द्रताग्राही नाभिकों पर संघनित न होकर धरातल पर उपस्थित ठोस वस्तुओं, जैसे पत्थर, घास, तथा पौधों की पत्तियों की ठंडी सतहों पर संघनित होकर, जल की बूंदों के रूप में जमा हो जाती है। ओस के बनने के लिए वायु का ओसांक जमाव बिंदु (0° सेल्सियस) से अधिक होना आवश्यक है। ओस के बनने के लिए निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियाँ अनुकूल होती हैं: ठंडी लम्बी रातें : शीतऋतु की लम्बी रात में पृथ्वी की सतह ठंडी (पार्थिव विकिरण के कारण) हो जाती है। इस ठंडी सतह से आर्द्र वायु का संपर्क होने पर, संघनन प्रारंभ हो जाता है। मेघ रहित स्वच्छ आकाश : आकाश मेघ रहित और धूल-कण से मुक्त होने के कारण दिन में अधिक वाष्पीकरण से वायु में आर्द्रता की मात्रा में वृद्धि हो जाएगी एवं रात्रि के समय पार्थिव विकिरण के कारण धरातल अधिक ठंडा होगा। शांत वायु : यदि वायु शांत होगी तो वह धरातल के संपर्क में अधिक देर तक रह पाएगी और ठंडी हो जाएगी। यह स्थिति संघनन के लिए अनुकूल होती है। उच्च सापेक्षिक आर्द्रता: उच्च सापेक्षिक आर्द्रता संघनन को बढ़ावा देती है। यही कारण है कि भारत में संघनन अगस्त और सितम्बर के महीने में अधिक होता है। तुषार या पाला (Frost): जब संघनन जमाव बिंदु (0०C) से नीचे संपन्न होता है तब ठंडी सतहों पर तुषार या पाला बनता है अर्थात् ओसांक जमाव बिंदु पर या उसके नीचे होता है, तो ऐसी स्थिति में वायु की अतिरिक्त नमी जल की बूंदों के स्थान पर छोटे-छोटे हिम के रवों के रूप में जमा हो जाती है। तुषार के लिए उपयुक्त परिस्थितियाँ ओस के समान ही हैं। अंतर केवल इतना है कि इसके लिए धरातल पर स्थित वस्तुओं का तापमान हिमांक पर या उससे नीचे होना चाहिए। इतने कम तापमान पर जलवाष्प बिना द्रव अवस्था में परिवर्तित हुए सीधे हिम के रूप में ठंडे पदार्थों पर संघनित हो जाता है। कोहरा (Fog): कोहरा लघु जलसीकरों से परिपूर्ण एक प्रकार का मेघ होता है, जो कि सामान्य मेघों के विपरीत धरातल के समीप पाया जाता है। निम्न तापमान और उच्च सापेक्षिक आर्द्रता की दशाओं के कारण धरातल के समीप जलवाष्प के संघनन होता है जिससे कोहरे का निर्माण होता है। शीतकाल में, रात्रि के समय वायु का तापमान अत्यधिक कम हो जाता है, जिससे धरातल के समीप वायुमंडल में व्याप्त छोटे-छोटे धूल के कणों, धूम्र आदि पर जलवाष्प का संघनन हो जाता है तथा छोटे-छोटे जलसीकरों का निर्माण होता है। ये जलसीकर हल्के होने के कारण वायु में निलंबित रहते हैं, जिसे कोहरा कहते हैं। अधिक घना होने पर दृश्यता कम (एक किमी. से भी कम) हो जाती है। कोहरे के प्रकार: विकिरण जनित कोहरा: इस प्रकार का कोहरा विकिरण से उत्पन्न वायु के शीतलन के फलस्वरूप निर्मित होता है| महासागरों में दैनिक तापान्तर काम होने से वहाँ ऐसे कोहरे नहीं बनते हैं। इस कारण इसे स्थलीय कोहरा(Ground fog) भी कहते हैं। रात्रि काल में पार्थिव विकिरण के कारण धरातल ठंडा हो जाता है, जिससे इसके संपर्क में आने वाली वायु भी ठंडी हो जाती है और उसमें उपस्थित जलवाष्प संघनित होकर कोहरे का निर्माण करता है। इसकी मोटाई 10 से 30 मीटर तक होती है। अभिवहन कोहरा: इस प्रकार के कोहरे की उत्पत्ति धरातल पर एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर चलने वाली वायुधाराओं के शीतलन से होती है। इस प्रकार के कोहरे की उत्पत्ति के लिए धरातल पर तापमान में विभिन्नता सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण कारक है। इस प्रकार का कोहरा दो दशाओं में उत्पन्न होता है: जब उष्णार्द्र पवन धाराएँ शीतल धरातल पर से प्रवाहित होती हैं एवं उनका संपर्क धरातल से संलग्न शीतल वायु से होता है। जब शीतल पवन धाराएँ उष्ण सागर सतह पर से प्रवाहित होती हैं एवं सागर सतह से संलग्न उष्णार्द्र वायु से उनका मिश्रण होता है। इस तरह का कोहरा प्रायः स्थलीय भागों पर शीत ऋतु में तथा सागरीय भागों पर ग्रीष्म ऋतु में होता है। समुद्री भागों पर ऐसे कोहरे को सागरीय कोहरा(sea fog) कहते हैं। वाताग्री कोहरा: जब दो विपरीत स्वभाव वाली (एक शीत तथा दूसरी उष्ण) वायु राशियाँ विपरीत दिशाओं से आकर एक रेखा के सहारे आमने-सामने मिलती हैं तो वाताग्र का निर्माण होता है। इस वाताग्र के सहारे गर्म वायु, ठंडी वायु के ऊपर उठती है, जिस कारण वह ठंडी हो जाती है तथा संघनन के बाद कोहरा उत्पन्न हो जाता है।
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##Question:जलवाष्प को परिभाषित करते हुए उसके संघनन के विविध रूपों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining water vapor, discuss its various forms of condensation. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:जलवाष्प जब किसी निश्चित तापमान पर वायु में आर्द्रता सामर्थ्य के बराबर जलवाष्प की मात्रा उपस्थित होती है तो ऐसी दशा में वायु को संतृप्त वायु कहते हैं| जिस तापमान पर वायु संतृप्त हो जाती है, उस तापमान को वायु का ओसांक बिंदु (Dew point) कहते हैं। यदि वायु का तापमान उसके ओसांक बिंदु से अधिक हो जाता है तो संघनन प्रारम्भ हो जाता है। वायुमंडल में संघनन के लिए अतिसूक्ष्म नाभिकों (केन्द्रकों) का पर्याप्त मात्रा में होना आवश्यक है ताकि इनके इर्द-गिर्द जलवाष्प जल के सूक्ष्म कणों में परिवर्तित हो सके। धूल, धुँआ तथा महासागरों से प्राप्त नमक के कण एवं कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड अच्छे नाभिक होते हैं, क्योंकि ये जल को अवशोषित करते हैं। इन छोटे-छोटे कणों को संघनन केन्द्रक या आर्द्रताग्राही नाभिक (Hygroscopic Nuclei) कहा जाता है। कभी-कभी वायु में आर्द्रताग्राही नाभिकों के अभाव में ओसांक बिंदु पर भी संघनन की क्रिया प्रारंभ नहीं हो पाती है। ऐसी वायु जिसमें संघनन का प्रारम्भ ओसांक से कई डिग्री कम तापमान पर होता है, को अतिसंतृप्त वायु (supersaturated) कहते हैं। संघनन के विविध रूप: वायु के शीतलन के कारण संघनित जलवाष्प ओस, तुषार, कोहरा, कुहासा, धुन्ध, मेघ आदि का रूप ले सकता है। ओस (Dew): धरातल की निकटवर्ती वायु में उपस्थित जलवाष्प के प्रत्यक्ष संघनन के द्वारा, मुख्यतः रात्रिकालीन विकिरण द्वारा, शीतलीकृत क्षैतिज तलों पर संचित जल की बूँदों को ओस कहते हैं। इसमें जलवाष्प धरातल के ऊपर वायु में आर्द्रताग्राही नाभिकों पर संघनित न होकर धरातल पर उपस्थित ठोस वस्तुओं, जैसे पत्थर, घास, तथा पौधों की पत्तियों की ठंडी सतहों पर संघनित होकर, जल की बूंदों के रूप में जमा हो जाती है। ओस के बनने के लिए वायु का ओसांक जमाव बिंदु (0° सेल्सियस) से अधिक होना आवश्यक है। ओस के बनने के लिए निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियाँ अनुकूल होती हैं: ठंडी लम्बी रातें : शीतऋतु की लम्बी रात में पृथ्वी की सतह ठंडी (पार्थिव विकिरण के कारण) हो जाती है। इस ठंडी सतह से आर्द्र वायु का संपर्क होने पर, संघनन प्रारंभ हो जाता है। मेघ रहित स्वच्छ आकाश : आकाश मेघ रहित और धूल-कण से मुक्त होने के कारण दिन में अधिक वाष्पीकरण से वायु में आर्द्रता की मात्रा में वृद्धि हो जाएगी एवं रात्रि के समय पार्थिव विकिरण के कारण धरातल अधिक ठंडा होगा। शांत वायु : यदि वायु शांत होगी तो वह धरातल के संपर्क में अधिक देर तक रह पाएगी और ठंडी हो जाएगी। यह स्थिति संघनन के लिए अनुकूल होती है। उच्च सापेक्षिक आर्द्रता: उच्च सापेक्षिक आर्द्रता संघनन को बढ़ावा देती है। यही कारण है कि भारत में संघनन अगस्त और सितम्बर के महीने में अधिक होता है। तुषार या पाला (Frost): जब संघनन जमाव बिंदु (0०C) से नीचे संपन्न होता है तब ठंडी सतहों पर तुषार या पाला बनता है अर्थात् ओसांक जमाव बिंदु पर या उसके नीचे होता है, तो ऐसी स्थिति में वायु की अतिरिक्त नमी जल की बूंदों के स्थान पर छोटे-छोटे हिम के रवों के रूप में जमा हो जाती है। तुषार के लिए उपयुक्त परिस्थितियाँ ओस के समान ही हैं। अंतर केवल इतना है कि इसके लिए धरातल पर स्थित वस्तुओं का तापमान हिमांक पर या उससे नीचे होना चाहिए। इतने कम तापमान पर जलवाष्प बिना द्रव अवस्था में परिवर्तित हुए सीधे हिम के रूप में ठंडे पदार्थों पर संघनित हो जाता है। कोहरा (Fog): कोहरा लघु जलसीकरों से परिपूर्ण एक प्रकार का मेघ होता है, जो कि सामान्य मेघों के विपरीत धरातल के समीप पाया जाता है। निम्न तापमान और उच्च सापेक्षिक आर्द्रता की दशाओं के कारण धरातल के समीप जलवाष्प के संघनन होता है जिससे कोहरे का निर्माण होता है। शीतकाल में, रात्रि के समय वायु का तापमान अत्यधिक कम हो जाता है, जिससे धरातल के समीप वायुमंडल में व्याप्त छोटे-छोटे धूल के कणों, धूम्र आदि पर जलवाष्प का संघनन हो जाता है तथा छोटे-छोटे जलसीकरों का निर्माण होता है। ये जलसीकर हल्के होने के कारण वायु में निलंबित रहते हैं, जिसे कोहरा कहते हैं। अधिक घना होने पर दृश्यता कम (एक किमी. से भी कम) हो जाती है। कोहरे के प्रकार: विकिरण जनित कोहरा: इस प्रकार का कोहरा विकिरण से उत्पन्न वायु के शीतलन के फलस्वरूप निर्मित होता है| महासागरों में दैनिक तापान्तर काम होने से वहाँ ऐसे कोहरे नहीं बनते हैं। इस कारण इसे स्थलीय कोहरा(Ground fog) भी कहते हैं। रात्रि काल में पार्थिव विकिरण के कारण धरातल ठंडा हो जाता है, जिससे इसके संपर्क में आने वाली वायु भी ठंडी हो जाती है और उसमें उपस्थित जलवाष्प संघनित होकर कोहरे का निर्माण करता है। इसकी मोटाई 10 से 30 मीटर तक होती है। अभिवहन कोहरा: इस प्रकार के कोहरे की उत्पत्ति धरातल पर एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर चलने वाली वायुधाराओं के शीतलन से होती है। इस प्रकार के कोहरे की उत्पत्ति के लिए धरातल पर तापमान में विभिन्नता सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण कारक है। इस प्रकार का कोहरा दो दशाओं में उत्पन्न होता है: जब उष्णार्द्र पवन धाराएँ शीतल धरातल पर से प्रवाहित होती हैं एवं उनका संपर्क धरातल से संलग्न शीतल वायु से होता है। जब शीतल पवन धाराएँ उष्ण सागर सतह पर से प्रवाहित होती हैं एवं सागर सतह से संलग्न उष्णार्द्र वायु से उनका मिश्रण होता है। इस तरह का कोहरा प्रायः स्थलीय भागों पर शीत ऋतु में तथा सागरीय भागों पर ग्रीष्म ऋतु में होता है। समुद्री भागों पर ऐसे कोहरे को सागरीय कोहरा(sea fog) कहते हैं। वाताग्री कोहरा: जब दो विपरीत स्वभाव वाली (एक शीत तथा दूसरी उष्ण) वायु राशियाँ विपरीत दिशाओं से आकर एक रेखा के सहारे आमने-सामने मिलती हैं तो वाताग्र का निर्माण होता है। इस वाताग्र के सहारे गर्म वायु, ठंडी वायु के ऊपर उठती है, जिस कारण वह ठंडी हो जाती है तथा संघनन के बाद कोहरा उत्पन्न हो जाता है।
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Mohd. bin Tughlaq was considered to be an ambitious ruler and a man of experiments but he failed in his experiments. In light of this statement, give a brief note on the initiative taken by Mohd. Bin Tughlaq. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: In the introduction, briefly describe Mohd. bin Tughlaq and Tughlaq dynasty. Highlight various initiatives taken by Mohd, bin Tughlaq during his tenure. Discuss the associated reasons behind the failure of his ambitious experiments. Conclude your answer based on the above points. Answer: Mohd. Bin Tughlaq (reigned 1324-1351) was a medieval Indian ruler whose reign saw the beginning of the disintegration of the empire of Delhi Sultanate. He was the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty that replaced Khilji dynasty in Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq displayed an extraordinary capacity for classical learning and military leadership. Mohd. bin Tughlaq was a person of a contradictory personality. On the one hand, he was a learned person. He knew several languages—Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Sanskrit. But on the other hand, he was notorious for his cruelty and extreme type of death punishment. He was an ambitious ruler and also a man of experiments. During his lifetime, he took the following initiatives but unfortunately, he failed in almost all of them. These experiments are given as below: Increase in the tax rates: He increased the rate of taxes in the Ganga-Yamuna doab region. But coincidently in that year, there was a severe drought and famine in the fertile zone. As such, peasants refused to make the payment which led to the withdrawal of taxes. Transfer of Capital from Delhi to Daulatabad: Mohd. Bin Tughlaq wanted to create a central location, which must be far from Mongol threat. But this experiment failed due to the dirth of water in Daulatabad and also nobles started to feel nostalgic about Delhi. Khorasan Expedition : Mohd. Bin Tughlaq wanted to extend his territory toward the north. In Khorasan, there was infighting in the court. He thought, it is an opportunity and started the preparation of war. Moreover, a large no. of new soldiers were recruited and they were given advanced salaries. But, in the end, the war didn"t"t happen on the ground as the infighting in Khorasan was over. Kurachil Expedition To punish all those who revolted and fled to Kurachil, Tughlaq send his men to punish them but this experiment failed. Issue of Token Currency: There was dirth of silver all over the world as such in this scenario, Tughlaq decided to release token currency of copper and bronze on the face value of silver and gold. This experiment also failed due to forging and duplication of the currency. Other Initiatives He created a separate department of agriculture known as Diwan-i-Kohi. He created a credit facility that gave cheap agriculture loans known as "Taccavi" to people During his tenure, about 23 revolts happened but only two were suppressed by Tughlaq. These revolts led to the establishment of the Vijayanagara Kingdom in 1336 and the Bahmani kingdom in 1347. Thus, in the nutshell, we can say that Mohd. Bin. Tughlaq was a learned and ambitious ruler with so many innovative initiatives and experiments but he failed. After the Tughlaq’s death, Firuz Shah Tughlaq ascended the throne and thereafter Tughlaq dynasty came to an end.
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##Question:Mohd. bin Tughlaq was considered to be an ambitious ruler and a man of experiments but he failed in his experiments. In light of this statement, give a brief note on the initiative taken by Mohd. Bin Tughlaq. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, briefly describe Mohd. bin Tughlaq and Tughlaq dynasty. Highlight various initiatives taken by Mohd, bin Tughlaq during his tenure. Discuss the associated reasons behind the failure of his ambitious experiments. Conclude your answer based on the above points. Answer: Mohd. Bin Tughlaq (reigned 1324-1351) was a medieval Indian ruler whose reign saw the beginning of the disintegration of the empire of Delhi Sultanate. He was the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty that replaced Khilji dynasty in Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq displayed an extraordinary capacity for classical learning and military leadership. Mohd. bin Tughlaq was a person of a contradictory personality. On the one hand, he was a learned person. He knew several languages—Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Sanskrit. But on the other hand, he was notorious for his cruelty and extreme type of death punishment. He was an ambitious ruler and also a man of experiments. During his lifetime, he took the following initiatives but unfortunately, he failed in almost all of them. These experiments are given as below: Increase in the tax rates: He increased the rate of taxes in the Ganga-Yamuna doab region. But coincidently in that year, there was a severe drought and famine in the fertile zone. As such, peasants refused to make the payment which led to the withdrawal of taxes. Transfer of Capital from Delhi to Daulatabad: Mohd. Bin Tughlaq wanted to create a central location, which must be far from Mongol threat. But this experiment failed due to the dirth of water in Daulatabad and also nobles started to feel nostalgic about Delhi. Khorasan Expedition : Mohd. Bin Tughlaq wanted to extend his territory toward the north. In Khorasan, there was infighting in the court. He thought, it is an opportunity and started the preparation of war. Moreover, a large no. of new soldiers were recruited and they were given advanced salaries. But, in the end, the war didn"t"t happen on the ground as the infighting in Khorasan was over. Kurachil Expedition To punish all those who revolted and fled to Kurachil, Tughlaq send his men to punish them but this experiment failed. Issue of Token Currency: There was dirth of silver all over the world as such in this scenario, Tughlaq decided to release token currency of copper and bronze on the face value of silver and gold. This experiment also failed due to forging and duplication of the currency. Other Initiatives He created a separate department of agriculture known as Diwan-i-Kohi. He created a credit facility that gave cheap agriculture loans known as "Taccavi" to people During his tenure, about 23 revolts happened but only two were suppressed by Tughlaq. These revolts led to the establishment of the Vijayanagara Kingdom in 1336 and the Bahmani kingdom in 1347. Thus, in the nutshell, we can say that Mohd. Bin. Tughlaq was a learned and ambitious ruler with so many innovative initiatives and experiments but he failed. After the Tughlaq’s death, Firuz Shah Tughlaq ascended the throne and thereafter Tughlaq dynasty came to an end.
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जलवाष्प को परिभाषित करते हुए उसके संघनन के विविध रूपों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining water vapor, discuss its various forms of condensation. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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एप्रोच; उत्तर की शुरुआत जलवाष्प को परिभाषित करते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात जलवाष्प के संघनन को समझाते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| पुनः संघनन के विविध रूपों को समझाते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - जलवाष्प वायुमंडल में उपस्थित जल की गैसीय अवस्था है। वायुमंडल में जलवाष्प की प्राप्ति मुख्य रूप से विभिन्न जल राशियों (महासागरों, झीलों, नदियों, हिमानियों) की सतह से वाष्पन (evaporation) क्रिया तथा गौण रूप से वनस्पतियों से होने वाली वाष्पोत्सर्जन (transpiration) क्रिया द्वारा होती है। अतः वाष्पन एवं वाष्पोत्सर्जन की दर ही किसी स्थान पर जलवाष्प की मात्रा का निर्धारण करती है। जलवाष्प सूर्यातप और पार्थिव विकिरण के एक महत्वपूर्ण अंश को अवशोषित कर लेता है और इस प्रकार पृथ्वी पर अनुकूल तापमान बनाये रखने में सहायक होता है। वायुमं डल में उपस्थित जलवाष्प की मात्रा वायुराशियों के स्थायित्व को प्रभावित करता है। जलवाष्प का संघनन; जब किसी निश्चित तापमान पर वायु में आर्द्रता सामर्थ्य के बराबर जलवाष्प की मात्रा उपस्थित होती है तो ऐसी दशा में वायु को संतृप्त वायु (saturated air) कहते हैं। वायु दो प्रकार से संतृप्त हो सकती है| वायु के तापमान के स्थिर रहने पर उसमें जलवाष्प की मात्रा में वृद्धि होने से तथा जलवाष्प की मात्रा स्थिर रहने पर वायु के तापमान में कमी होने से। संघनन के विविध रूप; वायुमंडल में संघनित जलवाष्प धरातल प र विविध रूपों में दिखाई देता है। विभिन्न परिस्थितियों में वायु के शीतलन के कारण संघनित जलवाष्प ओस, तुषार, कोहरा, कुहासा, धुन्ध, मेघ आदि का रूप ले सकता है-: ओस (Dew); धरातल की निकटवर्ती वायु में उपस्थित जलवाष्प के प्रत्यक्ष संघनन के द्वारा, मुख्यतः रात्रिकालीन विकिरण द्वारा, शीतलीकृत क्षैतिज तलों पर संचित जल की बूंदों को ओस कहते हैं। इसमें जलवाष्प धरातल के ऊपर वायु में आर्द्रताग्राही नाभिकों पर संघनित न होकर धरातल पर उपस्थित ठोस वस्तुओं, जैसे पत्थर, घास, तथा पौधों की पत्तियों की ठंडी सतहों पर संघनित होकर, जल की बूंदों के रूप में जमा हो जाती है। तुषार या पाला (Frost); जब संघनन जमाव बिंदु (0°C) से नीचे संपन्न होता है तब ठंडी सतहों पर तुषार या पाला बनता है अर्थात् ओसांक जमाव बिंदु पर या उसके नीचे होता है, तो ऐसी स्थिति में वायु की अतिरिक्त नमी जल की बूंदों के स्थान पर छोटे-छोटे हिम के रवों के रूप में जमा हो जाती है। तुषार के लिए उपयुक्त परिस्थितियाँ ओस के समान ही हैं। अंतर केवल इतना है कि इसके लिए धरातल पर स्थित वस्तुओं का तापमान हिमांक पर या उससे नीचे होना चाहिए। इतने कम तापमान पर जलवाष्प बिना द्रव अवस्था में परिवर्तित हुए सीधे हिम के रूप में ठंडे पदार्थों पर संघनित हो जाता है। कोहरा (Fog); कोहरा लघु जलसीकरों से परिपूर्ण एक प्रकार का मेघ होता है, जो कि सामान्य मेघों के विपरीत धरातल के समीप पाया जाता है। निम्न तापमान और उच्च सापेक्षिक आर्द्रता की द शाओं के कारण धरातल के समीप जलवाष्प के संघनन होता है जिससे कोहरे का निर्माण होता है। शीतकाल में, रात्रि के समय वायु का तापमान अत्यधिक कम हो जाता है, जिससे धरातल के समीप वायुमंडल में व्याप्त छोटे-छोटे धूल के कणों, धूम्र आदि पर जलवाष्प का संघनन हो जाता है तथा छोटे-छोटे जलसीकरों का निर्माण होता है। ये जलसीकर हल्के होने के कारण वायु में निलं बित रहते हैं, जिसे कोहरा कहते हैं। अधिक घना होने पर दृश्यता कम (एक किमी. से भी कम) हो जाती है। कुहासा (Mist); यह भी एक प्रकार का कोहरा है लेकिन इसमें कोहरा की अ पेक्षा दृश्यता अधिक दूर तक रहती है। कुहासे एवं कोहरे में केवल इतना अंतर होता है कि कुहासे में कोहरे की अपेक्षा नमी अधिक होती है| कुहासा पहाड़ों पर अधिक पाया जाता है, क्योंकि ऊपर उठती हुई गर्म वायु ढाल पर ठंडी सतह के संपर्क में आती है। कोहरे कुहासे की अपेक्षा अधिक शुष्क होते हैं तथा जहाँ गर्म वायु की धारा ठंडी वायु के संपर्क में आती है वहां ये प्रबल होते हैं।कुहासा प्राकृतिक मौसम के हिस्से के रूप में हो सकता है या ज्वालामुखी गतिविधि या इसे कृत्रिम रूप से भी निर्मित किया जा सकता है। धूम- कोहरा या स्मॉग (Smog); यह धूम (smoke) और कोहरे (fog) के मिश्रण को प्रदर्शित करता है। यह वायु में कुछ विशिष्ट प्रदूषकों पर सूर्यप्रकाश की अन्योन्य क्रिया के कारण उत्पन्न होता है। औद्योगिक स्मॉग यह स्मॉग, कोहरे और सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड का मिश्रण है। इसका उत्सर्जन ऑटोमोबाइल की तुलना में स्थिर स्रोतों जैसे औद्योगिक भट्टियों, विद्युत संयंत्रों आदि से होता है। सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड वायुमंडल में जल और ऑक्सीजन के साथ संयोजित होकर स ल्फ्यूरिक एसिड में परिवर्तित हो जाती है और पृथ्वी पर अम्ल वर्षा के रूप में गिरती है। अ म्ल वर्षा संगमरमर को घुला सकती है तथा लोहे और इस्पात का क्षरण कर सकती है। औद्योगिक स्मॉग मानव के श्वसन तंत्र को भी प्रभावित कर सकता है। धुंध (Haze) यह एक वायुमंडलीय परिघटना है जहां धूल, धुआँ और अन्य शुष्क कण वायुमंडलीय दृश्यता को कम करते हैं। धुंध कणों के प्रमुख स्रोतों में कृषि (शुष्क मौसम में जुताई), यातायात, उद्योग और वनाग्नि आदि सम्मिलित हैं।
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##Question:जलवाष्प को परिभाषित करते हुए उसके संघनन के विविध रूपों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining water vapor, discuss its various forms of condensation. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच; उत्तर की शुरुआत जलवाष्प को परिभाषित करते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात जलवाष्प के संघनन को समझाते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| पुनः संघनन के विविध रूपों को समझाते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - जलवाष्प वायुमंडल में उपस्थित जल की गैसीय अवस्था है। वायुमंडल में जलवाष्प की प्राप्ति मुख्य रूप से विभिन्न जल राशियों (महासागरों, झीलों, नदियों, हिमानियों) की सतह से वाष्पन (evaporation) क्रिया तथा गौण रूप से वनस्पतियों से होने वाली वाष्पोत्सर्जन (transpiration) क्रिया द्वारा होती है। अतः वाष्पन एवं वाष्पोत्सर्जन की दर ही किसी स्थान पर जलवाष्प की मात्रा का निर्धारण करती है। जलवाष्प सूर्यातप और पार्थिव विकिरण के एक महत्वपूर्ण अंश को अवशोषित कर लेता है और इस प्रकार पृथ्वी पर अनुकूल तापमान बनाये रखने में सहायक होता है। वायुमं डल में उपस्थित जलवाष्प की मात्रा वायुराशियों के स्थायित्व को प्रभावित करता है। जलवाष्प का संघनन; जब किसी निश्चित तापमान पर वायु में आर्द्रता सामर्थ्य के बराबर जलवाष्प की मात्रा उपस्थित होती है तो ऐसी दशा में वायु को संतृप्त वायु (saturated air) कहते हैं। वायु दो प्रकार से संतृप्त हो सकती है| वायु के तापमान के स्थिर रहने पर उसमें जलवाष्प की मात्रा में वृद्धि होने से तथा जलवाष्प की मात्रा स्थिर रहने पर वायु के तापमान में कमी होने से। संघनन के विविध रूप; वायुमंडल में संघनित जलवाष्प धरातल प र विविध रूपों में दिखाई देता है। विभिन्न परिस्थितियों में वायु के शीतलन के कारण संघनित जलवाष्प ओस, तुषार, कोहरा, कुहासा, धुन्ध, मेघ आदि का रूप ले सकता है-: ओस (Dew); धरातल की निकटवर्ती वायु में उपस्थित जलवाष्प के प्रत्यक्ष संघनन के द्वारा, मुख्यतः रात्रिकालीन विकिरण द्वारा, शीतलीकृत क्षैतिज तलों पर संचित जल की बूंदों को ओस कहते हैं। इसमें जलवाष्प धरातल के ऊपर वायु में आर्द्रताग्राही नाभिकों पर संघनित न होकर धरातल पर उपस्थित ठोस वस्तुओं, जैसे पत्थर, घास, तथा पौधों की पत्तियों की ठंडी सतहों पर संघनित होकर, जल की बूंदों के रूप में जमा हो जाती है। तुषार या पाला (Frost); जब संघनन जमाव बिंदु (0°C) से नीचे संपन्न होता है तब ठंडी सतहों पर तुषार या पाला बनता है अर्थात् ओसांक जमाव बिंदु पर या उसके नीचे होता है, तो ऐसी स्थिति में वायु की अतिरिक्त नमी जल की बूंदों के स्थान पर छोटे-छोटे हिम के रवों के रूप में जमा हो जाती है। तुषार के लिए उपयुक्त परिस्थितियाँ ओस के समान ही हैं। अंतर केवल इतना है कि इसके लिए धरातल पर स्थित वस्तुओं का तापमान हिमांक पर या उससे नीचे होना चाहिए। इतने कम तापमान पर जलवाष्प बिना द्रव अवस्था में परिवर्तित हुए सीधे हिम के रूप में ठंडे पदार्थों पर संघनित हो जाता है। कोहरा (Fog); कोहरा लघु जलसीकरों से परिपूर्ण एक प्रकार का मेघ होता है, जो कि सामान्य मेघों के विपरीत धरातल के समीप पाया जाता है। निम्न तापमान और उच्च सापेक्षिक आर्द्रता की द शाओं के कारण धरातल के समीप जलवाष्प के संघनन होता है जिससे कोहरे का निर्माण होता है। शीतकाल में, रात्रि के समय वायु का तापमान अत्यधिक कम हो जाता है, जिससे धरातल के समीप वायुमंडल में व्याप्त छोटे-छोटे धूल के कणों, धूम्र आदि पर जलवाष्प का संघनन हो जाता है तथा छोटे-छोटे जलसीकरों का निर्माण होता है। ये जलसीकर हल्के होने के कारण वायु में निलं बित रहते हैं, जिसे कोहरा कहते हैं। अधिक घना होने पर दृश्यता कम (एक किमी. से भी कम) हो जाती है। कुहासा (Mist); यह भी एक प्रकार का कोहरा है लेकिन इसमें कोहरा की अ पेक्षा दृश्यता अधिक दूर तक रहती है। कुहासे एवं कोहरे में केवल इतना अंतर होता है कि कुहासे में कोहरे की अपेक्षा नमी अधिक होती है| कुहासा पहाड़ों पर अधिक पाया जाता है, क्योंकि ऊपर उठती हुई गर्म वायु ढाल पर ठंडी सतह के संपर्क में आती है। कोहरे कुहासे की अपेक्षा अधिक शुष्क होते हैं तथा जहाँ गर्म वायु की धारा ठंडी वायु के संपर्क में आती है वहां ये प्रबल होते हैं।कुहासा प्राकृतिक मौसम के हिस्से के रूप में हो सकता है या ज्वालामुखी गतिविधि या इसे कृत्रिम रूप से भी निर्मित किया जा सकता है। धूम- कोहरा या स्मॉग (Smog); यह धूम (smoke) और कोहरे (fog) के मिश्रण को प्रदर्शित करता है। यह वायु में कुछ विशिष्ट प्रदूषकों पर सूर्यप्रकाश की अन्योन्य क्रिया के कारण उत्पन्न होता है। औद्योगिक स्मॉग यह स्मॉग, कोहरे और सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड का मिश्रण है। इसका उत्सर्जन ऑटोमोबाइल की तुलना में स्थिर स्रोतों जैसे औद्योगिक भट्टियों, विद्युत संयंत्रों आदि से होता है। सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड वायुमंडल में जल और ऑक्सीजन के साथ संयोजित होकर स ल्फ्यूरिक एसिड में परिवर्तित हो जाती है और पृथ्वी पर अम्ल वर्षा के रूप में गिरती है। अ म्ल वर्षा संगमरमर को घुला सकती है तथा लोहे और इस्पात का क्षरण कर सकती है। औद्योगिक स्मॉग मानव के श्वसन तंत्र को भी प्रभावित कर सकता है। धुंध (Haze) यह एक वायुमंडलीय परिघटना है जहां धूल, धुआँ और अन्य शुष्क कण वायुमंडलीय दृश्यता को कम करते हैं। धुंध कणों के प्रमुख स्रोतों में कृषि (शुष्क मौसम में जुताई), यातायात, उद्योग और वनाग्नि आदि सम्मिलित हैं।
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What is national income? Explain the income method, expenditure method and value addition method of computing national income. [150 words, 10 Marks]
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Assignment Question- What is national income? Explain the income method, expenditure method and value addition method of computing national income. [150 words, 10 Marks] Approach: Introduce with the definition of National Income Explain all the three methods used for the calculation of National Income in India Enlist the challenges faced while calculating NI Conclude the answer Answer: National income is the aggregate money value of all incomes earned by individuals and enterprises. Itmay also be defined as the money value of the net aggregates of all commodities and services accruing to the inhabitants of an economy during a financial year.It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent and profits. The three methods used for the calculations of National Income include: Income Method: Under this method, NI is estimated by adding up incomes of all the factors of production.This follows from the simple idea that the revenues earned by all the firms put together must be distributed among the factors of production as salaries, wages, profits, interest earnings and rents. Expenditure Method: An alternative way to calculate the GDP is by looking at the demand side of the products. This method is referred to as the expenditure method.In this method, national income is measured as a flow of expenditure. GDP is sum-total of private consumption expenditure. Government consumption expenditure, gross capital formation (Government and private) and net exports (Export-Import). Formula for expenditure method(Y) is: Y= C+I+G+(X-M) C – Private final consumption expenditure G – Government final consumption expenditure I – Expenditure On capital goods (X-M) – Net Exports Product Method: In this method, national income is measured as a flow of goods and services. Here, we calculate the monetary value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. Final goods here refer to those goods which are directly consumed and not used in further production processes. The problems faced while calculating National Income includes both the practical/statistical and conceptual one. ThePractical/Statistical problems are: 1. Non-availability of reliable data 2. Activities of Unorganised sector (unreporting of data etc) 3. Non-Market activities like self-consumption (Farming producing for consumption) etc. 4. Lack of occupational specialization 5. Black money The Conceptual Problems: 1. What should or should not be included in national income. For example, Housewife services not included while calculating of NI. 2. Use of statistical techniques. Example - selection of sampling methods. 3. Different methodologies to be adopted like basic prices, Market price or factor costs etc. 4. Selection of data sources Though varies challenges do exist while calculating the National Income, however, it is important to calculate as it shows the economic development of the country and helps in understanding the contribution of various sectors in the national income. Also,National income accounts provide information on the pattern of economic activity which further explains various economic and social phenomena and also helps policy-makers in formulating good economic policies both in government and in private industry.
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##Question:What is national income? Explain the income method, expenditure method and value addition method of computing national income. [150 words, 10 Marks]##Answer:Assignment Question- What is national income? Explain the income method, expenditure method and value addition method of computing national income. [150 words, 10 Marks] Approach: Introduce with the definition of National Income Explain all the three methods used for the calculation of National Income in India Enlist the challenges faced while calculating NI Conclude the answer Answer: National income is the aggregate money value of all incomes earned by individuals and enterprises. Itmay also be defined as the money value of the net aggregates of all commodities and services accruing to the inhabitants of an economy during a financial year.It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent and profits. The three methods used for the calculations of National Income include: Income Method: Under this method, NI is estimated by adding up incomes of all the factors of production.This follows from the simple idea that the revenues earned by all the firms put together must be distributed among the factors of production as salaries, wages, profits, interest earnings and rents. Expenditure Method: An alternative way to calculate the GDP is by looking at the demand side of the products. This method is referred to as the expenditure method.In this method, national income is measured as a flow of expenditure. GDP is sum-total of private consumption expenditure. Government consumption expenditure, gross capital formation (Government and private) and net exports (Export-Import). Formula for expenditure method(Y) is: Y= C+I+G+(X-M) C – Private final consumption expenditure G – Government final consumption expenditure I – Expenditure On capital goods (X-M) – Net Exports Product Method: In this method, national income is measured as a flow of goods and services. Here, we calculate the monetary value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. Final goods here refer to those goods which are directly consumed and not used in further production processes. The problems faced while calculating National Income includes both the practical/statistical and conceptual one. ThePractical/Statistical problems are: 1. Non-availability of reliable data 2. Activities of Unorganised sector (unreporting of data etc) 3. Non-Market activities like self-consumption (Farming producing for consumption) etc. 4. Lack of occupational specialization 5. Black money The Conceptual Problems: 1. What should or should not be included in national income. For example, Housewife services not included while calculating of NI. 2. Use of statistical techniques. Example - selection of sampling methods. 3. Different methodologies to be adopted like basic prices, Market price or factor costs etc. 4. Selection of data sources Though varies challenges do exist while calculating the National Income, however, it is important to calculate as it shows the economic development of the country and helps in understanding the contribution of various sectors in the national income. Also,National income accounts provide information on the pattern of economic activity which further explains various economic and social phenomena and also helps policy-makers in formulating good economic policies both in government and in private industry.
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Give a brief account of the advent of the European powers in India with special emphasis on Portuguese and English East India Company. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: In the introduction, briefly mention the time period and various European powers that visited India. Highlight various important establishments and events that taken place during the advent of different European powers with a special focus on Portuguese and EIC. Conclude your answer based on the above points Answer India had trade relations and contacts with the European world from time immemorial through partial land and partial sea route which had far-reaching consequences on the shape and history of India. The most important episode in this regard was the discovery of a direct sea route to India from Europe during the 15th to 17th centuries. The first to arrive in India was Portuguese followed by the Dutch, the Britishers, the Danes (Denmark), and the French. The spirit of adventure which led to the foundation of the modern world led to geographical discoveries in far-flung areas. The primary objective of these voyages was earning profits from trade with oriental countries and also promoting and spreading Christianity in these areas. PORTUGUESE The king of Portugal. Prince Henry took lead among the European nations and promoted sea-faring activities. During the regime of King John II, a sailor named Bartholomew Diaz crossed the Cape of Good Hope. During the tenure of King Emmanuel, a seafarer, Vasco Da Gama started his journey in 1497. After 10 months, in May 1498, he reached the coast of Calicut in Kerela. Vasco Da Gama was cordially received by Zamorin (Samuthiri) of Calicut. Vasco Da Gama stayed for few months in India and went back to Portugal with huge cargo and earned great profit by selling it in the European market. Meanwhile, another Portuguese sailor Pedro Alvarez has come to India and he was successful in establishing a Portuguese trade center at Calicut, Kochin, and Cannanore. In 1503, Vasco Da Gama again came back from the trade perspective. When he returned to Portugal, the Portugal governor decided to send their official viceroy to India. Francisco de Almeida was the first Portuguese Viceroy in India in 1505 and he initiated the blue water policy or cartage system. Whereby, he wanted to make Portuguese supreme power in the Indian Ocean and Arabian sea through the development of very strong but he was not very successful. Albuquerque was the next viceroy who is considered as the real founder of Portuguese power in India. He conquered Goa from Bijapur rulers in 1510. He also conquered the Gulf of Hormuz which provided a big impetus to the Portuguese trade and over the period they established their monopoly in the Arabian sea and Indian ocean. The last important viceroy was Nino- Da- Cunha who obtained Diu and Bassein in 1534 and 1538 respectively. With the arrival of the Portuguese, there was the promotion of cash crops like cotton, tobacco, indigo, and spices. It also led to the further spread of Christianity in India. BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY English association of Merchant adventurous was established in 1599 with the objective of carrying on trade with the east. On 31st December 1600, Queen Elizabeth gave a royal charter for 15 years to merchants adventurous to trade with east countries. Over the period, this company came to be known as the English East India Company. The 1st voyage of this company was led by Sir Hawkins who came into Jahangir"s court in 1608. Jahangir was impressed with Sir Hawkins and gave him some concessions and also appointed him as a Mansabdar. But by this time, the British trade centers at Surat and Masulipatnam were already established. In 1615, another envoy led by Sir Thomas Roe at King Jahangir"s court, and this time it was given full concessions and privileges to establish trade centers in the Mughal territory. By 1619, Britishers created their warehouses at Agra, Ahmedabad, and Bharuch. In 1639, the British got some villages on lease around present-day Madras where they created St. Fort George. In 1661, there was a matrimonial alliance between the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza with British Prince Charles VI. As a dowry price, the area of Bombay was transferred to the British crown. In 1668, Bombay was transferred to British EIC at a nominal price of 10 pounds. With the acquisition of Bombay, it became the most important trading hub of the Britishers. In 1690, the British officer job Charnock pleaded with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb"s entry into Bengal. As such Aurangzeb gave them permission of duty-free trade in Bengal if they pay Rs.3000 annually to Mughals. In 1698, the British got 3 villages on lease. These are: 1) Govindpur 2) Sutanati 3) Kalilata. These 3 villages were club together and St. fort William was constructed. Soon, Calcutta became the locus of British power in India and it gave them further wings to expand their colonial ambition all over India. OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS Dutch East India Company was established on 20th March 1602 as a chartered company to trade with Mughal India and all oriental countries. Right from the beginning, the Dutch were very much interested in the spice trade. Within few years only, they created their trading centers at Cambay, Surat, Agra, Pulicat, Dacca, Patna, Kasim Bazar, and Nagapatnam. Danish East India Company was created in 1616. They established their trading centers at Tranquebar and Friedrick Nagar near Serampore in Bengal. Serampore also became a hub of Christian missionary activity. French East India Company was the last European company to come to India which was established in 1664. As compared to the English East India Company it was a French company and was not a private entity but a government-controlled company. Government control became full from 1723 India has undergone a change from a feudal, conservative, and exclusive social system to a capitalistic, progressive, and inclusive social system d uring this period. Also, India started focusing on self-assertion based on introspection and external stimuli of ideas like equality, liberty, fraternity, and people"s rule instead of one man"s rule i.e. from monarchy to democracy.
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##Question:Give a brief account of the advent of the European powers in India with special emphasis on Portuguese and English East India Company. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, briefly mention the time period and various European powers that visited India. Highlight various important establishments and events that taken place during the advent of different European powers with a special focus on Portuguese and EIC. Conclude your answer based on the above points Answer India had trade relations and contacts with the European world from time immemorial through partial land and partial sea route which had far-reaching consequences on the shape and history of India. The most important episode in this regard was the discovery of a direct sea route to India from Europe during the 15th to 17th centuries. The first to arrive in India was Portuguese followed by the Dutch, the Britishers, the Danes (Denmark), and the French. The spirit of adventure which led to the foundation of the modern world led to geographical discoveries in far-flung areas. The primary objective of these voyages was earning profits from trade with oriental countries and also promoting and spreading Christianity in these areas. PORTUGUESE The king of Portugal. Prince Henry took lead among the European nations and promoted sea-faring activities. During the regime of King John II, a sailor named Bartholomew Diaz crossed the Cape of Good Hope. During the tenure of King Emmanuel, a seafarer, Vasco Da Gama started his journey in 1497. After 10 months, in May 1498, he reached the coast of Calicut in Kerela. Vasco Da Gama was cordially received by Zamorin (Samuthiri) of Calicut. Vasco Da Gama stayed for few months in India and went back to Portugal with huge cargo and earned great profit by selling it in the European market. Meanwhile, another Portuguese sailor Pedro Alvarez has come to India and he was successful in establishing a Portuguese trade center at Calicut, Kochin, and Cannanore. In 1503, Vasco Da Gama again came back from the trade perspective. When he returned to Portugal, the Portugal governor decided to send their official viceroy to India. Francisco de Almeida was the first Portuguese Viceroy in India in 1505 and he initiated the blue water policy or cartage system. Whereby, he wanted to make Portuguese supreme power in the Indian Ocean and Arabian sea through the development of very strong but he was not very successful. Albuquerque was the next viceroy who is considered as the real founder of Portuguese power in India. He conquered Goa from Bijapur rulers in 1510. He also conquered the Gulf of Hormuz which provided a big impetus to the Portuguese trade and over the period they established their monopoly in the Arabian sea and Indian ocean. The last important viceroy was Nino- Da- Cunha who obtained Diu and Bassein in 1534 and 1538 respectively. With the arrival of the Portuguese, there was the promotion of cash crops like cotton, tobacco, indigo, and spices. It also led to the further spread of Christianity in India. BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY English association of Merchant adventurous was established in 1599 with the objective of carrying on trade with the east. On 31st December 1600, Queen Elizabeth gave a royal charter for 15 years to merchants adventurous to trade with east countries. Over the period, this company came to be known as the English East India Company. The 1st voyage of this company was led by Sir Hawkins who came into Jahangir"s court in 1608. Jahangir was impressed with Sir Hawkins and gave him some concessions and also appointed him as a Mansabdar. But by this time, the British trade centers at Surat and Masulipatnam were already established. In 1615, another envoy led by Sir Thomas Roe at King Jahangir"s court, and this time it was given full concessions and privileges to establish trade centers in the Mughal territory. By 1619, Britishers created their warehouses at Agra, Ahmedabad, and Bharuch. In 1639, the British got some villages on lease around present-day Madras where they created St. Fort George. In 1661, there was a matrimonial alliance between the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza with British Prince Charles VI. As a dowry price, the area of Bombay was transferred to the British crown. In 1668, Bombay was transferred to British EIC at a nominal price of 10 pounds. With the acquisition of Bombay, it became the most important trading hub of the Britishers. In 1690, the British officer job Charnock pleaded with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb"s entry into Bengal. As such Aurangzeb gave them permission of duty-free trade in Bengal if they pay Rs.3000 annually to Mughals. In 1698, the British got 3 villages on lease. These are: 1) Govindpur 2) Sutanati 3) Kalilata. These 3 villages were club together and St. fort William was constructed. Soon, Calcutta became the locus of British power in India and it gave them further wings to expand their colonial ambition all over India. OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS Dutch East India Company was established on 20th March 1602 as a chartered company to trade with Mughal India and all oriental countries. Right from the beginning, the Dutch were very much interested in the spice trade. Within few years only, they created their trading centers at Cambay, Surat, Agra, Pulicat, Dacca, Patna, Kasim Bazar, and Nagapatnam. Danish East India Company was created in 1616. They established their trading centers at Tranquebar and Friedrick Nagar near Serampore in Bengal. Serampore also became a hub of Christian missionary activity. French East India Company was the last European company to come to India which was established in 1664. As compared to the English East India Company it was a French company and was not a private entity but a government-controlled company. Government control became full from 1723 India has undergone a change from a feudal, conservative, and exclusive social system to a capitalistic, progressive, and inclusive social system d uring this period. Also, India started focusing on self-assertion based on introspection and external stimuli of ideas like equality, liberty, fraternity, and people"s rule instead of one man"s rule i.e. from monarchy to democracy.
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Give a detailed account of peasant organizations and movements in India during the early 20th century. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Main body Conclusion: Peasant organization and movement in the 20th century: 1)UP Kisan Sabha it was the first modern peasant organization Created in 1918 Led by: Guarishankar Mishra Indira Narayan Dwivedi Madan Mohan Malviya they wanted to highlight the grievances of peasants in a constitutional manner after the launch of NCM, some of the leaders of UP Kisan Sabha wanted to support NCM which lead to schism and the creation of- 2)Awadh Kisan Sabha: Led by: Gauri Shankar Mishra J L Nehru Baba Ramchandra Mata Badal Pandey Kedarnath Pandey 3)Eka Movement during the period of NCM peasant mobilization became very active in some of dist of UP like Hardoi, Bahraich, and Sitapur Local leader Madari Pasi initiated the movement this was against the high rate of taxes extracted by British authority people from all sections of society and took resolve of river Ganga to not pay the illegal amount 4)Moplah Rebellion it took place in 1921 in the Malabar area of Kerala Muslim peasants were heavily disaffected by heavy rent collected by British authority through Hindu zamindars known as Polygars when they refused to pay the illegal rent Britishers arrested their priest leader Ali Musliyar As such rumor spread that not only he was arrested but also famous mosque was also destroyed Moplah revolted against the leadership of Kunhammad Hazi and started to attack Hindu Polygars After CDM, Peasant mobilization became very active in many parts of the country 1)Surma valley of Assam: Karuna Sindhu Roy in 1935 organized a peasant movement 2)Utkal kisan sabha ofOrissa in1935 Under the leadership of Malti Chaudhari In 1945, CWC abolished landlordism in India 3)In 1946; the Baksht movement: Started in Bihar under the leadership of: Sahajanand Saraswati Karyanand Sharma Rahul Sanskritayan Baksht land was those land that occupancy tenants have lost to zamindars mostly during depression years by virtue of non-payment 4) Tebhaga movement It Started in Bengal where peasants refused to pay the illegal amount imposed by Britishers They maintained that they will pay only 1/3rd of the rent it was the most organized peasant movement in post-independent India
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##Question:Give a detailed account of peasant organizations and movements in India during the early 20th century. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Main body Conclusion: Peasant organization and movement in the 20th century: 1)UP Kisan Sabha it was the first modern peasant organization Created in 1918 Led by: Guarishankar Mishra Indira Narayan Dwivedi Madan Mohan Malviya they wanted to highlight the grievances of peasants in a constitutional manner after the launch of NCM, some of the leaders of UP Kisan Sabha wanted to support NCM which lead to schism and the creation of- 2)Awadh Kisan Sabha: Led by: Gauri Shankar Mishra J L Nehru Baba Ramchandra Mata Badal Pandey Kedarnath Pandey 3)Eka Movement during the period of NCM peasant mobilization became very active in some of dist of UP like Hardoi, Bahraich, and Sitapur Local leader Madari Pasi initiated the movement this was against the high rate of taxes extracted by British authority people from all sections of society and took resolve of river Ganga to not pay the illegal amount 4)Moplah Rebellion it took place in 1921 in the Malabar area of Kerala Muslim peasants were heavily disaffected by heavy rent collected by British authority through Hindu zamindars known as Polygars when they refused to pay the illegal rent Britishers arrested their priest leader Ali Musliyar As such rumor spread that not only he was arrested but also famous mosque was also destroyed Moplah revolted against the leadership of Kunhammad Hazi and started to attack Hindu Polygars After CDM, Peasant mobilization became very active in many parts of the country 1)Surma valley of Assam: Karuna Sindhu Roy in 1935 organized a peasant movement 2)Utkal kisan sabha ofOrissa in1935 Under the leadership of Malti Chaudhari In 1945, CWC abolished landlordism in India 3)In 1946; the Baksht movement: Started in Bihar under the leadership of: Sahajanand Saraswati Karyanand Sharma Rahul Sanskritayan Baksht land was those land that occupancy tenants have lost to zamindars mostly during depression years by virtue of non-payment 4) Tebhaga movement It Started in Bengal where peasants refused to pay the illegal amount imposed by Britishers They maintained that they will pay only 1/3rd of the rent it was the most organized peasant movement in post-independent India
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Why special arrangements are made for tribal areas? Briefly discuss the features of administration contained in the Sixth schedule area.(150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction about tribes and trial areas and related provisions (including the sixth schedule) in the constitution. Highlight the reasons for special arrangements that are made for tribal areas. Features of administration that are contained in the Sixth schedule area. Conclusion. Answer: Article 366 defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution". Part X of the Indian Constitution entails the provisions related to Scheduled and Tribal Areas with Articles 244-244 A. The sixth schedule includes the provisions of tribal related areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. Reasons for special arrangements that are made for tribal areas: Scheduled tribes are indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, and backwardness so they need special focus to develop and preserve their socio-cultural and economic & political aspirations. Tribal communities live, in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and forests to hills and inaccessible areas. Tribal groups are at different stages of social, economic, and educational development. While some tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there are certain Scheduled Tribes who are still needed special attention. etc Features of administration contained in the Sixth schedule area: As per the sixth schedule states like Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, and Mizoram are the states consisting of tribal areas and are deemed to be technically different from the other areas. These areas fall under the jurisdiction of respective states. It has provisions for the formation of autonomous districts and autonomous regions within the districts as there are different schedule tribes within the district. The Sixth Schedule under Article 244 (2) of the Constitution provides for District or Regional Autonomous Councils for such areas. These councils have certain judicial and legislative powers. Currently, there are ten such councils in the region. Eg: Bodoland territorial council, Garo hills autonomous district council, Jayantia hills and Khasi hills autonomous district council, Tripura tribal areas autonomous district council etc. The maximum strength of such council shall be 30 (for the Bodoland Territorial council it is 46). The council shall have the power to make laws with respect to inheritance, marriage, divorce, shifting cultivation, social customs, and appointment or succession of chiefs or headmen. The council may establish rules to construct or manage the primary schools, dispensaries, markets, ferries, roads, fairs, fisheries, etc. The councils are empowered to collect land revenue and impose taxes especially with respect to taxes on entertainment, amusement, etc. The Autonomous district councils are also empowered with respect to constituting village councils. Each district is an autonomous district and Governor can modify/divide the boundaries of the said tribal areas by notification. The autonomous district/regions come within the purview of the executive authority of the state. The governor shall declare an area as an autonomous district or region. The governor shall make rules with respect to the qualification, composition, terms of office, etc. Thus, the fifth & sixth schedules provide for alternate or special governance mechanisms for certain "scheduled areas" in the mainland and certain "tribal areas" in north-eastern India.
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##Question:Why special arrangements are made for tribal areas? Briefly discuss the features of administration contained in the Sixth schedule area.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction about tribes and trial areas and related provisions (including the sixth schedule) in the constitution. Highlight the reasons for special arrangements that are made for tribal areas. Features of administration that are contained in the Sixth schedule area. Conclusion. Answer: Article 366 defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution". Part X of the Indian Constitution entails the provisions related to Scheduled and Tribal Areas with Articles 244-244 A. The sixth schedule includes the provisions of tribal related areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. Reasons for special arrangements that are made for tribal areas: Scheduled tribes are indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, and backwardness so they need special focus to develop and preserve their socio-cultural and economic & political aspirations. Tribal communities live, in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and forests to hills and inaccessible areas. Tribal groups are at different stages of social, economic, and educational development. While some tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there are certain Scheduled Tribes who are still needed special attention. etc Features of administration contained in the Sixth schedule area: As per the sixth schedule states like Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, and Mizoram are the states consisting of tribal areas and are deemed to be technically different from the other areas. These areas fall under the jurisdiction of respective states. It has provisions for the formation of autonomous districts and autonomous regions within the districts as there are different schedule tribes within the district. The Sixth Schedule under Article 244 (2) of the Constitution provides for District or Regional Autonomous Councils for such areas. These councils have certain judicial and legislative powers. Currently, there are ten such councils in the region. Eg: Bodoland territorial council, Garo hills autonomous district council, Jayantia hills and Khasi hills autonomous district council, Tripura tribal areas autonomous district council etc. The maximum strength of such council shall be 30 (for the Bodoland Territorial council it is 46). The council shall have the power to make laws with respect to inheritance, marriage, divorce, shifting cultivation, social customs, and appointment or succession of chiefs or headmen. The council may establish rules to construct or manage the primary schools, dispensaries, markets, ferries, roads, fairs, fisheries, etc. The councils are empowered to collect land revenue and impose taxes especially with respect to taxes on entertainment, amusement, etc. The Autonomous district councils are also empowered with respect to constituting village councils. Each district is an autonomous district and Governor can modify/divide the boundaries of the said tribal areas by notification. The autonomous district/regions come within the purview of the executive authority of the state. The governor shall declare an area as an autonomous district or region. The governor shall make rules with respect to the qualification, composition, terms of office, etc. Thus, the fifth & sixth schedules provide for alternate or special governance mechanisms for certain "scheduled areas" in the mainland and certain "tribal areas" in north-eastern India.
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मुद्रा को परिभाषित करते हुए इसके प्रमुख रूपों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining money, discuss its main forms. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मुद्रा को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में मुद्रा के प्रकारों की सूची दीजिये 3- अंतिम में महत्वपूर्ण आवश्यकता के संदर्भ में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये सभ्यता के आरम्भिक चरणों में विनिमय के लिए किसी माध्यम की अनुपलब्धता के कारण प्रायः सभी समाजों में वस्तु विनिमय का प्रचलन था| इसमें किसी वस्तु का क्रय किसी दूसरे वस्तु के भुगतान के माध्यम से किया जाता था| वस्तु विनिमय के सबसे बड़ी सीमा यह थी कि इसके लिए वस्तुओं की पारस्परिक आवश्यकता अनिवार्य होती है| अर्थात यहाँ विनिमय का आधार आवश्यकता ही हो सकती थी| पारस्परिक आवश्यकता की अनुपस्थिति विनिमय को बाधित करती थी| इसी समस्या को देखते हुए मुद्रा की अवधारणा का विकास हुआ| मुद्रा, अंग्रेजी शब्द मनी(MONEY) का हिंदी रूपांतरण है| ऐसी वस्तु जो वस्तुओं के लिए भुगतान के रूप में स्वीकार की जाए व् अन्य प्रकार के लेन-देनों के निपटारे में प्रयुक्त हो सके उसे मुद्रा कहते हैं| अर्थात मुद्रा वह वस्तु है जिसे भुगतान हेतु सामान्य स्वीकृति प्राप्त होती है| सीमित अर्थों में मुद्रा सिर्फ उस वस्तु को कहते हैं जिसको सरकार ने सिक्कों या नोटों के रूप में छापा है परन्तु मुद्रा की व्यापक परिभाषा के अनुसार “मुद्रा वह है जो कि मुद्रा का कार्य करे” | नोटबंदी के समय बंद किये गए नोट भी ‘मुद्रा’ थे क्योंकि उनको सरकार की तरफ से केन्द्रीय बैंक ने जारी किया था लेकिन फिर भी ये नोट मुद्रा का कार्य नही कर रहे थे अर्थात उपर्युक्त बात सही है कि हम सिर्फ ‘उसी वस्तु’ को मुद्रा कह सकते हैं जो कि मुद्रा का कार्य करे | स्वीकार्यता, विधिक समर्थन, तरलता का स्तर, प्रचलन का आधार आदि कारकों के आधार पर मुद्रा के अनेक प्रकार हैं| विकास के क्रम निम्न प्रकार की मुद्राओं का जन्म हुआ 1- वस्तु आधारित मुद्रा जैसे कॉफ़ी बीज, मोटी, सीप आदि 2- धातु आधारित मुद्रा, इसके अंतर्गत विभिन्न धातुओं जैसे सोना चांदी तांबा आदि का प्रचलन प्रारम्भ हुआ 3-वैधानिक मुद्रा (फिएट करेंसी) वैधानिक मुद्रा (फिएट करेंसी) वैधानिक मुद्रा से आशय उन मुद्राओं से है जिसकी स्वीकृति तथा नियंत्रण राज व्यवस्था द्वारा किया जा रहा हो|(फिएट एक लैटिन शब्द है जिसका अर्थ धनराशी को देने {To be given} की बाध्यता है) यह वैधानिक मुद्रा निम्न दो प्रकार की हो सकती है 1- सीमित वैधानिक मुद्रा इससे आशय उन मुद्राओं से है जिसकी स्वीकार्यता तब है जब दोनों पक्ष उसमें लेनेदेन के लिए तैयार हों उदाहरणार्थ चेक, डिमांड ड्राफ्ट आदि| इन्हें क्रेडिट मनी भी कहा जाता है| 2- लीगल टेंडर लीगल टेंडर से आशय उन वैधानिक मुद्राओं से है जो लेनदेन हेतु बाध्यकारी होते हों अर्थात दोनों पक्षों को उसे स्वीकार करना होता है उदाहरणार्थ सिक्के, नोट इत्यादि | यद्यपि इस सन्दर्भ में कुछ शर्तें हो सकती हैं| जैसे 50 पैसे के सिक्कों का इस्तेमाल दस रूपये तक के भुगतान हेतु बाध्यकारी है| वास्तविक एवं सांकेतिक मुद्रा वास्तविक मुद्रा वास्तविक मुद्रा से आशय उस मुद्रा से है जिसके अंतर्गत मुद्रा पर अंकित मूल्य उसमें उपयोग की गयी धातु के बाजार मूल्य के बराबर हो प्राचीन काल में इस प्रकार की मुद्रा का चलन था परन्तु जैसे जैसे आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ बढीं वास्तविक मुद्राएँ अव्यवहारिक होने लगीं और उनका स्थान सांकेतिक मुद्रा ने ले लिया सांकेतिक मुद्रा सांकेतिक मुद्रा से आशय उस मुद्रा से है जिसमें उस पर अंकित मूल्य या मुद्रित मूल्य उसमें उपयोग हुई धातुओं या तत्वों के बाजार मूल्य से भिन्न हो वर्तमान में वैश्विक स्तर पर सांकेतिक मुद्राओं का प्रचलन प्रभावी हो गया है उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं से स्पष्ट है की वर्गीकरण के विभिन्न आधारों पर मुद्रा के अनेक प्रकार होते हैं| किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था के कुशल संचालन के लिए मुद्रा बहुत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है|वस्तुतः मुद्रा वर्तमान अर्थव्यवस्थाओं के महत्त्वपूर्ण आधारों में से एक है| मुद्रा ने न केवल विनिमय को सुगम बना कर अर्थव्यवस्था में सहायक भूमिका निभायी है बल्कि इसने वस्तु विनिमय के सापेक्ष मनुष्य को अपेक्षाकृत रूप से स्वतंत्रता प्रदान की है| वर्तमान समय में वास्तविकता यह है कि बिना मुद्रा के किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था की कल्पना भी नही की जा सकती है |
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##Question:मुद्रा को परिभाषित करते हुए इसके प्रमुख रूपों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining money, discuss its main forms. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मुद्रा को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में मुद्रा के प्रकारों की सूची दीजिये 3- अंतिम में महत्वपूर्ण आवश्यकता के संदर्भ में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये सभ्यता के आरम्भिक चरणों में विनिमय के लिए किसी माध्यम की अनुपलब्धता के कारण प्रायः सभी समाजों में वस्तु विनिमय का प्रचलन था| इसमें किसी वस्तु का क्रय किसी दूसरे वस्तु के भुगतान के माध्यम से किया जाता था| वस्तु विनिमय के सबसे बड़ी सीमा यह थी कि इसके लिए वस्तुओं की पारस्परिक आवश्यकता अनिवार्य होती है| अर्थात यहाँ विनिमय का आधार आवश्यकता ही हो सकती थी| पारस्परिक आवश्यकता की अनुपस्थिति विनिमय को बाधित करती थी| इसी समस्या को देखते हुए मुद्रा की अवधारणा का विकास हुआ| मुद्रा, अंग्रेजी शब्द मनी(MONEY) का हिंदी रूपांतरण है| ऐसी वस्तु जो वस्तुओं के लिए भुगतान के रूप में स्वीकार की जाए व् अन्य प्रकार के लेन-देनों के निपटारे में प्रयुक्त हो सके उसे मुद्रा कहते हैं| अर्थात मुद्रा वह वस्तु है जिसे भुगतान हेतु सामान्य स्वीकृति प्राप्त होती है| सीमित अर्थों में मुद्रा सिर्फ उस वस्तु को कहते हैं जिसको सरकार ने सिक्कों या नोटों के रूप में छापा है परन्तु मुद्रा की व्यापक परिभाषा के अनुसार “मुद्रा वह है जो कि मुद्रा का कार्य करे” | नोटबंदी के समय बंद किये गए नोट भी ‘मुद्रा’ थे क्योंकि उनको सरकार की तरफ से केन्द्रीय बैंक ने जारी किया था लेकिन फिर भी ये नोट मुद्रा का कार्य नही कर रहे थे अर्थात उपर्युक्त बात सही है कि हम सिर्फ ‘उसी वस्तु’ को मुद्रा कह सकते हैं जो कि मुद्रा का कार्य करे | स्वीकार्यता, विधिक समर्थन, तरलता का स्तर, प्रचलन का आधार आदि कारकों के आधार पर मुद्रा के अनेक प्रकार हैं| विकास के क्रम निम्न प्रकार की मुद्राओं का जन्म हुआ 1- वस्तु आधारित मुद्रा जैसे कॉफ़ी बीज, मोटी, सीप आदि 2- धातु आधारित मुद्रा, इसके अंतर्गत विभिन्न धातुओं जैसे सोना चांदी तांबा आदि का प्रचलन प्रारम्भ हुआ 3-वैधानिक मुद्रा (फिएट करेंसी) वैधानिक मुद्रा (फिएट करेंसी) वैधानिक मुद्रा से आशय उन मुद्राओं से है जिसकी स्वीकृति तथा नियंत्रण राज व्यवस्था द्वारा किया जा रहा हो|(फिएट एक लैटिन शब्द है जिसका अर्थ धनराशी को देने {To be given} की बाध्यता है) यह वैधानिक मुद्रा निम्न दो प्रकार की हो सकती है 1- सीमित वैधानिक मुद्रा इससे आशय उन मुद्राओं से है जिसकी स्वीकार्यता तब है जब दोनों पक्ष उसमें लेनेदेन के लिए तैयार हों उदाहरणार्थ चेक, डिमांड ड्राफ्ट आदि| इन्हें क्रेडिट मनी भी कहा जाता है| 2- लीगल टेंडर लीगल टेंडर से आशय उन वैधानिक मुद्राओं से है जो लेनदेन हेतु बाध्यकारी होते हों अर्थात दोनों पक्षों को उसे स्वीकार करना होता है उदाहरणार्थ सिक्के, नोट इत्यादि | यद्यपि इस सन्दर्भ में कुछ शर्तें हो सकती हैं| जैसे 50 पैसे के सिक्कों का इस्तेमाल दस रूपये तक के भुगतान हेतु बाध्यकारी है| वास्तविक एवं सांकेतिक मुद्रा वास्तविक मुद्रा वास्तविक मुद्रा से आशय उस मुद्रा से है जिसके अंतर्गत मुद्रा पर अंकित मूल्य उसमें उपयोग की गयी धातु के बाजार मूल्य के बराबर हो प्राचीन काल में इस प्रकार की मुद्रा का चलन था परन्तु जैसे जैसे आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ बढीं वास्तविक मुद्राएँ अव्यवहारिक होने लगीं और उनका स्थान सांकेतिक मुद्रा ने ले लिया सांकेतिक मुद्रा सांकेतिक मुद्रा से आशय उस मुद्रा से है जिसमें उस पर अंकित मूल्य या मुद्रित मूल्य उसमें उपयोग हुई धातुओं या तत्वों के बाजार मूल्य से भिन्न हो वर्तमान में वैश्विक स्तर पर सांकेतिक मुद्राओं का प्रचलन प्रभावी हो गया है उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं से स्पष्ट है की वर्गीकरण के विभिन्न आधारों पर मुद्रा के अनेक प्रकार होते हैं| किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था के कुशल संचालन के लिए मुद्रा बहुत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है|वस्तुतः मुद्रा वर्तमान अर्थव्यवस्थाओं के महत्त्वपूर्ण आधारों में से एक है| मुद्रा ने न केवल विनिमय को सुगम बना कर अर्थव्यवस्था में सहायक भूमिका निभायी है बल्कि इसने वस्तु विनिमय के सापेक्ष मनुष्य को अपेक्षाकृत रूप से स्वतंत्रता प्रदान की है| वर्तमान समय में वास्तविकता यह है कि बिना मुद्रा के किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था की कल्पना भी नही की जा सकती है |
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Explain the Right to Freedom of Religion under Articles 25 and 26 of the constitution and the applications of the law with respect to the Sabrimala issue. (150 words/10 marks)
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BRIEF APPROACH: -INTRODUCTION -ABOUT ARTICLE 25 -ABOUT ARTICLE 26 -SABARIMALA ISSUE -CONCLUSION Answer:- Article 25 provides the freedom of conscience to persons while Article 26 is related to the freedoms given to religious denominations. ABOUT ARTICLE 25: 1) THE FREEDOM GUARANTEED BY THIS ARTICLE: Article 25 grants the right to practice, profess and propagate one’s own religion. 2) INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS: Article 25 is a right provided to individuals. It is not just provided to the citizens but to all the people in the country, whether citizens or not. 3) EXCEPTIONS TO ARTICLE 25: Public order, morality, health, and restrictions as per any other law and Article in Part III of the constitution, act as exceptions/ restrictions to Article 25. ABOUT ARTICLE 26: 1) THE FREEDOM GUARANTEED BY THIS ARTICLE: It is the freedom to manage religious affairs. 2) APPLICABILITY: This freedom under Article 26 is provided to religious denominations. 2.1) A religious denomination is one with a unique faith, a common name, and common practices. 2.2) Essential religious practices have been covered under Article 26 3) EXCEPTIONS TO ARTICLE 26 Public order, morality, and health are the restrictions to Article 26. THE SABARIMALA ISSUE The essential question that was considered in this case was that, whether it was a religious denomination, or not. If it were a religious denomination, then it would not be subject to any other of the acts/ laws provided in Part III of the constitution. This is because “subject to any other law and Article in Part III of the constitution” is not mentioned in Article 26 (as has been mentioned under Article 25). The Supreme Court held that it is not a religious denomination, therefore, it did not get immunity from any other act/law mentioned in Part III of the constitution such as the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of race, religion, gender, caste, or place of birth. Articles 25-28 deal with religious freedom and are essential in upholding the democratic norms and values in the country. These articles are also linked to the Right to Choice, which emanates from Article 21- The Right to Life and Personal Liberty (except by procedure established by law).
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##Question:Explain the Right to Freedom of Religion under Articles 25 and 26 of the constitution and the applications of the law with respect to the Sabrimala issue. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: -INTRODUCTION -ABOUT ARTICLE 25 -ABOUT ARTICLE 26 -SABARIMALA ISSUE -CONCLUSION Answer:- Article 25 provides the freedom of conscience to persons while Article 26 is related to the freedoms given to religious denominations. ABOUT ARTICLE 25: 1) THE FREEDOM GUARANTEED BY THIS ARTICLE: Article 25 grants the right to practice, profess and propagate one’s own religion. 2) INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS: Article 25 is a right provided to individuals. It is not just provided to the citizens but to all the people in the country, whether citizens or not. 3) EXCEPTIONS TO ARTICLE 25: Public order, morality, health, and restrictions as per any other law and Article in Part III of the constitution, act as exceptions/ restrictions to Article 25. ABOUT ARTICLE 26: 1) THE FREEDOM GUARANTEED BY THIS ARTICLE: It is the freedom to manage religious affairs. 2) APPLICABILITY: This freedom under Article 26 is provided to religious denominations. 2.1) A religious denomination is one with a unique faith, a common name, and common practices. 2.2) Essential religious practices have been covered under Article 26 3) EXCEPTIONS TO ARTICLE 26 Public order, morality, and health are the restrictions to Article 26. THE SABARIMALA ISSUE The essential question that was considered in this case was that, whether it was a religious denomination, or not. If it were a religious denomination, then it would not be subject to any other of the acts/ laws provided in Part III of the constitution. This is because “subject to any other law and Article in Part III of the constitution” is not mentioned in Article 26 (as has been mentioned under Article 25). The Supreme Court held that it is not a religious denomination, therefore, it did not get immunity from any other act/law mentioned in Part III of the constitution such as the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of race, religion, gender, caste, or place of birth. Articles 25-28 deal with religious freedom and are essential in upholding the democratic norms and values in the country. These articles are also linked to the Right to Choice, which emanates from Article 21- The Right to Life and Personal Liberty (except by procedure established by law).
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Explain the constitutional provisions with respect to NCT of Delhi emphasizing on Article 239AA.(10 Marks/150 words)
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Explain the constitutional provisions with respect to NCT of Delhi emphasizing on Article 239AA.(10 Marks/150 words Approach: 1. Introduction: A brief description of NCT of Delhi 2. Highlight constitutional provisions with respect to NCT of Delhi emphasizing Article 239AA 3. Conclusion: Briefly mention A.239 AB as the safeguard provision to ensure implementation of A.239 AA Answer: The National Capital Territory of Delhi is a Union Territory with a legislature and it came into being in 1991 under Article 239AA of the Constitution inserted by the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991. The 69th Constitutional Amendment added 2 articles 239 AA and 239 AB under which the UT of Delhi has been given special status. Article 239AA of the Constitution of India granted Special Status to Delhi among Union Territories (UTs) in the year 1991 through the 69th constitutional amendment by the Parliament, thereby providing the Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers responsible to such Assembly with appropriate powers to deal with matters of concerns to the common man. That’s when Delhi was named as National Capital Region (NCT) of Delhi. As per the Article 239 AA, the NCT of Delhi should be governed by the following provisions: It establishes a legislature for the NCT of Delhi where all seats shall be filled by direct elections. There shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital Territory and the seats in such Assembly shall be filled by members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the National Capital Territory. The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly The number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, the division of the National Capital Territory into territorial constituencies (including the basis for such division) and all other matters relating to the functioning of the Legislative Assembly shall be regulated by law made by Parliament. The legislature of Delhi can make laws on all subjects in the State list and Concurrent list except Police, Land, and Public order. As per Article 239AA – Public Order, Police & Land in NCT of Delhi fall within the domain and control of the Central Government which shall have the power to make laws on these matters. Therefore, in respect of Public Order, Police & Land – LG would not need aid and advice from the Council of Ministers. There shall be a Council of Ministers (Maximum 10% of the strength of the legislative assembly) collectively responsible for the legislative, with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as he is, by or under any law, required to act in his discretion. LG shall act on the aid and advice of CoM and if there is a difference the matter shall be referred to the President and the LG shall act accordingly. Pending such a decision it shall be competent for the Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion, is so urgent that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to give such direction in the matter as he deems necessary. The CM and CoM are appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. Conclusion : To make sure that the provisions of Article 239 AA are implemented, A.239 AB has been added via the same amendment (69th Constitutional Amendment, 1991). A.239 AB is similar to President rule when the President is empowered to suspend the operation of A239 AA partially or fully if the NCT is not being carried as per the provisions of the Constitution.
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##Question:Explain the constitutional provisions with respect to NCT of Delhi emphasizing on Article 239AA.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Explain the constitutional provisions with respect to NCT of Delhi emphasizing on Article 239AA.(10 Marks/150 words Approach: 1. Introduction: A brief description of NCT of Delhi 2. Highlight constitutional provisions with respect to NCT of Delhi emphasizing Article 239AA 3. Conclusion: Briefly mention A.239 AB as the safeguard provision to ensure implementation of A.239 AA Answer: The National Capital Territory of Delhi is a Union Territory with a legislature and it came into being in 1991 under Article 239AA of the Constitution inserted by the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991. The 69th Constitutional Amendment added 2 articles 239 AA and 239 AB under which the UT of Delhi has been given special status. Article 239AA of the Constitution of India granted Special Status to Delhi among Union Territories (UTs) in the year 1991 through the 69th constitutional amendment by the Parliament, thereby providing the Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers responsible to such Assembly with appropriate powers to deal with matters of concerns to the common man. That’s when Delhi was named as National Capital Region (NCT) of Delhi. As per the Article 239 AA, the NCT of Delhi should be governed by the following provisions: It establishes a legislature for the NCT of Delhi where all seats shall be filled by direct elections. There shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital Territory and the seats in such Assembly shall be filled by members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the National Capital Territory. The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly The number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, the division of the National Capital Territory into territorial constituencies (including the basis for such division) and all other matters relating to the functioning of the Legislative Assembly shall be regulated by law made by Parliament. The legislature of Delhi can make laws on all subjects in the State list and Concurrent list except Police, Land, and Public order. As per Article 239AA – Public Order, Police & Land in NCT of Delhi fall within the domain and control of the Central Government which shall have the power to make laws on these matters. Therefore, in respect of Public Order, Police & Land – LG would not need aid and advice from the Council of Ministers. There shall be a Council of Ministers (Maximum 10% of the strength of the legislative assembly) collectively responsible for the legislative, with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as he is, by or under any law, required to act in his discretion. LG shall act on the aid and advice of CoM and if there is a difference the matter shall be referred to the President and the LG shall act accordingly. Pending such a decision it shall be competent for the Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion, is so urgent that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to give such direction in the matter as he deems necessary. The CM and CoM are appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. Conclusion : To make sure that the provisions of Article 239 AA are implemented, A.239 AB has been added via the same amendment (69th Constitutional Amendment, 1991). A.239 AB is similar to President rule when the President is empowered to suspend the operation of A239 AA partially or fully if the NCT is not being carried as per the provisions of the Constitution.
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What are the reasons for income inequality in Indian society? Enumerate the steps taken by the government of India to address this issue. [150 words, 10 marks]
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Approach: Introduce with the state of income inequality existing in India. Mention the reasons for existing income inequality. Explain the steps taken by the government in this regard. Conclude the answer with a way forward to reduce this income inequality. Answer: As per the Oxfam India Inequality Report 2018, almost 73 per cent of the wealth generated last year in India went to the richest one per cent, while 67 crore Indians who comprise the poorest half of thepopulation saw only one per cent increase in their wealth. This shows the stark inequality which exists in India. Reasons for existing income inequality in India: 1. Unequal distribution of land and wealth among the masses. 2. Inheritance laws: The low tax applied while the property is inherited keeps the incidence of inequality almost unchanged as was one generation ago. 3. Inadequate infrastructure both the social and physical infrastructure,where due to unavailability or scarcity has led to less/reduced developmental opportunities for the masses. 4. Access to education and training also affects the overall development where the unavailability, especially in rural areas, has widened the divide further. 5. Access to credit facilities: Accessibility of credit to establish their own businesses is also one of the causes. 6. Leakages in government developmental expenditure: Inefficient distribution of scarce resources and an insufficient amount of money allocated for welfare programmes are the major reason which further increases the inequality gap. 7. Increasing unemployment: The generation of new jobs has not kept pace with the increasing population growth rate which is evident in the jobless growth witnessed in the last few years. Steps taken by the Government in this regard: 1. Abolition of Zamindari system, enaction of Tenancy Act and ceiling on land ownership etc aimed at reducing the existing inequality in terms of land ownership. 2. Giving reservation to SC/STs and OBC in government educational institutions in admissions and in job opportunities. 3. Nationalisation of Banks to reduce the regional inequality in access to credit facilities and provide banking facilities to the last mile connecting nook and corner of the country. 4. Progressive taxation system which imposes higher taxes on the rich as compared to the poor. 5. Focus on development and growth of MSMEs: Schemes like MUDRA yojana etc which focussed on providing credit facilities to the MSMEs which provide huge employment opportunities to a large section of the people especially in rural areas. 6. Government is focussing on many developmental programmes and initiatives through various channels which are aimed at reducing the inequality gap in society, such as: a) Poverty alleviation Program: MGNREGA b) Rural Developmental initiatives: PMGSY, NABARD c) Urban developmental initiative: AMRUT, JNNUM, HRIDAY d) Skill development: USTAD, PMKVY e) Social Security Programmes: PMJJBY, APY f) Nutritional programmes: NNM, Poshan Abhiyan g) Educational initiatives: RTE Act, Mid Day Meal, Eklavya Schools h) Health: PM-JAY, NHP, Ayushman Bharat i) Women empowerment: Maternity Benefit Act
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##Question:What are the reasons for income inequality in Indian society? Enumerate the steps taken by the government of India to address this issue. [150 words, 10 marks]##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the state of income inequality existing in India. Mention the reasons for existing income inequality. Explain the steps taken by the government in this regard. Conclude the answer with a way forward to reduce this income inequality. Answer: As per the Oxfam India Inequality Report 2018, almost 73 per cent of the wealth generated last year in India went to the richest one per cent, while 67 crore Indians who comprise the poorest half of thepopulation saw only one per cent increase in their wealth. This shows the stark inequality which exists in India. Reasons for existing income inequality in India: 1. Unequal distribution of land and wealth among the masses. 2. Inheritance laws: The low tax applied while the property is inherited keeps the incidence of inequality almost unchanged as was one generation ago. 3. Inadequate infrastructure both the social and physical infrastructure,where due to unavailability or scarcity has led to less/reduced developmental opportunities for the masses. 4. Access to education and training also affects the overall development where the unavailability, especially in rural areas, has widened the divide further. 5. Access to credit facilities: Accessibility of credit to establish their own businesses is also one of the causes. 6. Leakages in government developmental expenditure: Inefficient distribution of scarce resources and an insufficient amount of money allocated for welfare programmes are the major reason which further increases the inequality gap. 7. Increasing unemployment: The generation of new jobs has not kept pace with the increasing population growth rate which is evident in the jobless growth witnessed in the last few years. Steps taken by the Government in this regard: 1. Abolition of Zamindari system, enaction of Tenancy Act and ceiling on land ownership etc aimed at reducing the existing inequality in terms of land ownership. 2. Giving reservation to SC/STs and OBC in government educational institutions in admissions and in job opportunities. 3. Nationalisation of Banks to reduce the regional inequality in access to credit facilities and provide banking facilities to the last mile connecting nook and corner of the country. 4. Progressive taxation system which imposes higher taxes on the rich as compared to the poor. 5. Focus on development and growth of MSMEs: Schemes like MUDRA yojana etc which focussed on providing credit facilities to the MSMEs which provide huge employment opportunities to a large section of the people especially in rural areas. 6. Government is focussing on many developmental programmes and initiatives through various channels which are aimed at reducing the inequality gap in society, such as: a) Poverty alleviation Program: MGNREGA b) Rural Developmental initiatives: PMGSY, NABARD c) Urban developmental initiative: AMRUT, JNNUM, HRIDAY d) Skill development: USTAD, PMKVY e) Social Security Programmes: PMJJBY, APY f) Nutritional programmes: NNM, Poshan Abhiyan g) Educational initiatives: RTE Act, Mid Day Meal, Eklavya Schools h) Health: PM-JAY, NHP, Ayushman Bharat i) Women empowerment: Maternity Benefit Act
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What do you understand by ‘Minority Educational Institutions (MEIs)’? Citing relevant constitutional provisions discuss special rights enjoyed by them vis-à-vis other educational institutions in India. [150 Words, 10 Marks]
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Approach: Start the answer by citing the constitutional provision related to religious and linguistic minorities Bring out the meaning of the minority educational institutions as per the courts Cite relevant court cases and constitutional provisions and advantages of MEIs Answer: Article 30(1) provides rights to both religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. As per the court to claim the minority status the community needs to prove two things (In SP.Mittal vs Union of India AIR 1983, SC) 1. It should prove that it is a religious or linguistic minority and 2. The institution is established by it. In another case, the court has given a broad interpretation to the word their choice where minority community may establish education for imparting religious as well as non-religious education Advantages of being a Minority Educational Institution- 1. Reservation quotas provided under article 15 are not applicable 2. Reservations can be provided for students of the minority communities as per the state guidelines 3. Religious education can be imparted despite recognition by the state. Under Article 30(1A) state should follow certain guidelines for compulsory acquisition of the property of the minority education institution Under Article 30(2) The state should not make discriminate against minority educational institutions in providing aid to the educational institution. In St. Stephans college vs Delhi University, the SC of India held that the right to establish and administer educational institutions also means the right to regulate admissions and includes fixing their own criteria for admission, and providing reservation for the particular community. In the P. Inamdar Case, SC held that minority institutions are free to admit students of their own choice including students of non-minority communities and also members of their own community from other states. Both to the limited extent and not in a manner and to such an extent that their minority educational status is lost. The twin objects sought to be achieved by Article 30(1) in the interest of minorities are: (i) to enable such to conserve its religion and language, and (ii) to give a thorough good general education to the children belonging to such minority. So long as the institution retains its minority character by achieving and continuing to achieve the aforesaid two objectives, the institution would remain a minority institution.” In TMA Pai vs the State of Karnataka = SC stated that the right to administer or establish the minority educational institutions have right to fix a quota for minority community but this right to fix quote in no way compromise the principle of merit in higher educational institutions.
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##Question:What do you understand by ‘Minority Educational Institutions (MEIs)’? Citing relevant constitutional provisions discuss special rights enjoyed by them vis-à-vis other educational institutions in India. [150 Words, 10 Marks]##Answer:Approach: Start the answer by citing the constitutional provision related to religious and linguistic minorities Bring out the meaning of the minority educational institutions as per the courts Cite relevant court cases and constitutional provisions and advantages of MEIs Answer: Article 30(1) provides rights to both religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. As per the court to claim the minority status the community needs to prove two things (In SP.Mittal vs Union of India AIR 1983, SC) 1. It should prove that it is a religious or linguistic minority and 2. The institution is established by it. In another case, the court has given a broad interpretation to the word their choice where minority community may establish education for imparting religious as well as non-religious education Advantages of being a Minority Educational Institution- 1. Reservation quotas provided under article 15 are not applicable 2. Reservations can be provided for students of the minority communities as per the state guidelines 3. Religious education can be imparted despite recognition by the state. Under Article 30(1A) state should follow certain guidelines for compulsory acquisition of the property of the minority education institution Under Article 30(2) The state should not make discriminate against minority educational institutions in providing aid to the educational institution. In St. Stephans college vs Delhi University, the SC of India held that the right to establish and administer educational institutions also means the right to regulate admissions and includes fixing their own criteria for admission, and providing reservation for the particular community. In the P. Inamdar Case, SC held that minority institutions are free to admit students of their own choice including students of non-minority communities and also members of their own community from other states. Both to the limited extent and not in a manner and to such an extent that their minority educational status is lost. The twin objects sought to be achieved by Article 30(1) in the interest of minorities are: (i) to enable such to conserve its religion and language, and (ii) to give a thorough good general education to the children belonging to such minority. So long as the institution retains its minority character by achieving and continuing to achieve the aforesaid two objectives, the institution would remain a minority institution.” In TMA Pai vs the State of Karnataka = SC stated that the right to administer or establish the minority educational institutions have right to fix a quota for minority community but this right to fix quote in no way compromise the principle of merit in higher educational institutions.
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भारत की सामाजिक-आर्थिक परिस्थितियों में जनहित याचिका की अवधारणा के विकास के लिए विविध कारण उत्तरदायी थे। यह न्याय की आपूर्ति के दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण अवधारणा साबित हुई है लेकिन इसके कुछ पश्चप्रभाव भी देखे गए हैं| चर्चा कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Various factors were responsible for the development of the concept of Public Interest Litigation in the socio-economic conditions of India. It has proved to be an important concept from the point of view of delivery of justice but it has also seen some side effects. Discuss. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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एप्रोच- उत्तर की शुरुआत जनहित याचिका को परिभाषित करते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात जनहित याचिका के विकास के कारक को बताते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| अंत में जनहित याचिका के महत्व और सीमाओं को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - जनहित याचिका अर्थ एवं उद्देश्य- यह लैटिन शब्द प्रो बोनो पब्लिको से लिया गया है, जिसका तात्पर्य है जनहित| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में 1960 के दशक में सामाजिक हित याचिका लाई गई| 1976 के मुंबई कामगार सभा बनाम अब्दुल थाई के केस में न्यायमूर्ति कृष्णा अय्यर द्वारा इसका उल्लेख| 1979 हुसैन आरा खातून बनाम बिहार राज्य को प्रथम जनहित याचिका के रूप में माना जाता है, इसमें कैदियों को अधिकारों और उनकी अमानवीय दशा को न्यायपालिका में रखा गया| जनहित याचिका का आधुनिक व्यवस्थित इतिहास एस.पी.गुप्ता बनाम भारत संघ 1982 से प्रारम्भ होता है (न्यायमूर्ति पी.एन.भगवती)| संविधान या संसद के किसी विधि में कोई परिभाषा नहीं| ब्लैक ला शब्दकोष के अनुसार -जनहित को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए न्यायपालिका में विधिक प्रक्रिया प्रारंभ करना जनहित याचिका है| सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के अनुसार न्यायपालिका में जनहित की रक्षा के लिए या संरक्षण के लिए याचिका दायर करना जनहित याचिका है| जनहित याचिका के विकास के कारक; प्रगतिशील विधेयक और कानून समाज के कमजोर वर्ग जो सामान्य तौर पर न्यायपालिका में नहीं आ सकते उनके अधिकारों और उनकी सहायता का मुद्दा| मौलिक अधिकारों विशेष तौर पर अनुच्छेद 21 और नीति निर्देशक तत्वों के बीच संतुलन तथा सौहार्दपूर्ण सम्बन्ध| न्यायिक नवाचार का बढ़ना| विधि के शासन को स्था पित करने मौलिक अधिकारों की रक्षा करने तथा सामाजिक और आर्थिक न्याय को सुनिश्चित करने का उद्देश्य| जनहित याचिका की विशेषता और उसका महत्व; यह विधिक सहायता प्राप्त करने का एक नवीन रचनात्मक एवं रणनीतिक प्रयास है| सामूहिक या सामुदायिक प्रयास को प्रोत्साहित करता है| देश की आम जनता को सरलता के साथ न्यायपालिका से जोड़ता है| सामाजिक परिवर्तन के यन्त्र के रूप में कार्य करता है और समाज के कमजोर तबके के लिए न्याय सुनिश्चित करता है| मौलिक अधिकारों एवं मानवाधिकार की रक्षा तथा सभी को न्याय प्राप्ति का लोकतान्त्रिक माहौल प्रदान करता है| सरकारी संस्थाओं पर निगरानी संभव बनाता है| कार्यपालिका को जवाबदेह बनाने में जन-भागीदारी को प्रोत्साहित करता है| जनहित याचिका की सीमायें; अदालतों में लंबित मामलों की संख्या पहले से ही अधिक है और जनहित याचिकाओं का दुरुपयोग बढ़ रहा है। जनहित याचिका की कार्रवाइयाँ कभी-कभी प्रतिस्पर्द्धी अधिकारों की समस्या को जन्म दे सकती है। उदाहरण के लिये जब कोई न्यायाल य प्रदूषण फैलाने वाले उद्योग को बंद करने का आदेश देती है तो कामगारों और उनकी आजीविका से वंचित उनके परिवारों के हितों को न्यायालय द्वारा ध्यान में नहीं रखा जा सकता है। शोषित और वंचि त समूहों से संबंधित जनहित याचिकाएँ कई वर्षों से लंबित हैं। जनहित याचिकाओं के माध्यम से सामाजिक-आर्थिक या पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं को हल करने की प्रक्रिया में न्यायपालिका द्वारा न्यायिक अतिक्रमण के मामले हो सकते हैं। जनहित याचिका सामाजिक परिवर्तन और कानून के शासन को बनाए रखने तथा कानून एवं न्याय के बीच संतुलन को तीव्र गति देना का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण साधन है। जनहित याचिकाओं का मूल उद्देश्य गरीबों और हाशिये के वर्ग के लोगों के लिये न्याय को सुलभ या न्याय संगत बनाना है। यह सभी के लिये न्याय की पहुँच का लोकतंत्रीकरण करता है।न कारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के स्थान पर सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के साथ जन हित के पक्ष में निर्णय सुनिश्चित कराता है, इसके परिणामस्वरूप लचीला दृष्टिकोण और लचीली प्रक्रिया अपनाते हुए न्यायपालिका व्यक्ति और समाज दोनों के अधिकारों को सुनिश्चित करने में सफल होती है|
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##Question:भारत की सामाजिक-आर्थिक परिस्थितियों में जनहित याचिका की अवधारणा के विकास के लिए विविध कारण उत्तरदायी थे। यह न्याय की आपूर्ति के दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण अवधारणा साबित हुई है लेकिन इसके कुछ पश्चप्रभाव भी देखे गए हैं| चर्चा कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Various factors were responsible for the development of the concept of Public Interest Litigation in the socio-economic conditions of India. It has proved to be an important concept from the point of view of delivery of justice but it has also seen some side effects. Discuss. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच- उत्तर की शुरुआत जनहित याचिका को परिभाषित करते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात जनहित याचिका के विकास के कारक को बताते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिये| अंत में जनहित याचिका के महत्व और सीमाओं को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - जनहित याचिका अर्थ एवं उद्देश्य- यह लैटिन शब्द प्रो बोनो पब्लिको से लिया गया है, जिसका तात्पर्य है जनहित| संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में 1960 के दशक में सामाजिक हित याचिका लाई गई| 1976 के मुंबई कामगार सभा बनाम अब्दुल थाई के केस में न्यायमूर्ति कृष्णा अय्यर द्वारा इसका उल्लेख| 1979 हुसैन आरा खातून बनाम बिहार राज्य को प्रथम जनहित याचिका के रूप में माना जाता है, इसमें कैदियों को अधिकारों और उनकी अमानवीय दशा को न्यायपालिका में रखा गया| जनहित याचिका का आधुनिक व्यवस्थित इतिहास एस.पी.गुप्ता बनाम भारत संघ 1982 से प्रारम्भ होता है (न्यायमूर्ति पी.एन.भगवती)| संविधान या संसद के किसी विधि में कोई परिभाषा नहीं| ब्लैक ला शब्दकोष के अनुसार -जनहित को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए न्यायपालिका में विधिक प्रक्रिया प्रारंभ करना जनहित याचिका है| सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के अनुसार न्यायपालिका में जनहित की रक्षा के लिए या संरक्षण के लिए याचिका दायर करना जनहित याचिका है| जनहित याचिका के विकास के कारक; प्रगतिशील विधेयक और कानून समाज के कमजोर वर्ग जो सामान्य तौर पर न्यायपालिका में नहीं आ सकते उनके अधिकारों और उनकी सहायता का मुद्दा| मौलिक अधिकारों विशेष तौर पर अनुच्छेद 21 और नीति निर्देशक तत्वों के बीच संतुलन तथा सौहार्दपूर्ण सम्बन्ध| न्यायिक नवाचार का बढ़ना| विधि के शासन को स्था पित करने मौलिक अधिकारों की रक्षा करने तथा सामाजिक और आर्थिक न्याय को सुनिश्चित करने का उद्देश्य| जनहित याचिका की विशेषता और उसका महत्व; यह विधिक सहायता प्राप्त करने का एक नवीन रचनात्मक एवं रणनीतिक प्रयास है| सामूहिक या सामुदायिक प्रयास को प्रोत्साहित करता है| देश की आम जनता को सरलता के साथ न्यायपालिका से जोड़ता है| सामाजिक परिवर्तन के यन्त्र के रूप में कार्य करता है और समाज के कमजोर तबके के लिए न्याय सुनिश्चित करता है| मौलिक अधिकारों एवं मानवाधिकार की रक्षा तथा सभी को न्याय प्राप्ति का लोकतान्त्रिक माहौल प्रदान करता है| सरकारी संस्थाओं पर निगरानी संभव बनाता है| कार्यपालिका को जवाबदेह बनाने में जन-भागीदारी को प्रोत्साहित करता है| जनहित याचिका की सीमायें; अदालतों में लंबित मामलों की संख्या पहले से ही अधिक है और जनहित याचिकाओं का दुरुपयोग बढ़ रहा है। जनहित याचिका की कार्रवाइयाँ कभी-कभी प्रतिस्पर्द्धी अधिकारों की समस्या को जन्म दे सकती है। उदाहरण के लिये जब कोई न्यायाल य प्रदूषण फैलाने वाले उद्योग को बंद करने का आदेश देती है तो कामगारों और उनकी आजीविका से वंचित उनके परिवारों के हितों को न्यायालय द्वारा ध्यान में नहीं रखा जा सकता है। शोषित और वंचि त समूहों से संबंधित जनहित याचिकाएँ कई वर्षों से लंबित हैं। जनहित याचिकाओं के माध्यम से सामाजिक-आर्थिक या पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं को हल करने की प्रक्रिया में न्यायपालिका द्वारा न्यायिक अतिक्रमण के मामले हो सकते हैं। जनहित याचिका सामाजिक परिवर्तन और कानून के शासन को बनाए रखने तथा कानून एवं न्याय के बीच संतुलन को तीव्र गति देना का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण साधन है। जनहित याचिकाओं का मूल उद्देश्य गरीबों और हाशिये के वर्ग के लोगों के लिये न्याय को सुलभ या न्याय संगत बनाना है। यह सभी के लिये न्याय की पहुँच का लोकतंत्रीकरण करता है।न कारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के स्थान पर सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के साथ जन हित के पक्ष में निर्णय सुनिश्चित कराता है, इसके परिणामस्वरूप लचीला दृष्टिकोण और लचीली प्रक्रिया अपनाते हुए न्यायपालिका व्यक्ति और समाज दोनों के अधिकारों को सुनिश्चित करने में सफल होती है|
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Describe the experiments or observations which support the belief that the earth is roughly a sphere. (150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduction: Give any general statement like mention who for the first time told earth shape is Geoid and what was thought before Main Body: Explain each observation proving the earth is a sphere, support with diagrams Conclusion: Give any general statement like through all these above it is concluded that earth is roughly spheroid Answer: From time immemorial the earth was considered flat but years of accumulated knowledge, experience, and observations in different parts of the world proved the spherical shape of the earth. People from the 15th century tried to prove that the earth is roughly sphere not flat through various experients and observations to collect evidence. These are- Evidence to support that earth is spherical- i)Circumnavigation: The first was done by Magellan in 1590. It proved that no traveler going around the world by land or sea has ever encountered an abrupt edge ii)Circular Horizon: Appears circular when viewed from a tall building or a ship. The horizon widens with an increase in altitude The distant horizon viewed from the deck of a ship at sea, or from a cliff on land is always and everywhere circular in shape. This circular horizon widens with increasing altitude and could only be seen on a spherical body. iii)Sighting of Ship: A distant ship appears to be rising from the distance. When a ship appears over the distant horizon, the top of the mast is seen first before the hull. In the same way, when it leaves the harbor, its disappearance over the curved surface is equally gradual. If the earth were flat, the entire ship would be seen or obscured all at once. iv)Sunrise and sunset time Different time of sunrise and sunset at different places is possible only if the earth is a spherical body v)Eclipse: only one side of the earth is visible. The shadow cast by the earth on the moon during a lunar eclipse is always circular. Only a sphere can cast a circular image. vi)Other planetary bodies The spherical shape of all other planetary bodies are These are convincing assumptions to conclude the earth to be a sphere object
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##Question:Describe the experiments or observations which support the belief that the earth is roughly a sphere. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Give any general statement like mention who for the first time told earth shape is Geoid and what was thought before Main Body: Explain each observation proving the earth is a sphere, support with diagrams Conclusion: Give any general statement like through all these above it is concluded that earth is roughly spheroid Answer: From time immemorial the earth was considered flat but years of accumulated knowledge, experience, and observations in different parts of the world proved the spherical shape of the earth. People from the 15th century tried to prove that the earth is roughly sphere not flat through various experients and observations to collect evidence. These are- Evidence to support that earth is spherical- i)Circumnavigation: The first was done by Magellan in 1590. It proved that no traveler going around the world by land or sea has ever encountered an abrupt edge ii)Circular Horizon: Appears circular when viewed from a tall building or a ship. The horizon widens with an increase in altitude The distant horizon viewed from the deck of a ship at sea, or from a cliff on land is always and everywhere circular in shape. This circular horizon widens with increasing altitude and could only be seen on a spherical body. iii)Sighting of Ship: A distant ship appears to be rising from the distance. When a ship appears over the distant horizon, the top of the mast is seen first before the hull. In the same way, when it leaves the harbor, its disappearance over the curved surface is equally gradual. If the earth were flat, the entire ship would be seen or obscured all at once. iv)Sunrise and sunset time Different time of sunrise and sunset at different places is possible only if the earth is a spherical body v)Eclipse: only one side of the earth is visible. The shadow cast by the earth on the moon during a lunar eclipse is always circular. Only a sphere can cast a circular image. vi)Other planetary bodies The spherical shape of all other planetary bodies are These are convincing assumptions to conclude the earth to be a sphere object
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Give an account of the assets and liabilities of RBI. Also, explain the Transaction Demand of the Money. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Introduce in brief RBI and its assets and liabilities In the body, explain the Transaction Demand of the Money Conclude accordingly. Answer : As a monetary authority, RBI"s key goal is to ensure and enforce the trust in the country"s monetary system ie the currency. The balance sheet of RBI has special properties ie its liabilities are either zero cost or low cost whereas its assets are either interest-bearing or appreciating. The currency notes in circulation form the major part of RBI"s liabilities. A currency note signifies the value that RBI owes. RBI will always owe the same value which is written on the currency note. Assets - what you own: Gold Foreign Currency assets eg Dollar Govt bonds including foreign govt bonds Lending by RBI to govt and banks Liabilities - What you owe: Currencies in circulation Borrowing by RBI Deposits with RBI of banks and of government Transaction Demand of the Money: To estimate the transaction demand for the money we look at the value of transactions in the economy. Value of transactions = Velocity of money * Amount of money ……………………………..(1) Also, the value of transaction = Price Level of goods * Quantity of goods…………………(2) From equation 1 and 2 M * v = P* Q Sometimes this is also written as M * v = P * Y The value of transactions for all the goods in the economy which include both final and intermediate goods would be proportional to the value of transactions pertaining only to the value of final goods as well. Therefore, we can say that value of the transaction is directly proportional to the nominal GDP. Value of transaction = k.PY…………………..(3) Mv = k PY M = (k/v) PY From the above equations M = k.PY Where k is inversely proportional to the velocity. Hence it can be seen that money for transaction purposes is directly proportional to the value of the nominal GDP. From the above equation, it can also be seen that P = M.v/Y This equation is interpreted differently by the Monetarist and Keynesian economists. While monetarists emphasized that v is behavioural and therefore is constant and Y which is real GDP is also constant or predictable, therefore the only thing that causes a change in prices is the level of the money supply. Hence monetary policy is the tool to control inflation. Keynesians contest that v and Y both fluctuate. For example, velocity changes during the festive seasons due to the evolution of the payment methods, and similarly the level of real GDP also fluctuates during the period of high growth and recessions. They agree that M causes a change in P but disagree with the importance to M that monetarists attach.
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##Question:Give an account of the assets and liabilities of RBI. Also, explain the Transaction Demand of the Money. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief RBI and its assets and liabilities In the body, explain the Transaction Demand of the Money Conclude accordingly. Answer : As a monetary authority, RBI"s key goal is to ensure and enforce the trust in the country"s monetary system ie the currency. The balance sheet of RBI has special properties ie its liabilities are either zero cost or low cost whereas its assets are either interest-bearing or appreciating. The currency notes in circulation form the major part of RBI"s liabilities. A currency note signifies the value that RBI owes. RBI will always owe the same value which is written on the currency note. Assets - what you own: Gold Foreign Currency assets eg Dollar Govt bonds including foreign govt bonds Lending by RBI to govt and banks Liabilities - What you owe: Currencies in circulation Borrowing by RBI Deposits with RBI of banks and of government Transaction Demand of the Money: To estimate the transaction demand for the money we look at the value of transactions in the economy. Value of transactions = Velocity of money * Amount of money ……………………………..(1) Also, the value of transaction = Price Level of goods * Quantity of goods…………………(2) From equation 1 and 2 M * v = P* Q Sometimes this is also written as M * v = P * Y The value of transactions for all the goods in the economy which include both final and intermediate goods would be proportional to the value of transactions pertaining only to the value of final goods as well. Therefore, we can say that value of the transaction is directly proportional to the nominal GDP. Value of transaction = k.PY…………………..(3) Mv = k PY M = (k/v) PY From the above equations M = k.PY Where k is inversely proportional to the velocity. Hence it can be seen that money for transaction purposes is directly proportional to the value of the nominal GDP. From the above equation, it can also be seen that P = M.v/Y This equation is interpreted differently by the Monetarist and Keynesian economists. While monetarists emphasized that v is behavioural and therefore is constant and Y which is real GDP is also constant or predictable, therefore the only thing that causes a change in prices is the level of the money supply. Hence monetary policy is the tool to control inflation. Keynesians contest that v and Y both fluctuate. For example, velocity changes during the festive seasons due to the evolution of the payment methods, and similarly the level of real GDP also fluctuates during the period of high growth and recessions. They agree that M causes a change in P but disagree with the importance to M that monetarists attach.
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मिसाइल को परिभाषित करते हुए विभिन्न आधारों पर इनके वर्गीकरण को प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Defining missiles, present their classification on various grounds. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मिसाइल को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग प्रमुख वर्गीकरण को प्रस्तुत कीजिये 3- अंतिम में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये मिसाइल एक पायलट रहित लक्ष्य निर्देशित हथियार तंत्र है जिसका इस्तेमाल शत्रु के ठिकानों को नष्ट करने के उद्देश्य से किया जाता है। मूल रूप से समझें तो मिसाइल किसी पेलोड को जो कि कोई बम अथवा विस्फोटक हो सकता है एक निश्चित स्थान तक ले जाने का कार्य करती है।मिसाइलों की आवश्यकता के अनुसार इन्हें विभिन्न श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया गया है। विभिन्न आधारों पर वर्गीकरण पथ के अनुसार वर्गीकरण बैलिस्टिक मिसाइल अर्धवृत्ताकार पथ, गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल के आधार पर कार्य करता है, दो चरण, प्रथम चरण में वायुमंडल के बाहर जाता है, दूसरे चरण में वायुमंडल के अन्दर आता है लघु दूरी, माध्यम दूरी, अंतरमाध्यम दूरी एवं लम्बी दूरी के परास के हो सकते हैं जैसे पृथ्वी, अग्नि मिसाइल क्रूज मिसाइल सीधा पथ गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल के नियम का पालन नहीं करता है यह वायुमंडल के अन्दर सतह के करीब दूसरी बना कर रहता है लघु दूरी और माध्यम दूरी जैसे निर्भय, ब्रह्मोस मिसाइल दागने और टारगेट स्थान के आधार पर वर्गीकरण सतह से सतह मिसाइल जैसे पृथ्वी और अग्नि, ब्रह्मोस सतह से वायु मिसाइल जैसे आकाश, त्रिशूल, बराक वायु से वायु मिसाइल जैसे अस्त्र, वायु से सतह मिसाइल जैसे हेलिना मिसाइल (हेलीकॉप्टर लांच नाग) परास के आधार पर वर्गीकरण (06:40 PM) लघु दूरी (300 किमी तक) माध्यम दूसरी (700-1000 किमी) अंतरमध्यम (1 हजार से 5 हजार किमी लम्बी दूरी/अंतर महाद्वीपीय (5 हजार किमी या उससे अधिक) जैसे अग्नि 5 गति के आधार पर वर्गीकरण ध्वनि की गति को मैक संख्या कहा जाता है | 1 मैक वायु में ध्वनि की गति (320M/S) होती है सब-सोनिक मिसाइल एक मैक से कम गति जैसे भारत का निर्भय मिसाइल सुपर-सोनिक मिसाइल एक मैक से 5 मैक तक की गति होती है जैसे ब्रह्मोस हाइपर-सोनिक मिसाइल की गति 5 मैक से अधिक होती है ब्रह्मोस को हाइपर सोनिक बनाने का प्रयास हो रहा है इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि मिसाइलों को विभिन्न आधारों पर वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है|
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##Question:मिसाइल को परिभाषित करते हुए विभिन्न आधारों पर इनके वर्गीकरण को प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Defining missiles, present their classification on various grounds. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मिसाइल को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग प्रमुख वर्गीकरण को प्रस्तुत कीजिये 3- अंतिम में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये मिसाइल एक पायलट रहित लक्ष्य निर्देशित हथियार तंत्र है जिसका इस्तेमाल शत्रु के ठिकानों को नष्ट करने के उद्देश्य से किया जाता है। मूल रूप से समझें तो मिसाइल किसी पेलोड को जो कि कोई बम अथवा विस्फोटक हो सकता है एक निश्चित स्थान तक ले जाने का कार्य करती है।मिसाइलों की आवश्यकता के अनुसार इन्हें विभिन्न श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया गया है। विभिन्न आधारों पर वर्गीकरण पथ के अनुसार वर्गीकरण बैलिस्टिक मिसाइल अर्धवृत्ताकार पथ, गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल के आधार पर कार्य करता है, दो चरण, प्रथम चरण में वायुमंडल के बाहर जाता है, दूसरे चरण में वायुमंडल के अन्दर आता है लघु दूरी, माध्यम दूरी, अंतरमाध्यम दूरी एवं लम्बी दूरी के परास के हो सकते हैं जैसे पृथ्वी, अग्नि मिसाइल क्रूज मिसाइल सीधा पथ गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल के नियम का पालन नहीं करता है यह वायुमंडल के अन्दर सतह के करीब दूसरी बना कर रहता है लघु दूरी और माध्यम दूरी जैसे निर्भय, ब्रह्मोस मिसाइल दागने और टारगेट स्थान के आधार पर वर्गीकरण सतह से सतह मिसाइल जैसे पृथ्वी और अग्नि, ब्रह्मोस सतह से वायु मिसाइल जैसे आकाश, त्रिशूल, बराक वायु से वायु मिसाइल जैसे अस्त्र, वायु से सतह मिसाइल जैसे हेलिना मिसाइल (हेलीकॉप्टर लांच नाग) परास के आधार पर वर्गीकरण (06:40 PM) लघु दूरी (300 किमी तक) माध्यम दूसरी (700-1000 किमी) अंतरमध्यम (1 हजार से 5 हजार किमी लम्बी दूरी/अंतर महाद्वीपीय (5 हजार किमी या उससे अधिक) जैसे अग्नि 5 गति के आधार पर वर्गीकरण ध्वनि की गति को मैक संख्या कहा जाता है | 1 मैक वायु में ध्वनि की गति (320M/S) होती है सब-सोनिक मिसाइल एक मैक से कम गति जैसे भारत का निर्भय मिसाइल सुपर-सोनिक मिसाइल एक मैक से 5 मैक तक की गति होती है जैसे ब्रह्मोस हाइपर-सोनिक मिसाइल की गति 5 मैक से अधिक होती है ब्रह्मोस को हाइपर सोनिक बनाने का प्रयास हो रहा है इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि मिसाइलों को विभिन्न आधारों पर वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है|
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What are Time Zones? Give arguments in favor and against implementing different time zones in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Time Zones A time zone is a region of the globe that observes uniform standard time.The entire globe is divided into 24 time zones with Greenwich meridian as the standard reference.Time along a particular longitude always remain the same.From Greenwich meridian towards east time increases and towards west time decreases.Move to the West you Lose a day and East you gain-a day. By change of every 15 degrees time changes by 60 minute.India follows 82 and a half degree east meridian as the standard reference for its time zone Multiple Time zone: Before independence, there were 3 time zones based on Calcutta, Madras, Bombay along with a local Chaibagan time in Assam In 1906 India adopted 82 and a half degree east longitude as the Indian standard time zone Longitudinal extent if nearly 30 degrees between east and west has resulted in a mismatch of sun cycle and human activities which has resulted in demand for the second-time zone for northeast The time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country.Most Indians are not particularly worried about Indian Standard Time (IST), except for those who live in the Northeast where the sun rises around 4 a.m. in summer, and gets dark well before 4 p.m. in winter. Why there is Necessity of Two time zones: Over the years, various citizens and political leaders have debated whether India should have two separate time zones. The demand is based on the huge difference in daylight times between the country’s longitudinal extremes, and the costs associated with following the same time zone. Those arguing against the idea, on the other hand, cite impracticability particularly the risk of railway accidents, given the need to reset times at every crossing from one time zone into another. Possible Impacts of change in time zones: Northeast India would move an hour ahead, increasing the region’s productive, daylight hours and the country’s potential energy savings could amount to a whopping 20 million kWh a year. Offices could open sooner after sunrise, and perhaps workers could even savour the last dregs of dusk as they trudge towards home or their desired form of recreation. Biomedical research has consistently pointed to the physical and psychological benefits of aligning circadian (sleep) rhythms to the sun’s rising and setting. Problems of different time zones in India: India has a huge population; if the country were divided into two time zones, there would be chaos at the border between the two zones. It would mean resetting clocks with each crossing of the time zone. There is scope for more dangerous kinds of confusion. Railway signals are not fully automated and many routes have single tracks. Trains may meet with major accidents owing to human errors. Just one such accident would wipe out any benefits resulting from different time zones in the country. Partitioning the already divided country further into time zones may also have undesirable political consequences. Moreover, our research shows that the energy saving from creating two time zones is not particularly large. While there is merit in the argument, the potentially adverse consequences of introducing a new time zone within the country are many. For Instance, Not forgetting the fact that a country like Russia has as many as nine time zones across contiguous territory, having to cope with the zones and to be forced to reset the watch each time you need to cross a domestic line could be complicated. With a time difference of one hour in the mornings and in the evenings, there would be nearly 25% less overlap between office timings in the two zones. This could be important for banks, offices, industries and multinational companies which need to be constantly interconnected. This will be further detrimental to productivity and to the interests of the eastern region. There is already a sense of alienation between the relatively prosperous and industrialised western zone and the less developed eastern zone. The people in the Northeast sense a distance from the mainland and a separateness in clock time may accentuate it. Having a separate time zone for the eastern region will provide no energy or other benefits to the rest of the country. Moreover, India will continue to be in off-set time zones, five and a half hours in the west and six and a half in the eastern region ahead of. Conclusion: It is now time to initiate a process of consultation to consider all sides of the question afresh. What might be seriously examined is a proposal of some researchers, including those from the National Institute of Advanced Studies in Bangalore and Scientists at the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research’s National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), to set the IST forward by half an hour so that it is six hours ahead of Universal Coordinated Time. This will mean advancing the point of reckoning at 82.5 degree East to 90 degree East, which will fall at a longitude along the West Bengal-Assam border. That should go some way in meeting Assam’s demand, and help avoid potential grievances from north western India about corresponding inconveniences that an advancing by one full hour could entail for it in terms of late sunrise time.
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##Question:What are Time Zones? Give arguments in favor and against implementing different time zones in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Time Zones A time zone is a region of the globe that observes uniform standard time.The entire globe is divided into 24 time zones with Greenwich meridian as the standard reference.Time along a particular longitude always remain the same.From Greenwich meridian towards east time increases and towards west time decreases.Move to the West you Lose a day and East you gain-a day. By change of every 15 degrees time changes by 60 minute.India follows 82 and a half degree east meridian as the standard reference for its time zone Multiple Time zone: Before independence, there were 3 time zones based on Calcutta, Madras, Bombay along with a local Chaibagan time in Assam In 1906 India adopted 82 and a half degree east longitude as the Indian standard time zone Longitudinal extent if nearly 30 degrees between east and west has resulted in a mismatch of sun cycle and human activities which has resulted in demand for the second-time zone for northeast The time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country.Most Indians are not particularly worried about Indian Standard Time (IST), except for those who live in the Northeast where the sun rises around 4 a.m. in summer, and gets dark well before 4 p.m. in winter. Why there is Necessity of Two time zones: Over the years, various citizens and political leaders have debated whether India should have two separate time zones. The demand is based on the huge difference in daylight times between the country’s longitudinal extremes, and the costs associated with following the same time zone. Those arguing against the idea, on the other hand, cite impracticability particularly the risk of railway accidents, given the need to reset times at every crossing from one time zone into another. Possible Impacts of change in time zones: Northeast India would move an hour ahead, increasing the region’s productive, daylight hours and the country’s potential energy savings could amount to a whopping 20 million kWh a year. Offices could open sooner after sunrise, and perhaps workers could even savour the last dregs of dusk as they trudge towards home or their desired form of recreation. Biomedical research has consistently pointed to the physical and psychological benefits of aligning circadian (sleep) rhythms to the sun’s rising and setting. Problems of different time zones in India: India has a huge population; if the country were divided into two time zones, there would be chaos at the border between the two zones. It would mean resetting clocks with each crossing of the time zone. There is scope for more dangerous kinds of confusion. Railway signals are not fully automated and many routes have single tracks. Trains may meet with major accidents owing to human errors. Just one such accident would wipe out any benefits resulting from different time zones in the country. Partitioning the already divided country further into time zones may also have undesirable political consequences. Moreover, our research shows that the energy saving from creating two time zones is not particularly large. While there is merit in the argument, the potentially adverse consequences of introducing a new time zone within the country are many. For Instance, Not forgetting the fact that a country like Russia has as many as nine time zones across contiguous territory, having to cope with the zones and to be forced to reset the watch each time you need to cross a domestic line could be complicated. With a time difference of one hour in the mornings and in the evenings, there would be nearly 25% less overlap between office timings in the two zones. This could be important for banks, offices, industries and multinational companies which need to be constantly interconnected. This will be further detrimental to productivity and to the interests of the eastern region. There is already a sense of alienation between the relatively prosperous and industrialised western zone and the less developed eastern zone. The people in the Northeast sense a distance from the mainland and a separateness in clock time may accentuate it. Having a separate time zone for the eastern region will provide no energy or other benefits to the rest of the country. Moreover, India will continue to be in off-set time zones, five and a half hours in the west and six and a half in the eastern region ahead of. Conclusion: It is now time to initiate a process of consultation to consider all sides of the question afresh. What might be seriously examined is a proposal of some researchers, including those from the National Institute of Advanced Studies in Bangalore and Scientists at the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research’s National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), to set the IST forward by half an hour so that it is six hours ahead of Universal Coordinated Time. This will mean advancing the point of reckoning at 82.5 degree East to 90 degree East, which will fall at a longitude along the West Bengal-Assam border. That should go some way in meeting Assam’s demand, and help avoid potential grievances from north western India about corresponding inconveniences that an advancing by one full hour could entail for it in terms of late sunrise time.
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Differentiate between the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) used in India. Also, explain the benefits of WPI and CPI. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the definition of WPI and CPI Explain the difference between the two Mention the benefits of using WPI and CPI Conclude accordingly Answer: To measure inflation in an economy, usually, Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) are used. The wholesale Price Index helps in measuring the average change in prices received on the bulk sale of goods. On the other hand, Consumer Price Index is one that computes the changes in the general price level of a class of consumer goods The differences between the consumer price index and wholesale price index, are discussed in the points below: 1. Wholesale Price Index (WPI) estimates inflation by ascertaining the price paid on the purchase of goods by the wholesalers from manufacturers and comparing it with the base year prices. As against Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used to measure the changes in prices, by making a comparison, through time, the overall price of the fixed basket of commodities. 2. In India, the Wholesale Price Index is published by the Office of Economic Advisor which comes under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. On the contrary, Consumer Price Index is declared by the Central Statistics Office, which works under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 3. In the wholesale Price Index, inflation is measured by tracking the price paid at the first stage of the transaction. Conversely, the price paid at the last stage of the transaction is used to measure inflation in the consumer price index. 4. WPI basket covers the only price of goods, whereas services like housing education, recreation, and so forth are also covered in the CPI basket along with the goods. 5. WPI is concerned with the prices paid on the trade of goods between two business houses for the purpose of resale. In contrast, CPI stresses on the prices of goods bought by the consumers for the purpose of consumption. Benefits of WPI- To provide estimates of inflation at the wholesale transaction level for the economy as a whole. This helps in timely intervention by the Government to check inflation in particular, in essential commodities, before the price increase spill over to retail prices. WPI is also used for indexation by users in business contracts. Global investors also track WPI as one of the key macro indicators for their investment decisions Benefits of CPI- Consumer Price Index covers both goods and services and measures change in retail prices, thus it represents the level of living or the utility derived by the consumers at given levels of their income, prices, and tastes. Consumer price index is used as a measure of inflation in around 157 countries and hence, is a better tool for international comparison. The dearness allowance of Government employees and wage contracts between labour and employer is based on this index. Thus, both WPI and CPI are used to calculate the inflation rate in the economy. However, due to the larger impact of CPI on the consumers, now the monetary policy is based on the CPI.
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##Question:Differentiate between the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) used in India. Also, explain the benefits of WPI and CPI. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of WPI and CPI Explain the difference between the two Mention the benefits of using WPI and CPI Conclude accordingly Answer: To measure inflation in an economy, usually, Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) are used. The wholesale Price Index helps in measuring the average change in prices received on the bulk sale of goods. On the other hand, Consumer Price Index is one that computes the changes in the general price level of a class of consumer goods The differences between the consumer price index and wholesale price index, are discussed in the points below: 1. Wholesale Price Index (WPI) estimates inflation by ascertaining the price paid on the purchase of goods by the wholesalers from manufacturers and comparing it with the base year prices. As against Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used to measure the changes in prices, by making a comparison, through time, the overall price of the fixed basket of commodities. 2. In India, the Wholesale Price Index is published by the Office of Economic Advisor which comes under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. On the contrary, Consumer Price Index is declared by the Central Statistics Office, which works under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 3. In the wholesale Price Index, inflation is measured by tracking the price paid at the first stage of the transaction. Conversely, the price paid at the last stage of the transaction is used to measure inflation in the consumer price index. 4. WPI basket covers the only price of goods, whereas services like housing education, recreation, and so forth are also covered in the CPI basket along with the goods. 5. WPI is concerned with the prices paid on the trade of goods between two business houses for the purpose of resale. In contrast, CPI stresses on the prices of goods bought by the consumers for the purpose of consumption. Benefits of WPI- To provide estimates of inflation at the wholesale transaction level for the economy as a whole. This helps in timely intervention by the Government to check inflation in particular, in essential commodities, before the price increase spill over to retail prices. WPI is also used for indexation by users in business contracts. Global investors also track WPI as one of the key macro indicators for their investment decisions Benefits of CPI- Consumer Price Index covers both goods and services and measures change in retail prices, thus it represents the level of living or the utility derived by the consumers at given levels of their income, prices, and tastes. Consumer price index is used as a measure of inflation in around 157 countries and hence, is a better tool for international comparison. The dearness allowance of Government employees and wage contracts between labour and employer is based on this index. Thus, both WPI and CPI are used to calculate the inflation rate in the economy. However, due to the larger impact of CPI on the consumers, now the monetary policy is based on the CPI.
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Discuss evolutionary theories about the origin of the Solar System (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Give a paragraph about Solar System Main Body: Write how Evolutionary theories tries to explain the origin of the solar system Conclusion: mention that how theories were not without question which was succeeded by later theories explaining the evolution of the solar system Answer: There were many theories to explain how the Solar system originated and evolved such as early theories of Evolutionary theories including the Nebular hypothesis and gaseous theories and modern theories such as the Big Bang Theory. Evolutionary theories: These theories were early theories suggesting that material of the solar system condensed into sun and planets simultaneously as isolated masses of matter from a single mass of gas Therefore all the bodies are of the same age. There were two theories in it- i)Gaseous hypothesis by Kant There was cold matter made of hard particles which are supernaturally created These hard particles collided with each other due to gravitational attraction releasing heat and gradually forming a rotating nebula kind of structure from which rings of matter were thrown off which cool down to form planets Though Immanuel Kant based his gaseous hypothesis on scientific principles (Newton’s law of gravitation) to solve the problem of the origin of the solar system and the earth but his hypothesis has been rendered baseless because it is based on several erroneous facts of science. However, the importance of Kant’s hypothesis lies in the fact that it was the first scientific attempt for the explanation of the origin of the earth. In fact, Kant’s hypothesis paved the way for the postulation of the nebular hypothesis by Laplace. ii)Nebula hypothesis by Laplace Laplace said that the material from which the solar system was formed was once a slowly rotating cloud, or nebula, of extremely hot gas. The gas-cooled and the nebula began to shrink. As the nebula became smaller, it rotated more rapidly, becoming somewhat flattened at the poles. A combination of centrifugal force, produced by the nebula"s rotation, and gravitational force, from the mass of the nebula, caused rings of gas to be left behind as the nebula shrank. These rings condensed into planets and their satellites, while the remaining part of the nebula formed the sun. The nebular hypothesis, widely accepted for about a hundred years, has several serious flaws. The most serious concern is the speed of rotation of the sun. When the nebular hypothesis is worked out mathematically on the basis of the known orbital momentum of the planets, it predicts that the sun must rotate about 50 times more rapidly than it actually does. There is also some doubt that the rings pictured by Laplace would ever condense into planets. In the early 20th century, the nebular hypothesis was rejected and the planetesimal hypothesis, that the planets were formed from material drawn out of the sun, became popular. This theory, too, proved unsatisfactory. Later theories have revived the concept of a nebular origin for the planets, but not in the same form in which it was proposed by Laplace.
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##Question:Discuss evolutionary theories about the origin of the Solar System (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Give a paragraph about Solar System Main Body: Write how Evolutionary theories tries to explain the origin of the solar system Conclusion: mention that how theories were not without question which was succeeded by later theories explaining the evolution of the solar system Answer: There were many theories to explain how the Solar system originated and evolved such as early theories of Evolutionary theories including the Nebular hypothesis and gaseous theories and modern theories such as the Big Bang Theory. Evolutionary theories: These theories were early theories suggesting that material of the solar system condensed into sun and planets simultaneously as isolated masses of matter from a single mass of gas Therefore all the bodies are of the same age. There were two theories in it- i)Gaseous hypothesis by Kant There was cold matter made of hard particles which are supernaturally created These hard particles collided with each other due to gravitational attraction releasing heat and gradually forming a rotating nebula kind of structure from which rings of matter were thrown off which cool down to form planets Though Immanuel Kant based his gaseous hypothesis on scientific principles (Newton’s law of gravitation) to solve the problem of the origin of the solar system and the earth but his hypothesis has been rendered baseless because it is based on several erroneous facts of science. However, the importance of Kant’s hypothesis lies in the fact that it was the first scientific attempt for the explanation of the origin of the earth. In fact, Kant’s hypothesis paved the way for the postulation of the nebular hypothesis by Laplace. ii)Nebula hypothesis by Laplace Laplace said that the material from which the solar system was formed was once a slowly rotating cloud, or nebula, of extremely hot gas. The gas-cooled and the nebula began to shrink. As the nebula became smaller, it rotated more rapidly, becoming somewhat flattened at the poles. A combination of centrifugal force, produced by the nebula"s rotation, and gravitational force, from the mass of the nebula, caused rings of gas to be left behind as the nebula shrank. These rings condensed into planets and their satellites, while the remaining part of the nebula formed the sun. The nebular hypothesis, widely accepted for about a hundred years, has several serious flaws. The most serious concern is the speed of rotation of the sun. When the nebular hypothesis is worked out mathematically on the basis of the known orbital momentum of the planets, it predicts that the sun must rotate about 50 times more rapidly than it actually does. There is also some doubt that the rings pictured by Laplace would ever condense into planets. In the early 20th century, the nebular hypothesis was rejected and the planetesimal hypothesis, that the planets were formed from material drawn out of the sun, became popular. This theory, too, proved unsatisfactory. Later theories have revived the concept of a nebular origin for the planets, but not in the same form in which it was proposed by Laplace.
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प्राथमिक बाजार एवं द्वितीयक बाजार को परिभाषित करते हुए सरकारी प्रतिभूतियों के विन्यास को प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द;10 अंक) Defining primary market and secondary market, Present the configuration of government securities. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में पूँजी बाजार की संरचना समझाते हुए प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक बाजार एवं शट पीरियड को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में सरकारी प्रतिभूतियों के विन्यास को बताते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये पूँजी बाजार (कैपिटल मार्केट) , प्रतिभूतियों का बाजार है, जहाँ कंपनियाँ और सरकार लंबे समय के लिए धन जुटा सकते हैं। यह वह बाजार है जहाँ पैसा एक साल या इससे अधिक समय के लिए दिया जाता है। पूँजी बाजार में शेयर बाजार और बांड बाजार भी शामिल है।प्राथमिक बाजार, द्वितीयक बाजार एवं शट पीरियड पूंजीबाजार से सम्बन्धित अवधारणायें हैं|प्राथमिक बाजार वह है जिसमें निवेशक बांड या शेयर को पहली बार सीधे जारीकर्ता से खरीद रहा होता है वहीँ एक बार खरीदे जा चुके बांड की दुबारा खरीद बिक्री जिस स्थान पर की जा रही हो उसे द्वितीयक बाजार कहा जाता है| जब कोई बांड अपनी पूर्णता अवधि को अत्यंत निकट हो तो एक निर्धारित समय के लिए उनकी खरीद बिक्री पर रोक लगा दी जाती है इस समयावधि को शट पीरियड कहा जाता है| सरकारी प्रतिभूतियों का विन्यास सरकार द्वारा बांड्स निम्न प्रकार से जारी किये जा सकते हैं यथा A- धन बाजार में इसके अंतर्गत सिर्फ केंद्र सरकार बांड जारी करती है जिसे ट्रेजरी बिल कहा जाता है इनकी निम्नलिखित प्रमुख विशेष विशेषताएं हैं 1- ये 91 दिन, 182 या 364 दिन के लिए जारी किये जाते हैं 2- ये ट्रेजरी बिल डिस्काउंट पर जारी किये जाते हैं अर्थात इस पर अंकित मूल्य से कम पर इन्हें बेचा जाता है उदाहरण के लिए यदि किसी ट्रेजरी बिल का अंकित मूल्य 100 रुपये हो तो उसे 98 रुपये में दिया जाएगा तथा पूर्णता अवधि पर उसे 100 रूपये में वापस खरीद लिया जाएगा |इस प्रकार निवेशक को 2 रुपये का लाभ मिलेगा 3- अतः यह स्पष्ट है कि इन ट्रेजरी बिल पर कोई ब्याज या कूपन (RBI की शब्दावली में ब्याज को कूपन कहा जाता है) प्राप्त नहीं होता है इसी लिए इन्हें जीरो कूपन बांड भी कहा जाता है कैश मैनेजमेंट बिल वर्ष 1997 के पहले 14 दिनों के संविदा ट्रेजरी बिल भी जारी किये जाते थे परन्तु 1997 में इन्हें समाप्तकर दिया गया कालान्तर में 2010 में 91 दिनों से भी कम अवधि के बांड जारी करने का भी प्रावधान लाया गया जिसे कैश management बिल कहा जाता है ये भी छूट पर जारी किये जाते हैं (मूलतः ट्रेजरी बिल जैसे ही) B-कैपिटल मार्केट में इस संदर्भ में केंद्र अथवा राज्य सरकारें एक साल से अधिक अवधि के लिए बांड जारी कर सकते हैं| (अधिकतम सीमा निर्धारित नहीं है परन्तु सामान्यतः पांच या 10 वर्ष के लिए जारी होते हैं| भारतीय संदर्भ में अभी तक अधिकतम 37 वर्ष के लिए जारी हो चुके हैं यदि ये बांड केंद्र सरकार द्वारा जारी हों तो इन्हें G-SEC कहा जाता है तथा यदि ये बांड राज्यों द्वारा जारी किये गए हों तो उन्हें स्टेट डेवलपमेंट लोन (SDL) कहा जाता है जो निम्न प्रकार के हो सकते हैं 1- निर्धारित कूपन दर वाले बांड- जिसमें ब्याजदर निर्धारित होता है 2- चलायमान कूपन बांड - इसमें ब्याज दर समय समय पर बदलता रहता है जिसकी घोषणा RBI द्वारा की जाती है 3- मुद्रा स्फीति आधारित कूपनदर बांड- इन्हें वर्ष 2013 में लागू किया गया जिसके अंतर्गत ब्याजदर को मुद्रास्फीति से समायोजित किया जाता है|
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##Question:प्राथमिक बाजार एवं द्वितीयक बाजार को परिभाषित करते हुए सरकारी प्रतिभूतियों के विन्यास को प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द;10 अंक) Defining primary market and secondary market, Present the configuration of government securities. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में पूँजी बाजार की संरचना समझाते हुए प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक बाजार एवं शट पीरियड को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में सरकारी प्रतिभूतियों के विन्यास को बताते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये पूँजी बाजार (कैपिटल मार्केट) , प्रतिभूतियों का बाजार है, जहाँ कंपनियाँ और सरकार लंबे समय के लिए धन जुटा सकते हैं। यह वह बाजार है जहाँ पैसा एक साल या इससे अधिक समय के लिए दिया जाता है। पूँजी बाजार में शेयर बाजार और बांड बाजार भी शामिल है।प्राथमिक बाजार, द्वितीयक बाजार एवं शट पीरियड पूंजीबाजार से सम्बन्धित अवधारणायें हैं|प्राथमिक बाजार वह है जिसमें निवेशक बांड या शेयर को पहली बार सीधे जारीकर्ता से खरीद रहा होता है वहीँ एक बार खरीदे जा चुके बांड की दुबारा खरीद बिक्री जिस स्थान पर की जा रही हो उसे द्वितीयक बाजार कहा जाता है| जब कोई बांड अपनी पूर्णता अवधि को अत्यंत निकट हो तो एक निर्धारित समय के लिए उनकी खरीद बिक्री पर रोक लगा दी जाती है इस समयावधि को शट पीरियड कहा जाता है| सरकारी प्रतिभूतियों का विन्यास सरकार द्वारा बांड्स निम्न प्रकार से जारी किये जा सकते हैं यथा A- धन बाजार में इसके अंतर्गत सिर्फ केंद्र सरकार बांड जारी करती है जिसे ट्रेजरी बिल कहा जाता है इनकी निम्नलिखित प्रमुख विशेष विशेषताएं हैं 1- ये 91 दिन, 182 या 364 दिन के लिए जारी किये जाते हैं 2- ये ट्रेजरी बिल डिस्काउंट पर जारी किये जाते हैं अर्थात इस पर अंकित मूल्य से कम पर इन्हें बेचा जाता है उदाहरण के लिए यदि किसी ट्रेजरी बिल का अंकित मूल्य 100 रुपये हो तो उसे 98 रुपये में दिया जाएगा तथा पूर्णता अवधि पर उसे 100 रूपये में वापस खरीद लिया जाएगा |इस प्रकार निवेशक को 2 रुपये का लाभ मिलेगा 3- अतः यह स्पष्ट है कि इन ट्रेजरी बिल पर कोई ब्याज या कूपन (RBI की शब्दावली में ब्याज को कूपन कहा जाता है) प्राप्त नहीं होता है इसी लिए इन्हें जीरो कूपन बांड भी कहा जाता है कैश मैनेजमेंट बिल वर्ष 1997 के पहले 14 दिनों के संविदा ट्रेजरी बिल भी जारी किये जाते थे परन्तु 1997 में इन्हें समाप्तकर दिया गया कालान्तर में 2010 में 91 दिनों से भी कम अवधि के बांड जारी करने का भी प्रावधान लाया गया जिसे कैश management बिल कहा जाता है ये भी छूट पर जारी किये जाते हैं (मूलतः ट्रेजरी बिल जैसे ही) B-कैपिटल मार्केट में इस संदर्भ में केंद्र अथवा राज्य सरकारें एक साल से अधिक अवधि के लिए बांड जारी कर सकते हैं| (अधिकतम सीमा निर्धारित नहीं है परन्तु सामान्यतः पांच या 10 वर्ष के लिए जारी होते हैं| भारतीय संदर्भ में अभी तक अधिकतम 37 वर्ष के लिए जारी हो चुके हैं यदि ये बांड केंद्र सरकार द्वारा जारी हों तो इन्हें G-SEC कहा जाता है तथा यदि ये बांड राज्यों द्वारा जारी किये गए हों तो उन्हें स्टेट डेवलपमेंट लोन (SDL) कहा जाता है जो निम्न प्रकार के हो सकते हैं 1- निर्धारित कूपन दर वाले बांड- जिसमें ब्याजदर निर्धारित होता है 2- चलायमान कूपन बांड - इसमें ब्याज दर समय समय पर बदलता रहता है जिसकी घोषणा RBI द्वारा की जाती है 3- मुद्रा स्फीति आधारित कूपनदर बांड- इन्हें वर्ष 2013 में लागू किया गया जिसके अंतर्गत ब्याजदर को मुद्रास्फीति से समायोजित किया जाता है|
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Discuss the various layers of the sun. Also,differentiate between the Jovian and terrestrial planets. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce with a general mention about Sun and its layers Describe in the main body the various layers of the Sun and the difference between the Terrestrial and Jovian Planets Conclude by giving examples of each planet types Answer: Different layers of the sun: 1)Inner layers: i)Core: Here nuclear fusion reaction occurs Releases energy The temperature here is 15 Million degrees Celcius ii)Radiative zone: Energy moves here in form of radiation Electromagnetic radiation iii)Convective zone: Convection is a form of transfer of energy Mass itself moves here in form of convection Convective current transferred from here get to the surface 2)Outer layer is divided into: i)Photosphere: The temperature at the photosphere is 5500 degrees Celcius ii)Chromosphere It is an intermediate zone that appears like a red rim ii)Corona It is an uppermost layer that is visible only during a total solar eclipse The temperature of this layer is 2 million degrees Celsius The planets in the solar system are divided into terrestrial and jovian planets. They are different in their position, composition, and other features. Terrestrial Planets: Jovian planets they are earth like Jupiter like Rocky Gaseous More solar winds Less solar winds Size: Smaller Larger Denser Less dense The number of satellites is very less here Number of satellites: are more here Temperature: high less Rings: absence of rings the presence of rings and these have a thick atmosphere Rotational speed: slower Faster rotation Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the jovian planets. Mercury, Venus, and Earth are terrestrial planets.
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##Question:Discuss the various layers of the sun. Also,differentiate between the Jovian and terrestrial planets. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with a general mention about Sun and its layers Describe in the main body the various layers of the Sun and the difference between the Terrestrial and Jovian Planets Conclude by giving examples of each planet types Answer: Different layers of the sun: 1)Inner layers: i)Core: Here nuclear fusion reaction occurs Releases energy The temperature here is 15 Million degrees Celcius ii)Radiative zone: Energy moves here in form of radiation Electromagnetic radiation iii)Convective zone: Convection is a form of transfer of energy Mass itself moves here in form of convection Convective current transferred from here get to the surface 2)Outer layer is divided into: i)Photosphere: The temperature at the photosphere is 5500 degrees Celcius ii)Chromosphere It is an intermediate zone that appears like a red rim ii)Corona It is an uppermost layer that is visible only during a total solar eclipse The temperature of this layer is 2 million degrees Celsius The planets in the solar system are divided into terrestrial and jovian planets. They are different in their position, composition, and other features. Terrestrial Planets: Jovian planets they are earth like Jupiter like Rocky Gaseous More solar winds Less solar winds Size: Smaller Larger Denser Less dense The number of satellites is very less here Number of satellites: are more here Temperature: high less Rings: absence of rings the presence of rings and these have a thick atmosphere Rotational speed: slower Faster rotation Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the jovian planets. Mercury, Venus, and Earth are terrestrial planets.
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The Century of Humiliation was a period of internal disintegration and external exploitation for China. Elaborate? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Try to briefly highlight the century of humiliation in China Body: In the body first try to highlight the internal disintegration of china and then External exploitation Conclusion: In the conclusion try to highlight how the Century of humiliation was an important part of China and how it changed Chinas perception. The period during the 1840s-1940s in Chinese history is known as the Century of Humiliation. During this period, the European colonial powers entered and opened up China making it a victim of colonialism and importer of Christianity. Internally, due to the assault of colonial powers, the central political authority declined to culminate in the warlord era from 1916-28. Internal disintegration of china: Warlord Era Lack of central authority; Real power is fragmented; little law and order stability; lack of rule of law; peasants were oppressed etc Nationalism is crushed brutally. Over and above that Chinese are made to pay Compensation. The main purpose of western power in China was economic gains via trade, extraction of Raw materials, and having china as an export market for their Industrial goods. (Except for Japan, Russia. Since They were neighbours and therefore desired territorial expansion as well. Therefore the US took lead and western powers agreed to make China or end the sphere of influence and make available all areas of China to everyone for trade and business i.e China. The foreign powers agreed to the territorial integrity of china i.e They won"t annexe the territory of China. Therefore by 1900 China has converted to an International colony i.e Whole of China was now available for exploitation to all foreign powers in China. To prevent a repeat of another rebellion the foreign powers now extracted from the Manchu Dynasty the right to station their troops inside of China ie for protection of their assets/property. External exploitation(Colonialism) The imperialist domination of China began with the opium wars. The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving the Great Qing and the British Government and concerned their imposition of trade of opium upon China. Before these opium Wars, only two Chinese ports were open to foreign traders. There were 2 opium wars 1st in 1840 and another was in 1858. They changed the course of colonialism in China resulting in China becoming an international colony. The result of the 1st Opium war was the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking). Consequentially more ports were opened for trade, Customs duty was decreased. Political contacts and diplomatic ties were further raised. The sovereignty of Britain on ports and trade posts was established. Trial on Britishers as per the British laws consequentially reduced the power of locals. Hongkong was taken away i.e. territorial acquisition. Soon, England and France fought another war with China, on the pretext that a French missionary had been murdered. This was the 2nd Opium war. This resulted in the Treaties of Tianjin. According to this treaty: Freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. Converted to an International Colony in 1899 under the Lead of the USA i.e. to be economically exploited by all (equally). Conclusion : The century of humiliation has shaped chinas perception of its role and it has been one of the driving forces for the greater status of china. China"s Humiliation consequentially has turned it into greater china and how a century of humiliation had far-reaching as China plays a greater role in today"s world order.
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##Question:The Century of Humiliation was a period of internal disintegration and external exploitation for China. Elaborate? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Try to briefly highlight the century of humiliation in China Body: In the body first try to highlight the internal disintegration of china and then External exploitation Conclusion: In the conclusion try to highlight how the Century of humiliation was an important part of China and how it changed Chinas perception. The period during the 1840s-1940s in Chinese history is known as the Century of Humiliation. During this period, the European colonial powers entered and opened up China making it a victim of colonialism and importer of Christianity. Internally, due to the assault of colonial powers, the central political authority declined to culminate in the warlord era from 1916-28. Internal disintegration of china: Warlord Era Lack of central authority; Real power is fragmented; little law and order stability; lack of rule of law; peasants were oppressed etc Nationalism is crushed brutally. Over and above that Chinese are made to pay Compensation. The main purpose of western power in China was economic gains via trade, extraction of Raw materials, and having china as an export market for their Industrial goods. (Except for Japan, Russia. Since They were neighbours and therefore desired territorial expansion as well. Therefore the US took lead and western powers agreed to make China or end the sphere of influence and make available all areas of China to everyone for trade and business i.e China. The foreign powers agreed to the territorial integrity of china i.e They won"t annexe the territory of China. Therefore by 1900 China has converted to an International colony i.e Whole of China was now available for exploitation to all foreign powers in China. To prevent a repeat of another rebellion the foreign powers now extracted from the Manchu Dynasty the right to station their troops inside of China ie for protection of their assets/property. External exploitation(Colonialism) The imperialist domination of China began with the opium wars. The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving the Great Qing and the British Government and concerned their imposition of trade of opium upon China. Before these opium Wars, only two Chinese ports were open to foreign traders. There were 2 opium wars 1st in 1840 and another was in 1858. They changed the course of colonialism in China resulting in China becoming an international colony. The result of the 1st Opium war was the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking). Consequentially more ports were opened for trade, Customs duty was decreased. Political contacts and diplomatic ties were further raised. The sovereignty of Britain on ports and trade posts was established. Trial on Britishers as per the British laws consequentially reduced the power of locals. Hongkong was taken away i.e. territorial acquisition. Soon, England and France fought another war with China, on the pretext that a French missionary had been murdered. This was the 2nd Opium war. This resulted in the Treaties of Tianjin. According to this treaty: Freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. Converted to an International Colony in 1899 under the Lead of the USA i.e. to be economically exploited by all (equally). Conclusion : The century of humiliation has shaped chinas perception of its role and it has been one of the driving forces for the greater status of china. China"s Humiliation consequentially has turned it into greater china and how a century of humiliation had far-reaching as China plays a greater role in today"s world order.
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The Century of Humiliation was a period of internal disintegration and external exploitation for China. Elaborate? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Try to briefly highlight the century of humiliation in China Body: In the body first try to highlight the internal disintegration of china and then External exploitation Conclusion: In the conclusion try to highlight how the Century of humiliation was an important part of China and how it changed Chinas perception. Answer : The period during the 1840s-1940s in Chinese history is known as the Century of Humiliation. During this period, the European colonial powers entered and opened up China making it a victim of colonialism and importer of Christianity. Internally, due to the assault of colonial powers, the central political authority declined to culminate in the warlord era from 1916-28. Internal disintegration of china: Warlord Era Lack of central authority; Real power is fragmented; little law and order stability; lack of rule of law; peasants were oppressed etc Over and above that Chinese are made to pay Compensation. The main purpose of western power in China was economic gains via trade, extraction of Raw materials, and having china as an export market for their Industrial goods. (Except for Japan, Russia. Since They were neighbours and therefore desired territorial expansion as well. Therefore the US took lead and western powers agreed to make China or end the sphere of influence and make available all areas of China to everyone for trade and business i.e China. The foreign powers agreed to the territorial integrity of china i.e They won"t annexe the territory of China. Therefore by 1900 China has converted to an International colony i.e Whole of China was now available for exploitation to all foreign powers in China. To prevent a repeat of another rebellion the foreign powers now extracted from the Manchu Dynasty the right to station their troops inside of China ie for protection of their assets/property. External exploitation(Colonialism) The imperialist domination of China began with the opium wars. The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving the Great Qing and the British Government and concerned their imposition of trade of opium upon China. Before these opium Wars, only two Chinese ports were open to foreign traders. There were 2 opium wars 1st in 1840 and another was in 1858. They changed the course of colonialism in China resulting in China becoming an international colony. The result of the 1st Opium war was the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking). Consequentially more ports were opened for trade, Customs duty was decreased. Political contacts and diplomatic ties were further raised. The sovereignty of Britain on ports and trade posts was established. Trial on Britishers as per the British laws consequentially reduced the power of locals. Hongkong was taken away i.e. territorial acquisition. Soon, England and France fought another war with China, on the pretext that a French missionary had been murdered. This was the 2nd Opium war. This resulted in the Treaties of Tianjin. According to this treaty: Freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. Converted to an International Colony in 1899 under the Lead of the USA i.e. to be economically exploited by all (equally). Conclusion : The century of humiliation has shaped chinas perception of its role and it has been one of the driving forces for the greater status of china. China"s Humiliation consequentially has turned it into greater china and how a century of humiliation had far-reaching as China plays a greater role in today"s world order.
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##Question:The Century of Humiliation was a period of internal disintegration and external exploitation for China. Elaborate? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Try to briefly highlight the century of humiliation in China Body: In the body first try to highlight the internal disintegration of china and then External exploitation Conclusion: In the conclusion try to highlight how the Century of humiliation was an important part of China and how it changed Chinas perception. Answer : The period during the 1840s-1940s in Chinese history is known as the Century of Humiliation. During this period, the European colonial powers entered and opened up China making it a victim of colonialism and importer of Christianity. Internally, due to the assault of colonial powers, the central political authority declined to culminate in the warlord era from 1916-28. Internal disintegration of china: Warlord Era Lack of central authority; Real power is fragmented; little law and order stability; lack of rule of law; peasants were oppressed etc Over and above that Chinese are made to pay Compensation. The main purpose of western power in China was economic gains via trade, extraction of Raw materials, and having china as an export market for their Industrial goods. (Except for Japan, Russia. Since They were neighbours and therefore desired territorial expansion as well. Therefore the US took lead and western powers agreed to make China or end the sphere of influence and make available all areas of China to everyone for trade and business i.e China. The foreign powers agreed to the territorial integrity of china i.e They won"t annexe the territory of China. Therefore by 1900 China has converted to an International colony i.e Whole of China was now available for exploitation to all foreign powers in China. To prevent a repeat of another rebellion the foreign powers now extracted from the Manchu Dynasty the right to station their troops inside of China ie for protection of their assets/property. External exploitation(Colonialism) The imperialist domination of China began with the opium wars. The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving the Great Qing and the British Government and concerned their imposition of trade of opium upon China. Before these opium Wars, only two Chinese ports were open to foreign traders. There were 2 opium wars 1st in 1840 and another was in 1858. They changed the course of colonialism in China resulting in China becoming an international colony. The result of the 1st Opium war was the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking). Consequentially more ports were opened for trade, Customs duty was decreased. Political contacts and diplomatic ties were further raised. The sovereignty of Britain on ports and trade posts was established. Trial on Britishers as per the British laws consequentially reduced the power of locals. Hongkong was taken away i.e. territorial acquisition. Soon, England and France fought another war with China, on the pretext that a French missionary had been murdered. This was the 2nd Opium war. This resulted in the Treaties of Tianjin. According to this treaty: Freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. Converted to an International Colony in 1899 under the Lead of the USA i.e. to be economically exploited by all (equally). Conclusion : The century of humiliation has shaped chinas perception of its role and it has been one of the driving forces for the greater status of china. China"s Humiliation consequentially has turned it into greater china and how a century of humiliation had far-reaching as China plays a greater role in today"s world order.
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The Century of Humiliation was a period of internal disintegration and external exploitation for China. Elaborate? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Try to briefly highlight the century of humiliation in China Body: In the body first try to highlight the internal disintegration of china and then External exploitation Conclusion: In the conclusion try to highlight how the Century of humiliation was an important part of China and how it changed Chinas perception. Model Answer: The period during the 1840s-1940s in Chinese history is known as the Century of Humiliation. During this period, the European colonial powers entered and opened up China making it a victim of colonialism and importer of Christianity. Internally, due to the assault of colonial powers, the central political authority declined to culminate in the warlord era from 1916-28. Internal disintegration of china: Warlord Era Lack of central authority; Real power is fragmented; little law and order stability; lack of rule of law; peasants were oppressed etc Nationalism is crushed brutally. Over and above that Chinese are made to pay Compensation. The main purpose of western power in China was economic gains via trade, extraction of Raw materials, and having china as an export market for their Industrial goods. (Except for Japan, Russia. Since they were neighbours and therefore desired territorial expansion as well. Therefore the US took lead and western powers agreed to make China or end the sphere of influence and make available all areas of China to everyone for trade and business i.e China. The foreign powers agreed to the territorial integrity of china i.e They won"t annex the territory of China. Therefore by 1900 China has converted to an International colony i.e Whole of China was now available for exploitation to all foreign powers in China. To prevent a repeat of another rebellion the foreign powers now extracted from the Manchu Dynasty the right to station their troops inside of China ie for protection of their assets/property. External exploitation(Colonialism) The imperialist domination of China began with the opium wars. The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving the Great Qing and the British Government and concerned their imposition of trade of opium upon China. Before these opium Wars, only two Chinese ports were open to foreign traders. There were 2 opium wars 1st in 1840 and another was in 1858. They changed the course of colonialism in China resulted in China becoming an international colony. The result of the 1st Opium war was the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking). Consequentially more ports were opened for trade, Customs duty was decreased. Political contacts and diplomatic ties were further raised. The sovereignty of Britain on ports and trade posts was established. Trial on Britishers as per the British laws consequentially reduced the power of locals. Hongkong was taken away i.e. territorial acquisition. Soon, England and France fought another war with China, on the pretext that a French missionary had been murdered. This was the 2nd Opium war. This resulted in the Treaties of Tianjin. According to this treaty: Freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. Converted to an International Colony in 1899 under the Lead of the USA i.e. to be economically exploited by all (equally). Conclusion : The century of humiliation has shaped chinas perception of its role and it has was one of the driving forces for the greater status of china. China"s Humiliation consequentially has turned it into greater china and how a century of humiliation had far-reaching as China plays a greater role in today"s world order.
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##Question:The Century of Humiliation was a period of internal disintegration and external exploitation for China. Elaborate? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Try to briefly highlight the century of humiliation in China Body: In the body first try to highlight the internal disintegration of china and then External exploitation Conclusion: In the conclusion try to highlight how the Century of humiliation was an important part of China and how it changed Chinas perception. Model Answer: The period during the 1840s-1940s in Chinese history is known as the Century of Humiliation. During this period, the European colonial powers entered and opened up China making it a victim of colonialism and importer of Christianity. Internally, due to the assault of colonial powers, the central political authority declined to culminate in the warlord era from 1916-28. Internal disintegration of china: Warlord Era Lack of central authority; Real power is fragmented; little law and order stability; lack of rule of law; peasants were oppressed etc Nationalism is crushed brutally. Over and above that Chinese are made to pay Compensation. The main purpose of western power in China was economic gains via trade, extraction of Raw materials, and having china as an export market for their Industrial goods. (Except for Japan, Russia. Since they were neighbours and therefore desired territorial expansion as well. Therefore the US took lead and western powers agreed to make China or end the sphere of influence and make available all areas of China to everyone for trade and business i.e China. The foreign powers agreed to the territorial integrity of china i.e They won"t annex the territory of China. Therefore by 1900 China has converted to an International colony i.e Whole of China was now available for exploitation to all foreign powers in China. To prevent a repeat of another rebellion the foreign powers now extracted from the Manchu Dynasty the right to station their troops inside of China ie for protection of their assets/property. External exploitation(Colonialism) The imperialist domination of China began with the opium wars. The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving the Great Qing and the British Government and concerned their imposition of trade of opium upon China. Before these opium Wars, only two Chinese ports were open to foreign traders. There were 2 opium wars 1st in 1840 and another was in 1858. They changed the course of colonialism in China resulted in China becoming an international colony. The result of the 1st Opium war was the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking). Consequentially more ports were opened for trade, Customs duty was decreased. Political contacts and diplomatic ties were further raised. The sovereignty of Britain on ports and trade posts was established. Trial on Britishers as per the British laws consequentially reduced the power of locals. Hongkong was taken away i.e. territorial acquisition. Soon, England and France fought another war with China, on the pretext that a French missionary had been murdered. This was the 2nd Opium war. This resulted in the Treaties of Tianjin. According to this treaty: Freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. Converted to an International Colony in 1899 under the Lead of the USA i.e. to be economically exploited by all (equally). Conclusion : The century of humiliation has shaped chinas perception of its role and it has was one of the driving forces for the greater status of china. China"s Humiliation consequentially has turned it into greater china and how a century of humiliation had far-reaching as China plays a greater role in today"s world order.
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Africa saw the most dramatic colonization during the later part of the 19th century and early 20th century. Describe "Scramble for Africa" and also highlight key decisions taken at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: In the introduction, highlight the importance of the African continent for European powers. Elaborate on "Scramble for Africa". Highlight key decisions are taken at the Berlin Conference. Answer: The attractions of land led to the influx of white settlers in parts of Coastal Africa, for example, Dutch settlers settled in South Africa. Later, the British took over South Africa by defeating the Dutch. The second attraction for the west was trade since Africa was resource-rich. Scramble for Africa: After 1870, the western European nations competed against each other to establish colonies in Africa, and by 1914 whole of Africa was colonized. This phase of competition and conflict is referred to as Scramble for Africa. These conflicts over colonies were major contributory factors to WW 1. Post-1870, western European nations began industrialization and they felt far left behind by Britain which had begun IR in 1750 itself. Therefore, they wanted to rapidly industrialize and develop a strong economy, and for this, they wanted an assured supply of cheap raw materials for their factories and export markets for the finished goods produced. therefore, they sought to colonize Africa. Therefore, the race for industrialization manifested itself in a scramble for colonies in Africa. In the early 1870s, certain explorers from Europe published accounts of the wealth of internal Africa. They also proved that rivers like Niger and Congo were navigable. This caught the attention of King Leopold 2 of Belgium. He further funded the explorers and then became the first to establish a colony in Congo. This was a private colony as it was set up in his personal capacity. This surprised the western European nations who now began to race for colonizing Africa. During this scramble, the European powers came into conflict with each other. Many of these conflicts were resolved in conferences, for eg., the Berlin conference, 1885, was where many disputes were resolved and most of the modern borders of African countries were decided. Africa was partitioned among the European powers via the exchange of areas based on negotiations and the power status of each European power. Therefore, they took the map of Africa and divided Africa among themselves without regard to the needs and interests of Africans. Key decisions taken at Berlin Conference, 1885: Congo was recognized as a private colony of King Leopold 2 and given access to the sea by settling border disputes with Portugal. King Leopold 2 in return provided freedom of trade and navigation to all European players in Congo. Tunis was recognized as a special interest of France. Upper Niger to France and Lower Niger to Britain. Most borders were agreed to here- Portugal got Angola, Mozambique, Germany got German East Africa, German West Africa There were various negative impacts of this phenomenon of "Scramble for Africa" which this continent is facing even today like consequent political instability, racism, etc.
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##Question:Africa saw the most dramatic colonization during the later part of the 19th century and early 20th century. Describe "Scramble for Africa" and also highlight key decisions taken at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, highlight the importance of the African continent for European powers. Elaborate on "Scramble for Africa". Highlight key decisions are taken at the Berlin Conference. Answer: The attractions of land led to the influx of white settlers in parts of Coastal Africa, for example, Dutch settlers settled in South Africa. Later, the British took over South Africa by defeating the Dutch. The second attraction for the west was trade since Africa was resource-rich. Scramble for Africa: After 1870, the western European nations competed against each other to establish colonies in Africa, and by 1914 whole of Africa was colonized. This phase of competition and conflict is referred to as Scramble for Africa. These conflicts over colonies were major contributory factors to WW 1. Post-1870, western European nations began industrialization and they felt far left behind by Britain which had begun IR in 1750 itself. Therefore, they wanted to rapidly industrialize and develop a strong economy, and for this, they wanted an assured supply of cheap raw materials for their factories and export markets for the finished goods produced. therefore, they sought to colonize Africa. Therefore, the race for industrialization manifested itself in a scramble for colonies in Africa. In the early 1870s, certain explorers from Europe published accounts of the wealth of internal Africa. They also proved that rivers like Niger and Congo were navigable. This caught the attention of King Leopold 2 of Belgium. He further funded the explorers and then became the first to establish a colony in Congo. This was a private colony as it was set up in his personal capacity. This surprised the western European nations who now began to race for colonizing Africa. During this scramble, the European powers came into conflict with each other. Many of these conflicts were resolved in conferences, for eg., the Berlin conference, 1885, was where many disputes were resolved and most of the modern borders of African countries were decided. Africa was partitioned among the European powers via the exchange of areas based on negotiations and the power status of each European power. Therefore, they took the map of Africa and divided Africa among themselves without regard to the needs and interests of Africans. Key decisions taken at Berlin Conference, 1885: Congo was recognized as a private colony of King Leopold 2 and given access to the sea by settling border disputes with Portugal. King Leopold 2 in return provided freedom of trade and navigation to all European players in Congo. Tunis was recognized as a special interest of France. Upper Niger to France and Lower Niger to Britain. Most borders were agreed to here- Portugal got Angola, Mozambique, Germany got German East Africa, German West Africa There were various negative impacts of this phenomenon of "Scramble for Africa" which this continent is facing even today like consequent political instability, racism, etc.
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Africa saw the most dramatic colonization during the later part of the 19th century and early 20th century. Describe "Scramble for Africa" and also highlight key decisions taken at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : In the introduction, highlight the importance of the African continent for European powers. Elaborate on "Scramble for Africa". Highlight key decisions are taken at the Berlin Conference. Answer : The attractions of land led to the influx of white settlers in parts of Coastal Africa, for example, Dutch settlers settled in South Africa. Later, the British took over South Africa by defeating the Dutch. The second attraction for the west was trade since Africa was resource-rich. Scramble for Africa: After 1870, the western European nations competed against each other to establish colonies in Africa, and by 1914 whole of Africa was colonized. This phase of competition and conflict is referred to as Scramble for Africa. These conflicts over colonies were major contributory factors to WW 1. Post-1870, western European nations began industrialization and they felt far left behind by Britain which had begun IR in 1750 itself. Therefore, they wanted to rapidly industrialize and develop a strong economy, and for this, they wanted an assured supply of cheap raw materials for their factories and export markets for the finished goods produced. therefore, they sought to colonize Africa. Therefore, the race for industrialization manifested itself in a scramble for colonies in Africa. In the early 1870s, certain explorers from Europe published accounts of the wealth of internal Africa. They also proved that rivers like Niger and Congo were navigable. This caught the attention of King Leopold 2 of Belgium. He further funded the explorers and then became the first to establish a colony in Congo. This was a private colony as it was set up in his personal capacity. This surprised the western European nations who now began to race for colonizing Africa. During this scramble, the European powers came into conflict with each other. Many of these conflicts were resolved in conferences, for eg., the Berlin conference, 1885, was where many disputes were resolved and most of the modern borders of African countries were decided. Africa was partitioned among the European powers via the exchange of areas based on negotiations and the power status of each European power. Therefore, they took the map of Africa and divided Africa among themselves without regard to the needs and interests of Africans. Key decisions taken at Berlin Conference, 1885: 1. Congo was recognized as a private colony of King Leopold 2 and given access to the sea by settling border disputes with Portugal. King Leopold 2 in return provided freedom of trade and navigation to all European players in Congo. 2. Tunis was recognized as a special interest of France. 3. Upper Niger to France and Lower Niger to Britain. 4. Most borders were agreed to here- Portugal got Angola, Mozambique, Germany got German East Africa, German West Africa. There were various negative impacts of this phenomenon of "Scramble for Africa" which this continent is facing even today like consequent political instability, racism, etc.
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##Question:Africa saw the most dramatic colonization during the later part of the 19th century and early 20th century. Describe "Scramble for Africa" and also highlight key decisions taken at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : In the introduction, highlight the importance of the African continent for European powers. Elaborate on "Scramble for Africa". Highlight key decisions are taken at the Berlin Conference. Answer : The attractions of land led to the influx of white settlers in parts of Coastal Africa, for example, Dutch settlers settled in South Africa. Later, the British took over South Africa by defeating the Dutch. The second attraction for the west was trade since Africa was resource-rich. Scramble for Africa: After 1870, the western European nations competed against each other to establish colonies in Africa, and by 1914 whole of Africa was colonized. This phase of competition and conflict is referred to as Scramble for Africa. These conflicts over colonies were major contributory factors to WW 1. Post-1870, western European nations began industrialization and they felt far left behind by Britain which had begun IR in 1750 itself. Therefore, they wanted to rapidly industrialize and develop a strong economy, and for this, they wanted an assured supply of cheap raw materials for their factories and export markets for the finished goods produced. therefore, they sought to colonize Africa. Therefore, the race for industrialization manifested itself in a scramble for colonies in Africa. In the early 1870s, certain explorers from Europe published accounts of the wealth of internal Africa. They also proved that rivers like Niger and Congo were navigable. This caught the attention of King Leopold 2 of Belgium. He further funded the explorers and then became the first to establish a colony in Congo. This was a private colony as it was set up in his personal capacity. This surprised the western European nations who now began to race for colonizing Africa. During this scramble, the European powers came into conflict with each other. Many of these conflicts were resolved in conferences, for eg., the Berlin conference, 1885, was where many disputes were resolved and most of the modern borders of African countries were decided. Africa was partitioned among the European powers via the exchange of areas based on negotiations and the power status of each European power. Therefore, they took the map of Africa and divided Africa among themselves without regard to the needs and interests of Africans. Key decisions taken at Berlin Conference, 1885: 1. Congo was recognized as a private colony of King Leopold 2 and given access to the sea by settling border disputes with Portugal. King Leopold 2 in return provided freedom of trade and navigation to all European players in Congo. 2. Tunis was recognized as a special interest of France. 3. Upper Niger to France and Lower Niger to Britain. 4. Most borders were agreed to here- Portugal got Angola, Mozambique, Germany got German East Africa, German West Africa. There were various negative impacts of this phenomenon of "Scramble for Africa" which this continent is facing even today like consequent political instability, racism, etc.
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Africa saw the most dramatic colonization during the later part of the 19th century and early 20th century. Describe "Scramble for Africa" and also highlight key decisions taken at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: In the introduction, highlight the importance of the African continent for European powers. Elaborate on "Scramble for Africa". Highlight key decisions are taken at the Berlin Conference. Answer: The attractions of land led to the influx of white settlers in parts of Coastal Africa, for example, Dutch settlers settled in South Africa. Later, the British took over South Africa by defeating the Dutch. The second attraction for the west was trade since Africa was resource-rich. Scramble for Africa: After 1870, the western European nations competed against each other to establish colonies in Africa, and by 1914 whole of Africa was colonized. This phase of competition and conflict is referred to as Scramble for Africa. These conflicts over colonies were major contributory factors to WW 1. Post-1870, western European nations began industrialization and they felt far left behind by Britain which had begun IR in 1750 itself. Therefore, they wanted to rapidly industrialize and develop a strong economy, and for this, they wanted an assured supply of cheap raw materials for their factories and export markets for the finished goods produced. therefore, they sought to colonize Africa. Therefore, the race for industrialization manifested itself in a scramble for colonies in Africa. In the early 1870s, certain explorers from Europe published accounts of the wealth of internal Africa. They also proved that rivers like Niger and Congo were navigable. This caught the attention of King Leopold 2 of Belgium. He further funded the explorers and then became the first to establish a colony in Congo. This was a private colony as it was set up in his personal capacity. This surprised the western European nations who now began to race for colonizing Africa. During this scramble, the European powers came into conflict with each other. Many of these conflicts were resolved in conferences, for eg., the Berlin conference, 1885, was where many disputes were resolved and most of the modern borders of African countries were decided. Africa was partitioned among the European powers via the exchange of areas based on negotiations and the power status of each European power. Therefore, they took the map of Africa and divided Africa among themselves without regard to the needs and interests of Africans Key decisions are taken at Berlin Conference, 1885: Congo was recognized as a private colony of King Leopold 2 and given access to the sea by settling border disputes with Portugal. King Leopold 2 in return provided freedom of trade and navigation to all European players in Congo. Tunis was recognized as a special interest of France. Upper Niger to France and Lower Niger to Britain. Most borders were agreed to here- Portugal got Angola, Mozambique, Germany got German East Africa, German. There were various negative impacts of this phenomenon of "Scramble for Africa" which this continent is facing even today like consequent political instability, racism, etc.
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##Question:Africa saw the most dramatic colonization during the later part of the 19th century and early 20th century. Describe "Scramble for Africa" and also highlight key decisions taken at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, highlight the importance of the African continent for European powers. Elaborate on "Scramble for Africa". Highlight key decisions are taken at the Berlin Conference. Answer: The attractions of land led to the influx of white settlers in parts of Coastal Africa, for example, Dutch settlers settled in South Africa. Later, the British took over South Africa by defeating the Dutch. The second attraction for the west was trade since Africa was resource-rich. Scramble for Africa: After 1870, the western European nations competed against each other to establish colonies in Africa, and by 1914 whole of Africa was colonized. This phase of competition and conflict is referred to as Scramble for Africa. These conflicts over colonies were major contributory factors to WW 1. Post-1870, western European nations began industrialization and they felt far left behind by Britain which had begun IR in 1750 itself. Therefore, they wanted to rapidly industrialize and develop a strong economy, and for this, they wanted an assured supply of cheap raw materials for their factories and export markets for the finished goods produced. therefore, they sought to colonize Africa. Therefore, the race for industrialization manifested itself in a scramble for colonies in Africa. In the early 1870s, certain explorers from Europe published accounts of the wealth of internal Africa. They also proved that rivers like Niger and Congo were navigable. This caught the attention of King Leopold 2 of Belgium. He further funded the explorers and then became the first to establish a colony in Congo. This was a private colony as it was set up in his personal capacity. This surprised the western European nations who now began to race for colonizing Africa. During this scramble, the European powers came into conflict with each other. Many of these conflicts were resolved in conferences, for eg., the Berlin conference, 1885, was where many disputes were resolved and most of the modern borders of African countries were decided. Africa was partitioned among the European powers via the exchange of areas based on negotiations and the power status of each European power. Therefore, they took the map of Africa and divided Africa among themselves without regard to the needs and interests of Africans Key decisions are taken at Berlin Conference, 1885: Congo was recognized as a private colony of King Leopold 2 and given access to the sea by settling border disputes with Portugal. King Leopold 2 in return provided freedom of trade and navigation to all European players in Congo. Tunis was recognized as a special interest of France. Upper Niger to France and Lower Niger to Britain. Most borders were agreed to here- Portugal got Angola, Mozambique, Germany got German East Africa, German. There were various negative impacts of this phenomenon of "Scramble for Africa" which this continent is facing even today like consequent political instability, racism, etc.
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Discuss the positive and negative impacts of the Green revolution in India. [150 Words, 10 Marks]
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Approach : Introduce the answer by referring to High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds. Mention the positive aspects of the first Green Revolution. Highlight the negative aspects of the first Green Revolution. Briefly conclude Answer : Green revolution refers to the improvement in agricultural production and subsequently self-independence of India in food grains owing to the adoption of a High yielding variety of seeds. Positive Impact of the first Green Revolution - The first Green Revolution was started in the year 1965 on the backdrop of humiliating wheat imports from the USA. Agricultural Production - Foodgrains in India saw a great rise in output. It was a remarkable increase i.e. the production of wheat increased to 55 million tonnes in 1990 from just 11 million tonnes in 1960. Per Acre yield - Few crops such as wheat, rice, etc showed agood level of increase in per acre yield.For eg., per hectare yield of wheat increased to 2281 KG in 1990 from just 550 KG. Less Import dependence - After the green revolution, India was finally on its way to self-sufficiency at least in foodgrains. Off late India also exported the foodgrains due to excess production. Employment- There was a rise in rural employment after the green revolution. Because supporting industries such as irrigation, transportation, food processing, marketing, pesticides, and fertilizer production, machines development, etc created new jobs for the workforce. Farmers" Prosperity - The green revolution majorly benefited the farmers byincreasing their income significantly. Nature of Agriculture - The Green Revolution turned agriculture from subsistence type to commercial type at least for large farmers in the region of the Green Revolution. It brought an overall change in the agriculture practices in the Green Revolution areas. Investment - Green Revolution attracted both private and public investment in the agriculture sector. Negative Impacts of the first Green Revolution - i. The first Green Revolution majorly focused on only 2 crops (rice and wheat) initially leading to a huge cropping imbalance in favor of wheat and rice. ii. Disparity within the region and between regions (Green Revolution regions and non-Green Revolution Regions) was created. Thisalsoincreased income inequality. iii. Increase in unemployment because of increased mechanization in some regions whereas some regions faced migration because of need for cheaper labor. iv. Many social problems have developed Eg: skewed child sex ratio v. Problems due to overuse of chemicals and fertilizers, groundwater pollution and depletion, bio-magnification (DDT, Endosulfan, etc) leading to increase chances of cancer. Conclusion Overall, the Green Revolution was a major achievement for many developing countries, especially India, and gave them an unprecedented level of national food security. It represented the successful adaptation and transfer of the same scientific revolution in agriculture that the industrial countries had already appropriated for themselves. However, lesser heed was paid to factors other than ensuring food security such as the environment, the poor farmers, and their education about the know-how of such chemicals.
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##Question:Discuss the positive and negative impacts of the Green revolution in India. [150 Words, 10 Marks]##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by referring to High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds. Mention the positive aspects of the first Green Revolution. Highlight the negative aspects of the first Green Revolution. Briefly conclude Answer : Green revolution refers to the improvement in agricultural production and subsequently self-independence of India in food grains owing to the adoption of a High yielding variety of seeds. Positive Impact of the first Green Revolution - The first Green Revolution was started in the year 1965 on the backdrop of humiliating wheat imports from the USA. Agricultural Production - Foodgrains in India saw a great rise in output. It was a remarkable increase i.e. the production of wheat increased to 55 million tonnes in 1990 from just 11 million tonnes in 1960. Per Acre yield - Few crops such as wheat, rice, etc showed agood level of increase in per acre yield.For eg., per hectare yield of wheat increased to 2281 KG in 1990 from just 550 KG. Less Import dependence - After the green revolution, India was finally on its way to self-sufficiency at least in foodgrains. Off late India also exported the foodgrains due to excess production. Employment- There was a rise in rural employment after the green revolution. Because supporting industries such as irrigation, transportation, food processing, marketing, pesticides, and fertilizer production, machines development, etc created new jobs for the workforce. Farmers" Prosperity - The green revolution majorly benefited the farmers byincreasing their income significantly. Nature of Agriculture - The Green Revolution turned agriculture from subsistence type to commercial type at least for large farmers in the region of the Green Revolution. It brought an overall change in the agriculture practices in the Green Revolution areas. Investment - Green Revolution attracted both private and public investment in the agriculture sector. Negative Impacts of the first Green Revolution - i. The first Green Revolution majorly focused on only 2 crops (rice and wheat) initially leading to a huge cropping imbalance in favor of wheat and rice. ii. Disparity within the region and between regions (Green Revolution regions and non-Green Revolution Regions) was created. Thisalsoincreased income inequality. iii. Increase in unemployment because of increased mechanization in some regions whereas some regions faced migration because of need for cheaper labor. iv. Many social problems have developed Eg: skewed child sex ratio v. Problems due to overuse of chemicals and fertilizers, groundwater pollution and depletion, bio-magnification (DDT, Endosulfan, etc) leading to increase chances of cancer. Conclusion Overall, the Green Revolution was a major achievement for many developing countries, especially India, and gave them an unprecedented level of national food security. It represented the successful adaptation and transfer of the same scientific revolution in agriculture that the industrial countries had already appropriated for themselves. However, lesser heed was paid to factors other than ensuring food security such as the environment, the poor farmers, and their education about the know-how of such chemicals.
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World War I was an outcome of European imperial rivalries. Critically discuss. (10 marks/150 words)
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APPROACH : INTRODUCTION - The major events that show the European rivalries, which led to the First World War FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS TRIPLE ENTENTE- 1907 FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1914 CONCLUSION Answer : The background to the First World War was set in 1894, itself, with the budding of the Franco Prussian alliance First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. This war was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries, which created the foundation for the war. The formation of the Entente Cordiale, between Britain and France in 1904, the Moroccan crises, the Bosnian crisis can be stated to be the cases of such imperial rivalries between the European powers. I FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 As per the Cordiale, both sides (Britain and France) agreed to maintain cordial relationships. They agreed that they would try to overcome their historical rivalry. This formation of entente was triggered by: The desire to contain/ resist the rise of Germany. To prevent the emergence or renewal of the rivalry between Britain and France over colonial gains in North Africa. In North Africa, Britain and France were the two most powerful states. This led to competition over resources. The Entente Cordiale was a mutual understanding between the two powers to divide northern Africa into their spheres of influence. As per this mutual understanding, France was to expand westwards in North Africa and Britain, eastwards in North Africa. For example, France was to colonise Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria etc. and Britain was to colonize Egypt, Ghana etc. Both would not interfere in each other’s territories. They wanted to contain conflicts and establish cordial relationships to contain Germany. However, Germany was also interested in colonising Northern Africa. Northern Africa was so desirable because it was adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the area was suitable for growing various citrus fruits like grapes etc., which were in huge demand in Europe. Also, Germany was emerging militarily and economically, thus, it needed more colonies. II THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS Morocco was an independent kingdom. As per the Entente Cordiale, France expressed its desire to colonise Morocco. However, the Moroccan king did not like this desire of France to colonise the kingdom and Germany declared support for Moroccan independence. However, Britain extended its support to the French position over the Moroccan question. Therefore, Britain and France called a conference to discuss the fate of the Moroccan question. Germany was also invited to this conference. Ultimately, Germany backed out as Britain and France joined hands. Thus, a settlement was reached between Britain, France and Germany, following the deliberations in the conference. According to the settlement, France would receive policing powers in Morocco. It would be allowed to keep its troops there. However, the Moroccan king would be retained (but he would be at the mercy of France). France would also have trading rights in Morocco. Germany was given some gains, while France was given the predominant gains. Morocco was humiliated. III TRIPLE ENTENTE FORMED-1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty of friendship. Thus, Russia became a part of the British and French friendship and the Triple Entente was formed. This convinced Germany about the aims of the European powers to contain its strides. IV THE FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 Bosnia was contested between Austria-Hungary in the north and Serbia in the south. It had a significant Serbian population and Serbia had claimed Bosnia a long time ago. Also, Serbians belonged to the Slavic race and the Russian rulers of the czarist regime also belonged to the same race. Therefore, there were ethnic links between Serbia and Russia. Russia always supported the Serbian position and its claims over Bosnia. (But Serbia was under the loose political control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In 1908, Austria went ahead and annexed Bosnia. Serbia protested and expected that Russia would support it over the Bosnian question. However, such a support never came. This was a huge setback for Serbian nationalism. This also contributed to the falling status of Russia in Europe. It showed that Russia, who also lost to a small Asian nation Japan, was no more a major power because it could not defend Serbia. V SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS/ AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 It broke out because France completely annexed Morocco and Germany was forced to back down again as Britain extended support to France. Thus, Germany’s colonial ambition remained unmet as it was offered minor colonial gains in central Africa by France. This again was a humiliation for Germany. VI SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1914 The Austrian crowned prince, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian militants on June 28th, 1914. Between, June 28th to July 28th, there were intense accusations in Europe, against Serbia. But Serbia declined these accusations, stating that it was the work of the militant groups based in Serbia. Austria threatened Serbia with serious consequences unless it accepted full responsibility for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany strongly supported Austria and Serbia looked towards Russia for mobilising its troops. All this happened in one month. On June 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia and Germany declared war on France and Russia. World War I thus began and soon all the countries joined in the war. Thus, due to the above-mentioned issues, it can be safely said that the First World War was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries. The other main reason was the humiliation caused to the European nations on account of these rivalries.
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##Question:World War I was an outcome of European imperial rivalries. Critically discuss. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH : INTRODUCTION - The major events that show the European rivalries, which led to the First World War FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS TRIPLE ENTENTE- 1907 FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1914 CONCLUSION Answer : The background to the First World War was set in 1894, itself, with the budding of the Franco Prussian alliance First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. This war was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries, which created the foundation for the war. The formation of the Entente Cordiale, between Britain and France in 1904, the Moroccan crises, the Bosnian crisis can be stated to be the cases of such imperial rivalries between the European powers. I FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 As per the Cordiale, both sides (Britain and France) agreed to maintain cordial relationships. They agreed that they would try to overcome their historical rivalry. This formation of entente was triggered by: The desire to contain/ resist the rise of Germany. To prevent the emergence or renewal of the rivalry between Britain and France over colonial gains in North Africa. In North Africa, Britain and France were the two most powerful states. This led to competition over resources. The Entente Cordiale was a mutual understanding between the two powers to divide northern Africa into their spheres of influence. As per this mutual understanding, France was to expand westwards in North Africa and Britain, eastwards in North Africa. For example, France was to colonise Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria etc. and Britain was to colonize Egypt, Ghana etc. Both would not interfere in each other’s territories. They wanted to contain conflicts and establish cordial relationships to contain Germany. However, Germany was also interested in colonising Northern Africa. Northern Africa was so desirable because it was adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the area was suitable for growing various citrus fruits like grapes etc., which were in huge demand in Europe. Also, Germany was emerging militarily and economically, thus, it needed more colonies. II THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS Morocco was an independent kingdom. As per the Entente Cordiale, France expressed its desire to colonise Morocco. However, the Moroccan king did not like this desire of France to colonise the kingdom and Germany declared support for Moroccan independence. However, Britain extended its support to the French position over the Moroccan question. Therefore, Britain and France called a conference to discuss the fate of the Moroccan question. Germany was also invited to this conference. Ultimately, Germany backed out as Britain and France joined hands. Thus, a settlement was reached between Britain, France and Germany, following the deliberations in the conference. According to the settlement, France would receive policing powers in Morocco. It would be allowed to keep its troops there. However, the Moroccan king would be retained (but he would be at the mercy of France). France would also have trading rights in Morocco. Germany was given some gains, while France was given the predominant gains. Morocco was humiliated. III TRIPLE ENTENTE FORMED-1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty of friendship. Thus, Russia became a part of the British and French friendship and the Triple Entente was formed. This convinced Germany about the aims of the European powers to contain its strides. IV THE FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 Bosnia was contested between Austria-Hungary in the north and Serbia in the south. It had a significant Serbian population and Serbia had claimed Bosnia a long time ago. Also, Serbians belonged to the Slavic race and the Russian rulers of the czarist regime also belonged to the same race. Therefore, there were ethnic links between Serbia and Russia. Russia always supported the Serbian position and its claims over Bosnia. (But Serbia was under the loose political control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In 1908, Austria went ahead and annexed Bosnia. Serbia protested and expected that Russia would support it over the Bosnian question. However, such a support never came. This was a huge setback for Serbian nationalism. This also contributed to the falling status of Russia in Europe. It showed that Russia, who also lost to a small Asian nation Japan, was no more a major power because it could not defend Serbia. V SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS/ AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 It broke out because France completely annexed Morocco and Germany was forced to back down again as Britain extended support to France. Thus, Germany’s colonial ambition remained unmet as it was offered minor colonial gains in central Africa by France. This again was a humiliation for Germany. VI SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1914 The Austrian crowned prince, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian militants on June 28th, 1914. Between, June 28th to July 28th, there were intense accusations in Europe, against Serbia. But Serbia declined these accusations, stating that it was the work of the militant groups based in Serbia. Austria threatened Serbia with serious consequences unless it accepted full responsibility for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany strongly supported Austria and Serbia looked towards Russia for mobilising its troops. All this happened in one month. On June 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia and Germany declared war on France and Russia. World War I thus began and soon all the countries joined in the war. Thus, due to the above-mentioned issues, it can be safely said that the First World War was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries. The other main reason was the humiliation caused to the European nations on account of these rivalries.
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World War I was an outcome of European imperial rivalries. Critically discuss? (10 marks/150 words)
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APPROACH: INTRODUCTION - The major events that show the European rivalries, which led to the First World War FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS TRIPLE ENTENTE- 1907 FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1914 CONCLUSION Answer: The background to the First World War was set in 1894, itself, with the budding of the Franco Prussian alliance First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. This war was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries, which created the foundation for the war. The formation of the Entente Cordiale, between Britain and France in 1904, the Moroccan crises, the Bosnian crisis can be stated to be the cases of such imperial rivalries between the European powers. I FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 As per the Cordiale, both sides (Britain and France) agreed to maintain cordial relationships. They agreed that they would try to overcome their historical rivalry. This formation of entente was triggered by: The desire to contain/ resist the rise of Germany. To prevent the emergence or renewal of the rivalry between Britain and France over colonial gains in North Africa. In North Africa, Britain and France were the two most powerful states. This led to competition over resources. The Entente Cordiale was a mutual understanding between the two powers to divide northern Africa into their spheres of influence. As per this mutual understanding, France was to expand westwards in North Africa and Britain, eastwards in North Africa. For example, France was to colonise Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria etc. and Britain was to colonize Egypt, Ghana etc. Both would not interfere in each other’s territories. They wanted to contain conflicts and establish cordial relationships to contain Germany. However, Germany was also interested in colonising Northern Africa. Northern Africa was so desirable because it was adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the area was suitable for growing various citrus fruits like grapes etc., which were in huge demand in Europe. Also, Germany was emerging militarily and economically, thus, it needed more colonies. II THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS Morocco was an independent kingdom. As per the Entente Cordiale, France expressed its desire to colonise Morocco. However, the Moroccan king did not like this desire of France to colonise the kingdom and Germany declared support for Moroccan independence. However, Britain extended its support to the French position over the Moroccan question. Therefore, Britain and France called a conference to discuss the fate of the Moroccan question. Germany was also invited to this conference. Ultimately, Germany backed out as Britain and France joined hands. Thus, a settlement was reached between Britain, France and Germany, following the deliberations in the conference. According to the settlement, France would receive policing powers in Morocco. It would be allowed to keep its troops there. However, the Moroccan king would be retained (but he would be at the mercy of France). France would also have trading rights in Morocco. Germany was given some gains, while France was given the predominant gains. Morocco was humiliated. III TRIPLE ENTENTE FORMED-1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty of friendship. Thus, Russia became a part of the British and French friendship and the Triple Entente was formed. This convinced Germany about the aims of the European powers to contain its strides. IV THE FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 Bosnia was contested between Austria-Hungary in the north and Serbia in the south. It had a significant Serbian population and Serbia had claimed Bosnia a long time ago. Also, Serbians belonged to the Slavic race and the Russian rulers of the czarist regime also belonged to the same race. Therefore, there were ethnic links between Serbia and Russia. Russia always supported the Serbian position and its claims over Bosnia. (But Serbia was under the loose political control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In 1908, Austria went ahead and annexed Bosnia. Serbia protested and expected that Russia would support it over the Bosnian question. However, such a support never came. This was a huge setback for Serbian nationalism. This also contributed to the falling status of Russia in Europe. It showed that Russia, who also lost to a small Asian nation Japan, was no more a major power because it could not defend Serbia. V SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS/ AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 It broke out because France completely annexed Morocco and Germany was forced to back down again as Britain extended support to France. Thus, Germany’s colonial ambition remained unmet as it was offered minor colonial gains in central Africa by France. This again was a humiliation for Germany. VI SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1914 The Austrian crowned prince, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian militants on June 28th, 1914. Between, June 28th to July 28th, there were intense accusations in Europe, against Serbia. But Serbia declined these accusations, stating that it was the work of the militant groups based in Serbia. Austria threatened Serbia with serious consequences unless it accepted full responsibility for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany strongly supported Austria and Serbia looked towards Russia for mobilising its troops. All this happened in one month. On June 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia and Germany declared war on France and Russia. World War I thus began and soon all the countries joined in the war. Thus, due to the above-mentioned issues, it can be safely said that the First World War was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries. The other main reason was the humiliation caused to the European nations on account of these rivalries.
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##Question:World War I was an outcome of European imperial rivalries. Critically discuss? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH: INTRODUCTION - The major events that show the European rivalries, which led to the First World War FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS TRIPLE ENTENTE- 1907 FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1914 CONCLUSION Answer: The background to the First World War was set in 1894, itself, with the budding of the Franco Prussian alliance First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. This war was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries, which created the foundation for the war. The formation of the Entente Cordiale, between Britain and France in 1904, the Moroccan crises, the Bosnian crisis can be stated to be the cases of such imperial rivalries between the European powers. I FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 As per the Cordiale, both sides (Britain and France) agreed to maintain cordial relationships. They agreed that they would try to overcome their historical rivalry. This formation of entente was triggered by: The desire to contain/ resist the rise of Germany. To prevent the emergence or renewal of the rivalry between Britain and France over colonial gains in North Africa. In North Africa, Britain and France were the two most powerful states. This led to competition over resources. The Entente Cordiale was a mutual understanding between the two powers to divide northern Africa into their spheres of influence. As per this mutual understanding, France was to expand westwards in North Africa and Britain, eastwards in North Africa. For example, France was to colonise Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria etc. and Britain was to colonize Egypt, Ghana etc. Both would not interfere in each other’s territories. They wanted to contain conflicts and establish cordial relationships to contain Germany. However, Germany was also interested in colonising Northern Africa. Northern Africa was so desirable because it was adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the area was suitable for growing various citrus fruits like grapes etc., which were in huge demand in Europe. Also, Germany was emerging militarily and economically, thus, it needed more colonies. II THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS Morocco was an independent kingdom. As per the Entente Cordiale, France expressed its desire to colonise Morocco. However, the Moroccan king did not like this desire of France to colonise the kingdom and Germany declared support for Moroccan independence. However, Britain extended its support to the French position over the Moroccan question. Therefore, Britain and France called a conference to discuss the fate of the Moroccan question. Germany was also invited to this conference. Ultimately, Germany backed out as Britain and France joined hands. Thus, a settlement was reached between Britain, France and Germany, following the deliberations in the conference. According to the settlement, France would receive policing powers in Morocco. It would be allowed to keep its troops there. However, the Moroccan king would be retained (but he would be at the mercy of France). France would also have trading rights in Morocco. Germany was given some gains, while France was given the predominant gains. Morocco was humiliated. III TRIPLE ENTENTE FORMED-1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty of friendship. Thus, Russia became a part of the British and French friendship and the Triple Entente was formed. This convinced Germany about the aims of the European powers to contain its strides. IV THE FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 Bosnia was contested between Austria-Hungary in the north and Serbia in the south. It had a significant Serbian population and Serbia had claimed Bosnia a long time ago. Also, Serbians belonged to the Slavic race and the Russian rulers of the czarist regime also belonged to the same race. Therefore, there were ethnic links between Serbia and Russia. Russia always supported the Serbian position and its claims over Bosnia. (But Serbia was under the loose political control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In 1908, Austria went ahead and annexed Bosnia. Serbia protested and expected that Russia would support it over the Bosnian question. However, such a support never came. This was a huge setback for Serbian nationalism. This also contributed to the falling status of Russia in Europe. It showed that Russia, who also lost to a small Asian nation Japan, was no more a major power because it could not defend Serbia. V SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS/ AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 It broke out because France completely annexed Morocco and Germany was forced to back down again as Britain extended support to France. Thus, Germany’s colonial ambition remained unmet as it was offered minor colonial gains in central Africa by France. This again was a humiliation for Germany. VI SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1914 The Austrian crowned prince, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian militants on June 28th, 1914. Between, June 28th to July 28th, there were intense accusations in Europe, against Serbia. But Serbia declined these accusations, stating that it was the work of the militant groups based in Serbia. Austria threatened Serbia with serious consequences unless it accepted full responsibility for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany strongly supported Austria and Serbia looked towards Russia for mobilising its troops. All this happened in one month. On June 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia and Germany declared war on France and Russia. World War I thus began and soon all the countries joined in the war. Thus, due to the above-mentioned issues, it can be safely said that the First World War was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries. The other main reason was the humiliation caused to the European nations on account of these rivalries.
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World War I was an outcome of European imperial rivalries. Critically discuss? (10 marks/150 words)
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APPROACH: INTRODUCTION - The major events that show the European rivalries, which led to the First World War FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS TRIPLE ENTENTE- 1907 FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1914 CONCLUSION Answer: The background to the First World War was set in 1894, itself, with the budding of the Franco Prussian alliance First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. This war was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries, which created the foundation for the war. The formation of the Entente Cordiale, between Britain and France in 1904, the Moroccan crises, the Bosnian crisis can be stated to be the cases of such imperial rivalries between the European powers. I FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 As per the Cordiale, both sides (Britain and France) agreed to maintain cordial relationships. They agreed that they would try to overcome their historical rivalry. This formation of entente was triggered by: The desire to contain/ resist the rise of Germany. To prevent the emergence or renewal of the rivalry between Britain and France over colonial gains in North Africa. In North Africa, Britain and France were the two most powerful states. This led to competition over resources. The Entente Cordiale was a mutual understanding between the two powers to divide northern Africa into their spheres of influence. As per this mutual understanding, France was to expand westwards in North Africa and Britain, eastwards in North Africa. For example, France was to colonise Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria etc. and Britain was to colonize Egypt, Ghana etc. Both would not interfere in each other’s territories. They wanted to contain conflicts and establish cordial relationships to contain Germany. However, Germany was also interested in colonising Northern Africa. Northern Africa was so desirable because it was adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the area was suitable for growing various citrus fruits like grapes etc., which were in huge demand in Europe. Also, Germany was emerging militarily and economically, thus, it needed more colonies. II THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS Morocco was an independent kingdom. As per the Entente Cordiale, France expressed its desire to colonise Morocco. However, the Moroccan king did not like this desire of France to colonise the kingdom and Germany declared support for Moroccan independence. However, Britain extended its support to the French position over the Moroccan question. Therefore, Britain and France called a conference to discuss the fate of the Moroccan question. Germany was also invited to this conference. Ultimately, Germany backed out as Britain and France joined hands. Thus, a settlement was reached between Britain, France and Germany, following the deliberations in the conference. According to the settlement, France would receive policing powers in Morocco. It would be allowed to keep its troops there. However, the Moroccan king would be retained (but he would be at the mercy of France). France would also have trading rights in Morocco. Germany was given some gains, while France was given the predominant gains. Morocco was humiliated. III TRIPLE ENTENTE FORMED-1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty of friendship. Thus, Russia became a part of the British and French friendship and the Triple Entente was formed. This convinced Germany about the aims of the European powers to contain its strides. IV THE FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 Bosnia was contested between Austria-Hungary in the north and Serbia in the south. It had a significant Serbian population and Serbia had claimed Bosnia a long time ago. Also, Serbians belonged to the Slavic race and the Russian rulers of the czarist regime also belonged to the same race. Therefore, there were ethnic links between Serbia and Russia. Russia always supported the Serbian position and its claims over Bosnia. (But Serbia was under the loose political control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In 1908, Austria went ahead and annexed Bosnia. Serbia protested and expected that Russia would support it over the Bosnian question. However, such a support never came. This was a huge setback for Serbian nationalism. This also contributed to the falling status of Russia in Europe. It showed that Russia, who also lost to a small Asian nation Japan, was no more a major power because it could not defend Serbia. V SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS/ AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 It broke out because France completely annexed Morocco and Germany was forced to back down again as Britain extended support to France. Thus, Germany’s colonial ambition remained unmet as it was offered minor colonial gains in central Africa by France. This again was a humiliation for Germany. VI SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1914 The Austrian crowned prince, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian militants on June 28th, 1914. Between, June 28th to July 28th, there were intense accusations in Europe, against Serbia. But Serbia declined these accusations, stating that it was the work of the militant groups based in Serbia. Austria threatened Serbia with serious consequences unless it accepted full responsibility for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany strongly supported Austria and Serbia looked towards Russia for mobilising its troops. All this happened in one month. On June 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia and Germany declared war on France and Russia. World War I thus began and soon all the countries joined in the war. Thus, due to the above-mentioned issues, it can be safely said that the First World War was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries. The other main reason was the humiliation caused to the European nations on account of these rivalries.
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##Question:World War I was an outcome of European imperial rivalries. Critically discuss? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH: INTRODUCTION - The major events that show the European rivalries, which led to the First World War FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS TRIPLE ENTENTE- 1907 FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1914 CONCLUSION Answer: The background to the First World War was set in 1894, itself, with the budding of the Franco Prussian alliance First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. This war was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries, which created the foundation for the war. The formation of the Entente Cordiale, between Britain and France in 1904, the Moroccan crises, the Bosnian crisis can be stated to be the cases of such imperial rivalries between the European powers. I FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 As per the Cordiale, both sides (Britain and France) agreed to maintain cordial relationships. They agreed that they would try to overcome their historical rivalry. This formation of entente was triggered by: The desire to contain/ resist the rise of Germany. To prevent the emergence or renewal of the rivalry between Britain and France over colonial gains in North Africa. In North Africa, Britain and France were the two most powerful states. This led to competition over resources. The Entente Cordiale was a mutual understanding between the two powers to divide northern Africa into their spheres of influence. As per this mutual understanding, France was to expand westwards in North Africa and Britain, eastwards in North Africa. For example, France was to colonise Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria etc. and Britain was to colonize Egypt, Ghana etc. Both would not interfere in each other’s territories. They wanted to contain conflicts and establish cordial relationships to contain Germany. However, Germany was also interested in colonising Northern Africa. Northern Africa was so desirable because it was adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the area was suitable for growing various citrus fruits like grapes etc., which were in huge demand in Europe. Also, Germany was emerging militarily and economically, thus, it needed more colonies. II THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS Morocco was an independent kingdom. As per the Entente Cordiale, France expressed its desire to colonise Morocco. However, the Moroccan king did not like this desire of France to colonise the kingdom and Germany declared support for Moroccan independence. However, Britain extended its support to the French position over the Moroccan question. Therefore, Britain and France called a conference to discuss the fate of the Moroccan question. Germany was also invited to this conference. Ultimately, Germany backed out as Britain and France joined hands. Thus, a settlement was reached between Britain, France and Germany, following the deliberations in the conference. According to the settlement, France would receive policing powers in Morocco. It would be allowed to keep its troops there. However, the Moroccan king would be retained (but he would be at the mercy of France). France would also have trading rights in Morocco. Germany was given some gains, while France was given the predominant gains. Morocco was humiliated. III TRIPLE ENTENTE FORMED-1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty of friendship. Thus, Russia became a part of the British and French friendship and the Triple Entente was formed. This convinced Germany about the aims of the European powers to contain its strides. IV THE FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 Bosnia was contested between Austria-Hungary in the north and Serbia in the south. It had a significant Serbian population and Serbia had claimed Bosnia a long time ago. Also, Serbians belonged to the Slavic race and the Russian rulers of the czarist regime also belonged to the same race. Therefore, there were ethnic links between Serbia and Russia. Russia always supported the Serbian position and its claims over Bosnia. (But Serbia was under the loose political control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In 1908, Austria went ahead and annexed Bosnia. Serbia protested and expected that Russia would support it over the Bosnian question. However, such a support never came. This was a huge setback for Serbian nationalism. This also contributed to the falling status of Russia in Europe. It showed that Russia, who also lost to a small Asian nation Japan, was no more a major power because it could not defend Serbia. V SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS/ AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 It broke out because France completely annexed Morocco and Germany was forced to back down again as Britain extended support to France. Thus, Germany’s colonial ambition remained unmet as it was offered minor colonial gains in central Africa by France. This again was a humiliation for Germany. VI SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1914 The Austrian crowned prince, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian militants on June 28th, 1914. Between, June 28th to July 28th, there were intense accusations in Europe, against Serbia. But Serbia declined these accusations, stating that it was the work of the militant groups based in Serbia. Austria threatened Serbia with serious consequences unless it accepted full responsibility for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany strongly supported Austria and Serbia looked towards Russia for mobilising its troops. All this happened in one month. On June 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia and Germany declared war on France and Russia. World War I thus began and soon all the countries joined in the war. Thus, due to the above-mentioned issues, it can be safely said that the First World War was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries. The other main reason was the humiliation caused to the European nations on account of these rivalries.
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World War I was an outcome of European imperial rivalries. Critically discuss? (10 marks/150 words)
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APPROACH: INTRODUCTION - The major events that show the European rivalries, which led to the First World War FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS TRIPLE ENTENTE- 1907 FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1914 CONCLUSION Answer: The background to the First World War was set in 1894, itself, with the budding of the Franco Prussian alliance First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. This war was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries, which created the foundation for the war. The formation of the Entente Cordiale, between Britain and France in 1904, the Moroccan crises, the Bosnian crisis can be stated to be the cases of such imperial rivalries between the European powers. I FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 As per the Cordiale, both sides (Britain and France) agreed to maintain cordial relationships. They agreed that they would try to overcome their historical rivalry. This formation of entente was triggered by: The desire to contain/ resist the rise of Germany. To prevent the emergence or renewal of the rivalry between Britain and France over colonial gains in North Africa. In North Africa, Britain and France were the two most powerful states. This led to competition over resources. The Entente Cordiale was a mutual understanding between the two powers to divide northern Africa into their spheres of influence. As per this mutual understanding, France was to expand westwards in North Africa and Britain, eastwards in North Africa. For example, France was to colonise Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria etc. and Britain was to colonize Egypt, Ghana etc. Both would not interfere in each other’s territories. They wanted to contain conflicts and establish cordial relationships to contain Germany. However, Germany was also interested in colonising Northern Africa. Northern Africa was so desirable because it was adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the area was suitable for growing various citrus fruits like grapes etc., which were in huge demand in Europe. Also, Germany was emerging militarily and economically, thus, it needed more colonies. II THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS Morocco was an independent kingdom. As per the Entente Cordiale, France expressed its desire to colonise Morocco. However, the Moroccan king did not like this desire of France to colonise the kingdom and Germany declared support for Moroccan independence. However, Britain extended its support to the French position over the Moroccan question. Therefore, Britain and France called a conference to discuss the fate of the Moroccan question. Germany was also invited to this conference. Ultimately, Germany backed out as Britain and France joined hands. Thus, a settlement was reached between Britain, France and Germany, following the deliberations in the conference. According to the settlement, France would receive policing powers in Morocco. It would be allowed to keep its troops there. However, the Moroccan king would be retained (but he would be at the mercy of France). France would also have trading rights in Morocco. Germany was given some gains, while France was given the predominant gains. Morocco was humiliated. III TRIPLE ENTENTE FORMED-1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty of friendship. Thus, Russia became a part of the British and French friendship and the Triple Entente was formed. This convinced Germany about the aims of the European powers to contain its strides. IV THE FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 Bosnia was contested between Austria-Hungary in the north and Serbia in the south. It had a significant Serbian population and Serbia had claimed Bosnia a long time ago. Also, Serbians belonged to the Slavic race and the Russian rulers of the czarist regime also belonged to the same race. Therefore, there were ethnic links between Serbia and Russia. Russia always supported the Serbian position and its claims over Bosnia. (But Serbia was under the loose political control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In 1908, Austria went ahead and annexed Bosnia. Serbia protested and expected that Russia would support it over the Bosnian question. However, such a support never came. This was a huge setback for Serbian nationalism. This also contributed to the falling status of Russia in Europe. It showed that Russia, who also lost to a small Asian nation Japan, was no more a major power because it could not defend Serbia. V SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS/ AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 It broke out because France completely annexed Morocco and Germany was forced to back down again as Britain extended support to France. Thus, Germany’s colonial ambition remained unmet as it was offered minor colonial gains in central Africa by France. This again was a humiliation for Germany. VI SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1914 The Austrian crowned prince, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian militants on June 28th, 1914. Between, June 28th to July 28th, there were intense accusations in Europe, against Serbia. But Serbia declined these accusations, stating that it was the work of the militant groups based in Serbia. Austria threatened Serbia with serious consequences unless it accepted full responsibility for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany strongly supported Austria and Serbia looked towards Russia for mobilising its troops. All this happened in one month. On June 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia and Germany declared war on France and Russia. World War I thus began and soon all the countries joined in the war. Thus, due to the above-mentioned issues, it can be safely said that the First World War was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries. The other main reason was the humiliation caused to the European nations on account of these rivalries.
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##Question:World War I was an outcome of European imperial rivalries. Critically discuss? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH: INTRODUCTION - The major events that show the European rivalries, which led to the First World War FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS TRIPLE ENTENTE- 1907 FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1914 CONCLUSION Answer: The background to the First World War was set in 1894, itself, with the budding of the Franco Prussian alliance First World War took place between 1914 and 1918. This war was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries, which created the foundation for the war. The formation of the Entente Cordiale, between Britain and France in 1904, the Moroccan crises, the Bosnian crisis can be stated to be the cases of such imperial rivalries between the European powers. I FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE IN 1904 As per the Cordiale, both sides (Britain and France) agreed to maintain cordial relationships. They agreed that they would try to overcome their historical rivalry. This formation of entente was triggered by: The desire to contain/ resist the rise of Germany. To prevent the emergence or renewal of the rivalry between Britain and France over colonial gains in North Africa. In North Africa, Britain and France were the two most powerful states. This led to competition over resources. The Entente Cordiale was a mutual understanding between the two powers to divide northern Africa into their spheres of influence. As per this mutual understanding, France was to expand westwards in North Africa and Britain, eastwards in North Africa. For example, France was to colonise Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria etc. and Britain was to colonize Egypt, Ghana etc. Both would not interfere in each other’s territories. They wanted to contain conflicts and establish cordial relationships to contain Germany. However, Germany was also interested in colonising Northern Africa. Northern Africa was so desirable because it was adjoining the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the area was suitable for growing various citrus fruits like grapes etc., which were in huge demand in Europe. Also, Germany was emerging militarily and economically, thus, it needed more colonies. II THE FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS Morocco was an independent kingdom. As per the Entente Cordiale, France expressed its desire to colonise Morocco. However, the Moroccan king did not like this desire of France to colonise the kingdom and Germany declared support for Moroccan independence. However, Britain extended its support to the French position over the Moroccan question. Therefore, Britain and France called a conference to discuss the fate of the Moroccan question. Germany was also invited to this conference. Ultimately, Germany backed out as Britain and France joined hands. Thus, a settlement was reached between Britain, France and Germany, following the deliberations in the conference. According to the settlement, France would receive policing powers in Morocco. It would be allowed to keep its troops there. However, the Moroccan king would be retained (but he would be at the mercy of France). France would also have trading rights in Morocco. Germany was given some gains, while France was given the predominant gains. Morocco was humiliated. III TRIPLE ENTENTE FORMED-1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty of friendship. Thus, Russia became a part of the British and French friendship and the Triple Entente was formed. This convinced Germany about the aims of the European powers to contain its strides. IV THE FIRST BOSNIAN CRISIS- 1908 Bosnia was contested between Austria-Hungary in the north and Serbia in the south. It had a significant Serbian population and Serbia had claimed Bosnia a long time ago. Also, Serbians belonged to the Slavic race and the Russian rulers of the czarist regime also belonged to the same race. Therefore, there were ethnic links between Serbia and Russia. Russia always supported the Serbian position and its claims over Bosnia. (But Serbia was under the loose political control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In 1908, Austria went ahead and annexed Bosnia. Serbia protested and expected that Russia would support it over the Bosnian question. However, such a support never came. This was a huge setback for Serbian nationalism. This also contributed to the falling status of Russia in Europe. It showed that Russia, who also lost to a small Asian nation Japan, was no more a major power because it could not defend Serbia. V SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS/ AGADIR CRISIS- 1912 It broke out because France completely annexed Morocco and Germany was forced to back down again as Britain extended support to France. Thus, Germany’s colonial ambition remained unmet as it was offered minor colonial gains in central Africa by France. This again was a humiliation for Germany. VI SECOND BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1914 The Austrian crowned prince, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a group of Serbian militants on June 28th, 1914. Between, June 28th to July 28th, there were intense accusations in Europe, against Serbia. But Serbia declined these accusations, stating that it was the work of the militant groups based in Serbia. Austria threatened Serbia with serious consequences unless it accepted full responsibility for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Germany strongly supported Austria and Serbia looked towards Russia for mobilising its troops. All this happened in one month. On June 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia and Germany declared war on France and Russia. World War I thus began and soon all the countries joined in the war. Thus, due to the above-mentioned issues, it can be safely said that the First World War was partly an outcome of European imperial rivalries. The other main reason was the humiliation caused to the European nations on account of these rivalries.
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What is a constitution? Elaborate on the differences between a written and an unwritten constitution.(10 marks/150 words)
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Brief Approach: In Introduction write about the constitution i.e. what it refers to. Define written and unwritten constitutions. Provide differences between a written and an unwritten constitution. Conclude your answer briefly Answer: A constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed. It is a document of people"s faith and aspirations possessing a special legal sanctity. It is the fundamental law of a country and all other laws and customs of the country to be legally valid shall conform to the constitution. It is the supreme law of the land. Difference between written and unwritten constitution: Written constitution: The written constitution is a written document prepared by a constituent assembly or a group of people who came together for a specific purpose and also a codified document in a single place (Eg: The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946). It can be flexible/rigid or both flexible as well as rigid (Eg: Amendments to the Indian constitution can be done through either by special majority or a simple majority). Written in nature to govern federal setup. The constitution is supreme. Parliament is not a sovereign body. Constitutional and ordinary laws are made differently. Normally conventions delegated legislation to have less role and effect. The first written constitution in the world was the constitution of the USA. Un-written constitution: It evolved over a while rather than being prepared by a specific body for a particular purpose. It is flexible. Constitutional and ordinary laws are made similarly. Under this, conventions have a larger role to play. The first constitution of the world was the Magna Carta of Britain. The founding fathers/mothers of India found the written constitution as a more appropriate form of constitution for the Indian society due to the diverse nature of India. This provided us with a constitution that became the spirit of Indian nationalism after independence.
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##Question:What is a constitution? Elaborate on the differences between a written and an unwritten constitution.(10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief Approach: In Introduction write about the constitution i.e. what it refers to. Define written and unwritten constitutions. Provide differences between a written and an unwritten constitution. Conclude your answer briefly Answer: A constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed. It is a document of people"s faith and aspirations possessing a special legal sanctity. It is the fundamental law of a country and all other laws and customs of the country to be legally valid shall conform to the constitution. It is the supreme law of the land. Difference between written and unwritten constitution: Written constitution: The written constitution is a written document prepared by a constituent assembly or a group of people who came together for a specific purpose and also a codified document in a single place (Eg: The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946). It can be flexible/rigid or both flexible as well as rigid (Eg: Amendments to the Indian constitution can be done through either by special majority or a simple majority). Written in nature to govern federal setup. The constitution is supreme. Parliament is not a sovereign body. Constitutional and ordinary laws are made differently. Normally conventions delegated legislation to have less role and effect. The first written constitution in the world was the constitution of the USA. Un-written constitution: It evolved over a while rather than being prepared by a specific body for a particular purpose. It is flexible. Constitutional and ordinary laws are made similarly. Under this, conventions have a larger role to play. The first constitution of the world was the Magna Carta of Britain. The founding fathers/mothers of India found the written constitution as a more appropriate form of constitution for the Indian society due to the diverse nature of India. This provided us with a constitution that became the spirit of Indian nationalism after independence.
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What do you understand by fiscal policy? Discuss the relevance of fiscal policy for the Indian economy. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the meaning of Fiscal Policy. Functions of Fiscal policy. Write about the relevance of Fiscal policy with respect to India Conclude with some way forward or suggestions. Answer: Fiscal policy refers to the blueprint of likely expenditure and income along with the objectives to be achieved by these resources. Its the mechanism by means of which a government makes adjustments to its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and thus in turn influence the performance of a country’s economy. It is largely based on ideas from John Maynard Keynes, who argued governments could stabilize the business cycle and regulate economic output by adjusting spending and tax policies. There are two types of fiscal policy – expansionary (to stimulate economic growth by increasing spending or lowering taxes or both) and contractionary (to curtail inflation) fiscal policy. Functions of Fiscal Policy- In general, it performs the following four functions. Allocation function, which means how the resources will be allocated with set objectives. The redistribution function is where it is ensured that allocations are addressing various sectors of the economy objectively. The stability function is one of the critical functions of the fiscal policy where the elements of stability of the economy are taken into consideration. Developmental function, this is more common with commonwealth countries where the budget itself is a document of upliftment of weaker section s. Relevance of Fiscal policy for India and its objectives- Development by effective resource mobilization: The principal objective of fiscal policy is to ensure rapid economic growth and development by mobilization of financial resources via. taxation, use of public and private savings. Optimum allocation of resources: Fiscal measures like taxation and public expenditure programs, greatly affect the allocation of resources in various occupations and sectors. such as MSME, farmers such as farm loan waivers, subsidy, MSP, etc Effective Redistribution of Income: Fiscal policy aims at equitable distribution of wealth and income to reduce inequalities in society. This is relevant to address poverty, inequality and that"s also the goal through PDS, etc Price stability and control of inflation: Fiscal policy has to be such as to maintain a reasonably stable price level and keep inflation under check thereby benefiting all sections of society. Employment generation: It is a key objective of fiscal policy in a developing economy. For example, investment in infrastructure results in direct and indirect employment. MGNREGA in Rural Areas. Balanced regional development: The government provides various incentives for setting up projects in backward areas such as cash subsidy, tax concessions, finance at concessional interest rates, etc. Maintain equilibrium in the Balance of Payment: Fiscal policy attempts to encourage more exports and discourage imports to solve the balance of payments problem. This also helps in achieving the objective of an increase in FOREX earnings. Capital formation: The objective of fiscal policy in India is also to increase the rate of capital formation so as to accelerate the rate of economic growth by increasing investment in key areas. The objectives of fiscal policy can be achieved only if the policy tools such as public expenditure, taxation, borrowing, and deficit financing are effectively used. The success of fiscal policy also depends upon taking timely measures and their effective administration during implementation.
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##Question:What do you understand by fiscal policy? Discuss the relevance of fiscal policy for the Indian economy. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the meaning of Fiscal Policy. Functions of Fiscal policy. Write about the relevance of Fiscal policy with respect to India Conclude with some way forward or suggestions. Answer: Fiscal policy refers to the blueprint of likely expenditure and income along with the objectives to be achieved by these resources. Its the mechanism by means of which a government makes adjustments to its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and thus in turn influence the performance of a country’s economy. It is largely based on ideas from John Maynard Keynes, who argued governments could stabilize the business cycle and regulate economic output by adjusting spending and tax policies. There are two types of fiscal policy – expansionary (to stimulate economic growth by increasing spending or lowering taxes or both) and contractionary (to curtail inflation) fiscal policy. Functions of Fiscal Policy- In general, it performs the following four functions. Allocation function, which means how the resources will be allocated with set objectives. The redistribution function is where it is ensured that allocations are addressing various sectors of the economy objectively. The stability function is one of the critical functions of the fiscal policy where the elements of stability of the economy are taken into consideration. Developmental function, this is more common with commonwealth countries where the budget itself is a document of upliftment of weaker section s. Relevance of Fiscal policy for India and its objectives- Development by effective resource mobilization: The principal objective of fiscal policy is to ensure rapid economic growth and development by mobilization of financial resources via. taxation, use of public and private savings. Optimum allocation of resources: Fiscal measures like taxation and public expenditure programs, greatly affect the allocation of resources in various occupations and sectors. such as MSME, farmers such as farm loan waivers, subsidy, MSP, etc Effective Redistribution of Income: Fiscal policy aims at equitable distribution of wealth and income to reduce inequalities in society. This is relevant to address poverty, inequality and that"s also the goal through PDS, etc Price stability and control of inflation: Fiscal policy has to be such as to maintain a reasonably stable price level and keep inflation under check thereby benefiting all sections of society. Employment generation: It is a key objective of fiscal policy in a developing economy. For example, investment in infrastructure results in direct and indirect employment. MGNREGA in Rural Areas. Balanced regional development: The government provides various incentives for setting up projects in backward areas such as cash subsidy, tax concessions, finance at concessional interest rates, etc. Maintain equilibrium in the Balance of Payment: Fiscal policy attempts to encourage more exports and discourage imports to solve the balance of payments problem. This also helps in achieving the objective of an increase in FOREX earnings. Capital formation: The objective of fiscal policy in India is also to increase the rate of capital formation so as to accelerate the rate of economic growth by increasing investment in key areas. The objectives of fiscal policy can be achieved only if the policy tools such as public expenditure, taxation, borrowing, and deficit financing are effectively used. The success of fiscal policy also depends upon taking timely measures and their effective administration during implementation.
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What are the safeguards provided against preventive detention in the Indian constitution? Critically Analyze the preventive detention in India in this regard. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduction, Briefly write about the preventive detention and constitutional provisions under Article 22. Highlight certain safeguards provided under article 22 of the Indian constitution. Also, write various arguments regarding the significance of preventive detention laws present in India. Answer: Article 22 of the Indian Constitution provides protection against arrest and detention. The 1st part of this article provides specific rights to persons under punitive detention. The second part of Article 22 deals with preventive detention. Preventive detention can be understood as the imprisonment of a person when the state suspects that person is likely to do a crime or is a threat to public order. Such arrests too are subject to certain safeguards provided under article 22. These protections are as follows: No person can be detained for a period of more than 3 months unless the advisory board comprising persons who are or have been or are qualified to be appointed as the judges of a high court authorized the same. The detained person must be informed about his ground of arrest and must be given the earliest opportunity to present his case before the authority. Article 22(6) provides an exception where the state may withhold the reason for detention from the person under arrest if it considers that disclosure of such information is against the public interest. It also provides parliament powers to make a law to provide the maximum period for which a person may be detained under preventive detention laws. Examples of Preventive detention laws are as follows: NSPS, 1985 National Security Act, 1980 UAPA, 1967 MISA, 1964 MISA, 1974 Preventive Detention Act, 1950 Critical Analysis of preventive detention laws As per many people, preventive detention laws are against the interest of liberal democracy as an individual is arrested and his right to liberty curtailed not for committing an offence but for the sole reason of apprehension of then committing an act prejudicial to law and order. It is only a matter of irony that the makers of our constitution who themselves were one"s victims of preventive detention laws, choose to grant such powers to the governments under the Constitution to enact such laws. The supreme court in the Abdul Karim Vs State of West Bengal case held that right under Article 22(5) is a valuable constitutional right and not a mere formality. In fact, the SC has held that if the facts of the case are clear enough when the ordinary law can take care of the situation authorities must refrain from taking the preventive detention route. Even though courts have also stepped up against any infringement of the fundamental rights of the citizens, the reality is the large backlog of cases means it takes several months to get writ petitions against preventive detentions orders heard. As a result, the ultimate purpose of political or personal victimization of the detainee is served. In a report by Indian Express, it was highlighted that more than three-fourths of detention orders under NSA between 2018 and 2020 were found to be incorrect.
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##Question:What are the safeguards provided against preventive detention in the Indian constitution? Critically Analyze the preventive detention in India in this regard. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction, Briefly write about the preventive detention and constitutional provisions under Article 22. Highlight certain safeguards provided under article 22 of the Indian constitution. Also, write various arguments regarding the significance of preventive detention laws present in India. Answer: Article 22 of the Indian Constitution provides protection against arrest and detention. The 1st part of this article provides specific rights to persons under punitive detention. The second part of Article 22 deals with preventive detention. Preventive detention can be understood as the imprisonment of a person when the state suspects that person is likely to do a crime or is a threat to public order. Such arrests too are subject to certain safeguards provided under article 22. These protections are as follows: No person can be detained for a period of more than 3 months unless the advisory board comprising persons who are or have been or are qualified to be appointed as the judges of a high court authorized the same. The detained person must be informed about his ground of arrest and must be given the earliest opportunity to present his case before the authority. Article 22(6) provides an exception where the state may withhold the reason for detention from the person under arrest if it considers that disclosure of such information is against the public interest. It also provides parliament powers to make a law to provide the maximum period for which a person may be detained under preventive detention laws. Examples of Preventive detention laws are as follows: NSPS, 1985 National Security Act, 1980 UAPA, 1967 MISA, 1964 MISA, 1974 Preventive Detention Act, 1950 Critical Analysis of preventive detention laws As per many people, preventive detention laws are against the interest of liberal democracy as an individual is arrested and his right to liberty curtailed not for committing an offence but for the sole reason of apprehension of then committing an act prejudicial to law and order. It is only a matter of irony that the makers of our constitution who themselves were one"s victims of preventive detention laws, choose to grant such powers to the governments under the Constitution to enact such laws. The supreme court in the Abdul Karim Vs State of West Bengal case held that right under Article 22(5) is a valuable constitutional right and not a mere formality. In fact, the SC has held that if the facts of the case are clear enough when the ordinary law can take care of the situation authorities must refrain from taking the preventive detention route. Even though courts have also stepped up against any infringement of the fundamental rights of the citizens, the reality is the large backlog of cases means it takes several months to get writ petitions against preventive detentions orders heard. As a result, the ultimate purpose of political or personal victimization of the detainee is served. In a report by Indian Express, it was highlighted that more than three-fourths of detention orders under NSA between 2018 and 2020 were found to be incorrect.
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Describe the formation of the inner layer of the earth as well as the evolution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere with respect to the origin and evolution of the earth. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Give general information about the interior of the earth in the introductory paragraph In main body explain the formation of various layers of the earth and then the evolution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere Depict using the diagrams of the interior of the earth Conclude with a general forward-looking paragraph Answer The Earth is divided into three main layers. The dense, hot inner core (yellow), the molten outer core (orange), the mantle (red), and the thin crust (brown), support all life in the known universe. Formation of inner layers that is Interior of the earth: i.Due to a gradual increase in intensity the interior temperature increased this led to density separation causing heavy elements to sink towards the centre of the earth and lighter ones move towards the surface ii. With time earth cooled further and gradually condensed into smaller size iii. Further process of differentiation led to the formation of different layers in the interior Evolution of Atmosphere and hydrosphere: i.Early thin atmosphere with hydrogen and helium was stripped off due to solar winds ii. During cooling if earth gases and water vapour were released from the earth’s interior The process through which gases were outpoured into the atmosphere is called degassing iii)Volcanic eruptions released more water vapour and gases Important gases at this stage were NitrogenCarbon di Oxide, Methane, Water vapour, and very little Oxygen iv)As the earth cooled further water vapours started to condense co2 from the atmosphere, got dissolved into rainwater, and were brought down to the surface which further decreased the temperature of the atmosphere v)This led to more condensation and precipitation vi)Rainfall from the atmosphere got collected in a depression on a surface forming oceans which were completed around a 4000million years ago (mya) or3 billion years ago Life began to evolve in oceans by 3800 mya. Between 3000 mya to 2500 mya, Blue-green algae emerged in oceans which started to release o2 through photosynthesis By 2000 mya oceans were saturated with oxygen and oxygen started to flood the atmosphere increasing the amount of atmosphere in oxygen
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##Question:Describe the formation of the inner layer of the earth as well as the evolution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere with respect to the origin and evolution of the earth. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give general information about the interior of the earth in the introductory paragraph In main body explain the formation of various layers of the earth and then the evolution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere Depict using the diagrams of the interior of the earth Conclude with a general forward-looking paragraph Answer The Earth is divided into three main layers. The dense, hot inner core (yellow), the molten outer core (orange), the mantle (red), and the thin crust (brown), support all life in the known universe. Formation of inner layers that is Interior of the earth: i.Due to a gradual increase in intensity the interior temperature increased this led to density separation causing heavy elements to sink towards the centre of the earth and lighter ones move towards the surface ii. With time earth cooled further and gradually condensed into smaller size iii. Further process of differentiation led to the formation of different layers in the interior Evolution of Atmosphere and hydrosphere: i.Early thin atmosphere with hydrogen and helium was stripped off due to solar winds ii. During cooling if earth gases and water vapour were released from the earth’s interior The process through which gases were outpoured into the atmosphere is called degassing iii)Volcanic eruptions released more water vapour and gases Important gases at this stage were NitrogenCarbon di Oxide, Methane, Water vapour, and very little Oxygen iv)As the earth cooled further water vapours started to condense co2 from the atmosphere, got dissolved into rainwater, and were brought down to the surface which further decreased the temperature of the atmosphere v)This led to more condensation and precipitation vi)Rainfall from the atmosphere got collected in a depression on a surface forming oceans which were completed around a 4000million years ago (mya) or3 billion years ago Life began to evolve in oceans by 3800 mya. Between 3000 mya to 2500 mya, Blue-green algae emerged in oceans which started to release o2 through photosynthesis By 2000 mya oceans were saturated with oxygen and oxygen started to flood the atmosphere increasing the amount of atmosphere in oxygen
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Discuss the economic and socio-cultural aspects of Indian feudalism. (10 marks/150 words)
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APPROACH: Mention the definition of feudalism in the introduction Highlight economic aspects of Indian feudalism. Highlight socio-cultural aspects of Indian feudalism. Conclude accordingly ANSWER: Feudalism was a kind of socio-political organization that arose in medieval Europe and was based on land tenure given by the Lord to the Vessels, who served their masters in various ways. The emergence of feudalism was contributed due to the weakening of central authority and the rise of powerful subordinates. Economic aspects of Indian feudalism : A peasantry subjected to the control of a landlord class. The fief rather than a salary as a mode of payment of landlord officials. The emergence of Serfdom. Rural Economy. Tendencies towards deurbanization. The decreasing volume of monetization which ultimately created a problem of what is known as the problem of coinage in the early medieval time. Economic localism was based on local-exchange networks. The emergence of self-sufficient village economies was largely based on the Jajmani system. Socio-cultural aspects of Indian feudalism: Modification of the Verna system due to the emergence of a new basis for social respect and recognition which was the possession of the land. The emergence of new social classes such as Kayasthas, Garniks, Patel, Patil, Deshmukh, Thakur, Ranak, Rawat, etc. Conversion of guilds into caste groups. The emergence of local identities and caste groups along with the proliferation of castes. Increasing tendencies towards caste discrimination & untouchability. The increasing popularity of slavery. Declining position of women which is evident from the increasing instances of Polygyny, Child marriage, the Dowry system, the Parda system, and the Sati system. Concept/idea of family owner leading to confinement & subordination of women. Expansion of the scope of the personal property of the women. Acknowledgment of the right of widows on the property of the deceased husband. Right to make adoption conceded to the widows. The emergence of regional-cultural units. The emergence of Vernaculars. The development of some sort of inward-looking attitude. An essence of self-sufficiency or complacency has been noticed even by Alberuni. In other words, feudalism was a part of the feudal society where the subordinate subjects showed loyalty to their Lords and obtained from them a piece of land thereby serving their master, in various ways seeking protection from them for their life and property.
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##Question:Discuss the economic and socio-cultural aspects of Indian feudalism. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH: Mention the definition of feudalism in the introduction Highlight economic aspects of Indian feudalism. Highlight socio-cultural aspects of Indian feudalism. Conclude accordingly ANSWER: Feudalism was a kind of socio-political organization that arose in medieval Europe and was based on land tenure given by the Lord to the Vessels, who served their masters in various ways. The emergence of feudalism was contributed due to the weakening of central authority and the rise of powerful subordinates. Economic aspects of Indian feudalism : A peasantry subjected to the control of a landlord class. The fief rather than a salary as a mode of payment of landlord officials. The emergence of Serfdom. Rural Economy. Tendencies towards deurbanization. The decreasing volume of monetization which ultimately created a problem of what is known as the problem of coinage in the early medieval time. Economic localism was based on local-exchange networks. The emergence of self-sufficient village economies was largely based on the Jajmani system. Socio-cultural aspects of Indian feudalism: Modification of the Verna system due to the emergence of a new basis for social respect and recognition which was the possession of the land. The emergence of new social classes such as Kayasthas, Garniks, Patel, Patil, Deshmukh, Thakur, Ranak, Rawat, etc. Conversion of guilds into caste groups. The emergence of local identities and caste groups along with the proliferation of castes. Increasing tendencies towards caste discrimination & untouchability. The increasing popularity of slavery. Declining position of women which is evident from the increasing instances of Polygyny, Child marriage, the Dowry system, the Parda system, and the Sati system. Concept/idea of family owner leading to confinement & subordination of women. Expansion of the scope of the personal property of the women. Acknowledgment of the right of widows on the property of the deceased husband. Right to make adoption conceded to the widows. The emergence of regional-cultural units. The emergence of Vernaculars. The development of some sort of inward-looking attitude. An essence of self-sufficiency or complacency has been noticed even by Alberuni. In other words, feudalism was a part of the feudal society where the subordinate subjects showed loyalty to their Lords and obtained from them a piece of land thereby serving their master, in various ways seeking protection from them for their life and property.
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ध्रुवीय भवर ( पोलर वर्टेक्स ) की संकल्पना को समझाते हुए , ओजोन परत ह्रास में इसकी भूमिका को स्पष्ट कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द ,अंक -10 ) Explaining the concept of polar vertex, explain its role in ozone layer depletion. (150-200 words, mark-10)
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दृष्टिकोण : ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स की संकल्पना व मैकेनिज्म को समझाइये . ओजोन ह्रास में ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स की भूमिका को स्पष्ट कीजिए . उत्तर : ध्रुवीय भंवर या पोलर वर्टेक्स : ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स पृथ्वी के उत्तर और दक्षिण ध्रुव के परिवृत निम्न वायु दाब और ठंडी वायु का एक विस्तृत क्षेत्र है . ध्रुवीय भवंर की सीमा रेखा वास्तव में उत्तर दिशा में विद्यमान ठंडी ध्रुवीय वायु और उष्ण उपोष्ण वायु ( उत्तरी गोलार्ध के परिप्रेक्ष्य में ) के मध्य स्थित होती है . इस सीमा रेखा को वास्तविक रूप में ध्रुवीय वाताग्र जेट स्ट्रीम द्वारा निर्धारित किया जाता है . ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स का मैकेनिज्म : प्रत्येक गोलार्द्ध में एक नहीं अपितु दो ध्रुवीय भवंर होते हैं , एक ध्रुवीय भवंर वायुमंडल की निचली परत ( क्षोभमंडल ) में विद्यमान होता है , जो हमारे मौसम को प्रभावित करता है . दुसरा ध्रुवीय भवंर दूसरी निम्नतम परत ( समतापमंडल ) में विद्यमान होता है . क्षोभमंडलीय ध्रुवीय भवंर की तुलना में यह अधिक सुगठित होता है . यदि दोनों ध्रुवीय भवंर परस्पर एक ही दिशा में ( सीधी रेखा में ) व्यवस्थित हो जाते हैं , तो तीव्र हिमीकरण प्रभाव उत्पन्न करने वाली परिस्थितियाँ उत्पन्न हो सकती हैं . किन्तु इस सीमा रेखा में सदैव परिवर्तन होता रहता है . ग्रीष्म ऋतू में यह ध्रुवों की ओर संकुचित हो जाती है जबकि शीत ऋतू में ध्रुवीय भवंर अस्थिर हो जाता है और विस्तारित होता रहता है . इसके कारण ही जेट स्ट्रीम के साथ-साथ ठंडी वायु दक्षिण की ओर प्रवाहित होती है . इसे ध्रुवीय भवंर परिघटना या भवंर के भाग का " पृथक होना " कहा जाता है . ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स तथा ओजोन क्षरण : ओजोन की मात्रा में सबसे अधिक गिरावट ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों के आसपास देखी जाती है . इसका कारण समताप मंडल में पोलर स्ट्रैटोस्फियरिक बादलों अथवा नेक्रियस बादलों की उपस्थिति है . इन बादलों में नाइट्रिक एसिड और सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड उपस्थित होते हैं . नाइट्रिक एसिड की उपस्थिति के कारण क्लोरिन उत्प्रेरित ओजोन ह्रास की क्रिया तीव्र हो जाती है . इन बादलों का निर्माण मुख्य रूप से शीतकाल में पोलर वर्टेक्स की स्थिति के कारण समताप मंडल में तापमान में अत्यधिक गिरावट होने से होता है . पोलर वर्टेक्स एक तरह के परिध्रुविय चक्रवात होते हैं जो ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों में उपरी परिसंचरण के रूप में कायम रहते हैं . ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स की उपस्थिति दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर अधिक सक्रीय होती है . यही कारण है कि उत्तरी ध्रुव की अपेक्षा दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर ( अन्टार्क्टिका के ऊपर ) ओजोन परत का सबसे अधिक ह्रास होता है .
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##Question:ध्रुवीय भवर ( पोलर वर्टेक्स ) की संकल्पना को समझाते हुए , ओजोन परत ह्रास में इसकी भूमिका को स्पष्ट कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द ,अंक -10 ) Explaining the concept of polar vertex, explain its role in ozone layer depletion. (150-200 words, mark-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स की संकल्पना व मैकेनिज्म को समझाइये . ओजोन ह्रास में ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स की भूमिका को स्पष्ट कीजिए . उत्तर : ध्रुवीय भंवर या पोलर वर्टेक्स : ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स पृथ्वी के उत्तर और दक्षिण ध्रुव के परिवृत निम्न वायु दाब और ठंडी वायु का एक विस्तृत क्षेत्र है . ध्रुवीय भवंर की सीमा रेखा वास्तव में उत्तर दिशा में विद्यमान ठंडी ध्रुवीय वायु और उष्ण उपोष्ण वायु ( उत्तरी गोलार्ध के परिप्रेक्ष्य में ) के मध्य स्थित होती है . इस सीमा रेखा को वास्तविक रूप में ध्रुवीय वाताग्र जेट स्ट्रीम द्वारा निर्धारित किया जाता है . ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स का मैकेनिज्म : प्रत्येक गोलार्द्ध में एक नहीं अपितु दो ध्रुवीय भवंर होते हैं , एक ध्रुवीय भवंर वायुमंडल की निचली परत ( क्षोभमंडल ) में विद्यमान होता है , जो हमारे मौसम को प्रभावित करता है . दुसरा ध्रुवीय भवंर दूसरी निम्नतम परत ( समतापमंडल ) में विद्यमान होता है . क्षोभमंडलीय ध्रुवीय भवंर की तुलना में यह अधिक सुगठित होता है . यदि दोनों ध्रुवीय भवंर परस्पर एक ही दिशा में ( सीधी रेखा में ) व्यवस्थित हो जाते हैं , तो तीव्र हिमीकरण प्रभाव उत्पन्न करने वाली परिस्थितियाँ उत्पन्न हो सकती हैं . किन्तु इस सीमा रेखा में सदैव परिवर्तन होता रहता है . ग्रीष्म ऋतू में यह ध्रुवों की ओर संकुचित हो जाती है जबकि शीत ऋतू में ध्रुवीय भवंर अस्थिर हो जाता है और विस्तारित होता रहता है . इसके कारण ही जेट स्ट्रीम के साथ-साथ ठंडी वायु दक्षिण की ओर प्रवाहित होती है . इसे ध्रुवीय भवंर परिघटना या भवंर के भाग का " पृथक होना " कहा जाता है . ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स तथा ओजोन क्षरण : ओजोन की मात्रा में सबसे अधिक गिरावट ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों के आसपास देखी जाती है . इसका कारण समताप मंडल में पोलर स्ट्रैटोस्फियरिक बादलों अथवा नेक्रियस बादलों की उपस्थिति है . इन बादलों में नाइट्रिक एसिड और सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड उपस्थित होते हैं . नाइट्रिक एसिड की उपस्थिति के कारण क्लोरिन उत्प्रेरित ओजोन ह्रास की क्रिया तीव्र हो जाती है . इन बादलों का निर्माण मुख्य रूप से शीतकाल में पोलर वर्टेक्स की स्थिति के कारण समताप मंडल में तापमान में अत्यधिक गिरावट होने से होता है . पोलर वर्टेक्स एक तरह के परिध्रुविय चक्रवात होते हैं जो ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों में उपरी परिसंचरण के रूप में कायम रहते हैं . ध्रुवीय भवंर या पोलर वर्टेक्स की उपस्थिति दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर अधिक सक्रीय होती है . यही कारण है कि उत्तरी ध्रुव की अपेक्षा दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर ( अन्टार्क्टिका के ऊपर ) ओजोन परत का सबसे अधिक ह्रास होता है .
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Define the concept of gender budgeting. Also, discuss what role it can play in women empowerment and highlight the problems associated? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: 1. Define gender budgeting. 2. Discuss the role of gender budgeting 3. Highlight the problems associated with gender budgeting 4. Conclusion Answer: Gender Budgeting is concerned with the gender-sensitive formulation of legislation, policies, plans, programmes and schemes; allocation and collection of resources; implementation and execution; monitoring, review, audit and impact assessment. Clearly then, it is not only about the Budget and it is not just a one-time activity. It is a continuous process that must be applied to all levels and stages of the policy process. However, it recognises that a Budget is a powerful tool that can reduce the vulnerability of women and girls and transform their situation. The Economic Survey 2017-18 reports that India’s performance has improved on 14 of 17 indicators of women’s agency, attitudes, and outcomes, over the past 10-15 years. However, women continue to lag behind men in terms of key indicators such as education, economic opportunities, and health, and a large proportion faces violence, discrimination and harassment, Gender budgeting can be crucial in this regard- 1. Most governments have expressed a commitment to gender equality objectives and to gender mainstreaming, but often there is a gap between policy statements and the ways in which governments raise and spend money. Gender-responsive budget initiatives can help to close these gaps, ensuring that public money is raised and spent more effectively. 2. There is a wide gap existing between the goals enunciated in the Constitution, legislation, policies, plans, programmes, and related mechanisms on the one hand and the situational reality of women and girls, on the other. Gender budgeting can fill this gap. 3. Gender Budgeting can act as a tool to monitor the achievement of the goals of the National Policy for Empowerment of Women 2001 and other policy goals in a gender-aware manner. 4. Valuing Unpaid Work – The traditional concept of an economy does not take unpaid work like child care, household work like cooking, cleaning, fetching water, caring for the elderly and voluntary work for civil society into account. It is to be noted that the work of the unpaid sector plus the work of the monetary economic sector result in the total economic output of a society. Therefore Gender budgeting can act as a method of supporting the women who contribute to the nation through unpaid work. Despite having immense potential, there are many problems faced by Gender budgeting in the Indian scenario- 1. The share of women-specific programmes constitute a fraction of the total fund allotted to the DWCD, over-riding priority given to the programmes of child development and the resultant intra-budgetary imbalances that exist today within the budget of the nodal Department of Women and Child Development and suggests to rectify the same through a much more balanced distribution of resources. 2. Allocation of funds for schemes for women empowerment is not enough in itself, as often, actual expenditure falls far short of allocated funds. 3. One weakness of gender budgeting is that it treats women as one homogenous group but, in reality, we know that there are layers and layers of discrimination even within women, thus a Dalit woman will be doubly discriminated and a differently-abled Dalit woman will be even more vulnerable. Thus policies need to factor in this intersectionality framework while addressing issues of women. 4. Most of the Central Ministries/Departments have not been collecting and reporting the gender-disaggregated information on their programmes/schemes which is essential for undertaking Gender Budget analysis. 5. Gender Budgeting exercise is based on numerous assumptions relating to the proportion of allocations under a scheme that directly benefits women. On one hand, some of these assumptions are clearly wrong, for instance, putting 100 % allocations for ‘All India Institute of Medical Sciences’ and ‘Safdarjung Hospital’ under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in the Gender Budget 6. Some of the assumptions are also patriarchal, for instance, the assumption that anything that has to do with children, anything that has to do with contraception and family planning is for the exclusive benefit of women. Unless such assumptions are rectified, the relevance of Gender Budgeting attempted by the Government will be diluted. Gender Budgeting cannot be seen in isolation from the overall economic-political scenario. Identifying and listing resource allocations for women is only a part of the whole approach of Gender Budgeting. The crux of the issue is gender is a cross-cutting issue, Gender Budgeting should not be confined to ‘social’ sectors such as education, health and welfare.
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##Question:Define the concept of gender budgeting. Also, discuss what role it can play in women empowerment and highlight the problems associated? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Define gender budgeting. 2. Discuss the role of gender budgeting 3. Highlight the problems associated with gender budgeting 4. Conclusion Answer: Gender Budgeting is concerned with the gender-sensitive formulation of legislation, policies, plans, programmes and schemes; allocation and collection of resources; implementation and execution; monitoring, review, audit and impact assessment. Clearly then, it is not only about the Budget and it is not just a one-time activity. It is a continuous process that must be applied to all levels and stages of the policy process. However, it recognises that a Budget is a powerful tool that can reduce the vulnerability of women and girls and transform their situation. The Economic Survey 2017-18 reports that India’s performance has improved on 14 of 17 indicators of women’s agency, attitudes, and outcomes, over the past 10-15 years. However, women continue to lag behind men in terms of key indicators such as education, economic opportunities, and health, and a large proportion faces violence, discrimination and harassment, Gender budgeting can be crucial in this regard- 1. Most governments have expressed a commitment to gender equality objectives and to gender mainstreaming, but often there is a gap between policy statements and the ways in which governments raise and spend money. Gender-responsive budget initiatives can help to close these gaps, ensuring that public money is raised and spent more effectively. 2. There is a wide gap existing between the goals enunciated in the Constitution, legislation, policies, plans, programmes, and related mechanisms on the one hand and the situational reality of women and girls, on the other. Gender budgeting can fill this gap. 3. Gender Budgeting can act as a tool to monitor the achievement of the goals of the National Policy for Empowerment of Women 2001 and other policy goals in a gender-aware manner. 4. Valuing Unpaid Work – The traditional concept of an economy does not take unpaid work like child care, household work like cooking, cleaning, fetching water, caring for the elderly and voluntary work for civil society into account. It is to be noted that the work of the unpaid sector plus the work of the monetary economic sector result in the total economic output of a society. Therefore Gender budgeting can act as a method of supporting the women who contribute to the nation through unpaid work. Despite having immense potential, there are many problems faced by Gender budgeting in the Indian scenario- 1. The share of women-specific programmes constitute a fraction of the total fund allotted to the DWCD, over-riding priority given to the programmes of child development and the resultant intra-budgetary imbalances that exist today within the budget of the nodal Department of Women and Child Development and suggests to rectify the same through a much more balanced distribution of resources. 2. Allocation of funds for schemes for women empowerment is not enough in itself, as often, actual expenditure falls far short of allocated funds. 3. One weakness of gender budgeting is that it treats women as one homogenous group but, in reality, we know that there are layers and layers of discrimination even within women, thus a Dalit woman will be doubly discriminated and a differently-abled Dalit woman will be even more vulnerable. Thus policies need to factor in this intersectionality framework while addressing issues of women. 4. Most of the Central Ministries/Departments have not been collecting and reporting the gender-disaggregated information on their programmes/schemes which is essential for undertaking Gender Budget analysis. 5. Gender Budgeting exercise is based on numerous assumptions relating to the proportion of allocations under a scheme that directly benefits women. On one hand, some of these assumptions are clearly wrong, for instance, putting 100 % allocations for ‘All India Institute of Medical Sciences’ and ‘Safdarjung Hospital’ under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in the Gender Budget 6. Some of the assumptions are also patriarchal, for instance, the assumption that anything that has to do with children, anything that has to do with contraception and family planning is for the exclusive benefit of women. Unless such assumptions are rectified, the relevance of Gender Budgeting attempted by the Government will be diluted. Gender Budgeting cannot be seen in isolation from the overall economic-political scenario. Identifying and listing resource allocations for women is only a part of the whole approach of Gender Budgeting. The crux of the issue is gender is a cross-cutting issue, Gender Budgeting should not be confined to ‘social’ sectors such as education, health and welfare.
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To what extent the Jagirdari crisis was responsible for the decline of the Mughals. Discuss(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write about what the Jagirdari crisis is in the introduction paragraph Explain the provisions under the Jagirdari system and how it created economic, political, and administrative unrest and complexities Conclude with a statement that with all these factors it led to the decline of the Mughal empire Answer- The Jagirdari Crisis was an economic situation where there was a shortage of lands or jagirs. This defrayed the cost of administration and the imperial throne was unable to pay for wars or maintain a standard of living of its nobility. This resulted in the Mughal throne giving its own land to pay its officials. The Mughal emperor was a highly centralized bureaucratized structure with the emperor at the top his vitality depending upon the strength of the military aristocracy, who were placed just below him. With the introduction of the Mansabdari system in civil and military organization in the late 16th century Akbar had accommodated the aristocracy within this structure. Those Mansabdars who were not paid in cash were awarded a jagir or landed estate in lieu of salary. They were the Jagirdars who were required to collect the revenue from the particular jagir of which one part would go to the state and the other two parts would cover his personal expenses and the maintenance allowances for his soldiers and horses. During the last years of Aurangzeb"s reign, the number of jagirdars appointed had risen to such a great number that there was serious shortage of paibaqi land (land earmarked to be given as jagirs). This decrease in the resources of the Empire ruptured the functional relationship between the emperor and the aristocracy indicating the beginning of inefficiency within the imperial Mughal administrative system. As a result of this economic crisis in the 18th century the various ethno-religious group within the aristocracy began competing each other. About four-fifths of the land revenue of the Mughal Empires was under the control of mansabdars and jagirdars; but this income was unevenly distributed among them, creating jealousies within the aristocracy- particularly at the time when the resources of the Empire were diminishing. This economic situation known as the "jagirdari crisis" of the 18th century- has been defined by Satish chandra in the following words, the available social surplus was insufficient to defray the cost of administration, pay for Wars of one type or another and to give the ruling classes a standard of living in keeping with its expectations". In this situation the actual revenue collection was much less than what had been estimated, there by diminishing the expected income of the jagirdars. The crises increased during the last year of Aurangzeb"s reign mainly because of the Deccan war, since a greater number of mansabdars was required, the ensuing political turmoil made th collection of revenue a more difficult task .the jagirdari crisis lead to an unhealthy competition to gain control over the fertile jagir. This added to the already existing factionalism at Court after the death of Bahadur Shah in 1712A.D. the problem intensified as low ranking officials now found it difficult to maintain their lifestyle with the meager amount they got from the jagirs. As a result of several diverse yet interrelated factors led to the decline of the Mughal Empire with dramatic suddenness within a few decades following the death of Aurangzeb. The period of the great Mughals, which constitutes a glorious era in medieval Indian history ended in this manner, yielding way to the establishment of many independent regional Kingdom in its wake.
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##Question:To what extent the Jagirdari crisis was responsible for the decline of the Mughals. Discuss(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write about what the Jagirdari crisis is in the introduction paragraph Explain the provisions under the Jagirdari system and how it created economic, political, and administrative unrest and complexities Conclude with a statement that with all these factors it led to the decline of the Mughal empire Answer- The Jagirdari Crisis was an economic situation where there was a shortage of lands or jagirs. This defrayed the cost of administration and the imperial throne was unable to pay for wars or maintain a standard of living of its nobility. This resulted in the Mughal throne giving its own land to pay its officials. The Mughal emperor was a highly centralized bureaucratized structure with the emperor at the top his vitality depending upon the strength of the military aristocracy, who were placed just below him. With the introduction of the Mansabdari system in civil and military organization in the late 16th century Akbar had accommodated the aristocracy within this structure. Those Mansabdars who were not paid in cash were awarded a jagir or landed estate in lieu of salary. They were the Jagirdars who were required to collect the revenue from the particular jagir of which one part would go to the state and the other two parts would cover his personal expenses and the maintenance allowances for his soldiers and horses. During the last years of Aurangzeb"s reign, the number of jagirdars appointed had risen to such a great number that there was serious shortage of paibaqi land (land earmarked to be given as jagirs). This decrease in the resources of the Empire ruptured the functional relationship between the emperor and the aristocracy indicating the beginning of inefficiency within the imperial Mughal administrative system. As a result of this economic crisis in the 18th century the various ethno-religious group within the aristocracy began competing each other. About four-fifths of the land revenue of the Mughal Empires was under the control of mansabdars and jagirdars; but this income was unevenly distributed among them, creating jealousies within the aristocracy- particularly at the time when the resources of the Empire were diminishing. This economic situation known as the "jagirdari crisis" of the 18th century- has been defined by Satish chandra in the following words, the available social surplus was insufficient to defray the cost of administration, pay for Wars of one type or another and to give the ruling classes a standard of living in keeping with its expectations". In this situation the actual revenue collection was much less than what had been estimated, there by diminishing the expected income of the jagirdars. The crises increased during the last year of Aurangzeb"s reign mainly because of the Deccan war, since a greater number of mansabdars was required, the ensuing political turmoil made th collection of revenue a more difficult task .the jagirdari crisis lead to an unhealthy competition to gain control over the fertile jagir. This added to the already existing factionalism at Court after the death of Bahadur Shah in 1712A.D. the problem intensified as low ranking officials now found it difficult to maintain their lifestyle with the meager amount they got from the jagirs. As a result of several diverse yet interrelated factors led to the decline of the Mughal Empire with dramatic suddenness within a few decades following the death of Aurangzeb. The period of the great Mughals, which constitutes a glorious era in medieval Indian history ended in this manner, yielding way to the establishment of many independent regional Kingdom in its wake.
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Critically examine the factors responsible for the accession of Princely states? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Junagarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Conclusion Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
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##Question:Critically examine the factors responsible for the accession of Princely states? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Junagarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Conclusion Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
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पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर पश्चिम भारत पर विदेशी आक्रमण का एक परिचय प्रस्तुत कीजिए| साथ ही, इस क्षेत्र में भारतीय शासकों के पराजय के कारणों पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give an introduction to the foreign invasion of North-West India during the pre-medieval period. Also, discuss the reasons for the defeat of the Indian rulers in this region. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच - पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर-पश्चिम भारत का एक राजनीतिक इतिहास देते हुए भूमिका के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर पश्चिम भारत पर विदेशी आक्रमण तथा संबंधित राजवंशों/क्षेत्रों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अंतिम भाग में, इस क्षेत्र में भारतीय शासकों के पराजय के कारणों पर चर्चा कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, दिल्ली सल्तनत के उदय से जोड़ते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - पूर्व मध्यकाल को सामान्तया 750ई (या कुछ संदर्भों में 550ई.) से लगभग 1200ई. तक माना जाता है| वर्तमान गुजरात, राजस्थान, उत्तर प्रदेश, हरियाणा, दिल्ली, मध्यप्रदेश के एक बड़े भूभाग पर गुर्जर प्रतिहार/प्रतिहार वंश (8वीं-10वीं सदी) का शासन था| हर्षवर्धन के पश्चात उत्तर भारत में सबसे बड़ा साम्राज्य प्रतिहारों ने ही स्थापित किया था तथा प्रतिहारों ने भारत में अरबों के आक्रमण/प्रसार को रोकने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वहन किया था| प्रतिहारों के सामंतों के साथ-साथ अजमेर के चौहानों का भी इस क्षेत्र में शासन था| कश्मीर तथा पंजाब के बीच उत्तर-पश्चिम सीमा में शाही वंश का शासन था तथा महमूद गजनी ने भारत में पहला आक्रमण शाही वंश के विरुद्ध किया था| सिंध में 7वीं सदी में राय वंश तथा उसके पश्चात ब्राह्मण चाच वंश का शासन रहा| कश्मीर में उत्पल वंश (855-1003 AD) , रानी दीद्दा(980 AD) का शासन, लोहार वंश (1003-1339 AD) के शासन का उल्लेख मिलता है| पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर पश्चिम भारत तथा विदेशी आक्रमण अरब आक्रमण - मोहम्मद बिनकासिम द्वारा सिंध पर आक्रमण(712 ई.) एवं सिंध पर उस समय ब्राह्मण वंश के दाहिर का शासन था| कासिम के आक्रमण के साथ ही, सिंध पर अरबों का नियंत्रण स्थापित हुआ तथा उसके द्वारा जजिया नामक कर गैर-मुस्लिम प्रजा पर लगाए जाने के उल्लेख मिलते हैं| महमूद गजनवी(1000-1027AD) --> इसने 1000 AD से 1027 AD के मध्य भारत पर 17 बार आक्रमण किया था जिसमें पहला आक्रमण शाही वंश के विरुद्ध था| गजनी के अभियान का प्रमुख उद्देश्य था - भारत से धन एवं हाथी की प्राप्ति जिससे मध्य एशिया में साम्राज्य का विस्तार करना भीम-प्रथम(1022-64 AD) के समय महमूद गजनी का गुजरात पर आक्रमण तथा उसने 1025-26 AD में गुजरात के सोमनाथ मंदिर को लुटा था तथा भीम प्रथम द्वारा मंदिर का पुनरोद्धार करवाया था| गजनी के साथ ही अलबरूनी नामक विद्वान की भारत यात्रा जिसके किताब-उल-हिंद/तहकीकात-ए-हिंद को पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर पश्चिम तथा उत्तर भारत के इतिहास को जानने का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण सोर्स माना जाता है| महमूद गजनी के द्वारा पंजाब पर नियंत्रण स्थापित किया गया था तथा मोहम्मद गोरी के आक्रमण तक पंजाब पर गजनी के उत्तराधिकारियों का शासन रहा था| मोहम्मद गोरी(1175-1206AD) --> भारत पर नियंत्रण तथा साम्राज्य विस्तार के उद्देश्य से इसने कई आक्रमण कियें| 1206 ई तक पंजाब, हरियाणा, दिल्ली, उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार, बंगाल, राजस्थान तथा मध्यप्रदेश के कुछ भागों पर गोरी का नियंत्रण स्थापित हुआ था| गोरी के कुछ प्रमुख आक्रमण- तराइन के दोनों युद्ध -1191 में तराइन के प्रथम युद्ध में चौहान वंश के पृथ्वीराज तृतीय(1177-1192AD) ने मोहम्मद गोरी को पराजित किया तथा 1192 में तराइन के द्वितीय युद्ध में मोहम्मद गोरी से पराजित चंदावर का युद्ध(1194)- चंदावर के युद्ध में गौरी द्वारा कन्नौज(उत्तर प्रदेश) के गहड़वाल/राठौर वंश के जयचंद को पराजित करना आबू पर्वत की लड़ाई -भीम द्वितीय नामक शासक ने 1170 के दशक में मोहम्मद गौरी(1175-1206 AD) को आबू पर्वत की लड़ाई में पराजित किया था आदि इन आक्रमणों में इस क्षेत्र में भारतीय शासकों(राजपूतों) के पराजय के कारण भारतीय शासकों के बीच एकता की कमी थी और उनके बीच प्रभुत्व, साम्राज्य विस्तार तथा अन्य कारकों को लेकर परस्पर संघर्ष का वातावरण रहता था| भारतीय शासकों ने उत्तर-पश्चिम तथा पश्चिम क्षेत्र के सीमांत क्षेत्रों की उपेक्षा की जिससे अरब एवं तुर्क आक्रमणकारियों को भारतीय क्षेत्रों पर अधिकार की लालसा से आक्रमण करने हेतु उन्हें प्रोत्साहन मिला| गजनी के द्वारा पंजाब पर नियंत्रण से उत्तर-पश्चिम से आक्रमणकारियों के आगमन एवं प्रसार का मार्ग सुगम हुआ था| भारत का विभिन्न जातियों एवं धर्मों में विभाजन सामंती व्यवस्था के कारण सैनिकों में एकसमान समर्पण एवं अनुशासन का अभाव था जिससे वे युद्धों में तुर्कों एवं अरबों के जितना उत्साह एवं समर्पण से भाग नहीं लेते थें जिससे भारतीय शासकों की हार सुनिश्चित हुई| तुर्क आक्रमणकारियों का युद्ध को लेकर बेहतर रणनीति/कूटनीति भी कहीं ना कहीं इनके जीत को सुनिश्चित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाया| गौरी की मृत्यु(1206 ई) के पश्चात इसका साम्राज्य 3 भागों में विभाजित हुआ - अफगानिस्तान में यल्दौज का शासन, सिंध एवं मुल्तान में कुबाचा का शासन तथा पंजाब से बंगाल तक कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक का शासन| कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक के द्वारा ही दिल्ली सल्लतनत नामक नए राज्य की नींव डाली गई एवं यहीं से भारत में इस्लामी शासन का प्रारंभ माना जाता है|
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##Question:पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर पश्चिम भारत पर विदेशी आक्रमण का एक परिचय प्रस्तुत कीजिए| साथ ही, इस क्षेत्र में भारतीय शासकों के पराजय के कारणों पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give an introduction to the foreign invasion of North-West India during the pre-medieval period. Also, discuss the reasons for the defeat of the Indian rulers in this region. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर-पश्चिम भारत का एक राजनीतिक इतिहास देते हुए भूमिका के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर पश्चिम भारत पर विदेशी आक्रमण तथा संबंधित राजवंशों/क्षेत्रों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अंतिम भाग में, इस क्षेत्र में भारतीय शासकों के पराजय के कारणों पर चर्चा कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, दिल्ली सल्तनत के उदय से जोड़ते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - पूर्व मध्यकाल को सामान्तया 750ई (या कुछ संदर्भों में 550ई.) से लगभग 1200ई. तक माना जाता है| वर्तमान गुजरात, राजस्थान, उत्तर प्रदेश, हरियाणा, दिल्ली, मध्यप्रदेश के एक बड़े भूभाग पर गुर्जर प्रतिहार/प्रतिहार वंश (8वीं-10वीं सदी) का शासन था| हर्षवर्धन के पश्चात उत्तर भारत में सबसे बड़ा साम्राज्य प्रतिहारों ने ही स्थापित किया था तथा प्रतिहारों ने भारत में अरबों के आक्रमण/प्रसार को रोकने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वहन किया था| प्रतिहारों के सामंतों के साथ-साथ अजमेर के चौहानों का भी इस क्षेत्र में शासन था| कश्मीर तथा पंजाब के बीच उत्तर-पश्चिम सीमा में शाही वंश का शासन था तथा महमूद गजनी ने भारत में पहला आक्रमण शाही वंश के विरुद्ध किया था| सिंध में 7वीं सदी में राय वंश तथा उसके पश्चात ब्राह्मण चाच वंश का शासन रहा| कश्मीर में उत्पल वंश (855-1003 AD) , रानी दीद्दा(980 AD) का शासन, लोहार वंश (1003-1339 AD) के शासन का उल्लेख मिलता है| पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर पश्चिम भारत तथा विदेशी आक्रमण अरब आक्रमण - मोहम्मद बिनकासिम द्वारा सिंध पर आक्रमण(712 ई.) एवं सिंध पर उस समय ब्राह्मण वंश के दाहिर का शासन था| कासिम के आक्रमण के साथ ही, सिंध पर अरबों का नियंत्रण स्थापित हुआ तथा उसके द्वारा जजिया नामक कर गैर-मुस्लिम प्रजा पर लगाए जाने के उल्लेख मिलते हैं| महमूद गजनवी(1000-1027AD) --> इसने 1000 AD से 1027 AD के मध्य भारत पर 17 बार आक्रमण किया था जिसमें पहला आक्रमण शाही वंश के विरुद्ध था| गजनी के अभियान का प्रमुख उद्देश्य था - भारत से धन एवं हाथी की प्राप्ति जिससे मध्य एशिया में साम्राज्य का विस्तार करना भीम-प्रथम(1022-64 AD) के समय महमूद गजनी का गुजरात पर आक्रमण तथा उसने 1025-26 AD में गुजरात के सोमनाथ मंदिर को लुटा था तथा भीम प्रथम द्वारा मंदिर का पुनरोद्धार करवाया था| गजनी के साथ ही अलबरूनी नामक विद्वान की भारत यात्रा जिसके किताब-उल-हिंद/तहकीकात-ए-हिंद को पूर्व मध्यकाल में उत्तर पश्चिम तथा उत्तर भारत के इतिहास को जानने का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण सोर्स माना जाता है| महमूद गजनी के द्वारा पंजाब पर नियंत्रण स्थापित किया गया था तथा मोहम्मद गोरी के आक्रमण तक पंजाब पर गजनी के उत्तराधिकारियों का शासन रहा था| मोहम्मद गोरी(1175-1206AD) --> भारत पर नियंत्रण तथा साम्राज्य विस्तार के उद्देश्य से इसने कई आक्रमण कियें| 1206 ई तक पंजाब, हरियाणा, दिल्ली, उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार, बंगाल, राजस्थान तथा मध्यप्रदेश के कुछ भागों पर गोरी का नियंत्रण स्थापित हुआ था| गोरी के कुछ प्रमुख आक्रमण- तराइन के दोनों युद्ध -1191 में तराइन के प्रथम युद्ध में चौहान वंश के पृथ्वीराज तृतीय(1177-1192AD) ने मोहम्मद गोरी को पराजित किया तथा 1192 में तराइन के द्वितीय युद्ध में मोहम्मद गोरी से पराजित चंदावर का युद्ध(1194)- चंदावर के युद्ध में गौरी द्वारा कन्नौज(उत्तर प्रदेश) के गहड़वाल/राठौर वंश के जयचंद को पराजित करना आबू पर्वत की लड़ाई -भीम द्वितीय नामक शासक ने 1170 के दशक में मोहम्मद गौरी(1175-1206 AD) को आबू पर्वत की लड़ाई में पराजित किया था आदि इन आक्रमणों में इस क्षेत्र में भारतीय शासकों(राजपूतों) के पराजय के कारण भारतीय शासकों के बीच एकता की कमी थी और उनके बीच प्रभुत्व, साम्राज्य विस्तार तथा अन्य कारकों को लेकर परस्पर संघर्ष का वातावरण रहता था| भारतीय शासकों ने उत्तर-पश्चिम तथा पश्चिम क्षेत्र के सीमांत क्षेत्रों की उपेक्षा की जिससे अरब एवं तुर्क आक्रमणकारियों को भारतीय क्षेत्रों पर अधिकार की लालसा से आक्रमण करने हेतु उन्हें प्रोत्साहन मिला| गजनी के द्वारा पंजाब पर नियंत्रण से उत्तर-पश्चिम से आक्रमणकारियों के आगमन एवं प्रसार का मार्ग सुगम हुआ था| भारत का विभिन्न जातियों एवं धर्मों में विभाजन सामंती व्यवस्था के कारण सैनिकों में एकसमान समर्पण एवं अनुशासन का अभाव था जिससे वे युद्धों में तुर्कों एवं अरबों के जितना उत्साह एवं समर्पण से भाग नहीं लेते थें जिससे भारतीय शासकों की हार सुनिश्चित हुई| तुर्क आक्रमणकारियों का युद्ध को लेकर बेहतर रणनीति/कूटनीति भी कहीं ना कहीं इनके जीत को सुनिश्चित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाया| गौरी की मृत्यु(1206 ई) के पश्चात इसका साम्राज्य 3 भागों में विभाजित हुआ - अफगानिस्तान में यल्दौज का शासन, सिंध एवं मुल्तान में कुबाचा का शासन तथा पंजाब से बंगाल तक कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक का शासन| कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक के द्वारा ही दिल्ली सल्लतनत नामक नए राज्य की नींव डाली गई एवं यहीं से भारत में इस्लामी शासन का प्रारंभ माना जाता है|
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Despite government efforts, the tribal progress has remained dismal. Critically examine the factors responsible. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach Breifly introduce tribals and their background Discuss government efforts and the lacunae in it Brief way forward in the end Tribes are homogenous, unstratified, geographically isolated groups which have unique culture with distinct means of livelihood and generally they are shy and relauctant to have contact with the outsiders. Constitution defines Scheduled Tribes under Art 366 defines as such tribes which under Art 342 are deemed to be scheduled tribes. Background Under colonial rule, the isolation of tribals was disrupted due to the penetration of market forces. Traders, revenue farmers, middlemen, entered their life. Due to a lack of awareness, tribals got trapped in a debt cycle. They were reduced to the states of tenants, sharecroppers. Tribals suffered exploitation and oppression. Their relation with the forest was also altered due to colonial rule - conservation of forest and to facilitate its commercial exploitation, shifting cultivation was forbidden, rights over forest land, minor forest produce was denied. The penetration of Christian missionaries also impacted their culture, way of life, tradition. With subjective realization of objective reality, various tribal revolts took place - Santhal rebellion, Munda uprising, Kol uprising etc. Government Efforts A concious policy of Tribal Panchsheel was chosen and implemented by the ruling dispensation after independence to integrate tribals. This was to give tribals some autonomy to progress in their own way. Constitutional provisions: Definition: Article 342 and 366 Educational and Economic Rights: Articles 15, 16, 46 and 335 Political rights/empowerment: Articles 330, 332, 243D, 243T Administration: 5th and 6th Schedules Cultural rights: Article 29 Agency to Monitor progress: Article 338A Statutory efforts: PESA (Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996) FRA (Forest Rights Act), 2006 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Government Schemes: Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS) Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana PM Vandhan Yojana Minimum Support Price for Minor Forest Produce(MSP for MFP) Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups PVTGs) etc. Howevere, tribals have been still lagging far behind on basic indicators like livelihood and employment, education, health etc. Lacunae in government efforts Irrespective of the government efforts the tribal progess have remained dismal due to following reasons: Weak execution of policies The inefficiency of state govt in administering the program Misappropriation of funds allotted for welfare Ill trained administrative personnel. Lack fo faith, mutual trust between tribals, and govt. Lack of awareness among tribals with respect to their rights and entitlement Lack of primary education in tribal language The development led displacement of tribals.This promotes further retreatment of tribals towards inaccessible stretches of land. Which further aggravates the problem of accessibility wrt basic infrastructure e.g. health, education, skill etc. Thus Panchsheel policies implementation remains far from reality. Even the benefits of reservation have been reaped by only a certain section within the tribes leading to the problem of elitism. Way Forward Identification of beneficiaries. Creation of a database with respect to socio-economic profile of various tribal groups. Robust grassroots level participation. Development of mutual trust. Availability of information with respect to the government provisions in local tribal languages. Make robust use of telemedicine, online education to address the issue of accessibility. Development efforts should be in accordance with the socio-cultural milieu of tribals. Xaxa Committee was established in 2013 to study the socio-economic-educational-health status of tribals in India. Recommendation - Gram sabha power needs to be increased wrt land alienation. Unused land should be acquired and used for tribal rehabilitation. On the lines of Andhra Pradesh the mining rights should be given to tribal cooperatives. Instead of constructing large dams, small size water harvesting structures should be created to address the problem of submergence and displacement. Impose penalties on administrative officials for delay in implementation of FRA & PESA. Appoint a judicial commission to investigate the Naxal cases. Improve the accessibility to the tribal areas. Though there have been efforts taken since post-independence itself, the desirable progress is yet to be achieved. The efforts if made more inclusive, participative and democratic, it can really bring the transformation envisioned by tthe constitution of bringing equality in society.
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##Question:Despite government efforts, the tribal progress has remained dismal. Critically examine the factors responsible. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach Breifly introduce tribals and their background Discuss government efforts and the lacunae in it Brief way forward in the end Tribes are homogenous, unstratified, geographically isolated groups which have unique culture with distinct means of livelihood and generally they are shy and relauctant to have contact with the outsiders. Constitution defines Scheduled Tribes under Art 366 defines as such tribes which under Art 342 are deemed to be scheduled tribes. Background Under colonial rule, the isolation of tribals was disrupted due to the penetration of market forces. Traders, revenue farmers, middlemen, entered their life. Due to a lack of awareness, tribals got trapped in a debt cycle. They were reduced to the states of tenants, sharecroppers. Tribals suffered exploitation and oppression. Their relation with the forest was also altered due to colonial rule - conservation of forest and to facilitate its commercial exploitation, shifting cultivation was forbidden, rights over forest land, minor forest produce was denied. The penetration of Christian missionaries also impacted their culture, way of life, tradition. With subjective realization of objective reality, various tribal revolts took place - Santhal rebellion, Munda uprising, Kol uprising etc. Government Efforts A concious policy of Tribal Panchsheel was chosen and implemented by the ruling dispensation after independence to integrate tribals. This was to give tribals some autonomy to progress in their own way. Constitutional provisions: Definition: Article 342 and 366 Educational and Economic Rights: Articles 15, 16, 46 and 335 Political rights/empowerment: Articles 330, 332, 243D, 243T Administration: 5th and 6th Schedules Cultural rights: Article 29 Agency to Monitor progress: Article 338A Statutory efforts: PESA (Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996) FRA (Forest Rights Act), 2006 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Government Schemes: Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS) Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana PM Vandhan Yojana Minimum Support Price for Minor Forest Produce(MSP for MFP) Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups PVTGs) etc. Howevere, tribals have been still lagging far behind on basic indicators like livelihood and employment, education, health etc. Lacunae in government efforts Irrespective of the government efforts the tribal progess have remained dismal due to following reasons: Weak execution of policies The inefficiency of state govt in administering the program Misappropriation of funds allotted for welfare Ill trained administrative personnel. Lack fo faith, mutual trust between tribals, and govt. Lack of awareness among tribals with respect to their rights and entitlement Lack of primary education in tribal language The development led displacement of tribals.This promotes further retreatment of tribals towards inaccessible stretches of land. Which further aggravates the problem of accessibility wrt basic infrastructure e.g. health, education, skill etc. Thus Panchsheel policies implementation remains far from reality. Even the benefits of reservation have been reaped by only a certain section within the tribes leading to the problem of elitism. Way Forward Identification of beneficiaries. Creation of a database with respect to socio-economic profile of various tribal groups. Robust grassroots level participation. Development of mutual trust. Availability of information with respect to the government provisions in local tribal languages. Make robust use of telemedicine, online education to address the issue of accessibility. Development efforts should be in accordance with the socio-cultural milieu of tribals. Xaxa Committee was established in 2013 to study the socio-economic-educational-health status of tribals in India. Recommendation - Gram sabha power needs to be increased wrt land alienation. Unused land should be acquired and used for tribal rehabilitation. On the lines of Andhra Pradesh the mining rights should be given to tribal cooperatives. Instead of constructing large dams, small size water harvesting structures should be created to address the problem of submergence and displacement. Impose penalties on administrative officials for delay in implementation of FRA & PESA. Appoint a judicial commission to investigate the Naxal cases. Improve the accessibility to the tribal areas. Though there have been efforts taken since post-independence itself, the desirable progress is yet to be achieved. The efforts if made more inclusive, participative and democratic, it can really bring the transformation envisioned by tthe constitution of bringing equality in society.
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What is meant by the Qualitative tools of Monetary Policy? Elaborate on the various Qualitative tools in use by the RBI.(150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Give a definition of credit control in the introduction. Highlight the meaning of Qualitative tools of monetary policy. Mention various Qualitative tools used by the RBI. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Credit control is one of the most important functions of RBI. Where RBI control liquidity to control inflation on one hand and on the other maintain liquidity to push economic growth. RBI controls the credit by 2 methods- Quantitative and Qualitative. Qualitative method refers to those instruments of controlling monetary policy whereby changing directions and guidelines money supply is regulated. Important Qualitative tools are- 1. Priority sector lending (PSL) - In this category RBI directs the banks of their total net credit given a certain percentage should go under priority sector. As of now, it"s 40% for mainstream banks and 75% for small finance banks and Regional rural banks (RRBs). This PSL consists of Agriculture, MSME, Export credit, Education, Housing, Social infra such as Health, sanitation, etc, renewable energy, and others. 2. Loan to Value (LTV) or margin requirement in this RBI decides the margin to be kept by banks in cases of loan against property. If the Margin requirement is more then there will be lesser availability of loan amount for example if the loan to value requirement for the gold is 20%, in that case, gold worth a hundred rupees will get a loan of 80Rs. If the margin is reduced to 10%, 90 Rs. will be available (which was in COVID times by RBI). 3. Direct Action - In which RBI regulates the banks directly by determining the do"s and don’ts. If banks still fail to follow RBI’s guidelines, then they can impose a penalty or sanctions on it. This is called direct action. 4. Moral suasion - Suasion means persuasion as opposed to force or compulsion. In which RBI determines various ethical guidelines to the banks in order to ensure that they are working for the interest of the depositors ensuring easy availability of loans to the good customers and such like things. Reserve Bank of India with its monetary policy tries to maintain a stable supply and availability of credit in the economy so that the goal of higher economic growth can be maintained at all times.
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##Question:What is meant by the Qualitative tools of Monetary Policy? Elaborate on the various Qualitative tools in use by the RBI.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a definition of credit control in the introduction. Highlight the meaning of Qualitative tools of monetary policy. Mention various Qualitative tools used by the RBI. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Credit control is one of the most important functions of RBI. Where RBI control liquidity to control inflation on one hand and on the other maintain liquidity to push economic growth. RBI controls the credit by 2 methods- Quantitative and Qualitative. Qualitative method refers to those instruments of controlling monetary policy whereby changing directions and guidelines money supply is regulated. Important Qualitative tools are- 1. Priority sector lending (PSL) - In this category RBI directs the banks of their total net credit given a certain percentage should go under priority sector. As of now, it"s 40% for mainstream banks and 75% for small finance banks and Regional rural banks (RRBs). This PSL consists of Agriculture, MSME, Export credit, Education, Housing, Social infra such as Health, sanitation, etc, renewable energy, and others. 2. Loan to Value (LTV) or margin requirement in this RBI decides the margin to be kept by banks in cases of loan against property. If the Margin requirement is more then there will be lesser availability of loan amount for example if the loan to value requirement for the gold is 20%, in that case, gold worth a hundred rupees will get a loan of 80Rs. If the margin is reduced to 10%, 90 Rs. will be available (which was in COVID times by RBI). 3. Direct Action - In which RBI regulates the banks directly by determining the do"s and don’ts. If banks still fail to follow RBI’s guidelines, then they can impose a penalty or sanctions on it. This is called direct action. 4. Moral suasion - Suasion means persuasion as opposed to force or compulsion. In which RBI determines various ethical guidelines to the banks in order to ensure that they are working for the interest of the depositors ensuring easy availability of loans to the good customers and such like things. Reserve Bank of India with its monetary policy tries to maintain a stable supply and availability of credit in the economy so that the goal of higher economic growth can be maintained at all times.
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Critically examine the factors responsible for the accession of Princely states? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer : India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Junagarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Conclusion Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
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##Question:Critically examine the factors responsible for the accession of Princely states? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer : India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Junagarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Conclusion Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 72,082
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Critically examine the factors responsible for the accession of Princely states? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
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##Question:Critically examine the factors responsible for the accession of Princely states? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce the prevailing condition during independence and status of Princely states Body - Discuss the major factors responsible for the accession of Princely States Conclusion - Briefly conclude the answer signifying India was able to achieve its initials goals Answer: India gained independence on 15th August 1947. Radcliff Commission was established and as per Lapse of paramountcy, all the rights that the states have surrendered shall be returned to them. There were around 565 princely states with 48% of land and 28% of the population. 25th July 1947, the Indian Chamber of Princes was addressed with respect to the Instrument of Accession. Factors responsible for the accession of Princely States: Suppression of people in Princely states: They were autocratically ruled. The economic burden of people was heavy due to high taxation. However, the educational and other social services were backward. State revenues were spent on the luxurious lifestyle of the rulers Princes ignored the welfare of the people as immunity was provided by the Britishers against external and internal threats Role of Congress: The onset of the nationalist movement had an impact on the people of princely states A proposal was made to them to give the full responsible government to the people of the states. It led to the awakening of local people and the formation of Praja Mandals Praja Mandal was to fight against Princes; to battle against British rule; with the objective was right to self-governance Lapse of Paramountcy: It created grounds where the states started contemplating independence. Hence the congress leadership declared that Princely states don"t have the right to remain independent or in isolation. It created grounds for the accession of princely states Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon - Patel as India’s first home minister and V.P Menon as the secretary of the Ministry of the States had the formidable task of integrating princely states. From invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in an event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of privy purses ie a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. General consensus - The general concession for the accession and the integration of the states was on factors like geographical continuity, socio-cultural and religious fabric and its integration with the rest of the country Various modes of accession - Most princely states willingly joined the Indian Union by signing the instrument of accession; however, some adopted different approaches. For example, a Plebiscite was conducted which resulted in Jungarh"s merger with the Indian union; military action on Hyderabad was taken names as Operation Polo, etc Overall with skilful diplomacy, persuasion, and timely use of force, India was able to integrate all the princely states in its territory to integrate with India within a few years of Independence. India was able to use better mechanisms through democratic centralized credentials of the Indian state for better integration of states thereby bringing in a sense of unity among various states which is ever strong after all these years since independence.
| 72,083
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What is Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC)? Discuss its aims and objectives along with the issues associated with it. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction of APMC Mention their aims & objectives, Highlight their shortcomings Then logically conclude the answer. Answer: Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) is the market committee established under the APMC act enacted by various state governments as agriculture is a state subject. Under the APMC acts, States are geographically divided into markets that are headed by market committees, and any products in that area shall be brought to a market committee for sale. In this Market committee (popularly called Mandi) there are commission agents (called arhatiyas) who hold licenses and are allotted a shop in the market. Farmer and buyer have the discretion to go to any agent in this market, based on personal relations. Aims & objectives- The APMC was introduced to safeguard the farmers from exploitation by creditors and other intermediaries. The committee also ensures that the farm-to-retail price does not reach unreasonably elevated levels and timely payments are made to the farmers via the auctions in the APMC markets. Issues/challenges with APMCs- 1. Fragmentation of markets 2. Incidents of high market fees or charges. 3. Fewer markets 4. Fewer credit facilities 5. Restrictions were imposed in licensing 6. Asymmetrical market information 7. Less remuneration to farmers and high intermediation cost 8. Inadequate marketing infrastructure The ambitious target of doubling farmers" income by 2022 cannot be achieved without developing a thriving market of agriculture. Hence, it is high time that focus must shift from agricultural production to agricultural marketing
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##Question:What is Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC)? Discuss its aims and objectives along with the issues associated with it. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction of APMC Mention their aims & objectives, Highlight their shortcomings Then logically conclude the answer. Answer: Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) is the market committee established under the APMC act enacted by various state governments as agriculture is a state subject. Under the APMC acts, States are geographically divided into markets that are headed by market committees, and any products in that area shall be brought to a market committee for sale. In this Market committee (popularly called Mandi) there are commission agents (called arhatiyas) who hold licenses and are allotted a shop in the market. Farmer and buyer have the discretion to go to any agent in this market, based on personal relations. Aims & objectives- The APMC was introduced to safeguard the farmers from exploitation by creditors and other intermediaries. The committee also ensures that the farm-to-retail price does not reach unreasonably elevated levels and timely payments are made to the farmers via the auctions in the APMC markets. Issues/challenges with APMCs- 1. Fragmentation of markets 2. Incidents of high market fees or charges. 3. Fewer markets 4. Fewer credit facilities 5. Restrictions were imposed in licensing 6. Asymmetrical market information 7. Less remuneration to farmers and high intermediation cost 8. Inadequate marketing infrastructure The ambitious target of doubling farmers" income by 2022 cannot be achieved without developing a thriving market of agriculture. Hence, it is high time that focus must shift from agricultural production to agricultural marketing
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What is Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC)? Discuss its aims, objectives along with the issues associated with it. (200 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction of APMC Mention their aims & objectives, Highlight their shortcomings Then logically conclude the answer. Answer: Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) is the market committee established under the APMC act enacted by various state governments as agriculture is a state subject. Under the APMC acts, States are geographically divided into markets that are headed by market committees, and any products in that area shall be brought to a market committee for sale. In this Market committee (popularly called Mandi) there are commissions agents (called arhatiyas) who hold licenses and are allotted a shop in the market. Farmer and buyer have the discretion to go to any agent in this market, based on personal relations. Aims & objectives- The APMC was introduced to safeguard the farmers from exploitation by creditors and other intermediaries. The committee also ensures that the farm to retail price does not reach unreasonably elevated levels and timely payments are made to the farmers via the auctions in the APMC markets. Issues/challenges with APMCs- 1. Fragmentation of markets 2. Incidents of high market fees or charges. 3. Fewer markets 4. Fewer credit facilities 5. Restrictions were imposed in licensing 6. Asymmetrical market information 7. Less remuneration to farmers and high intermediation cost 8. Inadequate marketing infrastructure The ambitious target of doubling farmers" income by 2022 cannot be achieved without developing a thriving market of agriculture. Hence, it is high time that focus must shift from agricultural production to agricultural marketing
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##Question:What is Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC)? Discuss its aims, objectives along with the issues associated with it. (200 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction of APMC Mention their aims & objectives, Highlight their shortcomings Then logically conclude the answer. Answer: Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) is the market committee established under the APMC act enacted by various state governments as agriculture is a state subject. Under the APMC acts, States are geographically divided into markets that are headed by market committees, and any products in that area shall be brought to a market committee for sale. In this Market committee (popularly called Mandi) there are commissions agents (called arhatiyas) who hold licenses and are allotted a shop in the market. Farmer and buyer have the discretion to go to any agent in this market, based on personal relations. Aims & objectives- The APMC was introduced to safeguard the farmers from exploitation by creditors and other intermediaries. The committee also ensures that the farm to retail price does not reach unreasonably elevated levels and timely payments are made to the farmers via the auctions in the APMC markets. Issues/challenges with APMCs- 1. Fragmentation of markets 2. Incidents of high market fees or charges. 3. Fewer markets 4. Fewer credit facilities 5. Restrictions were imposed in licensing 6. Asymmetrical market information 7. Less remuneration to farmers and high intermediation cost 8. Inadequate marketing infrastructure The ambitious target of doubling farmers" income by 2022 cannot be achieved without developing a thriving market of agriculture. Hence, it is high time that focus must shift from agricultural production to agricultural marketing
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Non-alignment is not about neutrality but the freedom to decide on each issue on its merit. In the light of the statement, examine how India played an active part in international affairs during the Nehruvian era. (150 words/10 marks).
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APPROACH - In the introduction brief background for the emergence of NAM and its meaning - Mention India"s say in international affairs during the Nehruvian era - Brief conclusion ANSWER After World War II, the world was engaged in the cold war by forming two military blocks. In this scenario, India followed the policy of Non-Alignment and set its priority of fighting poverty, illiteracy, and building of the newly independent nation. Therefore, it did not join or approved western block or the Soviet Union. However, by Non-Alignment policy, India meant to have the freedom to weigh what is right or wrong in each issue and then take a stand in favor of the right. She was not neutral or inactive in international affairs. On the other hand, India took various bold initiatives and interventions considering India’s political and economic status at that time. India"s stand in international affairs during the Nehruvian era:- 1. Korean War: India voted against major powers in the UN to prevent the entry of outside powers in conflict. Further, India provided a formula to end the war and was made chairman of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to repatriate soldiers. 2. Indo-China war: India’s peaceful negotiations with major powers prevented the internationalization of the Indo-China conflict. It prevented the militarization of the region. Further, India was appointed chairman of the International Control Commission which supervised the import of armaments into the region. 3. Suez Canal crisis: At London Conference, India proposed the formula of Egyptian control, advisory role for users of canal, and dispute settlement following the UN Charter. It was met with widespread approval. Indian troops also participated in large numbers in the peace-keeping force. 4. Hungary Conflict: The Prime Minister condemned the Soviet Union"s intrusion in Hungary and withstood considerable pressure although Soviet support was important for the Kashmir issue. 5. Congo conflict: India played an important role in maintaining the integrity and independence of Congo. India’s proactive stand against foreign intervention in Congo"s civil war resulted in UNSC resolution. Indian armed forces successfully brought civil war to a close and restored the central government’s authority. 6. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Hence, under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 in New Delhi. Later India supported the Indonesian struggle for freedom from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949. 7. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process, firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the zenith of India"s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals. The Bandung Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM. The first Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Further, India received support from both blocks. The Soviet Union was the largest arms supplier to India. It built many dams, steel plants in India. On the other hand, the Green Revolution technology for agricultural development was backed by the United States.
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##Question:Non-alignment is not about neutrality but the freedom to decide on each issue on its merit. In the light of the statement, examine how India played an active part in international affairs during the Nehruvian era. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:APPROACH - In the introduction brief background for the emergence of NAM and its meaning - Mention India"s say in international affairs during the Nehruvian era - Brief conclusion ANSWER After World War II, the world was engaged in the cold war by forming two military blocks. In this scenario, India followed the policy of Non-Alignment and set its priority of fighting poverty, illiteracy, and building of the newly independent nation. Therefore, it did not join or approved western block or the Soviet Union. However, by Non-Alignment policy, India meant to have the freedom to weigh what is right or wrong in each issue and then take a stand in favor of the right. She was not neutral or inactive in international affairs. On the other hand, India took various bold initiatives and interventions considering India’s political and economic status at that time. India"s stand in international affairs during the Nehruvian era:- 1. Korean War: India voted against major powers in the UN to prevent the entry of outside powers in conflict. Further, India provided a formula to end the war and was made chairman of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to repatriate soldiers. 2. Indo-China war: India’s peaceful negotiations with major powers prevented the internationalization of the Indo-China conflict. It prevented the militarization of the region. Further, India was appointed chairman of the International Control Commission which supervised the import of armaments into the region. 3. Suez Canal crisis: At London Conference, India proposed the formula of Egyptian control, advisory role for users of canal, and dispute settlement following the UN Charter. It was met with widespread approval. Indian troops also participated in large numbers in the peace-keeping force. 4. Hungary Conflict: The Prime Minister condemned the Soviet Union"s intrusion in Hungary and withstood considerable pressure although Soviet support was important for the Kashmir issue. 5. Congo conflict: India played an important role in maintaining the integrity and independence of Congo. India’s proactive stand against foreign intervention in Congo"s civil war resulted in UNSC resolution. Indian armed forces successfully brought civil war to a close and restored the central government’s authority. 6. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Hence, under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 in New Delhi. Later India supported the Indonesian struggle for freedom from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949. 7. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonization process, firmly opposed racism, particularly the apartheid in South Africa. The Afro Asian Bandung Conference 1955, marked the zenith of India"s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African Nationals. The Bandung Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM. The first Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961. Further, India received support from both blocks. The Soviet Union was the largest arms supplier to India. It built many dams, steel plants in India. On the other hand, the Green Revolution technology for agricultural development was backed by the United States.
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What is a Subsidy? Discuss Indirect Subsidy and issues associated with it in the agricultural sector. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question-What is Subsidy? Discuss Indirect Subsidy and issues associated with it. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Define Subsidy Mention the types of Subsidy Discuss the issues associated with the Subsidy write the side effects of Subsidy Conclude briefly What is a subsidy? The starting point of Indian Agriculture that is concerned with food insecurity necessitated the provision of subsidies on fertilizers, electricity, etc. Incentive farming and production growth were motivators for this policy intervention. Subsidies are Transfer Payments from the government i.e. there is no exchange of good and service TYPES OF SUBSIDY A. Direct Subsidy B. Indirect Subsidy (mostly) Direct subsidies include direct cash transfers to the farmers. Indirect subsidies are in-kind transfers where the beneficiaries get the product at subsidized prices FERTILIZER SUBSIDY The selling price of the Urea is statutorily fixed by the government and the difference between the delivered cost of fertilizers at the farm gate under selling price payable by the farmer is given as subsidy to the manufacturer. The subsidy amount varies between manufacturers depending on the production cost. Nutrient Based Subsidy Each kilogram of Potash and Phosphorus fertilizer receives a fixed amount of rupees as a subsidy that is directly paid to the manufacturer. The final price is unregulated and determined in the market. Issues with Indirect subsidies Indirect subsidies in the form of Price interventions create inefficiencies in the market because they create incentives for fraud diversion and waste The benefits of these subsidies are cornered mostly by the large farmers. It imposes a heavy burden on the government in the form of logistics and administrative costs. The timing of delivery can have consequences on efficiency. Indirect subsidies provide less freedom to beneficiaries as compared to cash. The inefficiencies created by the indirect subsidies pose a threat to the sustainability of subsidies themselves. This necessitates a shift towards direct subsidies. Why Subsidies are bad overall? It leads to wastage of resources as there is no incentives to use the resource efficiently. It can also lead to adverse consequences. E.g. destroying soil fertility, depletion of groundwater, etc. It imposes a heavy burden on the fiscal resources of the government It compromises on the capital investment in the Agriculture Conclusion: The agriculture sector which provides >40% of employment, contributes only 16-17% of GDP which shows the problems and issues the farmers are facing. Hence farm subsidies with an intention to improve the agriculture sector help to achieve the government"s aim of doubling the farmer"s income by 2022 and also helps India to achieve double-digit growth by ensuring food security.
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##Question:What is a Subsidy? Discuss Indirect Subsidy and issues associated with it in the agricultural sector. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question-What is Subsidy? Discuss Indirect Subsidy and issues associated with it. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Define Subsidy Mention the types of Subsidy Discuss the issues associated with the Subsidy write the side effects of Subsidy Conclude briefly What is a subsidy? The starting point of Indian Agriculture that is concerned with food insecurity necessitated the provision of subsidies on fertilizers, electricity, etc. Incentive farming and production growth were motivators for this policy intervention. Subsidies are Transfer Payments from the government i.e. there is no exchange of good and service TYPES OF SUBSIDY A. Direct Subsidy B. Indirect Subsidy (mostly) Direct subsidies include direct cash transfers to the farmers. Indirect subsidies are in-kind transfers where the beneficiaries get the product at subsidized prices FERTILIZER SUBSIDY The selling price of the Urea is statutorily fixed by the government and the difference between the delivered cost of fertilizers at the farm gate under selling price payable by the farmer is given as subsidy to the manufacturer. The subsidy amount varies between manufacturers depending on the production cost. Nutrient Based Subsidy Each kilogram of Potash and Phosphorus fertilizer receives a fixed amount of rupees as a subsidy that is directly paid to the manufacturer. The final price is unregulated and determined in the market. Issues with Indirect subsidies Indirect subsidies in the form of Price interventions create inefficiencies in the market because they create incentives for fraud diversion and waste The benefits of these subsidies are cornered mostly by the large farmers. It imposes a heavy burden on the government in the form of logistics and administrative costs. The timing of delivery can have consequences on efficiency. Indirect subsidies provide less freedom to beneficiaries as compared to cash. The inefficiencies created by the indirect subsidies pose a threat to the sustainability of subsidies themselves. This necessitates a shift towards direct subsidies. Why Subsidies are bad overall? It leads to wastage of resources as there is no incentives to use the resource efficiently. It can also lead to adverse consequences. E.g. destroying soil fertility, depletion of groundwater, etc. It imposes a heavy burden on the fiscal resources of the government It compromises on the capital investment in the Agriculture Conclusion: The agriculture sector which provides >40% of employment, contributes only 16-17% of GDP which shows the problems and issues the farmers are facing. Hence farm subsidies with an intention to improve the agriculture sector help to achieve the government"s aim of doubling the farmer"s income by 2022 and also helps India to achieve double-digit growth by ensuring food security.
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Discuss the reasons for a falling LFPR amongst women in India. What can be the possible consequences? (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: Start with a brief definition of LFPR, along with mentioning the LFPR for women in India. Provide some statistics to show that LFPR amongst women is decreasing in India. Highlight the reasons behind this falling trend, and some expected results of declining LFPR amongst women. Conclude by giving some suggestions for improvement. Answer: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is understood as the section of the working population in the age group 15-64, which are employed at present or are seeking employment. It is a very important metric to ascertain the unemployment levels in a country, especially during lean phases of the economy. As per World Bank, LFPR for women in India has been one of the lowest in the world. It has been consistently declining in the last few years. Year/Quarter Female LFPR in India 2005 26% 2019 20.3% July-September 2020 16.1% The major reasons behind this decline are- The gender gap in higher education: As per World Bank, Tertiary level female enrolment was only 30% in 2019. This deficiency gets reflected in employment opportunities too. World Economic Forum data says that women form only 17 per cent of Cloud Computing and 24% of data science/artificial intelligence jobs. Unfavourable environment: Most workplaces, especially in rural areas lack the bare minimum infrastructure for the female workforce like clean washrooms. Incidents of sexual harassment at the workplace also make women reluctant to work. Mechanisation: Women labour got phased out substantially due to increased penetration of seed drillers, threshers and husking equipment in agriculture, power looms, button stitching machines and other textile machinery. Unintended consequences of initiatives: After the 2017 amendment in Maternity Benefits Act, employers, mainly smaller organisations and at entry-level jobs, may perceive women as additional costs if they go for 24 weeks of paid maternity leave. Income Effect: Increasing household incomes nudged families to withdraw women from labour as a sign of prosperity. Economic Survey 2018 mentioned that as family income rises, many women choose to indulge in leisure and hobbies. Social biases : The time spent on unpaid care and domestic work make proper women participation difficult in formal or informal workplaces. Women are also less likely to resume work post-pregnancy or transfer of spouse. This employment disparity can result in: Economic costs: World Economic Forum estimated in 2018 that gender parity in all sectors can boost Indian GDP by 27%. The fact assumes more significance in the backdrop of the economic slump post-Covid. Reversal of gains: Lack of economic independence would translate to a reduction of freedom over one’s life. It can effectively roll back decades of progress on the women"s empowerment front. The absence of women from the workforce can further deepen societal biases. Women now have more options for education and work than before. At this crucial time, sincere steps on policy formulation & implementation, and most importantly for increasing awareness will go a long way in achieving the dream of gender parity as dreamt by our founding fathers
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##Question:Discuss the reasons for a falling LFPR amongst women in India. What can be the possible consequences? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a brief definition of LFPR, along with mentioning the LFPR for women in India. Provide some statistics to show that LFPR amongst women is decreasing in India. Highlight the reasons behind this falling trend, and some expected results of declining LFPR amongst women. Conclude by giving some suggestions for improvement. Answer: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is understood as the section of the working population in the age group 15-64, which are employed at present or are seeking employment. It is a very important metric to ascertain the unemployment levels in a country, especially during lean phases of the economy. As per World Bank, LFPR for women in India has been one of the lowest in the world. It has been consistently declining in the last few years. Year/Quarter Female LFPR in India 2005 26% 2019 20.3% July-September 2020 16.1% The major reasons behind this decline are- The gender gap in higher education: As per World Bank, Tertiary level female enrolment was only 30% in 2019. This deficiency gets reflected in employment opportunities too. World Economic Forum data says that women form only 17 per cent of Cloud Computing and 24% of data science/artificial intelligence jobs. Unfavourable environment: Most workplaces, especially in rural areas lack the bare minimum infrastructure for the female workforce like clean washrooms. Incidents of sexual harassment at the workplace also make women reluctant to work. Mechanisation: Women labour got phased out substantially due to increased penetration of seed drillers, threshers and husking equipment in agriculture, power looms, button stitching machines and other textile machinery. Unintended consequences of initiatives: After the 2017 amendment in Maternity Benefits Act, employers, mainly smaller organisations and at entry-level jobs, may perceive women as additional costs if they go for 24 weeks of paid maternity leave. Income Effect: Increasing household incomes nudged families to withdraw women from labour as a sign of prosperity. Economic Survey 2018 mentioned that as family income rises, many women choose to indulge in leisure and hobbies. Social biases : The time spent on unpaid care and domestic work make proper women participation difficult in formal or informal workplaces. Women are also less likely to resume work post-pregnancy or transfer of spouse. This employment disparity can result in: Economic costs: World Economic Forum estimated in 2018 that gender parity in all sectors can boost Indian GDP by 27%. The fact assumes more significance in the backdrop of the economic slump post-Covid. Reversal of gains: Lack of economic independence would translate to a reduction of freedom over one’s life. It can effectively roll back decades of progress on the women"s empowerment front. The absence of women from the workforce can further deepen societal biases. Women now have more options for education and work than before. At this crucial time, sincere steps on policy formulation & implementation, and most importantly for increasing awareness will go a long way in achieving the dream of gender parity as dreamt by our founding fathers
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Discuss the reasons for a falling LFPR amongst women in India.What can be the possible consequences?(10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach We can start with a brief definition of LFPR, along with mentioning the LFPR for women in India. We can give some statistics to show that LFPR amongst women is decreasing in India. As per the order of the question, we will first cover the reasons behind this falling trend, and then we can cover some expected results of declining LFPR amongst women. We must conclude by giving some suggestions for improvement. Answer - Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is understood as the section of the working population in the age group 15-64, which are employed at present or are seeking employment. It is a very important metric to ascertain the unemployment levels in a country, especially during lean phases of the economy. As per World Bank, LFPR for women in India has been one of the lowest in the world. It has been consistently declining in the last few years. Year/Quarter Female LFPR in India 2005 26% 2019 20.3% July-September 2020 16.1% Year/quarter Female LFPR in India 2005 26% 2019 20.3% July-September 16.1% The major reasons behind this decline are- The gender gap in higher education: As per World Bank, Tertiary level female enrolment was only 30% in 2019. This deficiency gets reflected in employment opportunities too. World Economic Forum data says that women form only 17 per cent of Cloud Computing and 24% of data science/artificial intelligence jobs. Unfavourable environment: Most workplaces, especially in rural areas lack the bare minimum infrastructure for the female workforce like clean washrooms. Incidents of sexual harassment at the workplace also make women reluctant to work. Mechanisation: Women labour got phased out substantially due to increased penetration of seed drillers, threshers and husking equipment in agriculture, power looms, button stitching machines and other textile machinery. Unintended consequences of initiatives: After the 2017 amendment in Maternity Benefits Act, employers, mainly smaller organisations and at entry-level jobs, may perceive women as additional costs if they go for 24 weeks of paid maternity leave. Income Effect: Increasing household incomes nudged families to withdraw women from labour as a sign of prosperity. Economic Survey 2018 mentioned that as family income rises, many women choose to indulge in leisure and hobbies. Social biases: The time spent on unpaid care and domestic work make proper women participation difficult in formal or informal workplaces. Women are also less likely to resume work post-pregnancy or transfer of spouse. This employment disparity can result in: · Economic costs : World Economic Forum estimated in 2018 that gender parity in all sectors can boost Indian GDP by 27%. The fact assumes more significance in the backdrop of the economic slump post-Covid. Reversal of gains: Lack of economic independence would translate to a reduction of freedom over one’s life. It can effectively roll back decades of progress on the women empowerment front. The absence of women from the workforce can further deepen societal biases. Women now have more options for education and work than before. At this crucial time, sincere steps on policy formulation & implementation, and most importantly for increasing awareness will go a long way in achieving the dream of gender parity as dreamt by our founding fathers.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons for a falling LFPR amongst women in India.What can be the possible consequences?(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach We can start with a brief definition of LFPR, along with mentioning the LFPR for women in India. We can give some statistics to show that LFPR amongst women is decreasing in India. As per the order of the question, we will first cover the reasons behind this falling trend, and then we can cover some expected results of declining LFPR amongst women. We must conclude by giving some suggestions for improvement. Answer - Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is understood as the section of the working population in the age group 15-64, which are employed at present or are seeking employment. It is a very important metric to ascertain the unemployment levels in a country, especially during lean phases of the economy. As per World Bank, LFPR for women in India has been one of the lowest in the world. It has been consistently declining in the last few years. Year/Quarter Female LFPR in India 2005 26% 2019 20.3% July-September 2020 16.1% Year/quarter Female LFPR in India 2005 26% 2019 20.3% July-September 16.1% The major reasons behind this decline are- The gender gap in higher education: As per World Bank, Tertiary level female enrolment was only 30% in 2019. This deficiency gets reflected in employment opportunities too. World Economic Forum data says that women form only 17 per cent of Cloud Computing and 24% of data science/artificial intelligence jobs. Unfavourable environment: Most workplaces, especially in rural areas lack the bare minimum infrastructure for the female workforce like clean washrooms. Incidents of sexual harassment at the workplace also make women reluctant to work. Mechanisation: Women labour got phased out substantially due to increased penetration of seed drillers, threshers and husking equipment in agriculture, power looms, button stitching machines and other textile machinery. Unintended consequences of initiatives: After the 2017 amendment in Maternity Benefits Act, employers, mainly smaller organisations and at entry-level jobs, may perceive women as additional costs if they go for 24 weeks of paid maternity leave. Income Effect: Increasing household incomes nudged families to withdraw women from labour as a sign of prosperity. Economic Survey 2018 mentioned that as family income rises, many women choose to indulge in leisure and hobbies. Social biases: The time spent on unpaid care and domestic work make proper women participation difficult in formal or informal workplaces. Women are also less likely to resume work post-pregnancy or transfer of spouse. This employment disparity can result in: · Economic costs : World Economic Forum estimated in 2018 that gender parity in all sectors can boost Indian GDP by 27%. The fact assumes more significance in the backdrop of the economic slump post-Covid. Reversal of gains: Lack of economic independence would translate to a reduction of freedom over one’s life. It can effectively roll back decades of progress on the women empowerment front. The absence of women from the workforce can further deepen societal biases. Women now have more options for education and work than before. At this crucial time, sincere steps on policy formulation & implementation, and most importantly for increasing awareness will go a long way in achieving the dream of gender parity as dreamt by our founding fathers.
| 72,208
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Discuss in detail the various sources of information about the interior of the earth. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Start by explaining briefly that understanding the basic structure of the earth is very important to learn higher concepts well. Also, the origin of many phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunami, etc. is linked with the structure of the earth’s interior. Body: The question is straightforward from the basics and there isn’t much to deliberate, one is expected to ponder upon the sources of information about the interior of the earth. Talk about the direct; Rocks from the mining area, volcanic eruptions, etc., and indirect sources (Meteors, Gravity anomaly, magnetic sources, etc.); use a schematic to present them. Explain in detail how they help us understand the Earth’s interior. Conclusion: Conclude with importance. Answer: The structure of the earth can be inferred from both direct and indirect sources of information. Direct Sources include: 1. Deep drilling in oceans: it tells the characteristics of rocks in the earth"s crust, but it doesn"t go too deep. The deepest drilling project is in South Africa which goes till 4km in depth. The maximum depth up to which we have been able to drill is 12km 2. Volcanoes: Through this, we can analyze the material from the earth’s interior. The lava coming on the surface of the earth during the explosion of a volcano brings certain materials from inside the earth which shows the magnetic nature of magma. 3. Mining: The mines are dug to obtain minerals and precious metals from inside the earth"s crust. eg. gold mine in brazil Indirect sources include : 1. Seismic activity: Through the analysis of different types of earthquake waves, their speed and direction while passing through the earth’s interior. the waves generated due to the movement of tectonic plates (earthquake) travel in all directions, but reach the surface at different time periods, showing various layers of the earth of different densities. 2. Meteors: The earth is made up of the same material as that of the universe, therefore, the meteor can tell a lot about the interior of the earth. By analyzing the structure, mineralogy, etc. we can conclude about the earth’s interior as meteorites are the remnants of planets 3. Gravity : The anomaly of gravity at poles and equator shows the uneven distribution of magnetic material inside the earth, which also causes bulging at the core. 4. Density studies By analyzing the average density of the earth and its comparison to the density at the surface we can conclude the crust is lighter and the core is heavier The average density of the entire earth is 5.5 gm/cm cube Near to surface, it is between 2.7 to 3 gm/cm cube Density of core=13 gm /cm cube 5. Temperature and pressure studies- The temperature rises by 1 degree Celsius for every 32 meters near to the surface With the increase in depth higher pressure increases the melting point of rocks These sources reveal a lot about the three layers of the earth which are crust, mantle, and core, and hence are important to map the interior of the earth.
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##Question:Discuss in detail the various sources of information about the interior of the earth. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Start by explaining briefly that understanding the basic structure of the earth is very important to learn higher concepts well. Also, the origin of many phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunami, etc. is linked with the structure of the earth’s interior. Body: The question is straightforward from the basics and there isn’t much to deliberate, one is expected to ponder upon the sources of information about the interior of the earth. Talk about the direct; Rocks from the mining area, volcanic eruptions, etc., and indirect sources (Meteors, Gravity anomaly, magnetic sources, etc.); use a schematic to present them. Explain in detail how they help us understand the Earth’s interior. Conclusion: Conclude with importance. Answer: The structure of the earth can be inferred from both direct and indirect sources of information. Direct Sources include: 1. Deep drilling in oceans: it tells the characteristics of rocks in the earth"s crust, but it doesn"t go too deep. The deepest drilling project is in South Africa which goes till 4km in depth. The maximum depth up to which we have been able to drill is 12km 2. Volcanoes: Through this, we can analyze the material from the earth’s interior. The lava coming on the surface of the earth during the explosion of a volcano brings certain materials from inside the earth which shows the magnetic nature of magma. 3. Mining: The mines are dug to obtain minerals and precious metals from inside the earth"s crust. eg. gold mine in brazil Indirect sources include : 1. Seismic activity: Through the analysis of different types of earthquake waves, their speed and direction while passing through the earth’s interior. the waves generated due to the movement of tectonic plates (earthquake) travel in all directions, but reach the surface at different time periods, showing various layers of the earth of different densities. 2. Meteors: The earth is made up of the same material as that of the universe, therefore, the meteor can tell a lot about the interior of the earth. By analyzing the structure, mineralogy, etc. we can conclude about the earth’s interior as meteorites are the remnants of planets 3. Gravity : The anomaly of gravity at poles and equator shows the uneven distribution of magnetic material inside the earth, which also causes bulging at the core. 4. Density studies By analyzing the average density of the earth and its comparison to the density at the surface we can conclude the crust is lighter and the core is heavier The average density of the entire earth is 5.5 gm/cm cube Near to surface, it is between 2.7 to 3 gm/cm cube Density of core=13 gm /cm cube 5. Temperature and pressure studies- The temperature rises by 1 degree Celsius for every 32 meters near to the surface With the increase in depth higher pressure increases the melting point of rocks These sources reveal a lot about the three layers of the earth which are crust, mantle, and core, and hence are important to map the interior of the earth.
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What is meant by "On tap licensing"? Elaborate on the qualification required for getting a banking license.(150 words/10 marks )
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Approach Introduction write about the meaning of on-tap licensing. Body write about on tap licensing. Elaborate on the qualification. Conclusion conclude with the significance of On tap licensing ANSWER It is the “ON TAP “process that means wherever they think that they meet the criteria can apply for it and if they fulfill the criteria license will be given. An ‘on-tap’ facility would mean the RBI will accept applications and grant licenses for banks throughout the year. The policy allows aspirants to apply for a universal bank license at any time, subject to the fulfillment of the set conditions. It is for the first time in post nationalization phase that there comes such an open bank license policy. Eligible entities seeking universal bank licenses must be: Individuals/entities with at least 10 years of experience in banking and finance at a senior level or private companies or groups with at least 10 years of successful track record. Groups or companies applying for such licenses must have assets of Rs 5,000 crore or above and the non-financial businesses don’t account for 40% or more of these assets. To be eligible to apply for a small finance bank license: Individuals must have at least 10 years of experience in the banking and finance sector at senior levels. Groups, companies, existing payments banks, non-banking finance companies, microfinance companies, local area banks, and cooperative banks applying for these licenses must have at least five years of successful track record. As of now, India has 22 private sector banks. Recently in November 2020 RBI has given guidelines regarding Private banks. The key highlights ar Initial capital should be increased to 1000 crore. Big NBFCs and small finance banks should be converted into private banks. Even big corporate houses should be allowed to have banks if they meet the criteria. An internal working group (IWG) by RBI is of the opinion that it will promote competition and will expedite financial inclusion. But those who are against are of the opinion that it will result in the concentration of wealth and there will be risky loans given with connecting lending (Its where two corporate groups will fund each other’s risky projects. Moreover, the crisis also questioned that subclause which says that main promoters can have a 26 % stake. This is a very creative step for RBI to ensure the expansion of the banking sector and for creating competitiveness. It is also very important for financial inclusion, balanced regional growth, and inclusive growth.
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##Question:What is meant by "On tap licensing"? Elaborate on the qualification required for getting a banking license.(150 words/10 marks )##Answer:Approach Introduction write about the meaning of on-tap licensing. Body write about on tap licensing. Elaborate on the qualification. Conclusion conclude with the significance of On tap licensing ANSWER It is the “ON TAP “process that means wherever they think that they meet the criteria can apply for it and if they fulfill the criteria license will be given. An ‘on-tap’ facility would mean the RBI will accept applications and grant licenses for banks throughout the year. The policy allows aspirants to apply for a universal bank license at any time, subject to the fulfillment of the set conditions. It is for the first time in post nationalization phase that there comes such an open bank license policy. Eligible entities seeking universal bank licenses must be: Individuals/entities with at least 10 years of experience in banking and finance at a senior level or private companies or groups with at least 10 years of successful track record. Groups or companies applying for such licenses must have assets of Rs 5,000 crore or above and the non-financial businesses don’t account for 40% or more of these assets. To be eligible to apply for a small finance bank license: Individuals must have at least 10 years of experience in the banking and finance sector at senior levels. Groups, companies, existing payments banks, non-banking finance companies, microfinance companies, local area banks, and cooperative banks applying for these licenses must have at least five years of successful track record. As of now, India has 22 private sector banks. Recently in November 2020 RBI has given guidelines regarding Private banks. The key highlights ar Initial capital should be increased to 1000 crore. Big NBFCs and small finance banks should be converted into private banks. Even big corporate houses should be allowed to have banks if they meet the criteria. An internal working group (IWG) by RBI is of the opinion that it will promote competition and will expedite financial inclusion. But those who are against are of the opinion that it will result in the concentration of wealth and there will be risky loans given with connecting lending (Its where two corporate groups will fund each other’s risky projects. Moreover, the crisis also questioned that subclause which says that main promoters can have a 26 % stake. This is a very creative step for RBI to ensure the expansion of the banking sector and for creating competitiveness. It is also very important for financial inclusion, balanced regional growth, and inclusive growth.
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What is the objective of Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation )Act 2020? Discuss issues associated with it. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question-What is the objective of the Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation )Act 2020? Discuss issues associated with it. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Give a brief introduction of the Act. Mention the objective of Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation Act 2020) Discuss key features of the Act in brief Explain the issues associated with the Act Briefly conclude The Farmers" Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 allows intra-state and inter-state trade of farmers" produce beyond the physical premises of APMC markets. State governments are prohibited from levying any market fee, cess or levy outside APMC areas. Objective of the Act The Farming Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act 2020 aims to provide an eco-system that facilitates freedom of choice for farmers and traders with respect to the sale and purchase of agricultural produce outside of conventionally defined marketplaces that otherwise exist. Key Features Trade of farmers’ produce : The Ordinance allows intra-state and inter-state trade of farmers’ produce outside: (i) the physical premises of market yards run by market committees formed under the state APMC Acts and (ii) other markets notified under the state APMC Acts. Such trade can be conducted in an ‘outside trade area’, i.e., any place of production, collection, and aggregation of farmers’ produce including: (i) farm gates, (ii) factory premises, (iii) warehouses, (iv) silos, and (v) cold storages. Electronic trading : The Ordinance permits the electronic trading of scheduled farmers’ produce (agricultural produce regulated under any state APMC Act) in the specified trade area. An electronic trading and transaction platform may be set up to facilitate the direct and online buying and selling of such produce through electronic devices and internet. The following entities may establish and operate such platforms: (i) companies, partnership firms, or registered societies, having permanent account number under the Income Tax Act, 1961 or any other document notified by the central government, and (ii) a farmer producer organisation or agricultural cooperative society. Market fee abolished : The Ordinance prohibits state governments from levying any market fee, cess or levy on farmers, traders, and electronic trading platforms for trade of farmers’ produce conducted in an ‘outside trade area’. Issue with the Act Dual regulation: it creates a distinction between APMC Mandis (regulated by State Governments ) and the Trade areas (under the central Acts) thus risking a regulatory maze The failure of a clear mechanism to record, collect and collate data renders all the transactions in new trade areas invisible and the entire marketing system opaque. The absence of data is a serious obstacle to ensuring contestability and competition among buyers. It can also hamper the creation of government policy on trade and food security. In absence of a thick market with many players, transactions in new trade areas could break into bargaining islands leaving price setting to the relative bargaining power of the farmer vis-a-vis the buyer. Dispute Resolution Mechanism relies on the receipt the farmers receive as proof and on the Sub-district Magistrates rather than Civil Court. Without the interoperability of the electronic platforms, it will lead to fragmentation of the market rather than unification. There are also questions about the creation of market infrastructure in the trade areas. Though the legislation provides more choice to farmers to sell their produce, efforts should be taken to also address the apprehensions and issues associated with the Act.
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##Question:What is the objective of Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation )Act 2020? Discuss issues associated with it. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question-What is the objective of the Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation )Act 2020? Discuss issues associated with it. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Give a brief introduction of the Act. Mention the objective of Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation Act 2020) Discuss key features of the Act in brief Explain the issues associated with the Act Briefly conclude The Farmers" Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 allows intra-state and inter-state trade of farmers" produce beyond the physical premises of APMC markets. State governments are prohibited from levying any market fee, cess or levy outside APMC areas. Objective of the Act The Farming Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act 2020 aims to provide an eco-system that facilitates freedom of choice for farmers and traders with respect to the sale and purchase of agricultural produce outside of conventionally defined marketplaces that otherwise exist. Key Features Trade of farmers’ produce : The Ordinance allows intra-state and inter-state trade of farmers’ produce outside: (i) the physical premises of market yards run by market committees formed under the state APMC Acts and (ii) other markets notified under the state APMC Acts. Such trade can be conducted in an ‘outside trade area’, i.e., any place of production, collection, and aggregation of farmers’ produce including: (i) farm gates, (ii) factory premises, (iii) warehouses, (iv) silos, and (v) cold storages. Electronic trading : The Ordinance permits the electronic trading of scheduled farmers’ produce (agricultural produce regulated under any state APMC Act) in the specified trade area. An electronic trading and transaction platform may be set up to facilitate the direct and online buying and selling of such produce through electronic devices and internet. The following entities may establish and operate such platforms: (i) companies, partnership firms, or registered societies, having permanent account number under the Income Tax Act, 1961 or any other document notified by the central government, and (ii) a farmer producer organisation or agricultural cooperative society. Market fee abolished : The Ordinance prohibits state governments from levying any market fee, cess or levy on farmers, traders, and electronic trading platforms for trade of farmers’ produce conducted in an ‘outside trade area’. Issue with the Act Dual regulation: it creates a distinction between APMC Mandis (regulated by State Governments ) and the Trade areas (under the central Acts) thus risking a regulatory maze The failure of a clear mechanism to record, collect and collate data renders all the transactions in new trade areas invisible and the entire marketing system opaque. The absence of data is a serious obstacle to ensuring contestability and competition among buyers. It can also hamper the creation of government policy on trade and food security. In absence of a thick market with many players, transactions in new trade areas could break into bargaining islands leaving price setting to the relative bargaining power of the farmer vis-a-vis the buyer. Dispute Resolution Mechanism relies on the receipt the farmers receive as proof and on the Sub-district Magistrates rather than Civil Court. Without the interoperability of the electronic platforms, it will lead to fragmentation of the market rather than unification. There are also questions about the creation of market infrastructure in the trade areas. Though the legislation provides more choice to farmers to sell their produce, efforts should be taken to also address the apprehensions and issues associated with the Act.
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What do you mean by Naxalism? Write the causes for the rise of Naxalism in India? (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach Introduce in brief about Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism In the body, causes for the rise of Naxalism in India Conclude briefly with steps taken by govt. Answer Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism is a powerful extremist movement targetted against the Indian state and has been referred to as the gravest internal security threat by the former PM of India As per the reports of the Ministry of Home Affairs, more than 13,000 people have lost their lives since the year 2000 as a result of Naxal violence. Naxalism as a movement slowly and gradually expanded from Naxalbari to more than 200 districts This region is affected by Naxal violence that extends from Andhra Pradesh in the South to Nepal bordering districts in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar is infamously referred to as Red Corridor ie from Tirupati to Pashupati, etc. The objective of Naxalism is a violent revolution to overthrow the Indian state and establishment of Communist rule in India. Also, the annihilation of class enemies and to overthrow of Paramilitary democracy. Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism emerged after two decades of independence. The people of Naxalbari, a small village in Darjeeling District were facing hardships in the form of exploitation by the Zamindars, moneylenders and petty officials. During the struggle for independence, land reforms were high on the agenda of the government but the Government failed in its task of bringing the land reforms. This fuelled the discontent against the state among the people of Naxalbari in addition to their exploitation by the rich and the powerful. It is this discontent and continued exploitation that led to the evolution of a left-wing extremist movement referred to as the Naxalbari Movement. It was a violent movement that was agrarian in nature and was supported by the communist revolutionaries. The leaders of this movement including Charu Majumdar believed in violence and were inspired by the philosophy of Mao Zedong of China Causes for the rise of Naxalism in India: Land related issues - Failure of implementation of land reforms, forced evictions and displacement for developmental projects, mining; exploitation by money lenders and zamindars, etc Also implementation of strict forest laws such as the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, etc More than 40% of tribals/Adivasis were displaced as a result of mega power projects which comprise nearly 8% of the population Non-implementation of Constitutional measures related to affairs of Tribals - The provisions of Schedule 5, Article 244, Tribal Advisory Councils (TAC), etc have not been able to protect the rights of tribals as not implemented properly Also, violation of fundamental rights such as Article 14, 15, etc Denial of Social Justice - In Bihar specifically there was a rise to exploitation by the upper-caste; lack of justice and grievance redressal mechanism Vaccum of Governance - Lack of basic necessities are missing for example in Dantewada only around 15% of households have access to tap waters Educational facilities are abysmal and seem as if the government has abdicated its responsibility Absence of Physical and social infrastructure - Most of Naxal affected areas are remotely located with poor accessibility; Lack of hospitals, schools, etc Law and order - Vested interests of anti-social elements; support from external state actors like China such as arms, ammunition and funds Also, there is a criminal nexus between politicians, bureaucrats and Naxalites which has promoted Naxalism in India, etc Steps were taken by the government in this regard: SAMADHAN - stands for Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation and training, Actionable Intelligence, Dashboard Based KPIs (key performance indicators) and KRAs (key result areas), Harnessing technology, an Action plan for each theatre, and No access to financing. Police Modernization Scheme in areas affected by Naxal movements. Mine Protected Vehicles (MPV) to reduce the number of casualties due to the use of IEDs by the Naxalites. Special Infrastructure Scheme for funds to the States of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha to raise Special Task Force to combat LWE. Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: Under this the central Govt. reimburses security-related expenditure to the LWE affected state Governments. Aspirational District: Monitoring of Aspirational districts programme in 35 LWE affected districts, etc Apart from plugging all the above-mentioned loopholes in the present strategy of fighting Naxalism in India, this needs to be recognised by the civil society and the media to build pressure on the Left Wing Extremists to eschew violence, join the mainstream and recognise the fact that the socio-economic and political dynamics and aspirations of 21st Century India are far removed from the Maoist world-view.
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##Question:What do you mean by Naxalism? Write the causes for the rise of Naxalism in India? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief about Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism In the body, causes for the rise of Naxalism in India Conclude briefly with steps taken by govt. Answer Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism is a powerful extremist movement targetted against the Indian state and has been referred to as the gravest internal security threat by the former PM of India As per the reports of the Ministry of Home Affairs, more than 13,000 people have lost their lives since the year 2000 as a result of Naxal violence. Naxalism as a movement slowly and gradually expanded from Naxalbari to more than 200 districts This region is affected by Naxal violence that extends from Andhra Pradesh in the South to Nepal bordering districts in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar is infamously referred to as Red Corridor ie from Tirupati to Pashupati, etc. The objective of Naxalism is a violent revolution to overthrow the Indian state and establishment of Communist rule in India. Also, the annihilation of class enemies and to overthrow of Paramilitary democracy. Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism emerged after two decades of independence. The people of Naxalbari, a small village in Darjeeling District were facing hardships in the form of exploitation by the Zamindars, moneylenders and petty officials. During the struggle for independence, land reforms were high on the agenda of the government but the Government failed in its task of bringing the land reforms. This fuelled the discontent against the state among the people of Naxalbari in addition to their exploitation by the rich and the powerful. It is this discontent and continued exploitation that led to the evolution of a left-wing extremist movement referred to as the Naxalbari Movement. It was a violent movement that was agrarian in nature and was supported by the communist revolutionaries. The leaders of this movement including Charu Majumdar believed in violence and were inspired by the philosophy of Mao Zedong of China Causes for the rise of Naxalism in India: Land related issues - Failure of implementation of land reforms, forced evictions and displacement for developmental projects, mining; exploitation by money lenders and zamindars, etc Also implementation of strict forest laws such as the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, etc More than 40% of tribals/Adivasis were displaced as a result of mega power projects which comprise nearly 8% of the population Non-implementation of Constitutional measures related to affairs of Tribals - The provisions of Schedule 5, Article 244, Tribal Advisory Councils (TAC), etc have not been able to protect the rights of tribals as not implemented properly Also, violation of fundamental rights such as Article 14, 15, etc Denial of Social Justice - In Bihar specifically there was a rise to exploitation by the upper-caste; lack of justice and grievance redressal mechanism Vaccum of Governance - Lack of basic necessities are missing for example in Dantewada only around 15% of households have access to tap waters Educational facilities are abysmal and seem as if the government has abdicated its responsibility Absence of Physical and social infrastructure - Most of Naxal affected areas are remotely located with poor accessibility; Lack of hospitals, schools, etc Law and order - Vested interests of anti-social elements; support from external state actors like China such as arms, ammunition and funds Also, there is a criminal nexus between politicians, bureaucrats and Naxalites which has promoted Naxalism in India, etc Steps were taken by the government in this regard: SAMADHAN - stands for Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation and training, Actionable Intelligence, Dashboard Based KPIs (key performance indicators) and KRAs (key result areas), Harnessing technology, an Action plan for each theatre, and No access to financing. Police Modernization Scheme in areas affected by Naxal movements. Mine Protected Vehicles (MPV) to reduce the number of casualties due to the use of IEDs by the Naxalites. Special Infrastructure Scheme for funds to the States of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha to raise Special Task Force to combat LWE. Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: Under this the central Govt. reimburses security-related expenditure to the LWE affected state Governments. Aspirational District: Monitoring of Aspirational districts programme in 35 LWE affected districts, etc Apart from plugging all the above-mentioned loopholes in the present strategy of fighting Naxalism in India, this needs to be recognised by the civil society and the media to build pressure on the Left Wing Extremists to eschew violence, join the mainstream and recognise the fact that the socio-economic and political dynamics and aspirations of 21st Century India are far removed from the Maoist world-view.
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What do you mean by Naxalism? Write the causes for the rise of Naxalism in India? (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach Introduce in brief about Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism In the body, causes for the rise of Naxalism in India Conclude briefly with steps taken by govt. Answer Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism is a powerful extremist movement targetted against the Indian state and has been referred to as the gravest internal security threat by the former PM of India As per the reports of the Ministry of Home Affairs, more than 13,000 people have lost their lives since the year 2000 as a result of Naxal violence. Naxalism as a movement slowly and gradually expanded from Naxalbari to more than 200 districts This region is affected by Naxal violence that extends from Andhra Pradesh in the South to Nepal bordering districts in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar is infamously referred to as Red Corridor ie from Tirupati to Pashupati, etc. The objective of Naxalism is a violent revolution to overthrow the Indian state and establishment of Communist rule in India. Also, the annihilation of class enemies and to overthrow of Paramilitary democracy. Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism emerged after two decades of independence. The people of Naxalbari, a small village in Darjeeling District were facing hardships in the form of exploitation by the Zamindars, moneylenders and petty officials. During the struggle for independence, land reforms were high on the agenda of the government but the Government failed in its task of bringing the land reforms. This fuelled the discontent against the state among the people of Naxalbari in addition to their exploitation by the rich and the powerful. It is this discontent and continued exploitation that led to the evolution of a left-wing extremist movement referred to as the Naxalbari Movement. It was a violent movement that was agrarian in nature and was supported by the communist revolutionaries. The leaders of this movement including Charu Majumdar believed in violence and were inspired by the philosophy of Mao Zedong of China Causes for the rise of Naxalism in India: Land related issues - Failure of implementation of land reforms, forced evictions and displacement for developmental projects, mining; exploitation by money lenders and zamindars, etc Also implementation of strict forest laws such as the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, etc More than 40% of tribals/Adivasis were displaced as a result of mega power projects which comprise nearly 8% of the population Non-implementation of Constitutional measures related to affairs of Tribals - The provisions of Schedule 5, Article 244, Tribal Advisory Councils (TAC), etc have not been able to protect the rights of tribals as not implemented properly Also, violation of fundamental rights such as Article 14, 15, etc Denial of Social Justice - In Bihar specifically there was a rise to exploitation by the upper-caste; lack of justice and grievance redressal mechanism Vaccum of Governance - Lack of basic necessities are missing for example in Dantewada only around 15% of households have access to tap waters Educational facilities are abysmal and seem as if the government has abdicated its responsibility Absence of Physical and social infrastructure - Most of Naxal affected areas are remotely located with poor accessibility; Lack of hospitals, schools, etc Law and order - Vested interests of anti-social elements; support from external state actors like China such as arms, ammunition and funds Also, there is a criminal nexus between politicians, bureaucrats and Naxalites which has promoted Naxalism in India, etc Steps were taken by the government in this regard: SAMADHAN - stands for Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation and training, Actionable Intelligence, Dashboard Based KPIs (key performance indicators) and KRAs (key result areas), Harnessing technology, an Action plan for each theatre, and No access to financing. Police Modernization Scheme in areas affected by Naxal movements. Mine Protected Vehicles (MPV) to reduce the number of casualties due to the use of IEDs by the Naxalites. Special Infrastructure Scheme for funds to the States of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha to raise Special Task Force to combat LWE. Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: Under this the central Govt. reimburses security-related expenditure to the LWE affected state Governments. Aspirational District: Monitoring of Aspirational districts programme in 35 LWE affected districts, etc Apart from plugging all the above-mentioned loopholes in the present strategy of fighting Naxalism in India, this needs to be recognised by the civil society and the media to build pressure on the Left Wing Extremists to eschew violence, join the mainstream and recognise the fact that the socio-economic and political dynamics and aspirations of 21st Century India are far removed from the Maoist world-view.
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##Question:What do you mean by Naxalism? Write the causes for the rise of Naxalism in India? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief about Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism In the body, causes for the rise of Naxalism in India Conclude briefly with steps taken by govt. Answer Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism is a powerful extremist movement targetted against the Indian state and has been referred to as the gravest internal security threat by the former PM of India As per the reports of the Ministry of Home Affairs, more than 13,000 people have lost their lives since the year 2000 as a result of Naxal violence. Naxalism as a movement slowly and gradually expanded from Naxalbari to more than 200 districts This region is affected by Naxal violence that extends from Andhra Pradesh in the South to Nepal bordering districts in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar is infamously referred to as Red Corridor ie from Tirupati to Pashupati, etc. The objective of Naxalism is a violent revolution to overthrow the Indian state and establishment of Communist rule in India. Also, the annihilation of class enemies and to overthrow of Paramilitary democracy. Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)/Naxalism emerged after two decades of independence. The people of Naxalbari, a small village in Darjeeling District were facing hardships in the form of exploitation by the Zamindars, moneylenders and petty officials. During the struggle for independence, land reforms were high on the agenda of the government but the Government failed in its task of bringing the land reforms. This fuelled the discontent against the state among the people of Naxalbari in addition to their exploitation by the rich and the powerful. It is this discontent and continued exploitation that led to the evolution of a left-wing extremist movement referred to as the Naxalbari Movement. It was a violent movement that was agrarian in nature and was supported by the communist revolutionaries. The leaders of this movement including Charu Majumdar believed in violence and were inspired by the philosophy of Mao Zedong of China Causes for the rise of Naxalism in India: Land related issues - Failure of implementation of land reforms, forced evictions and displacement for developmental projects, mining; exploitation by money lenders and zamindars, etc Also implementation of strict forest laws such as the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, etc More than 40% of tribals/Adivasis were displaced as a result of mega power projects which comprise nearly 8% of the population Non-implementation of Constitutional measures related to affairs of Tribals - The provisions of Schedule 5, Article 244, Tribal Advisory Councils (TAC), etc have not been able to protect the rights of tribals as not implemented properly Also, violation of fundamental rights such as Article 14, 15, etc Denial of Social Justice - In Bihar specifically there was a rise to exploitation by the upper-caste; lack of justice and grievance redressal mechanism Vaccum of Governance - Lack of basic necessities are missing for example in Dantewada only around 15% of households have access to tap waters Educational facilities are abysmal and seem as if the government has abdicated its responsibility Absence of Physical and social infrastructure - Most of Naxal affected areas are remotely located with poor accessibility; Lack of hospitals, schools, etc Law and order - Vested interests of anti-social elements; support from external state actors like China such as arms, ammunition and funds Also, there is a criminal nexus between politicians, bureaucrats and Naxalites which has promoted Naxalism in India, etc Steps were taken by the government in this regard: SAMADHAN - stands for Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation and training, Actionable Intelligence, Dashboard Based KPIs (key performance indicators) and KRAs (key result areas), Harnessing technology, an Action plan for each theatre, and No access to financing. Police Modernization Scheme in areas affected by Naxal movements. Mine Protected Vehicles (MPV) to reduce the number of casualties due to the use of IEDs by the Naxalites. Special Infrastructure Scheme for funds to the States of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha to raise Special Task Force to combat LWE. Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: Under this the central Govt. reimburses security-related expenditure to the LWE affected state Governments. Aspirational District: Monitoring of Aspirational districts programme in 35 LWE affected districts, etc Apart from plugging all the above-mentioned loopholes in the present strategy of fighting Naxalism in India, this needs to be recognised by the civil society and the media to build pressure on the Left Wing Extremists to eschew violence, join the mainstream and recognise the fact that the socio-economic and political dynamics and aspirations of 21st Century India are far removed from the Maoist world-view.
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विपरीत परिस्थितियों में भी हमारे पास विकल्प होता है;या तो हम हताश हो सकते हैं या फिर हम बेहतर हो सकते हैं| (600-700 शब्द, 60 अंक) In the face of adversity, we have a choice, we can be bitter or we can be better.(600-700 words, 60 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- परिचय में समाज, राष्ट्र एवं विश्व स्तर के उदाहरणों को शामिल करना जैसे भारतीय इतिहास में विषम परिस्थितियों जैसे आपातकाल, वैश्विक स्तर पर जैसे कोविड 19 का उदाहरण, वैश्विक तापन के संदर्भ में प्रयास आदि 2- क्या सभी के पास सभी परिस्थितियों में चयन का विकल्प होता है; पर विश्लेषण कीजिये एवं उदाहरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये 3- चयन का अवसर मिलने पर किस प्रकार निर्णय लिया जाता है; बिंदु पर विश्लेषण और सम्बन्धित उदाहरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- बेहतर होने या हताश होने में अंतर का स्पष्टीकरण कीजिये 5- सकारात्मक दिशा में निष्कर्ष देते हुए निबंध को समाप्त कीजिये
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##Question:विपरीत परिस्थितियों में भी हमारे पास विकल्प होता है;या तो हम हताश हो सकते हैं या फिर हम बेहतर हो सकते हैं| (600-700 शब्द, 60 अंक) In the face of adversity, we have a choice, we can be bitter or we can be better.(600-700 words, 60 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- परिचय में समाज, राष्ट्र एवं विश्व स्तर के उदाहरणों को शामिल करना जैसे भारतीय इतिहास में विषम परिस्थितियों जैसे आपातकाल, वैश्विक स्तर पर जैसे कोविड 19 का उदाहरण, वैश्विक तापन के संदर्भ में प्रयास आदि 2- क्या सभी के पास सभी परिस्थितियों में चयन का विकल्प होता है; पर विश्लेषण कीजिये एवं उदाहरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये 3- चयन का अवसर मिलने पर किस प्रकार निर्णय लिया जाता है; बिंदु पर विश्लेषण और सम्बन्धित उदाहरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- बेहतर होने या हताश होने में अंतर का स्पष्टीकरण कीजिये 5- सकारात्मक दिशा में निष्कर्ष देते हुए निबंध को समाप्त कीजिये
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Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms.Hence, cannot be eradicated.Comment(10 Marks/150 words)
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APPROACH- Introduction- Briefly mention how the caste system has changed but not eradicated. Body- Elaborate on how the Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Conclude accordingly ANSWER- It was thought that with urbanization and modernity, caste barriers would reduce. With the advent of modern education and values, the younger generation is more accepting towards working, studying, cooperating, and employing people from other castes. Inter-dining, use of public transport, and merit-based employment has led to changes in the caste system. However, it is often believed that the caste system cannot be eradicated in India. REASONS FOR CASTE SYSTEM ASSUMING NEW IDENTITIES AND ASSOCIATIONAL FORMS: The caste-based reservation has strengthened caste identities. The recent Jat and Patidar agitation shows how caste-based identity unites people. The use of caste to mobilize votes is detrimental to society. The voting pattern of the citizens and candidate selection to contest elections by political parties is highly influenced by caste considerations. Continued practice of endogamy is also a manifestation of continued caste identity. Even on matrimonial sites, many people search for the same caste partner. Caste-based hostels and trade unions also ensure the importance given to caste. Even today lower castes have limited mobility and thus feel united under their caste identity. Eg. Manual scavengers are lower caste people and slums are also mostly inhabited by backward castes. The presence of extra-constitutional bodies like Khap Panchayats doesn’t allow people to violate caste norms. Caste system as an institution has been present in Indian society for centuries and can’t be eradicated in a few decades. Conclusion The government has taken affirmative actions to remove caste barriers and identities. Dereservation on the basis of social mapping, promoting exogamy, creating awareness through education can help to remove caste barriers.
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##Question:Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms.Hence, cannot be eradicated.Comment(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH- Introduction- Briefly mention how the caste system has changed but not eradicated. Body- Elaborate on how the Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Conclude accordingly ANSWER- It was thought that with urbanization and modernity, caste barriers would reduce. With the advent of modern education and values, the younger generation is more accepting towards working, studying, cooperating, and employing people from other castes. Inter-dining, use of public transport, and merit-based employment has led to changes in the caste system. However, it is often believed that the caste system cannot be eradicated in India. REASONS FOR CASTE SYSTEM ASSUMING NEW IDENTITIES AND ASSOCIATIONAL FORMS: The caste-based reservation has strengthened caste identities. The recent Jat and Patidar agitation shows how caste-based identity unites people. The use of caste to mobilize votes is detrimental to society. The voting pattern of the citizens and candidate selection to contest elections by political parties is highly influenced by caste considerations. Continued practice of endogamy is also a manifestation of continued caste identity. Even on matrimonial sites, many people search for the same caste partner. Caste-based hostels and trade unions also ensure the importance given to caste. Even today lower castes have limited mobility and thus feel united under their caste identity. Eg. Manual scavengers are lower caste people and slums are also mostly inhabited by backward castes. The presence of extra-constitutional bodies like Khap Panchayats doesn’t allow people to violate caste norms. Caste system as an institution has been present in Indian society for centuries and can’t be eradicated in a few decades. Conclusion The government has taken affirmative actions to remove caste barriers and identities. Dereservation on the basis of social mapping, promoting exogamy, creating awareness through education can help to remove caste barriers.
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स्वास्थ्य में निवेश बुद्धिमानी है (600-700 शब्द; 60 अंक) Health is a smart investment (600-700 words; 60 Marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में आप कोटेशन, फैक्ट, सम्बन्धित आंकड़ों के माध्यम से स्थिति को स्पष्ट कर सकते हैं| यहाँ आप किसी कहानी से शुरुआत कर सकते हैं| तेड्रोस एलहेनेम (WHO) के अनुसार- महामारी ने एक बार फिर से और मजबूती के साथ दिखा दिया है कि है कि स्वास्थ्य में निवेश न केवल सही कदम है अपितु स्मार्ट कदम भी है| यह हमारे साझे भविष्य में निवेश है 2- प्रथम भाग में स्पष्ट कीजिये कि आखिर स्वास्थ्य में निवेश स्मार्ट निवेश क्यों है| यहाँ आप विभिन्न स्तरों पर स्वास्त्य निवेश के लाभ बता सकते हैं| यहाँ आप निम्नलिखित लाभों के बारे में चर्चा कर सकते हैं- व्यक्ति के स्तर पर लाभ जैसेस्वास्थ्य सेवाओं का लाभ मिलने के प्रभावों की चर्चा जैसे RTE का लाभ उठा सकेगा, व्यक्ति जीवन की गुणवत्ता में सुधार के लिए खर्च कर पायेगा,मानव को मानव पूँजी के निर्माण में सहायक समाज के स्तर पर समाज की समृद्धि में सहायक, एकता में वृद्धि, सामुदायिकता में वृद्धि, तनाव, अलगाव कम होते हैं आर्थिक स्तर पर लाभ जैसे व्यक्ति की उत्पादकता बढ़ेगी जिसका प्रभाव पूरी अर्थव्यवस्था बढती है, आर्थिक दक्षता बढती है, रोजगार के अवसर, निर्यात को बढ़ावा, चिकित्सा पर्यटन, टेली मेडिसिन के लाभ राजनीतिक स्तर पर लाभ जैसे उत्पादकता कम होने से गरीबी बढती है जिससे लोग लोकतांत्रिक प्रणाली का लाभ नहीं ले पाते हैं, इससे लोकतांत्रिक समेकन होता है और स्वास्थ्य एक मूलभूत अधिकार है जनांकिकीय लाभांश का लाभ लेने हेतु ,वैश्विक महामारियों के बढ़ने के कारण निवेश आवश्यक. आदि को बता सकते हैं| 3- दूसरे भाग में स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में निवेश की स्थिति/चुनौतियां और उत्तरदायी कारको के बारे में बताइये| यहाँ आप तथ्यों और आंकड़ों का उपयोग कर सकते हैं जैसे सरकारी खर्च GDP के लगभग 2 % खर्च, कुल खर्च निजी और सकरारी खर्च GDP के लगभग 3.6 %, अन्य देशों में अधिक खर्च किया जाता है जैसे ब्राजील 9.2% 4- तीसरे भाग में आप भारत में स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में चुनौतियों की चर्चा कर सकते हैं जैसे वित्त की समस्या, निवेश कम है, मानव संसाधन की कमी, बेड-जनसंख्या अनुपात, डॉक्टर-जनसंख्या अनुपात, प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य को कम वरीयता, संक्रामक बीमारियों का बना होना साथ ही गैर संक्रामक रोगों का बढना, शोध और अनुसन्धान की गुणवत्ता कमजोर, स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं में क्षेत्रीय और वर्गीय असमानता, बीमा गहनता सीमित है, मानव संसाधन की गुणवत्ता का मुद्दा आदि के माध्यम से निवेश को आवश्यक सिद्ध कीजिये 5- अंतिम में सरकार के प्रयास, अपेक्षित पहल, पहलों की सीमाओं और सम्बन्धित सुझाव देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये
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##Question:स्वास्थ्य में निवेश बुद्धिमानी है (600-700 शब्द; 60 अंक) Health is a smart investment (600-700 words; 60 Marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में आप कोटेशन, फैक्ट, सम्बन्धित आंकड़ों के माध्यम से स्थिति को स्पष्ट कर सकते हैं| यहाँ आप किसी कहानी से शुरुआत कर सकते हैं| तेड्रोस एलहेनेम (WHO) के अनुसार- महामारी ने एक बार फिर से और मजबूती के साथ दिखा दिया है कि है कि स्वास्थ्य में निवेश न केवल सही कदम है अपितु स्मार्ट कदम भी है| यह हमारे साझे भविष्य में निवेश है 2- प्रथम भाग में स्पष्ट कीजिये कि आखिर स्वास्थ्य में निवेश स्मार्ट निवेश क्यों है| यहाँ आप विभिन्न स्तरों पर स्वास्त्य निवेश के लाभ बता सकते हैं| यहाँ आप निम्नलिखित लाभों के बारे में चर्चा कर सकते हैं- व्यक्ति के स्तर पर लाभ जैसेस्वास्थ्य सेवाओं का लाभ मिलने के प्रभावों की चर्चा जैसे RTE का लाभ उठा सकेगा, व्यक्ति जीवन की गुणवत्ता में सुधार के लिए खर्च कर पायेगा,मानव को मानव पूँजी के निर्माण में सहायक समाज के स्तर पर समाज की समृद्धि में सहायक, एकता में वृद्धि, सामुदायिकता में वृद्धि, तनाव, अलगाव कम होते हैं आर्थिक स्तर पर लाभ जैसे व्यक्ति की उत्पादकता बढ़ेगी जिसका प्रभाव पूरी अर्थव्यवस्था बढती है, आर्थिक दक्षता बढती है, रोजगार के अवसर, निर्यात को बढ़ावा, चिकित्सा पर्यटन, टेली मेडिसिन के लाभ राजनीतिक स्तर पर लाभ जैसे उत्पादकता कम होने से गरीबी बढती है जिससे लोग लोकतांत्रिक प्रणाली का लाभ नहीं ले पाते हैं, इससे लोकतांत्रिक समेकन होता है और स्वास्थ्य एक मूलभूत अधिकार है जनांकिकीय लाभांश का लाभ लेने हेतु ,वैश्विक महामारियों के बढ़ने के कारण निवेश आवश्यक. आदि को बता सकते हैं| 3- दूसरे भाग में स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में निवेश की स्थिति/चुनौतियां और उत्तरदायी कारको के बारे में बताइये| यहाँ आप तथ्यों और आंकड़ों का उपयोग कर सकते हैं जैसे सरकारी खर्च GDP के लगभग 2 % खर्च, कुल खर्च निजी और सकरारी खर्च GDP के लगभग 3.6 %, अन्य देशों में अधिक खर्च किया जाता है जैसे ब्राजील 9.2% 4- तीसरे भाग में आप भारत में स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में चुनौतियों की चर्चा कर सकते हैं जैसे वित्त की समस्या, निवेश कम है, मानव संसाधन की कमी, बेड-जनसंख्या अनुपात, डॉक्टर-जनसंख्या अनुपात, प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य को कम वरीयता, संक्रामक बीमारियों का बना होना साथ ही गैर संक्रामक रोगों का बढना, शोध और अनुसन्धान की गुणवत्ता कमजोर, स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं में क्षेत्रीय और वर्गीय असमानता, बीमा गहनता सीमित है, मानव संसाधन की गुणवत्ता का मुद्दा आदि के माध्यम से निवेश को आवश्यक सिद्ध कीजिये 5- अंतिम में सरकार के प्रयास, अपेक्षित पहल, पहलों की सीमाओं और सम्बन्धित सुझाव देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये
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Define Geomorphic processes and discuss the types of forces inducing them.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Start directly by defining Geomorphic processes as the introductory paragraph In main body explain the various forces acting to bring Geomorphic processes conclude with its importance Answer: Various forces from the earth"s interior as well as outside the earth"s surface cause physical stress and chemical actions on the earth"s material and bring about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth called geomorphic processes ,Geomorphic process means bringing about changes in the configuration of the Earths surface, due to physical stresses and chemical actions on materials present on earth. The physical and chemical actions are due to- 1)Endogenic 2)Exogenic Endogenetic forces : The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of the earth. This energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere. Due to variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, crustal thickness and strength, the action of endogenic forces are not uniform and hence the tectonically controlled original crustal surface is uneven. Diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes. Exogenetic forces: They are also called epigenetic forces while acting on the earth"s surface they originate from the above earth"s surface. The Source of energy here is sunlight and gravity that is, the exogenic processes derive their energy from the atmosphere determined by the ultimate energy from the sun and also the gradients created by tectonic factors. Gravitational force acts upon all earth materials having a sloping surface and tend to produce movement of matter in a downslope direction. Force applied per unit area is called stress. Stress is produced in a solid by pushing or pulling. This induces deformation. Forces acting along the faces of earth materials are shear stresses (separating forces). It is this stress that breaks rocks and other earth materials. The shear stresses result in angular displacement or slippage. Besides the gravitational stress earth materials become subjected to molecular stresses that may be caused by a number of factors amongst which temperature changes, crystallisation and melting are the most common. Chemical processes normally lead to the loosening of bonds between grains, and the dissolving of soluble minerals or cementing materials. Thus, the basic reason that leads to weathering, mass movements, and erosion is the development of stresses in the body of the earth"s materials As there are different climatic regions on the earth’s surface the exogenic geomorphic processes vary from region to region. Temperature and precipitation are the two important climatic elements that control various processes. Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes
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##Question:Define Geomorphic processes and discuss the types of forces inducing them.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Start directly by defining Geomorphic processes as the introductory paragraph In main body explain the various forces acting to bring Geomorphic processes conclude with its importance Answer: Various forces from the earth"s interior as well as outside the earth"s surface cause physical stress and chemical actions on the earth"s material and bring about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth called geomorphic processes ,Geomorphic process means bringing about changes in the configuration of the Earths surface, due to physical stresses and chemical actions on materials present on earth. The physical and chemical actions are due to- 1)Endogenic 2)Exogenic Endogenetic forces : The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of the earth. This energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere. Due to variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, crustal thickness and strength, the action of endogenic forces are not uniform and hence the tectonically controlled original crustal surface is uneven. Diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes. Exogenetic forces: They are also called epigenetic forces while acting on the earth"s surface they originate from the above earth"s surface. The Source of energy here is sunlight and gravity that is, the exogenic processes derive their energy from the atmosphere determined by the ultimate energy from the sun and also the gradients created by tectonic factors. Gravitational force acts upon all earth materials having a sloping surface and tend to produce movement of matter in a downslope direction. Force applied per unit area is called stress. Stress is produced in a solid by pushing or pulling. This induces deformation. Forces acting along the faces of earth materials are shear stresses (separating forces). It is this stress that breaks rocks and other earth materials. The shear stresses result in angular displacement or slippage. Besides the gravitational stress earth materials become subjected to molecular stresses that may be caused by a number of factors amongst which temperature changes, crystallisation and melting are the most common. Chemical processes normally lead to the loosening of bonds between grains, and the dissolving of soluble minerals or cementing materials. Thus, the basic reason that leads to weathering, mass movements, and erosion is the development of stresses in the body of the earth"s materials As there are different climatic regions on the earth’s surface the exogenic geomorphic processes vary from region to region. Temperature and precipitation are the two important climatic elements that control various processes. Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes
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India-China relations have reached a new mature stage where both countries are opposing each other as well as cooperating on certain matters. In the context of the above statement, analyze the current state of India-China relations? (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach : Introduction - Highlight the uniqueness of relations between India and China. Body - Explain the confronting issues between India and China, also discuss the positive side/efforts of India-China relations. Conclusion - Suggest measures to be taken by India in this regard. Answer : India has China both are growing economically and militarily at a fast pace. There is a conflict as well as cooperation between these two countries in this context relation between India and China becomes important. India - China relationship is based upon the "principle of simultaneous engagement". One hand both countries have engaged with each other very positively, however, at the same time, there lies many confronting issues between the two nations. India - China recent confront 1. NSG Membership - China opposed India’s entry to the elite club of nuclear power known as NSG by citing the fact that India is not signatory to the Non-Proliferation Treaty and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Here, purposefully China ignored the credential of India being the Nuclear responsible state regarding the non-proliferation of nuclear technology. 2. Fight against Terrorism - China blocking India’s efforts within the UN to designate Pakistan based terrorist Masood Azhar as a global terrorist. It shows China’s indifference towards major issues like terrorism for favoring his iron brother Pakistan. 3. Doklam stands off – 2 months-long showdown between India and China over the Dokhlam plateau in Bhutan was a high point in the relationship between India and China. China’s assertion on the plateau was hurting India’s strategic interest and Bhutan’s claim over the land. 4. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – India deemed the OBOR initiative of China as an example of neo-Imperialism. If India had joined OBOR it could have impacted India’s Geopolitical, Geo-economic interests especially regarding the issue of POK and CPEC. 5. J&K issue - China also expressed its opposition to India"s move to create a separate Union Territory of Ladakh, saying that there are areas of dispute between the two nations which, according to Beijing, affect China"s territorial integrity and sovereignty. 6. Staple visa issue - China considers Arunachal Pradesh as his part of this area is a bone of contention for the two. 7. Border issue - There are border disputes in Eastern as well as the western sector of India e.g. Aksa Chin, Arunanchal Pradesh, etc. Recent areas of Cooperation When the above-mentioned issues diverging the interests of both India and China. There are also many areas of cooperation between India-China which are strengthening the relationship between the two nations. 1. Issue of terrorism – China is working with India on the issue of terrorism in various international organizations such as the Shanghai cooperation organization, BRICS, Wuhan informal summit. China also agreed to place Pakistan on FATF terror financing greylist. 2. An informal summit in Wuhan between Modi and XI JIN PING took place. Both the countries agreed on China-India Plus format to work in third countries such as Afghanistan, Nepal, and Myanmar, etc. India-China under this format has conducted a joint training program for Afghan diplomats. In Mammalpuram informal summit issues like Multilateral trading system, Strategic issues, Sister state between Tamilnadu and Fujian, etc. were raised. 3. India and China have agreed on the Ten Pillars of Cooperation. This includes cooperation and traditional medicine, yoga, and education, on tourism, in films and television, in sports, etc. 4. India and China share the same concerns on the global stage such as World trade organization for agricultural subsidies and on the International monetary fund for reform in IMF. Given the bitterness that preceded this recent uptick in relations and again Doklam issue and continuing competition between the two, it seems unlikely that the bilateral relations will improve significantly. Despite the recent thaw, there is no decrease in the expansion of China’s military and diplomatic presence in India’s periphery. India’s Approach 1. External Balancing – India is continuing to build its partnership in the region surrounding China through ASEAN, and participating in QUAD etc. 2. India held inaugural two plus two plus dialogue with the USA and signed communication compatibility and security agreement. 3. Navy inaugurated The information fusion center based in Gurugram in NCR to coordinate maritime intelligence with multiple countries. India needs to continue with this pragmatic foreign policy approach while dealing with China. It needs to follow the policy of containment as well as engagement. For dealing with revisionist China, the formula has to be engagement whenever possible and containment wherever necessary.
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##Question:India-China relations have reached a new mature stage where both countries are opposing each other as well as cooperating on certain matters. In the context of the above statement, analyze the current state of India-China relations? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Highlight the uniqueness of relations between India and China. Body - Explain the confronting issues between India and China, also discuss the positive side/efforts of India-China relations. Conclusion - Suggest measures to be taken by India in this regard. Answer : India has China both are growing economically and militarily at a fast pace. There is a conflict as well as cooperation between these two countries in this context relation between India and China becomes important. India - China relationship is based upon the "principle of simultaneous engagement". One hand both countries have engaged with each other very positively, however, at the same time, there lies many confronting issues between the two nations. India - China recent confront 1. NSG Membership - China opposed India’s entry to the elite club of nuclear power known as NSG by citing the fact that India is not signatory to the Non-Proliferation Treaty and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Here, purposefully China ignored the credential of India being the Nuclear responsible state regarding the non-proliferation of nuclear technology. 2. Fight against Terrorism - China blocking India’s efforts within the UN to designate Pakistan based terrorist Masood Azhar as a global terrorist. It shows China’s indifference towards major issues like terrorism for favoring his iron brother Pakistan. 3. Doklam stands off – 2 months-long showdown between India and China over the Dokhlam plateau in Bhutan was a high point in the relationship between India and China. China’s assertion on the plateau was hurting India’s strategic interest and Bhutan’s claim over the land. 4. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – India deemed the OBOR initiative of China as an example of neo-Imperialism. If India had joined OBOR it could have impacted India’s Geopolitical, Geo-economic interests especially regarding the issue of POK and CPEC. 5. J&K issue - China also expressed its opposition to India"s move to create a separate Union Territory of Ladakh, saying that there are areas of dispute between the two nations which, according to Beijing, affect China"s territorial integrity and sovereignty. 6. Staple visa issue - China considers Arunachal Pradesh as his part of this area is a bone of contention for the two. 7. Border issue - There are border disputes in Eastern as well as the western sector of India e.g. Aksa Chin, Arunanchal Pradesh, etc. Recent areas of Cooperation When the above-mentioned issues diverging the interests of both India and China. There are also many areas of cooperation between India-China which are strengthening the relationship between the two nations. 1. Issue of terrorism – China is working with India on the issue of terrorism in various international organizations such as the Shanghai cooperation organization, BRICS, Wuhan informal summit. China also agreed to place Pakistan on FATF terror financing greylist. 2. An informal summit in Wuhan between Modi and XI JIN PING took place. Both the countries agreed on China-India Plus format to work in third countries such as Afghanistan, Nepal, and Myanmar, etc. India-China under this format has conducted a joint training program for Afghan diplomats. In Mammalpuram informal summit issues like Multilateral trading system, Strategic issues, Sister state between Tamilnadu and Fujian, etc. were raised. 3. India and China have agreed on the Ten Pillars of Cooperation. This includes cooperation and traditional medicine, yoga, and education, on tourism, in films and television, in sports, etc. 4. India and China share the same concerns on the global stage such as World trade organization for agricultural subsidies and on the International monetary fund for reform in IMF. Given the bitterness that preceded this recent uptick in relations and again Doklam issue and continuing competition between the two, it seems unlikely that the bilateral relations will improve significantly. Despite the recent thaw, there is no decrease in the expansion of China’s military and diplomatic presence in India’s periphery. India’s Approach 1. External Balancing – India is continuing to build its partnership in the region surrounding China through ASEAN, and participating in QUAD etc. 2. India held inaugural two plus two plus dialogue with the USA and signed communication compatibility and security agreement. 3. Navy inaugurated The information fusion center based in Gurugram in NCR to coordinate maritime intelligence with multiple countries. India needs to continue with this pragmatic foreign policy approach while dealing with China. It needs to follow the policy of containment as well as engagement. For dealing with revisionist China, the formula has to be engagement whenever possible and containment wherever necessary.
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The feminization of agriculture has led to women"s empowerment.To what extent, do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer.(10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach:- A brief introduction to the role of women in agriculture and relation to empowerment. Mention how the feminization of agriculture led to women empowerment Drawbacks/challenges of the feminization of agriculture Conclusion Answer: Feminization of agriculture means increasing the participation of women in agricultural activities. According to Agricultural Census 2011, there has been a 24% increase in the number of female agricultural labourers between 2001 and 2011 in India. This is due to agricultural distress, migration of men to urban areas, poverty, etc. Positive impact: To some extent, this has led to women"s empowerment as women have access to economic resources which empowers them to have more say in the household. It is giving women a sense of self-dependence and confidence. The positive role of cooperatives and SHGs has also led to an improved condition of women agricultural cultivators and labourers. However, the increasing trend of feminization of agriculture has posed more challenges that have prevented women"s empowerment. CHALLENGES DUE TO FEMINIZATION OF AGRICULTURE: The biggest issue is access to land ownership. Due to the non-ownership of land, women are not able to avail benefits of government schemes or take formal loans. This leaves them at the mercy of money lenders who charge a very high-interest rate. Women are often involved in lower-rung labour-intensive farming activities as men operate most of the machinery. Also, there is a wage differential between men and women labourers. Women have a dual burden of working in the field and taking care of household responsibilities. Women agricultural labourers face sexual harassment and violence in the workplace. There is resistance from a patriarchal society. This is aggravated by the fact that even if women are taking care of the farm, the decision-making will be done by her husband. Women lack any training and knowledge about farming practices, agricultural inputs, government facilities, etc. Conclusion The above issues show that the feminization of agriculture has created a potential for women"s empowerment but doesn’t guarantee it. It highlights the urgency to have some policy initiatives so that feminization of agriculture doesn’t lead to feminization of poverty such as equal pay for equal work, female-friendly agricultural tools, and machinery, training of women cultivators. Most importantly there is a need to secure their land and property rights so that they can access formal credit and avail government schemes.
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##Question:The feminization of agriculture has led to women"s empowerment.To what extent, do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach:- A brief introduction to the role of women in agriculture and relation to empowerment. Mention how the feminization of agriculture led to women empowerment Drawbacks/challenges of the feminization of agriculture Conclusion Answer: Feminization of agriculture means increasing the participation of women in agricultural activities. According to Agricultural Census 2011, there has been a 24% increase in the number of female agricultural labourers between 2001 and 2011 in India. This is due to agricultural distress, migration of men to urban areas, poverty, etc. Positive impact: To some extent, this has led to women"s empowerment as women have access to economic resources which empowers them to have more say in the household. It is giving women a sense of self-dependence and confidence. The positive role of cooperatives and SHGs has also led to an improved condition of women agricultural cultivators and labourers. However, the increasing trend of feminization of agriculture has posed more challenges that have prevented women"s empowerment. CHALLENGES DUE TO FEMINIZATION OF AGRICULTURE: The biggest issue is access to land ownership. Due to the non-ownership of land, women are not able to avail benefits of government schemes or take formal loans. This leaves them at the mercy of money lenders who charge a very high-interest rate. Women are often involved in lower-rung labour-intensive farming activities as men operate most of the machinery. Also, there is a wage differential between men and women labourers. Women have a dual burden of working in the field and taking care of household responsibilities. Women agricultural labourers face sexual harassment and violence in the workplace. There is resistance from a patriarchal society. This is aggravated by the fact that even if women are taking care of the farm, the decision-making will be done by her husband. Women lack any training and knowledge about farming practices, agricultural inputs, government facilities, etc. Conclusion The above issues show that the feminization of agriculture has created a potential for women"s empowerment but doesn’t guarantee it. It highlights the urgency to have some policy initiatives so that feminization of agriculture doesn’t lead to feminization of poverty such as equal pay for equal work, female-friendly agricultural tools, and machinery, training of women cultivators. Most importantly there is a need to secure their land and property rights so that they can access formal credit and avail government schemes.
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Discuss the Nebular hypothesis and Planetesimal theory related to the origin of the Solar system. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly write about the solar system & its origin. Cover points on the Nebular hypothesis related to the origin of the Solar system. Cover points on Planetesimal theory. Conclusion. Answer: The solar system originated around 4.8 billion years ago. The origin of the solar system can be explained using two types of theories, Evolutionary and Catastrophic. Evolutionary Theory is explained by the Gaseous Hypothesis (proposed by Kant) and Nebular Hypothesis (by Laplace). while there are two types of catastrophic theory that is Planetesimal theory (proposed by Chamberlin and Moulton) and Tidal theory (given by Jeans & Jeffrey). Nebular hypothesis : It was proposed by Laplace. It is a type of evolutionary theory and as per this theory, the materials of the solar system condensed into the sun, and simultaneously planets originated as isolated masses of matter from a single cloud of gasses. Therefore the sun and the planets are of the same age. Laplace, in the Nebular hypothesis, established that a pre-existing gaseous nebula was there in a rotating state with the gradual cooling of the nebula its size started to decrease which led to more spinning and the temperature started to rise at the centre. Gradually it resulted in the formation of a flat disk. The rings of matter got ejected (due to centrifugal force) from this disc which condensed. The matter in the ring condensed to form planets. Planetesimal theory: Proposed by Chamberlin and Moulton. The theory assumes the existence of a system of binary stars with a proto-star accompanied by a companion star. As the companion star came near to the proto-star, the gravitational pull resulted in the ejection of matter from the proto-star which gradually evolved into planets. The matter which came out of the proto-star initially condensed to form small bodies called planetesimal which merged together to form planets. The order and arrangement of the planets and other bodies in our solar system are due to the way the solar system is formed. Nearest to the Sun, only rocky material could withstand the heat when the solar system was young. For this reason, the first four planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars- are terrestrial planets. They are all small with solid, rocky surfaces.
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##Question:Discuss the Nebular hypothesis and Planetesimal theory related to the origin of the Solar system. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about the solar system & its origin. Cover points on the Nebular hypothesis related to the origin of the Solar system. Cover points on Planetesimal theory. Conclusion. Answer: The solar system originated around 4.8 billion years ago. The origin of the solar system can be explained using two types of theories, Evolutionary and Catastrophic. Evolutionary Theory is explained by the Gaseous Hypothesis (proposed by Kant) and Nebular Hypothesis (by Laplace). while there are two types of catastrophic theory that is Planetesimal theory (proposed by Chamberlin and Moulton) and Tidal theory (given by Jeans & Jeffrey). Nebular hypothesis : It was proposed by Laplace. It is a type of evolutionary theory and as per this theory, the materials of the solar system condensed into the sun, and simultaneously planets originated as isolated masses of matter from a single cloud of gasses. Therefore the sun and the planets are of the same age. Laplace, in the Nebular hypothesis, established that a pre-existing gaseous nebula was there in a rotating state with the gradual cooling of the nebula its size started to decrease which led to more spinning and the temperature started to rise at the centre. Gradually it resulted in the formation of a flat disk. The rings of matter got ejected (due to centrifugal force) from this disc which condensed. The matter in the ring condensed to form planets. Planetesimal theory: Proposed by Chamberlin and Moulton. The theory assumes the existence of a system of binary stars with a proto-star accompanied by a companion star. As the companion star came near to the proto-star, the gravitational pull resulted in the ejection of matter from the proto-star which gradually evolved into planets. The matter which came out of the proto-star initially condensed to form small bodies called planetesimal which merged together to form planets. The order and arrangement of the planets and other bodies in our solar system are due to the way the solar system is formed. Nearest to the Sun, only rocky material could withstand the heat when the solar system was young. For this reason, the first four planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars- are terrestrial planets. They are all small with solid, rocky surfaces.
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In recent years relation between India and USA has acquired depth and diversity. Discuss the key features, prospects, and challenges of this relationship? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Give a brief intro about the depth and diversified relations between INDIA and USA. Discuss the key features, prospects and challenges with some examples Conclude with a way forward. Answer : Relations between India and the United States have seen a substantial improvement in the last two decades with a convergence of views on many issues. From the president, Bill Clinton to Donald Trump all has ensured the long-lasting ties between India and the U.S. The Trump administration made India eligible for defence-related technologies under a “strategic trade authorization,” going a step further than the Obama administration, which had designated India as a “major defence partner.” Key features and prospects: Cooperation of Nuclear Energy: - More than thousands of Indian scientist between 1955-75 participated in US nuclear energy research projects. Design work for the Trombay reprocessing facility, assisting in building and fuelling the Tarapur reactors, Bilateral dialogues and visits: More than 50 bilateral dialogues were held, there have been regular contacts at political and official levels on bilateral, regional and global issues. 2+2 Dialogue: the dialogue is seen as the vehicle to elevate the strategic relations between the two countries as well as pave the way for future summits. Frequent visits between the heads of the two countries: 2015 President Obama visits India on republic day as chief guest. Later on, in 2016 Modi visits USA for multilateral Nuclear security summit and the US Recognised India as a “Major Defence Partner”. Defence Cooperation: it emerged as a major pillar of India-US strategic partnership. The signing of “New Framework for India-US Defence Relations” in 2005 has resulted in intensification in defence trade, joint exercises, personnel exchanges, collaboration and cooperation in maritime security and counter-piracy and exchange between each of three services. For example Malabar exercise, RIMPAC, Defence Technology and Trade Initiative etc. It is expected that at the end of this year India and the United States will conduct a new bilateral tri-services exercise, which was announced at two-plus-two dialogue. Last month, two Indian naval ships – INS Kolkata and INS Shakti – participated in a joint naval exercise with the United States, the Philippines, and Japan. This significant naval event has been viewed as India offering support to the Philippines in its claims over disputed parts of the South China Sea. Foundational Agreements: The three agreements- Logistics support agreement (LEMOA), COMCASA and Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for geospatial Cooperation (BECA) are referred to as the foundational agreements which the U.S signs with countries with which it has close military ties. In 2018 India has been recognized as a Strategic Trade Authorization-1 (STA-1) country. It eases controls on high-technology dual-use exports. Counter-terrorism and internal security: India-US counter-terrorism cooperation was signed in 2010 to expand collaboration on counter-terrorism, information sharing and capacity building and consequently a HOMELAND SECURITY DIALOGUE was announced. Economic cooperation: India is currently 9th largest goods trading partner with $87.5 billion in total (two way) goods trade during 2018. Goods exports totalled $33.1 billion; goods imports totalled $54.4 billion. The U.S. goods trade deficit with India was $21.3 billion in 2018. Challenges: However, on strategic issues, the convergence between India and the United States is limited at present. In fact, there are significant divergences. Peaceful neighbour: On Pakistan, India and the United States continue to have divergent views. US military and civil aid to Pakistan and the continuing support for terrorism from Pakistan is a matter of grave security concern for India. The United States has also been maintaining near silence on Chinese plans to supply additional reactors to Pakistan. Trade ties are also a source of tensions. India has been a huge beneficiary of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program, but the Trump administration is moving ahead to end it. The GSP is a preferential trade program that gives developing countries like India easier access to the American market by reducing duties on their exports. New Delhi has been forced to stop concessional oil imports from both Iran and Venezuela and these heavy-handed American tactics have led to a sharp rise in India’s oil import bill. India’s energy security requires the stable Middle East and New Delhi cannot be expected to downgrade its profile in the region. The United States has also been critical of India’s bid to purchase the Russian made S-400 air defence system. Washington argues that if India buys the S-400, it will violate the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA). The biggest challenge New Delhi faces is that if it defies American diktat, there would be economic sanctions as well as restrictions on high-tech defence cooperation with Washington. But if India cancels the S-400 deal, its traditional ties with Russia are bound to suffer. IPR Issue: The main difference between the two sides stems from the fact that while the US sees IPR purely from the commercial point of view, India sees it as a development measure. USTR claimed that India has maintained extremely high custom duties directed towards IP-intensive products such as medical devices, pharmaceuticals, ICT products, solar energy equipment etc, USTR retained India on the special 301 report priority watch list. US-China Trade war: India’ rise is ensured by the stable global economic order but the trade war between the USA and China poses a threat to India’s dream. The disputes between the two nations have heated up the global economic order which has its own repercussions on India’s trade. Sanctions on IRAN: India’s relation with Iran is the most crucial and important aspect to connect India to Central Asia. So far, the United States has exempted the Iranian port of Chabahar – which lets India bypass Pakistan to create a transportation corridor to Afghanistan – from punitive sanctions, but many in India remain deeply suspicious of America’s future intentions. Way forward: New Delhi is required to balance its relations deftly, at a time of rising U.S.-China confrontation It is high time for the leadership and the diplomatic machinery on both sides to sit down and seriously negotiate. While India and the United States both call for a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific, targeting China’s intransigence over security matters, India joins China and Russia to call out the United States’ unilateral trade protectionism. The interlocutors of the Modi government must convincingly argue before Pompeo that a long-term American commitment to India in the Indo-Pacific region is the only way to operationalize the vast potential in Indo-U.S. strategic relationship into concrete policy outcomes while preparing India as a credible counterweight to the Chinese power in Asia.
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##Question:In recent years relation between India and USA has acquired depth and diversity. Discuss the key features, prospects, and challenges of this relationship? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Give a brief intro about the depth and diversified relations between INDIA and USA. Discuss the key features, prospects and challenges with some examples Conclude with a way forward. Answer : Relations between India and the United States have seen a substantial improvement in the last two decades with a convergence of views on many issues. From the president, Bill Clinton to Donald Trump all has ensured the long-lasting ties between India and the U.S. The Trump administration made India eligible for defence-related technologies under a “strategic trade authorization,” going a step further than the Obama administration, which had designated India as a “major defence partner.” Key features and prospects: Cooperation of Nuclear Energy: - More than thousands of Indian scientist between 1955-75 participated in US nuclear energy research projects. Design work for the Trombay reprocessing facility, assisting in building and fuelling the Tarapur reactors, Bilateral dialogues and visits: More than 50 bilateral dialogues were held, there have been regular contacts at political and official levels on bilateral, regional and global issues. 2+2 Dialogue: the dialogue is seen as the vehicle to elevate the strategic relations between the two countries as well as pave the way for future summits. Frequent visits between the heads of the two countries: 2015 President Obama visits India on republic day as chief guest. Later on, in 2016 Modi visits USA for multilateral Nuclear security summit and the US Recognised India as a “Major Defence Partner”. Defence Cooperation: it emerged as a major pillar of India-US strategic partnership. The signing of “New Framework for India-US Defence Relations” in 2005 has resulted in intensification in defence trade, joint exercises, personnel exchanges, collaboration and cooperation in maritime security and counter-piracy and exchange between each of three services. For example Malabar exercise, RIMPAC, Defence Technology and Trade Initiative etc. It is expected that at the end of this year India and the United States will conduct a new bilateral tri-services exercise, which was announced at two-plus-two dialogue. Last month, two Indian naval ships – INS Kolkata and INS Shakti – participated in a joint naval exercise with the United States, the Philippines, and Japan. This significant naval event has been viewed as India offering support to the Philippines in its claims over disputed parts of the South China Sea. Foundational Agreements: The three agreements- Logistics support agreement (LEMOA), COMCASA and Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for geospatial Cooperation (BECA) are referred to as the foundational agreements which the U.S signs with countries with which it has close military ties. In 2018 India has been recognized as a Strategic Trade Authorization-1 (STA-1) country. It eases controls on high-technology dual-use exports. Counter-terrorism and internal security: India-US counter-terrorism cooperation was signed in 2010 to expand collaboration on counter-terrorism, information sharing and capacity building and consequently a HOMELAND SECURITY DIALOGUE was announced. Economic cooperation: India is currently 9th largest goods trading partner with $87.5 billion in total (two way) goods trade during 2018. Goods exports totalled $33.1 billion; goods imports totalled $54.4 billion. The U.S. goods trade deficit with India was $21.3 billion in 2018. Challenges: However, on strategic issues, the convergence between India and the United States is limited at present. In fact, there are significant divergences. Peaceful neighbour: On Pakistan, India and the United States continue to have divergent views. US military and civil aid to Pakistan and the continuing support for terrorism from Pakistan is a matter of grave security concern for India. The United States has also been maintaining near silence on Chinese plans to supply additional reactors to Pakistan. Trade ties are also a source of tensions. India has been a huge beneficiary of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program, but the Trump administration is moving ahead to end it. The GSP is a preferential trade program that gives developing countries like India easier access to the American market by reducing duties on their exports. New Delhi has been forced to stop concessional oil imports from both Iran and Venezuela and these heavy-handed American tactics have led to a sharp rise in India’s oil import bill. India’s energy security requires the stable Middle East and New Delhi cannot be expected to downgrade its profile in the region. The United States has also been critical of India’s bid to purchase the Russian made S-400 air defence system. Washington argues that if India buys the S-400, it will violate the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA). The biggest challenge New Delhi faces is that if it defies American diktat, there would be economic sanctions as well as restrictions on high-tech defence cooperation with Washington. But if India cancels the S-400 deal, its traditional ties with Russia are bound to suffer. IPR Issue: The main difference between the two sides stems from the fact that while the US sees IPR purely from the commercial point of view, India sees it as a development measure. USTR claimed that India has maintained extremely high custom duties directed towards IP-intensive products such as medical devices, pharmaceuticals, ICT products, solar energy equipment etc, USTR retained India on the special 301 report priority watch list. US-China Trade war: India’ rise is ensured by the stable global economic order but the trade war between the USA and China poses a threat to India’s dream. The disputes between the two nations have heated up the global economic order which has its own repercussions on India’s trade. Sanctions on IRAN: India’s relation with Iran is the most crucial and important aspect to connect India to Central Asia. So far, the United States has exempted the Iranian port of Chabahar – which lets India bypass Pakistan to create a transportation corridor to Afghanistan – from punitive sanctions, but many in India remain deeply suspicious of America’s future intentions. Way forward: New Delhi is required to balance its relations deftly, at a time of rising U.S.-China confrontation It is high time for the leadership and the diplomatic machinery on both sides to sit down and seriously negotiate. While India and the United States both call for a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific, targeting China’s intransigence over security matters, India joins China and Russia to call out the United States’ unilateral trade protectionism. The interlocutors of the Modi government must convincingly argue before Pompeo that a long-term American commitment to India in the Indo-Pacific region is the only way to operationalize the vast potential in Indo-U.S. strategic relationship into concrete policy outcomes while preparing India as a credible counterweight to the Chinese power in Asia.
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The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were so many empire-shaking battles fought at Panipat? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- Introduction: Give a brief introduction about Panipat Body: Explain the reasons which made Panipat an important location Conclude: with a general statement on Panipat"s importance Answer: In history, Panipat has been at forefront of many important battles viz between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi, Akbar and Hemu, Marathas, and Ahmad Shah Abdali. There are various reasons for such decisive battles to take place in Panipat. Reasons for major battles taking place at Panipat Strategic location- Panipat is located on way from Delhi towards the Hindu Kush pass which was the major entry for any ruler trying to enter India. It was located on the Grand Trunk Road and could be easily accessed by any invader from Punjab and Afghanistan. Distance from Delhi- Panipat located at a short distance from Delhi allowed the ruler to mobilize his forces easily and much faster. The challenger could easily wait for a ruler to come and face outside Delhi without having to enter inside the territory. Plain structure of land topography- The topography of Panipat is of plain structure which made it suitable for the movement of cavalry. Large armies could make use of their strength without having to rely much on strategy. In addition, tactics such as guerrilla became useless in Panipat. This was one of the reasons for the defeat of Marathas. The presence of a large number of artisans- Panipat and its surrounding regions is famous for artisans such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and others that were very important for making weapons and instruments for battle. The easy availability of such resources made Panipat a good option for staging battles. Presence of warrior classes Panipat and its surrounding regions host a large number of martial classes that constitute major soldiers for armies. Groups such as Jats, Gujjars, Sikhs, and Rajput were available nearby so that they could be mobilized on short notice. Climatic conditions: Climatic conditions in Panipat were very suitable for long battles. The rainy season is very short and there is a long dry season. The attacking enemy could be at a disadvantage if scorch earth policy was implemented. Conclusion: Panipat was of immense strategic importance to India in the pre-modern era. It was located along the banks of Yamuna and near Delhi. It used to be commonly said that whoever controlled Delhi, controlled North India. Delhi itself was located in an excellent position: between two agriculturally prosperous regions i.e. the plains of the Indus and the plains of the Ganges. All empire-shaking challenges in India would have been made against the ruler who controlled Delhi, thus, giving Panipat an important role in the battle.
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##Question:The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were so many empire-shaking battles fought at Panipat? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- Introduction: Give a brief introduction about Panipat Body: Explain the reasons which made Panipat an important location Conclude: with a general statement on Panipat"s importance Answer: In history, Panipat has been at forefront of many important battles viz between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi, Akbar and Hemu, Marathas, and Ahmad Shah Abdali. There are various reasons for such decisive battles to take place in Panipat. Reasons for major battles taking place at Panipat Strategic location- Panipat is located on way from Delhi towards the Hindu Kush pass which was the major entry for any ruler trying to enter India. It was located on the Grand Trunk Road and could be easily accessed by any invader from Punjab and Afghanistan. Distance from Delhi- Panipat located at a short distance from Delhi allowed the ruler to mobilize his forces easily and much faster. The challenger could easily wait for a ruler to come and face outside Delhi without having to enter inside the territory. Plain structure of land topography- The topography of Panipat is of plain structure which made it suitable for the movement of cavalry. Large armies could make use of their strength without having to rely much on strategy. In addition, tactics such as guerrilla became useless in Panipat. This was one of the reasons for the defeat of Marathas. The presence of a large number of artisans- Panipat and its surrounding regions is famous for artisans such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and others that were very important for making weapons and instruments for battle. The easy availability of such resources made Panipat a good option for staging battles. Presence of warrior classes Panipat and its surrounding regions host a large number of martial classes that constitute major soldiers for armies. Groups such as Jats, Gujjars, Sikhs, and Rajput were available nearby so that they could be mobilized on short notice. Climatic conditions: Climatic conditions in Panipat were very suitable for long battles. The rainy season is very short and there is a long dry season. The attacking enemy could be at a disadvantage if scorch earth policy was implemented. Conclusion: Panipat was of immense strategic importance to India in the pre-modern era. It was located along the banks of Yamuna and near Delhi. It used to be commonly said that whoever controlled Delhi, controlled North India. Delhi itself was located in an excellent position: between two agriculturally prosperous regions i.e. the plains of the Indus and the plains of the Ganges. All empire-shaking challenges in India would have been made against the ruler who controlled Delhi, thus, giving Panipat an important role in the battle.
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons which led to the evolution of the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly about the concept of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan In Body mention the reasons for the slogan Conclude briefly with balanced view Answer: The slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan " was given by the former Prime Minister of India Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1965 to honour the two biggest pillars soldiers and farmers of the Indian democracy. He strongly believed that soldiers and farmers are the backbones of Indian society and the nation needs to respect them and take care of their issues. Reasons for the Evolution of the Slogan: At the time of independence India did not have enough food to feed its population. It"s economy was also not so strong to purchase the same. It had to invest in basic industrial development for the growth. The barganning power at international platform especially with the United States of America. The wars had drained the scarce resources it had. There was the need to encourage the farmers and soldiers also needed emotional support. Significance : It filled new energy to the two sectors. Green revolution was one major outcome that removed indian dependency on others for its food. India had suffered a moral breakdown at both fronts for the losses in indo-china war in 1962. Self sufficiency in food helped india to focus on others sector of economy. The dual threat of hunger and wars needed urgent attention and it could have been solved only with the support of farmers and the soldiers. Hence the slogan - jai jawan jai kisan.
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Discuss the impact of patriarchy on middle class working women.(150 words/10 Marks)
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APPROACH: Write about the middle class. Discuss the impact of patriarchy on working women of the middle class. Conclude with a few suggestions ANSWER: The middle class is in the stage of transition as they are typically flag bearers of tradition and want to emulate upper-class values. Cultural lag still prevails in these classes as the peripheral values have changed with time but core values remain the same. The proportion of working women in this class has increased but is impacted by patriarchal values. IMPACT AT FAMILY LEVEL: Working women have to face the dual burden of managing work and the household. Household work is considered as the domain of women with the men having no responsibility for chores. Women are not considered as breadwinners of the family. Their income is considered supplementary in nature. As soon as family income increases, domestication of women starts, and women are forced to leave their job. Women usually take career breaks due to reproductive roles or the transfer of husband/family. A woman’s career becomes secondary to family obligations. Even if a woman is working, she has no financial autonomy or control over her own salary. Thus working women lack economic empowerment. IN LABOUR MARKET: There are Pink-collared jobs that are considered suitable for women such as a nurse, teacher, etc. Hence even the nature of jobs to be performed by women is prescribed by society. Female employees are seldom considered for promotions above a certain grade. An invisible Glass ceiling prevents women from reaching top ranks in an organization. There exists a wage gap as women are usually employed in low-skilled and low-paying jobs. For example, the Indian IT sector has a wage gap of 27%. Women face the issue of sexual harassment at the workplace. The security and safety concerns restrict women from working night shifts, travelling long distances etc. making them less suitable for being hired by an employer. AT SOCIETAL LEVEL: Middle-class working women face an ironic situation wherein their financial contribution to the household is appreciated but the very act of working is frowned upon. Working women are sometimes ostracised by family members who consider women should ideally take care of the household and be involved in nurturing kids. Conclusion Maternity Benefits Act, Prevention of Sexual Harassment at Workplace, SheBox, etc. are a few steps taken by the government to improve the conditions of working of women. More stringent laws and their effective implementation to ensure the security of women, change in societal attitude, moral overhauling, better pay for women are required to ensure that middle class working women.
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##Question:Discuss the impact of patriarchy on middle class working women.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Write about the middle class. Discuss the impact of patriarchy on working women of the middle class. Conclude with a few suggestions ANSWER: The middle class is in the stage of transition as they are typically flag bearers of tradition and want to emulate upper-class values. Cultural lag still prevails in these classes as the peripheral values have changed with time but core values remain the same. The proportion of working women in this class has increased but is impacted by patriarchal values. IMPACT AT FAMILY LEVEL: Working women have to face the dual burden of managing work and the household. Household work is considered as the domain of women with the men having no responsibility for chores. Women are not considered as breadwinners of the family. Their income is considered supplementary in nature. As soon as family income increases, domestication of women starts, and women are forced to leave their job. Women usually take career breaks due to reproductive roles or the transfer of husband/family. A woman’s career becomes secondary to family obligations. Even if a woman is working, she has no financial autonomy or control over her own salary. Thus working women lack economic empowerment. IN LABOUR MARKET: There are Pink-collared jobs that are considered suitable for women such as a nurse, teacher, etc. Hence even the nature of jobs to be performed by women is prescribed by society. Female employees are seldom considered for promotions above a certain grade. An invisible Glass ceiling prevents women from reaching top ranks in an organization. There exists a wage gap as women are usually employed in low-skilled and low-paying jobs. For example, the Indian IT sector has a wage gap of 27%. Women face the issue of sexual harassment at the workplace. The security and safety concerns restrict women from working night shifts, travelling long distances etc. making them less suitable for being hired by an employer. AT SOCIETAL LEVEL: Middle-class working women face an ironic situation wherein their financial contribution to the household is appreciated but the very act of working is frowned upon. Working women are sometimes ostracised by family members who consider women should ideally take care of the household and be involved in nurturing kids. Conclusion Maternity Benefits Act, Prevention of Sexual Harassment at Workplace, SheBox, etc. are a few steps taken by the government to improve the conditions of working of women. More stringent laws and their effective implementation to ensure the security of women, change in societal attitude, moral overhauling, better pay for women are required to ensure that middle class working women.
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महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए।(150-200 शब्द, अंक- 10) Briefly discuss the various factors affecting oceanic salinity. (150-200 words, Marks - 10 )
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एप्रोच - महासागरीय लवणता की संक्षिप्त चर्चा करते हुए तथा उसके वितरण को मानचित्र में दर्शाते हुए भूमिका लिखिए| महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों की बिंदुवार चर्चा कीजिए| संक्षिप्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - महासागरीय जल विभिन्न प्रकार के लवणों का मिश्रण है| सागरीय जल में ठोस घुलनशील पदार्थ की प्रतिशत मात्रा को लवणता कहते है अर्थात सागरीय जल के भार एवं उसमें घुले हुए पदार्थों के भार के अनुपात को सागरीय लवणता कहते हैं| सामान्य रूप में समुद्री लवणता को प्रति हजार ग्राम जल में स्थित लवण की मात्रा या ppt के रूप में दर्शाया जाता है| महासागरों की औसत लवणता 35% होती है| सागरीय लवणता का संघटन -> अधिकतम सोडियम क्लोराइड (70%) मैग्नीशियम क्लोराइड मैग्नीशियम सल्फेट कैल्शियम सल्फेट महासागरीय लवणता का वितरण ---> विषुवतीय क्षेत्र - औसत से कम (34%); कारण- वर्षा अधिक, दैनिक तापांतर अपेक्षाकृत कम, बादल, शांत क्षेत्र आदि उष्णकटिबंधीय क्षेत्र - अधिकतम; कारण - दैनिक तापमान अधिक, प्रचलित पवन की उपस्थिती, आकाश साफ आदि ध्रुवीय क्षेत्र - न्यूनतम; कारण- दैनिक तापमान कम, हिम का पिघलना आदि महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक सागरीय लवणता का प्रमुख स्रोत ज्वालामुखी उदगार है| कोई भी कारण जो शुद्ध जल की मात्रा में परिवर्तन लाता है उससे लवणता में परिवर्तन होता है, जैसे - तापमान, वाष्पीकरण, हिम का पिघलना, मेघाच्छादन आदि वाष्पीकरण - महासागरों के सतह के जल की लवणता मुख्यतः वाष्पीकरण पर निर्भर करती है| लवणता का वाष्पीकरण की क्रिया से सीधा संबंध है| जहाँ वाष्पीकरण की मात्रा अधिक होगी वहाँ पर लवणता की मात्रा में वृद्धि होगी| तापमान - तापमान वाष्पीकरण को प्रभावित करता है और इस रूप में यह लवणता को प्रभावित करता है| अधिक तापमान से अधिक वाष्पीकरण और परिणामस्वरूप अधिक लवणता स्वच्छ जल की आपूर्ति - महासागरों में स्वच्छ जल की लगातार पूर्ति होते रहने पर लवणता की मात्रा कम होती है| उदाहरण के लिए वर्षण की अधिकता वाले क्षेत्रों में स्वच्छ जल की आपूर्ति के कारण लवणता कम हो जाती है| इसी प्रकार हिम के पिघलने तथा तथा तटीय क्षेत्रों में नदियों के द्वारा लाये गए जल के कारण भी लवणता में कमी आती है| पवन - पवन भी जल को एक क्षेत्र से दूसरे क्षेत्र में स्थानांतरित कर लवणता के पुनर्वितरण को प्रभावित करती है| महासागरीय धाराएँ - महासागरीय धाराएँ भी लवणता को प्रभावित करती हैं| भूमध्य रेखा से ध्रुवों की ओर प्रवाहित होने वाली धाराएँ अपने साथ अधिक लवणता वाला जल ले जाती है जबकि ध्रुवों से भूमध्य रेखा की ओर प्रवाहित होने वाली धाराएँ अपने साथ कम लवणता वाला जल ले जाती है| इस प्रकार महासागरीय धाराएँ लवणता के वितरण में भी परिवर्तन लाती है| महासागरीय जल की लवणता, तापमान एवं घनत्व परस्पर संबन्धित होते हैं| इसलिए तापमान अथवा घनत्व में किसी भी प्रकार का परिवर्तन किसी क्षेत्र की लवणता को सीधे प्रभावित करता है| लवणता में भिन्नता अर्थात महासागरीय लवणता से समुद्री जल का घनत्व प्रभावित होता है| घनत्व में अंतर के कारण धाराएं उत्पन होती हैं| लवणता अधिक हो जाने पर जल का घनत्व बढ़ जाता है एवं भारी होने के कारण जल नीचे बैठना लगता है| इसका स्थान लेने के लिए अल्प लवणता वाले भाग से जल अधिक लवन वाले क्षेत्र की ओर अधःप्रवाह के रूप में प्रवाहित होने लगता है|
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##Question:महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए।(150-200 शब्द, अंक- 10) Briefly discuss the various factors affecting oceanic salinity. (150-200 words, Marks - 10 )##Answer:एप्रोच - महासागरीय लवणता की संक्षिप्त चर्चा करते हुए तथा उसके वितरण को मानचित्र में दर्शाते हुए भूमिका लिखिए| महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों की बिंदुवार चर्चा कीजिए| संक्षिप्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - महासागरीय जल विभिन्न प्रकार के लवणों का मिश्रण है| सागरीय जल में ठोस घुलनशील पदार्थ की प्रतिशत मात्रा को लवणता कहते है अर्थात सागरीय जल के भार एवं उसमें घुले हुए पदार्थों के भार के अनुपात को सागरीय लवणता कहते हैं| सामान्य रूप में समुद्री लवणता को प्रति हजार ग्राम जल में स्थित लवण की मात्रा या ppt के रूप में दर्शाया जाता है| महासागरों की औसत लवणता 35% होती है| सागरीय लवणता का संघटन -> अधिकतम सोडियम क्लोराइड (70%) मैग्नीशियम क्लोराइड मैग्नीशियम सल्फेट कैल्शियम सल्फेट महासागरीय लवणता का वितरण ---> विषुवतीय क्षेत्र - औसत से कम (34%); कारण- वर्षा अधिक, दैनिक तापांतर अपेक्षाकृत कम, बादल, शांत क्षेत्र आदि उष्णकटिबंधीय क्षेत्र - अधिकतम; कारण - दैनिक तापमान अधिक, प्रचलित पवन की उपस्थिती, आकाश साफ आदि ध्रुवीय क्षेत्र - न्यूनतम; कारण- दैनिक तापमान कम, हिम का पिघलना आदि महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक सागरीय लवणता का प्रमुख स्रोत ज्वालामुखी उदगार है| कोई भी कारण जो शुद्ध जल की मात्रा में परिवर्तन लाता है उससे लवणता में परिवर्तन होता है, जैसे - तापमान, वाष्पीकरण, हिम का पिघलना, मेघाच्छादन आदि वाष्पीकरण - महासागरों के सतह के जल की लवणता मुख्यतः वाष्पीकरण पर निर्भर करती है| लवणता का वाष्पीकरण की क्रिया से सीधा संबंध है| जहाँ वाष्पीकरण की मात्रा अधिक होगी वहाँ पर लवणता की मात्रा में वृद्धि होगी| तापमान - तापमान वाष्पीकरण को प्रभावित करता है और इस रूप में यह लवणता को प्रभावित करता है| अधिक तापमान से अधिक वाष्पीकरण और परिणामस्वरूप अधिक लवणता स्वच्छ जल की आपूर्ति - महासागरों में स्वच्छ जल की लगातार पूर्ति होते रहने पर लवणता की मात्रा कम होती है| उदाहरण के लिए वर्षण की अधिकता वाले क्षेत्रों में स्वच्छ जल की आपूर्ति के कारण लवणता कम हो जाती है| इसी प्रकार हिम के पिघलने तथा तथा तटीय क्षेत्रों में नदियों के द्वारा लाये गए जल के कारण भी लवणता में कमी आती है| पवन - पवन भी जल को एक क्षेत्र से दूसरे क्षेत्र में स्थानांतरित कर लवणता के पुनर्वितरण को प्रभावित करती है| महासागरीय धाराएँ - महासागरीय धाराएँ भी लवणता को प्रभावित करती हैं| भूमध्य रेखा से ध्रुवों की ओर प्रवाहित होने वाली धाराएँ अपने साथ अधिक लवणता वाला जल ले जाती है जबकि ध्रुवों से भूमध्य रेखा की ओर प्रवाहित होने वाली धाराएँ अपने साथ कम लवणता वाला जल ले जाती है| इस प्रकार महासागरीय धाराएँ लवणता के वितरण में भी परिवर्तन लाती है| महासागरीय जल की लवणता, तापमान एवं घनत्व परस्पर संबन्धित होते हैं| इसलिए तापमान अथवा घनत्व में किसी भी प्रकार का परिवर्तन किसी क्षेत्र की लवणता को सीधे प्रभावित करता है| लवणता में भिन्नता अर्थात महासागरीय लवणता से समुद्री जल का घनत्व प्रभावित होता है| घनत्व में अंतर के कारण धाराएं उत्पन होती हैं| लवणता अधिक हो जाने पर जल का घनत्व बढ़ जाता है एवं भारी होने के कारण जल नीचे बैठना लगता है| इसका स्थान लेने के लिए अल्प लवणता वाले भाग से जल अधिक लवन वाले क्षेत्र की ओर अधःप्रवाह के रूप में प्रवाहित होने लगता है|
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Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development”. Discuss with examples. (150 word/10 Marks)
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Brief approach- List down the reasons why govt. felt for emphasis on regulation. Examine the condition of Indian industry and market by 1991. Give features of Industrial Policy till 1991. Policies that emphasized on the regulation. Answer- Industrial policies of India, starting from the period just after independence, have been reflecting the broader principles that we follow in pursuit of the development of our economy. The Indian government tried to achieve the objectives of a socialist economy, however, we supported and tried to establish a mixed economy owing to the existing capitalist class in India before independence and their contribution to India’s industrial growth though at a very nascent stage. But as we had the past of being a colony to the imperialist nation and since the foundation of colonization was laid by a company i.e. East India company thus there was a resistance to open our economy for trade relations, there was fear of some attack on our sovereignty. Inside the country following were the objectives because of which government felt for so much emphasis on regulation:- Encouragement to Small-scale and Cottage Industries: In order to strengthen the small-scale sector supportive measures were suggested in terms of cheap credit, subsidies, reservation, etc. Emphasized on Reduction of Regional Disparities: Fiscal concessions were granted to open industries in backward regions. Public sector enterprises were given a greater role to develop these areas. The pre-1991 industrial policies created a climate for rapid industrial growth in the country. It has helped to create a broad-based infrastructure and basic industries. A diverse industrial structure with self-reliance on a large number of items such as heavy industrial goods like steel and electricity had been achieved. Over the years, the Government has built the infrastructure required by the industry and made massive investments to provide the much-needed facilities of power, communications, roads, etc. A good number of institutions were promoted to help entrepreneurship development, provide finance for industry, and to facilitate the development of a variety of skills required by the industry. At the time of independence, the consumer goods industry accounted for almost half of the industrial production. In 1991 such industries accounted for only about 20 %. In contrast, capital goods production was less than 4% of the total industrial production. In 1991 it had gone up to 24%. Industrial investment took place in a large variety of new industries. Modern management techniques were introduced. An entirely new class of entrepreneurs has come up with the support system from the Government, and a large number of new industrial centers have developed in almost all parts of the country. Features of Industrial Policy till 1991 which were acting as obstacles in the development- 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries - coal, banks, textiles, etc. to ensure adequate availability of these raw materials for development 4. Restriction on foreign investments - We still had the fear of neo-colonialism 5. Heavy machinery was given preference - The contemporary period was witnessing large-scale industrialization across the world. 6. Compulsory licensing policy - To ensure prevention of any unwanted expansion of the private sector 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Policies which emphasized on regulation were- 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy. 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital. 5. Administered price mechanism-Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labor laws - This increased the labor cost for industries, resulting in inadequate growth. Excessive regulation led to poor results. The backwardness of the industrial sector in the country led to the crisis in 1990. This paved the way for the opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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##Question:Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development”. Discuss with examples. (150 word/10 Marks)##Answer:Brief approach- List down the reasons why govt. felt for emphasis on regulation. Examine the condition of Indian industry and market by 1991. Give features of Industrial Policy till 1991. Policies that emphasized on the regulation. Answer- Industrial policies of India, starting from the period just after independence, have been reflecting the broader principles that we follow in pursuit of the development of our economy. The Indian government tried to achieve the objectives of a socialist economy, however, we supported and tried to establish a mixed economy owing to the existing capitalist class in India before independence and their contribution to India’s industrial growth though at a very nascent stage. But as we had the past of being a colony to the imperialist nation and since the foundation of colonization was laid by a company i.e. East India company thus there was a resistance to open our economy for trade relations, there was fear of some attack on our sovereignty. Inside the country following were the objectives because of which government felt for so much emphasis on regulation:- Encouragement to Small-scale and Cottage Industries: In order to strengthen the small-scale sector supportive measures were suggested in terms of cheap credit, subsidies, reservation, etc. Emphasized on Reduction of Regional Disparities: Fiscal concessions were granted to open industries in backward regions. Public sector enterprises were given a greater role to develop these areas. The pre-1991 industrial policies created a climate for rapid industrial growth in the country. It has helped to create a broad-based infrastructure and basic industries. A diverse industrial structure with self-reliance on a large number of items such as heavy industrial goods like steel and electricity had been achieved. Over the years, the Government has built the infrastructure required by the industry and made massive investments to provide the much-needed facilities of power, communications, roads, etc. A good number of institutions were promoted to help entrepreneurship development, provide finance for industry, and to facilitate the development of a variety of skills required by the industry. At the time of independence, the consumer goods industry accounted for almost half of the industrial production. In 1991 such industries accounted for only about 20 %. In contrast, capital goods production was less than 4% of the total industrial production. In 1991 it had gone up to 24%. Industrial investment took place in a large variety of new industries. Modern management techniques were introduced. An entirely new class of entrepreneurs has come up with the support system from the Government, and a large number of new industrial centers have developed in almost all parts of the country. Features of Industrial Policy till 1991 which were acting as obstacles in the development- 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries - coal, banks, textiles, etc. to ensure adequate availability of these raw materials for development 4. Restriction on foreign investments - We still had the fear of neo-colonialism 5. Heavy machinery was given preference - The contemporary period was witnessing large-scale industrialization across the world. 6. Compulsory licensing policy - To ensure prevention of any unwanted expansion of the private sector 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Policies which emphasized on regulation were- 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy. 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital. 5. Administered price mechanism-Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labor laws - This increased the labor cost for industries, resulting in inadequate growth. Excessive regulation led to poor results. The backwardness of the industrial sector in the country led to the crisis in 1990. This paved the way for the opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development”. Discuss with examples. (150 word/10 Marks)
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Brief approach- List down the reasons why govt. felt for emphasis on regulation. Examine the condition of Indian industry and market by 1991. Give features of Industrial Policy till 1991. Policies that emphasized on the regulation. Answer- Industrial policies of India, starting from the period just after independence, have been reflecting the broader principles that we follow in pursuit of the development of our economy. The Indian government tried to achieve the objectives of a socialist economy, however, we supported and tried to establish a mixed economy owing to the existing capitalist class in India before independence and their contribution to India’s industrial growth though at a very nascent stage. But as we had the past of being a colony to the imperialist nation and since the foundation of colonization was laid by a company i.e. East India company thus there was a resistance to open our economy for trade relations, there was fear of some attack on our sovereignty. Inside the country following were the objectives because of which government felt for so much emphasis on regulation- Encouragement to Small-scale and Cottage Industries: In order to strengthen the small-scale sector supportive measures were suggested in terms of cheap credit, subsidies, reservation, etc. Emphasized on Reduction of Regional Disparities: Fiscal concessions were granted to open industries in backward regions. Public sector enterprises were given a greater role to develop these areas. The pre-1991 industrial policies created a climate for rapid industrial growth in the country. It has helped to create a broad-based infrastructure and basic industries. A diverse industrial structure with self-reliance on a large number of items such as heavy industrial goods like steel and electricity had been achieved. Over the years, the Government has built the infrastructure required by the industry and made massive investments to provide the much-needed facilities of power, communications, roads, etc. A good number of institutions were promoted to help entrepreneurship development, provide finance for industry, and to facilitate the development of a variety of skills required by the industry. At the time of independence, the consumer goods industry accounted for almost half of the industrial production. In 1991 such industries accounted for only about 20 %. In contrast, capital goods production was less than 4% of the total industrial production. In 1991 it had gone up to 24%. Industrial investment took place in a large variety of new industries. Modern management techniques were introduced. An entirely new class of entrepreneurs has come up with the support system from the Government, and a large number of new industrial centers have developed in almost all parts of the country. Features of Industrial Policy till 1991 which were acting as obstacles in the development- 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries - coal, banks, textiles, etc. to ensure adequate availability of these raw materials for development 4. Restriction on foreign investments - We still had the fear of neo-colonialism 5. Heavy machinery was given preference - The contemporary period was witnessing large-scale industrialization across the world. 6. Compulsory licensing policy - To ensure prevention of any unwanted expansion of the private sector 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Policies which emphasized on regulation were- 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy. 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital. 5. Administered price mechanism-Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labor laws - This increased the labor cost for industries, resulting in inadequate growth. Excessive regulation led to poor results. The backwardness of the industrial sector in the country led to the crisis in 1990. This paved the way for the opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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##Question:Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development”. Discuss with examples. (150 word/10 Marks)##Answer:Brief approach- List down the reasons why govt. felt for emphasis on regulation. Examine the condition of Indian industry and market by 1991. Give features of Industrial Policy till 1991. Policies that emphasized on the regulation. Answer- Industrial policies of India, starting from the period just after independence, have been reflecting the broader principles that we follow in pursuit of the development of our economy. The Indian government tried to achieve the objectives of a socialist economy, however, we supported and tried to establish a mixed economy owing to the existing capitalist class in India before independence and their contribution to India’s industrial growth though at a very nascent stage. But as we had the past of being a colony to the imperialist nation and since the foundation of colonization was laid by a company i.e. East India company thus there was a resistance to open our economy for trade relations, there was fear of some attack on our sovereignty. Inside the country following were the objectives because of which government felt for so much emphasis on regulation- Encouragement to Small-scale and Cottage Industries: In order to strengthen the small-scale sector supportive measures were suggested in terms of cheap credit, subsidies, reservation, etc. Emphasized on Reduction of Regional Disparities: Fiscal concessions were granted to open industries in backward regions. Public sector enterprises were given a greater role to develop these areas. The pre-1991 industrial policies created a climate for rapid industrial growth in the country. It has helped to create a broad-based infrastructure and basic industries. A diverse industrial structure with self-reliance on a large number of items such as heavy industrial goods like steel and electricity had been achieved. Over the years, the Government has built the infrastructure required by the industry and made massive investments to provide the much-needed facilities of power, communications, roads, etc. A good number of institutions were promoted to help entrepreneurship development, provide finance for industry, and to facilitate the development of a variety of skills required by the industry. At the time of independence, the consumer goods industry accounted for almost half of the industrial production. In 1991 such industries accounted for only about 20 %. In contrast, capital goods production was less than 4% of the total industrial production. In 1991 it had gone up to 24%. Industrial investment took place in a large variety of new industries. Modern management techniques were introduced. An entirely new class of entrepreneurs has come up with the support system from the Government, and a large number of new industrial centers have developed in almost all parts of the country. Features of Industrial Policy till 1991 which were acting as obstacles in the development- 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries - coal, banks, textiles, etc. to ensure adequate availability of these raw materials for development 4. Restriction on foreign investments - We still had the fear of neo-colonialism 5. Heavy machinery was given preference - The contemporary period was witnessing large-scale industrialization across the world. 6. Compulsory licensing policy - To ensure prevention of any unwanted expansion of the private sector 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Policies which emphasized on regulation were- 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy. 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital. 5. Administered price mechanism-Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labor laws - This increased the labor cost for industries, resulting in inadequate growth. Excessive regulation led to poor results. The backwardness of the industrial sector in the country led to the crisis in 1990. This paved the way for the opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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Discuss the importance of the Indra Sawhney judgement in determining the reservation policy in India. (150 words/10 marks).
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BRIEF APPROACH: - INTRODUCTION About the reservation policy in the country - THE BACKGROUND TO THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT - THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT - THE 77TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT OF 1995 - THE 103RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT - THE NAGARAJ CASE OF 2006 -CONCLUSION A concluding remark on the importance of the Indra Sawhney judgement in laying the course of the reservation policy in the country Answer :- The reservation policy of India, until the 103rd constitutional amendment act, has been based on social justice. Article 46 of the Directive Principles of State Policy provides that the State shall try to uplift the status of SCs, STs and OBCs. Hence, it provides for positive discrimination. The 1st constitutional amendment act, 1951 and the 7th constitutional amendment act, 1956 also added the exceptions to Articles 15 and 16, i.e. Article 15(4) and Article 16(4), enabling the state to provide reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs. THE BACKGROUND TO THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT 1) KALEKAR COMMITTEE OF 1953- 1ST BACKWARD CLASS COMMISSION This committee was appointed by the President in 1953 to suggest the ways to implement our reservation policy. It suggested that around 1/4th of the population (22.5% of India) are the Dalit population, who have been left far behind in the race for development in India. Therefore, 22.5% reservation be provided. This was in line with Dr BR Ambedkar’s view of proportional reservation for a level playing field. Social justice was the underlying mission of the reservation. 2) MANDAL COMMISSION OF 1979- 2ND BACKWARD CLASS COMMISSION It found out what the percentage was of socially and economically backward, but not SCs or STs, i.e. the OBCs. The Mandal Commission’s report was implemented in 1990, as follows: 2.1) In India, around 16% of the population was of non-Hindus. 2.2) Out of the Hindus, around 44% are backward. 2.3) As per an estimate, half of the non-Hindus are backward. 2.4) Therefore, a total of 52% of India are backward (OBCs) - who are neither SCs nor STs. The commission suggested that these 52% populations be given reservation to the extent of 27%. This would be in addition to the 22.5% reservation already being given to the SCs and STs of the country. This meant a total of 49.5% of the reservation. [The MR Balaji case, the Supreme Court has ruled that under no condition can reservations exceed 50%. That is why the OBCs have not been given exactly proportional reservation]. 2.5) As per the Mandal Commission, backward castes are those castes which are considered backward by the forward castes. (This provided a much more permanent view than a temporary view provided by economic factors, which would be variable). THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT This 49% reservation order implementation based on the Mandal Commission’s report created a huge hue and cry among the general category students, particularly in Delhi University. A PIL was, therefore, filed by Indra Sawhney against the implemented decision. The case was decided in 1993, known as the Mandal judgement. 1) SOCIAL BACKWARDNESS In the Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court clarified that the backwardness which is being dealt with by the Mandal Commission report is primarily social backwardness. Therefore, the 10% reservation proposed in favour of forward classes by the Narsimha Rao government was declared null and void. 2) CREAMY LAYER CONCEPT The Supreme Court also provided that creamy layer shall be applicable as an exception to reservation provided to OBCs, where the economically better off would not be provided such OBC reservation. 3) CASTE IS A CLASS Article 16(4) provides for the reservation for backward classes. However, the Mandal commission suggested for reservation for backward castes. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney judgement ruled that caste is a class in India. 4) INITIAL APPOINTMENTS The Supreme Court stated that reservation would only be applicable for initial appointments and not at the time of promotion. THE 77TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT OF 1995 In response to the above judgement of reservation just being applicable at the time of initial appointment, the Supreme Court passed the said amendment, as per which reservation shall not only be provided for the initial appointment, but also for promotion. THE 103RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT As per the Indra Sawhney judgement, the reservation was not possible for the economically weaker sections. As per the judgement was given, the constitutional provisions did not allow for reservation on an economic basis, as the only caste was considered to be a class. Therefore, the said amendment had to be passed in order to provide the 10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections, on the basis of economic backwardness. THE M.NAGARAJ CASE OF 2006 As per this case, all the constitutional amendments (viz. the 77th, 82nd and 85th) after the Indra Sawhney judgement were challenged. The Supreme Court, however, did not interfere with these amendments. It held the view that these amendments do not violate the basic structure doctrine of the constitution of India and hence are within the scope of Article 368 and thus cannot be declared as ultra-vires of the constitution. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney case has been an important milestone in not only determining the reservation policy of the time in India but also for the future developments in the reservation policy in the country.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of the Indra Sawhney judgement in determining the reservation policy in India. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: - INTRODUCTION About the reservation policy in the country - THE BACKGROUND TO THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT - THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT - THE 77TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT OF 1995 - THE 103RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT - THE NAGARAJ CASE OF 2006 -CONCLUSION A concluding remark on the importance of the Indra Sawhney judgement in laying the course of the reservation policy in the country Answer :- The reservation policy of India, until the 103rd constitutional amendment act, has been based on social justice. Article 46 of the Directive Principles of State Policy provides that the State shall try to uplift the status of SCs, STs and OBCs. Hence, it provides for positive discrimination. The 1st constitutional amendment act, 1951 and the 7th constitutional amendment act, 1956 also added the exceptions to Articles 15 and 16, i.e. Article 15(4) and Article 16(4), enabling the state to provide reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs. THE BACKGROUND TO THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT 1) KALEKAR COMMITTEE OF 1953- 1ST BACKWARD CLASS COMMISSION This committee was appointed by the President in 1953 to suggest the ways to implement our reservation policy. It suggested that around 1/4th of the population (22.5% of India) are the Dalit population, who have been left far behind in the race for development in India. Therefore, 22.5% reservation be provided. This was in line with Dr BR Ambedkar’s view of proportional reservation for a level playing field. Social justice was the underlying mission of the reservation. 2) MANDAL COMMISSION OF 1979- 2ND BACKWARD CLASS COMMISSION It found out what the percentage was of socially and economically backward, but not SCs or STs, i.e. the OBCs. The Mandal Commission’s report was implemented in 1990, as follows: 2.1) In India, around 16% of the population was of non-Hindus. 2.2) Out of the Hindus, around 44% are backward. 2.3) As per an estimate, half of the non-Hindus are backward. 2.4) Therefore, a total of 52% of India are backward (OBCs) - who are neither SCs nor STs. The commission suggested that these 52% populations be given reservation to the extent of 27%. This would be in addition to the 22.5% reservation already being given to the SCs and STs of the country. This meant a total of 49.5% of the reservation. [The MR Balaji case, the Supreme Court has ruled that under no condition can reservations exceed 50%. That is why the OBCs have not been given exactly proportional reservation]. 2.5) As per the Mandal Commission, backward castes are those castes which are considered backward by the forward castes. (This provided a much more permanent view than a temporary view provided by economic factors, which would be variable). THE INDRA SAWHNEY JUDGEMENT This 49% reservation order implementation based on the Mandal Commission’s report created a huge hue and cry among the general category students, particularly in Delhi University. A PIL was, therefore, filed by Indra Sawhney against the implemented decision. The case was decided in 1993, known as the Mandal judgement. 1) SOCIAL BACKWARDNESS In the Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court clarified that the backwardness which is being dealt with by the Mandal Commission report is primarily social backwardness. Therefore, the 10% reservation proposed in favour of forward classes by the Narsimha Rao government was declared null and void. 2) CREAMY LAYER CONCEPT The Supreme Court also provided that creamy layer shall be applicable as an exception to reservation provided to OBCs, where the economically better off would not be provided such OBC reservation. 3) CASTE IS A CLASS Article 16(4) provides for the reservation for backward classes. However, the Mandal commission suggested for reservation for backward castes. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney judgement ruled that caste is a class in India. 4) INITIAL APPOINTMENTS The Supreme Court stated that reservation would only be applicable for initial appointments and not at the time of promotion. THE 77TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT OF 1995 In response to the above judgement of reservation just being applicable at the time of initial appointment, the Supreme Court passed the said amendment, as per which reservation shall not only be provided for the initial appointment, but also for promotion. THE 103RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT As per the Indra Sawhney judgement, the reservation was not possible for the economically weaker sections. As per the judgement was given, the constitutional provisions did not allow for reservation on an economic basis, as the only caste was considered to be a class. Therefore, the said amendment had to be passed in order to provide the 10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections, on the basis of economic backwardness. THE M.NAGARAJ CASE OF 2006 As per this case, all the constitutional amendments (viz. the 77th, 82nd and 85th) after the Indra Sawhney judgement were challenged. The Supreme Court, however, did not interfere with these amendments. It held the view that these amendments do not violate the basic structure doctrine of the constitution of India and hence are within the scope of Article 368 and thus cannot be declared as ultra-vires of the constitution. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney case has been an important milestone in not only determining the reservation policy of the time in India but also for the future developments in the reservation policy in the country.
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Despite the increase in legislative provisions, violence against women is on the rise in India. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduction - Introduce in brief mentioning statistics that show the rise in crime against women. Body - Mention, in brief, a few legal to check violence against women and the causes for such violence Conclusion - Conclude the answer with the way forward. Answer : According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), between 2018-19, there has been a 7.3% increase in violence against women with a maximum in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. National Commission for Women (NCW) has recorded a more than twofold rise in gender-based violence. Also, the maximum incidents of violence are domestic violence and in the wake of COVID, it has increased and is known as Shadow Pandemic. The existing legal provisions for the protection of violence against women are: The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and Sections 304B and 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Section 326A and Section 326B of the Indian Penal Code against acid attack. The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality, respecting the dignity of women, etc Reasons for the rise in crime against women despite stringent laws: Poor conviction rate ie delay in judicial proceedings and gender biases with respect to law enforcement agencies Lack of awareness among women due to safety mechanisms and the fear of stigmatization results in a lack of reporting Lack of fo attitudinal change in society and corruption of moral values. The institutionalisation of patriarchy and the different processes of socialization The state fails to provide adequate infrastructure and lack funding. Also, lack of economic dependence of women and the problem of cultural lag Objectification and commodification of women and increased incidences of cross border crimes such as trafficking etc Institutional weaknesses such as lack of stringent laws and proper enforcement; gender insensitive attitude of various stakeholders, etc Way forward: Short term measures: Strict enforcement of laws and quick disposal of cases through fast track courts Strict patrolling and vigilance at night and training of women in self-defence Promote the idea of community policing and mohalla committees Few social innovations - Mahila Police Stations and Volunteers; one Stop Centre Regulation of public transport and the setting up of mobile apps Long term measures: Regular up-gradation of data to evaluate successful implementation of existing provisions Active participation of NGOs, Civil Society to ensure checks and balances Lack of responsible journalism and over-sensationalisation of news needs to be correct and hence self-regulation of media needs to be promoted Engage with men and boys as change agents, etc The increase in violence against women should be dealt with urgently with measures embedded in economic support and stimulus packages that meet the gravity and scale of the challenge and reflect the needs of women who face multiple forms of discrimination.
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##Question:Despite the increase in legislative provisions, violence against women is on the rise in India. Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Introduce in brief mentioning statistics that show the rise in crime against women. Body - Mention, in brief, a few legal to check violence against women and the causes for such violence Conclusion - Conclude the answer with the way forward. Answer : According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), between 2018-19, there has been a 7.3% increase in violence against women with a maximum in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. National Commission for Women (NCW) has recorded a more than twofold rise in gender-based violence. Also, the maximum incidents of violence are domestic violence and in the wake of COVID, it has increased and is known as Shadow Pandemic. The existing legal provisions for the protection of violence against women are: The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and Sections 304B and 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Section 326A and Section 326B of the Indian Penal Code against acid attack. The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality, respecting the dignity of women, etc Reasons for the rise in crime against women despite stringent laws: Poor conviction rate ie delay in judicial proceedings and gender biases with respect to law enforcement agencies Lack of awareness among women due to safety mechanisms and the fear of stigmatization results in a lack of reporting Lack of fo attitudinal change in society and corruption of moral values. The institutionalisation of patriarchy and the different processes of socialization The state fails to provide adequate infrastructure and lack funding. Also, lack of economic dependence of women and the problem of cultural lag Objectification and commodification of women and increased incidences of cross border crimes such as trafficking etc Institutional weaknesses such as lack of stringent laws and proper enforcement; gender insensitive attitude of various stakeholders, etc Way forward: Short term measures: Strict enforcement of laws and quick disposal of cases through fast track courts Strict patrolling and vigilance at night and training of women in self-defence Promote the idea of community policing and mohalla committees Few social innovations - Mahila Police Stations and Volunteers; one Stop Centre Regulation of public transport and the setting up of mobile apps Long term measures: Regular up-gradation of data to evaluate successful implementation of existing provisions Active participation of NGOs, Civil Society to ensure checks and balances Lack of responsible journalism and over-sensationalisation of news needs to be correct and hence self-regulation of media needs to be promoted Engage with men and boys as change agents, etc The increase in violence against women should be dealt with urgently with measures embedded in economic support and stimulus packages that meet the gravity and scale of the challenge and reflect the needs of women who face multiple forms of discrimination.
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हाल के वर्षों में यूएई के साथ भारत के जुड़ाव में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई है। हाल के दिनों में हुई पहलों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में चर्चा कीजिये|(150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) India’s engagement with the UAE has increased significantly in recent years. Discuss in the context of the recent initiatives. (150-200 words; 10 Marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1. भूमिका में भारत-UAE संबंधों की पृष्ठभूमि संक्षेप में लिखिए| 2. भारत-UAE संबंधों के विकास हेतु हाल में हुई पहलों की चर्चा कीजिये| 3. निष्कर्ष में भारत-UAE संबंधों से सम्बंधित आगे की राह की चर्चा कीजिये| भारत ने संयुक्त अरब अमीरात (यूएई) के साथ पारंपरिक रूप से अच्छे संबंधों और मजबूत संबंधों को साझा किया है। पिछले कुछ वर्षों के दौरान, संबंधों में अच्छी प्रगति हुई है। यूएई वर्ष 1966 में एक आधुनिक राष्ट्र बना। 1971 में, यह एक महासंघ बन गया। 1972 में, भारत ने वहां अपना दूतावास स्थापित किया। 2015 में, दोनों देशों ने पहली बार अपने संबंधों को व्यापक और सामरिक भागीदारी को बढ़ाने के बारे में बात की। उसके बाद, दोनों देशों के राज्य प्रमुखों के बीच कई दौरे हुए। उदाहरण के लिए, प्रधान मंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने 2017 और 2018 में यूएई का दौरा किया।भारत-UAE संबंध परस्पर सहयोग एवं विश्वास पर आधारित हैं एवं इन दोनों के मध्य बहुक्षेत्रीय विकास सहयोग स्थापित हुआ है| जिसे निम्नलिखित शीर्षकों के अंतर्गत देखा जा सकता है सुरक्षा दोनों देश नियमित रणनीतिक संवादों में शामिल रहे हैं। सहयोग की व्यापक श्रेणी यथा- काउंटर टेररिज्म, काउंटर रेडिकलाइजेशन, इंटेलिजेंस शेयरिंग, सुरक्षा पहलुओं पर नियमित बातचीत सहयोग के व्यापक क्षेत्र हैं। वे आतंकवाद के प्रति एक आम दृष्टिकोण भी साझा करते हैं। ओआईसी के लिए आमंत्रण यूएई ने भारत को ओआईसी (इस्लामिक सहयोग संगठन) के लिए विदेश मंत्रियों की बैठक में भाग लेने के लिए आमंत्रित किया। हिन्द महासागर में सुरक्षा हेतु साझा सुरक्षा सरोकार पर सहयोग दोनों देशों के मध्य सुरक्षा अभ्यास होते हैं| ऊर्जा तेल आपूर्ति- यूएई भारत में तेल का पांचवा सबसे बड़ा आपूर्तिकर्ता है।भारत यूएई के कच्चे तेल (जापान का पहला) का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा खरीदार भी है।ऊर्जा के क्षेत्र में UAE से गैस एवं तेल से आयात किया जाता है और इस क्षेत्र में भारतीय निवेश भी किया गया है तेल भंडारण-अबू धाबी मैंगलोर में हमारे सामरिक रिजर्व सुविधा में अपने तेल का भंडारण करने जा रहा है। नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा सहयोग -भारत सौर ऊर्जा उत्पादन के क्षेत्र में यूएई के साथ सहयोग कर रहा है। व्यापार वर्तमान में दोनों देशों के मध्य लगभग 60 बिलियन डॉलर का व्यापार होता है। यूएई भारत का तीसरा सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक साझेदार है| 2018 में, मुद्रा स्वैप समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए थे जो भारतीय रुपए में आयात के लिए भुगतान की सुविधा प्रदान करेगा। व्यापार अधिशेष- भारत का संयुक्त अरब अमीरात के साथ व्यापार अधिशेष है। निवेश रचनात्मक निवेश- यूएई ने अब तक भारत में $ 8 बिलियन का संचयी निवेश किया है। इसके अलावा, यह मूल्य निरंतर बढ़ रहा है। प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश- यूएई भारत में एफडीआई का 10 वां सबसे बड़ा स्रोत है। आबू-धाबी निवेश प्राधिकरण- यह 1 बिलियन डॉलर के निवेश के साथ NIIF के मास्टर फंड में पहला संस्थागत निवेशक है। पीपुल टू पीपुल सम्बन्ध: यूएई में लगभग 30 लाख भारतीय रहते हैं।30 लाख भारतीय डायस्पोरा UAE में रहता है, अतः भारत ने UAE के साथ संविदा आधारित रोजगार के लिए एक समझौता/MOU किया गया है, इससे निताकत की समस्या से निपटा जा सकेगा|भारत के कहने पर निताकत सिस्टम में UAE ने बदलाव किया है विप्रेषण- इस देश से विप्रेषण के रूप में लगभग 13 बिलियन डॉलर की धनराशि प्राप्त होती है। यूएई ने भारत में $ 75 बिलियन का निवेश करने की प्रतिबद्धता जताई है। मुख्य रूप से लालफीताशाही के कारण इस पहलू पर धीमी प्रगति हुई है। इसलिए, इस क्षेत्र में संबंधों को और प्रस्फुटित करने के लिए विस्तार की गुंजाइश है। जम्मू और कश्मीर में उपस्कर यूएई एकमात्र ऐसा विदेशी निवेशक है जिसे जम्मू-कश्मीर में लॉजिस्टिक हब में निवेश करने की अनुमति दी गई है। इससे पता चलता है कि हम अपने रिश्ते में कितना भरोसा करते हैं|उपर्युक्त बहु-आयामी संबंधों के आधार पर एवं सामरिक और सुरक्षा दृष्टिकोण प्रमुखता प्राप्त करने के साथ, यह अधिक मुखर रूप से कहा जा सकता है कि भारत-यूएई संबंध रणनीतिक आयाम ले रहा है।
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##Question:हाल के वर्षों में यूएई के साथ भारत के जुड़ाव में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई है। हाल के दिनों में हुई पहलों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में चर्चा कीजिये|(150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) India’s engagement with the UAE has increased significantly in recent years. Discuss in the context of the recent initiatives. (150-200 words; 10 Marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1. भूमिका में भारत-UAE संबंधों की पृष्ठभूमि संक्षेप में लिखिए| 2. भारत-UAE संबंधों के विकास हेतु हाल में हुई पहलों की चर्चा कीजिये| 3. निष्कर्ष में भारत-UAE संबंधों से सम्बंधित आगे की राह की चर्चा कीजिये| भारत ने संयुक्त अरब अमीरात (यूएई) के साथ पारंपरिक रूप से अच्छे संबंधों और मजबूत संबंधों को साझा किया है। पिछले कुछ वर्षों के दौरान, संबंधों में अच्छी प्रगति हुई है। यूएई वर्ष 1966 में एक आधुनिक राष्ट्र बना। 1971 में, यह एक महासंघ बन गया। 1972 में, भारत ने वहां अपना दूतावास स्थापित किया। 2015 में, दोनों देशों ने पहली बार अपने संबंधों को व्यापक और सामरिक भागीदारी को बढ़ाने के बारे में बात की। उसके बाद, दोनों देशों के राज्य प्रमुखों के बीच कई दौरे हुए। उदाहरण के लिए, प्रधान मंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने 2017 और 2018 में यूएई का दौरा किया।भारत-UAE संबंध परस्पर सहयोग एवं विश्वास पर आधारित हैं एवं इन दोनों के मध्य बहुक्षेत्रीय विकास सहयोग स्थापित हुआ है| जिसे निम्नलिखित शीर्षकों के अंतर्गत देखा जा सकता है सुरक्षा दोनों देश नियमित रणनीतिक संवादों में शामिल रहे हैं। सहयोग की व्यापक श्रेणी यथा- काउंटर टेररिज्म, काउंटर रेडिकलाइजेशन, इंटेलिजेंस शेयरिंग, सुरक्षा पहलुओं पर नियमित बातचीत सहयोग के व्यापक क्षेत्र हैं। वे आतंकवाद के प्रति एक आम दृष्टिकोण भी साझा करते हैं। ओआईसी के लिए आमंत्रण यूएई ने भारत को ओआईसी (इस्लामिक सहयोग संगठन) के लिए विदेश मंत्रियों की बैठक में भाग लेने के लिए आमंत्रित किया। हिन्द महासागर में सुरक्षा हेतु साझा सुरक्षा सरोकार पर सहयोग दोनों देशों के मध्य सुरक्षा अभ्यास होते हैं| ऊर्जा तेल आपूर्ति- यूएई भारत में तेल का पांचवा सबसे बड़ा आपूर्तिकर्ता है।भारत यूएई के कच्चे तेल (जापान का पहला) का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा खरीदार भी है।ऊर्जा के क्षेत्र में UAE से गैस एवं तेल से आयात किया जाता है और इस क्षेत्र में भारतीय निवेश भी किया गया है तेल भंडारण-अबू धाबी मैंगलोर में हमारे सामरिक रिजर्व सुविधा में अपने तेल का भंडारण करने जा रहा है। नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा सहयोग -भारत सौर ऊर्जा उत्पादन के क्षेत्र में यूएई के साथ सहयोग कर रहा है। व्यापार वर्तमान में दोनों देशों के मध्य लगभग 60 बिलियन डॉलर का व्यापार होता है। यूएई भारत का तीसरा सबसे बड़ा व्यापारिक साझेदार है| 2018 में, मुद्रा स्वैप समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए थे जो भारतीय रुपए में आयात के लिए भुगतान की सुविधा प्रदान करेगा। व्यापार अधिशेष- भारत का संयुक्त अरब अमीरात के साथ व्यापार अधिशेष है। निवेश रचनात्मक निवेश- यूएई ने अब तक भारत में $ 8 बिलियन का संचयी निवेश किया है। इसके अलावा, यह मूल्य निरंतर बढ़ रहा है। प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश- यूएई भारत में एफडीआई का 10 वां सबसे बड़ा स्रोत है। आबू-धाबी निवेश प्राधिकरण- यह 1 बिलियन डॉलर के निवेश के साथ NIIF के मास्टर फंड में पहला संस्थागत निवेशक है। पीपुल टू पीपुल सम्बन्ध: यूएई में लगभग 30 लाख भारतीय रहते हैं।30 लाख भारतीय डायस्पोरा UAE में रहता है, अतः भारत ने UAE के साथ संविदा आधारित रोजगार के लिए एक समझौता/MOU किया गया है, इससे निताकत की समस्या से निपटा जा सकेगा|भारत के कहने पर निताकत सिस्टम में UAE ने बदलाव किया है विप्रेषण- इस देश से विप्रेषण के रूप में लगभग 13 बिलियन डॉलर की धनराशि प्राप्त होती है। यूएई ने भारत में $ 75 बिलियन का निवेश करने की प्रतिबद्धता जताई है। मुख्य रूप से लालफीताशाही के कारण इस पहलू पर धीमी प्रगति हुई है। इसलिए, इस क्षेत्र में संबंधों को और प्रस्फुटित करने के लिए विस्तार की गुंजाइश है। जम्मू और कश्मीर में उपस्कर यूएई एकमात्र ऐसा विदेशी निवेशक है जिसे जम्मू-कश्मीर में लॉजिस्टिक हब में निवेश करने की अनुमति दी गई है। इससे पता चलता है कि हम अपने रिश्ते में कितना भरोसा करते हैं|उपर्युक्त बहु-आयामी संबंधों के आधार पर एवं सामरिक और सुरक्षा दृष्टिकोण प्रमुखता प्राप्त करने के साथ, यह अधिक मुखर रूप से कहा जा सकता है कि भारत-यूएई संबंध रणनीतिक आयाम ले रहा है।
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Classify different types of taxes prevailing in India. Also, examine the difference between Direct and Indirect tax. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction- Mention the definition of the tax Enlist the different types of tax in India Differentiate the Direct and Indirect tax Write an appropriate conclusion Answer: The tax has been defined the tax as a mode of income redistribution. The fairness, efficiency, and administrative simplicity decide the effectiveness of a tax system. Types of taxes prevailing in India- 1. On the basis of the incidence of tax and impact of tax a) Direct Tax b) Indirect Tax 2. Methods of Taxation a) Progressive taxation: This method has increasing rates of tax for increasing the value or volume on which the tax is being imposed. Income Tax is a typical example of it. It e b) Regressive taxation: It is opposite to the progressive method having decreasing rates of tax for increasing value or volume on which the tax is being imposed. c) Proportion Taxation: Such taxes have fixed rates for every level of income or production, they are neutral from the poor or rich point of view or from the point of view of the level of production. 3. Cess and Surcharge: Cess is a tax on tax, and it is levied for specific purposes, for example, Education cess, Swaccha Bharat Cess. While surcharge is an additional tax. The Surcharge is a charge on an already existing tax. Surcharge basically is an additional tax. In India Surcharge on income tax is an extra tax on high income. It is charged on the individuals and businesses. 4. Corporate tax: Corporate tax is levied on the companies working in India, For domestic companies and foreign companies the rate of corporate tax is different. 5. Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): The objective behind MAT or Minimum Alternate Tax is to facilitate taxation of "zero tax companies", by making such companies liable to pay a minimum tax based on their book profit. 6. Specific Tax and Ad Valorem Tax: Specific tax is a fixed amount tax based on the quantity of units sold. Example - Excise duty on petrol. Ad valorem tax is based on the assessed value of the product. In Fact, ‘Ad Valorem’ is a Latin word meaning ‘According to Value’ Difference between Direct Tax and Indirect Tax- 1) Direct Tax: Definition: The incident of the tax and impact of the tax at the same point, It means the person who is hit the same person bleeds. Example: For example income tax, interest tax The direct tax is a progressive tax- It is based on the income capability of India Advantages of Direct Taxes The lower-income group carries a lower burden of tax Self-payment of direct taxes makes one socially aware and responsible The distribution of wealth is equal under direct taxation Direct tax rates can be used as an anti-inflationary tool Disadvantages of Direct Taxes Direct taxes might discourage savings and investments The biggest disadvantage being it leads to tax evasion It might be inconvenient to pay direct taxes as the procedure is complicated 2) Indirect Tax: Definition: The tax which has incidence and impact at the different points is indirect tax- the person who is hit does not bleed. Example: Excise, GST, etc The indirect tax is a regressive tax- The tax rate is fixed for everyone i.e. the Poor and the Rich have to bear the burden of the tax. Advantages of Indirect Taxes The indirect tax cannot be evaded The tax collection is not difficult Disadvantages of Indirect Taxes The distribution of wealth is unequal under indirect taxation In the Indian economy, there are fewer people who are paying direct tax (approximately 65 lacks) but the Indirect tax are levied on all the people in the form of GST. However, there are different tax slabs for a different articles in GST which makes the GST progressive also.
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##Question:Classify different types of taxes prevailing in India. Also, examine the difference between Direct and Indirect tax. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Mention the definition of the tax Enlist the different types of tax in India Differentiate the Direct and Indirect tax Write an appropriate conclusion Answer: The tax has been defined the tax as a mode of income redistribution. The fairness, efficiency, and administrative simplicity decide the effectiveness of a tax system. Types of taxes prevailing in India- 1. On the basis of the incidence of tax and impact of tax a) Direct Tax b) Indirect Tax 2. Methods of Taxation a) Progressive taxation: This method has increasing rates of tax for increasing the value or volume on which the tax is being imposed. Income Tax is a typical example of it. It e b) Regressive taxation: It is opposite to the progressive method having decreasing rates of tax for increasing value or volume on which the tax is being imposed. c) Proportion Taxation: Such taxes have fixed rates for every level of income or production, they are neutral from the poor or rich point of view or from the point of view of the level of production. 3. Cess and Surcharge: Cess is a tax on tax, and it is levied for specific purposes, for example, Education cess, Swaccha Bharat Cess. While surcharge is an additional tax. The Surcharge is a charge on an already existing tax. Surcharge basically is an additional tax. In India Surcharge on income tax is an extra tax on high income. It is charged on the individuals and businesses. 4. Corporate tax: Corporate tax is levied on the companies working in India, For domestic companies and foreign companies the rate of corporate tax is different. 5. Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): The objective behind MAT or Minimum Alternate Tax is to facilitate taxation of "zero tax companies", by making such companies liable to pay a minimum tax based on their book profit. 6. Specific Tax and Ad Valorem Tax: Specific tax is a fixed amount tax based on the quantity of units sold. Example - Excise duty on petrol. Ad valorem tax is based on the assessed value of the product. In Fact, ‘Ad Valorem’ is a Latin word meaning ‘According to Value’ Difference between Direct Tax and Indirect Tax- 1) Direct Tax: Definition: The incident of the tax and impact of the tax at the same point, It means the person who is hit the same person bleeds. Example: For example income tax, interest tax The direct tax is a progressive tax- It is based on the income capability of India Advantages of Direct Taxes The lower-income group carries a lower burden of tax Self-payment of direct taxes makes one socially aware and responsible The distribution of wealth is equal under direct taxation Direct tax rates can be used as an anti-inflationary tool Disadvantages of Direct Taxes Direct taxes might discourage savings and investments The biggest disadvantage being it leads to tax evasion It might be inconvenient to pay direct taxes as the procedure is complicated 2) Indirect Tax: Definition: The tax which has incidence and impact at the different points is indirect tax- the person who is hit does not bleed. Example: Excise, GST, etc The indirect tax is a regressive tax- The tax rate is fixed for everyone i.e. the Poor and the Rich have to bear the burden of the tax. Advantages of Indirect Taxes The indirect tax cannot be evaded The tax collection is not difficult Disadvantages of Indirect Taxes The distribution of wealth is unequal under indirect taxation In the Indian economy, there are fewer people who are paying direct tax (approximately 65 lacks) but the Indirect tax are levied on all the people in the form of GST. However, there are different tax slabs for a different articles in GST which makes the GST progressive also.
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Discuss the salient feature of Nagara style of Temple Architecture. Also, mention its different styles with suitable examples. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Start with the Nagara style of Temple Architecture. Mention its elements. Also, mention its different styles with suitable examples. Conclude suitably. Nagara is the style of temple architecture that became popular in Northern India. It is common here to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. Unlike in south India, it doesn’t usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. Elements of Temple Garbhagriha It means ‘womb-house’ and is a cave-like sanctum Garbhagriha is made to house the main deity Mandapa It is the entrance to the temple Some temples have multiple mandapas in different sizes named as Ardhamandapa, Mandapa and Mahamandapa Shikhara or Vimana- They are mountain-like structure of a free-standing temple Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South Indian temples Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal like structure Amalaka A stone disc-like structure at the top of the temple shikara Kalasha Topmost point of the temple above Amalaka Antarala A transition area between the Garbhagriha and the temple’s main hall (mandapa) Regional developed under Nagara style : Odisha School Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Puri and Konark. Here the shikhara called deul in Odisha, Mandapas are called jagamohana in Odisha. The exterior of the temples is lavishly carved, their interiors generally simple. Example: Konark Temple, Jagannath temple, Lingaraj temple. Khujuraho/Chandel school Khajuraho’s temples are known for their extensive erotic sculptures Patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand The finest among them is the Shaivite temple known as Kandariya Mahadev, There is present multiple Shikhara in these temples Solanki School Patronized by Solanki kings (later Chalukya) Minimal decoration in these temples. Solanki temple has a water tank in them and stairs are leading towards those water tanks. They have both Hindu and Jain (Dilwara temple in Mt Abu – Highest Jain pilgrimage) Hence, These were the features of the Nagara Style of Temple Architecture.
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##Question:Discuss the salient feature of Nagara style of Temple Architecture. Also, mention its different styles with suitable examples. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Start with the Nagara style of Temple Architecture. Mention its elements. Also, mention its different styles with suitable examples. Conclude suitably. Nagara is the style of temple architecture that became popular in Northern India. It is common here to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. Unlike in south India, it doesn’t usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. Elements of Temple Garbhagriha It means ‘womb-house’ and is a cave-like sanctum Garbhagriha is made to house the main deity Mandapa It is the entrance to the temple Some temples have multiple mandapas in different sizes named as Ardhamandapa, Mandapa and Mahamandapa Shikhara or Vimana- They are mountain-like structure of a free-standing temple Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South Indian temples Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal like structure Amalaka A stone disc-like structure at the top of the temple shikara Kalasha Topmost point of the temple above Amalaka Antarala A transition area between the Garbhagriha and the temple’s main hall (mandapa) Regional developed under Nagara style : Odisha School Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Puri and Konark. Here the shikhara called deul in Odisha, Mandapas are called jagamohana in Odisha. The exterior of the temples is lavishly carved, their interiors generally simple. Example: Konark Temple, Jagannath temple, Lingaraj temple. Khujuraho/Chandel school Khajuraho’s temples are known for their extensive erotic sculptures Patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand The finest among them is the Shaivite temple known as Kandariya Mahadev, There is present multiple Shikhara in these temples Solanki School Patronized by Solanki kings (later Chalukya) Minimal decoration in these temples. Solanki temple has a water tank in them and stairs are leading towards those water tanks. They have both Hindu and Jain (Dilwara temple in Mt Abu – Highest Jain pilgrimage) Hence, These were the features of the Nagara Style of Temple Architecture.
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भारत में पुरापाषाणकालीन स्थलों के भौगौलिक वितरण उपकरण की विशेषताओं व जीवनयापन के प्रमुख बिन्दुओं की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) Briefly discuss the geographical distribution of the Palaeolithic sites, the features of tools and the main points of living in India. (150-200 words, mark-10)
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दृष्टिकोण : पुरापाषाण काल की चर्चा करते हुए संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . भारत में पुरापाषाणकालीन स्थलों के भौगौलिक वितरण की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . पुरापाषाणकालीन उपकरण की विशेषताओं और इसमें होने वाले परिवर्तनों को बताइए . पुरापाषाणकालीन जीवनयापन के प्रमुख बिन्दुओं की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर : मानव विकास के इतिहास में पुरापाषाण काल एक महत्वपूर्ण चरण है . पुरापाषाण काल की अवधि 6 लाख ईसा पूर्व से 10 हजार ईसा पूर्व तक मानी जाती है . मानव इतिहास के अध्ययन का यह प्रथम व सबसे लंबा चरण है . मानव जीवन में हो रहे बदलावों तथा कुछ प्रमुख विशेषताओं के आधार पर पुरापाषाण काल को पुनः तीन उप चरणों में विभक्त किया जा सकता है , जो इस प्रकार हैं : निम्न पुरापाषाण ( 6 लाख से 1.5 लाख ईसा पूर्व ) मध्य पुरापाषाण ( 1.5 लाख से 35 हजार ईसा पूर्व ) उच्च पुरापाषाण ( 35 हजार से 10 हजार ईसा पूर्व ) भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में पुरापाषाणकालीन स्थलों के वितरण को हम निम्न रूपों में देख सकते हैं : पाकिस्तान में सोहन नदी घाटी . राजस्थान में चितौर व अन्य मरुभूमि वाले क्षेत्र . महाराष्ट्र में इनामगांव , नेवासा . उत्तर प्रदेश में बेलन नदी घाटी ( प्रयागराज ) मध्य प्रदेश में नर्मदा नदी घाटी ( भीमबेटका ) गुजरात , कर्नाटक ओड़िशा , आंध्रप्रदेश ( नागार्जुन कोंडा ) मद्रास में कोर्तलायर नदी घाटी . कश्मीर में पहलगांव इत्यादि . पुरापाषाण काल के उपकरणों में हमें निम्न पुरापाषाण काल से उच्च पुरापाषाण काल तक एक क्रमिक विकास दृष्टिगत होता है , जिसे हम निम्नलिखित रूपों में देख सकते हैं : निम्न पुरापाषाण : हैण्डएक्स , क्लेवर , चौपर , चौपिंग , पेबुल . ( ये मूल पत्थर से या कोर पत्थर से निर्मित ) मध्य पुरापाषाण : इस काल में पत्थरों के फ्लेक या शल्क या पपड़ी से निर्मित उपकरणों की शुरुआत . उच्च पुरापाषाण : इसमें फ्लेक के साथ-साथ जानवर की हड्डियों के उपकरण का भी उपयोग . ब्लेड एवं ब्युरींस का अत्यधिक उपयोग . इसके अतिरिक्त स्क्रैपर का भी उपयोग . पुरापाषाण काल के मानव जीवन की प्रमुख विशेषताओं को हम निम्नलिखित रूपों में देख सकते हैं : पुरापुरापाषाण काल का संबंध हिम युग से है . वातावरण का स्वाभाविक प्रभाव उनके जीवन यापन एवं तौर-तरीकों पर दिखाई पड़ता है . इस दौर में मानव अपेक्षाकृत बड़े पशुओं का शिकार , घने बालों एवं बड़े खुर वाले पशुओं का शिकार करते होंगे . साथ ही प्रकृति प्रदत्त वन उत्पाद भी इनकी आजीविका का आधार था . कुल मिलाकर प्रकृति प्रदत्त वस्तुओं का खाद्य पदार्थ के रूप में उपयोग , इस काल में कृषि एवं पशुपालन के कोई साक्ष्य नहीं मिलते हैं तथा मानव उपभोक्ता थे न की उत्पादक . यही कारण है कि इस चरण में मानव को शिकारी एवं खाद्य संग्राहक भी कहा गया है . इस दौर में आग के साक्ष्य नहीं मिलते हैं , अतः स्वाभाविक है कि मानव पका कर भोजन नहीं खाते होंगे लेकिन हिमयुग के कारण भोजन लम्बे समय तक सुरक्षित रहते होंगे . मानव का निवास प्राकृतिक गुफाओं में था , हालांकि उच्च पुरापाषाण काल से कुछ कृत्रिम आवास की भी जानकारी मिलती है . इसी काल में भीमबेटका एवं कुछ अन्य स्थलों से चित्रकला के भी साक्ष्य मिलने लगते हैं . इस दौर के पारिवारिक , सामाजिक , धार्मिक व राजनीतिक जीवन के बारे में दावे से कुछ भी कहना मुश्किल है लेकिन उपकरणों में परिवर्तन मानव के बौद्धिक क्षमता के विकास तथा बेहतर जीवन जीने की इच्छाशक्ति को अभिव्यक्त करता है .
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##Question:भारत में पुरापाषाणकालीन स्थलों के भौगौलिक वितरण उपकरण की विशेषताओं व जीवनयापन के प्रमुख बिन्दुओं की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) Briefly discuss the geographical distribution of the Palaeolithic sites, the features of tools and the main points of living in India. (150-200 words, mark-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : पुरापाषाण काल की चर्चा करते हुए संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . भारत में पुरापाषाणकालीन स्थलों के भौगौलिक वितरण की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . पुरापाषाणकालीन उपकरण की विशेषताओं और इसमें होने वाले परिवर्तनों को बताइए . पुरापाषाणकालीन जीवनयापन के प्रमुख बिन्दुओं की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर : मानव विकास के इतिहास में पुरापाषाण काल एक महत्वपूर्ण चरण है . पुरापाषाण काल की अवधि 6 लाख ईसा पूर्व से 10 हजार ईसा पूर्व तक मानी जाती है . मानव इतिहास के अध्ययन का यह प्रथम व सबसे लंबा चरण है . मानव जीवन में हो रहे बदलावों तथा कुछ प्रमुख विशेषताओं के आधार पर पुरापाषाण काल को पुनः तीन उप चरणों में विभक्त किया जा सकता है , जो इस प्रकार हैं : निम्न पुरापाषाण ( 6 लाख से 1.5 लाख ईसा पूर्व ) मध्य पुरापाषाण ( 1.5 लाख से 35 हजार ईसा पूर्व ) उच्च पुरापाषाण ( 35 हजार से 10 हजार ईसा पूर्व ) भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में पुरापाषाणकालीन स्थलों के वितरण को हम निम्न रूपों में देख सकते हैं : पाकिस्तान में सोहन नदी घाटी . राजस्थान में चितौर व अन्य मरुभूमि वाले क्षेत्र . महाराष्ट्र में इनामगांव , नेवासा . उत्तर प्रदेश में बेलन नदी घाटी ( प्रयागराज ) मध्य प्रदेश में नर्मदा नदी घाटी ( भीमबेटका ) गुजरात , कर्नाटक ओड़िशा , आंध्रप्रदेश ( नागार्जुन कोंडा ) मद्रास में कोर्तलायर नदी घाटी . कश्मीर में पहलगांव इत्यादि . पुरापाषाण काल के उपकरणों में हमें निम्न पुरापाषाण काल से उच्च पुरापाषाण काल तक एक क्रमिक विकास दृष्टिगत होता है , जिसे हम निम्नलिखित रूपों में देख सकते हैं : निम्न पुरापाषाण : हैण्डएक्स , क्लेवर , चौपर , चौपिंग , पेबुल . ( ये मूल पत्थर से या कोर पत्थर से निर्मित ) मध्य पुरापाषाण : इस काल में पत्थरों के फ्लेक या शल्क या पपड़ी से निर्मित उपकरणों की शुरुआत . उच्च पुरापाषाण : इसमें फ्लेक के साथ-साथ जानवर की हड्डियों के उपकरण का भी उपयोग . ब्लेड एवं ब्युरींस का अत्यधिक उपयोग . इसके अतिरिक्त स्क्रैपर का भी उपयोग . पुरापाषाण काल के मानव जीवन की प्रमुख विशेषताओं को हम निम्नलिखित रूपों में देख सकते हैं : पुरापुरापाषाण काल का संबंध हिम युग से है . वातावरण का स्वाभाविक प्रभाव उनके जीवन यापन एवं तौर-तरीकों पर दिखाई पड़ता है . इस दौर में मानव अपेक्षाकृत बड़े पशुओं का शिकार , घने बालों एवं बड़े खुर वाले पशुओं का शिकार करते होंगे . साथ ही प्रकृति प्रदत्त वन उत्पाद भी इनकी आजीविका का आधार था . कुल मिलाकर प्रकृति प्रदत्त वस्तुओं का खाद्य पदार्थ के रूप में उपयोग , इस काल में कृषि एवं पशुपालन के कोई साक्ष्य नहीं मिलते हैं तथा मानव उपभोक्ता थे न की उत्पादक . यही कारण है कि इस चरण में मानव को शिकारी एवं खाद्य संग्राहक भी कहा गया है . इस दौर में आग के साक्ष्य नहीं मिलते हैं , अतः स्वाभाविक है कि मानव पका कर भोजन नहीं खाते होंगे लेकिन हिमयुग के कारण भोजन लम्बे समय तक सुरक्षित रहते होंगे . मानव का निवास प्राकृतिक गुफाओं में था , हालांकि उच्च पुरापाषाण काल से कुछ कृत्रिम आवास की भी जानकारी मिलती है . इसी काल में भीमबेटका एवं कुछ अन्य स्थलों से चित्रकला के भी साक्ष्य मिलने लगते हैं . इस दौर के पारिवारिक , सामाजिक , धार्मिक व राजनीतिक जीवन के बारे में दावे से कुछ भी कहना मुश्किल है लेकिन उपकरणों में परिवर्तन मानव के बौद्धिक क्षमता के विकास तथा बेहतर जीवन जीने की इच्छाशक्ति को अभिव्यक्त करता है .
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Discuss Keynesian Prescription in economic policymaking during a recession. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: In intro define Recession Give brief about aggregate demand Mention Keynesian prescription in economic policymaking during the Recession. Conclude your answer based on the above analysis Answer: A recession is a period between a peak and a trough in the business cycle where there is a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy that can last from a few months to more than a year. Aggregate Demand is defined as the total demand of all goods and services which are measured by calculating the total expenditure in the economy which is also equal expense incurred by various entities These entities are households, govt, businesses, firms, and foreigners Aggregate Demand (AD)= C+G+I+(X-M), where, Expenditure incurred by household = consumption expenditure (C) Expenditure incurred by Govt = Govt Expenditure (G) Expenditure incurred by Businesses or firms = Investment Expenditure (I) Expenditure incurred by foreigners = Net Export (X-M), (X= export, M= Imports) Keynesian Solution to economic policymaking during the recession: According to Keynes unemployment exists because of a lack of aggregate demand. Lack of AD causes the firms to lay off people and even reduce the wages of those working therefore the situation that exists si that of high unemployment despite the willingness to work at low wages. Therefore the Keynesian solution to unemployment is to increase AD. When the economy has less AD, then the following can be observed: The wages are low and unemployment is high -> therefore the ability of households to spend is less thus (C) is subdued. Since AD is less, firms will also not invest as they do not anticipate generating a return on their investment -> therefore investment (I) will also be subdued. (X-M) which is net Exports is outside the control that is it is an autonomous expenditure that is decided by the foreigners. Whether it would be less or high cannot be determined as it is beyond the control. Therefore the only component of AD which can be increased to increase AD is govt expenditure (G). When G increases it causes an increase in AD. When AD is seen to increase, firms will start making investment decisions, since the firms see an increase in AD. Therefore they anticipate a return on their investment and therefore will start investing, further increasing AD. As AD increases further, wages will also increase and unemployment will start to reduce. Eventually leading to the generation of enough jobs and thus reducing unemployment. Conclusion: The Keynesian solution of increasing AD by increasing G works well in theory only and not in practice, in the long run, it creates inflationary pressure due to govt borrowing and crowding out of Private investments.
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##Question:Discuss Keynesian Prescription in economic policymaking during a recession. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: In intro define Recession Give brief about aggregate demand Mention Keynesian prescription in economic policymaking during the Recession. Conclude your answer based on the above analysis Answer: A recession is a period between a peak and a trough in the business cycle where there is a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy that can last from a few months to more than a year. Aggregate Demand is defined as the total demand of all goods and services which are measured by calculating the total expenditure in the economy which is also equal expense incurred by various entities These entities are households, govt, businesses, firms, and foreigners Aggregate Demand (AD)= C+G+I+(X-M), where, Expenditure incurred by household = consumption expenditure (C) Expenditure incurred by Govt = Govt Expenditure (G) Expenditure incurred by Businesses or firms = Investment Expenditure (I) Expenditure incurred by foreigners = Net Export (X-M), (X= export, M= Imports) Keynesian Solution to economic policymaking during the recession: According to Keynes unemployment exists because of a lack of aggregate demand. Lack of AD causes the firms to lay off people and even reduce the wages of those working therefore the situation that exists si that of high unemployment despite the willingness to work at low wages. Therefore the Keynesian solution to unemployment is to increase AD. When the economy has less AD, then the following can be observed: The wages are low and unemployment is high -> therefore the ability of households to spend is less thus (C) is subdued. Since AD is less, firms will also not invest as they do not anticipate generating a return on their investment -> therefore investment (I) will also be subdued. (X-M) which is net Exports is outside the control that is it is an autonomous expenditure that is decided by the foreigners. Whether it would be less or high cannot be determined as it is beyond the control. Therefore the only component of AD which can be increased to increase AD is govt expenditure (G). When G increases it causes an increase in AD. When AD is seen to increase, firms will start making investment decisions, since the firms see an increase in AD. Therefore they anticipate a return on their investment and therefore will start investing, further increasing AD. As AD increases further, wages will also increase and unemployment will start to reduce. Eventually leading to the generation of enough jobs and thus reducing unemployment. Conclusion: The Keynesian solution of increasing AD by increasing G works well in theory only and not in practice, in the long run, it creates inflationary pressure due to govt borrowing and crowding out of Private investments.
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Discus how Directive Principle of State Policy have shaped the policy making process in India. Do you think it has been successful in achieving its objective. Analyse. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Define very briefly DPSP in the introduction. Bring out its main objectives and classification. Mention various policies, which are derived from the implementation of DPSP principles. Trace the evolution of these policies. In the second section, discusses the success and failures of the state in achieving the ideals enshrined in the DPSP. Since the ideal situation is difficult to achieve, try not to be very critical of the process. Rather, the focus should shift towards the progress and finally Suggestions to overcome the lacunae. Conclude with summing up the whole situation. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy, although non-justiciable, lays down the principles, which are considered fundamental in the governance of the country, making it the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws to establish a just society in the country. The DPSP draws its power from multiple sources (Irish Constitution) including Gandhian principles and the constitution framers enshrined many principles in order to establish a new social order in which justice – social, economic, and political shall prevail. Implementation of DPSP Socio-economic principles Land reforms and the abolition of the Zamindari System. National Commission for the Welfare of Women has been established. Ceiling has been placed on land and property to fix the limit of person’s holdings. The rules require that both men and women be paid equal wages for equal work. Schemes like MGNREGA (Right to work), SABLA, ICDS, National Social Assistance, Mid-day meal,s, etc. are examples of state attempts to follow the principles embodied in articles 39,41. Gandhian Principles Through 73rd and 74thAmendments to the constitution, (1991 & 1992 respectively), Panchayati Raj has been given constitutional status with more powers. (Article 40) Sincere efforts have been made for the upliftment of the SCs, STs, and of other Backward Classes. International Principles India has also been actively cooperating with the U.N. to promote international peace and security. (Article 51) The above steps on the part of the central and state governments indicate that many Directive Principles of State Policy have been implemented. However, still there is a long way to go to achieve all of them in full . For instance:- The concentration of wealth has increased. (India’s top 1% holds close to half of the country’s total wealth, Credit Suisse’s Global Wealth Databook 2014). Although the school enrollment has almost reached universal, the high dropout rate (60 lakh students are out of school with 77 percent in rural areas) and quality of education remains an area of concern. PRI suffers from the lacunae of Funds, Functions, and Functionaries. Women"s labor force participation rate have come down to 32 percent (ILO global employment trends report 2013). There are many hindrances in the non-implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy . The main reasons are: Limited material resources. Lack of political will, Lack of awareness and organized action on the part of the people. Though much has been achieved still there is a long way to go to accomplish this objective of a welfare state. The DPSP have long shaped the policy-making in India and will continue to do so, as the principles enshrined are fundamental in nature. The recent enactment of the right to education,
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##Question:Discus how Directive Principle of State Policy have shaped the policy making process in India. Do you think it has been successful in achieving its objective. Analyse. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Define very briefly DPSP in the introduction. Bring out its main objectives and classification. Mention various policies, which are derived from the implementation of DPSP principles. Trace the evolution of these policies. In the second section, discusses the success and failures of the state in achieving the ideals enshrined in the DPSP. Since the ideal situation is difficult to achieve, try not to be very critical of the process. Rather, the focus should shift towards the progress and finally Suggestions to overcome the lacunae. Conclude with summing up the whole situation. Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy, although non-justiciable, lays down the principles, which are considered fundamental in the governance of the country, making it the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws to establish a just society in the country. The DPSP draws its power from multiple sources (Irish Constitution) including Gandhian principles and the constitution framers enshrined many principles in order to establish a new social order in which justice – social, economic, and political shall prevail. Implementation of DPSP Socio-economic principles Land reforms and the abolition of the Zamindari System. National Commission for the Welfare of Women has been established. Ceiling has been placed on land and property to fix the limit of person’s holdings. The rules require that both men and women be paid equal wages for equal work. Schemes like MGNREGA (Right to work), SABLA, ICDS, National Social Assistance, Mid-day meal,s, etc. are examples of state attempts to follow the principles embodied in articles 39,41. Gandhian Principles Through 73rd and 74thAmendments to the constitution, (1991 & 1992 respectively), Panchayati Raj has been given constitutional status with more powers. (Article 40) Sincere efforts have been made for the upliftment of the SCs, STs, and of other Backward Classes. International Principles India has also been actively cooperating with the U.N. to promote international peace and security. (Article 51) The above steps on the part of the central and state governments indicate that many Directive Principles of State Policy have been implemented. However, still there is a long way to go to achieve all of them in full . For instance:- The concentration of wealth has increased. (India’s top 1% holds close to half of the country’s total wealth, Credit Suisse’s Global Wealth Databook 2014). Although the school enrollment has almost reached universal, the high dropout rate (60 lakh students are out of school with 77 percent in rural areas) and quality of education remains an area of concern. PRI suffers from the lacunae of Funds, Functions, and Functionaries. Women"s labor force participation rate have come down to 32 percent (ILO global employment trends report 2013). There are many hindrances in the non-implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy . The main reasons are: Limited material resources. Lack of political will, Lack of awareness and organized action on the part of the people. Though much has been achieved still there is a long way to go to accomplish this objective of a welfare state. The DPSP have long shaped the policy-making in India and will continue to do so, as the principles enshrined are fundamental in nature. The recent enactment of the right to education,
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The public distribution system has been an integral component of Indian efforts to tackle hunger. However, the mechanism is plagued with multiple issues. Elucidate. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question -The public distribution system has been an integral component of Indian efforts to tackle hunger. However, the mechanism is plagued with multiple issues. Elucidate. (150 words/10 Marks) Basic approach- Briefly list down the issues faced by in tackling the issue of hunger in India give initiatives taken by govt. to address the issues Answer: Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Problems: (1) There has been a gradual shift from the cultivation of food crops to the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, and crops which act also as industrial raw materials. This had led to the reduction in net sown area under cereals, millets and pulses. (2) The use of more and more land for the construction of factories, warehouses, and shelters has reduced the land under cultivation and now fertile land for farming is no longer available. (3) The productivity of land has started showing a declining trend. Fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides, which once showed dramatic results, are now being held responsible for reducing the fertility of the soil. (4) Corruption lies at different stages like in PDS, FCI, fair price shops, etc (5) Wastage for food grains while transportation and storage (6) Lack of empathy among lower bureaucracy for food security schemes to implement them in true letter spirit 7. Inadequate sanitation conditions ensure that children suffer from gastrointestinal problems that prevent them from absorbing the nutrition from the food they eat. 8. Lack of knowledge about nutrition is an important impediment towards ensuring nutrition among children. Even Rich families have been found out to be having malnourished children. Government’s initiatives for providing food security: • Government of India set up a special agency — Food Corporation of India (FCI). The agency is responsible for the execution of the food policies of the Central Government. FCI purchases food grains on pre-determined rates (fixed by the government in advance). This price is known as the Minimum Support Price. • The system through which FCI makes the food grains available to the poor society is known as Public Distribution System (PDS). The ration shops in most localities, villages, towns, and cities serve as channels and facilitate this distribution system. • Food intervention programs since the 1970s. The programs are as follows − o Public Distribution System (PDS) for food grains (though it was already existing, the execution of responsibilities was strengthened further). o Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). • Food-for-Work (FFW). • National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 It is passed with the objective to provide for food and nutritional security in human life cycle approach, by ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity. The Act provides for coverage of up to 75% of the rural population and up to 50% of the urban population for receiving subsidized foodgrains under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), thus covering about two-thirds of the population. The eligible persons will be entitled to receive 5 Kgs of foodgrains per person per month at subsidized prices of Rs. 3/2/1 per Kg for rice/wheat/coarse grains. The existing Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households, which constitute the poorest of the poor, will continue to receive 35 Kgs of foodgrains per household per month. Despite having surplus food production, India has one-third of hungry people who are lacking food security. The problem lies in affordability and accessibility due to poor implementation of the abovementioned initiatives due to corruption, inadequate coverage, ghost beneficiaries, leakages etc. These can be overcome by overhauling the delivery system with help of Aadhar, Jan Dhan and Mobile applications and providing employment opportunities to people with help of schemes such National livelihood mission and MNREGA, etc. Following model examples like that of Chhattisgarh PDS is advisable.
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##Question:The public distribution system has been an integral component of Indian efforts to tackle hunger. However, the mechanism is plagued with multiple issues. Elucidate. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question -The public distribution system has been an integral component of Indian efforts to tackle hunger. However, the mechanism is plagued with multiple issues. Elucidate. (150 words/10 Marks) Basic approach- Briefly list down the issues faced by in tackling the issue of hunger in India give initiatives taken by govt. to address the issues Answer: Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Problems: (1) There has been a gradual shift from the cultivation of food crops to the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, and crops which act also as industrial raw materials. This had led to the reduction in net sown area under cereals, millets and pulses. (2) The use of more and more land for the construction of factories, warehouses, and shelters has reduced the land under cultivation and now fertile land for farming is no longer available. (3) The productivity of land has started showing a declining trend. Fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides, which once showed dramatic results, are now being held responsible for reducing the fertility of the soil. (4) Corruption lies at different stages like in PDS, FCI, fair price shops, etc (5) Wastage for food grains while transportation and storage (6) Lack of empathy among lower bureaucracy for food security schemes to implement them in true letter spirit 7. Inadequate sanitation conditions ensure that children suffer from gastrointestinal problems that prevent them from absorbing the nutrition from the food they eat. 8. Lack of knowledge about nutrition is an important impediment towards ensuring nutrition among children. Even Rich families have been found out to be having malnourished children. Government’s initiatives for providing food security: • Government of India set up a special agency — Food Corporation of India (FCI). The agency is responsible for the execution of the food policies of the Central Government. FCI purchases food grains on pre-determined rates (fixed by the government in advance). This price is known as the Minimum Support Price. • The system through which FCI makes the food grains available to the poor society is known as Public Distribution System (PDS). The ration shops in most localities, villages, towns, and cities serve as channels and facilitate this distribution system. • Food intervention programs since the 1970s. The programs are as follows − o Public Distribution System (PDS) for food grains (though it was already existing, the execution of responsibilities was strengthened further). o Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). • Food-for-Work (FFW). • National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 It is passed with the objective to provide for food and nutritional security in human life cycle approach, by ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity. The Act provides for coverage of up to 75% of the rural population and up to 50% of the urban population for receiving subsidized foodgrains under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), thus covering about two-thirds of the population. The eligible persons will be entitled to receive 5 Kgs of foodgrains per person per month at subsidized prices of Rs. 3/2/1 per Kg for rice/wheat/coarse grains. The existing Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households, which constitute the poorest of the poor, will continue to receive 35 Kgs of foodgrains per household per month. Despite having surplus food production, India has one-third of hungry people who are lacking food security. The problem lies in affordability and accessibility due to poor implementation of the abovementioned initiatives due to corruption, inadequate coverage, ghost beneficiaries, leakages etc. These can be overcome by overhauling the delivery system with help of Aadhar, Jan Dhan and Mobile applications and providing employment opportunities to people with help of schemes such National livelihood mission and MNREGA, etc. Following model examples like that of Chhattisgarh PDS is advisable.
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What do you understand by the Evergreen Revolution? Discuss the major factors needed to achieve the Evergreen Revolution in India.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the contextual background of the Evergreen Revolution. Further, bring the definition of the Evergreen revolution. Explain the major factors needed to achieve the Evergreen Revolution in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The evergreen revolution phenomenon was initiated so as to overcome the challenges felt and created by the green revolution. The idea of the Evergreen revolution was given by APJ Abdul Kalam in his book Vision 2020 and by Dr. MS Swaminathan in his Articles on the Evergreen Revolution. The Evergreen Revolution has the following two parts: One is the special spread to regions where the Green Revolution was earlier not practiced or had not reached such as states like Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, North Eastern States, and the western Himalayan states. The second aspect is improvements in Green Revolution Practices and weaknesses such as fertilizer misuse, etc. The Followings are the major factors needed to achieve the Evergreen Revolution in India: Traditional Knowledge of agriculture has to be blended with modern technology for sustainable agriculture. The corporate sector has to be involved in agriculture and allied sectors. For example, contract farming should be promoted which will ensure better prices for the farmers by removing intermediaries as well as assured supplies to the corporates at a pre-determined price. The integrated farming system where soil moisture, soil nutrients, plant transplantation, soil management, and other related services and task are integrated well in the farming system. Ecological farming: So as to ensure that ecology is not adversely affected by the agriculture practices. It also implies that crops supporting local ecology (mostly endemic crops) are grown. Organic Agriculture: It means cultivation without much chemical use. Green Agriculture by ensuring no use of chemical pesticides or fertilizers, proper use of irrigation water and soil moisture, and integrated natural resource management. Agro-forestry: The crop trees and other trees grown on the farm also develop as some kind of forest cover. Mixed Cropping and climate-resilient farming: It is done where the cropping seasons, weather, and climatic conditions are unpredictable. For example, we are not sure whether we will get a good rain or bad ran season hence the farmer uses mixed cropping of higher water demanding crop as well as some more secure low water demanding crop. They also get some desired crop output. Judicious use of land for figuring out land capability with proper soil testing. Use of biotechnology and bt crops in an ecologically sustainable manner by doing proper field testing. Proper use of farm research and intellectual property rights in agriculture. Safeguarding Biological Diversity by protecting a traditional variety of the plant and crop also. Thus the Evergreen Revolution is not only crucial for food security but also for the regional balance and social justice and sustainability of land fertility.
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##Question:What do you understand by the Evergreen Revolution? Discuss the major factors needed to achieve the Evergreen Revolution in India.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the contextual background of the Evergreen Revolution. Further, bring the definition of the Evergreen revolution. Explain the major factors needed to achieve the Evergreen Revolution in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The evergreen revolution phenomenon was initiated so as to overcome the challenges felt and created by the green revolution. The idea of the Evergreen revolution was given by APJ Abdul Kalam in his book Vision 2020 and by Dr. MS Swaminathan in his Articles on the Evergreen Revolution. The Evergreen Revolution has the following two parts: One is the special spread to regions where the Green Revolution was earlier not practiced or had not reached such as states like Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, North Eastern States, and the western Himalayan states. The second aspect is improvements in Green Revolution Practices and weaknesses such as fertilizer misuse, etc. The Followings are the major factors needed to achieve the Evergreen Revolution in India: Traditional Knowledge of agriculture has to be blended with modern technology for sustainable agriculture. The corporate sector has to be involved in agriculture and allied sectors. For example, contract farming should be promoted which will ensure better prices for the farmers by removing intermediaries as well as assured supplies to the corporates at a pre-determined price. The integrated farming system where soil moisture, soil nutrients, plant transplantation, soil management, and other related services and task are integrated well in the farming system. Ecological farming: So as to ensure that ecology is not adversely affected by the agriculture practices. It also implies that crops supporting local ecology (mostly endemic crops) are grown. Organic Agriculture: It means cultivation without much chemical use. Green Agriculture by ensuring no use of chemical pesticides or fertilizers, proper use of irrigation water and soil moisture, and integrated natural resource management. Agro-forestry: The crop trees and other trees grown on the farm also develop as some kind of forest cover. Mixed Cropping and climate-resilient farming: It is done where the cropping seasons, weather, and climatic conditions are unpredictable. For example, we are not sure whether we will get a good rain or bad ran season hence the farmer uses mixed cropping of higher water demanding crop as well as some more secure low water demanding crop. They also get some desired crop output. Judicious use of land for figuring out land capability with proper soil testing. Use of biotechnology and bt crops in an ecologically sustainable manner by doing proper field testing. Proper use of farm research and intellectual property rights in agriculture. Safeguarding Biological Diversity by protecting a traditional variety of the plant and crop also. Thus the Evergreen Revolution is not only crucial for food security but also for the regional balance and social justice and sustainability of land fertility.
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Explain the concept of freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (1)(a). Is this right absolute? Elaborate. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduce in brief about right to freedom of speech and expression under Aticle 19(1) Highlight the various restriction wrt speech and expression Conclude the answer Answer : Right to freedom is within Article 19-22 of the constitution of India. Also, Article 19 protects 6 fundamental rights in which Article 19(1)(a) contains right to freedom of speech and expression. Freedom of Speech and Expression implies that every citizen has the right to express his views, opinions, belief and convictions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing, picturing or in any other manner. The Supreme Court held that the freedom of speech and expression includes the following such as right to propagate one’s views as well as views of others, freedom of press, freedom of silence, etc This right is protected against only state action and not private individuals. Moreover, this right is available only to the citizens and to shareholders of a company but not to foreigners or legal persons like companies or corporations, etc. The State can impose ‘reasonable’ restrictions on the enjoyment of this right only on the grounds mentioned in Article 19 itself and not on any other grounds The State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the freedom of speech and expression on the grounds of: sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, contempt of court, defamation, and incitement to an offence. These rights are not absolute but qualified. The state can impose reasonable restrictions on them. However, whether such restrictions are reasonable or not is to be decided by the courts. Thus, they strike a balance between the rights of the individual and those of the society as a whole, between individual liberty and social control.
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##Question:Explain the concept of freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (1)(a). Is this right absolute? Elaborate. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief about right to freedom of speech and expression under Aticle 19(1) Highlight the various restriction wrt speech and expression Conclude the answer Answer : Right to freedom is within Article 19-22 of the constitution of India. Also, Article 19 protects 6 fundamental rights in which Article 19(1)(a) contains right to freedom of speech and expression. Freedom of Speech and Expression implies that every citizen has the right to express his views, opinions, belief and convictions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing, picturing or in any other manner. The Supreme Court held that the freedom of speech and expression includes the following such as right to propagate one’s views as well as views of others, freedom of press, freedom of silence, etc This right is protected against only state action and not private individuals. Moreover, this right is available only to the citizens and to shareholders of a company but not to foreigners or legal persons like companies or corporations, etc. The State can impose ‘reasonable’ restrictions on the enjoyment of this right only on the grounds mentioned in Article 19 itself and not on any other grounds The State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the freedom of speech and expression on the grounds of: sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, contempt of court, defamation, and incitement to an offence. These rights are not absolute but qualified. The state can impose reasonable restrictions on them. However, whether such restrictions are reasonable or not is to be decided by the courts. Thus, they strike a balance between the rights of the individual and those of the society as a whole, between individual liberty and social control.
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अनुसूचित जाति और जनजाति आयोग के विकासक्रम पर चर्चा कीजिये| साथ ही अनुसूचित जाति आयोग के गठन एवं कार्यों का वर्णन कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Discuss the development of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes Commission. Also, describe the formation and functions of the Scheduled Castes Commission. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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एप्रोच उत्तर की शुरुआत राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति आयोग के विकासक्रम को बताते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात संक्षिप्त रूप में राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग के गठन की चर्चा कीजिये| अंत में राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग की प्रमुख जिम्मेदारियां, कार्य और शक्तियों की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति आयोग का विकासक्रम अनुसूचित जाति शब्द साइमन आयोग द्वारा दिया गया था| 1931 की जनगणना के आधार पर 1935 में संबंधित सूची तैयार की गई| अनुसूचित जाति में शामिल विभिन्न जातियाँ दीर्घकाल से मनोवैज्ञानिक-सामाजिक समस्या (अस्पृश्यता) का शिकार हैं और सामाजिक न्याय की अनुपस्थिति में आर्थिक एवं राजनीतिक अन्याय का भी सामना करना पड़ रहा है| समस्या विशेष को ध्यान में रखते हुए अनुच्छेद 15, 16, 46, 243D, 320, 330, 332, 334, 335, 366, 341 में अनुसूचित जाति से संबंधित प्रावधान दिए गए| 1950 में संवैधानिक (अनुसूचित जाति) आदेश राष्ट्रपति द्वारा लाया गया और हिन्दू धर्म के मानने वाले समाज से अनुसूचित जाति वर्ग की सूची तैयार की गई| 1956 में सिक्ख धर्म और 1990 में बौद्ध धर्म के लोगों को अनुसूचित जाति वर्ग में शामिल करने का आदेश राष्ट्रपति द्वारा दिया गया| मौलिक संविधान के अनुच्छेद 338 के तहत अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति विशेष अधिकारी की नियुक्ति की गई, जिसका उद्देश्य था अनुसूचित जाति-जनजातियों के लिए संविधान में दिए गए उपायों से संबंधित मामलों की जांच और अन्वेषण करना तथा राष्ट्रपति को प्रतिवेदन देना| 1978 में भारत सरकार ने संकल्प द्वारा (कार्यपालिका आदेश) अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति आयोग का गठन किया| 1987 में इसका नाम राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति आयोग किया गया| 1990 में 65 वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा अनुच्छेद 338 में संशोधन करके विशेष पदाधिकारी के स्थान पर इस आयोग को संवैधानिक दर्जा दिया गया| 2003 में 89 वें संविधान संशोधन के माध्यम से अनुच्छेद 338 में राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग और 338A में राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जनजाति आयोग का प्रावधान करके दोनों को अलग-अलग किया गया| दोनों आयोग पृथक-पृथक 2004 से कार्यरत हैं| राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग का गठन अनुच्छेद 338 में इसके गठन से संबंधित प्रावधान| एक अध्यक्ष, 1 उपाध्यक्ष एवं 3 सदस्य| इनकी नियुक्ति भारत के राष्ट्रपति द्वारा वारंट के तहत मुहरबंद हस्ताक्षर के साथ होती है| इनका कार्यकाल और सेवाशर्तें राष्ट्रपति के द्वारा निर्धारित की जाती हैं| राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग की प्रमुख जिम्मेदारियां, कार्य और शक्तियां संविधान एवं संसदीय विधियों के माध्यम से अनुसूचित जातियों की रक्षा हेतु दिए गए प्रावधानों का विश्लेषण और पर्यवेक्षण करना, निगरानी करना तथा उन्हें और सशक्त बनाने के लिए सुझाव देना| भारत के राष्ट्रपति को वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन देना| अनुसूचित जातियों के विरुद्ध हो रहे शोषण संबंधी मुद्दों को उठाना| संबंधित नीतियों को प्रभावशाली तरीके से लागू करने के उद्देश्य से मुद्दों को उचित पदाधिकारी के समक्ष उठाना| शोध-अनुसंधान कार्य में संलग्न होना ताकि रणनीति बनाकर इनके विकास का मार्ग प्रशस्त हो सके| अनुसूचित जातियों के सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास से संबंधित योजनाओं के निर्माण में भाग लेना और आवश्यक सलाह देना| समय-समय पर अनुसूचित जातियों से संबंधित मुद्दों पर सर्कार को जानकारी उपलब्ध कराना| आयोग को दीवानी न्यायालय की शक्ति प्राप्त है| शोषण के विरुद्ध शिकायत आने पर आयोग जांच कर सकता है और इस दौरान देश के किसी भी भाग से व्यक्ति को बुलाकर पूछताछ कर सकता है, दस्तावेज प्राप्त कर सकता है और हलफनामे के साथ साक्ष्य प्राप्त कर सकता है| राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग से यह अपेक्षित है कि वह समाज के सभी वर्गों का सहयोग, विशेष तौर पर समाज के उदारवादी सदस्यों का सहयोग लेकर लोगों की सोच एवं मनोवृति में बदलाव का प्रयास करे| विधिक एवं न्यायिक संरक्षण के साथ-साथ योग्यता निर्माण एवं सृजनशीलता सम्बन्धित कदम उठाये| आरक्षण की नीति के साथ-साथ स्व-सशक्तीकरण की दिशा में आगे बढ़ने हेतु नयी रणनीति एवं कार्यक्रमों को लागू करने पर विशेष बल दिया जाए| शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं को संवेदनशील बनाकर ना सिर्फ अनुसूचित जाति समाज में मानसिक बल का विकास किया जा सकता है बल्कि समाज के अन्य वर्गों की सोच में बदलाव लाकर व्यक्ति की गरिमा, भाईचारा और सामाजिक न्याय को सुनिश्चित किया जा सकता है|अंततः निर्धारित एवं आवंटित किये गए बजटीय राशि का बौद्धिक उपयोग केवल आर्थिक क्षेत्र में ही नहीं बल्कि सामाजिक क्षेत्र में करना ज्यादा बुद्धि संगत होगा|
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##Question:अनुसूचित जाति और जनजाति आयोग के विकासक्रम पर चर्चा कीजिये| साथ ही अनुसूचित जाति आयोग के गठन एवं कार्यों का वर्णन कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Discuss the development of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes Commission. Also, describe the formation and functions of the Scheduled Castes Commission. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच उत्तर की शुरुआत राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति आयोग के विकासक्रम को बताते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात संक्षिप्त रूप में राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग के गठन की चर्चा कीजिये| अंत में राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग की प्रमुख जिम्मेदारियां, कार्य और शक्तियों की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति आयोग का विकासक्रम अनुसूचित जाति शब्द साइमन आयोग द्वारा दिया गया था| 1931 की जनगणना के आधार पर 1935 में संबंधित सूची तैयार की गई| अनुसूचित जाति में शामिल विभिन्न जातियाँ दीर्घकाल से मनोवैज्ञानिक-सामाजिक समस्या (अस्पृश्यता) का शिकार हैं और सामाजिक न्याय की अनुपस्थिति में आर्थिक एवं राजनीतिक अन्याय का भी सामना करना पड़ रहा है| समस्या विशेष को ध्यान में रखते हुए अनुच्छेद 15, 16, 46, 243D, 320, 330, 332, 334, 335, 366, 341 में अनुसूचित जाति से संबंधित प्रावधान दिए गए| 1950 में संवैधानिक (अनुसूचित जाति) आदेश राष्ट्रपति द्वारा लाया गया और हिन्दू धर्म के मानने वाले समाज से अनुसूचित जाति वर्ग की सूची तैयार की गई| 1956 में सिक्ख धर्म और 1990 में बौद्ध धर्म के लोगों को अनुसूचित जाति वर्ग में शामिल करने का आदेश राष्ट्रपति द्वारा दिया गया| मौलिक संविधान के अनुच्छेद 338 के तहत अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति विशेष अधिकारी की नियुक्ति की गई, जिसका उद्देश्य था अनुसूचित जाति-जनजातियों के लिए संविधान में दिए गए उपायों से संबंधित मामलों की जांच और अन्वेषण करना तथा राष्ट्रपति को प्रतिवेदन देना| 1978 में भारत सरकार ने संकल्प द्वारा (कार्यपालिका आदेश) अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति आयोग का गठन किया| 1987 में इसका नाम राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति आयोग किया गया| 1990 में 65 वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा अनुच्छेद 338 में संशोधन करके विशेष पदाधिकारी के स्थान पर इस आयोग को संवैधानिक दर्जा दिया गया| 2003 में 89 वें संविधान संशोधन के माध्यम से अनुच्छेद 338 में राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग और 338A में राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जनजाति आयोग का प्रावधान करके दोनों को अलग-अलग किया गया| दोनों आयोग पृथक-पृथक 2004 से कार्यरत हैं| राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग का गठन अनुच्छेद 338 में इसके गठन से संबंधित प्रावधान| एक अध्यक्ष, 1 उपाध्यक्ष एवं 3 सदस्य| इनकी नियुक्ति भारत के राष्ट्रपति द्वारा वारंट के तहत मुहरबंद हस्ताक्षर के साथ होती है| इनका कार्यकाल और सेवाशर्तें राष्ट्रपति के द्वारा निर्धारित की जाती हैं| राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग की प्रमुख जिम्मेदारियां, कार्य और शक्तियां संविधान एवं संसदीय विधियों के माध्यम से अनुसूचित जातियों की रक्षा हेतु दिए गए प्रावधानों का विश्लेषण और पर्यवेक्षण करना, निगरानी करना तथा उन्हें और सशक्त बनाने के लिए सुझाव देना| भारत के राष्ट्रपति को वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन देना| अनुसूचित जातियों के विरुद्ध हो रहे शोषण संबंधी मुद्दों को उठाना| संबंधित नीतियों को प्रभावशाली तरीके से लागू करने के उद्देश्य से मुद्दों को उचित पदाधिकारी के समक्ष उठाना| शोध-अनुसंधान कार्य में संलग्न होना ताकि रणनीति बनाकर इनके विकास का मार्ग प्रशस्त हो सके| अनुसूचित जातियों के सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास से संबंधित योजनाओं के निर्माण में भाग लेना और आवश्यक सलाह देना| समय-समय पर अनुसूचित जातियों से संबंधित मुद्दों पर सर्कार को जानकारी उपलब्ध कराना| आयोग को दीवानी न्यायालय की शक्ति प्राप्त है| शोषण के विरुद्ध शिकायत आने पर आयोग जांच कर सकता है और इस दौरान देश के किसी भी भाग से व्यक्ति को बुलाकर पूछताछ कर सकता है, दस्तावेज प्राप्त कर सकता है और हलफनामे के साथ साक्ष्य प्राप्त कर सकता है| राष्ट्रीय अनुसूचित जाति आयोग से यह अपेक्षित है कि वह समाज के सभी वर्गों का सहयोग, विशेष तौर पर समाज के उदारवादी सदस्यों का सहयोग लेकर लोगों की सोच एवं मनोवृति में बदलाव का प्रयास करे| विधिक एवं न्यायिक संरक्षण के साथ-साथ योग्यता निर्माण एवं सृजनशीलता सम्बन्धित कदम उठाये| आरक्षण की नीति के साथ-साथ स्व-सशक्तीकरण की दिशा में आगे बढ़ने हेतु नयी रणनीति एवं कार्यक्रमों को लागू करने पर विशेष बल दिया जाए| शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं को संवेदनशील बनाकर ना सिर्फ अनुसूचित जाति समाज में मानसिक बल का विकास किया जा सकता है बल्कि समाज के अन्य वर्गों की सोच में बदलाव लाकर व्यक्ति की गरिमा, भाईचारा और सामाजिक न्याय को सुनिश्चित किया जा सकता है|अंततः निर्धारित एवं आवंटित किये गए बजटीय राशि का बौद्धिक उपयोग केवल आर्थिक क्षेत्र में ही नहीं बल्कि सामाजिक क्षेत्र में करना ज्यादा बुद्धि संगत होगा|
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Briefly enumerate the features of Dravida style of temple architecture. Also discuss various substyles of it. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- List the features of the Dravida style of temple architecture. Briefly give the account of the substyle of Dravida architecture. Dravida temple architecture Pallava rulers initiated rock-cut cave architecture in South India which gave rise to the Dravida style of the temple in South India. Features - 1. Vimana- the inclined tower is the foremost manifestation of the Dravida temple. 2. Gopuram- Dravida temple always has high enclosure walls, intervened by gateways known as Gopuram. 3. Narta Mandap- Inside the premise, Narta Mandap is created for the classical dance performance. 4. Ardha Mandap- Starting porch of Mandap is known as Ardha Mandap, in which often Dhwaja is erected. 5. Antaral- Garbhgriha is connected through a narrow passage known as Antaral. 6. Pushkaram- stepped water tank is a necessary feature of Dravida. 7. Ground plan- Generally temples follow a crucified ground plan and some of the temples also follow the Panchayatan style like Nagara. 8. On the entrance of Garbhagriha a sculpture of Dwarpal is created. 9. Ex- Brihadeshwara temple-Thanjore, Airateshwar temple- Thanjore Substyle of Dravida style Vijayanagar temple- 1. Majority of the temples in Vijayanagar style was created by Krishna dev Raya 2. It is noted for a very high enclosure wall. 3. Amman Shrine- A second Garbhagriha is known as Amman Shrine dedicated to the chief wife of the main deity. 4. Kalyan Mantapam- It was created inside the premise of the temple which was meant for marriage. 5. Mahanavami Dibba- It was created by Krishnadev Raya in Humpi which is a rectangular upraised platform meant for sacrifice or performance of Yajna (for from temple) 6. Ex- Veerbhardra temple- Lepakshi, Virupaksha temple- Hampi, Thousand pillar temple- Lepakshi Nayaka Temple- 1. This style is popular in and around Madurai 2. They continued the Amman shrine concept from the Viajaynagar period. 3. It is noted for large no. of Gopuram and large no. of Vimana. 4. Parakram- It is noted for huge corridor known as Parakram. 5. Brahma Pushkaram (water tank)- It is present inside the premise of the temple. 6. Ex- Meenakshi(Sundareshwar) temple- Madurai, Srirangnathswami temple- Srirangam. Dravida style of temple architecture has great significance. These temples are still used for religious festivals and also act as tourist destinations.
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##Question:Briefly enumerate the features of Dravida style of temple architecture. Also discuss various substyles of it. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- List the features of the Dravida style of temple architecture. Briefly give the account of the substyle of Dravida architecture. Dravida temple architecture Pallava rulers initiated rock-cut cave architecture in South India which gave rise to the Dravida style of the temple in South India. Features - 1. Vimana- the inclined tower is the foremost manifestation of the Dravida temple. 2. Gopuram- Dravida temple always has high enclosure walls, intervened by gateways known as Gopuram. 3. Narta Mandap- Inside the premise, Narta Mandap is created for the classical dance performance. 4. Ardha Mandap- Starting porch of Mandap is known as Ardha Mandap, in which often Dhwaja is erected. 5. Antaral- Garbhgriha is connected through a narrow passage known as Antaral. 6. Pushkaram- stepped water tank is a necessary feature of Dravida. 7. Ground plan- Generally temples follow a crucified ground plan and some of the temples also follow the Panchayatan style like Nagara. 8. On the entrance of Garbhagriha a sculpture of Dwarpal is created. 9. Ex- Brihadeshwara temple-Thanjore, Airateshwar temple- Thanjore Substyle of Dravida style Vijayanagar temple- 1. Majority of the temples in Vijayanagar style was created by Krishna dev Raya 2. It is noted for a very high enclosure wall. 3. Amman Shrine- A second Garbhagriha is known as Amman Shrine dedicated to the chief wife of the main deity. 4. Kalyan Mantapam- It was created inside the premise of the temple which was meant for marriage. 5. Mahanavami Dibba- It was created by Krishnadev Raya in Humpi which is a rectangular upraised platform meant for sacrifice or performance of Yajna (for from temple) 6. Ex- Veerbhardra temple- Lepakshi, Virupaksha temple- Hampi, Thousand pillar temple- Lepakshi Nayaka Temple- 1. This style is popular in and around Madurai 2. They continued the Amman shrine concept from the Viajaynagar period. 3. It is noted for large no. of Gopuram and large no. of Vimana. 4. Parakram- It is noted for huge corridor known as Parakram. 5. Brahma Pushkaram (water tank)- It is present inside the premise of the temple. 6. Ex- Meenakshi(Sundareshwar) temple- Madurai, Srirangnathswami temple- Srirangam. Dravida style of temple architecture has great significance. These temples are still used for religious festivals and also act as tourist destinations.
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Explain the law of supply and demand with graphical illustration. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Introduce the concept of the law of supply and demand. 2. Body: Discuss the law of Demand and Supply. Note: Graphical representation of the law of demand and supply is mandatory. Answer: The law of supply and demand is a theory that explains the interaction between the sellers of a resource and the buyers for that resource in a market. The theory defines the relationship between the price of a given good or product and the willingness of people to either buy or sell it. Law of Demand: Quantity demanded of a good refers to the total quantity that consumers are willing to buy at a given price of that good. Quantity demanded depends upon the Price of the good, Prices of related goods, Disposable income, Season, Tastes, preferences, expectations, Population, etc. The law of demand states that keeping all other factors constant, the quantity demanded of a good varies inversely with price. Note: Plot the concerned graph here. Ceteris paribus, as the price of good increases (↑), quantity demanded decreases (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded increases (↑)” Law of demand studies the relationship between the quantity demanded when the price changes. It does not comment upon price when quantity changes. When the underlined assumptions change, for example for incomes, a new demand curve needs to be plotted. (Shift of demand curve). Law of Supply: The Law of supply states that the supply of a good i.e., the willingness of producers to produce a good varies directly with price, assuming other factors which determine supply as constant. Factors determining supply are the Price of the good in the market, Prices of related goods such as intermediates, raw materials, Availability of resources, Technology, Expectation of consumers Regulations, etc Note: Plot the concerned graph here. Ceteris paribus, as the price of good increases (↑), the quantity that the producers are willing to produce increases (↑); conversely, as the price of good decreases (↓), quantity that the producers are willing to produce also decreases (↓)”.
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##Question:Explain the law of supply and demand with graphical illustration. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Introduce the concept of the law of supply and demand. 2. Body: Discuss the law of Demand and Supply. Note: Graphical representation of the law of demand and supply is mandatory. Answer: The law of supply and demand is a theory that explains the interaction between the sellers of a resource and the buyers for that resource in a market. The theory defines the relationship between the price of a given good or product and the willingness of people to either buy or sell it. Law of Demand: Quantity demanded of a good refers to the total quantity that consumers are willing to buy at a given price of that good. Quantity demanded depends upon the Price of the good, Prices of related goods, Disposable income, Season, Tastes, preferences, expectations, Population, etc. The law of demand states that keeping all other factors constant, the quantity demanded of a good varies inversely with price. Note: Plot the concerned graph here. Ceteris paribus, as the price of good increases (↑), quantity demanded decreases (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded increases (↑)” Law of demand studies the relationship between the quantity demanded when the price changes. It does not comment upon price when quantity changes. When the underlined assumptions change, for example for incomes, a new demand curve needs to be plotted. (Shift of demand curve). Law of Supply: The Law of supply states that the supply of a good i.e., the willingness of producers to produce a good varies directly with price, assuming other factors which determine supply as constant. Factors determining supply are the Price of the good in the market, Prices of related goods such as intermediates, raw materials, Availability of resources, Technology, Expectation of consumers Regulations, etc Note: Plot the concerned graph here. Ceteris paribus, as the price of good increases (↑), the quantity that the producers are willing to produce increases (↑); conversely, as the price of good decreases (↓), quantity that the producers are willing to produce also decreases (↓)”.
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What are different types of Direct Taxes in India? Give a brief account with special emphasis on Equalisation Levy. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question: Question What are the different types of Direct Taxes in India? Give a brief account with special emphasis on Equalisation Levy. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach: Give a brief introduction regarding Direct Taxes Mention some Direct Taxes imposed in India Discuss about the Equalisation Levies DIRECT TAXES Direct taxes are those taxes where the incidence and impact of the tax are at one point. Direct taxes are often considered Progressive because they are synchronized with increasing Income. Some of the important Direct taxes in India can be subdivided in terms of Tax on Income, Tax on Expenditure, and Tax on Property. Tax on Income It consists of the following taxes: Income Tax: which is levied upon Taxable Income that means Gross income-accepted expenditure and various Tax deductions. All these are governed by Income Tax Act 1961. In the Budget Government proposes Tax slabs, applicable Cess, and surcharges. In 2020, the government of India has proposed 2 different Tax Tariffs. The older Tax tariff is based upon various exemptions, deductions like PPF, health insurance, Funds to NGOs, etc. (more than 70 types of deductions) On the other hand, the new tax slab is relatively simple and has lesser tax rates but no exemptions given. Corporate Tax/Corporation Tax It is the tax on the net income of companies. In India earlier, it was very high and not a surprise that all tax reform committees be it Chelliah Committee, Kelkar Committee, and Direct Tax Code Bill had said to reduce it. In 2019, it has been reduced to 22% + Cess and Surcharges which makes the Corporate Tax of India at par with the global average but still much more than tax heavens resulting in Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) It was levied upon those companies who were at the border of paying tax. It was a kind of assumptive tax to reduce the number of tax evasions but has been discontinued since 2019. Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) This is levied upon Dividend distribution where the company uses to deduce tax from the dividend given to shareholders and has to deposit with the government which the shareholder can claim in ITR. This has been discontinued from 2020 primarily to attract investors. Tax On Expenditure There were several direct taxes on expenditure earlier but they had been discontinued. Some of the common were: Hotel receipt tax, Gift tax, and Fringe Benefits Tax. FBT was levied upon the companies who were on the verge of paying tax but did not pay tax because they have shown certain unconventional expenditures on their employees like health insurance, unexpected bonus, etc. But it has been discontinued in 2009. Tax On Property There were several taxes like Estate Tax, other kinds of property taxes but they have been discontinued. In this category following 2 major taxes are: Security Transaction Tax: it is levied on buying and selling of equities , securities irrespective of profit and loss and is on a delivery basis i.e. it is not applicable on Intraday trading. Currently, it is 0.01%. Equalization Levy 1.0 and 2.0 Equalization levy is a tax on digital companies for various services offered and the net earning out of it. It was introduced in 2016 with a 6% bracket. Equalization levy 2.0 extended to e-commerce also. But it is important to note that when above mentioned Corporate Tax reform will be applicable it naturally will be applicable to digital companies also. And therefore this equalization levy will be discontinued.
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##Question:What are different types of Direct Taxes in India? Give a brief account with special emphasis on Equalisation Levy. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question: Question What are the different types of Direct Taxes in India? Give a brief account with special emphasis on Equalisation Levy. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach: Give a brief introduction regarding Direct Taxes Mention some Direct Taxes imposed in India Discuss about the Equalisation Levies DIRECT TAXES Direct taxes are those taxes where the incidence and impact of the tax are at one point. Direct taxes are often considered Progressive because they are synchronized with increasing Income. Some of the important Direct taxes in India can be subdivided in terms of Tax on Income, Tax on Expenditure, and Tax on Property. Tax on Income It consists of the following taxes: Income Tax: which is levied upon Taxable Income that means Gross income-accepted expenditure and various Tax deductions. All these are governed by Income Tax Act 1961. In the Budget Government proposes Tax slabs, applicable Cess, and surcharges. In 2020, the government of India has proposed 2 different Tax Tariffs. The older Tax tariff is based upon various exemptions, deductions like PPF, health insurance, Funds to NGOs, etc. (more than 70 types of deductions) On the other hand, the new tax slab is relatively simple and has lesser tax rates but no exemptions given. Corporate Tax/Corporation Tax It is the tax on the net income of companies. In India earlier, it was very high and not a surprise that all tax reform committees be it Chelliah Committee, Kelkar Committee, and Direct Tax Code Bill had said to reduce it. In 2019, it has been reduced to 22% + Cess and Surcharges which makes the Corporate Tax of India at par with the global average but still much more than tax heavens resulting in Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) It was levied upon those companies who were at the border of paying tax. It was a kind of assumptive tax to reduce the number of tax evasions but has been discontinued since 2019. Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) This is levied upon Dividend distribution where the company uses to deduce tax from the dividend given to shareholders and has to deposit with the government which the shareholder can claim in ITR. This has been discontinued from 2020 primarily to attract investors. Tax On Expenditure There were several direct taxes on expenditure earlier but they had been discontinued. Some of the common were: Hotel receipt tax, Gift tax, and Fringe Benefits Tax. FBT was levied upon the companies who were on the verge of paying tax but did not pay tax because they have shown certain unconventional expenditures on their employees like health insurance, unexpected bonus, etc. But it has been discontinued in 2009. Tax On Property There were several taxes like Estate Tax, other kinds of property taxes but they have been discontinued. In this category following 2 major taxes are: Security Transaction Tax: it is levied on buying and selling of equities , securities irrespective of profit and loss and is on a delivery basis i.e. it is not applicable on Intraday trading. Currently, it is 0.01%. Equalization Levy 1.0 and 2.0 Equalization levy is a tax on digital companies for various services offered and the net earning out of it. It was introduced in 2016 with a 6% bracket. Equalization levy 2.0 extended to e-commerce also. But it is important to note that when above mentioned Corporate Tax reform will be applicable it naturally will be applicable to digital companies also. And therefore this equalization levy will be discontinued.
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What is unemployment? Discuss various types of unemployment citing a suitable example for each. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Definition of Unemployment should be given Main body: Different types of unemployment along with examples. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequent measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor force. Different types of unemployment are as follows: Structural unemployment Unemployment that exists in an economy due to changes in the underlying structure of the economy is called structural unemployment. The structure of an economy is some defining characteristic. For example- the Indian economy is primarily a services-based economy from the perspective of output, an agricultural economy from the perspective of employment, a largely unskilled, semi-skilled economy from the perspective of the workforce. Similarly American economy used to be a manufacturing-based industrial economy but now is an RnD based innovation-led economy etc. Changes in underlying structure cause unemployment called structural unemployment. Structural unemployment is explained using the concept of immobility:- Occupational immobility - inability to move between jobs or reasons such as lack of skills ie skills have become obsolete. Industrial immobility- It is an extension of occupational immobility. ie unable to move between jobs due to decline in specific industry or change in the structure of the industry eg due to globalization manufacturing industry shifted out of US to China. Similarly, the automobile industry is shifting from fossil fuel-based to electric vehicles. Geographical immobility- the reluctance of workers to shift to a new place. Seasonal unemployment Certain industries have seasonal demand. For example- in construction, agriculture, tourism, etc The workers employed in such industries become seasonally unemployed. Frictional unemployment Unemployment occurs due to the inefficiency of the labor market. in a market, the biggest factor preventing optimal decisions is the lack of availability of information in a timely manner. In the labor market this plays out in the form of jobs being available but information regarding them not being available. Hence, a person spends time remaining unemployed despite employment being available. eg- It is usually referred to as time spent by a person remaining unemployed while switching between jobs. Voluntary unemployment A person may choose to remain unemployed despite being offered a job. This may be due to multiple reasons such as the job being deemed below one"s dignity or below the skill level or it may be because of unattractive compensation or generous unemployment benefits etc. Unemployment based on intensity - Underemployment- It is a situation when work is not available to the desired intensity. Usually measured in time ie a person may be available for work for more time than for which work is available .eg Ph.D. person working as a peon. Disguised employment- In it, the marginal product (output) of the labor is zero. It is a situation in which a person is working but not contributing ie there is no extra output produced while employing an additional worker. Commonly seen in less-skilled jobs and family enterprises. eg- agriculture sector Countercyclical implies- When GDP goes down unemployment goes up, when GDP goes up unemployment goes down. For example- During the Covid times, unemployment was the highest. According to the data available with the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), the total number of employed people in the Indian economy as of May-August 2021 was 394 million — 11 million below the level set in May-August 2019. To puts these numbers in a larger perspective, in May-August 2016 the number of employed people was 408 million. In other words, India was already facing a deep employment crisis before the Covid crisis, and it became much worse after it. Therefore, there is a need for National Employment Policy (NEP) that would encompass a set of multidimensional interventions covering a whole range of social and economic issues affecting many policy spheres and not just the areas of labor and employment. The policy would be a critical tool to contribute significantly to achieving the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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##Question:What is unemployment? Discuss various types of unemployment citing a suitable example for each. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Definition of Unemployment should be given Main body: Different types of unemployment along with examples. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequent measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor force. Different types of unemployment are as follows: Structural unemployment Unemployment that exists in an economy due to changes in the underlying structure of the economy is called structural unemployment. The structure of an economy is some defining characteristic. For example- the Indian economy is primarily a services-based economy from the perspective of output, an agricultural economy from the perspective of employment, a largely unskilled, semi-skilled economy from the perspective of the workforce. Similarly American economy used to be a manufacturing-based industrial economy but now is an RnD based innovation-led economy etc. Changes in underlying structure cause unemployment called structural unemployment. Structural unemployment is explained using the concept of immobility:- Occupational immobility - inability to move between jobs or reasons such as lack of skills ie skills have become obsolete. Industrial immobility- It is an extension of occupational immobility. ie unable to move between jobs due to decline in specific industry or change in the structure of the industry eg due to globalization manufacturing industry shifted out of US to China. Similarly, the automobile industry is shifting from fossil fuel-based to electric vehicles. Geographical immobility- the reluctance of workers to shift to a new place. Seasonal unemployment Certain industries have seasonal demand. For example- in construction, agriculture, tourism, etc The workers employed in such industries become seasonally unemployed. Frictional unemployment Unemployment occurs due to the inefficiency of the labor market. in a market, the biggest factor preventing optimal decisions is the lack of availability of information in a timely manner. In the labor market this plays out in the form of jobs being available but information regarding them not being available. Hence, a person spends time remaining unemployed despite employment being available. eg- It is usually referred to as time spent by a person remaining unemployed while switching between jobs. Voluntary unemployment A person may choose to remain unemployed despite being offered a job. This may be due to multiple reasons such as the job being deemed below one"s dignity or below the skill level or it may be because of unattractive compensation or generous unemployment benefits etc. Unemployment based on intensity - Underemployment- It is a situation when work is not available to the desired intensity. Usually measured in time ie a person may be available for work for more time than for which work is available .eg Ph.D. person working as a peon. Disguised employment- In it, the marginal product (output) of the labor is zero. It is a situation in which a person is working but not contributing ie there is no extra output produced while employing an additional worker. Commonly seen in less-skilled jobs and family enterprises. eg- agriculture sector Countercyclical implies- When GDP goes down unemployment goes up, when GDP goes up unemployment goes down. For example- During the Covid times, unemployment was the highest. According to the data available with the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), the total number of employed people in the Indian economy as of May-August 2021 was 394 million — 11 million below the level set in May-August 2019. To puts these numbers in a larger perspective, in May-August 2016 the number of employed people was 408 million. In other words, India was already facing a deep employment crisis before the Covid crisis, and it became much worse after it. Therefore, there is a need for National Employment Policy (NEP) that would encompass a set of multidimensional interventions covering a whole range of social and economic issues affecting many policy spheres and not just the areas of labor and employment. The policy would be a critical tool to contribute significantly to achieving the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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Briefly discuss the reasons for the rise of the Left in the national movement, describe its impact on the Congress.(10 marks/150 words)
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Approach - Begin the answer by giving a general introduction to the Left movement in its role. After this give a brief introduction of the reasons for the rise of the Left. Again describe the impact of the Left on Congress and end the answer with it. Answer - Leftist ideology in India emerged due to political and economic conditions after the First World War and it inevitably got associated with the nationalist movement. The history of the 20th century was important for many reasons. During this time, while on the one hand Indians played an active role in the national movement, on the other hand, the crystallization of various political currents took place on the national scene. The development of the Left movement in India can be seen in two ideologies, first communism which was supported by the Comintern of Russia, second Congress Socialist which was supported by the Indian National Congress. The reasons for the rise of the Left were the following: In the development of modern industries and means of transport, the rise of modern laborers and the pathetic condition of laborers such as railways, roads, wages, etc. People were influenced by the revolutionary ideas of Marx. Reasons like Russian Revolution and the global economic recession helped in the propagation of leftist ideology in India. Many youths who actively participated in the non-cooperation movement were not satisfied with the results of this movement, Gandhian policies, ideas, and alternative self-government programs, this was the reason why these people turned to socialism. Due to the political, economic, and social evils spread in the country, people"s attention also turned towards socialism. But above all this, Jawaharlal Nehru was such a person who gave a socialist vision to the national movement and became a symbol of socialism and socialist ideas in India and declared that if the common man attains economic liberation, Only then can political emancipation be meaningful. Thus Nehru mobilized an entire generation of young nationalists and helped them to assimilate socialist ideas. Left"s influence on Congress Socialist leaders like Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose played an important role in the pre-determining of the goals of Congress. The influence of socialist ideology was also seen in the resolutions passed in 1931 in Karachi. In the Faizpur session in 1936, resolutions related to farmers were also passed. The National Plan was formed in 1938 under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru. The strategy of the Congress was also influenced by the socialists, as the socialists wanted to struggle continuously. They were against any kind of negotiation or agreement with the government, they were in favor of constitutional politics. His important role was seen in the Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement, and all the movements between 1945-47. In the national movement, the leftists were successful in exerting a fundamental influence on Indian society and politics, due to their efforts, many peasant and labor organizations were formed in the country and Marxist and communist ideas were propagated.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the reasons for the rise of the Left in the national movement, describe its impact on the Congress.(10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach - Begin the answer by giving a general introduction to the Left movement in its role. After this give a brief introduction of the reasons for the rise of the Left. Again describe the impact of the Left on Congress and end the answer with it. Answer - Leftist ideology in India emerged due to political and economic conditions after the First World War and it inevitably got associated with the nationalist movement. The history of the 20th century was important for many reasons. During this time, while on the one hand Indians played an active role in the national movement, on the other hand, the crystallization of various political currents took place on the national scene. The development of the Left movement in India can be seen in two ideologies, first communism which was supported by the Comintern of Russia, second Congress Socialist which was supported by the Indian National Congress. The reasons for the rise of the Left were the following: In the development of modern industries and means of transport, the rise of modern laborers and the pathetic condition of laborers such as railways, roads, wages, etc. People were influenced by the revolutionary ideas of Marx. Reasons like Russian Revolution and the global economic recession helped in the propagation of leftist ideology in India. Many youths who actively participated in the non-cooperation movement were not satisfied with the results of this movement, Gandhian policies, ideas, and alternative self-government programs, this was the reason why these people turned to socialism. Due to the political, economic, and social evils spread in the country, people"s attention also turned towards socialism. But above all this, Jawaharlal Nehru was such a person who gave a socialist vision to the national movement and became a symbol of socialism and socialist ideas in India and declared that if the common man attains economic liberation, Only then can political emancipation be meaningful. Thus Nehru mobilized an entire generation of young nationalists and helped them to assimilate socialist ideas. Left"s influence on Congress Socialist leaders like Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose played an important role in the pre-determining of the goals of Congress. The influence of socialist ideology was also seen in the resolutions passed in 1931 in Karachi. In the Faizpur session in 1936, resolutions related to farmers were also passed. The National Plan was formed in 1938 under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru. The strategy of the Congress was also influenced by the socialists, as the socialists wanted to struggle continuously. They were against any kind of negotiation or agreement with the government, they were in favor of constitutional politics. His important role was seen in the Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement, and all the movements between 1945-47. In the national movement, the leftists were successful in exerting a fundamental influence on Indian society and politics, due to their efforts, many peasant and labor organizations were formed in the country and Marxist and communist ideas were propagated.
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Discuss the key provisions of the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013? Also, give suggestions for making the act more effective? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Explain the background of Lokpal in the role In the first part, review the main provisions of Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013. In the second part, present suggestions to make the Act effective. Give a conclusive conclusion at the end. Answer The concept of Lokpal is inspired by the Ombudsman. The concept of Ombudsman is derived from Sweden. Ombudsman means an officer appointed by the Parliament to investigate the abuse of administrative or executive and judicial powers so as to redress public grievances. On the basis of the Ombudsman, the first Administrative Reforms Commission in India recommended the formation of Lokpal and Lokayukta. According to this commission, the Ministers and Secretaries of the Central Government and the State Governments should be included in the purview of the Lokpal at the Central level, while the remaining officers of the Central Government and the State Governments should be under the jurisdiction of their respective Lokayuktas. should be included. Based on the recommendation of the first ARC, the first Lokpal Bill was presented before the Lok Sabha in the year 1968 (4th Lok Sabha). After long efforts in this direction, Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013 was considered effective from 16 January 2014 and after the intervention of the Supreme Court under the provisions of this Act, the first Lokpal in India took charge on 24 March 2019. Review of the act: Lokpal is to be constituted by a chairperson and not more than 8 members, out of which 50% will be judicial members. At least 50% of its members will be from SC, ST, OBC, minority and women. It is to be noted that corruption is such a problem which is not related to any particular caste, class, community or gender but it is related to every person. , The term of Lokpal is 5 years or till the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. The salary, allowances and other service conditions of the chairman of Lokpal are at par with the CJI of India while that of other members are at par with the judges of HC. There will be two branches under the Lokpal, namely the Investigation Branch and the Prosecution Branch. Administrative expenditure of the Lokpal, including salary and allowances and pension, which will be an expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. The Central Government will set up a Special Court on the recommendation of the Lokpal to hear and decide the cases of investigation conducted by the Lokpal. It will be the duty of the Lokpal to present his annual report to the President and the information of this report and the cases rejected by the President and the reasons therefor will be made available to each House of Parliament. If the complaint is unfounded, the complainant can be punished with imprisonment of up to one year and a fine which may extend to one lakh rupees. Due to this provision, the reach of common people will be more narrow. At present, Lokpal has been given legal recognition, due to which the effectiveness of Lokpal is weakened. According to the Act, the Lokpal will investigate allegations of corruption against specific public servants, the Prime Minister, members of the Federal Council of Ministers, members of Parliament, and public servants from Group A to Group D were included in the purview of the Lokpal"s investigation. is | Lokpal will submit the report of the investigation to the appropriate authority, such as before the Lok Sabha in respect of the Prime Minister, before the Prime Minister in the context of the Federal Council of Ministers, before the Central Vigilance Commission in the case of public servants, etc. The relationship of Lokpal is not limited to redressal of public grievances, but only to investigate allegations of corruption, so the purpose of the formation of Lokpal in India is narrow. According to this act, he can initiate an investigation against the Prime Minister only if this proposal is approved by at least two-thirds of the members. The Lokpal cannot investigate any such allegation of corruption against the PM if it is related to external and internal security, international relations, public order, nuclear energy or space science. On the basis of these exceptions, it can be said that in practicality, the Prime Minister is out of the purview of the scrutiny of the Lokpal because almost every work of the Prime Minister is related to the public order itself. According to this act, the appointment of the chairman and other members of the Lokpal is to be done by the President on the basis of the recommendation of a selection committee. The chairman of this selection committee will be the Prime Minister, its other members are the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India or a judge of the SC nominated by him, a jurist of eminence who is to be recommended by the other members of the selection committee. To be nominated by the President on this basis. The appointment of Lokpal will not be invalid on the basis of any vacancy in the selection committee. According to the Act, a search committee has to be constituted by at least 7 persons who will give their recommendations to the selection committee. The Selection Committee may consider names other than those recommended by the Search Committee. This provision in itself defeats the purpose of constitution of search committee. There shall be a Secretary to the Lokpal who shall be the Secretary to the Government of India. and shall be of the rank of the Lokpal, who shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Lokpal from amongst the set of names sent by the Central Government. Therefore, from the administrative point of view, the Lokpal is dependent on the government. This will reduce the chances of the investigation being impartial. Lokpal will be dependent on government agencies for investigation, so the absence of any independent investigative agency with the Lokpal raises a question mark on its fair functioning. The constitution of Lokpal is based on the concept of Ombudsman but it is not in line with the spirit of Ombudsman. In a country where the Parliament does not get the required amount of public credibility, how effective the Lokpal constituted by the Parliament will be a matter of discussion in itself. According to the Ombudsman, the Lokpal should be accountable to the Parliament so that through this Lokpal can be accountable to the general public, but in a way in India, the Parliament itself has been made accountable to the Lokpal. Suggestions for making the Act effective Merit and integrity should be the sole basis while appointing Lokpal and not any other criterion. To make Lokpal more effective, it should be given constitutional status, which has been recommended by the second ARC. In order to widen the scope of investigation of Lokpal, complaints related to corruption as well as maladministration should also be included. It is imperative for the Lokpal to have an independent investigative agency of its own so that its fair working process can be ensured. Efforts should be made to make Lokpal more self-dependent and autonomous. Legal institutions are already working in India for the prevention of corruption, so in such a situation, it would be more appropriate and relevant to constitute Lokpal in the direction of efforts to be made for comprehensive redressal of public grievances while moving ahead from the prevention of corruption. Like the judicial system in India, it would be better to establish a mutual relationship between Lokpal and Lokayukta and Lokayukta should work under Lokpal. According to the second ARC, the National Lokayukta at the central level, the Lokayukta at the state level and the local Ombudsman at the district level should be constituted. For Lokpal to work as an effective institution, it is necessary that Lokayukta should work as an effective institution. For this purpose it is necessary that Lokayukta should be constituted in every state at the earliest. In most of the states, Lokayukta is working passively while in some states Lokayukta is actively working, efforts should be made to make the functioning of Lokayukta more active in the states where Lokayukta is working. Corruption is the result of multiple and diverse factors. Lokpal cannot attack all the factors related to corruption under and under legal provisions. Therefore, even after the formation of Lokpal, the possibilities of curbing corruption are limited. Corruption is a result of the decline of moral values in the society and there is a special effect of the process of socialization as compared to the legal institution towards the development of moral values. Therefore, a healthy socialization will be more effective in fighting corruption in India.
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##Question:Discuss the key provisions of the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013? Also, give suggestions for making the act more effective? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Explain the background of Lokpal in the role In the first part, review the main provisions of Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013. In the second part, present suggestions to make the Act effective. Give a conclusive conclusion at the end. Answer The concept of Lokpal is inspired by the Ombudsman. The concept of Ombudsman is derived from Sweden. Ombudsman means an officer appointed by the Parliament to investigate the abuse of administrative or executive and judicial powers so as to redress public grievances. On the basis of the Ombudsman, the first Administrative Reforms Commission in India recommended the formation of Lokpal and Lokayukta. According to this commission, the Ministers and Secretaries of the Central Government and the State Governments should be included in the purview of the Lokpal at the Central level, while the remaining officers of the Central Government and the State Governments should be under the jurisdiction of their respective Lokayuktas. should be included. Based on the recommendation of the first ARC, the first Lokpal Bill was presented before the Lok Sabha in the year 1968 (4th Lok Sabha). After long efforts in this direction, Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013 was considered effective from 16 January 2014 and after the intervention of the Supreme Court under the provisions of this Act, the first Lokpal in India took charge on 24 March 2019. Review of the act: Lokpal is to be constituted by a chairperson and not more than 8 members, out of which 50% will be judicial members. At least 50% of its members will be from SC, ST, OBC, minority and women. It is to be noted that corruption is such a problem which is not related to any particular caste, class, community or gender but it is related to every person. , The term of Lokpal is 5 years or till the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. The salary, allowances and other service conditions of the chairman of Lokpal are at par with the CJI of India while that of other members are at par with the judges of HC. There will be two branches under the Lokpal, namely the Investigation Branch and the Prosecution Branch. Administrative expenditure of the Lokpal, including salary and allowances and pension, which will be an expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. The Central Government will set up a Special Court on the recommendation of the Lokpal to hear and decide the cases of investigation conducted by the Lokpal. It will be the duty of the Lokpal to present his annual report to the President and the information of this report and the cases rejected by the President and the reasons therefor will be made available to each House of Parliament. If the complaint is unfounded, the complainant can be punished with imprisonment of up to one year and a fine which may extend to one lakh rupees. Due to this provision, the reach of common people will be more narrow. At present, Lokpal has been given legal recognition, due to which the effectiveness of Lokpal is weakened. According to the Act, the Lokpal will investigate allegations of corruption against specific public servants, the Prime Minister, members of the Federal Council of Ministers, members of Parliament, and public servants from Group A to Group D were included in the purview of the Lokpal"s investigation. is | Lokpal will submit the report of the investigation to the appropriate authority, such as before the Lok Sabha in respect of the Prime Minister, before the Prime Minister in the context of the Federal Council of Ministers, before the Central Vigilance Commission in the case of public servants, etc. The relationship of Lokpal is not limited to redressal of public grievances, but only to investigate allegations of corruption, so the purpose of the formation of Lokpal in India is narrow. According to this act, he can initiate an investigation against the Prime Minister only if this proposal is approved by at least two-thirds of the members. The Lokpal cannot investigate any such allegation of corruption against the PM if it is related to external and internal security, international relations, public order, nuclear energy or space science. On the basis of these exceptions, it can be said that in practicality, the Prime Minister is out of the purview of the scrutiny of the Lokpal because almost every work of the Prime Minister is related to the public order itself. According to this act, the appointment of the chairman and other members of the Lokpal is to be done by the President on the basis of the recommendation of a selection committee. The chairman of this selection committee will be the Prime Minister, its other members are the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India or a judge of the SC nominated by him, a jurist of eminence who is to be recommended by the other members of the selection committee. To be nominated by the President on this basis. The appointment of Lokpal will not be invalid on the basis of any vacancy in the selection committee. According to the Act, a search committee has to be constituted by at least 7 persons who will give their recommendations to the selection committee. The Selection Committee may consider names other than those recommended by the Search Committee. This provision in itself defeats the purpose of constitution of search committee. There shall be a Secretary to the Lokpal who shall be the Secretary to the Government of India. and shall be of the rank of the Lokpal, who shall be appointed by the Chairman of the Lokpal from amongst the set of names sent by the Central Government. Therefore, from the administrative point of view, the Lokpal is dependent on the government. This will reduce the chances of the investigation being impartial. Lokpal will be dependent on government agencies for investigation, so the absence of any independent investigative agency with the Lokpal raises a question mark on its fair functioning. The constitution of Lokpal is based on the concept of Ombudsman but it is not in line with the spirit of Ombudsman. In a country where the Parliament does not get the required amount of public credibility, how effective the Lokpal constituted by the Parliament will be a matter of discussion in itself. According to the Ombudsman, the Lokpal should be accountable to the Parliament so that through this Lokpal can be accountable to the general public, but in a way in India, the Parliament itself has been made accountable to the Lokpal. Suggestions for making the Act effective Merit and integrity should be the sole basis while appointing Lokpal and not any other criterion. To make Lokpal more effective, it should be given constitutional status, which has been recommended by the second ARC. In order to widen the scope of investigation of Lokpal, complaints related to corruption as well as maladministration should also be included. It is imperative for the Lokpal to have an independent investigative agency of its own so that its fair working process can be ensured. Efforts should be made to make Lokpal more self-dependent and autonomous. Legal institutions are already working in India for the prevention of corruption, so in such a situation, it would be more appropriate and relevant to constitute Lokpal in the direction of efforts to be made for comprehensive redressal of public grievances while moving ahead from the prevention of corruption. Like the judicial system in India, it would be better to establish a mutual relationship between Lokpal and Lokayukta and Lokayukta should work under Lokpal. According to the second ARC, the National Lokayukta at the central level, the Lokayukta at the state level and the local Ombudsman at the district level should be constituted. For Lokpal to work as an effective institution, it is necessary that Lokayukta should work as an effective institution. For this purpose it is necessary that Lokayukta should be constituted in every state at the earliest. In most of the states, Lokayukta is working passively while in some states Lokayukta is actively working, efforts should be made to make the functioning of Lokayukta more active in the states where Lokayukta is working. Corruption is the result of multiple and diverse factors. Lokpal cannot attack all the factors related to corruption under and under legal provisions. Therefore, even after the formation of Lokpal, the possibilities of curbing corruption are limited. Corruption is a result of the decline of moral values in the society and there is a special effect of the process of socialization as compared to the legal institution towards the development of moral values. Therefore, a healthy socialization will be more effective in fighting corruption in India.
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In the context of India, discuss the types and reasons for unemployment. Also, mention the measures that can be taken to reduce unemployment in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Unemployment can be defined or relevant data can be given Main body: Reasons for employment should be discussed in detail. In the second part of the question, Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: According to the Centre for Monitoring of Indian Economy (CMIE), the monthly jobless rate for March 2020 was 8.75 per cent, which rose to 23.52 per cent in April 2020, then came down a little to 21.73 per cent in May, and in June 2020, it was 10.18 per cent. According to the last survey of the PLFS, the unemployment rate (UR) has fallen to 4.8% from 6.2% in 2017-18. Reasons for unemployment in India Voluntary reasons- Voluntary reasons explain the mismatch in the quality of jobs and the aspiration of the workforce. Structural reasons- explain the mismatch in skills required for the job and the skill of the workforce. The lack of skill-based education in schools and colleges is the main reason for unemployment. Our education system is primarily concerned with the quality and knowledge and written examination more than practical-based tasks. For these reasons, after completion of graduation, while facing interviews, students find themselves lacking in confidence and skills. Disguised unemployment in agriculture- Agriculture provides employment to almost 51% of the total population. However, the sector"s contribution to the country"s GDP is just 12-13%. Slowing economic growth- Closure of digitally disconnected businesses or businesses facing supply chain disruptions due to lockdown. Immobility of Labour: The mobilityof labour in India is low. Due to attachment to the family, people do not go too far off areas for jobs.Factors like language, religion, and climate are also responsible for low mobility. Rapid Growth of Population: Constant increase in population has been a big problem in India. India is expected to surpass China as the world"s most populous nation by 2024 as per UNFPA. Other reasons like Legal complexities, Inadequate state support, low infrastructural, financial and market linkages to small businesses make such enterprises unviable with cost and compliance overruns. Eg- Labour laws. Measures Address declining demand and speed up the recovery through comprehensive employment policy including a National Employment Policy, Tapping into the digital economy’s potential of mass employment. Reskilling and upskilling of workers in light of changing demands across sectors, Facilitating the transition of the economy from informal to the formal sector, Introducing a centralised unemployment insurance scheme for all unemployed individuals/removing bottlenecks of existing unemployment benefit schemes. Recent steps that were taken by the government- Digi Saksham, e-shram portal. To achieve the goal of the “welfare state”, the state should ensure adequate livelihood to all the citizens .
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##Question:In the context of India, discuss the types and reasons for unemployment. Also, mention the measures that can be taken to reduce unemployment in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Unemployment can be defined or relevant data can be given Main body: Reasons for employment should be discussed in detail. In the second part of the question, Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: According to the Centre for Monitoring of Indian Economy (CMIE), the monthly jobless rate for March 2020 was 8.75 per cent, which rose to 23.52 per cent in April 2020, then came down a little to 21.73 per cent in May, and in June 2020, it was 10.18 per cent. According to the last survey of the PLFS, the unemployment rate (UR) has fallen to 4.8% from 6.2% in 2017-18. Reasons for unemployment in India Voluntary reasons- Voluntary reasons explain the mismatch in the quality of jobs and the aspiration of the workforce. Structural reasons- explain the mismatch in skills required for the job and the skill of the workforce. The lack of skill-based education in schools and colleges is the main reason for unemployment. Our education system is primarily concerned with the quality and knowledge and written examination more than practical-based tasks. For these reasons, after completion of graduation, while facing interviews, students find themselves lacking in confidence and skills. Disguised unemployment in agriculture- Agriculture provides employment to almost 51% of the total population. However, the sector"s contribution to the country"s GDP is just 12-13%. Slowing economic growth- Closure of digitally disconnected businesses or businesses facing supply chain disruptions due to lockdown. Immobility of Labour: The mobilityof labour in India is low. Due to attachment to the family, people do not go too far off areas for jobs.Factors like language, religion, and climate are also responsible for low mobility. Rapid Growth of Population: Constant increase in population has been a big problem in India. India is expected to surpass China as the world"s most populous nation by 2024 as per UNFPA. Other reasons like Legal complexities, Inadequate state support, low infrastructural, financial and market linkages to small businesses make such enterprises unviable with cost and compliance overruns. Eg- Labour laws. Measures Address declining demand and speed up the recovery through comprehensive employment policy including a National Employment Policy, Tapping into the digital economy’s potential of mass employment. Reskilling and upskilling of workers in light of changing demands across sectors, Facilitating the transition of the economy from informal to the formal sector, Introducing a centralised unemployment insurance scheme for all unemployed individuals/removing bottlenecks of existing unemployment benefit schemes. Recent steps that were taken by the government- Digi Saksham, e-shram portal. To achieve the goal of the “welfare state”, the state should ensure adequate livelihood to all the citizens .
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With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its Nuclear Energy program? Explain the facts and fears associated with Nuclear energy. (10 marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Discuss the energy needs in the Indian economy. Briefly give the current status of Nuclear Energy in India. Argue for and against nuclear energy as a source of energy to meet the needs of the economy while keeping in mind the safety and waste issues. Give your opinion and suggest a way forward. Answer: Indian energy needs are growing rapidly in line with its ever-increasing billion-plus population and expanding economy. Indian energy demand grows at 4% annually and is expected to increase from 700 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2010 to 1,500 MTOE by 2030. In this, nuclear energy comes out as a clean source of energy for the future. With 6700 MW capacity under installation, nuclear energy currently provides 3% of India’s energy needs. It is projected by the department of atomic energy that by 2050, 20-30 percent of Indian energy needs will be provided by nuclear energy. Reasons why India needs to expand its nuclear energy program: Fossil Fuel Dependence: With huge dependence on imported oil and associated foreign exchange payments, nuclear energy can reduce fossil fuel dependence. Environment Friendly: Being low on CO2 emissions, nuclear technology helps in checking climate change thereby helping realize India’s Nationally Determined Contributions to UNFCCC. Strategic Benefits: With improved technological development and acceptance as a responsible nuclear state, India will become part of the global nuclear trade regime and also rightfully gain a position in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Economic Dependence: Reduced per unit cost with technological development and realization of thorium enabled production cycle. Agreements: Strategic position as India partnered many countries in bilateral and multilateral agreements. (e.g. 123-USA, Reactor sully – France, Russia, Fuel Supply – Canada, Australia). Fears associated with nuclear technology: Safety Issues: Historical accidents like Chernobyl and recent ones like Fukushima raise persistent doubt about human safety and its impact on the environment. This has led nations like Germany and Japan to phase out the use of Nuclear energy. Waste Management: There is difficulty in the management of nuclear waste. It takes many years to eliminate its radioactivity and the risks associated are high. Security : Terrorists and other mischievous organizations can create global havoc by getting access to critical nuclear material or technology. With the Indian motto of ‘atoms for peace, nuclear energy can act as a great catalyst for inclusive growth and development by providing much-needed energy security, so India should continue to expand its nuclear energy program.
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##Question:With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its Nuclear Energy program? Explain the facts and fears associated with Nuclear energy. (10 marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Discuss the energy needs in the Indian economy. Briefly give the current status of Nuclear Energy in India. Argue for and against nuclear energy as a source of energy to meet the needs of the economy while keeping in mind the safety and waste issues. Give your opinion and suggest a way forward. Answer: Indian energy needs are growing rapidly in line with its ever-increasing billion-plus population and expanding economy. Indian energy demand grows at 4% annually and is expected to increase from 700 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2010 to 1,500 MTOE by 2030. In this, nuclear energy comes out as a clean source of energy for the future. With 6700 MW capacity under installation, nuclear energy currently provides 3% of India’s energy needs. It is projected by the department of atomic energy that by 2050, 20-30 percent of Indian energy needs will be provided by nuclear energy. Reasons why India needs to expand its nuclear energy program: Fossil Fuel Dependence: With huge dependence on imported oil and associated foreign exchange payments, nuclear energy can reduce fossil fuel dependence. Environment Friendly: Being low on CO2 emissions, nuclear technology helps in checking climate change thereby helping realize India’s Nationally Determined Contributions to UNFCCC. Strategic Benefits: With improved technological development and acceptance as a responsible nuclear state, India will become part of the global nuclear trade regime and also rightfully gain a position in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Economic Dependence: Reduced per unit cost with technological development and realization of thorium enabled production cycle. Agreements: Strategic position as India partnered many countries in bilateral and multilateral agreements. (e.g. 123-USA, Reactor sully – France, Russia, Fuel Supply – Canada, Australia). Fears associated with nuclear technology: Safety Issues: Historical accidents like Chernobyl and recent ones like Fukushima raise persistent doubt about human safety and its impact on the environment. This has led nations like Germany and Japan to phase out the use of Nuclear energy. Waste Management: There is difficulty in the management of nuclear waste. It takes many years to eliminate its radioactivity and the risks associated are high. Security : Terrorists and other mischievous organizations can create global havoc by getting access to critical nuclear material or technology. With the Indian motto of ‘atoms for peace, nuclear energy can act as a great catalyst for inclusive growth and development by providing much-needed energy security, so India should continue to expand its nuclear energy program.
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Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science in India. What is the advantage of the fast breeder reactor in India? (250 words/ 15 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- A brief historical background can be given. Main body- It should be divided into two parts= Growth and development of nuclear science, Advantages of fast breeder reactor in India. Conclusion- A way forward can be given. Answer: It was Dr Bhabha’s vision that India should become self-reliant in the field of nuclear energy. Initially, it was the DAE that implemented the nuclear power development programme till the creation of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL). Accordingly, India adopted a three-stage nuclear power development programme based on indigenously made reactors and fuel processed from domestic resources. Growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India: India’s journey in the field of nuclear science and technology began with the formation of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1954. The aim was to harness nuclear resources for peaceful purposes. India had to surpass the obstacle of technology denial by capable nations. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) headed by the prime minister started functioning since then. As a part of an agreement with the USA, India set up its first nuclear power station (410MW) in 1963 at Tarapore in Maharashtra. It was based on Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) using enriched Uranium fuel supplied by the USA. This project started commercial operation in 1969. Tarapore marked the beginning of India’s nuclear power development effort. It was in 1988 that India signed an agreement with the then Soviet Union for setting up a 2x1000MW capacity power project based on Soviet manufactured pressurised water reactors at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu. The three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Dr Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to secure the country’s long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The three stages adopted were- Natural uranium fuelled pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PWHR); Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) utilizing plutonium-based fuel; Advanced nuclear power systems for utilisation of Thorium. The first stage was based on indigenously manufactured Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) that used natural Uranium from domestic sources as fuel and indigenously produced Heavy Water as both the moderator and the coolant. In the second stage, Plutonium-239, separated from the spent fuel in the first stage, was to be used in indigenously developed Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) for generating electricity. In the futuristic third stage, it is envisaged to use the indigenously available Thorium raw material from the sea sands along the coast and produce Uranium 233 which in turn would be the fuel for electricity generation. Currently, all the components and equipment, especially the oversized heavy components have been successfully manufactured by Indian industries and erected in the PFBR project. By following the above approach, India has mastered the design and manufacturing of sodium-cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR). Advantages of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR): FBRs are designed with several safety measures and features that follow redundancy and diversity principles. Fast Breeder Reactors are safe and efficient apart from the benefits from environmental considerations. The economic viability of FBRs depends on the successful operation of PFBR and subsequently successful commissioning and operation of FBRs in the country. Electricity generated by FBR would be a source of green energy as the waste from the first stage nuclear programme is reprocessed and used as fuel in FBR. The spent fuel from this reactor can be fed back into the reactor core several times, till the spent fuel contains only short-lived fission products. The advantage of a breeder reactor is that it generates more fissile material than it consumes. Also in the second stage, fast breeder reactors (FBRs) would use Plutonium-239, recovered by reprocessing spent fuel from the first stage, and natural uranium. Breeder reactors use a small core, which is important to sustain chain reactions. Besides, they do not even need moderators for slowing down neutrons, as they use fast neutrons. Further, there is no need for a large number of fuel materials for the annual external feed and thus eliminates the need for large capacity waste storage spaces with complex construction features. India has achieved much in nuclear technology. Entry to the NSG group is important for India to achieve further advancement. Nuclear technology is the future and can help by providing India with a sustainable energy resource.
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##Question:Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science in India. What is the advantage of the fast breeder reactor in India? (250 words/ 15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- A brief historical background can be given. Main body- It should be divided into two parts= Growth and development of nuclear science, Advantages of fast breeder reactor in India. Conclusion- A way forward can be given. Answer: It was Dr Bhabha’s vision that India should become self-reliant in the field of nuclear energy. Initially, it was the DAE that implemented the nuclear power development programme till the creation of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL). Accordingly, India adopted a three-stage nuclear power development programme based on indigenously made reactors and fuel processed from domestic resources. Growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India: India’s journey in the field of nuclear science and technology began with the formation of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1954. The aim was to harness nuclear resources for peaceful purposes. India had to surpass the obstacle of technology denial by capable nations. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) headed by the prime minister started functioning since then. As a part of an agreement with the USA, India set up its first nuclear power station (410MW) in 1963 at Tarapore in Maharashtra. It was based on Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) using enriched Uranium fuel supplied by the USA. This project started commercial operation in 1969. Tarapore marked the beginning of India’s nuclear power development effort. It was in 1988 that India signed an agreement with the then Soviet Union for setting up a 2x1000MW capacity power project based on Soviet manufactured pressurised water reactors at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu. The three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Dr Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to secure the country’s long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The three stages adopted were- Natural uranium fuelled pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PWHR); Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) utilizing plutonium-based fuel; Advanced nuclear power systems for utilisation of Thorium. The first stage was based on indigenously manufactured Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) that used natural Uranium from domestic sources as fuel and indigenously produced Heavy Water as both the moderator and the coolant. In the second stage, Plutonium-239, separated from the spent fuel in the first stage, was to be used in indigenously developed Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) for generating electricity. In the futuristic third stage, it is envisaged to use the indigenously available Thorium raw material from the sea sands along the coast and produce Uranium 233 which in turn would be the fuel for electricity generation. Currently, all the components and equipment, especially the oversized heavy components have been successfully manufactured by Indian industries and erected in the PFBR project. By following the above approach, India has mastered the design and manufacturing of sodium-cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR). Advantages of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR): FBRs are designed with several safety measures and features that follow redundancy and diversity principles. Fast Breeder Reactors are safe and efficient apart from the benefits from environmental considerations. The economic viability of FBRs depends on the successful operation of PFBR and subsequently successful commissioning and operation of FBRs in the country. Electricity generated by FBR would be a source of green energy as the waste from the first stage nuclear programme is reprocessed and used as fuel in FBR. The spent fuel from this reactor can be fed back into the reactor core several times, till the spent fuel contains only short-lived fission products. The advantage of a breeder reactor is that it generates more fissile material than it consumes. Also in the second stage, fast breeder reactors (FBRs) would use Plutonium-239, recovered by reprocessing spent fuel from the first stage, and natural uranium. Breeder reactors use a small core, which is important to sustain chain reactions. Besides, they do not even need moderators for slowing down neutrons, as they use fast neutrons. Further, there is no need for a large number of fuel materials for the annual external feed and thus eliminates the need for large capacity waste storage spaces with complex construction features. India has achieved much in nuclear technology. Entry to the NSG group is important for India to achieve further advancement. Nuclear technology is the future and can help by providing India with a sustainable energy resource.
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What do you understand by nanotechnology? Discuss its applications in various fields along with examples. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- A definition of nanotechnology should be given. Main body- Discussion of its applications with examples. Conclusion- Conclude by giving steps taken by the government. Answer: Nanotechnology is the synthesis and manipulation of nanomaterials which are of the dimension of 1 to 100 nanometers. Working at the nanoscale enables scientists to understand and utilize the unique physical, chemical, mechanical and optical properties of materials that occur at this scale. The properties of the material at the nanoscale are very different from properties at the macro scale. Applications of nanotechnology 1) Using nanotechnology, materials can effectively be made stronger, lighter, more durable, and more reactive among many other traits . These have applications in everyday life such as- Addition of nanomaterials to certain fabrics- resisting wrinkling as well as bacterial growth. Nano screens, eyeglasses, camera displays, and windows can be made water and dust-repellant. Lightweight but stronger materials can be used in automobiles as well as aeroplanes and spacecraft which could lead to significant fuel saving Nanomaterials are added to surf detergents and sunscreen lotions to make them more effective. 2) Applications in health care- Targeted drug delivery. Researchers are working on delivering medication directly to diseased cells thus minimizing the risk of damage to healthy tissue. This has huge potential in cancer treatment. In tissue engineering, Nanotechnology has immense applications. Researchers are looking for ways to grow complex tissues with the goal of one day growing human organs for transplant. Better imaging and diagnostic tools pave the way for early diagnosis and more individualized treatment options. Some nanomaterials have the potential to kill superbugs and thus control anti-microbial resistance. 3) Applications in energy- Nanotechnology improves the efficiency of fuel production from raw petroleum through better catalysis. Carbon nanotubes and other nanomembranes are being used to separate carbon dioxide from power plant exhaust. Carbon nanotube has the potential to solve the hydrogen storage challenge. 4) Application in environmental remediation- Nanomembranes are highly effective in treating water impurities Nano technology-enabled sensors detect and identify chemical and biological agents in the air and soil with much higher sensitivity. India spends only a fraction of the amount spent by countries such as the USA, China, Japan, etc. on nanotechnology. The quality of research is also to be improved significantly. Only a small percentage of the papers from India figures in the top 1% of publications. However, the government has undertaken various steps like National Nano Mission, Inspire scheme, and Thematic Units of Excellence (TUEs) to boost the sector.
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##Question:What do you understand by nanotechnology? Discuss its applications in various fields along with examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- A definition of nanotechnology should be given. Main body- Discussion of its applications with examples. Conclusion- Conclude by giving steps taken by the government. Answer: Nanotechnology is the synthesis and manipulation of nanomaterials which are of the dimension of 1 to 100 nanometers. Working at the nanoscale enables scientists to understand and utilize the unique physical, chemical, mechanical and optical properties of materials that occur at this scale. The properties of the material at the nanoscale are very different from properties at the macro scale. Applications of nanotechnology 1) Using nanotechnology, materials can effectively be made stronger, lighter, more durable, and more reactive among many other traits . These have applications in everyday life such as- Addition of nanomaterials to certain fabrics- resisting wrinkling as well as bacterial growth. Nano screens, eyeglasses, camera displays, and windows can be made water and dust-repellant. Lightweight but stronger materials can be used in automobiles as well as aeroplanes and spacecraft which could lead to significant fuel saving Nanomaterials are added to surf detergents and sunscreen lotions to make them more effective. 2) Applications in health care- Targeted drug delivery. Researchers are working on delivering medication directly to diseased cells thus minimizing the risk of damage to healthy tissue. This has huge potential in cancer treatment. In tissue engineering, Nanotechnology has immense applications. Researchers are looking for ways to grow complex tissues with the goal of one day growing human organs for transplant. Better imaging and diagnostic tools pave the way for early diagnosis and more individualized treatment options. Some nanomaterials have the potential to kill superbugs and thus control anti-microbial resistance. 3) Applications in energy- Nanotechnology improves the efficiency of fuel production from raw petroleum through better catalysis. Carbon nanotubes and other nanomembranes are being used to separate carbon dioxide from power plant exhaust. Carbon nanotube has the potential to solve the hydrogen storage challenge. 4) Application in environmental remediation- Nanomembranes are highly effective in treating water impurities Nano technology-enabled sensors detect and identify chemical and biological agents in the air and soil with much higher sensitivity. India spends only a fraction of the amount spent by countries such as the USA, China, Japan, etc. on nanotechnology. The quality of research is also to be improved significantly. Only a small percentage of the papers from India figures in the top 1% of publications. However, the government has undertaken various steps like National Nano Mission, Inspire scheme, and Thematic Units of Excellence (TUEs) to boost the sector.
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Give an account of planning in India. Also, provide the state of the Indian Economy in 1947 which necessitated planning. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce the answer by describing the history of planning in India. Also mention the state of the Indian Economy in 1947 which necessitated planning Conclude briefly Answer Planning in India has been evolutionary in nature with the Objectives of Economic Development - modernization of the economy; Improving the technological base of the economy; Social Justice and Self-reliance. History of planning in India The importance of planning in India in the 1930s was first given by M. Visvesvaraya in the year 1934 in his famous book Planned Economy for India. In this book, the goal of doubling the national income in a decade was set with an emphasis on industrialization. In the year 1938, the National Planning Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Nehru ji in the Haripura session. Under this, the outline of the economy was prepared and the concept of development was presented by balancing industrialization and agriculture. This committee is also known as Congress Plan. In the year 1944-45, 8 industrialists, in which prominent were Purushottam Das, JRD Tata, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Lala Shri Ram, Jan Mathai, etc., the Bombay Plan was made. Under this Bombay plan, the target was to double the per capita income by the next 15 years with an outlay of 10 thousand crores. At the same time, the Gandhi scheme was talked about by Srimannarayana and in 1949, the Sarvodaya scheme was also talked about by Jai Prakash Narayan. The discussion of Nehruvian economy versus Gandhian economy started at the theoretical level during this period. Where on the one hand, Nehru was in favor of capital-based production, so that import dependence could be reduced and self-sufficiency could be brought in the goods of consumption. At the same time, increasing the responsibilities of the state, he was a supporter of the priority of personal distribution at the initial level. This model was called the import substitution model. Whereas Gandhiji was of the opinion that giving priority to labour-based economy and consumption discipline, emphasis should be given on functional distribution. State of Indian Economy at 1947: Agriculture - low productivity; primitive technology; subsistence agriculture; land inequality; no surplus and food shortages; etc Industry - no capital goods; importer of final goods and exporter of raw materials; lack of infrastructure; lack of capital; technological backwardness At the time of Indian independence, the Indian economy was overwhelmingly rural in character with nearly 85% of the population living in villages driving their livelihood from agriculture and related pursuits with low productivity techniques The backwardness of the economy is reflected in its balanced occupational structure; 75% of the working population engaged in agriculture; 10% engaged in the industry; 16% in services Even with a large proportion of the population engaged in agriculture, the country was not self-sufficient in food and raw materials There was almost an absence of basic industries such as chemical/metallic industries; key industries such as physical industries and heavy industries The dominance of informal and unorganised sectors with respect to employment generation Illiteracy was as high as 84%; the majority of children 60% out of school Mass communicable diseases were rampant and in the absence of a good public health system mortality was as high as 27 per 1000; IMR at 145/1000 So, there was a requirement of equitable distribution of resources and prevent concentration of wealth. There was a requirement for infrastructural development and industrial development for balanced regional growth and so the process of planning was introduced.
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##Question:Give an account of planning in India. Also, provide the state of the Indian Economy in 1947 which necessitated planning. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce the answer by describing the history of planning in India. Also mention the state of the Indian Economy in 1947 which necessitated planning Conclude briefly Answer Planning in India has been evolutionary in nature with the Objectives of Economic Development - modernization of the economy; Improving the technological base of the economy; Social Justice and Self-reliance. History of planning in India The importance of planning in India in the 1930s was first given by M. Visvesvaraya in the year 1934 in his famous book Planned Economy for India. In this book, the goal of doubling the national income in a decade was set with an emphasis on industrialization. In the year 1938, the National Planning Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Nehru ji in the Haripura session. Under this, the outline of the economy was prepared and the concept of development was presented by balancing industrialization and agriculture. This committee is also known as Congress Plan. In the year 1944-45, 8 industrialists, in which prominent were Purushottam Das, JRD Tata, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Lala Shri Ram, Jan Mathai, etc., the Bombay Plan was made. Under this Bombay plan, the target was to double the per capita income by the next 15 years with an outlay of 10 thousand crores. At the same time, the Gandhi scheme was talked about by Srimannarayana and in 1949, the Sarvodaya scheme was also talked about by Jai Prakash Narayan. The discussion of Nehruvian economy versus Gandhian economy started at the theoretical level during this period. Where on the one hand, Nehru was in favor of capital-based production, so that import dependence could be reduced and self-sufficiency could be brought in the goods of consumption. At the same time, increasing the responsibilities of the state, he was a supporter of the priority of personal distribution at the initial level. This model was called the import substitution model. Whereas Gandhiji was of the opinion that giving priority to labour-based economy and consumption discipline, emphasis should be given on functional distribution. State of Indian Economy at 1947: Agriculture - low productivity; primitive technology; subsistence agriculture; land inequality; no surplus and food shortages; etc Industry - no capital goods; importer of final goods and exporter of raw materials; lack of infrastructure; lack of capital; technological backwardness At the time of Indian independence, the Indian economy was overwhelmingly rural in character with nearly 85% of the population living in villages driving their livelihood from agriculture and related pursuits with low productivity techniques The backwardness of the economy is reflected in its balanced occupational structure; 75% of the working population engaged in agriculture; 10% engaged in the industry; 16% in services Even with a large proportion of the population engaged in agriculture, the country was not self-sufficient in food and raw materials There was almost an absence of basic industries such as chemical/metallic industries; key industries such as physical industries and heavy industries The dominance of informal and unorganised sectors with respect to employment generation Illiteracy was as high as 84%; the majority of children 60% out of school Mass communicable diseases were rampant and in the absence of a good public health system mortality was as high as 27 per 1000; IMR at 145/1000 So, there was a requirement of equitable distribution of resources and prevent concentration of wealth. There was a requirement for infrastructural development and industrial development for balanced regional growth and so the process of planning was introduced.
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Give an account of the introduction to the history of planning in India. Also, provide the state of the Indian Economy in 1947 which necessitated planning. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce the answer by describing the history of planning in India. Also mention the state of the Indian Economy in 1947 which necessitated planning Conclude briefly Answer Planning in India has been evolutionary in nature with the Objectives of Economic Development - modernization of the economy; Improving the technological base of the economy; Social Justice and Self-reliance. History of planning in India The importance of planning in India in the 1930s was first given by M. Visvesvaraya in the year 1934 in his famous book Planned Economy for India. In this book, the goal of doubling the national income in a decade was set with an emphasis on industrialization. In the year 1938, the National Planning Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Nehru Ji in the Haripura session. Under this, the outline of the economy was prepared and the concept of development was presented by balancing industrialization and agriculture. This committee is also known as Congress Plan. In the year 1944-45, 8 industrialists, in which prominent were Purushottam Das, JRD Tata, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Lala Shri Ram, Jan Mathai, etc., the Bombay Plan was made. Under this Bombay plan, the target was to double the per capita income by the next 15 years with an outlay of 10 thousand crores. At the same time, the Gandhi scheme was talked about by Srimannarayana and in 1949, the Sarvodaya scheme was also talked about by Jai Prakash Narayan. The discussion of the Nehruvian economy versus the Gandhian economy started at the theoretical level during this period. Where on the one hand, Nehru was in favor of capital-based production, so that import dependence could be reduced and self-sufficiency could be brought in the goods of consumption. At the same time, increasing the responsibilities of the state, he was a supporter of the priority of personal distribution at the initial level. This model was called the import substitution model. Whereas Gandhiji was of the opinion that giving priority to labor-based economy and consumption discipline, emphasis should be given on functional distribution. State of Indian Economy at 1947: Agriculture - low productivity; primitive technology; subsistence agriculture; land inequality; no surplus and food shortages; etc Industry - no capital goods; importer of final goods and exporter of raw materials; lack of infrastructure; lack of capital; technological backwardness At the time of Indian independence, the Indian economy was overwhelmingly rural in character with nearly 85% of the population living in villages driving their livelihood from agriculture and related pursuits with low productivity techniques The backwardness of the economy is reflected in its balanced occupational structure; 75% of the working population engaged in agriculture; 10% engaged in the industry; 16% in services Even with a large proportion of the population engaged in agriculture, the country was not self-sufficient in food and raw materials There was almost an absence of basic industries such as chemical/metallic industries; key industries such as physical industries and heavy industries The dominance of informal and unorganized sectors with respect to employment generation Illiteracy was as high as 84%; the majority of children 60% out of school Mass communicable diseases were rampant and in the absence of a good public health system mortality was as high as 27 per 1000; IMR at 145/1000 So, there was a requirement of equitable distribution of resources and preventing concentration of wealth. There was a requirement for infrastructural development and industrial development for balanced regional growth and so the process of planning was introduced.
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##Question:Give an account of the introduction to the history of planning in India. Also, provide the state of the Indian Economy in 1947 which necessitated planning. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce the answer by describing the history of planning in India. Also mention the state of the Indian Economy in 1947 which necessitated planning Conclude briefly Answer Planning in India has been evolutionary in nature with the Objectives of Economic Development - modernization of the economy; Improving the technological base of the economy; Social Justice and Self-reliance. History of planning in India The importance of planning in India in the 1930s was first given by M. Visvesvaraya in the year 1934 in his famous book Planned Economy for India. In this book, the goal of doubling the national income in a decade was set with an emphasis on industrialization. In the year 1938, the National Planning Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Nehru Ji in the Haripura session. Under this, the outline of the economy was prepared and the concept of development was presented by balancing industrialization and agriculture. This committee is also known as Congress Plan. In the year 1944-45, 8 industrialists, in which prominent were Purushottam Das, JRD Tata, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Lala Shri Ram, Jan Mathai, etc., the Bombay Plan was made. Under this Bombay plan, the target was to double the per capita income by the next 15 years with an outlay of 10 thousand crores. At the same time, the Gandhi scheme was talked about by Srimannarayana and in 1949, the Sarvodaya scheme was also talked about by Jai Prakash Narayan. The discussion of the Nehruvian economy versus the Gandhian economy started at the theoretical level during this period. Where on the one hand, Nehru was in favor of capital-based production, so that import dependence could be reduced and self-sufficiency could be brought in the goods of consumption. At the same time, increasing the responsibilities of the state, he was a supporter of the priority of personal distribution at the initial level. This model was called the import substitution model. Whereas Gandhiji was of the opinion that giving priority to labor-based economy and consumption discipline, emphasis should be given on functional distribution. State of Indian Economy at 1947: Agriculture - low productivity; primitive technology; subsistence agriculture; land inequality; no surplus and food shortages; etc Industry - no capital goods; importer of final goods and exporter of raw materials; lack of infrastructure; lack of capital; technological backwardness At the time of Indian independence, the Indian economy was overwhelmingly rural in character with nearly 85% of the population living in villages driving their livelihood from agriculture and related pursuits with low productivity techniques The backwardness of the economy is reflected in its balanced occupational structure; 75% of the working population engaged in agriculture; 10% engaged in the industry; 16% in services Even with a large proportion of the population engaged in agriculture, the country was not self-sufficient in food and raw materials There was almost an absence of basic industries such as chemical/metallic industries; key industries such as physical industries and heavy industries The dominance of informal and unorganized sectors with respect to employment generation Illiteracy was as high as 84%; the majority of children 60% out of school Mass communicable diseases were rampant and in the absence of a good public health system mortality was as high as 27 per 1000; IMR at 145/1000 So, there was a requirement of equitable distribution of resources and preventing concentration of wealth. There was a requirement for infrastructural development and industrial development for balanced regional growth and so the process of planning was introduced.
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अर्थशास्त्र के संदर्भ में वस्तुओं को परिभाषित करते हुए इनके वर्गीकरण एवं प्रकारों को उदाहरणों सहित स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining goods in the context of economics, explain their classification and types with examples. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में अर्थशास्त्र को परिभाषित करते हुए इसमें वस्तुओं की भूमिका को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में वस्तुओं के प्रकारों को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये अर्थशास्त्र सामाजिक विज्ञान की वह शाखा है जिसके अंतर्गत वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से उन वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं के उत्पादन, विनिमय, पुनर्वितरण का अध्ययन एवं विश्लेषण किया जाता है जिनके स्रोत सीमित हों जिससे उनकी मांग और आपूर्ति में एक संतुलन स्थापित किया जा सके जो स्थायी प्रगति के लिए अनिवार्य है| इससे स्पष्ट होता है कि अर्थव्यवस्था की अधिकाँश गतिविधियों में वस्तुएं और सेवायें केंद्र में रहती है| वस्तु से आशय यह है कि दिया गया संदर्भ कुछ दृव्यमान वहन करता हो| अर्थशास्त्र में वस्तुओं को निम्न प्रकार से वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है- स्वामित्व के आधार पर स्वामित्व से आशय बहिष्करण एवं प्रतिस्पर्धा के संदर्भों से है सार्वजनिक वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो गैर प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक तथा बहिष्करण रहित हों जैसे पार्क, रोड आदि|सार्वजानिक वस्तुओं के हितार्थ सरकारों की अर्थव्यवस्था में अग्रिम भूमिका होती है निजी वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक हों तथा जिसमें बहिष्करण के संदर्भ हों| क्लब वस्तुएं- 21 वीं सदी में यह परिकल्पना वैश्विक स्तर पर तेजी से बढ़ रही है जिसमें सदस्यता आधारित आवंटन किया जाता है| ऐसी वस्तुएं यद्यपि बहिष्करण का घटक रखती हैं परन्तु इनमें प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक तत्व नहीं होता है| उदाहरण के लिए विभिन्न क्लबों द्वारा संचालित आवासीय परिसर आदि उपभोग के आधार पर- पूंजीगत वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो आय के स्रोत के रूप में कार्य करती हैं जैसे विभिन्न मशीनरी की वस्तुएं आदि| किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था में यदि पूंजीगत वस्तुओं की मांग अधिक हो तो यह स्पष्ट द्योतक होता है कि निकट भविष्य में उसकी आय बढ़ेगी| माध्यमिक वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं पूंजीगत एवं उपभोग की वस्तुओं के मध्य में स्थापित हों| उदाहरण के लिए वे वस्तुएं जो पूंजीगत वस्तुओं में उपभोग होती हैं जैसे टायर, बेयरिंग आदि उपभोग की वस्तुएं- इनसे आशय उन वस्तुओं से है जो विभिन्न संदर्भों में उपभोग की जा रही हों अर्थात उनका क्रमशः क्षरण हो रहा हो| इन्हें निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है यथा 1- कंज्यूमर ड्यूरेबल- इनसे आशय उन उपभोग की वस्तुओं से है जो औसतन तीन वर्ष या उससे अधिक के समय के लिए उपभोग की जाती हों तथा उनकी कुछ पुनर्बिक्री कीमत होती है| घरों में उपभोग होने वाले इलेक्ट्रॉनिक तथा अन्य समवर्ती कंज्यूमर ड्यूरेबल को वाइट गुड्स भी कहा जाता है|अभी वर्तमान में आयातित हो रही वाइट गुड्स को कम करने के लिए अनेक प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं | 2- कंज्यूमर नॉन ड्यूरेबल वस्तुएं(फ़ास्ट मूविंग कंज्यूमर गुड्स)- इनसे आशय उन वस्तुओं से है जो अल्पकालिक समयावधि की होती हैं जैसे खाद्य वस्तुएं, कॉस्मेटिक वस्तुएं आदि मांग के सिद्धात के आधार पर- मांग का सिद्धांत यह कहता है कि वस्तुओं की मांग कीमतों के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती होती हैं अर्थात जब कीमत अधिक हो तो मांग कम होती है तथा कीमत घटने के साथ मांग में वृद्धि होती है| यद्यपि इसके कुछ उदाहरण इस प्रकार से भी देखे जा सकते हैं जो विशेष परिस्थितियों में इस सिद्धांत का अनुपालन नहीं करते हैं जैसे 1- गिफिन वस्तुएं-इसके अंतर्गत वे आवश्यक वस्तुएं आती हैं जो कीमत बढ़ने के साथ साथ मांग में एक कृत्रिम वृद्धि को प्रदर्शित करती हैं 2- वेबलेन वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो विलासिता के प्रतिमान के रूप में देखी जाती हैं 3- कम गुणवत्ता वाली वस्तुएं (इन्फीरियर वस्तुएं)- इनसे आशय उन वस्तुओं से है जो निम्न आय वर्ग द्वारा इस्तेमाल की जाती हैं तथा आय वृद्धि के साथ इनका उपयोग कम होता जाता है उदाहरणार्थ- बीड़ी, सिगरेट की तुलना में एक इन्फीरियर वस्तु है| 4- प्रतिस्थापन वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वैकल्पिक वस्तुएं संदर्भित की जाती हैं जैसे कॉफ़ी, चाय के संदर्भ में एक वैकल्पिक वस्तु है| 5- प्रतिपूरक वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो एक दूसरे की प्रतिपूरक हों जैसे नमक और मिर्च 6- पिगुएन वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत उन वस्तुओं को सम्मिलित किया जाता है जो स्वास्थ्य पर प्रतिकूल पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव डालती हों जैसे मानव उपभोग हेतु अल्कोहल, सिगरेट, तम्बाकू, गुटखा आदि| इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि वस्तुओं को कई श्रेणियों और प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है
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##Question:अर्थशास्त्र के संदर्भ में वस्तुओं को परिभाषित करते हुए इनके वर्गीकरण एवं प्रकारों को उदाहरणों सहित स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Defining goods in the context of economics, explain their classification and types with examples. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में अर्थशास्त्र को परिभाषित करते हुए इसमें वस्तुओं की भूमिका को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में वस्तुओं के प्रकारों को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये अर्थशास्त्र सामाजिक विज्ञान की वह शाखा है जिसके अंतर्गत वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से उन वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं के उत्पादन, विनिमय, पुनर्वितरण का अध्ययन एवं विश्लेषण किया जाता है जिनके स्रोत सीमित हों जिससे उनकी मांग और आपूर्ति में एक संतुलन स्थापित किया जा सके जो स्थायी प्रगति के लिए अनिवार्य है| इससे स्पष्ट होता है कि अर्थव्यवस्था की अधिकाँश गतिविधियों में वस्तुएं और सेवायें केंद्र में रहती है| वस्तु से आशय यह है कि दिया गया संदर्भ कुछ दृव्यमान वहन करता हो| अर्थशास्त्र में वस्तुओं को निम्न प्रकार से वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है- स्वामित्व के आधार पर स्वामित्व से आशय बहिष्करण एवं प्रतिस्पर्धा के संदर्भों से है सार्वजनिक वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो गैर प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक तथा बहिष्करण रहित हों जैसे पार्क, रोड आदि|सार्वजानिक वस्तुओं के हितार्थ सरकारों की अर्थव्यवस्था में अग्रिम भूमिका होती है निजी वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक हों तथा जिसमें बहिष्करण के संदर्भ हों| क्लब वस्तुएं- 21 वीं सदी में यह परिकल्पना वैश्विक स्तर पर तेजी से बढ़ रही है जिसमें सदस्यता आधारित आवंटन किया जाता है| ऐसी वस्तुएं यद्यपि बहिष्करण का घटक रखती हैं परन्तु इनमें प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक तत्व नहीं होता है| उदाहरण के लिए विभिन्न क्लबों द्वारा संचालित आवासीय परिसर आदि उपभोग के आधार पर- पूंजीगत वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो आय के स्रोत के रूप में कार्य करती हैं जैसे विभिन्न मशीनरी की वस्तुएं आदि| किसी भी अर्थव्यवस्था में यदि पूंजीगत वस्तुओं की मांग अधिक हो तो यह स्पष्ट द्योतक होता है कि निकट भविष्य में उसकी आय बढ़ेगी| माध्यमिक वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं पूंजीगत एवं उपभोग की वस्तुओं के मध्य में स्थापित हों| उदाहरण के लिए वे वस्तुएं जो पूंजीगत वस्तुओं में उपभोग होती हैं जैसे टायर, बेयरिंग आदि उपभोग की वस्तुएं- इनसे आशय उन वस्तुओं से है जो विभिन्न संदर्भों में उपभोग की जा रही हों अर्थात उनका क्रमशः क्षरण हो रहा हो| इन्हें निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है यथा 1- कंज्यूमर ड्यूरेबल- इनसे आशय उन उपभोग की वस्तुओं से है जो औसतन तीन वर्ष या उससे अधिक के समय के लिए उपभोग की जाती हों तथा उनकी कुछ पुनर्बिक्री कीमत होती है| घरों में उपभोग होने वाले इलेक्ट्रॉनिक तथा अन्य समवर्ती कंज्यूमर ड्यूरेबल को वाइट गुड्स भी कहा जाता है|अभी वर्तमान में आयातित हो रही वाइट गुड्स को कम करने के लिए अनेक प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं | 2- कंज्यूमर नॉन ड्यूरेबल वस्तुएं(फ़ास्ट मूविंग कंज्यूमर गुड्स)- इनसे आशय उन वस्तुओं से है जो अल्पकालिक समयावधि की होती हैं जैसे खाद्य वस्तुएं, कॉस्मेटिक वस्तुएं आदि मांग के सिद्धात के आधार पर- मांग का सिद्धांत यह कहता है कि वस्तुओं की मांग कीमतों के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती होती हैं अर्थात जब कीमत अधिक हो तो मांग कम होती है तथा कीमत घटने के साथ मांग में वृद्धि होती है| यद्यपि इसके कुछ उदाहरण इस प्रकार से भी देखे जा सकते हैं जो विशेष परिस्थितियों में इस सिद्धांत का अनुपालन नहीं करते हैं जैसे 1- गिफिन वस्तुएं-इसके अंतर्गत वे आवश्यक वस्तुएं आती हैं जो कीमत बढ़ने के साथ साथ मांग में एक कृत्रिम वृद्धि को प्रदर्शित करती हैं 2- वेबलेन वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो विलासिता के प्रतिमान के रूप में देखी जाती हैं 3- कम गुणवत्ता वाली वस्तुएं (इन्फीरियर वस्तुएं)- इनसे आशय उन वस्तुओं से है जो निम्न आय वर्ग द्वारा इस्तेमाल की जाती हैं तथा आय वृद्धि के साथ इनका उपयोग कम होता जाता है उदाहरणार्थ- बीड़ी, सिगरेट की तुलना में एक इन्फीरियर वस्तु है| 4- प्रतिस्थापन वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वैकल्पिक वस्तुएं संदर्भित की जाती हैं जैसे कॉफ़ी, चाय के संदर्भ में एक वैकल्पिक वस्तु है| 5- प्रतिपूरक वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत वे वस्तुएं आती हैं जो एक दूसरे की प्रतिपूरक हों जैसे नमक और मिर्च 6- पिगुएन वस्तुएं- इसके अंतर्गत उन वस्तुओं को सम्मिलित किया जाता है जो स्वास्थ्य पर प्रतिकूल पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव डालती हों जैसे मानव उपभोग हेतु अल्कोहल, सिगरेट, तम्बाकू, गुटखा आदि| इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि वस्तुओं को कई श्रेणियों और प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है
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Surrogacy has become both a need as well a source of income for many. In the context of this statement, discuss to what extent putting a blanket ban on commercial surrogacy is justified. (150 words/10 marks)
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Surrogacy has become both a need as well a source of income for many. In the context of this statement, discuss to what extent putting a blanket ban on commercial surrogacy is justified. (150 words/10 marks) Approach - Define surrogacy in an introductory part of the answer. Discuss issues related to surrogacy in India. Highlight Issues with the blanket ban on commercial surrogacy. Conclude answer by suggesting the way forward. Answer - "Surrogacy is a process in which another woman carries and gives birth to a child for a couple who wants to have a baby but is unable to do so. It also provides a source of income for many women who are willing to act as surrogate mothers. India due to cheaper medical care, ambiguous laws and potential surrogates due to financial reasons have become a major hub for surrogacy in the world. Surrogacy in India is a 2.3 billion dollars industry. Issues related to surrogacy in India/ why regulation is needed? The exploitation of surrogate women: Financial exploitation - by providing a minimal amount to the surrogates and a major chunk is taken by doctors and the middlemen. Consequences on health – a woman is forced to go through many surrogacy processes (as many as 7-8) which have serious implications on their health. Due to lack of education and legal awareness, the contracts are often biased against the surrogate mother thus putting all the financial burden on her. Custody of surrogate child: Abandonment of child – many times the biological parents abandon the newborn if he/she is born with any disability or the gender of the child is not what was wished by the parents, or in the case of twins. Citizenship issues – as many countries do not allow surrogacy, the child born in India finds it difficult to get the citizenship of parents’ country. Legal loopholes: As there is no law in place till now to regulate surrogacy in India the surrogate mother can’t claim her rights if she is underpaid or left with the child. Allowing commercial surrogacy also lead to child trafficking. In this backdrop Government of India has proposed a bill that would ban commercial surrogacy and allow only altruistic surrogacy. Issues with the blanket ban on commercial surrogacy: The industry may go underground. As seen in other cases the industry which is completely banned generally goes underground. This underground industry then becomes much more difficult to regulate and the exploitation of women will be more in such cases. Exclusion of LGBTs, single parents, and live-in couples. This line also excludes LGBTs, single men or women, couples in live-in relationships, as well as married couples who are proven to be fertile but choose to opt for surrogacy for reasons other than medical. This is against the contemporary reality in India where these sections are getting legal recognition and are increasing in number. Against the rights of women -the right to privacy, right to work, right to income, and right over her body. The altruistic surrogacy denies financial income to the surrogate mother in the process of surrogacy where every other party involved is getting paid. This will lead to the exploitation of women. Way forward: Better regulation of surrogacy. Creating awareness among surrogate mothers. Creating adequate infrastructure for surrogacy to reduce the incidences of exploitation.
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##Question:Surrogacy has become both a need as well a source of income for many. In the context of this statement, discuss to what extent putting a blanket ban on commercial surrogacy is justified. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Surrogacy has become both a need as well a source of income for many. In the context of this statement, discuss to what extent putting a blanket ban on commercial surrogacy is justified. (150 words/10 marks) Approach - Define surrogacy in an introductory part of the answer. Discuss issues related to surrogacy in India. Highlight Issues with the blanket ban on commercial surrogacy. Conclude answer by suggesting the way forward. Answer - "Surrogacy is a process in which another woman carries and gives birth to a child for a couple who wants to have a baby but is unable to do so. It also provides a source of income for many women who are willing to act as surrogate mothers. India due to cheaper medical care, ambiguous laws and potential surrogates due to financial reasons have become a major hub for surrogacy in the world. Surrogacy in India is a 2.3 billion dollars industry. Issues related to surrogacy in India/ why regulation is needed? The exploitation of surrogate women: Financial exploitation - by providing a minimal amount to the surrogates and a major chunk is taken by doctors and the middlemen. Consequences on health – a woman is forced to go through many surrogacy processes (as many as 7-8) which have serious implications on their health. Due to lack of education and legal awareness, the contracts are often biased against the surrogate mother thus putting all the financial burden on her. Custody of surrogate child: Abandonment of child – many times the biological parents abandon the newborn if he/she is born with any disability or the gender of the child is not what was wished by the parents, or in the case of twins. Citizenship issues – as many countries do not allow surrogacy, the child born in India finds it difficult to get the citizenship of parents’ country. Legal loopholes: As there is no law in place till now to regulate surrogacy in India the surrogate mother can’t claim her rights if she is underpaid or left with the child. Allowing commercial surrogacy also lead to child trafficking. In this backdrop Government of India has proposed a bill that would ban commercial surrogacy and allow only altruistic surrogacy. Issues with the blanket ban on commercial surrogacy: The industry may go underground. As seen in other cases the industry which is completely banned generally goes underground. This underground industry then becomes much more difficult to regulate and the exploitation of women will be more in such cases. Exclusion of LGBTs, single parents, and live-in couples. This line also excludes LGBTs, single men or women, couples in live-in relationships, as well as married couples who are proven to be fertile but choose to opt for surrogacy for reasons other than medical. This is against the contemporary reality in India where these sections are getting legal recognition and are increasing in number. Against the rights of women -the right to privacy, right to work, right to income, and right over her body. The altruistic surrogacy denies financial income to the surrogate mother in the process of surrogacy where every other party involved is getting paid. This will lead to the exploitation of women. Way forward: Better regulation of surrogacy. Creating awareness among surrogate mothers. Creating adequate infrastructure for surrogacy to reduce the incidences of exploitation.
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नीचे दिए गये टॉपिक पर निबंध लिखिए- (600-700 शब्द, 60 अंक) युवाओं को नौकरी खोजने वाले की बजाय नौकरी सृजित करने में सक्षम बनाने की आवश्यकता है।
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एप्रोच - की टर्म्स, विषय सामग्री, तथ्य आदि की पहचान करना परिचय भाग तथा इस संदर्भ में समाधान आज के समय क्या प्रवृति है ? - हमारे यहाँ नौकरी खोजने वाले, नौकरी सृजित करने वाले से ज्यादा हैं| (इस संबंध में तथ्य का समावेश लेखन में) इस टॉपिक के संदर्भ में युवाओं पर ज्यादा फोकस करना है| नौकरी सृजित करने में चुनौतियाँ तथा संभावनाएं अपने उद्यम/नवाचार के समक्ष आने वाली चुनौतियाँ हमारी शिक्षा व्यवस्था लोगों को नौकरी खोजने वाला ही ज्यादा बना रही है| नए उद्यम प्रारंभ करने के संदर्भ में सामाजिक स्वीकार्यता, स्थायित्व का आयाम परमिट, लेबर कानून, लाइसेंस आदि सरकारी नीतियों, निवेश, अवसंरचना आदि का अपने उद्यम प्रारंभ करने के समक्ष चुनौतियाँ हमारे समाज में जोखिम उठाने के भाव का अभाव उपरोक्त चुनौतियों के बावजूद इस संदर्भ में संभावनाओं की पहचान ---> खुद को रोजगार के साथ-2 अन्य लोगों को भी रोजगार देकर रोजगार सृजन एवं अर्थव्यवस्था को बढ़ावा नवाचार तथा उत्पादकता को प्रोत्साहन संसाधन दक्षता को बढ़ावा स्थानीय मांग तथा हितों का संरक्षण तथा प्रतिस्पर्धा को बढ़ावा तकनीकी अपग्रेडेशन को बढ़ावा सामाजिक गतिशीलता तथा असमानता दूर करने हेतु प्रयासों को बढ़ावा जनसांख्यिकी लाभांश का ज्यादा से ज्यादा फायदा उठा पाना आदि इस संदर्भ में आगे नहीं बढ़ने से गरीबी, बेरोजगारी, असमानता जैसे संकट का बढ़ना; जनसांख्यिकी लाभांश की जगह जनसांख्यिकी आपदा का संकट आदि आयाम इस संदर्भ में समाधान/सुझाव तथा डाटा का समावेश जगह-जगह लेखन में करना
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##Question:नीचे दिए गये टॉपिक पर निबंध लिखिए- (600-700 शब्द, 60 अंक) युवाओं को नौकरी खोजने वाले की बजाय नौकरी सृजित करने में सक्षम बनाने की आवश्यकता है। ##Answer:एप्रोच - की टर्म्स, विषय सामग्री, तथ्य आदि की पहचान करना परिचय भाग तथा इस संदर्भ में समाधान आज के समय क्या प्रवृति है ? - हमारे यहाँ नौकरी खोजने वाले, नौकरी सृजित करने वाले से ज्यादा हैं| (इस संबंध में तथ्य का समावेश लेखन में) इस टॉपिक के संदर्भ में युवाओं पर ज्यादा फोकस करना है| नौकरी सृजित करने में चुनौतियाँ तथा संभावनाएं अपने उद्यम/नवाचार के समक्ष आने वाली चुनौतियाँ हमारी शिक्षा व्यवस्था लोगों को नौकरी खोजने वाला ही ज्यादा बना रही है| नए उद्यम प्रारंभ करने के संदर्भ में सामाजिक स्वीकार्यता, स्थायित्व का आयाम परमिट, लेबर कानून, लाइसेंस आदि सरकारी नीतियों, निवेश, अवसंरचना आदि का अपने उद्यम प्रारंभ करने के समक्ष चुनौतियाँ हमारे समाज में जोखिम उठाने के भाव का अभाव उपरोक्त चुनौतियों के बावजूद इस संदर्भ में संभावनाओं की पहचान ---> खुद को रोजगार के साथ-2 अन्य लोगों को भी रोजगार देकर रोजगार सृजन एवं अर्थव्यवस्था को बढ़ावा नवाचार तथा उत्पादकता को प्रोत्साहन संसाधन दक्षता को बढ़ावा स्थानीय मांग तथा हितों का संरक्षण तथा प्रतिस्पर्धा को बढ़ावा तकनीकी अपग्रेडेशन को बढ़ावा सामाजिक गतिशीलता तथा असमानता दूर करने हेतु प्रयासों को बढ़ावा जनसांख्यिकी लाभांश का ज्यादा से ज्यादा फायदा उठा पाना आदि इस संदर्भ में आगे नहीं बढ़ने से गरीबी, बेरोजगारी, असमानता जैसे संकट का बढ़ना; जनसांख्यिकी लाभांश की जगह जनसांख्यिकी आपदा का संकट आदि आयाम इस संदर्भ में समाधान/सुझाव तथा डाटा का समावेश जगह-जगह लेखन में करना
| 72,768
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