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Discuss the reasons for the 1991 economic crisis and the various reforms taken by the government in order to tackle it? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in brief the 1991 economic crisis In body give the reasons for the 1991 economic crisis Also mention the various reforms taken by the government in order to tackle it Conclude in brief Answer India witnessed the Balance of Payment crisis in 1991 due to a huge macroeconomic imbalance. The balance of Payment (BoP) Crisis which is also known as a currency crisis, occurs when a nation is unable to pay for essential imports or service its external debt payments. There existed a huge Macroeconomic imbalance of high current account deficit and high fiscal deficit as a result of decades of imprudence and reliance on populist measures. Reasons for the 1991 economic crisis The Government Expenditure exceeded the earnings. Hence the Fiscal Deficit was high. The Gross Fiscal deficit rose from 9 % of GDP in 1980-81 to 12.7 % of GDP in 1990-91. The Internal Debt of the Government rose due to the above reason. It rose from 35 % of GDP in 1985-86 to 53 % of GDP in 1990-91 In addition, the country was importing more than exporting. Hence the Current Account Deficit was high. The current account deficit was triggered by the rise in crude oil prices because of the Gulf War. Due to this, the Forex Reserves of India depleted massively. Despite substantial borrowings from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) earlier in the year. By June 1991, India had less than $ 1 billion forex reserves, just sufficient to meet import requirements for a period of 3 weeks. India did not have enough Forex reserves to conduct business with the world. India was on the verge of defaulting on its International Debt Obligations. Investors pulled out their money. Short term credit dried up, as exporters were apprehensive that they would not be paid. There was a massive rise in inflation rates. Reforms taken by the government: The government opened up the economy and brought in the LPG reforms. The government released a 4 pronged strategy to put the economy back on track. Industrial Policy Reforms License Raj and Inspector Raj were removed. Industrial licensing was abolished. Measures were taken to ease domestic supply constraints. Measures were taken to spur investments. Trade Policy Reforms To make exports competitive Rupee was devalued by 20%. Licensing controls and regulations on exports were eased. Public Sector Reforms There was a liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Public Sector companies were given more operational freedom to scale up and make bigger contributions to the economy. Fiscal Correction Subsidies for Exports were abolished, etc Thus we can say that the economic crisis of 1991 was proactively handled and managed by the Governmnet and laid down some strong reforms which seem to be benefitting the Indian economy to date.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons for the 1991 economic crisis and the various reforms taken by the government in order to tackle it? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief the 1991 economic crisis In body give the reasons for the 1991 economic crisis Also mention the various reforms taken by the government in order to tackle it Conclude in brief Answer India witnessed the Balance of Payment crisis in 1991 due to a huge macroeconomic imbalance. The balance of Payment (BoP) Crisis which is also known as a currency crisis, occurs when a nation is unable to pay for essential imports or service its external debt payments. There existed a huge Macroeconomic imbalance of high current account deficit and high fiscal deficit as a result of decades of imprudence and reliance on populist measures. Reasons for the 1991 economic crisis The Government Expenditure exceeded the earnings. Hence the Fiscal Deficit was high. The Gross Fiscal deficit rose from 9 % of GDP in 1980-81 to 12.7 % of GDP in 1990-91. The Internal Debt of the Government rose due to the above reason. It rose from 35 % of GDP in 1985-86 to 53 % of GDP in 1990-91 In addition, the country was importing more than exporting. Hence the Current Account Deficit was high. The current account deficit was triggered by the rise in crude oil prices because of the Gulf War. Due to this, the Forex Reserves of India depleted massively. Despite substantial borrowings from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) earlier in the year. By June 1991, India had less than $ 1 billion forex reserves, just sufficient to meet import requirements for a period of 3 weeks. India did not have enough Forex reserves to conduct business with the world. India was on the verge of defaulting on its International Debt Obligations. Investors pulled out their money. Short term credit dried up, as exporters were apprehensive that they would not be paid. There was a massive rise in inflation rates. Reforms taken by the government: The government opened up the economy and brought in the LPG reforms. The government released a 4 pronged strategy to put the economy back on track. Industrial Policy Reforms License Raj and Inspector Raj were removed. Industrial licensing was abolished. Measures were taken to ease domestic supply constraints. Measures were taken to spur investments. Trade Policy Reforms To make exports competitive Rupee was devalued by 20%. Licensing controls and regulations on exports were eased. Public Sector Reforms There was a liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Public Sector companies were given more operational freedom to scale up and make bigger contributions to the economy. Fiscal Correction Subsidies for Exports were abolished, etc Thus we can say that the economic crisis of 1991 was proactively handled and managed by the Governmnet and laid down some strong reforms which seem to be benefitting the Indian economy to date.
| 72,769
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Discuss the reasons for the 1991 economic crisis and the various reforms taken by the government in order to tackle it. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in brief the 1991 economic crisis In body give the reasons for the 1991 economic crisis Also, mention the various reforms taken by the government in order to tackle it Conclude in brief Answer India witnessed the Balance of Payment crisis in 1991 due to a huge macroeconomic imbalance. The balance of Payment (BoP) Crisis which is also known as a currency crisis, occurs when a nation is unable to pay for essential imports or service its external debt payments. There existed a huge Macroeconomic imbalance of high current account deficit and high fiscal deficit as a result of decades of imprudence and reliance on populist measures. Reasons for the 1991 economic crisis The Government Expenditure exceeded the earnings. Hence the Fiscal Deficit was high. The Gross Fiscal deficit rose from 9 % of GDP in 1980-81 to 12.7 % of GDP in 1990-91. The Internal Debt of the Government rose due to the above reason. It rose from 35 % of GDP in 1985-86 to 53 % of GDP in 1990-91. In addition, the country was importing more than exporting. Hence the Current Account Deficit was high. The current account deficit was triggered by the rise in crude oil prices because of the Gulf War. Due to this, the Forex Reserves of India depleted massively. Despite substantial borrowings from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) earlier in the year. By June 1991, India had less than $ 1 billion in forex reserves, just sufficient to meet import requirements for a period of 3 weeks. India did not have enough Forex reserves to conduct business with the world. India was on the verge of defaulting on its International Debt Obligations. Investors pulled out their money. Short-term credit dried up, as exporters were apprehensive that they would not be paid. There was a massive rise in inflation rates. Reforms have taken by the government: The government opened up the economy and brought in the LPG reforms. The government released a 4 pronged strategy to put the economy back on track. Industrial Policy Reforms License Raj and Inspector Raj were removed. Industrial licensing was abolished. Measures were taken to ease domestic supply constraints. Measures were taken to spur investments. Trade Policy Reforms To make exports competitive Rupee was devalued by 20%. Licensing controls and regulations on exports were eased. Public Sector Reforms There was a liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Public Sector companies were given more operational freedom to scale up and make bigger contributions to the economy. Fiscal Correction Subsidies for Exports were abolished, etc Thus we can say that the economic crisis of 1991 was proactively handled and managed by the Governmnet and laid down some strong reforms which seem to be benefitting the Indian economy to date.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons for the 1991 economic crisis and the various reforms taken by the government in order to tackle it. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief the 1991 economic crisis In body give the reasons for the 1991 economic crisis Also, mention the various reforms taken by the government in order to tackle it Conclude in brief Answer India witnessed the Balance of Payment crisis in 1991 due to a huge macroeconomic imbalance. The balance of Payment (BoP) Crisis which is also known as a currency crisis, occurs when a nation is unable to pay for essential imports or service its external debt payments. There existed a huge Macroeconomic imbalance of high current account deficit and high fiscal deficit as a result of decades of imprudence and reliance on populist measures. Reasons for the 1991 economic crisis The Government Expenditure exceeded the earnings. Hence the Fiscal Deficit was high. The Gross Fiscal deficit rose from 9 % of GDP in 1980-81 to 12.7 % of GDP in 1990-91. The Internal Debt of the Government rose due to the above reason. It rose from 35 % of GDP in 1985-86 to 53 % of GDP in 1990-91. In addition, the country was importing more than exporting. Hence the Current Account Deficit was high. The current account deficit was triggered by the rise in crude oil prices because of the Gulf War. Due to this, the Forex Reserves of India depleted massively. Despite substantial borrowings from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) earlier in the year. By June 1991, India had less than $ 1 billion in forex reserves, just sufficient to meet import requirements for a period of 3 weeks. India did not have enough Forex reserves to conduct business with the world. India was on the verge of defaulting on its International Debt Obligations. Investors pulled out their money. Short-term credit dried up, as exporters were apprehensive that they would not be paid. There was a massive rise in inflation rates. Reforms have taken by the government: The government opened up the economy and brought in the LPG reforms. The government released a 4 pronged strategy to put the economy back on track. Industrial Policy Reforms License Raj and Inspector Raj were removed. Industrial licensing was abolished. Measures were taken to ease domestic supply constraints. Measures were taken to spur investments. Trade Policy Reforms To make exports competitive Rupee was devalued by 20%. Licensing controls and regulations on exports were eased. Public Sector Reforms There was a liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Public Sector companies were given more operational freedom to scale up and make bigger contributions to the economy. Fiscal Correction Subsidies for Exports were abolished, etc Thus we can say that the economic crisis of 1991 was proactively handled and managed by the Governmnet and laid down some strong reforms which seem to be benefitting the Indian economy to date.
| 72,770
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Explain Hydropower development as one of the major areas of cooperation in India-Bhutan relations.(10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Give a brief introduction to Indo-Bhutan relations. 2. Body: Briefly discuss Hydropower development as one of the major areas of cooperation in India-Bhutan relations along with the challenges/issues. 3. Conclusion: Conclude with a suggestion/way forward. Model Answer: India-Bhutan relations were governed by a Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship of 1949. Article 2 of the treaty was significant wherein “the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations.” The Indian-Bhutan Friendship Treaty, which was signed in New Delhi on 8th February 2007, came into effect on 2nd March 2007 takes the relation further. Hydropower as one of the major areas of cooperation: Bhutan always attaches its importance to the protection of the environment; Hence, Bhutan emphasis on the development of hydropower in which India can cooperate with; Bhutan’s hydropower potential is estimated at around 30,000 MW, of which 23,760 MW has been identified as economically feasible. The ongoing cooperation between India and Bhutan in the hydro-power sector is covered under the 2006 bilateral agreement for cooperation and its Protocol signed in 2009. Hydropower projects developed with Indian assistance are the 1020 MW Tala Hydroelectric Project, 336 MW Chukha Hydroelectric Project, 60 MW Kurichhu Hydroelectric Project. And the 720 MW Mangdechhu project. The latest 720 MW Mangdechhu was commissioned in August 2019. Two HEPs namely, 1200 MW Punatsangchhu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-II in Inter-Governmental mode are under various stages of implementation.80% of the power produced is to be bought by India. As part of GoI’s commitment to jointly develop 10000 MW hydropower in Bhutan, both sides have identified a number of other projects in the sector. Discussions are ongoing for the implementation modalities of the 2585 MW Sankosh Reservoir. Kholongchhu project- An agreement was signed in June 2020 to develop it as a 50:50 joint venture. First-ever joint venture between Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) and the Bhutanese Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC). Challenges/Issues: Bhutan’s debt to India major ongoing projects: Mangdechhu, Punatsangchhu 1 and 2 is approximately ₹12,300 crores which accounts for 77% of the country’s total debt and is 87% of its GDP.While the cost of the 720 MW Mangdechhu project has nearly doubled in the past two years of construction, both Punatsangchhu 1 and 2, each of 1200 MW have trebled in cost and been delayed more than five years over the original completion schedule. The interest repayment on projects that are being financed by India as 30% grant and 70% loan at 10% annual interest is piling up. The concerns of Bhutan with respect to the debt-trap need to be addressed at the earliest.India beginning Track 1.5 campaign of sweetening the India-Bhutan bilateral relationship is a welcome step in this direction.
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##Question:Explain Hydropower development as one of the major areas of cooperation in India-Bhutan relations.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Give a brief introduction to Indo-Bhutan relations. 2. Body: Briefly discuss Hydropower development as one of the major areas of cooperation in India-Bhutan relations along with the challenges/issues. 3. Conclusion: Conclude with a suggestion/way forward. Model Answer: India-Bhutan relations were governed by a Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship of 1949. Article 2 of the treaty was significant wherein “the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations.” The Indian-Bhutan Friendship Treaty, which was signed in New Delhi on 8th February 2007, came into effect on 2nd March 2007 takes the relation further. Hydropower as one of the major areas of cooperation: Bhutan always attaches its importance to the protection of the environment; Hence, Bhutan emphasis on the development of hydropower in which India can cooperate with; Bhutan’s hydropower potential is estimated at around 30,000 MW, of which 23,760 MW has been identified as economically feasible. The ongoing cooperation between India and Bhutan in the hydro-power sector is covered under the 2006 bilateral agreement for cooperation and its Protocol signed in 2009. Hydropower projects developed with Indian assistance are the 1020 MW Tala Hydroelectric Project, 336 MW Chukha Hydroelectric Project, 60 MW Kurichhu Hydroelectric Project. And the 720 MW Mangdechhu project. The latest 720 MW Mangdechhu was commissioned in August 2019. Two HEPs namely, 1200 MW Punatsangchhu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-II in Inter-Governmental mode are under various stages of implementation.80% of the power produced is to be bought by India. As part of GoI’s commitment to jointly develop 10000 MW hydropower in Bhutan, both sides have identified a number of other projects in the sector. Discussions are ongoing for the implementation modalities of the 2585 MW Sankosh Reservoir. Kholongchhu project- An agreement was signed in June 2020 to develop it as a 50:50 joint venture. First-ever joint venture between Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) and the Bhutanese Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC). Challenges/Issues: Bhutan’s debt to India major ongoing projects: Mangdechhu, Punatsangchhu 1 and 2 is approximately ₹12,300 crores which accounts for 77% of the country’s total debt and is 87% of its GDP.While the cost of the 720 MW Mangdechhu project has nearly doubled in the past two years of construction, both Punatsangchhu 1 and 2, each of 1200 MW have trebled in cost and been delayed more than five years over the original completion schedule. The interest repayment on projects that are being financed by India as 30% grant and 70% loan at 10% annual interest is piling up. The concerns of Bhutan with respect to the debt-trap need to be addressed at the earliest.India beginning Track 1.5 campaign of sweetening the India-Bhutan bilateral relationship is a welcome step in this direction.
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What was the objective of bringing Land Ceilings to India? Critically analyze the impact of land ceiling laws that were introduced in post-Independent India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly define what you meant by the land ceiling in the introduction. Highlight the objective of bringing Land Ceilings in India. Briefly describe various benefits of implementing land ceiling laws and the issues associated with it. Conclude with a way forward Model Answer: Land ceilings in simpler terms referred to legally stipulating the maximum size beyond which no individual farmer or farm household could hold any land. C. Hanumanth Rao committee in post-independent India suggested that small lands are more efficient for the socio-economic environment to generate employment. To ensure distributive justice, participative development, and inclusive growth, the state came up with the concept of the land ceiling with the following objectives: The objective of implementing land ceilings laws are: Distributive justice- Any surplus land is distributed among landless people like tenants, farmers, or agricultural laborers. Increased income- by providing income-generating assets to the poor. Recommendation of the second five-year plan : recommended the imposition of ceilings on agricultural holdings. Actualization of the goal of “land to the tiller” Benefits associated with the implementation of Land ceiling laws: By 1961-62, all the state governments had passed the land ceiling acts. With the help of these reforms, the state was supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household and redistribute it to landless families and households in other specified categories, such as SCs and STs. With the implementation of land ceiling laws, it was expected that big farmers may not corner the land of marginal ones, Benami and farzi transactions may reduce. Social justice through redistributive justice However, in most of the states, these land ceiling acts proved to be toothless which can be explained as below: Poor efficiency -preceding long debate enabled landowners to manipulate land records leading to fictitious (benami) and fraudulent partitions of lands among their relations, friends, fictitious trusts, etc Disincentivizing investments - due to fear of being sued by the law itself. So, any investment by big landowners decreased. While Small landholders don"t have the capacity to invest Misuse of law for vested interests : as Law provided a number of exemptions for sugarcane farms, orchards, grazing land, etc. The definition of family under the legislation made it possible to still amass huge landholdings like many states provide an extra ceiling if the family exceeded five members There were many loopholes and other strategies through which most landowners were able to escape from having their surplus land taken over by the state. While some very large estates were broken up, in most cases landowners managed to divide the land among relatives and others, including servants, in so-called ‘benami transfers’ – which allowed them to keep control over the land. In some places, some rich farmers actually divorced their wives (but continued to live with them) in order to avoid the provisions of the Land Ceiling Act, which allowed a separate share for unmarried women but not for wives. The ceiling limits varied from state to state. Thus, the Land ceiling laws were not much successful as it was supposed to be. For its true implementation, the following steps can be taken: Encouraging cooperatives It is time we repealed these laws and allowed farmers the freedom to grow economically. Focus on enhancing agricultural productivity Digitalization of land records. The interplay between irrigation and the ceiling laws is just one of the perverse outcomes of such laws. Seven decades have passed since the Republic was established. It is the right to reform these laws as per the contemporary need of society.
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##Question:What was the objective of bringing Land Ceilings to India? Critically analyze the impact of land ceiling laws that were introduced in post-Independent India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define what you meant by the land ceiling in the introduction. Highlight the objective of bringing Land Ceilings in India. Briefly describe various benefits of implementing land ceiling laws and the issues associated with it. Conclude with a way forward Model Answer: Land ceilings in simpler terms referred to legally stipulating the maximum size beyond which no individual farmer or farm household could hold any land. C. Hanumanth Rao committee in post-independent India suggested that small lands are more efficient for the socio-economic environment to generate employment. To ensure distributive justice, participative development, and inclusive growth, the state came up with the concept of the land ceiling with the following objectives: The objective of implementing land ceilings laws are: Distributive justice- Any surplus land is distributed among landless people like tenants, farmers, or agricultural laborers. Increased income- by providing income-generating assets to the poor. Recommendation of the second five-year plan : recommended the imposition of ceilings on agricultural holdings. Actualization of the goal of “land to the tiller” Benefits associated with the implementation of Land ceiling laws: By 1961-62, all the state governments had passed the land ceiling acts. With the help of these reforms, the state was supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household and redistribute it to landless families and households in other specified categories, such as SCs and STs. With the implementation of land ceiling laws, it was expected that big farmers may not corner the land of marginal ones, Benami and farzi transactions may reduce. Social justice through redistributive justice However, in most of the states, these land ceiling acts proved to be toothless which can be explained as below: Poor efficiency -preceding long debate enabled landowners to manipulate land records leading to fictitious (benami) and fraudulent partitions of lands among their relations, friends, fictitious trusts, etc Disincentivizing investments - due to fear of being sued by the law itself. So, any investment by big landowners decreased. While Small landholders don"t have the capacity to invest Misuse of law for vested interests : as Law provided a number of exemptions for sugarcane farms, orchards, grazing land, etc. The definition of family under the legislation made it possible to still amass huge landholdings like many states provide an extra ceiling if the family exceeded five members There were many loopholes and other strategies through which most landowners were able to escape from having their surplus land taken over by the state. While some very large estates were broken up, in most cases landowners managed to divide the land among relatives and others, including servants, in so-called ‘benami transfers’ – which allowed them to keep control over the land. In some places, some rich farmers actually divorced their wives (but continued to live with them) in order to avoid the provisions of the Land Ceiling Act, which allowed a separate share for unmarried women but not for wives. The ceiling limits varied from state to state. Thus, the Land ceiling laws were not much successful as it was supposed to be. For its true implementation, the following steps can be taken: Encouraging cooperatives It is time we repealed these laws and allowed farmers the freedom to grow economically. Focus on enhancing agricultural productivity Digitalization of land records. The interplay between irrigation and the ceiling laws is just one of the perverse outcomes of such laws. Seven decades have passed since the Republic was established. It is the right to reform these laws as per the contemporary need of society.
| 72,786
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Give an account of the debt instruments in the Money Market and the Capital Market? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about debt instruments and Money Market and the Capital Market In body elaborate on debt instruments in the Money Market and the Capital Market Conclude briefly Answer: Debt Instruments in one whenever a debt instrument is taken and issued in the form of a bilateral agreement and any dispute that is considered under the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 often termed as Promissory Notes On the other hand, a generalised document with details of amount ie face value along with interest agreement ad other details with the maturity date can be considered a Bond. So bonds are without investors names "s in their format. If the bonds are of good quality that means very less or no chances to default, such bonds are called Gilt Bonds. And if the chances are very high then they are called Junk bonds. Whether a bond is a gilt or junk is decided by professional agencies called credit rating agencies In general, any kind of finance taken from the outside, be it debt or equity, if gets settled/have a maturity date within one year is called money market. On the other hand, any debt or equity for more than one year, then it is called a Capital Market Debt Instrument in Money Market In the money market, the debt instruments are issued on a discount which means the bond is sold at a lesser value than the face value and at maturity the investor gets the face value so the difference is the profit Generally, these bonds are issued for 91 days, 182 days or 364 days If issued by the government ie central government can be called treasury bills or Zero-Coupon Bonds (State Government cannot issue them) If issued for less than 91 days by the central government called Cash Management Bills (CMBs) If issued by a company are called Commercial Papers - As they are issued by companies and no securities are given so their credit rating should be very good If issued by banks with a minimum value of 1 lakh rupees then it can be called a Certificate of Deposits (CDs) - For banks, it can be up to 1 year but for other financial institutions it may be from 1 to 3 years If it is for one day by the banks then it can be said as Call Money Debt Instrument of Capital Market: In this, if the bond is issued by the government called dated securities to differentiate it further called as Dated G-Secs If issued by stet government then it is called State Development Loans (SDLs) If issued by the company, then it can be called Debentures Generally, these securities or debentures are issued either on Fixed interest rate/Fixed Coupons or floating interest or any given anchor like inflation, repo rate, etc Since 2013, even the Central Government has issued Inflation-Indexed Bonds For the secondary market of Money market Instruments, Waghal Committee recommended that there should be Discount and Finance House of India (DFHI), etc So, from the above, it is evident that there are multiple debt instruments both in the Money Market and the Capital Market.
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##Question:Give an account of the debt instruments in the Money Market and the Capital Market? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about debt instruments and Money Market and the Capital Market In body elaborate on debt instruments in the Money Market and the Capital Market Conclude briefly Answer: Debt Instruments in one whenever a debt instrument is taken and issued in the form of a bilateral agreement and any dispute that is considered under the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 often termed as Promissory Notes On the other hand, a generalised document with details of amount ie face value along with interest agreement ad other details with the maturity date can be considered a Bond. So bonds are without investors names "s in their format. If the bonds are of good quality that means very less or no chances to default, such bonds are called Gilt Bonds. And if the chances are very high then they are called Junk bonds. Whether a bond is a gilt or junk is decided by professional agencies called credit rating agencies In general, any kind of finance taken from the outside, be it debt or equity, if gets settled/have a maturity date within one year is called money market. On the other hand, any debt or equity for more than one year, then it is called a Capital Market Debt Instrument in Money Market In the money market, the debt instruments are issued on a discount which means the bond is sold at a lesser value than the face value and at maturity the investor gets the face value so the difference is the profit Generally, these bonds are issued for 91 days, 182 days or 364 days If issued by the government ie central government can be called treasury bills or Zero-Coupon Bonds (State Government cannot issue them) If issued for less than 91 days by the central government called Cash Management Bills (CMBs) If issued by a company are called Commercial Papers - As they are issued by companies and no securities are given so their credit rating should be very good If issued by banks with a minimum value of 1 lakh rupees then it can be called a Certificate of Deposits (CDs) - For banks, it can be up to 1 year but for other financial institutions it may be from 1 to 3 years If it is for one day by the banks then it can be said as Call Money Debt Instrument of Capital Market: In this, if the bond is issued by the government called dated securities to differentiate it further called as Dated G-Secs If issued by stet government then it is called State Development Loans (SDLs) If issued by the company, then it can be called Debentures Generally, these securities or debentures are issued either on Fixed interest rate/Fixed Coupons or floating interest or any given anchor like inflation, repo rate, etc Since 2013, even the Central Government has issued Inflation-Indexed Bonds For the secondary market of Money market Instruments, Waghal Committee recommended that there should be Discount and Finance House of India (DFHI), etc So, from the above, it is evident that there are multiple debt instruments both in the Money Market and the Capital Market.
| 72,800
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Give an account of the debt instruments in the Money Market and the Capital Market? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about debt instruments and Money Market and the Capital Market In body elaborate on debt instruments in the Money Market and the Capital Market Conclude briefly Answer: Debt Instruments in one whenever a debt instrument is taken and issued in the form of a bilateral agreement and any dispute that is considered under the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 often termed as Promissory Notes On the other hand, a generalised document with details of amount ie face value along with interest agreement ad other details with the maturity date can be considered a Bond. So bonds are without investors name"s in their format. If the bonds are of good quality that means very less or no chances to default, such bonds are called Gilt Bonds. And if the chances are very high then they are called Junk bonds. Whether a bond is a gilt or junk is decided by professional agencies called credit rating agencies In general, any kind of finance taken from the outside, be it debt or equity, if gets settled/have a maturity date within one year is called money market. On the other hand, any debt or equity for more than one year, then it is called a Capital Market Debt Instrument in Money Market In the money market, the debt instruments are issued on a discount which means the bond is sold at a lesser value than the face value and at maturity the investor gets the face value so the difference is the profit Generally, these bonds are issued for 91 days, 182 days or 364 days If issued by the government ie central governmnet can be called treasury bills or Zero-Coupon Bonds (State Governmnet cannot issue them) If issued for less than 91 days by the central government called Cash Management Bills (CMBs) If issued by a company are called Commercial Papers - As they are issued by companies and no securities are given so their credit rating should be very good If issued by banks with a minimum value of 1 lakh rupees then it can be called a Certificate of Deposits (CDs) - For banks, it can be up to 1 year but for other financial institutions it may be from 1 to 3 years If it is for one day by the banks then it can be said as Call Money Debt Instrument of Capital Market: In this, if the bond is issued by the government called dated securities to differentiate it further called as Dated G-Secs If issued by stet governmnet then it is called State Development Loans (SDLs) If issued by the company, then it can be called Debentures Generally, these securities or debentures are issued either on Fixed interest rate/Fixed Coupons or floating interest or any given anchor like inflation, repo rate, etc Since 2013, even the Central Government has issued Inflation-Indexed Bonds For the secondary market of Money market Instruments, Waghal Committee recommended that there should be Discount and Finance House of India (DFHI), etc So, from the above, it is evident that there are multiple debt instruments both in the Money Market and the Capital Market.
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##Question:Give an account of the debt instruments in the Money Market and the Capital Market? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about debt instruments and Money Market and the Capital Market In body elaborate on debt instruments in the Money Market and the Capital Market Conclude briefly Answer: Debt Instruments in one whenever a debt instrument is taken and issued in the form of a bilateral agreement and any dispute that is considered under the Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 often termed as Promissory Notes On the other hand, a generalised document with details of amount ie face value along with interest agreement ad other details with the maturity date can be considered a Bond. So bonds are without investors name"s in their format. If the bonds are of good quality that means very less or no chances to default, such bonds are called Gilt Bonds. And if the chances are very high then they are called Junk bonds. Whether a bond is a gilt or junk is decided by professional agencies called credit rating agencies In general, any kind of finance taken from the outside, be it debt or equity, if gets settled/have a maturity date within one year is called money market. On the other hand, any debt or equity for more than one year, then it is called a Capital Market Debt Instrument in Money Market In the money market, the debt instruments are issued on a discount which means the bond is sold at a lesser value than the face value and at maturity the investor gets the face value so the difference is the profit Generally, these bonds are issued for 91 days, 182 days or 364 days If issued by the government ie central governmnet can be called treasury bills or Zero-Coupon Bonds (State Governmnet cannot issue them) If issued for less than 91 days by the central government called Cash Management Bills (CMBs) If issued by a company are called Commercial Papers - As they are issued by companies and no securities are given so their credit rating should be very good If issued by banks with a minimum value of 1 lakh rupees then it can be called a Certificate of Deposits (CDs) - For banks, it can be up to 1 year but for other financial institutions it may be from 1 to 3 years If it is for one day by the banks then it can be said as Call Money Debt Instrument of Capital Market: In this, if the bond is issued by the government called dated securities to differentiate it further called as Dated G-Secs If issued by stet governmnet then it is called State Development Loans (SDLs) If issued by the company, then it can be called Debentures Generally, these securities or debentures are issued either on Fixed interest rate/Fixed Coupons or floating interest or any given anchor like inflation, repo rate, etc Since 2013, even the Central Government has issued Inflation-Indexed Bonds For the secondary market of Money market Instruments, Waghal Committee recommended that there should be Discount and Finance House of India (DFHI), etc So, from the above, it is evident that there are multiple debt instruments both in the Money Market and the Capital Market.
| 72,801
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Highlight the features & objectives associated with the Aditya L1 Mission of ISRO. In this context, discuss the Lagrange Points (L1 point) and Halo orbit. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Briefly write about Aditya L1 in an introductory note. Objectives associated with the Aditya L1 Mission. Features associated with the Aditya L1 Mission. Briefly discuss the Lagrange Points (L1 point) and the Halo orbit. Conclusion Answer: Aditya L1 Mission is India"s first dedicated scientific mission to study the sun in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point L1 and will likely be launched this year in 2022. It will carry 7 payloads. The followings are the objectives: 1. To observe the sun"s photosphere, chromosphere, and corona (Corona is an aura of plasma that surrounds the sun and other stars) in different frequency bands. 2. To study the particle emanating from the sun and reaching the halo orbit. 3. To measure the variation in the magnetic field"s strength in the halo orbit. 4. To study the origin of solar storms & their path through interplanetary space. Features associated with the Aditya L1 Mission: 1. How the corona gets heated to such high temperatures is still an unanswered question in solar physics. Most (95 %) of the universe is made of plasma. 2. The seven payloads/instruments will study the solar corona, solar emissions, solar winds and flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), as well as capture images of the Sun. 3. The satellite will be launched by PSLV-XL from Sriharikota. 4. Aditya-L1 with additional experiments can now provide observations of the Sun"s Corona (soft and hard X-ray, Emission lines in the visible and NIR), Chromosphere (UV) and photosphere (broadband filters). 5. In addition, particle payloads will study the particle flux emanating from the Sun and reaching the L1 orbit, and the magnetometer payload will measure the variation in magnetic field strength at the halo orbit around L1. 6. These payloads (eg: Visible Emission Line Coronagraph, Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment, Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya, Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer, Magnetometer etc) have to be placed outside the interference from the Earth’s magnetic field and could not have been useful in the low earth orbit. Langrangian point (L1 point) and Halo orbit: The three-body problem which is how three bodies will behave because of their gravitational interactions is a complicated problem. However, Lagrange is considered a special case where the mass of the body is very very small compared to the other two bodies. It showed that for such a special case there exist 5 special points in space where the gravitational pull of the two larger bodies will provide the required centripetal force for a third smaller body to complete an orbit. These special points are called Lagrange points and such orbits are called halo orbits. Halo orbits are three-dimensional orbits. For the earth-sun system, the L1 point lies between the earth and the sun approx 1.5 million km away from the earth. It has been the major advantage of continuously viewing the sun without any interference. The L2 point is ideal for astronomy (James Telescope may work regarding it in future). With the inclusion of multiple payloads, this project also provides an opportunity for solar scientists from multiple institutions within the country to participate in space-based instrumentation and observations. Thus the enhanced Aditya-L1 project will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic processes of the sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics.
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##Question:Highlight the features & objectives associated with the Aditya L1 Mission of ISRO. In this context, discuss the Lagrange Points (L1 point) and Halo orbit. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Briefly write about Aditya L1 in an introductory note. Objectives associated with the Aditya L1 Mission. Features associated with the Aditya L1 Mission. Briefly discuss the Lagrange Points (L1 point) and the Halo orbit. Conclusion Answer: Aditya L1 Mission is India"s first dedicated scientific mission to study the sun in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point L1 and will likely be launched this year in 2022. It will carry 7 payloads. The followings are the objectives: 1. To observe the sun"s photosphere, chromosphere, and corona (Corona is an aura of plasma that surrounds the sun and other stars) in different frequency bands. 2. To study the particle emanating from the sun and reaching the halo orbit. 3. To measure the variation in the magnetic field"s strength in the halo orbit. 4. To study the origin of solar storms & their path through interplanetary space. Features associated with the Aditya L1 Mission: 1. How the corona gets heated to such high temperatures is still an unanswered question in solar physics. Most (95 %) of the universe is made of plasma. 2. The seven payloads/instruments will study the solar corona, solar emissions, solar winds and flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), as well as capture images of the Sun. 3. The satellite will be launched by PSLV-XL from Sriharikota. 4. Aditya-L1 with additional experiments can now provide observations of the Sun"s Corona (soft and hard X-ray, Emission lines in the visible and NIR), Chromosphere (UV) and photosphere (broadband filters). 5. In addition, particle payloads will study the particle flux emanating from the Sun and reaching the L1 orbit, and the magnetometer payload will measure the variation in magnetic field strength at the halo orbit around L1. 6. These payloads (eg: Visible Emission Line Coronagraph, Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment, Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya, Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer, Magnetometer etc) have to be placed outside the interference from the Earth’s magnetic field and could not have been useful in the low earth orbit. Langrangian point (L1 point) and Halo orbit: The three-body problem which is how three bodies will behave because of their gravitational interactions is a complicated problem. However, Lagrange is considered a special case where the mass of the body is very very small compared to the other two bodies. It showed that for such a special case there exist 5 special points in space where the gravitational pull of the two larger bodies will provide the required centripetal force for a third smaller body to complete an orbit. These special points are called Lagrange points and such orbits are called halo orbits. Halo orbits are three-dimensional orbits. For the earth-sun system, the L1 point lies between the earth and the sun approx 1.5 million km away from the earth. It has been the major advantage of continuously viewing the sun without any interference. The L2 point is ideal for astronomy (James Telescope may work regarding it in future). With the inclusion of multiple payloads, this project also provides an opportunity for solar scientists from multiple institutions within the country to participate in space-based instrumentation and observations. Thus the enhanced Aditya-L1 project will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic processes of the sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics.
| 72,818
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Discuss the causes for the decline of the Indus Valley civilisation. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Briefly introduce the IVC along with their timelines of rise and decline. 2. Main Body: Briefly highlight and discuss multiple theories with respect to the decline of IVC. 3. Conclusion: Give a balanced solution giving the inconclusivity of the reasons for the decline of IVC. Model Answer: The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the oldest civilizations of the world that flourished in the Indian subcontinent around 2500 BC and started to decline roughly by 1800 BC indicated by the abandonment of the major cities and the de-urbanization of other settlements. Causes for the decline of IVC(Indus Valley Civilization): Different scholars have given different answers to the question as to why did civilization end? Some scholars, believing in a dramatic collapse of the civilization, have looked for evidence of a calamity of catastrophic proportions, which wiped out the urban communities. Among them, some of the more plausible theories for the decline of the IVC civilization are Floods- evidence mainly from the sites of lower Indus basins particularly Mohenjodaro which has produced evidence for successive floods (seven times); Tectonic upliftment creating the situation of waterlogging; Earthquake/seismic activities; Droughts; Increasing aridity; Climate change; Change in course of some rivers(Yamuna and Sutlej); Ecological imbalance; Overexploitation of the resources; Overgrazing and over-cultivation; Decline of trade; External invasions and Epidemic. Among the above reasons, there is a general agreement among scholars related to the fact of some sort of external invasions on the basis of the following findings/discoveries: The discovery of skeletons with cut marks and in a haphazard manner lying on the ground(Mohenjodaro) Increasing tendency towards fortification in the later days along with an increasing tendency towards the hoarding of wealth. Evidence of some exotic burial practices as we noticed in C.HR.37 culture. However, the identity of these invaders remains uncertain and controversial. On the basis of the following references found in the Rig-Veda at times they are identified with the Rig Vedic Aryans: Mention of the clashes with Dasas and Dasyus, the non -Aryans social groups. Mention of the destruction of Puras(fortified settlements by the Aryans). Mention of the destruction of a place called Hariyupiya(Harappa). The war deity of the Aryans Indra was called ”Purandara”(breaker or destroyer of the Puras). But in the light of the chronological gap of almost 300 years between the arrival of Aryans(1500 BC) and the decline of Indus Valley civilization (1800 BC), there is a lack of consensus on the issue, and controversies continue.
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##Question:Discuss the causes for the decline of the Indus Valley civilisation. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Briefly introduce the IVC along with their timelines of rise and decline. 2. Main Body: Briefly highlight and discuss multiple theories with respect to the decline of IVC. 3. Conclusion: Give a balanced solution giving the inconclusivity of the reasons for the decline of IVC. Model Answer: The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the oldest civilizations of the world that flourished in the Indian subcontinent around 2500 BC and started to decline roughly by 1800 BC indicated by the abandonment of the major cities and the de-urbanization of other settlements. Causes for the decline of IVC(Indus Valley Civilization): Different scholars have given different answers to the question as to why did civilization end? Some scholars, believing in a dramatic collapse of the civilization, have looked for evidence of a calamity of catastrophic proportions, which wiped out the urban communities. Among them, some of the more plausible theories for the decline of the IVC civilization are Floods- evidence mainly from the sites of lower Indus basins particularly Mohenjodaro which has produced evidence for successive floods (seven times); Tectonic upliftment creating the situation of waterlogging; Earthquake/seismic activities; Droughts; Increasing aridity; Climate change; Change in course of some rivers(Yamuna and Sutlej); Ecological imbalance; Overexploitation of the resources; Overgrazing and over-cultivation; Decline of trade; External invasions and Epidemic. Among the above reasons, there is a general agreement among scholars related to the fact of some sort of external invasions on the basis of the following findings/discoveries: The discovery of skeletons with cut marks and in a haphazard manner lying on the ground(Mohenjodaro) Increasing tendency towards fortification in the later days along with an increasing tendency towards the hoarding of wealth. Evidence of some exotic burial practices as we noticed in C.HR.37 culture. However, the identity of these invaders remains uncertain and controversial. On the basis of the following references found in the Rig-Veda at times they are identified with the Rig Vedic Aryans: Mention of the clashes with Dasas and Dasyus, the non -Aryans social groups. Mention of the destruction of Puras(fortified settlements by the Aryans). Mention of the destruction of a place called Hariyupiya(Harappa). The war deity of the Aryans Indra was called ”Purandara”(breaker or destroyer of the Puras). But in the light of the chronological gap of almost 300 years between the arrival of Aryans(1500 BC) and the decline of Indus Valley civilization (1800 BC), there is a lack of consensus on the issue, and controversies continue.
| 72,821
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What are the major forces that drive the movement of lithospheric plates? Also, mention the limitations of plate tectonic theory(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Introduction-Define the plate tectonic theory. Mention the various forces causing plate movement. Mention the limitations of plate tectonic theory. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth"s solid outer crust, the lithosphere, is separated into plates that move over the asthenosphere, the molten upper portion of the mantle. Oceanic and continental plates come together, spread apart, and interact at boundaries all over the planet. The major forces responsible for plate movements are: The convection currents: The theory of convention current was proposed by Arthur homes. The convection currents are huge currents of manga generated due to the intense heat released from the interior of the earth. There are two types of convection current: One includes the whole of the mantle and the second involves only the asthenosphere. In the case of the one involving the whole of the mantle as the currents ascends from below they diverge and spread laterally. The convection causes the lithosphere to split. And as the plates move laterally the currents carry the slab of the lithosphere with them. This is the site of oceanic ridges. when these currents encounter a similar current from the opposite direction, they descend into the deeper part of the mantle and drag the lithosphere down into the mantle at trenches. Mantle plumes: It is a type of mantle convention that involves jet-like plumes of low-density magma material from the core-mantle boundary. As the plume reaches the lithosphere it spreads out latterly dooming the surface zones of earth and moving them along the direction of the mantle plume. The mantle plume continuously heats the surface at a single point. The mantle plume leads to the generation of hot spots. Mantle plumes are also the cause of the formation of volcanic hot spots, for example, reunion, Hawai, etc. Compare to the convection current their role is limited in the movement of plates. Ridge push: The magma rushes along the oceanic ridges from wedges of the new lithosphere on either side trail edge of the plate and causes the plates to be pushed apart. Gravity sliding: The spreading centers stand high on the oceanic floor this results in the gravitation side of the lithospheric slab being away from the oceanic ridges. Slab pull: It is considered to be along the subduction zone where the subducting plate pulls the rest of the slab along. The theory although widely expected is not able to explain the following: Both Africa and Antarctica surrounded by ridges have no subduction zones to accommodate the new lithosphere generated. Plate tectonics in the past were different plates and how they were different from the present ones. The Plate tectonic theory has been instrumental in enhancing our understanding of the origin and evolution of constituents and other major relief features.
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##Question:What are the major forces that drive the movement of lithospheric plates? Also, mention the limitations of plate tectonic theory(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduction-Define the plate tectonic theory. Mention the various forces causing plate movement. Mention the limitations of plate tectonic theory. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth"s solid outer crust, the lithosphere, is separated into plates that move over the asthenosphere, the molten upper portion of the mantle. Oceanic and continental plates come together, spread apart, and interact at boundaries all over the planet. The major forces responsible for plate movements are: The convection currents: The theory of convention current was proposed by Arthur homes. The convection currents are huge currents of manga generated due to the intense heat released from the interior of the earth. There are two types of convection current: One includes the whole of the mantle and the second involves only the asthenosphere. In the case of the one involving the whole of the mantle as the currents ascends from below they diverge and spread laterally. The convection causes the lithosphere to split. And as the plates move laterally the currents carry the slab of the lithosphere with them. This is the site of oceanic ridges. when these currents encounter a similar current from the opposite direction, they descend into the deeper part of the mantle and drag the lithosphere down into the mantle at trenches. Mantle plumes: It is a type of mantle convention that involves jet-like plumes of low-density magma material from the core-mantle boundary. As the plume reaches the lithosphere it spreads out latterly dooming the surface zones of earth and moving them along the direction of the mantle plume. The mantle plume continuously heats the surface at a single point. The mantle plume leads to the generation of hot spots. Mantle plumes are also the cause of the formation of volcanic hot spots, for example, reunion, Hawai, etc. Compare to the convection current their role is limited in the movement of plates. Ridge push: The magma rushes along the oceanic ridges from wedges of the new lithosphere on either side trail edge of the plate and causes the plates to be pushed apart. Gravity sliding: The spreading centers stand high on the oceanic floor this results in the gravitation side of the lithospheric slab being away from the oceanic ridges. Slab pull: It is considered to be along the subduction zone where the subducting plate pulls the rest of the slab along. The theory although widely expected is not able to explain the following: Both Africa and Antarctica surrounded by ridges have no subduction zones to accommodate the new lithosphere generated. Plate tectonics in the past were different plates and how they were different from the present ones. The Plate tectonic theory has been instrumental in enhancing our understanding of the origin and evolution of constituents and other major relief features.
| 72,825
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What do you understand by floatation and Red Heering Prospectus? Give an account of the ownership milestone in the floatation process? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about floatation and Red Heering Prospectus Explain the process and give an account of the ownership milestone in the floatation process Conclude briefly Answer: In order to get investment by offering partnership was felt unavoidable with the big expansion of businesses particularly in European Companies. To provide legal ownership to others whatsoever was the market capital or stock of that company was divided into equal value based denomination documents known as Equity or Shares. For example, if a companies market capital was 100 Rupees, it can issue 100 shares of 1 rupee denomination or 20 shares of 5 rupee denomination and so on. This process is called floatation. Soon it was realised that it would be better if there is a market or place where the company seeking investments and the potential investors are coming together That place was called the stock exchange and the first stock exchange was in the Netherlands. However, it was also found that in Stock exchanges, wrong companies can also get investors To avoid that potential misuse if any company wants to go for flotation needs to get listed with concerning the stock exchange In this listing process, they will provide all necessary information along with their vital statistics plus balance sheet The concerned regulator will examine the facts and accordingly, they will be allowed for floatation Red Heering Prospectus: The literary meaning of the idiom “Red Herring” is the rhetorical tactic of diverting attention away from an item of significance. In terms of capital markets, Red Herring Prospectus is a prospectus that contains all information about the IPO barring a few key details such as issue price. In order to make this information cum scrutiny procedure more structured, it was highlighted that those companies which want to go for floatation should hire the professional called underwriter (in UK Investment Banker and sometimes Merchant Banker) To develop their prospectus, it can be compared to a lawyer who prepares a legal document Once this red herring prospectus is prepared, the regulating agency will cross-examine its credentials and if convinced thoroughly will allow the company to go for floatation Clause 49 of listing agreement in India: It was introduced in 2005, amended in 2006 which makes it mandatory that if any company going for floatation must provide the prospectus 6 months earlier so that the regulator ie SEBI can examine it The ownership milestone in the floatation process: 10% equity - It is the first milestone proving the other partner to be very significant. Often taken by any investor taken only when they are serious about the company 26% Equity - This is the state of strategic ownership because it"s almost global rule including India that any companies decision/policy decisions must be taken by a 3/4th majority. So, if anyone got a 26% share that means no decision can be taken without that fellow 49% Equity - It means almost half of the ownership but not the major stake 51% Equity - It means becoming the main owner/promoter 74% Equity - It means the owner will have some other strategic partner More than 76% Equity - It means being the key owner with non-strategic partners So, a red herring prospectus can function as a source of information regarding a potential offering that is currently being crafted by a particular company. So, the red herring prospectus contains substantial information on the company as well as information regarding the intended use of proceeds from the offering, the market potential for its product or service, etc. Also, there are various methods of floating new issues in the primary market.
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##Question:What do you understand by floatation and Red Heering Prospectus? Give an account of the ownership milestone in the floatation process? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about floatation and Red Heering Prospectus Explain the process and give an account of the ownership milestone in the floatation process Conclude briefly Answer: In order to get investment by offering partnership was felt unavoidable with the big expansion of businesses particularly in European Companies. To provide legal ownership to others whatsoever was the market capital or stock of that company was divided into equal value based denomination documents known as Equity or Shares. For example, if a companies market capital was 100 Rupees, it can issue 100 shares of 1 rupee denomination or 20 shares of 5 rupee denomination and so on. This process is called floatation. Soon it was realised that it would be better if there is a market or place where the company seeking investments and the potential investors are coming together That place was called the stock exchange and the first stock exchange was in the Netherlands. However, it was also found that in Stock exchanges, wrong companies can also get investors To avoid that potential misuse if any company wants to go for flotation needs to get listed with concerning the stock exchange In this listing process, they will provide all necessary information along with their vital statistics plus balance sheet The concerned regulator will examine the facts and accordingly, they will be allowed for floatation Red Heering Prospectus: The literary meaning of the idiom “Red Herring” is the rhetorical tactic of diverting attention away from an item of significance. In terms of capital markets, Red Herring Prospectus is a prospectus that contains all information about the IPO barring a few key details such as issue price. In order to make this information cum scrutiny procedure more structured, it was highlighted that those companies which want to go for floatation should hire the professional called underwriter (in UK Investment Banker and sometimes Merchant Banker) To develop their prospectus, it can be compared to a lawyer who prepares a legal document Once this red herring prospectus is prepared, the regulating agency will cross-examine its credentials and if convinced thoroughly will allow the company to go for floatation Clause 49 of listing agreement in India: It was introduced in 2005, amended in 2006 which makes it mandatory that if any company going for floatation must provide the prospectus 6 months earlier so that the regulator ie SEBI can examine it The ownership milestone in the floatation process: 10% equity - It is the first milestone proving the other partner to be very significant. Often taken by any investor taken only when they are serious about the company 26% Equity - This is the state of strategic ownership because it"s almost global rule including India that any companies decision/policy decisions must be taken by a 3/4th majority. So, if anyone got a 26% share that means no decision can be taken without that fellow 49% Equity - It means almost half of the ownership but not the major stake 51% Equity - It means becoming the main owner/promoter 74% Equity - It means the owner will have some other strategic partner More than 76% Equity - It means being the key owner with non-strategic partners So, a red herring prospectus can function as a source of information regarding a potential offering that is currently being crafted by a particular company. So, the red herring prospectus contains substantial information on the company as well as information regarding the intended use of proceeds from the offering, the market potential for its product or service, etc. Also, there are various methods of floating new issues in the primary market.
| 72,826
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In the challenging relationship between India and Nepal, Discuss the issue of water-resource cooperation.(10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Give a brief introduction to the water cooperation between the nations. 2. Body: Briefly discuss the need for water-resource cooperation between India and Nepal. Briefly mention the issues/challenges for water-resource cooperation between India and Nepal. 3. Conclusion: Conclude with a concise way forward. Model Answer: Water remains a politically contested issue in much of South Asia. The region is facing water shortage and agrarian difficulties, and it will continue to face increasing demands on energy and water with rapid industrialization. This fits true especially for countries like India and Nepal where the chances of cooperation are huge seeing hydropower potential and other aspects. Need for Water-Resource cooperation: India is a lower riparian country with respect to rivers coming from Nepal(which are tributaries of the River Ganges). Around 250 small and large rivers flow from Nepal to India and constitute an important part of the Ganges river basins. These are important for Agriculture, Disaster management, and Hydropower- These rivers have the potential to become major sources of irrigation and power for Nepal and India, but without planning, are a source of devastating floods in Nepal’s Terai region, and the Indian States of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nepal has 43,000 MWs hydropower potential that is known to be technically feasible and economically viable. Nepal lacks the capital and technology required to build large dams and other water projects and also needs a buyer to sell its hydropower. India and Nepal Rivers: Mahakali river(Sharda river), Karnali river(Ghagra river)-their confluence has the major hydropower potential. Other rivers include Gandak, Kosi, etc. Issues/Challenges in Water-Resource cooperation: Major projects have not taken off due to: Political turmoil in Nepal; Issues like rehabilitation and environmental concerns by the local community. Over the years differences over the 1954 Kosi Agreement and the 1959 Gandak Agreement, have become the cause of resentment in Nepal. Three large projects namely — Saptakosi with 5,000MW, Karnali- Chisapani with 11,000MW, and Pancheshwar (part of Mahakali agreement) with 6,500MW — have been stuck for 30 years. A three-tier bilateral mechanism was established in 2008, to discuss issues relating to cooperation in water resources and hydropower between the two countries. Arun-3 project was awarded to Indian companies. Way forward: Local solutions and small projects need to be encouraged to make progress incrementally to be built later on. Quick implementation of the Arun-3 project would strengthen India"s credibility as a partner in Nepal.
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##Question:In the challenging relationship between India and Nepal, Discuss the issue of water-resource cooperation.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Give a brief introduction to the water cooperation between the nations. 2. Body: Briefly discuss the need for water-resource cooperation between India and Nepal. Briefly mention the issues/challenges for water-resource cooperation between India and Nepal. 3. Conclusion: Conclude with a concise way forward. Model Answer: Water remains a politically contested issue in much of South Asia. The region is facing water shortage and agrarian difficulties, and it will continue to face increasing demands on energy and water with rapid industrialization. This fits true especially for countries like India and Nepal where the chances of cooperation are huge seeing hydropower potential and other aspects. Need for Water-Resource cooperation: India is a lower riparian country with respect to rivers coming from Nepal(which are tributaries of the River Ganges). Around 250 small and large rivers flow from Nepal to India and constitute an important part of the Ganges river basins. These are important for Agriculture, Disaster management, and Hydropower- These rivers have the potential to become major sources of irrigation and power for Nepal and India, but without planning, are a source of devastating floods in Nepal’s Terai region, and the Indian States of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nepal has 43,000 MWs hydropower potential that is known to be technically feasible and economically viable. Nepal lacks the capital and technology required to build large dams and other water projects and also needs a buyer to sell its hydropower. India and Nepal Rivers: Mahakali river(Sharda river), Karnali river(Ghagra river)-their confluence has the major hydropower potential. Other rivers include Gandak, Kosi, etc. Issues/Challenges in Water-Resource cooperation: Major projects have not taken off due to: Political turmoil in Nepal; Issues like rehabilitation and environmental concerns by the local community. Over the years differences over the 1954 Kosi Agreement and the 1959 Gandak Agreement, have become the cause of resentment in Nepal. Three large projects namely — Saptakosi with 5,000MW, Karnali- Chisapani with 11,000MW, and Pancheshwar (part of Mahakali agreement) with 6,500MW — have been stuck for 30 years. A three-tier bilateral mechanism was established in 2008, to discuss issues relating to cooperation in water resources and hydropower between the two countries. Arun-3 project was awarded to Indian companies. Way forward: Local solutions and small projects need to be encouraged to make progress incrementally to be built later on. Quick implementation of the Arun-3 project would strengthen India"s credibility as a partner in Nepal.
| 72,827
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What do you understand by floatation and Red Heering Prospectus? Give an account of the ownership milestone in the floatation process? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about floatation and Red Heering Prospectus Explain the process and give an account of the ownership milestone in the floatation process Conclude briefly Answer: In order to get investment by offering partnership was felt unavoidable with the big expansion of businesses particularly in European Companies. To provide legal ownership to others whatsoever was the market capital or stock of that company was divided into equal value based denomination documents known as Equity or Shares. For example, if a companies market capital was 100 Rupees, it can issue 100 shares of 1 rupee denomination or 20 shares of 5 rupee denomination and so on. This process is called floatation. Soon it was realised that it would be better if there is a market or place where the company seeking investments and the potential investors are coming together That place was called the stock exchange and the first stock exchange was in the Netherlands. However, it was also found that in Stock exchanges, wrong companies can also get investors To avoid that potential misuse if any company wants to go for flotation needs to get listed with concerning the stock exchange In this listing process, they will provide all necessary information along with their vital statistics plus balance sheet The concerned regulator will examine the facts and accordingly, they will be allowed for floatation Red Heering Prospectus: The literary meaning of the idiom “Red Herring” is the rhetorical tactic of diverting attention away from an item of significance. In terms of capital markets, Red Herring Prospectus is a prospectus that contains all information about the IPO barring a few key details such as issue price. In order to make this information cum scrutiny procedure more structured, it was highlighted that those companies which want to go for floatation should hire the professional called underwriter (in UK Investment Banker and sometimes Merchant Banker) To develop their prospectus, it can be compared to a lawyer who prepares a legal document Once this red herring prospectus is prepared, the regulating agency will cross-examine its credentials and if convinced thoroughly will allow the company to go for floatation Clause 49 of listing agreement in India: It was introduced in 2005, amended in 2006 which makes it mandatory that if any company going for floatation must provide the prospectus 6 months earlier so that the regulator ie SEBI can examine it The ownership milestone in the floatation process: 10% equity - It is the first milestone proving the other partner to be very significant. Often taken by any investor taken only when they are serious about the company 26% Equity - This is the state of strategic ownership because it"s almost global rule including India that any companies decision/policy decisions must be taken by a 3/4th majority. So, if anyone got a 26% share that means no decision can be taken without that fellow 49% Equity - It means almost half of the ownership but not the major stake 51% Equity - It means becoming the main owner/promoter 74% Equity - It means the owner will have some other strategic partner More than 76% Equity - It means being the key owner with non-strategic partners So, a red herring prospectus can function as a source of information regarding a potential offering that is currently being crafted by a particular company. So, the red herring prospectus contains substantial information on the company as well as information regarding the intended use of proceeds from the offering, the market potential for its product or service, etc. Also, there are various methods of floating new issues in the primary market.
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##Question:What do you understand by floatation and Red Heering Prospectus? Give an account of the ownership milestone in the floatation process? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about floatation and Red Heering Prospectus Explain the process and give an account of the ownership milestone in the floatation process Conclude briefly Answer: In order to get investment by offering partnership was felt unavoidable with the big expansion of businesses particularly in European Companies. To provide legal ownership to others whatsoever was the market capital or stock of that company was divided into equal value based denomination documents known as Equity or Shares. For example, if a companies market capital was 100 Rupees, it can issue 100 shares of 1 rupee denomination or 20 shares of 5 rupee denomination and so on. This process is called floatation. Soon it was realised that it would be better if there is a market or place where the company seeking investments and the potential investors are coming together That place was called the stock exchange and the first stock exchange was in the Netherlands. However, it was also found that in Stock exchanges, wrong companies can also get investors To avoid that potential misuse if any company wants to go for flotation needs to get listed with concerning the stock exchange In this listing process, they will provide all necessary information along with their vital statistics plus balance sheet The concerned regulator will examine the facts and accordingly, they will be allowed for floatation Red Heering Prospectus: The literary meaning of the idiom “Red Herring” is the rhetorical tactic of diverting attention away from an item of significance. In terms of capital markets, Red Herring Prospectus is a prospectus that contains all information about the IPO barring a few key details such as issue price. In order to make this information cum scrutiny procedure more structured, it was highlighted that those companies which want to go for floatation should hire the professional called underwriter (in UK Investment Banker and sometimes Merchant Banker) To develop their prospectus, it can be compared to a lawyer who prepares a legal document Once this red herring prospectus is prepared, the regulating agency will cross-examine its credentials and if convinced thoroughly will allow the company to go for floatation Clause 49 of listing agreement in India: It was introduced in 2005, amended in 2006 which makes it mandatory that if any company going for floatation must provide the prospectus 6 months earlier so that the regulator ie SEBI can examine it The ownership milestone in the floatation process: 10% equity - It is the first milestone proving the other partner to be very significant. Often taken by any investor taken only when they are serious about the company 26% Equity - This is the state of strategic ownership because it"s almost global rule including India that any companies decision/policy decisions must be taken by a 3/4th majority. So, if anyone got a 26% share that means no decision can be taken without that fellow 49% Equity - It means almost half of the ownership but not the major stake 51% Equity - It means becoming the main owner/promoter 74% Equity - It means the owner will have some other strategic partner More than 76% Equity - It means being the key owner with non-strategic partners So, a red herring prospectus can function as a source of information regarding a potential offering that is currently being crafted by a particular company. So, the red herring prospectus contains substantial information on the company as well as information regarding the intended use of proceeds from the offering, the market potential for its product or service, etc. Also, there are various methods of floating new issues in the primary market.
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Explain the concept of Private goods and Public goods with suitable examples.(10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: Define a "Good". Discuss the concept of Private and Public Goods with suitable examples. Conclude accordingly. Answer: In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. Concept of Private Goods and Public Goods: Market functions on the basis of the law of demand and supply. If there is a demand, that means there is a willingness to pay, then the market is able to arrive at an equilibrium price and quantity for that good. Private goods are the ones that are manufactured and sold by private companies to satisfy the consumer"s needs and wants like refrigerators, cars, groceries, etc. However, in some cases, the market mechanism may fail. One special case of the failure of markets is the case of public goods. Public goods are those goods in which there exists a demand by the people but there is no willingness to pay. There is no willingness to pay because of the free-rider problem. It is an issue in which a person pays for a good but everyone else also enjoys the benefit of that good. A person is willing to pay only when the benefits can be enjoyed to exclusion of others i.e., exclusively. If others cannot be excluded, then a person will choose not to pay despite there being a demand. Since there is no willingness to pay, no producer will be willing to supply. Hence, there would be no supply despite there being a demand. There may be some essential goods or services which may then not be supplied by the market due to the above reasons. Such goods and services become the duty of the government to supply for everybody. For example, a clean environment, public parks, peace and security, roads and public infrastructure, clean rivers and oceans, administrative and regulatory services such as laying down criteria for a driving license test, conducting the driving license test and granting licenses, etc. The government collects taxes to provide for public goods. Taxes are general lump sum payments that people do to the government for buying public goods and services from the government. Taxes are thus not paid for a specific purpose but rather for a general purpose as a payment for public goods. Cess and fee are specific payments made to the government for a particular good or service whereas tax is a general payment for public goods and services. Government has an endless list of duties as the people may be unwilling to pay for certain goods. The government decides on the basis of priority which public goods are essentially needed to be provided by the government. If it is able to collect more resources in the form of taxes, then it may choose to provide more public goods.
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##Question:Explain the concept of Private goods and Public goods with suitable examples.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Define a "Good". Discuss the concept of Private and Public Goods with suitable examples. Conclude accordingly. Answer: In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. Concept of Private Goods and Public Goods: Market functions on the basis of the law of demand and supply. If there is a demand, that means there is a willingness to pay, then the market is able to arrive at an equilibrium price and quantity for that good. Private goods are the ones that are manufactured and sold by private companies to satisfy the consumer"s needs and wants like refrigerators, cars, groceries, etc. However, in some cases, the market mechanism may fail. One special case of the failure of markets is the case of public goods. Public goods are those goods in which there exists a demand by the people but there is no willingness to pay. There is no willingness to pay because of the free-rider problem. It is an issue in which a person pays for a good but everyone else also enjoys the benefit of that good. A person is willing to pay only when the benefits can be enjoyed to exclusion of others i.e., exclusively. If others cannot be excluded, then a person will choose not to pay despite there being a demand. Since there is no willingness to pay, no producer will be willing to supply. Hence, there would be no supply despite there being a demand. There may be some essential goods or services which may then not be supplied by the market due to the above reasons. Such goods and services become the duty of the government to supply for everybody. For example, a clean environment, public parks, peace and security, roads and public infrastructure, clean rivers and oceans, administrative and regulatory services such as laying down criteria for a driving license test, conducting the driving license test and granting licenses, etc. The government collects taxes to provide for public goods. Taxes are general lump sum payments that people do to the government for buying public goods and services from the government. Taxes are thus not paid for a specific purpose but rather for a general purpose as a payment for public goods. Cess and fee are specific payments made to the government for a particular good or service whereas tax is a general payment for public goods and services. Government has an endless list of duties as the people may be unwilling to pay for certain goods. The government decides on the basis of priority which public goods are essentially needed to be provided by the government. If it is able to collect more resources in the form of taxes, then it may choose to provide more public goods.
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Give an account of the various stock exchanges present in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce by giving the definition of the stock exchange. Mention different types of Stock exchanges in India Conclude accordingly. Answer : A stock exchange, securities exchange is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Such as BSE and NSE in India. Various Stock exchanges in India: Bombay Stock Exchange It is one of the oldest and came in 1875. However, in 1957 it was recognized by the government of India providing legitimacy to it. However, then it came under the regulation of controller of capital issues which was later on converted into SEBI. This Bombay Stock exchange got another feather in the cap in 1996 when S&P (a famous global rating agency) acknowledged it which makes BSE a destination for global investors also. Following the international practices, a sensitive Index was prepared to understand the market performance by taking 30 TOP companies" free-floating market capital value of 1979 as the base year and was equated with 100. Whenever we say Sensex is 60000 it means those 100 units" value gone up to 60000. While be these 30 companies will be revised every six months in June and December on the basis of free-floating market capital (FFMP). In 1995 BSE started online trading with the Bombay online trading platform (BOLT). Since 2012 BSE is recognized as a sustainable exchange by the UN Currently, it"s the 7th largest Stock exchange in the world and has more than 5000 companies and central depository services limited CDSL as its depositories participant. If Sensex Goes up, we call it BULL. If continuously going up for a few days is called rallying. If going down we call it Bear. If suddenly dropping then Tanking and if continues then it is called CRASH. National Stock exchange- It was introduced in 1992 by the government of India. It has more than 2000 companies listed and has floated two sensitive indexes- NIFTY-50 which is based upon Top 50 companies.NIFTY-50 Junior or NIFTY NEXT-50 which consist of the Next 50 companies (51 to 100 top companies). Multicommodity Exchange MCX- It came in 2003. Deals with Non-agricultural commodities in three categories of Precious metals, Base Metal, Energy (crude oil and petroleum products) Each of them has their own sensitive Index National commodity and derivatives exchange NCDEX- It came in 2003 and deals with agricultural product Earlier it was controlled by FORWARD Market commission (The regulator of Forwards Markets) But after the Jignesh Shah case it came under the regulation of SEBI They have their sensitive index called AGRIDEX - which consist of 10 crops from both Kharif and rabi Along similar lines, there are Indian Gas Exchange India energy Exchange and the proposal of the social stock exchange is also there. Conclusion Depending on the standard rules of supply and demand, the stock exchange needs to ensure that all interested market participants have instant access to data for all buy and sell orders, thereby helping in the fair and transparent pricing of securities. Additionally, it should also perform efficient matching of appropriate buy and sell orders.
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##Question:Give an account of the various stock exchanges present in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce by giving the definition of the stock exchange. Mention different types of Stock exchanges in India Conclude accordingly. Answer : A stock exchange, securities exchange is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Such as BSE and NSE in India. Various Stock exchanges in India: Bombay Stock Exchange It is one of the oldest and came in 1875. However, in 1957 it was recognized by the government of India providing legitimacy to it. However, then it came under the regulation of controller of capital issues which was later on converted into SEBI. This Bombay Stock exchange got another feather in the cap in 1996 when S&P (a famous global rating agency) acknowledged it which makes BSE a destination for global investors also. Following the international practices, a sensitive Index was prepared to understand the market performance by taking 30 TOP companies" free-floating market capital value of 1979 as the base year and was equated with 100. Whenever we say Sensex is 60000 it means those 100 units" value gone up to 60000. While be these 30 companies will be revised every six months in June and December on the basis of free-floating market capital (FFMP). In 1995 BSE started online trading with the Bombay online trading platform (BOLT). Since 2012 BSE is recognized as a sustainable exchange by the UN Currently, it"s the 7th largest Stock exchange in the world and has more than 5000 companies and central depository services limited CDSL as its depositories participant. If Sensex Goes up, we call it BULL. If continuously going up for a few days is called rallying. If going down we call it Bear. If suddenly dropping then Tanking and if continues then it is called CRASH. National Stock exchange- It was introduced in 1992 by the government of India. It has more than 2000 companies listed and has floated two sensitive indexes- NIFTY-50 which is based upon Top 50 companies.NIFTY-50 Junior or NIFTY NEXT-50 which consist of the Next 50 companies (51 to 100 top companies). Multicommodity Exchange MCX- It came in 2003. Deals with Non-agricultural commodities in three categories of Precious metals, Base Metal, Energy (crude oil and petroleum products) Each of them has their own sensitive Index National commodity and derivatives exchange NCDEX- It came in 2003 and deals with agricultural product Earlier it was controlled by FORWARD Market commission (The regulator of Forwards Markets) But after the Jignesh Shah case it came under the regulation of SEBI They have their sensitive index called AGRIDEX - which consist of 10 crops from both Kharif and rabi Along similar lines, there are Indian Gas Exchange India energy Exchange and the proposal of the social stock exchange is also there. Conclusion Depending on the standard rules of supply and demand, the stock exchange needs to ensure that all interested market participants have instant access to data for all buy and sell orders, thereby helping in the fair and transparent pricing of securities. Additionally, it should also perform efficient matching of appropriate buy and sell orders.
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Give an account of the various stock exchanges present in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce by giving the definition of the stock exchange. Mention different types of Stock exchanges in India Conclude accordingly. Answer : A stock exchange, securities exchange is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Such as BSE and NSE in India. Various Stock exchanges in India: Bombay Stock Exchange It is one of the oldest and came in 1875. However, in 1957 it was recognized by the government of India providing legitimacy to it. However, then it came under the regulation of controller of capital issues which later on converted in SEBI. This Bombay Stock exchange got another feather in the cap in 1996 when S&P (famous global rating agencies) has acknowledged it which make BSE a destination for global investors also. Following the international practices, a sensitive Index was prepared to understand the market performance by taking 30 TOP companies" free-floating market capital value of 1979 as the base year and was equated with 100. Whenever we say Sensex is 60000 it means those 100 units value gone up to 60000. While be these 30 companies will be revised every six months in June and December on the basis of free-floating market capital (FFMP). In 1995 BSE started online trading with Bombay online trading platform (BOLT). Since 2012 BSE is recognized as a sustainable exchange by the UN Currently, its 7th largest Stock exchange in the world and having more than 5000 companies and central depository services limited CDSL as its depositories participant. If Sensex Goes up, we call it BULL. If continuously going up for a few days is called rallying. If going down we call it Bear. If suddenly dropping then Tanking and if continues then it is called CRASH. National Stock exchange- It was introduced in 1992 by the government of India. It has more than 2000 companies listed and has floated two sensitive indexes- NIFTY-50 which is based upon Top 50 companies.NIFTY-50 Junior or NIFTY NEXT-50 which consist of the Next 50 companies (51 to 100 top companies). Multi commodity Exchange MCX- It came in 2003. Deals with Non-agricultural commodities in three categories of Precious metals, Base Metal, Energy (crude oil and petroleum products) Each of them has their own sensitive Index National commodity and derivatives exchange NCDEX- It came in 2003 and deals with agricultural product Earlier it was controlled by FORWARD Market commission (The regulator of Forwards Markets) But after the Jignesh Shah case it came under the regulation of SEBI They have their sensitive index called as AGRIDEX - which consist of 10 crops from both Kharif and rabi On similar lines, there are Indian Gas Exchange India energy Exchange And the proposal of the social stock exchange is also there. Depending on the standard rules of supply and demand, the stock exchange needs to ensure that all interested market participants have instant access to data for all buy and sell orders, thereby helping in the fair and transparent pricing of securities. Additionally, it should also perform efficient matching of appropriate buy and sell orders.
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##Question:Give an account of the various stock exchanges present in India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by giving the definition of the stock exchange. Mention different types of Stock exchanges in India Conclude accordingly. Answer : A stock exchange, securities exchange is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Such as BSE and NSE in India. Various Stock exchanges in India: Bombay Stock Exchange It is one of the oldest and came in 1875. However, in 1957 it was recognized by the government of India providing legitimacy to it. However, then it came under the regulation of controller of capital issues which later on converted in SEBI. This Bombay Stock exchange got another feather in the cap in 1996 when S&P (famous global rating agencies) has acknowledged it which make BSE a destination for global investors also. Following the international practices, a sensitive Index was prepared to understand the market performance by taking 30 TOP companies" free-floating market capital value of 1979 as the base year and was equated with 100. Whenever we say Sensex is 60000 it means those 100 units value gone up to 60000. While be these 30 companies will be revised every six months in June and December on the basis of free-floating market capital (FFMP). In 1995 BSE started online trading with Bombay online trading platform (BOLT). Since 2012 BSE is recognized as a sustainable exchange by the UN Currently, its 7th largest Stock exchange in the world and having more than 5000 companies and central depository services limited CDSL as its depositories participant. If Sensex Goes up, we call it BULL. If continuously going up for a few days is called rallying. If going down we call it Bear. If suddenly dropping then Tanking and if continues then it is called CRASH. National Stock exchange- It was introduced in 1992 by the government of India. It has more than 2000 companies listed and has floated two sensitive indexes- NIFTY-50 which is based upon Top 50 companies.NIFTY-50 Junior or NIFTY NEXT-50 which consist of the Next 50 companies (51 to 100 top companies). Multi commodity Exchange MCX- It came in 2003. Deals with Non-agricultural commodities in three categories of Precious metals, Base Metal, Energy (crude oil and petroleum products) Each of them has their own sensitive Index National commodity and derivatives exchange NCDEX- It came in 2003 and deals with agricultural product Earlier it was controlled by FORWARD Market commission (The regulator of Forwards Markets) But after the Jignesh Shah case it came under the regulation of SEBI They have their sensitive index called as AGRIDEX - which consist of 10 crops from both Kharif and rabi On similar lines, there are Indian Gas Exchange India energy Exchange And the proposal of the social stock exchange is also there. Depending on the standard rules of supply and demand, the stock exchange needs to ensure that all interested market participants have instant access to data for all buy and sell orders, thereby helping in the fair and transparent pricing of securities. Additionally, it should also perform efficient matching of appropriate buy and sell orders.
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India"s Manufacturing sector did not grow as expected. In this regard, highlighting the favorable circumstances present in India to support Industrial growth. (150 words/10 marks)
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India"s Manufacturing sector did not grow as expected. In this regard, highlighting the favorable circumstances present in India to support Industrial growth. (150 words/10 marks) Approach: • Briefly explain about the Industrial Growth as Intro • Highlight the Opportunities for the Indian Industry in the current economic scenario: • Write about Challenges to Industrial Growth • Way forward Answer Despite being one the fastest growing economies, the striking aspect of India’s recent growth has been the dynamism of the service sector. While, manufacturing has been much less robust, contrary to the experience in other emerging market countries, where manufacturing has grown much faster than GDP. The industrial sector performance during 2018-19 has improved as compared to 2017-18. The growth of industry real Gross Value Added (GVA) was higher at 6.9 per cent in 2018-19 as compared to 5.9 per cent in 2017- 18. Opportunities for the Indian Industry in the current economic scenario : India continues to be a low-cost economy. India has a relatively higher proportion of the youth population. India is continuously rated as a top investment destination. FDI inflow helps to not only meet the gap in domestic savings but also facilitate benefits in terms of managerial and technological skills. India continues to have a dominating position in the IT sector. Its dominance at present is in software services. It can avail the opportunity of having dominance in hardware as well. A tax reform, GST will turn India into one common market for producers and consumers. It will also probably bring an end to the practice of cherry-picking by the industries which were enjoyed by them on account of area-based exemptions offered by the State Governments and build up a uniform business environment across the country. Challenges to Industrial Growth • Inadequate infrastructure: Physical infrastructure in India suffers from substantial deficits in terms of capacities as well as efficiencies. • Restrictive labor laws: It discourages employers from hiring workers on a regular basis. It has probably also led to entrepreneurs choosing to stay away from labor-intensive sectors. • Complicated business environment: which adversely affects the competitiveness of manufacturing. • Slow technology adoption: this has led to low productivity and higher costs adding to the disadvantage of Indian products in international markets. • Low productivity: Productivity as measured by the value-added per worker and average wages in manufacturing in India is only one-third of that in China. • Challenges for trade: challenges of stagnant/shrinking global demand, tough competition from cheap imports (China) and rising protectionist tendencies around the world. • Inadequate expenditure on R&D and innovation is also to be understood that these factors work in tandem to increase costs of goods and services. They are strongly entwined, one feeds into another thereby exacerbating the disadvantages. The nexus needs to be broken at more than one link to ensure that the spin-off is in the positive direction. Way Forward: Research and Development: The R&D in the industrial sector needs to be institutionalized and greater connection with universities/IITs needs to be explored by industries • IPR Framework- It must ensure that no higher IP standards of protection may be agreed to other than those included in TRIPS. • National Manufacturing Policy - It should be reoriented to promote smart manufacturing whereby zero-emission, zero-incident, zero-defect manufacturing becomes the order of the day. -Revisit Technology Acquisition and Development Fund (TADF) framework to facilitate smooth induction of smarter industrial processes and sustainable practices in our manufacturing sector to make it smart and ready to enter the Fourth Industrial Revolution. -Revive the investments in capital goods industries. • MSME Sector - Access to information, simplification of loan procedures and interest subvention should be enabled for timely and affordable credit to MSMEs • Labour and Industrial growth- Reduction and simplification of the plethora of laws existing in the labor sector
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##Question:India"s Manufacturing sector did not grow as expected. In this regard, highlighting the favorable circumstances present in India to support Industrial growth. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:India"s Manufacturing sector did not grow as expected. In this regard, highlighting the favorable circumstances present in India to support Industrial growth. (150 words/10 marks) Approach: • Briefly explain about the Industrial Growth as Intro • Highlight the Opportunities for the Indian Industry in the current economic scenario: • Write about Challenges to Industrial Growth • Way forward Answer Despite being one the fastest growing economies, the striking aspect of India’s recent growth has been the dynamism of the service sector. While, manufacturing has been much less robust, contrary to the experience in other emerging market countries, where manufacturing has grown much faster than GDP. The industrial sector performance during 2018-19 has improved as compared to 2017-18. The growth of industry real Gross Value Added (GVA) was higher at 6.9 per cent in 2018-19 as compared to 5.9 per cent in 2017- 18. Opportunities for the Indian Industry in the current economic scenario : India continues to be a low-cost economy. India has a relatively higher proportion of the youth population. India is continuously rated as a top investment destination. FDI inflow helps to not only meet the gap in domestic savings but also facilitate benefits in terms of managerial and technological skills. India continues to have a dominating position in the IT sector. Its dominance at present is in software services. It can avail the opportunity of having dominance in hardware as well. A tax reform, GST will turn India into one common market for producers and consumers. It will also probably bring an end to the practice of cherry-picking by the industries which were enjoyed by them on account of area-based exemptions offered by the State Governments and build up a uniform business environment across the country. Challenges to Industrial Growth • Inadequate infrastructure: Physical infrastructure in India suffers from substantial deficits in terms of capacities as well as efficiencies. • Restrictive labor laws: It discourages employers from hiring workers on a regular basis. It has probably also led to entrepreneurs choosing to stay away from labor-intensive sectors. • Complicated business environment: which adversely affects the competitiveness of manufacturing. • Slow technology adoption: this has led to low productivity and higher costs adding to the disadvantage of Indian products in international markets. • Low productivity: Productivity as measured by the value-added per worker and average wages in manufacturing in India is only one-third of that in China. • Challenges for trade: challenges of stagnant/shrinking global demand, tough competition from cheap imports (China) and rising protectionist tendencies around the world. • Inadequate expenditure on R&D and innovation is also to be understood that these factors work in tandem to increase costs of goods and services. They are strongly entwined, one feeds into another thereby exacerbating the disadvantages. The nexus needs to be broken at more than one link to ensure that the spin-off is in the positive direction. Way Forward: Research and Development: The R&D in the industrial sector needs to be institutionalized and greater connection with universities/IITs needs to be explored by industries • IPR Framework- It must ensure that no higher IP standards of protection may be agreed to other than those included in TRIPS. • National Manufacturing Policy - It should be reoriented to promote smart manufacturing whereby zero-emission, zero-incident, zero-defect manufacturing becomes the order of the day. -Revisit Technology Acquisition and Development Fund (TADF) framework to facilitate smooth induction of smarter industrial processes and sustainable practices in our manufacturing sector to make it smart and ready to enter the Fourth Industrial Revolution. -Revive the investments in capital goods industries. • MSME Sector - Access to information, simplification of loan procedures and interest subvention should be enabled for timely and affordable credit to MSMEs • Labour and Industrial growth- Reduction and simplification of the plethora of laws existing in the labor sector
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What is contractualisation of the workforce? Discuss reasons for contractualisation of workforce.(150words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- Defining the term contractualization of workforce along with relevant stats. Main body- Reasons for contractualization of the workforce. Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be provided. Answer: Contractualization of the workforce means that the contract workers are rising in the total workforce. Contract workers are those who are not employed directly by the employer but by an intermediary/contractor on short-term contracts. Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) shows a surge in contract worker usage in the organized manufacturing sector. There was an increase in total employment from 7.7 million to 13.7 million between 2000-01 and 2015-16. Of this, over half of the increase was accounted for by contract workers. The share of contract workers in total employment increased sharply from 15.5% in 2000-01 to around 28% in 2015-16. Reasons for increased contractualization of the workforce: 1) Increased costs for the employer: For the employer, increased costs to be paid to the employee may not be as big a consideration as there is an increased compliance burden on recognizing an employee as a formal employee that is the compliance burden is too high for the employer and the would-be employee not so much concerned with all those rights that he may be eligible for. 2) Rigid labor laws: It is largely argued that the widespread use of contract labor is because of India’s rigid employment protection legislation. E.g. Chapter V-B of the Industrial Disputes Act (IDA,1947) This makes it necessary for firms employing more than 100 workers to obtain the permission of State governments to lay off workers. 3) Competitive firms: Contract workers receive roughly half the wages of those workers employed directly by firms. Also, firms make significant savings by hiring contract workers as they receive fewer employee benefits compared to regular workers. This enables firms to reduce costs and improve competitiveness. 4) Reduction in the formation of trade unions: the presence of contract workers acts as an alternative workforce to the firms. This helps firms suppress the bargaining power of their regular unionized workers and keep the wage demand of regular workers in check. Way forward: The Contract Labour Act prescribes that contract workers are entitled to “same wages” for the same kind of work as regular workmen. It is thus important to ensure that the wages of contract workers are at par with directly hired workers.Few policy measures, like offering more socially-protected worker contracts (say, safeguarding health, unemployment insurances as benefits); extending the probation period to more than a year (to do away from the 5-5-5 uncertain system on short-term contracts); ensuring greater legal representation and awareness to concerns of workers, and incentivizing the presence of unions for minority workers (across social categories of gender, class, race, etc.) are all critical steps that can help provide a more progressive social and economic future for workers.
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##Question:What is contractualisation of the workforce? Discuss reasons for contractualisation of workforce.(150words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Defining the term contractualization of workforce along with relevant stats. Main body- Reasons for contractualization of the workforce. Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be provided. Answer: Contractualization of the workforce means that the contract workers are rising in the total workforce. Contract workers are those who are not employed directly by the employer but by an intermediary/contractor on short-term contracts. Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) shows a surge in contract worker usage in the organized manufacturing sector. There was an increase in total employment from 7.7 million to 13.7 million between 2000-01 and 2015-16. Of this, over half of the increase was accounted for by contract workers. The share of contract workers in total employment increased sharply from 15.5% in 2000-01 to around 28% in 2015-16. Reasons for increased contractualization of the workforce: 1) Increased costs for the employer: For the employer, increased costs to be paid to the employee may not be as big a consideration as there is an increased compliance burden on recognizing an employee as a formal employee that is the compliance burden is too high for the employer and the would-be employee not so much concerned with all those rights that he may be eligible for. 2) Rigid labor laws: It is largely argued that the widespread use of contract labor is because of India’s rigid employment protection legislation. E.g. Chapter V-B of the Industrial Disputes Act (IDA,1947) This makes it necessary for firms employing more than 100 workers to obtain the permission of State governments to lay off workers. 3) Competitive firms: Contract workers receive roughly half the wages of those workers employed directly by firms. Also, firms make significant savings by hiring contract workers as they receive fewer employee benefits compared to regular workers. This enables firms to reduce costs and improve competitiveness. 4) Reduction in the formation of trade unions: the presence of contract workers acts as an alternative workforce to the firms. This helps firms suppress the bargaining power of their regular unionized workers and keep the wage demand of regular workers in check. Way forward: The Contract Labour Act prescribes that contract workers are entitled to “same wages” for the same kind of work as regular workmen. It is thus important to ensure that the wages of contract workers are at par with directly hired workers.Few policy measures, like offering more socially-protected worker contracts (say, safeguarding health, unemployment insurances as benefits); extending the probation period to more than a year (to do away from the 5-5-5 uncertain system on short-term contracts); ensuring greater legal representation and awareness to concerns of workers, and incentivizing the presence of unions for minority workers (across social categories of gender, class, race, etc.) are all critical steps that can help provide a more progressive social and economic future for workers.
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Give an account of the Bretton Woods Conference and the major concerns which were addressed through it? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief Bretton Woods Conference In body mention the major concerns which were addressed through Bretton Woods Conference Conclude with a balanced view. Answer: The current scenarios and the contemporary shape of the world economy were largely shaped by the Bretton Woods conference. After Industrial Revolution, International Trade started and Europeans became the biggest beneficiaries of it. As this Industrial trade was increasing night and day, it became inevitable to get a comparative idea of their respective growth, resource potentials, and such likes. To get this analysis, it became almost necessary to have standard calculations. At the same time, on the other hand, the growing importance of the standard rule of trade was felt. The situation got further worsened by the Great Depression of 1929, followed by the Second World War. In the 1940s, almost every country started looking at ways out to bring the economy on track Soon, it was realized why not have a global conference for this purpose. Following this in 1944, this BrettonWoods conference took place led by JM Keynes from the UK, Dexter White from the USA The following three major points of concern were addressed: 1. It was well realized and mathematically proven by Harrod-Domar, that if low-income countries are not given capital from outside, they may shrink and wither away This concern was solved by the introduction of the World Bank. 2. How to get standardization of calculation of national income, BOP, and a support system for the BOP. For this purpose, International Monetary Fund (IMF) was introduced. 3. How to develop consensus on the world trade route to ensure that world trade is as smooth as possible. For this purpose, one international trade organization was recommended, but it could not realize, instead, we got, General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT). In 1953, the UN developed the UN System of National Accounting (UNSNA) which India also follows for calculating its national income Rather than seeing Bretton Woods as a period characterized by stability, it"s more accurate to consider it as being a transitional stage that ushered in a new international monetary order that we"are still living with today. Also, far from being a period of international cooperation and global order, the years of the Bretton Woods agreement revealed the inherent difficulties of trying to create and maintain an international order that pursued both free and unfettered trade while also allowing nations to pursue autonomous policy goals. The discipline of a gold standard and fixed exchange rates proved to be too much for rapidly-growing economies at varying levels of competitiveness. With the demonetization of gold and the move to floating currencies, the Bretton Woods era should be regarded as a transitional stage from a more disciplinary international monetary order to one with significantly more flexibility.
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##Question:Give an account of the Bretton Woods Conference and the major concerns which were addressed through it? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief Bretton Woods Conference In body mention the major concerns which were addressed through Bretton Woods Conference Conclude with a balanced view. Answer: The current scenarios and the contemporary shape of the world economy were largely shaped by the Bretton Woods conference. After Industrial Revolution, International Trade started and Europeans became the biggest beneficiaries of it. As this Industrial trade was increasing night and day, it became inevitable to get a comparative idea of their respective growth, resource potentials, and such likes. To get this analysis, it became almost necessary to have standard calculations. At the same time, on the other hand, the growing importance of the standard rule of trade was felt. The situation got further worsened by the Great Depression of 1929, followed by the Second World War. In the 1940s, almost every country started looking at ways out to bring the economy on track Soon, it was realized why not have a global conference for this purpose. Following this in 1944, this BrettonWoods conference took place led by JM Keynes from the UK, Dexter White from the USA The following three major points of concern were addressed: 1. It was well realized and mathematically proven by Harrod-Domar, that if low-income countries are not given capital from outside, they may shrink and wither away This concern was solved by the introduction of the World Bank. 2. How to get standardization of calculation of national income, BOP, and a support system for the BOP. For this purpose, International Monetary Fund (IMF) was introduced. 3. How to develop consensus on the world trade route to ensure that world trade is as smooth as possible. For this purpose, one international trade organization was recommended, but it could not realize, instead, we got, General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT). In 1953, the UN developed the UN System of National Accounting (UNSNA) which India also follows for calculating its national income Rather than seeing Bretton Woods as a period characterized by stability, it"s more accurate to consider it as being a transitional stage that ushered in a new international monetary order that we"are still living with today. Also, far from being a period of international cooperation and global order, the years of the Bretton Woods agreement revealed the inherent difficulties of trying to create and maintain an international order that pursued both free and unfettered trade while also allowing nations to pursue autonomous policy goals. The discipline of a gold standard and fixed exchange rates proved to be too much for rapidly-growing economies at varying levels of competitiveness. With the demonetization of gold and the move to floating currencies, the Bretton Woods era should be regarded as a transitional stage from a more disciplinary international monetary order to one with significantly more flexibility.
| 72,882
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Give an account of the Bretton Woods Conference and the major concerns which were addressed through it? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief Bretton Woods Conference In body mention the major concerns which were addressed through Bretton Woods Conference Conclude with a balanced view. Answer: The current scenarios and the contemporary shape of the world economy were largely shaped by the Bretton Woods conference. After Industrial Revolution, International Trade started and Europeans became the biggest beneficiaries of it. As this Industrial trade was increasing night and day, it became inevitable to get a comparative idea of their respective growth, resource potentials and such likes. To get this analysis, it became almost necessary to have standard calculations. At the same time, on the other hand, the growing importance of the standard rule of trade was felt. The situation got further worsened by the Great Depression of 1929, followed by the Second World War. In the 1940s, almost every country started looking at ways out to bring the economy on track Soon, it was realized why not have a global conference for this purpose. Following this in 1944, this BrettonWoods conference took place led by JM Keynes from the UK, Dexter White from the USA The following three major points of concern were addressed: 1. It was well realized and mathematically proven by Harrod-Domar If low-income countries are not given capital from outside, they may shrink and wither away This concern was solved by the introduction of the World Bank 2. How to get standardisation of calculation of national income, BOP and a support system for BOP For this purpose, International Monetary Fund (IMF) was introduced 3. How to develop consensus on the world trade route to ensure that world trade is as smooth as possible For this purpose, one international trade organisation was recommended, but it could not realise, instead, we got, General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) In 1953, the UN developed the UN System of National Accounting (UNSNA) which India also follows for calculating its national income Rather than seeing Bretton Woods as a period characterized by stability, it"s more accurate to consider it as being a transitional stage that ushered in a new international monetary order that we"re still living with today. Also, far from being a period of international cooperation and global order, the years of the Bretton Woods agreement revealed the inherent difficulties of trying to create and maintain an international order that pursued both free and unfettered trade while also allowing nations to pursue autonomous policy goals. The discipline of a gold standard and fixed exchange rates proved to be too much for rapidly-growing economies at varying levels of competitiveness. With the demonetization of gold and the move to floating currencies, the Bretton Woods era should be regarded as a transitional stage from a more disciplinary international monetary order to one with significantly more flexibility.
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##Question:Give an account of the Bretton Woods Conference and the major concerns which were addressed through it? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief Bretton Woods Conference In body mention the major concerns which were addressed through Bretton Woods Conference Conclude with a balanced view. Answer: The current scenarios and the contemporary shape of the world economy were largely shaped by the Bretton Woods conference. After Industrial Revolution, International Trade started and Europeans became the biggest beneficiaries of it. As this Industrial trade was increasing night and day, it became inevitable to get a comparative idea of their respective growth, resource potentials and such likes. To get this analysis, it became almost necessary to have standard calculations. At the same time, on the other hand, the growing importance of the standard rule of trade was felt. The situation got further worsened by the Great Depression of 1929, followed by the Second World War. In the 1940s, almost every country started looking at ways out to bring the economy on track Soon, it was realized why not have a global conference for this purpose. Following this in 1944, this BrettonWoods conference took place led by JM Keynes from the UK, Dexter White from the USA The following three major points of concern were addressed: 1. It was well realized and mathematically proven by Harrod-Domar If low-income countries are not given capital from outside, they may shrink and wither away This concern was solved by the introduction of the World Bank 2. How to get standardisation of calculation of national income, BOP and a support system for BOP For this purpose, International Monetary Fund (IMF) was introduced 3. How to develop consensus on the world trade route to ensure that world trade is as smooth as possible For this purpose, one international trade organisation was recommended, but it could not realise, instead, we got, General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) In 1953, the UN developed the UN System of National Accounting (UNSNA) which India also follows for calculating its national income Rather than seeing Bretton Woods as a period characterized by stability, it"s more accurate to consider it as being a transitional stage that ushered in a new international monetary order that we"re still living with today. Also, far from being a period of international cooperation and global order, the years of the Bretton Woods agreement revealed the inherent difficulties of trying to create and maintain an international order that pursued both free and unfettered trade while also allowing nations to pursue autonomous policy goals. The discipline of a gold standard and fixed exchange rates proved to be too much for rapidly-growing economies at varying levels of competitiveness. With the demonetization of gold and the move to floating currencies, the Bretton Woods era should be regarded as a transitional stage from a more disciplinary international monetary order to one with significantly more flexibility.
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Give a general introduction to the history of planning in India. What was the rationale behind introducing Planning in India? (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question- Give a general introduction to the history of planning in India. What was the rationale behind introducing Planning in India? (150 Words/10 Marks) Approach Briefly mention what is Planning Describe the History of Planning Mention the rationale of Planing PLANNING IN INDIA Planing in India was indicative planning where the government tries to achieve objectives of Planning through changes in its policies and regulatory framework in economic activity. Planning Commission was constituted in 1950 for operationalizing the Planning System in India. HISTORY OF PLANNING 1944: by a group of Industrialists: Bombay Plan; endorsed by FICCI endorsed it. 1. National Planning Committee: set up under the leadership of Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1938 . It considers all aspects of planning and produces a series of study of different subjects concerned with economic development. The major recommendations of the committee were: The state should own or control all key Indian industries as services, Agriculture is crucial to draw a scheme of National Planning The planning should be aim at doubling the standard of living in 10 years 2. Bombay Plan:- 8 leading Industrialists of India conceived a plan for economic development. The plan was to triple the GDP of India in 15 years. It argued for India’s mixed economy model where the government would take control over the basic, key, and heavy industries whereas the private sector would take charge of the consumer goods. The plan favored government intervention in all fields of business activity. 3. Gandhian Plan A Gandhian Plan incorporating the policies of Mahatma Gandhi was formulated by SN Aggrawal in 1944. Its broad economic vision centered around rejuvenated villages, investment in Agriculture, and cottage Industries. It favored tight state control over the economy. 4. Peopl e’s plan : MN Roy formulated a plan generally referred to as the People’s plan in 1945. it gave priority to agriculture and the nationalization of all production means. RATIONALE OF PLANNING The basic constraint on development was the acute deficiency of capital which prevented the introduction of productive technologies. The reasons for the lack of capital were the low rate of savings in the economy. The dominance of subsistence agriculture meant that there was a l ack of knowledge of markets and their mechanism . There was a requirement of equitable distribution of resources and prevention of concentration of wealth. There was a need for infrastructural development and industrial development with the intention of balanced regional growth. To counter the different instances of market failure: Public goods: they are characterized by features of non-excludable consumption. E.g. National Defense, roads, bridges, etc. left to the market forces these services will not be provided for. Externalities: there are certain costs and benefits in the provision of certain goods and services which cannot be taken into account in the market system. E.g. Primary education, basic health care facilities, drinking water, and sanitation have positive externalities whereas drugs involve negative externalities the market cannot be relied upon for the provision of these Goods and Services. Market Control (Monopoly): the dominant role of one or two suppliers in the market can lead to the exploitation of consumers . Information Asymmetry: A state of asymmetric information exists if one party has information that the other lacks. In this scenario, the correct price cannot be set according to the Law of Supply and Demand. Strategic Sectors: The market cannot be trusted for the supply of services critical for maintaining the sovereignty and integrity of the nation. The tragedy of commons: given a free hand private players may neglect the well-being of the society in pursuit of profits . It leads to overconsumption and depletion of common resources. Ideological influence: the national leadership was influenced by Fabian Socialism and there was a general backlash against the Laissez fare system. The success of the Soviet Union as it transformed itself from agriculture to an industrial powerhouse in a very short span of time.
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##Question:Give a general introduction to the history of planning in India. What was the rationale behind introducing Planning in India? (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question- Give a general introduction to the history of planning in India. What was the rationale behind introducing Planning in India? (150 Words/10 Marks) Approach Briefly mention what is Planning Describe the History of Planning Mention the rationale of Planing PLANNING IN INDIA Planing in India was indicative planning where the government tries to achieve objectives of Planning through changes in its policies and regulatory framework in economic activity. Planning Commission was constituted in 1950 for operationalizing the Planning System in India. HISTORY OF PLANNING 1944: by a group of Industrialists: Bombay Plan; endorsed by FICCI endorsed it. 1. National Planning Committee: set up under the leadership of Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1938 . It considers all aspects of planning and produces a series of study of different subjects concerned with economic development. The major recommendations of the committee were: The state should own or control all key Indian industries as services, Agriculture is crucial to draw a scheme of National Planning The planning should be aim at doubling the standard of living in 10 years 2. Bombay Plan:- 8 leading Industrialists of India conceived a plan for economic development. The plan was to triple the GDP of India in 15 years. It argued for India’s mixed economy model where the government would take control over the basic, key, and heavy industries whereas the private sector would take charge of the consumer goods. The plan favored government intervention in all fields of business activity. 3. Gandhian Plan A Gandhian Plan incorporating the policies of Mahatma Gandhi was formulated by SN Aggrawal in 1944. Its broad economic vision centered around rejuvenated villages, investment in Agriculture, and cottage Industries. It favored tight state control over the economy. 4. Peopl e’s plan : MN Roy formulated a plan generally referred to as the People’s plan in 1945. it gave priority to agriculture and the nationalization of all production means. RATIONALE OF PLANNING The basic constraint on development was the acute deficiency of capital which prevented the introduction of productive technologies. The reasons for the lack of capital were the low rate of savings in the economy. The dominance of subsistence agriculture meant that there was a l ack of knowledge of markets and their mechanism . There was a requirement of equitable distribution of resources and prevention of concentration of wealth. There was a need for infrastructural development and industrial development with the intention of balanced regional growth. To counter the different instances of market failure: Public goods: they are characterized by features of non-excludable consumption. E.g. National Defense, roads, bridges, etc. left to the market forces these services will not be provided for. Externalities: there are certain costs and benefits in the provision of certain goods and services which cannot be taken into account in the market system. E.g. Primary education, basic health care facilities, drinking water, and sanitation have positive externalities whereas drugs involve negative externalities the market cannot be relied upon for the provision of these Goods and Services. Market Control (Monopoly): the dominant role of one or two suppliers in the market can lead to the exploitation of consumers . Information Asymmetry: A state of asymmetric information exists if one party has information that the other lacks. In this scenario, the correct price cannot be set according to the Law of Supply and Demand. Strategic Sectors: The market cannot be trusted for the supply of services critical for maintaining the sovereignty and integrity of the nation. The tragedy of commons: given a free hand private players may neglect the well-being of the society in pursuit of profits . It leads to overconsumption and depletion of common resources. Ideological influence: the national leadership was influenced by Fabian Socialism and there was a general backlash against the Laissez fare system. The success of the Soviet Union as it transformed itself from agriculture to an industrial powerhouse in a very short span of time.
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What are the areas of prohibitive labour where that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel the research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation. (UPSC 2015) (250 words/ 15 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- A brief idea of robotics can be given. Main body- Areas need to be highlighted which can be managed by robots. Discuss the initiatives of the institutes. Conclusion- A brief conclusion can be given. Answer: Robotics is growing leaps and bounds in recent times in areas that need increased precision, reducing human elements, faster work, and flexibility in switching from one task to the other. There are talks in the market of deploying robotic inventions in the area of prohibitive labor like manual scavenging, sewage treatment, underground mining, rescue relief, and rehab in times of disaster, at battle-sites, to reduce casualties, etc. Areas that can be managed by robots: Warfare - Robots are the future of warfare. It will save the precious lives of soldiers. eg- Daksh is a battery-operated remote-controlled robot on wheels and its primary role is to recover bombs. Developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation, it is fully automated. It has a shotgun, which can break open locked doors, and it can scan cars for explosives. Tele robots like unmanned aerial networks can be used to perform dangerous tasks in faraway or inaccessible places. Manual Scavenging- The scavengers have to plunge into septic tanks full of poisonous fumes to unclog sewers, which often results in their death due to asphyxiation. eg-Bandicoot, a spider-shaped robot that cleans manholes and sewers with precision. Disaster management- The robots will not be stressed during the situation. The emergency response would be better. eg- Sherpa (Japan). Underground Mining- It can be a big challenge to navigate abandoned mines. Human divers are not safe in flooded tunnels and murky waters. Navigating confined spaces with limited visibility is a better job for a mining robot. Sewer Management- " SEPoy Septic Tank Robot" is made by IIT-Madras. It"s estimated that around 8,00,000 people from lower-income groups are employed as sewage cleaners, and approximately 23,000 of them die every year. Space Exploration- Almost every unmanned space probe ever launched was a robot. eg- Vyom-Mitra. Involving robots in these areas is going to need a very aggressive approach towards research and development. Various initiatives to propel the research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation can be as follows:- Invite certain eminent scholars in the robotics area every year. Allocating funds specifically for R&D to address the shortage of funds. Incentivizing innovation is done at the personal level – e.g. – Agribot – an agricultural robot to work on fields. The Goa government introduced the Coding and Robotics Education in Schools Scheme in government and government-aided schools in the state. The Union electronics and information technology ministry plans to boost robotics and manufacturing and export of drones under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. The All India Council for Robotics and Automation (AICRA) has announced the launch of a new initiative the ‘Tech Startup Program’. As India is already making some progress in the technological field and a lot of international and multinational companies are looking to invest and collaborate with India so it is a big opportunity for India that should be encashed fastly.
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##Question:What are the areas of prohibitive labour where that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel the research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation. (UPSC 2015) (250 words/ 15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- A brief idea of robotics can be given. Main body- Areas need to be highlighted which can be managed by robots. Discuss the initiatives of the institutes. Conclusion- A brief conclusion can be given. Answer: Robotics is growing leaps and bounds in recent times in areas that need increased precision, reducing human elements, faster work, and flexibility in switching from one task to the other. There are talks in the market of deploying robotic inventions in the area of prohibitive labor like manual scavenging, sewage treatment, underground mining, rescue relief, and rehab in times of disaster, at battle-sites, to reduce casualties, etc. Areas that can be managed by robots: Warfare - Robots are the future of warfare. It will save the precious lives of soldiers. eg- Daksh is a battery-operated remote-controlled robot on wheels and its primary role is to recover bombs. Developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation, it is fully automated. It has a shotgun, which can break open locked doors, and it can scan cars for explosives. Tele robots like unmanned aerial networks can be used to perform dangerous tasks in faraway or inaccessible places. Manual Scavenging- The scavengers have to plunge into septic tanks full of poisonous fumes to unclog sewers, which often results in their death due to asphyxiation. eg-Bandicoot, a spider-shaped robot that cleans manholes and sewers with precision. Disaster management- The robots will not be stressed during the situation. The emergency response would be better. eg- Sherpa (Japan). Underground Mining- It can be a big challenge to navigate abandoned mines. Human divers are not safe in flooded tunnels and murky waters. Navigating confined spaces with limited visibility is a better job for a mining robot. Sewer Management- " SEPoy Septic Tank Robot" is made by IIT-Madras. It"s estimated that around 8,00,000 people from lower-income groups are employed as sewage cleaners, and approximately 23,000 of them die every year. Space Exploration- Almost every unmanned space probe ever launched was a robot. eg- Vyom-Mitra. Involving robots in these areas is going to need a very aggressive approach towards research and development. Various initiatives to propel the research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation can be as follows:- Invite certain eminent scholars in the robotics area every year. Allocating funds specifically for R&D to address the shortage of funds. Incentivizing innovation is done at the personal level – e.g. – Agribot – an agricultural robot to work on fields. The Goa government introduced the Coding and Robotics Education in Schools Scheme in government and government-aided schools in the state. The Union electronics and information technology ministry plans to boost robotics and manufacturing and export of drones under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. The All India Council for Robotics and Automation (AICRA) has announced the launch of a new initiative the ‘Tech Startup Program’. As India is already making some progress in the technological field and a lot of international and multinational companies are looking to invest and collaborate with India so it is a big opportunity for India that should be encashed fastly.
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What is meant by an Initial Public Offering (IPO)? Explain the various types of investors for IPO prescribed by SEBI. (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH Introduction. Introduce capital market or IPOs. Body Explain IPOs. Explain various types of Investors Conclusion Conclude with current affairs. ANSWER An initial public offering (IPO) refers to the process of offering shares of a private corporation to the public in a new stock issuance. An IPO allows a company to raise capital from public investors. The transition from a private to a public company can be an important time for private investors to fully realize gains from their investment as it typically includes a share premium for current private investors. Meanwhile, it also allows public investors to participate in the offering. Once the red herring prospectus is done and approval is given, the company floats its share for the first time is called an initial public offer or IPO. This IPO can be issued in two ways fixed price IPOs means at cost IPO will be sold is predetermined which may be equal to the denomination price or slightly more than that. The difference is called a premium. As per SEBI rules, there are the following three types of investors for IPOs Qualified institutional buyers QIB - There are those with 10 crores and above investment and enlisted with SEBI. 50 % of IPO goes to QIB. Among the qualified investor, the one who gets 60 % of this is called an Anchor investor. Retail Investors- They are those investors who are investing with a lesser amount, however, the minimum number of shares is pre-determined which even of them has to buy this is called Lot Size of IPO. 35 % of IPO is allotted to them. Non-Institutional buyers- They are those with investment in IPO with 2 lakh and above. 15 % of IPO is allotted to them. HNI- High net worth individuals investors investing more than 2 core. An IPO is a big step for a company as it provides the company with access to raising a lot of money. This gives the company a greater ability to grow and expand. The increased transparency and share listing credibility can also be a factor in helping it obtain better terms when seeking borrowed funds as well.
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##Question:What is meant by an Initial Public Offering (IPO)? Explain the various types of investors for IPO prescribed by SEBI. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH Introduction. Introduce capital market or IPOs. Body Explain IPOs. Explain various types of Investors Conclusion Conclude with current affairs. ANSWER An initial public offering (IPO) refers to the process of offering shares of a private corporation to the public in a new stock issuance. An IPO allows a company to raise capital from public investors. The transition from a private to a public company can be an important time for private investors to fully realize gains from their investment as it typically includes a share premium for current private investors. Meanwhile, it also allows public investors to participate in the offering. Once the red herring prospectus is done and approval is given, the company floats its share for the first time is called an initial public offer or IPO. This IPO can be issued in two ways fixed price IPOs means at cost IPO will be sold is predetermined which may be equal to the denomination price or slightly more than that. The difference is called a premium. As per SEBI rules, there are the following three types of investors for IPOs Qualified institutional buyers QIB - There are those with 10 crores and above investment and enlisted with SEBI. 50 % of IPO goes to QIB. Among the qualified investor, the one who gets 60 % of this is called an Anchor investor. Retail Investors- They are those investors who are investing with a lesser amount, however, the minimum number of shares is pre-determined which even of them has to buy this is called Lot Size of IPO. 35 % of IPO is allotted to them. Non-Institutional buyers- They are those with investment in IPO with 2 lakh and above. 15 % of IPO is allotted to them. HNI- High net worth individuals investors investing more than 2 core. An IPO is a big step for a company as it provides the company with access to raising a lot of money. This gives the company a greater ability to grow and expand. The increased transparency and share listing credibility can also be a factor in helping it obtain better terms when seeking borrowed funds as well.
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Describe the position and applications of different orbits with special emphasis on the Geostationary Orbit. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce the answer with the definition of the orbit. Discuss the Low, Medium, and High Orbit with their application. Explain the Geostationary Orbit. Conclude. Answer: An orbit is a curved path of a celestial object or an artificial satellite around another celestial object due to the force of gravity. These orbits have been classified as per their altitude. They are used as per their need. Low earth orbit (LEO) Low Earth Orbit that varies between 150 to 2000 Km. It is used for remote sensing applications, meteorological studies. It is also used for astronomical studies by satellite or telescope ISRO"s AstroSat, NASA"s Hubble Space Telescope, and Currently the International Space Station is being used by NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, etc. has been established in LEO. LEO is also being used for the study of cosmology and astronomy, the terminal of space travel. Besides that LEO is also used for defense-related missions. Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) Medium Earth Orbit is between 2000 to 35780 Km. It is used for Navigational Application, GPS System of USA and GLONASS of Russia. MEO is being used for the Galileo shipping system of European nations, BEIDOU of China and NAVIC (IRNSS) of India, etc. MEO is used by Satellites to provide information about the position of a geographic location. MEO is also used for the satellite that provides time-based services such as information about parcel delivery, rail net, destination time, etc. High Earth Orbit (HEO) High Earth Orbit revolved at greater than 35786 Km. It is used for telecommunication satellites by geostationary orbit Hahmann Orbit is a temporary transfer orbit of ellipsoidal shape. High speed is provided in perigee by the motor or engine present in the satellite, due to which the satellite goes into high orbit. Lagrange point: Two celestial bodies have 5 Lagrange points, where the third body is balanced by the gravitational force of both celestial bodies. Geo-stationary Orbits Geosynchronous Orbit is an orbit where the earth"s rotation is synchronized with the satellite"s revolution. Such satellites complete one orbit in one sidereal day (23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds) at an altitude of 35786 Km. Geo-stationary Orbits is a special case of geosynchronous orbit that is circular and the orbit is in the earth’s equatorial plane. It stays over the same points of the earth’s equator. These orbits are generally used for communication and surveillance. It is also used for the earth’s observation. Geostationary orbits orbit is very crowded. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) regulated this orbit for the satellite launches in the geostationary and geosynchronous orbits. Thus these orbits are very crucial for the different types of applications and services.
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##Question:Describe the position and applications of different orbits with special emphasis on the Geostationary Orbit. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer with the definition of the orbit. Discuss the Low, Medium, and High Orbit with their application. Explain the Geostationary Orbit. Conclude. Answer: An orbit is a curved path of a celestial object or an artificial satellite around another celestial object due to the force of gravity. These orbits have been classified as per their altitude. They are used as per their need. Low earth orbit (LEO) Low Earth Orbit that varies between 150 to 2000 Km. It is used for remote sensing applications, meteorological studies. It is also used for astronomical studies by satellite or telescope ISRO"s AstroSat, NASA"s Hubble Space Telescope, and Currently the International Space Station is being used by NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, etc. has been established in LEO. LEO is also being used for the study of cosmology and astronomy, the terminal of space travel. Besides that LEO is also used for defense-related missions. Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) Medium Earth Orbit is between 2000 to 35780 Km. It is used for Navigational Application, GPS System of USA and GLONASS of Russia. MEO is being used for the Galileo shipping system of European nations, BEIDOU of China and NAVIC (IRNSS) of India, etc. MEO is used by Satellites to provide information about the position of a geographic location. MEO is also used for the satellite that provides time-based services such as information about parcel delivery, rail net, destination time, etc. High Earth Orbit (HEO) High Earth Orbit revolved at greater than 35786 Km. It is used for telecommunication satellites by geostationary orbit Hahmann Orbit is a temporary transfer orbit of ellipsoidal shape. High speed is provided in perigee by the motor or engine present in the satellite, due to which the satellite goes into high orbit. Lagrange point: Two celestial bodies have 5 Lagrange points, where the third body is balanced by the gravitational force of both celestial bodies. Geo-stationary Orbits Geosynchronous Orbit is an orbit where the earth"s rotation is synchronized with the satellite"s revolution. Such satellites complete one orbit in one sidereal day (23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds) at an altitude of 35786 Km. Geo-stationary Orbits is a special case of geosynchronous orbit that is circular and the orbit is in the earth’s equatorial plane. It stays over the same points of the earth’s equator. These orbits are generally used for communication and surveillance. It is also used for the earth’s observation. Geostationary orbits orbit is very crowded. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) regulated this orbit for the satellite launches in the geostationary and geosynchronous orbits. Thus these orbits are very crucial for the different types of applications and services.
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Define the term Broker and explain the types of the broker. Elaborate on the depository participants active in India.(150 words/10 marks )
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Define the term Broker and explain the types of the broker. Elaborate on the depository participants active in India. (150 words/10 marks ) Approach In the Introduction try to define Broker or write about capital market In Body try to e xplain different types of brokers Elaborate Dps active in India Conclude with SEBI etc as important stakeholders providing governance framework for the capital market ANSWER Capital markets are where savings and investments are channelled between suppliers—people or institutions with capital to lend or invest—and those in need. Suppliers typically include banks and investors while those who seek capital are businesses, governments, and individuals. In the process brokers and DPs plays a very important role, A broker is an individual or firm that acts as an intermediary between an investor and a securities exchange. A broker is an individual or firm that acts as an intermediary between an investor and a securities exchange. Because securities exchanges only accept orders from individuals or firms who are members of that exchange, individual traders and investors need the services of exchange members. Brokers provide that service and are compensated in various ways, either through commissions, fees or through being paid by the exchange itself. Types of brokers Full-time Brokers, they provide investment consultancy also. Discount brokers -they are just working as a connecting link. With the digitalization of trade, these brokers have increased many folds like Zerodha. Depository participant. Depositary participants are those authorities who keep sharing with them and work as a clearinghouse. By issuing Demat accounts to investors against their PAN cards and KYC. PAN Card is a 10-digit alphanumeric identity. Which work as common denominations for every individual in financial matters. That’s why individuals can’t hold more than one PAN number. (Bimal Jalan has recommended having one pan for one individual in These depositors as associated with the given exchange and finally ensure the settlement. When the market starts people may buy or sell shares which are called their trade position. If within the same day before the market closes, they are settling the trade is called intraday trading. However, if they hold the share, it will be cleared by evening by the depository participants. This process is called the delivery of share. A security transaction tax is applicable only on deliveries not on Intraday. Afterwards, on the basis of purchase or sale within two days, the final settlement should be done by crediting or debiting the money. This is called T+2. Recently SEBI has proposed T+1. There are two major depository participants in India. National securities depositaries limited NSDL which work with NSE Central depositaries services limited CDSL which works with the Bombay stock exchange To provide an additional layer of safety to investors these depository participants have started TIN (Trade Identification no.) with OTP verification. Brokers are those intermediaries which work as connecting links between Investors, depository participants, and exchange Conclusion. SEBI, brokers, and Dps are the important stakeholders providing the governance framework for the management of the capital market.
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##Question:Define the term Broker and explain the types of the broker. Elaborate on the depository participants active in India.(150 words/10 marks )##Answer:Define the term Broker and explain the types of the broker. Elaborate on the depository participants active in India. (150 words/10 marks ) Approach In the Introduction try to define Broker or write about capital market In Body try to e xplain different types of brokers Elaborate Dps active in India Conclude with SEBI etc as important stakeholders providing governance framework for the capital market ANSWER Capital markets are where savings and investments are channelled between suppliers—people or institutions with capital to lend or invest—and those in need. Suppliers typically include banks and investors while those who seek capital are businesses, governments, and individuals. In the process brokers and DPs plays a very important role, A broker is an individual or firm that acts as an intermediary between an investor and a securities exchange. A broker is an individual or firm that acts as an intermediary between an investor and a securities exchange. Because securities exchanges only accept orders from individuals or firms who are members of that exchange, individual traders and investors need the services of exchange members. Brokers provide that service and are compensated in various ways, either through commissions, fees or through being paid by the exchange itself. Types of brokers Full-time Brokers, they provide investment consultancy also. Discount brokers -they are just working as a connecting link. With the digitalization of trade, these brokers have increased many folds like Zerodha. Depository participant. Depositary participants are those authorities who keep sharing with them and work as a clearinghouse. By issuing Demat accounts to investors against their PAN cards and KYC. PAN Card is a 10-digit alphanumeric identity. Which work as common denominations for every individual in financial matters. That’s why individuals can’t hold more than one PAN number. (Bimal Jalan has recommended having one pan for one individual in These depositors as associated with the given exchange and finally ensure the settlement. When the market starts people may buy or sell shares which are called their trade position. If within the same day before the market closes, they are settling the trade is called intraday trading. However, if they hold the share, it will be cleared by evening by the depository participants. This process is called the delivery of share. A security transaction tax is applicable only on deliveries not on Intraday. Afterwards, on the basis of purchase or sale within two days, the final settlement should be done by crediting or debiting the money. This is called T+2. Recently SEBI has proposed T+1. There are two major depository participants in India. National securities depositaries limited NSDL which work with NSE Central depositaries services limited CDSL which works with the Bombay stock exchange To provide an additional layer of safety to investors these depository participants have started TIN (Trade Identification no.) with OTP verification. Brokers are those intermediaries which work as connecting links between Investors, depository participants, and exchange Conclusion. SEBI, brokers, and Dps are the important stakeholders providing the governance framework for the management of the capital market.
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Discuss the values preached by Jyotiba Phule and their relevance today.(150 wods/10 marks)
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Approach: Wite in brief about Jyotibha Phule In main bidy write the values and relevanve it hold for today Lastly, conclude with mentioning how his values inspired many Answer- Jyotiba Phule was a philosopher, educationist, social revolutionary, humanist, feminist and in one word an enlightening personality. His ideas related to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics & socio-political write up had relevance in every era. Some values & their relevance- 1) Feminism - he was against child-marriage and supported widow remarriage & opened a school for girls where they can study irrespective of their background. Relevance-In the era of discrimination where women were considered second citizen he talked about women empowerment. 2 ) Philosophy of Education - education for all as an instrument of progress. Relevance-it made the society more aware of the stigmas and associated discrimination by various orthodox schools of thought. 3) Social Justice & Equality - He opened a home where widows could safely give birth to young ones who were exploited earlier and thus care for the infants and preached for equality of every human whether shudra or Brahmin, allowing untouchable to take water from his well was a evidence to it. Relevance- It is a step towards egalitarian society, recent dalit lynching and various discrimination can be overcome if we consider humanity as supreme. 4)Philosophy of Religion- he wanted to show to the people the dogmas & superstition associated with religion and its rituals making people slave of such beliefs. Relevance-recent killing of Narendra Dhabolkar and various cow vigilantism and hatred and communal violence (Muzzaffar Nagar) can all be overcome since he consider God as a creator of human being and all men & women his children. So religion gives man true freedom where s/he grow socially & spiritually. He inspired people like Ambedkar, preached values like equality, liberty and fraternity his articles on Sarvajanik Satyadharma, which define the rules for the creation of a world-family based on basic human rights as well as the social and intellectual attitudes essential for it are very much relevant in present world order where malice ,hatred,intolerance, radicalism, xenophobia and terrorism has occupied the human mind.
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##Question:Discuss the values preached by Jyotiba Phule and their relevance today.(150 wods/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Wite in brief about Jyotibha Phule In main bidy write the values and relevanve it hold for today Lastly, conclude with mentioning how his values inspired many Answer- Jyotiba Phule was a philosopher, educationist, social revolutionary, humanist, feminist and in one word an enlightening personality. His ideas related to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics & socio-political write up had relevance in every era. Some values & their relevance- 1) Feminism - he was against child-marriage and supported widow remarriage & opened a school for girls where they can study irrespective of their background. Relevance-In the era of discrimination where women were considered second citizen he talked about women empowerment. 2 ) Philosophy of Education - education for all as an instrument of progress. Relevance-it made the society more aware of the stigmas and associated discrimination by various orthodox schools of thought. 3) Social Justice & Equality - He opened a home where widows could safely give birth to young ones who were exploited earlier and thus care for the infants and preached for equality of every human whether shudra or Brahmin, allowing untouchable to take water from his well was a evidence to it. Relevance- It is a step towards egalitarian society, recent dalit lynching and various discrimination can be overcome if we consider humanity as supreme. 4)Philosophy of Religion- he wanted to show to the people the dogmas & superstition associated with religion and its rituals making people slave of such beliefs. Relevance-recent killing of Narendra Dhabolkar and various cow vigilantism and hatred and communal violence (Muzzaffar Nagar) can all be overcome since he consider God as a creator of human being and all men & women his children. So religion gives man true freedom where s/he grow socially & spiritually. He inspired people like Ambedkar, preached values like equality, liberty and fraternity his articles on Sarvajanik Satyadharma, which define the rules for the creation of a world-family based on basic human rights as well as the social and intellectual attitudes essential for it are very much relevant in present world order where malice ,hatred,intolerance, radicalism, xenophobia and terrorism has occupied the human mind.
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What do you mean by Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (PSSO)? Also, mention how sun-synchronous Orbit is achieved? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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What do you mean by Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (PSSO)? Also, mention how sun-synchronous Orbit is achieved? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : Introduce briefly about Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (PSSO) and basic features Mention the way in which the sun-synchronous Orbit is achieved Conclude briefly with significance. Answer : Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (PSSO) are ones where the Satellites orientation is fixed relative to the sun throughout the year. Whenever the satellite observes a ground location, the sun is always in the same location in the sky. Such orbits are at the altitude of 600-800 Km with an inclination of 96-98*. Features : It has certain advantages such as it ensures that observation of a location on earth by satellite occurs in the same lighting and shadow. Scientists can compare images over several years without worrying too much about extreme changes in shadow and lighting. Sun-synchronous orbit or a heliosynchronous orbit is very important because of its particular importance to satellites intended for remote sensing and military applications. A sun-synchronous orbit is one that lies in a plane that maintains a fixed angle with respect to the Earth-sun direction. It combines altitude and inclination in such a way that an object on that orbit ascends or descends over any given point of the Earth’s surface at the same local mean solar time. The orbital plane in such a case has a fixed orientation with respect to the Earth-sun direction and the angle between the orbital plane and the Earth-sun line remains constant throughout the year. The way in which sun-synchronous Orbit is achieved: Earth is not a perfect sphere and because of that satellite orbits themselves change and such type of motion is called precision or nodal regression In a sun-synchronous orbit, the nodal regression cancels out the daily change in position of the sun over any point on earth caused by the earth revolving around the sun 360* regression in 365 days - So daily regression (change in orbit) ie 1* every day which is useful for earth observation satellites The satellite passes over a given location on Earth every time at the same local solar time. Thus, it guarantees the same illumination condition, which varies only with seasons. The orbit is Quasi-polar in nature and so ensures coverage of the whole surface of the Earth. Every time a sun-synchronous satellite completes one revolution around the earth, it traverses a thin strip on the surface of the Earth. Scientists use image series like these to investigate how weather patterns emerge, to help predict whether or storms; when monitoring emergencies like forest fires or flooding; or to accumulate data on long-term problems like deforestation or rising sea levels.
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##Question:What do you mean by Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (PSSO)? Also, mention how sun-synchronous Orbit is achieved? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:What do you mean by Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (PSSO)? Also, mention how sun-synchronous Orbit is achieved? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : Introduce briefly about Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (PSSO) and basic features Mention the way in which the sun-synchronous Orbit is achieved Conclude briefly with significance. Answer : Polar Sun-Synchronous Orbit (PSSO) are ones where the Satellites orientation is fixed relative to the sun throughout the year. Whenever the satellite observes a ground location, the sun is always in the same location in the sky. Such orbits are at the altitude of 600-800 Km with an inclination of 96-98*. Features : It has certain advantages such as it ensures that observation of a location on earth by satellite occurs in the same lighting and shadow. Scientists can compare images over several years without worrying too much about extreme changes in shadow and lighting. Sun-synchronous orbit or a heliosynchronous orbit is very important because of its particular importance to satellites intended for remote sensing and military applications. A sun-synchronous orbit is one that lies in a plane that maintains a fixed angle with respect to the Earth-sun direction. It combines altitude and inclination in such a way that an object on that orbit ascends or descends over any given point of the Earth’s surface at the same local mean solar time. The orbital plane in such a case has a fixed orientation with respect to the Earth-sun direction and the angle between the orbital plane and the Earth-sun line remains constant throughout the year. The way in which sun-synchronous Orbit is achieved: Earth is not a perfect sphere and because of that satellite orbits themselves change and such type of motion is called precision or nodal regression In a sun-synchronous orbit, the nodal regression cancels out the daily change in position of the sun over any point on earth caused by the earth revolving around the sun 360* regression in 365 days - So daily regression (change in orbit) ie 1* every day which is useful for earth observation satellites The satellite passes over a given location on Earth every time at the same local solar time. Thus, it guarantees the same illumination condition, which varies only with seasons. The orbit is Quasi-polar in nature and so ensures coverage of the whole surface of the Earth. Every time a sun-synchronous satellite completes one revolution around the earth, it traverses a thin strip on the surface of the Earth. Scientists use image series like these to investigate how weather patterns emerge, to help predict whether or storms; when monitoring emergencies like forest fires or flooding; or to accumulate data on long-term problems like deforestation or rising sea levels.
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Define Drain of Wealth ? Elaborate on the various components of drain of wealth Theory (150 words /10 marks )
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Approach Introduction Define the Drain of wealth Body Explain the drain of wealth theory Explain various components of the Drain of wealth theory Conclusion Conclude with how this theory united Indians or its role in National development Answer The drain of wealth refers to the unidirectional outflow of a portion of India’s National product from India to Britain for which India received nothing in return. With the victory of the English Company in the battle of Plassey, the process of Drain of Indian wealth commenced & this outflow continued to increase throughout the remaining period of British Rule in India. The drain of wealth was the outlook of the colonial character of British Rule. British misused political power to exploit Indian resources and to carry Indian wealth to Britain. The economic critique of the British empire (Drain theory) i.e. the intellectual defeat of the British empire given By R. C Dutt, Dadabhai Naoroji, M. G. Ranade. Drain Theory Proved that India in the 19th century changed into a source of raw materials and an export material. A typical colonial relationship developed i.e. India became an export market and source of raw materials, especially till the 1900s. By 1914, 85% of Lancashire cotton was exported to India, and 17% of Britain"s iron and steel was absorbed by Indian railways. Components of Drain Theory British used the Indian army to maintain its colonial empire all across the world and in wars. This was funded by Indian tax revenue. Military expenditure was 1/3rd of the budget. Payment of interest on foreign debt of EIC. Guaranteed returns on FDI in railways, irrigation, roads, and other infrastructure. Import all government stationery from England. Home charges i.e. paying for the Secretary of State and his Indian office in London. Paying for salary, pension, and training costs for civil and military personnel. EIC earned forex by exporting Indian goods, for example, Opium to China and other goods to North America and Europe.Tax-financed trade- On exports to England, the forex went directly into pockets of Britain state via Council Bill (sale of Council Bills) Arguments against Drain theory The drain is exaggerated- Just 2% of Indian export value. Some of the drains (for example guaranteed returns on FDI) allowed India to experience west-like development via Roads, railways, Irrigation, and integrated India into the global supply chain and global market British developed irrigation infrastructure and helped India modernize its agriculture and achieve food security Railways= British connected India internally and to the rest of the world via rail to port infrastructure undoubtedly Drain of Indian wealth affected India very deeply. as reflected in terms of the destruction of Indian handicrafts. reduction in soil fertility etc outflow of capital caused less investment in health, education etc
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##Question:Define Drain of Wealth ? Elaborate on the various components of drain of wealth Theory (150 words /10 marks )##Answer:Approach Introduction Define the Drain of wealth Body Explain the drain of wealth theory Explain various components of the Drain of wealth theory Conclusion Conclude with how this theory united Indians or its role in National development Answer The drain of wealth refers to the unidirectional outflow of a portion of India’s National product from India to Britain for which India received nothing in return. With the victory of the English Company in the battle of Plassey, the process of Drain of Indian wealth commenced & this outflow continued to increase throughout the remaining period of British Rule in India. The drain of wealth was the outlook of the colonial character of British Rule. British misused political power to exploit Indian resources and to carry Indian wealth to Britain. The economic critique of the British empire (Drain theory) i.e. the intellectual defeat of the British empire given By R. C Dutt, Dadabhai Naoroji, M. G. Ranade. Drain Theory Proved that India in the 19th century changed into a source of raw materials and an export material. A typical colonial relationship developed i.e. India became an export market and source of raw materials, especially till the 1900s. By 1914, 85% of Lancashire cotton was exported to India, and 17% of Britain"s iron and steel was absorbed by Indian railways. Components of Drain Theory British used the Indian army to maintain its colonial empire all across the world and in wars. This was funded by Indian tax revenue. Military expenditure was 1/3rd of the budget. Payment of interest on foreign debt of EIC. Guaranteed returns on FDI in railways, irrigation, roads, and other infrastructure. Import all government stationery from England. Home charges i.e. paying for the Secretary of State and his Indian office in London. Paying for salary, pension, and training costs for civil and military personnel. EIC earned forex by exporting Indian goods, for example, Opium to China and other goods to North America and Europe.Tax-financed trade- On exports to England, the forex went directly into pockets of Britain state via Council Bill (sale of Council Bills) Arguments against Drain theory The drain is exaggerated- Just 2% of Indian export value. Some of the drains (for example guaranteed returns on FDI) allowed India to experience west-like development via Roads, railways, Irrigation, and integrated India into the global supply chain and global market British developed irrigation infrastructure and helped India modernize its agriculture and achieve food security Railways= British connected India internally and to the rest of the world via rail to port infrastructure undoubtedly Drain of Indian wealth affected India very deeply. as reflected in terms of the destruction of Indian handicrafts. reduction in soil fertility etc outflow of capital caused less investment in health, education etc
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Write a short note on the rise of revolutionary activities in India from the 1920s to 1930s with relevant examples. ( 150 Words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Write a brief intro about the emergence of revolutionary activities in India from the 1920s to the 1930s. Enumerate some of the prominent revolutionary activities in India from that phase with examples. Finally, conclude with writing the impacts or significance of revolutionary activities on India"s freedom struggle. Answer: The Jalliawala Bagh Massacre, Rowlett Act, Inadequate reforms introduced in the GoI Act,1919, and Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation in 1922 made the youth more radical. This led to the rise of the second phase of revolutionary activities in India. In North India, revolutionaries organized themselves under Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), and later, under the leadership of Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Azad. In Bengal, too revolutionary activities were revived under the leadership of Surya Sen. They believed in adopting violent methods and aspired to organize an armed mass revolution to drive away from the British from the country. They adopted the path of the Irish nationalists- while it attacked the British officials and institutions, it also ignited a feeling of national consciousness. The revolutionaries gradually moved away from individual heroic actions. In Bengal too, individual heroic action was replaced by group action. A number of them also came under the influence of Socialism. In 1928, they renamed their organization the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) to reflect their newly acquired ideology, which gave importance to socialist principles and revolution by the masses. Many revolutionaries, like Bhagat Singh, were more humanist and Secularist than their predecessors. Their pamphlets spoke of establishing India as a Secular, Democratic, Republic. This was lacking in early revolutionary figures. This brand of revolutionaries was well-read and educated. Bhagat Singh was nicknamed as a mobile library for his reading habits. This era of revolutionary movement also contributed to arts as they perpetuated and propagated their thoughts through art forms like plays, songs, and poems. While it helped a dying form of art and gave it a new lease of life in the hinterland of India; it also helped these leaders in connecting with the masses efficiently and gained their support. The comradery of revolutionaries energized much religious friendship like Ashfaqullah Khan and Ram Prasad Bismil set examples to commoners. This was missing in the early phases of the revolutionary movement. They worked towards the social cause (education, untouchability, etc) as well and claimed of representing workers and peasants in their struggle. The revolutionary movement in India could not survive the harsh measures initiated by the British against its leaders. Moreover, their use of violence as a political weapon gave a justification to the British to counter them by using more violence. Nevertheless, the selfless sacrifice of the revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandrasekhar Azad, Surya Sen, and hundreds of others gained for them unparalleled popularity among the people. One can debate their means to achieve freedom for the nation but can not question their intentions.
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##Question:Write a short note on the rise of revolutionary activities in India from the 1920s to 1930s with relevant examples. ( 150 Words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief intro about the emergence of revolutionary activities in India from the 1920s to the 1930s. Enumerate some of the prominent revolutionary activities in India from that phase with examples. Finally, conclude with writing the impacts or significance of revolutionary activities on India"s freedom struggle. Answer: The Jalliawala Bagh Massacre, Rowlett Act, Inadequate reforms introduced in the GoI Act,1919, and Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation in 1922 made the youth more radical. This led to the rise of the second phase of revolutionary activities in India. In North India, revolutionaries organized themselves under Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), and later, under the leadership of Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Azad. In Bengal, too revolutionary activities were revived under the leadership of Surya Sen. They believed in adopting violent methods and aspired to organize an armed mass revolution to drive away from the British from the country. They adopted the path of the Irish nationalists- while it attacked the British officials and institutions, it also ignited a feeling of national consciousness. The revolutionaries gradually moved away from individual heroic actions. In Bengal too, individual heroic action was replaced by group action. A number of them also came under the influence of Socialism. In 1928, they renamed their organization the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) to reflect their newly acquired ideology, which gave importance to socialist principles and revolution by the masses. Many revolutionaries, like Bhagat Singh, were more humanist and Secularist than their predecessors. Their pamphlets spoke of establishing India as a Secular, Democratic, Republic. This was lacking in early revolutionary figures. This brand of revolutionaries was well-read and educated. Bhagat Singh was nicknamed as a mobile library for his reading habits. This era of revolutionary movement also contributed to arts as they perpetuated and propagated their thoughts through art forms like plays, songs, and poems. While it helped a dying form of art and gave it a new lease of life in the hinterland of India; it also helped these leaders in connecting with the masses efficiently and gained their support. The comradery of revolutionaries energized much religious friendship like Ashfaqullah Khan and Ram Prasad Bismil set examples to commoners. This was missing in the early phases of the revolutionary movement. They worked towards the social cause (education, untouchability, etc) as well and claimed of representing workers and peasants in their struggle. The revolutionary movement in India could not survive the harsh measures initiated by the British against its leaders. Moreover, their use of violence as a political weapon gave a justification to the British to counter them by using more violence. Nevertheless, the selfless sacrifice of the revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandrasekhar Azad, Surya Sen, and hundreds of others gained for them unparalleled popularity among the people. One can debate their means to achieve freedom for the nation but can not question their intentions.
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Explain the reasons for the emergence of revolutionary nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s. Discuss the main features of revolutionary nationalism in this period.(150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the contextual background for the emergence of Revolutionary Nationalism. Then enumerate the reasons in a more specific way for the emergence of revolutionary nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s. Explain the main features of revolutionary nationalism in this period. Conclude Accordingly Answer: The revolutionary nationalists were severely suppressed during World War I, with most of the leaders in jail or absconding. Consequently, in order to create a more harmonious atmosphere for the Montague-Chelmsford reforms, the Government released most of them under a general amnesty in early 1920. Soon after, the National Congress launched the Non-Cooperation Movement and on the urging of Gandhiji, C.R. Das, and other Leaders most of the revolutionary terrorists either joined the movement or suspended their own activities in order to give the Gandhian mass movement a chance. But the sudden suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement shattered the high hopes raised earlier. Many young people began to question the very basic strategy of the national leadership and its emphasis on non-violence and began to look for alternatives. Thus many were drawn to the idea that violent methods alone would free India and Revolutionary Nationalists again became attractive. Reasons for the rise of the second phase of revolutionary nationalism: Inspiration from the first phase of the Revolutionary nationalism and events. Rise of left-wing politics due to influence of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The youth was disappointed with the return of the non-cooperation movement Influence of Sachindra Nath Sanyal"s autobiography called Bandi Jeevan and other revolutionary books Socio-economic problems caused by British colonial economic policies such as destruction of the local cottage industry, exploitation of peasants and workers. Following are the features of revolutionary nationalism in the second phase: Like the previous phase, the goal of the second phase of revolutionary nationalism was to establish socialism and a republic after independence. Bhagat Singh advocated that the context of freedom was not only political independence but also socio-economic justice. It was mainly influenced by right-wing thoughts and ideology. The activities of this phase were similar to that of the previous phase, however, methods such as using the court as a platform for propaganda were also adopted to attract more and more youth towards revolutionary nationalism. Thus it moved towards mass mobilization and ideological dominance as well. The ideological base of revolutionary nationalism was relatively broad, such as the influence of Marxist ideology, emphasis on socio-economic justice, as well as the demand for treatment as a prisoner of politics (Jatin Das"s death), the debate on the violent and non-violent path, etc. In this phase the social base has also broadened as compared to the first phase, such as the direct role of women has increased continuously, more participation of Muslim youth, the spread of revolutionary activities in rural areas, etc. Along with this, the revolutionaries also got wide public support on special occasions. Like the first phase had a secular approach, revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh openly criticized communalism (Why I am an atheist). Thus it is clear that some elements of innovation are visible in the aims, ideology, and methodology of this phase of revolutionary nationalism. Nevertheless, due to the harsh policy of the government, lack of resources, limits on violent activities, etc., a decline in revolutionary activities can be seen till 1934-35, even after this they influenced the national movement widely. It brought a change in the policy of the congress and national movement as a whole, due that socialist and secular principles were brought under the national movement.
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##Question:Explain the reasons for the emergence of revolutionary nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s. Discuss the main features of revolutionary nationalism in this period.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the contextual background for the emergence of Revolutionary Nationalism. Then enumerate the reasons in a more specific way for the emergence of revolutionary nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s. Explain the main features of revolutionary nationalism in this period. Conclude Accordingly Answer: The revolutionary nationalists were severely suppressed during World War I, with most of the leaders in jail or absconding. Consequently, in order to create a more harmonious atmosphere for the Montague-Chelmsford reforms, the Government released most of them under a general amnesty in early 1920. Soon after, the National Congress launched the Non-Cooperation Movement and on the urging of Gandhiji, C.R. Das, and other Leaders most of the revolutionary terrorists either joined the movement or suspended their own activities in order to give the Gandhian mass movement a chance. But the sudden suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement shattered the high hopes raised earlier. Many young people began to question the very basic strategy of the national leadership and its emphasis on non-violence and began to look for alternatives. Thus many were drawn to the idea that violent methods alone would free India and Revolutionary Nationalists again became attractive. Reasons for the rise of the second phase of revolutionary nationalism: Inspiration from the first phase of the Revolutionary nationalism and events. Rise of left-wing politics due to influence of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The youth was disappointed with the return of the non-cooperation movement Influence of Sachindra Nath Sanyal"s autobiography called Bandi Jeevan and other revolutionary books Socio-economic problems caused by British colonial economic policies such as destruction of the local cottage industry, exploitation of peasants and workers. Following are the features of revolutionary nationalism in the second phase: Like the previous phase, the goal of the second phase of revolutionary nationalism was to establish socialism and a republic after independence. Bhagat Singh advocated that the context of freedom was not only political independence but also socio-economic justice. It was mainly influenced by right-wing thoughts and ideology. The activities of this phase were similar to that of the previous phase, however, methods such as using the court as a platform for propaganda were also adopted to attract more and more youth towards revolutionary nationalism. Thus it moved towards mass mobilization and ideological dominance as well. The ideological base of revolutionary nationalism was relatively broad, such as the influence of Marxist ideology, emphasis on socio-economic justice, as well as the demand for treatment as a prisoner of politics (Jatin Das"s death), the debate on the violent and non-violent path, etc. In this phase the social base has also broadened as compared to the first phase, such as the direct role of women has increased continuously, more participation of Muslim youth, the spread of revolutionary activities in rural areas, etc. Along with this, the revolutionaries also got wide public support on special occasions. Like the first phase had a secular approach, revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh openly criticized communalism (Why I am an atheist). Thus it is clear that some elements of innovation are visible in the aims, ideology, and methodology of this phase of revolutionary nationalism. Nevertheless, due to the harsh policy of the government, lack of resources, limits on violent activities, etc., a decline in revolutionary activities can be seen till 1934-35, even after this they influenced the national movement widely. It brought a change in the policy of the congress and national movement as a whole, due that socialist and secular principles were brought under the national movement.
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What do you understand by the Current Account under the Balance of Payments (BOP)? Present a brief introduction to the components of the current account. (150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about Current Account under the Balance of Payments (BOP) In body present a brief about the components of the current account Conclude briefly Answer: The current account of the balance of payments includes a country"s key activity, such as capital markets and services. ... The four major components of a current account are goods, services, income, and current transfers. Components of Balance of Payment (BOP): Following the BPM 6 of IMF, Balance of Payment (BOP) has been divided into two heads ie the current account and the capital account Current Account: It can be sub-divided into two ie Balance of Trade/Merchandise and Balance of Invisible If the total value is in surplus of the Dollar for the country, this situation is called Current Account Surplus And if in deficit, then it is called Current Account Deficit (CAD) As current account deficit means, there is a deficit of Dollars for the country, so the concerned country has to keep that much dollar in their reserve position If a country is not having enough dollars, can be called a Balance of Payment (BOP) crisis Balance of Trade: In India, this head is in deficit, which means we are importing more goods than export An autopsy of detail highlights that to some extent, it is a structural constraint because our five most imported items (Economic Survey 2021) Crude oil, petroleum product, Gold, Telecommunications relate goods; and coke, coal and briquettes The petroleum second is a structural constraint for India because we have natural limitations in terms of resources and we are highly dependent upon fossil fuels Our bilateral relationships with countries like Iran, and Central Asia are not free from external forces In order to reduce these imports, India is consolidating upon renewable energy along with solar energy diplomacy on one hand And working on energy efficiency on the other hand There is yet another element in petroleum, regarding Strategic Reserves for war and other disastrous situations For that purpose since 1998, Petroleum and Natural gas Ministry have Oil Industry Development Board with the help of Indian Strategic Petroleum Reservoir Limited (ISPRL) trying to reverse petroleum reserves for unforeseen situations These are at Padur, Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam, Chandikhole and Bikaner (under Construction) In terms of Gold, we are trying to reduce our demand for gold for investment purposes by offering Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs) and Inflation Index Bonds (IIBs) The Gold import is also unavoidable because of our local demand and as a raw material for Gems and Jewellery business Despite being a huge producer of coal, India import coal primarily for thermal plants and some special category coals for the steel industry However, high import of telecom is something which can be reversed, that"s why under the "Vocal for local" approach production linked incentives are offered On the other hand, to create a balance in order to reduce the Trade deficit, special attempts are being made for promoting exports As per Economic Survey 2021, the 5 topmost exports consists of Petroleum products, Pharma, Precious and semi-precious stones, iron and steel and electronic machinery To promote export further, Pharma has been identified as a potential future sector because, in terms of medicines, medical instruments and bioinformatics, India is having a comparative advantage So, dedicated drug parks and a wide range of products under Production Linked Incentives (PLI) are taken into consideration Additionally, cluster approach with one district one product; commercialisation of Geographically Indicator Products are in the priority list A provision like special economic zones; better logistics infrastructures; waterways are also on the anvil Untapped sectors like the toy industry are also being boosted up, etc Balance of Invisibles: Balance of services - India is in surplus in terms of Balance of Services primarily because of service reports in the IT sector and software; Financial Services; medical tourism and other services In recent years we want to continue with our strategic advantage with software and Knowledge processing Industries (KPOs) At the same time, the financial sector is being viewed and has been identified as a potential champion sector At the same time, there are many professionals who are offering their services from another country The aversion from the motherland is primarily because of higher taxation tariff In order to create a win-win situation, the Income Tax Act 1961 has been amended to offer them certain relaxations; this is called as Safe Harbour Rule Additionally, to continue with the upper hand in the service surplus, a new arena of tourism called MICE which refer to Meeting, Incentive-Based Tourism, Conferences, etc has been prioritised Balance of Transfers: This is bound to be in deficit as foreign investment is on the surge and therefore not of much significance per se Additionally, the Balance of Remittance is also favourable for India Overall, the Current Account is in deficit for India. So, from the above, it is clear that we need to proactively take steps so that the current account deficit needs to be further improved.
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##Question:What do you understand by the Current Account under the Balance of Payments (BOP)? Present a brief introduction to the components of the current account. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about Current Account under the Balance of Payments (BOP) In body present a brief about the components of the current account Conclude briefly Answer: The current account of the balance of payments includes a country"s key activity, such as capital markets and services. ... The four major components of a current account are goods, services, income, and current transfers. Components of Balance of Payment (BOP): Following the BPM 6 of IMF, Balance of Payment (BOP) has been divided into two heads ie the current account and the capital account Current Account: It can be sub-divided into two ie Balance of Trade/Merchandise and Balance of Invisible If the total value is in surplus of the Dollar for the country, this situation is called Current Account Surplus And if in deficit, then it is called Current Account Deficit (CAD) As current account deficit means, there is a deficit of Dollars for the country, so the concerned country has to keep that much dollar in their reserve position If a country is not having enough dollars, can be called a Balance of Payment (BOP) crisis Balance of Trade: In India, this head is in deficit, which means we are importing more goods than export An autopsy of detail highlights that to some extent, it is a structural constraint because our five most imported items (Economic Survey 2021) Crude oil, petroleum product, Gold, Telecommunications relate goods; and coke, coal and briquettes The petroleum second is a structural constraint for India because we have natural limitations in terms of resources and we are highly dependent upon fossil fuels Our bilateral relationships with countries like Iran, and Central Asia are not free from external forces In order to reduce these imports, India is consolidating upon renewable energy along with solar energy diplomacy on one hand And working on energy efficiency on the other hand There is yet another element in petroleum, regarding Strategic Reserves for war and other disastrous situations For that purpose since 1998, Petroleum and Natural gas Ministry have Oil Industry Development Board with the help of Indian Strategic Petroleum Reservoir Limited (ISPRL) trying to reverse petroleum reserves for unforeseen situations These are at Padur, Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam, Chandikhole and Bikaner (under Construction) In terms of Gold, we are trying to reduce our demand for gold for investment purposes by offering Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs) and Inflation Index Bonds (IIBs) The Gold import is also unavoidable because of our local demand and as a raw material for Gems and Jewellery business Despite being a huge producer of coal, India import coal primarily for thermal plants and some special category coals for the steel industry However, high import of telecom is something which can be reversed, that"s why under the "Vocal for local" approach production linked incentives are offered On the other hand, to create a balance in order to reduce the Trade deficit, special attempts are being made for promoting exports As per Economic Survey 2021, the 5 topmost exports consists of Petroleum products, Pharma, Precious and semi-precious stones, iron and steel and electronic machinery To promote export further, Pharma has been identified as a potential future sector because, in terms of medicines, medical instruments and bioinformatics, India is having a comparative advantage So, dedicated drug parks and a wide range of products under Production Linked Incentives (PLI) are taken into consideration Additionally, cluster approach with one district one product; commercialisation of Geographically Indicator Products are in the priority list A provision like special economic zones; better logistics infrastructures; waterways are also on the anvil Untapped sectors like the toy industry are also being boosted up, etc Balance of Invisibles: Balance of services - India is in surplus in terms of Balance of Services primarily because of service reports in the IT sector and software; Financial Services; medical tourism and other services In recent years we want to continue with our strategic advantage with software and Knowledge processing Industries (KPOs) At the same time, the financial sector is being viewed and has been identified as a potential champion sector At the same time, there are many professionals who are offering their services from another country The aversion from the motherland is primarily because of higher taxation tariff In order to create a win-win situation, the Income Tax Act 1961 has been amended to offer them certain relaxations; this is called as Safe Harbour Rule Additionally, to continue with the upper hand in the service surplus, a new arena of tourism called MICE which refer to Meeting, Incentive-Based Tourism, Conferences, etc has been prioritised Balance of Transfers: This is bound to be in deficit as foreign investment is on the surge and therefore not of much significance per se Additionally, the Balance of Remittance is also favourable for India Overall, the Current Account is in deficit for India. So, from the above, it is clear that we need to proactively take steps so that the current account deficit needs to be further improved.
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Discuss the evolution of decision making in economics from 1770s till contemporary times. (150 words/ 10 marks )
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Approach: • A brief introduction can be given •Main body- discuss the decision-making from the 1770s till contemporary times. •A suitable conclusion can be given by the student Answer: Economic decisions involve production, distribution, exchange, consumption, saving, and investment of economic resources for achieving private and public goals. The following is the evolution of decision making: Fiscal military state till the 1700s- economic decisions were taken with the objective of expanding the territory with the help of a bigger military so that more taxes could be collected. Spending of those taxes was the discretion of the king and welfare activities were usually taken up as hobbies. Classical economics- laissez faire (mid 1700s onwards) Economic thought became organized. It was proposed that an individual working in their selfish interest would maximize the efficiency of utilization of resources. An individual works for benefit, it automatically results in maximization of social benefits. Keynesian economics- interventionist state (The Great Depression- the 1930s) Keynes argued that certain situations require the government to interfere because of the market by itself for maximizing social welfare. The monetarist school (the 1960s) It advocates for the minimalist state. Pointed out that Keynesian intervention in the economy causes the problem of increasing debts and inflation which cause inter-generational inequity. As the repayment of the debt would be done by future generations. Also, excessive spending causes inflation which hurts the economy. Welfarism (the 1970s and 1980s) Here, the government is taking all the decisions. A welfare state is a state in which the government assumes responsibility for the welfare of its population. Welfarism slowly becomes a slippery slope. When the idea of welfare starts encompassing those responsibilities which are now expected to be performed by the government which otherwise, it would not have been responsible for. Welfarism is often associated with the idea of inclusive growth, transforming into a maximal state. Behaviouralism (the 90s and beyond) It is the manner of decision-making in which the decisions incorporate the behavior of those who are affected by those decisions. It is a method to improve the effectiveness of decisions. Internationalism- is the incorporation in domestic decision-making. In contemporary times, we witness behaviouralism (eg- Jan Dhan Yojana) and internationalism (the Indian government is considering WTO norms in producing solar panels) in economic decision-making.
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##Question:Discuss the evolution of decision making in economics from 1770s till contemporary times. (150 words/ 10 marks )##Answer:Approach: • A brief introduction can be given •Main body- discuss the decision-making from the 1770s till contemporary times. •A suitable conclusion can be given by the student Answer: Economic decisions involve production, distribution, exchange, consumption, saving, and investment of economic resources for achieving private and public goals. The following is the evolution of decision making: Fiscal military state till the 1700s- economic decisions were taken with the objective of expanding the territory with the help of a bigger military so that more taxes could be collected. Spending of those taxes was the discretion of the king and welfare activities were usually taken up as hobbies. Classical economics- laissez faire (mid 1700s onwards) Economic thought became organized. It was proposed that an individual working in their selfish interest would maximize the efficiency of utilization of resources. An individual works for benefit, it automatically results in maximization of social benefits. Keynesian economics- interventionist state (The Great Depression- the 1930s) Keynes argued that certain situations require the government to interfere because of the market by itself for maximizing social welfare. The monetarist school (the 1960s) It advocates for the minimalist state. Pointed out that Keynesian intervention in the economy causes the problem of increasing debts and inflation which cause inter-generational inequity. As the repayment of the debt would be done by future generations. Also, excessive spending causes inflation which hurts the economy. Welfarism (the 1970s and 1980s) Here, the government is taking all the decisions. A welfare state is a state in which the government assumes responsibility for the welfare of its population. Welfarism slowly becomes a slippery slope. When the idea of welfare starts encompassing those responsibilities which are now expected to be performed by the government which otherwise, it would not have been responsible for. Welfarism is often associated with the idea of inclusive growth, transforming into a maximal state. Behaviouralism (the 90s and beyond) It is the manner of decision-making in which the decisions incorporate the behavior of those who are affected by those decisions. It is a method to improve the effectiveness of decisions. Internationalism- is the incorporation in domestic decision-making. In contemporary times, we witness behaviouralism (eg- Jan Dhan Yojana) and internationalism (the Indian government is considering WTO norms in producing solar panels) in economic decision-making.
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Explain the reasons for the emergence of first stage revolutionary nationalism in India and discuss its main features. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Explain the reasons for the emergence of first stage revolutionary nationalism in India and discuss its main features. (150 Words/10 Marks) Approach Introduce the contextual and historical background of Revolutionary Nationalism. Explain the reasons for the emergence of revolutionary nationalism in the first phase. Further, discuss the main features of revolutionary nationalism. Conclude the answer by explaining the importance of revolutionary nationalism. Answer The period of political assassinations started in the 1890s, but only after the failure of the Swadeshi movement, Revolutionary Nationalism become a main trend in the national movement. The revolutionaries"" goal was to drive the British out of India. The Ghadar movement aimed to establish a republic in India after independence. In this phase, Indian revolutionary nationalists carried out revolutionary activities for the independence of India not only in different regions of India but also at the international level. Reasons for the rise of revolutionary nationalism Repressive policy of the government, during the Swadeshi movement, the extremist leadership was attacked by the government. Due to this, the movement became leaderless and the youth took the path of revolution and violence. Unable to guide the youth due to the organizational weakness of the Congress. There was dissatisfaction among the youth with the Moderate party leadership and their working style. Revolutionary activities were taking place at the international level. Inspiration from revolutionary activities abroad such as the defeat of imperialist Russia by Japan. Thoughts and writings of intellectuals like Vivekananda, Dayanand Saraswati, and Arvind Ghosh infused the spirit of fearlessness and self-confidence in the youth. The discriminatory policies of the government. Suppression of the common voice and the historical racial abuse. Features of Revolutionary Nationalism Revolutionary ideas were spread through magazines to engage the youth with them. Revolutionary activities also influenced and attracted the youth. Revolutionary activities were often conducted in an organized manner but were conducted in secret. The movement spread to various cities of India as well as to many countries of Europe, America, Canada, France, Germany, and Southeast Asia. The main base of the movement was the educated youth of the urban background, although the Ghadar movement saw the spread of revolutionary consciousness among the common people as well. The role of women in revolutionary activities was indirect. The public"s sentiment was with them but there is a lack of public support. With the national movement, communal consciousness spread on the one hand, and on the other hand, the independence of India remained their main creed in every phase of revolutionary nationalism. They are strictly confined under secular ideals. Congress did not give formal support to revolutionary activities but mostly the ideals of revolutionaries were leaders like Lal, Bal, and Pal. And the intensity of their activities was seen only when the Congress movements were weakening. Conclusion : Due to a lack of resources, limitations of violent politics, and government repression, the stream of revolutionary nationalism weakened. But the work of filling the political void created after the Swadeshi movement was done by the revolutionaries. Revolutionary nationalism presented an alternative path to the people for the national movement or freedom struggle. The British government was also in panic due to the activities of the revolutionary nationalists. Through this, the work of breaking the myth of the invincibility of the British was done, so it is clear that revolutionary nationalism influenced the national movement in a big way.
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##Question:Explain the reasons for the emergence of first stage revolutionary nationalism in India and discuss its main features. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Explain the reasons for the emergence of first stage revolutionary nationalism in India and discuss its main features. (150 Words/10 Marks) Approach Introduce the contextual and historical background of Revolutionary Nationalism. Explain the reasons for the emergence of revolutionary nationalism in the first phase. Further, discuss the main features of revolutionary nationalism. Conclude the answer by explaining the importance of revolutionary nationalism. Answer The period of political assassinations started in the 1890s, but only after the failure of the Swadeshi movement, Revolutionary Nationalism become a main trend in the national movement. The revolutionaries"" goal was to drive the British out of India. The Ghadar movement aimed to establish a republic in India after independence. In this phase, Indian revolutionary nationalists carried out revolutionary activities for the independence of India not only in different regions of India but also at the international level. Reasons for the rise of revolutionary nationalism Repressive policy of the government, during the Swadeshi movement, the extremist leadership was attacked by the government. Due to this, the movement became leaderless and the youth took the path of revolution and violence. Unable to guide the youth due to the organizational weakness of the Congress. There was dissatisfaction among the youth with the Moderate party leadership and their working style. Revolutionary activities were taking place at the international level. Inspiration from revolutionary activities abroad such as the defeat of imperialist Russia by Japan. Thoughts and writings of intellectuals like Vivekananda, Dayanand Saraswati, and Arvind Ghosh infused the spirit of fearlessness and self-confidence in the youth. The discriminatory policies of the government. Suppression of the common voice and the historical racial abuse. Features of Revolutionary Nationalism Revolutionary ideas were spread through magazines to engage the youth with them. Revolutionary activities also influenced and attracted the youth. Revolutionary activities were often conducted in an organized manner but were conducted in secret. The movement spread to various cities of India as well as to many countries of Europe, America, Canada, France, Germany, and Southeast Asia. The main base of the movement was the educated youth of the urban background, although the Ghadar movement saw the spread of revolutionary consciousness among the common people as well. The role of women in revolutionary activities was indirect. The public"s sentiment was with them but there is a lack of public support. With the national movement, communal consciousness spread on the one hand, and on the other hand, the independence of India remained their main creed in every phase of revolutionary nationalism. They are strictly confined under secular ideals. Congress did not give formal support to revolutionary activities but mostly the ideals of revolutionaries were leaders like Lal, Bal, and Pal. And the intensity of their activities was seen only when the Congress movements were weakening. Conclusion : Due to a lack of resources, limitations of violent politics, and government repression, the stream of revolutionary nationalism weakened. But the work of filling the political void created after the Swadeshi movement was done by the revolutionaries. Revolutionary nationalism presented an alternative path to the people for the national movement or freedom struggle. The British government was also in panic due to the activities of the revolutionary nationalists. Through this, the work of breaking the myth of the invincibility of the British was done, so it is clear that revolutionary nationalism influenced the national movement in a big way.
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Explain the concept of Stock Exchange. Elaborate on various types of Exchanges operating in India.(250 words/15 marks )
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Approach: Introduce by giving the definition of the stock exchange. Mention about different types of Stock exchange in India Conclude accordingly. Answer: A stock exchange, securities exchange is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Such as BSE and NSE in India. Various Stock exchanges in India- Bombay Stock Exchange It is one of the oldest and came in 1875. However, in 1957 it was recognized by the government of India providing legitimacy to it. However, then it came under the regulation of controller of capital issues which later on converted in SEBI. This Bombay Stock exchange got another feather in the cap in 1996 when S&P (famous global rating agencies) has acknowledged it which make BSE a destination for global investors also. Following the international practices, a sensitive Index was prepared to understand the market performance by taking 30 TOP companies" free-floating market capital value of 1979 as the base year and was equated with 100. Whenever we say Sensex is 60000 it means those 100 units value gone up to 60000. While be these 30 companies will be revised every six months in June and December on the basis of free-floating market capital (FFMP). In 1995 BSE started online trading with Bombay online trading platform (BOLT). Since 2012 BSE is recognized as a sustainable exchange by the UN Currently, its 7th largest Stock exchange in the world and having more than 5000 companies and central depository services limited CDSL as its depositories participant. If Sensex Goes up, we call it BULL. If continuously going up for a few days is called rallying. If going down we call it Bear. If suddenly dropping then Tanking and if continues then it is called CRASH. National Stock exchange- It was introduced in 1992 by the government of India. It has more than 2000 companies listed and has floated two sensitive indexes- NIFTY-50 which is based upon Top 50 companies.NIFTY-50 Junior or NIFTY NEXT-50 which consist of the Next 50 companies (51 to 100 top companies). Multicommodity Exchange MCX- It came in 2003. Deals with Non-agricultural commodities in three categories of Precious metals, Base Metal, Energy (crude oil and petroleum products) Each of them has their own sensitive Index National commodity and derivatives exchange NCDEX- It came in 2003 and deals with agricultural product Earlier it was controlled by FORWARD Market commission (The regulator of Forwards Markets) But after the Jignesh Shah case it came under the regulation of SEBI They have their sensitive index called as AGRIDEX - which consist of 10 crops from both Kharif and rabi On similar lines, there are Indian Gas Exchange India energy Exchange And the proposal of the social stock exchange is also there. Depending on the standard rules of supply and demand, the stock exchange needs to ensure that all interested market participants have instant access to data for all buy and sell orders, thereby helping in the fair and transparent pricing of securities. Additionally, it should also perform efficient matching of appropriate buy and sell orders.
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##Question:Explain the concept of Stock Exchange. Elaborate on various types of Exchanges operating in India.(250 words/15 marks )##Answer:Approach: Introduce by giving the definition of the stock exchange. Mention about different types of Stock exchange in India Conclude accordingly. Answer: A stock exchange, securities exchange is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Such as BSE and NSE in India. Various Stock exchanges in India- Bombay Stock Exchange It is one of the oldest and came in 1875. However, in 1957 it was recognized by the government of India providing legitimacy to it. However, then it came under the regulation of controller of capital issues which later on converted in SEBI. This Bombay Stock exchange got another feather in the cap in 1996 when S&P (famous global rating agencies) has acknowledged it which make BSE a destination for global investors also. Following the international practices, a sensitive Index was prepared to understand the market performance by taking 30 TOP companies" free-floating market capital value of 1979 as the base year and was equated with 100. Whenever we say Sensex is 60000 it means those 100 units value gone up to 60000. While be these 30 companies will be revised every six months in June and December on the basis of free-floating market capital (FFMP). In 1995 BSE started online trading with Bombay online trading platform (BOLT). Since 2012 BSE is recognized as a sustainable exchange by the UN Currently, its 7th largest Stock exchange in the world and having more than 5000 companies and central depository services limited CDSL as its depositories participant. If Sensex Goes up, we call it BULL. If continuously going up for a few days is called rallying. If going down we call it Bear. If suddenly dropping then Tanking and if continues then it is called CRASH. National Stock exchange- It was introduced in 1992 by the government of India. It has more than 2000 companies listed and has floated two sensitive indexes- NIFTY-50 which is based upon Top 50 companies.NIFTY-50 Junior or NIFTY NEXT-50 which consist of the Next 50 companies (51 to 100 top companies). Multicommodity Exchange MCX- It came in 2003. Deals with Non-agricultural commodities in three categories of Precious metals, Base Metal, Energy (crude oil and petroleum products) Each of them has their own sensitive Index National commodity and derivatives exchange NCDEX- It came in 2003 and deals with agricultural product Earlier it was controlled by FORWARD Market commission (The regulator of Forwards Markets) But after the Jignesh Shah case it came under the regulation of SEBI They have their sensitive index called as AGRIDEX - which consist of 10 crops from both Kharif and rabi On similar lines, there are Indian Gas Exchange India energy Exchange And the proposal of the social stock exchange is also there. Depending on the standard rules of supply and demand, the stock exchange needs to ensure that all interested market participants have instant access to data for all buy and sell orders, thereby helping in the fair and transparent pricing of securities. Additionally, it should also perform efficient matching of appropriate buy and sell orders.
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What do you understand by biotechnology? Discuss the benefits and challenges of GM crops in the context of biotechnology. (150 words / 10 Marks)
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Question: What do you understand by biotechnology? Discuss the benefits and challenges of GM crops in the context of biotechnology. (150 / 10 Marks) Approach Define Biotechnology Mention the benefits of GM crops Discuss the challenge of GM crops Answer Biotechnology Biotechnology essentially deals with the industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production. Three critical research areas of biotechnology are: (i) Providing the best catalyst in the form of an improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme. (ii) Creating optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act, and (iii) Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound. The benefits of GM crops Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO): Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). GM plants have been useful in many ways. Genetic modification has: Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat). Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest-resistant crops). Helped to reduce post-harvest losses. Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil). Enhanced nutritional value of food, e.g., golden rice, i.e., Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice. The challenges of GM crops The genetic modification brings about changes that can be harmful to humans in the long run. The long-lasting effect of GM crops is yet to be studied. Some of the issues involved are: Threat to Biodiversity: Cross-pollination in GM crops paves the way for herbicide-resistant superweeds that can further threaten the sustenance of other crops and pests because of their uncontrolled growth. In short, biodiversity gets threatened. GM crops because of their pest resistance characteristics could eliminate important species of pests that are responsible for sustaining domestic varieties and can pose serious threats to biodiversity. They Can affect the food chain also. Nutrition issues: Bt brinjal poses risks to human health as its resistance to antibiotics can turn medicines ineffective and may result in the formation of new toxins and allergens. Implications for consumers and farmers: It is claimed that patent laws give developers of the GM crops a dangerous degree of control/dominance over the food supply that results in the over domination of world food production by a few companies. Way Forward Environmental impact assessment should be carried out by independent environmentalists, as farmers do not and cannot assess the long-term impact of GM crops on ecology and health. Ensure that an unapproved variety of GM seeds is not available in markets.
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##Question:What do you understand by biotechnology? Discuss the benefits and challenges of GM crops in the context of biotechnology. (150 words / 10 Marks)##Answer:Question: What do you understand by biotechnology? Discuss the benefits and challenges of GM crops in the context of biotechnology. (150 / 10 Marks) Approach Define Biotechnology Mention the benefits of GM crops Discuss the challenge of GM crops Answer Biotechnology Biotechnology essentially deals with the industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production. Three critical research areas of biotechnology are: (i) Providing the best catalyst in the form of an improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme. (ii) Creating optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act, and (iii) Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound. The benefits of GM crops Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO): Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). GM plants have been useful in many ways. Genetic modification has: Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat). Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest-resistant crops). Helped to reduce post-harvest losses. Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil). Enhanced nutritional value of food, e.g., golden rice, i.e., Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice. The challenges of GM crops The genetic modification brings about changes that can be harmful to humans in the long run. The long-lasting effect of GM crops is yet to be studied. Some of the issues involved are: Threat to Biodiversity: Cross-pollination in GM crops paves the way for herbicide-resistant superweeds that can further threaten the sustenance of other crops and pests because of their uncontrolled growth. In short, biodiversity gets threatened. GM crops because of their pest resistance characteristics could eliminate important species of pests that are responsible for sustaining domestic varieties and can pose serious threats to biodiversity. They Can affect the food chain also. Nutrition issues: Bt brinjal poses risks to human health as its resistance to antibiotics can turn medicines ineffective and may result in the formation of new toxins and allergens. Implications for consumers and farmers: It is claimed that patent laws give developers of the GM crops a dangerous degree of control/dominance over the food supply that results in the over domination of world food production by a few companies. Way Forward Environmental impact assessment should be carried out by independent environmentalists, as farmers do not and cannot assess the long-term impact of GM crops on ecology and health. Ensure that an unapproved variety of GM seeds is not available in markets.
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Recapitalisation and reforms are crucial for improving the health of the banks. Discuss? (10Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in brief about Recapitalisation and reforms In body mention how they are crucial for improving the health of the banks. Conclude briefly Answer Bank recapitalization is a method to infuse new and fresh capital into banks to strengthen their balance sheet. To help with the credit flow, the government, as well as private institutions, use equity and debt instruments to recapitalize the banks. Reform pertain to general steps which can be taken to improve the functioning and governance of banks Recapitalisation: Recapitalisation is the third part of improving the health of the banks. It entails capitalising on the banks adequately so that they can lend to the economy Even if banks have adequate deposits, they won"t be able to lend unless they are adequately capitalised due to the limitations imposed by the regulatory framework (CRAR Requirements) Capitalisation of Public Sector Banks is needed due to their poor health and because of their importance in the economy If banks are unable to lend, the economy"s demand would decrease and therefore the output also and the economy will start to decline Recapitalisation is done in the following three ways: Infusion of capital through Budgetary support - Governmnet by virtue of being an owner gives money to the banks for capitalisation purposes Dilution of Equity - Governmnet may sell its ownership to the extent it wants to get money to give for recapitalisation Through Recapitalisation Bonds - In this method, the government issues Recap Bonds to the banks Banks buy them from the government, lending to the government, the amount which the government seeks Since it is government, to whom the banks have lent, there is no requirement of capital for provisioning purposes as there is zero risk associated with governmnet lending The governmnet by virtue of being the owner gives this money back to the bank to be used for capitalization purpose In this Recap bonds process, essentially the liabilities of the banks (Deposits) are being converted to their capital through lending and receiving back from the government Reforms: Reform pertain to general steps which can be taken to improve the functioning and governance of banks The idea is to make Public Sector Banks (PSBs) professional in their operations and competitive at par with the private sector for improvement of their health and thus the economy This is sought to be achieved by reforming the relationship between the owner and the entity ie Governmnet and the PSBs To reform, it is required to reduce the intervention of government in working of the banks and thus slowly improve the work culture to a more professional one For achieving this, it has been proposed to increase the distance between the governmnet ie the owner and the banks ie the entity It is sought to be achieved by setting up a Bank Holding Company (BHC). A BHC will hold the ownership of banks directly and the governmnet will hold the owner of BHC, therefore from directly being the owner, the governmnet will become the indirect owner, expecting to reduce direct intervention In the meantime, a Bank Board Burea (BBB) has been set up which is responsible to make certain decisions such as appointments to senior levels in PSBs Thereby reducing the direct influence of the Ministry of Finance ie Government So, these are the steps that need to be taken so that the banking system is healthy and robust. It is also essential for the holistic developmnet of the economy.
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##Question:Recapitalisation and reforms are crucial for improving the health of the banks. Discuss? (10Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief about Recapitalisation and reforms In body mention how they are crucial for improving the health of the banks. Conclude briefly Answer Bank recapitalization is a method to infuse new and fresh capital into banks to strengthen their balance sheet. To help with the credit flow, the government, as well as private institutions, use equity and debt instruments to recapitalize the banks. Reform pertain to general steps which can be taken to improve the functioning and governance of banks Recapitalisation: Recapitalisation is the third part of improving the health of the banks. It entails capitalising on the banks adequately so that they can lend to the economy Even if banks have adequate deposits, they won"t be able to lend unless they are adequately capitalised due to the limitations imposed by the regulatory framework (CRAR Requirements) Capitalisation of Public Sector Banks is needed due to their poor health and because of their importance in the economy If banks are unable to lend, the economy"s demand would decrease and therefore the output also and the economy will start to decline Recapitalisation is done in the following three ways: Infusion of capital through Budgetary support - Governmnet by virtue of being an owner gives money to the banks for capitalisation purposes Dilution of Equity - Governmnet may sell its ownership to the extent it wants to get money to give for recapitalisation Through Recapitalisation Bonds - In this method, the government issues Recap Bonds to the banks Banks buy them from the government, lending to the government, the amount which the government seeks Since it is government, to whom the banks have lent, there is no requirement of capital for provisioning purposes as there is zero risk associated with governmnet lending The governmnet by virtue of being the owner gives this money back to the bank to be used for capitalization purpose In this Recap bonds process, essentially the liabilities of the banks (Deposits) are being converted to their capital through lending and receiving back from the government Reforms: Reform pertain to general steps which can be taken to improve the functioning and governance of banks The idea is to make Public Sector Banks (PSBs) professional in their operations and competitive at par with the private sector for improvement of their health and thus the economy This is sought to be achieved by reforming the relationship between the owner and the entity ie Governmnet and the PSBs To reform, it is required to reduce the intervention of government in working of the banks and thus slowly improve the work culture to a more professional one For achieving this, it has been proposed to increase the distance between the governmnet ie the owner and the banks ie the entity It is sought to be achieved by setting up a Bank Holding Company (BHC). A BHC will hold the ownership of banks directly and the governmnet will hold the owner of BHC, therefore from directly being the owner, the governmnet will become the indirect owner, expecting to reduce direct intervention In the meantime, a Bank Board Burea (BBB) has been set up which is responsible to make certain decisions such as appointments to senior levels in PSBs Thereby reducing the direct influence of the Ministry of Finance ie Government So, these are the steps that need to be taken so that the banking system is healthy and robust. It is also essential for the holistic developmnet of the economy.
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Discuss the provisions related to socialist principles provided under DPSPs of the Indian constitution. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write about the DPSPs particularly socialist principles briefly in the Introduction. Cover some points on socialist principles. Discuss provisions related to socialist principles provided under DPSPs. Conclusion. Answer: Part IV (Article 36–51) of the Constitution of India contains the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) and is inspired by the Irish constitution. Social justice also refers to justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. The Constitution wants to create a society without discrimination on any grounds like caste, creed, gender, religion, etc. Socialist principles are the principles that aim at providing social and economic justice and set the path toward the welfare state. Socialist principles: Socialism means collective ownership (no private property) over the means of production and promotes collective welfare. The socialist philosophies originated through the works and ideologies of Karl Marx. Socialist principles advocate for economic equality, maternity benefits, prevention of concentration of wealth, etc. India practices democratic socialism. Democratic socialism means the blending of socialist and democratic methods together in order to build up an acceptable and viable political and economic structure. Provisions related to socialist principles provided under DPSPs: The mandate of socialism is minutely demarcated through various principles embodied in article 39. Principles of Article 39: a. Adequate means of livelihood. b. Community resources subserve the common good. c. Economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth. d. Equal pay for equal work. e. Health & strength of workers must be preserved against the abuse. f. Opportunities for the healthy development of children (added through the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act, 1976). Article 39A: wherein three basic tenets are as follows: a. Promoting justice on the basis of equal opportunity. b. Providing free legal aid c. Opportunities for securing justice are not denied on the basis of economic & any other disability. Article 41 directs the states that, within the limits of its economic capacity the state shall make effective provisions for the state shall secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of old age, unemployment, and disablement (differently-abled), and sickness. Article 42 of the constitution directs the states to make provisions for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. Some articles are both in nature i.e Gandhian as well as Socialist principles such as articles 43, 47, etc. Article 43 directs the states to strive for a living wage, decent standard of life, and cultural opportunities for all workers. Article 43A directs the state to ensure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments, industries etc. Article 47 mandates the state to raise the level of nutrition, the standard of living and improve public health. There is no specific mention of the term Gandhian principles or Socialist principles or liberal intellectual principles under DPSPs. For implementing provisions for DPSPs, the government needs resources such as funds etc. DPSPs are not justiciable but FRs are justiciable.
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##Question:Discuss the provisions related to socialist principles provided under DPSPs of the Indian constitution. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write about the DPSPs particularly socialist principles briefly in the Introduction. Cover some points on socialist principles. Discuss provisions related to socialist principles provided under DPSPs. Conclusion. Answer: Part IV (Article 36–51) of the Constitution of India contains the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) and is inspired by the Irish constitution. Social justice also refers to justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. The Constitution wants to create a society without discrimination on any grounds like caste, creed, gender, religion, etc. Socialist principles are the principles that aim at providing social and economic justice and set the path toward the welfare state. Socialist principles: Socialism means collective ownership (no private property) over the means of production and promotes collective welfare. The socialist philosophies originated through the works and ideologies of Karl Marx. Socialist principles advocate for economic equality, maternity benefits, prevention of concentration of wealth, etc. India practices democratic socialism. Democratic socialism means the blending of socialist and democratic methods together in order to build up an acceptable and viable political and economic structure. Provisions related to socialist principles provided under DPSPs: The mandate of socialism is minutely demarcated through various principles embodied in article 39. Principles of Article 39: a. Adequate means of livelihood. b. Community resources subserve the common good. c. Economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth. d. Equal pay for equal work. e. Health & strength of workers must be preserved against the abuse. f. Opportunities for the healthy development of children (added through the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act, 1976). Article 39A: wherein three basic tenets are as follows: a. Promoting justice on the basis of equal opportunity. b. Providing free legal aid c. Opportunities for securing justice are not denied on the basis of economic & any other disability. Article 41 directs the states that, within the limits of its economic capacity the state shall make effective provisions for the state shall secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of old age, unemployment, and disablement (differently-abled), and sickness. Article 42 of the constitution directs the states to make provisions for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. Some articles are both in nature i.e Gandhian as well as Socialist principles such as articles 43, 47, etc. Article 43 directs the states to strive for a living wage, decent standard of life, and cultural opportunities for all workers. Article 43A directs the state to ensure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments, industries etc. Article 47 mandates the state to raise the level of nutrition, the standard of living and improve public health. There is no specific mention of the term Gandhian principles or Socialist principles or liberal intellectual principles under DPSPs. For implementing provisions for DPSPs, the government needs resources such as funds etc. DPSPs are not justiciable but FRs are justiciable.
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What is the Digital India land record modernization program? Discuss various features of the Digital India land record modernization program. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduction Introduce digital India or land reform Body Explain the Digital India land record modernization program Discuss various features of DILRMP Conclusion. conclude with its benefits or significance ANSWER The DILRMP was previously known as the National Land Record Modernization Programme (NLRMP).It was launched in 2008 with the purpose to digitize and modernizing land records and developing a centralized land record management system. The DILRMP consists of two projects: Computerization of Land Records (CLR) Strengthening of Revenue Administration and Updating of Land Records (SRA & ULR) The district will be taken as the unit of implementation, where all activities under the program will converge. Features of DILRMP Computerization of land records - All textual data including records of rights, mutation data, and other land attributes data shall be updated and computerized. There will be the digitalization of all cadastral maps. There will be the integration of textual and spatial data. Survey, resurvey, and updating of the survey and settlement records using modern technology options. Computerization of registration- This includes computerization of the sub-registrar office, data entry of valuation details, etc Modern record room and land management center at tehsil level. Training and capacity building of workforce at the local level. Core geographical information System (GIS) Village-based Indexed maps. This will integrate data from three sources spatial data coming from satellites, cadastral maps of the revenue departments, and maps coming from survey departments Legal changes included a mendments to the registration act, an amendment to the states stamps act, and a model law on conclusive titling. national council of applied economic research (NCAER)- came out with the Land records & service Index which monitors the implementation of DILRMP across different states and it DILRMP will offer many advantages such as Real-time land ownership records will be available to the citizen Since the records will be placed on websites with proper security IDs, property owners will have free access to their records without any compromise in regard to the confidentiality of the information.
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##Question:What is the Digital India land record modernization program? Discuss various features of the Digital India land record modernization program. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction Introduce digital India or land reform Body Explain the Digital India land record modernization program Discuss various features of DILRMP Conclusion. conclude with its benefits or significance ANSWER The DILRMP was previously known as the National Land Record Modernization Programme (NLRMP).It was launched in 2008 with the purpose to digitize and modernizing land records and developing a centralized land record management system. The DILRMP consists of two projects: Computerization of Land Records (CLR) Strengthening of Revenue Administration and Updating of Land Records (SRA & ULR) The district will be taken as the unit of implementation, where all activities under the program will converge. Features of DILRMP Computerization of land records - All textual data including records of rights, mutation data, and other land attributes data shall be updated and computerized. There will be the digitalization of all cadastral maps. There will be the integration of textual and spatial data. Survey, resurvey, and updating of the survey and settlement records using modern technology options. Computerization of registration- This includes computerization of the sub-registrar office, data entry of valuation details, etc Modern record room and land management center at tehsil level. Training and capacity building of workforce at the local level. Core geographical information System (GIS) Village-based Indexed maps. This will integrate data from three sources spatial data coming from satellites, cadastral maps of the revenue departments, and maps coming from survey departments Legal changes included a mendments to the registration act, an amendment to the states stamps act, and a model law on conclusive titling. national council of applied economic research (NCAER)- came out with the Land records & service Index which monitors the implementation of DILRMP across different states and it DILRMP will offer many advantages such as Real-time land ownership records will be available to the citizen Since the records will be placed on websites with proper security IDs, property owners will have free access to their records without any compromise in regard to the confidentiality of the information.
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What do you understand by multi track diplomacy? Explain its types with current examples. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question-What do you understand by multi-track diplomacy? Explain its types with current examples. (150 words/10 Marks) A pproach Define the Multitrack Diplomacy Explain the types of the Multitrack Diplomacy under the suggestion for Peace Briefly mention the conclusion Answer: Multi-Track Diplomacy is a conceptual way to view the process of international peacemaking as a living system. It looks at the web of interconnected activities, individuals, institutions, and communities that operate together for a common goal: a world at peace. Types of Multitrack diplomacy Track I- It is Government to Government Diplomacy e.g Shangari La dialogue- organised by the International Institute of strategic studies and is attended by Defense Ministers and Military Chiefs of Asia Pacific countries Track 1.5 Diplomacy- simultaneous interaction between Government Officials and NGOs. E.g Raisena dialogue organized by ORF and External affairs minister of India Track II- It is the unofficial dialogue to resolve the issue; participants would be retired Government officials, Academicians, NGOs; not on Public Radar; operates in the background- e.g. Neemarana dialogue Track III- People to People interaction; through tourism, student and cultural exchange Program Public Diplomacy- Division of Public diplomacy was established within MoEF in 2006; the government trying to affect public opinion of another country so as to Positively impact the relations between 2 countries; so as to prevent public resistance Other methods of establish peace is: Balance of power- oldest approach to restoring world peace; remained enforced till World War II; parity of power so that no country was in a position to take unilateral reaction detrimental to another nation-state Economic interdependence- it will reduce motivation to go to war with another. They seek to replicate the role of the Government at the national level by formulating rules and regulations and punishing those who do not adhere to them. Conclusion- The multi-track system originated due to the inefficiency of pure government mediation. Moreover, increases in intrastate conflict(conflicts within a state) in the 1990s confirmed that “Track One Diplomacy” was not an effective method for securing international cooperation or resolving conflicts. Rather, there needed to be a more interpersonal approach in addition to government mediation
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##Question:What do you understand by multi track diplomacy? Explain its types with current examples. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question-What do you understand by multi-track diplomacy? Explain its types with current examples. (150 words/10 Marks) A pproach Define the Multitrack Diplomacy Explain the types of the Multitrack Diplomacy under the suggestion for Peace Briefly mention the conclusion Answer: Multi-Track Diplomacy is a conceptual way to view the process of international peacemaking as a living system. It looks at the web of interconnected activities, individuals, institutions, and communities that operate together for a common goal: a world at peace. Types of Multitrack diplomacy Track I- It is Government to Government Diplomacy e.g Shangari La dialogue- organised by the International Institute of strategic studies and is attended by Defense Ministers and Military Chiefs of Asia Pacific countries Track 1.5 Diplomacy- simultaneous interaction between Government Officials and NGOs. E.g Raisena dialogue organized by ORF and External affairs minister of India Track II- It is the unofficial dialogue to resolve the issue; participants would be retired Government officials, Academicians, NGOs; not on Public Radar; operates in the background- e.g. Neemarana dialogue Track III- People to People interaction; through tourism, student and cultural exchange Program Public Diplomacy- Division of Public diplomacy was established within MoEF in 2006; the government trying to affect public opinion of another country so as to Positively impact the relations between 2 countries; so as to prevent public resistance Other methods of establish peace is: Balance of power- oldest approach to restoring world peace; remained enforced till World War II; parity of power so that no country was in a position to take unilateral reaction detrimental to another nation-state Economic interdependence- it will reduce motivation to go to war with another. They seek to replicate the role of the Government at the national level by formulating rules and regulations and punishing those who do not adhere to them. Conclusion- The multi-track system originated due to the inefficiency of pure government mediation. Moreover, increases in intrastate conflict(conflicts within a state) in the 1990s confirmed that “Track One Diplomacy” was not an effective method for securing international cooperation or resolving conflicts. Rather, there needed to be a more interpersonal approach in addition to government mediation
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The Government Budget has two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget. Discuss briefly. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in brief the government budget In body mention its two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget Conclude briefly Answer Accounting in Government Budget: Article 112 of the constitution requires the government to present estimates of its incomes and expenses for every financial year. Further, it is required, to clearly distinguish the expenses on revenue account and another account. The other account has come to be understood as the capital account. Therefore the governments budget which is essentially the statements of the government"s account can be divided into two parts ie Revenue account/budget or capital account/budget Government Budget: It has two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget Capital Budget - Capital Receipts and Capital Expenditure Capital Receipts - A Debt creating Capital Receipts and Non-Debt Creating Capital Receipts Expenses can be further divided into plans and non-plan expenses However, this distinction has been dispensed with Capital Budget - The part of the budget ie the Financial Statement which has a bearing on assets and liabilities of the government is the capital budget Capital Receipts - Any receipt of the government which is a result of reduction of an asset or creation of liability is categorized as capital receipts For example, If government disinvests from its companies ie sells them off to someone then Government will receive money but it will be received due to reduction of its assets; such a receipt is a capital receipt Similarly is government borrows money, which results in the creation of a liability ie the government has to repay this amount with interest in future Although the government has received the money but is received as a result of the creation of a liability Such a receipt is also a capital receipt; further, it is categorized as a Debt-creating capital receipt as distinct from the dis-investment receipt which was an example of non-debt creating the capital receipt Capital Expenditure - Any expenditure that results in either creation of capital assets or reduction of liabilities is termed as a capital expense For example, if the government builds roads or buys any other asset or lends money to somebody such as states or other countries, in all such cases the government expense creates assets for the government Further, if the government repays its debt then its liabilities are reduced All such expenses are examples of capital expenditure To quickly distinguish between revenue and capital account, we try to see whether an expense or receipt can be categorized as capital based on whether it has been on assets or liabilities If not, then it automatically becomes part of the revenue account Revenue Account - Receipts of the government and expenses have been done as a matter of its rights and performing of its duties for part of revenue account Revenue account is associated with functions with the government performs to carry out its sovereign duties and to maintain and continue the existence of the state Such expenses and receipts are required to be distinguished as they help in knowing how much does the government spend for the performance of its duties which are deemed essential Revenue Receipts - Money that accrues to the government as a matter of right is part of revenue receipts It is further classified as tax revenue and non-tax revenue Non-tax revenue comprises receipts such as fees, fines, etc Revenue expenditure - It is the expense incurred by the government to perform its sovereign functions For example, the government needs administrative staff for administration The staff needs an office, stationery, table, chair, etc to perform their functions In order to attract the best people for working in the government, it gives salaries and other benefits to its employees All such expenses are part of the revenue expenditure of the government Similarly, salaries and pensions paid to armed forces, government teachers, etc are also part of the revenue expenditure of the government Further, the interest paid by the government on its liabilities is also an essential sovereign duty Hence, it is also an example of revenue expense So, we can say that the capital Budget comprises capital receipts and capital expenditure. Capital receipts refer to borrowings, loans from a public or foreign government, or borrowings from the central bank made by the government of a country. While, capital expenditure refers to expenditure on the development of machinery, health facilities, etc. On the other hand, the tax and other revenue receipts of the government and the expenditure met from the same revenues is referred to as Revenue Budget.
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##Question:The Government Budget has two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget. Discuss briefly. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief the government budget In body mention its two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget Conclude briefly Answer Accounting in Government Budget: Article 112 of the constitution requires the government to present estimates of its incomes and expenses for every financial year. Further, it is required, to clearly distinguish the expenses on revenue account and another account. The other account has come to be understood as the capital account. Therefore the governments budget which is essentially the statements of the government"s account can be divided into two parts ie Revenue account/budget or capital account/budget Government Budget: It has two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget Capital Budget - Capital Receipts and Capital Expenditure Capital Receipts - A Debt creating Capital Receipts and Non-Debt Creating Capital Receipts Expenses can be further divided into plans and non-plan expenses However, this distinction has been dispensed with Capital Budget - The part of the budget ie the Financial Statement which has a bearing on assets and liabilities of the government is the capital budget Capital Receipts - Any receipt of the government which is a result of reduction of an asset or creation of liability is categorized as capital receipts For example, If government disinvests from its companies ie sells them off to someone then Government will receive money but it will be received due to reduction of its assets; such a receipt is a capital receipt Similarly is government borrows money, which results in the creation of a liability ie the government has to repay this amount with interest in future Although the government has received the money but is received as a result of the creation of a liability Such a receipt is also a capital receipt; further, it is categorized as a Debt-creating capital receipt as distinct from the dis-investment receipt which was an example of non-debt creating the capital receipt Capital Expenditure - Any expenditure that results in either creation of capital assets or reduction of liabilities is termed as a capital expense For example, if the government builds roads or buys any other asset or lends money to somebody such as states or other countries, in all such cases the government expense creates assets for the government Further, if the government repays its debt then its liabilities are reduced All such expenses are examples of capital expenditure To quickly distinguish between revenue and capital account, we try to see whether an expense or receipt can be categorized as capital based on whether it has been on assets or liabilities If not, then it automatically becomes part of the revenue account Revenue Account - Receipts of the government and expenses have been done as a matter of its rights and performing of its duties for part of revenue account Revenue account is associated with functions with the government performs to carry out its sovereign duties and to maintain and continue the existence of the state Such expenses and receipts are required to be distinguished as they help in knowing how much does the government spend for the performance of its duties which are deemed essential Revenue Receipts - Money that accrues to the government as a matter of right is part of revenue receipts It is further classified as tax revenue and non-tax revenue Non-tax revenue comprises receipts such as fees, fines, etc Revenue expenditure - It is the expense incurred by the government to perform its sovereign functions For example, the government needs administrative staff for administration The staff needs an office, stationery, table, chair, etc to perform their functions In order to attract the best people for working in the government, it gives salaries and other benefits to its employees All such expenses are part of the revenue expenditure of the government Similarly, salaries and pensions paid to armed forces, government teachers, etc are also part of the revenue expenditure of the government Further, the interest paid by the government on its liabilities is also an essential sovereign duty Hence, it is also an example of revenue expense So, we can say that the capital Budget comprises capital receipts and capital expenditure. Capital receipts refer to borrowings, loans from a public or foreign government, or borrowings from the central bank made by the government of a country. While, capital expenditure refers to expenditure on the development of machinery, health facilities, etc. On the other hand, the tax and other revenue receipts of the government and the expenditure met from the same revenues is referred to as Revenue Budget.
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The Government Budget has two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget. Discuss briefly. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in brief the government budget In body mention its two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget Conclude briefly Answer Accounting in Government Budget: Article 112 of the constitution requires the government to present estimates of its incomes and expenses for every financial year. Further, it is required, to clearly distinguish the expenses on the revenue account and another account. The other account has come to be understood as the capital account. Therefore the governments budget which is essentially the statements of the government"s account can be divided into two parts ie Revenue account/budget or capital account/budget Government Budget: It has two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget Capital Budget - Capital Receipts and Capital Expenditure Capital Receipts - A Debt creating Capital Receipts and Non-Debt Creating Capital Receipts Expenses can be further divided into plans and non-plan expenses However, this distinction has been dispensed with Capital Budget - The part of the budget ie the Financial Statement which has a bearing on assets and liabilities of the government is the capital budget Capital Receipts - Any receipt of the government which is a result of the reduction of an asset or creation of liability is categorised as capital receipts For example, If government disinvests from its companies ie sells them off to someone then Government will receive money but it will be received due to a reduction of its assets; such a receipt is a capital receipt Similarly is government borrows money, which results in the creation of a liability ie the government has to repay this amount with interest in future Although the government has received the money but is received as a result of the creation of a liability Such a receipt is also a capital receipt; further, it is categorised as a Debt-creating capital receipt as distinct from the dis-investment receipt which was an example of non-debt creating the capital receipt Capital Expenditure - Any expenditure that results in either creation of capital assets or reduction of liabilities is termed as a capital expense For example, if the government builds roads or buys any other asset or lends money to somebody such as states or other countries, in all such cases the government expense creates assets for the government. Further, if the government repays its debt then its liabilities are reduced. All such expenses are examples of capital expenditure To quickly distinguish between revenue and capital account, we try to see whether an expense or receipt can be categorised as capital based on whether it has been on assets or liabilities If not, then it automatically becomes part of the revenue account Revenue Account - Receipts of the government and expenses have been done as a matter of its rights and performing of its duties for part of the revenue account Revenue account is associated with functions the government performs to carry out its sovereign duties and to maintain and continue the existence of the state Such expenses and receipts are required to be distinguished as they help in knowing how much does the government spend for the performance of its duties which are deemed essential Revenue Receipts - Money that accrues to the government as a matter of right is part of revenue receipts. It is further classified as tax revenue and non-tax revenue Non-tax revenue comprises receipts such as fees, fines, etc Revenue expenditure - It is the expense incurred by the government to perform its sovereign functions. For example, the government needs administrative staff for administration The staff needs an office, stationery, table, chair, etc to perform their functions In order to attract the best people for working in the government, it gives salaries and other benefits to its employees All such expenses are part of the revenue expenditure of the government Similarly, salaries and pensions paid to armed forces, government teachers, etc are also part of the revenue expenditure of the government Further, the interest paid by the government on its liabilities is also an essential sovereign duty Hence, it is also an example of revenue expense So, we can say that the capital Budget comprises capital receipts and capital expenditure. Capital receipts refer to borrowings, loans from a public or foreign government, or borrowings from the central bank made by the government of a country. While, capital expenditure refers to expenditure on the development of machinery, health facilities, etc. On the other hand, the tax and other revenue receipts of the government and the expenditure met from the same revenues is referred to as Revenue Budget.
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##Question:The Government Budget has two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget. Discuss briefly. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief the government budget In body mention its two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget Conclude briefly Answer Accounting in Government Budget: Article 112 of the constitution requires the government to present estimates of its incomes and expenses for every financial year. Further, it is required, to clearly distinguish the expenses on the revenue account and another account. The other account has come to be understood as the capital account. Therefore the governments budget which is essentially the statements of the government"s account can be divided into two parts ie Revenue account/budget or capital account/budget Government Budget: It has two parts Revenue Budget and Capital Budget Capital Budget - Capital Receipts and Capital Expenditure Capital Receipts - A Debt creating Capital Receipts and Non-Debt Creating Capital Receipts Expenses can be further divided into plans and non-plan expenses However, this distinction has been dispensed with Capital Budget - The part of the budget ie the Financial Statement which has a bearing on assets and liabilities of the government is the capital budget Capital Receipts - Any receipt of the government which is a result of the reduction of an asset or creation of liability is categorised as capital receipts For example, If government disinvests from its companies ie sells them off to someone then Government will receive money but it will be received due to a reduction of its assets; such a receipt is a capital receipt Similarly is government borrows money, which results in the creation of a liability ie the government has to repay this amount with interest in future Although the government has received the money but is received as a result of the creation of a liability Such a receipt is also a capital receipt; further, it is categorised as a Debt-creating capital receipt as distinct from the dis-investment receipt which was an example of non-debt creating the capital receipt Capital Expenditure - Any expenditure that results in either creation of capital assets or reduction of liabilities is termed as a capital expense For example, if the government builds roads or buys any other asset or lends money to somebody such as states or other countries, in all such cases the government expense creates assets for the government. Further, if the government repays its debt then its liabilities are reduced. All such expenses are examples of capital expenditure To quickly distinguish between revenue and capital account, we try to see whether an expense or receipt can be categorised as capital based on whether it has been on assets or liabilities If not, then it automatically becomes part of the revenue account Revenue Account - Receipts of the government and expenses have been done as a matter of its rights and performing of its duties for part of the revenue account Revenue account is associated with functions the government performs to carry out its sovereign duties and to maintain and continue the existence of the state Such expenses and receipts are required to be distinguished as they help in knowing how much does the government spend for the performance of its duties which are deemed essential Revenue Receipts - Money that accrues to the government as a matter of right is part of revenue receipts. It is further classified as tax revenue and non-tax revenue Non-tax revenue comprises receipts such as fees, fines, etc Revenue expenditure - It is the expense incurred by the government to perform its sovereign functions. For example, the government needs administrative staff for administration The staff needs an office, stationery, table, chair, etc to perform their functions In order to attract the best people for working in the government, it gives salaries and other benefits to its employees All such expenses are part of the revenue expenditure of the government Similarly, salaries and pensions paid to armed forces, government teachers, etc are also part of the revenue expenditure of the government Further, the interest paid by the government on its liabilities is also an essential sovereign duty Hence, it is also an example of revenue expense So, we can say that the capital Budget comprises capital receipts and capital expenditure. Capital receipts refer to borrowings, loans from a public or foreign government, or borrowings from the central bank made by the government of a country. While, capital expenditure refers to expenditure on the development of machinery, health facilities, etc. On the other hand, the tax and other revenue receipts of the government and the expenditure met from the same revenues is referred to as Revenue Budget.
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What do you mean by Privatisation/Disinvestment? Discuss the advantages and issues related to it? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly about Privatisation/Disinvestment Discuss the advantages and issues related Conclude briefly Answer Privatisation means the transfer of ownership, management, and control of the public sector enterprises to the private sector and Privatisation of the public sector companies by selling off parts of the equity of PSEs to the public is known as disinvestment. The government is diluting its shares in case of privatisation or disinvestment. The moment it goes beyond 51% then it is called strategic disinvestment. Here the management goes to the private players Advantages of Privatization Improved Performance : Private companies are profit-incentivized rather than politically motivated. Privatization, therefore, allows companies to become more efficient by eliminating unnecessary elements within an organization like overwhelming bureaucracy & red tape. Moreover, private companies assess their employees based on their performance and adequately incentivize better performance. This factor spurs overall performance in an organization. Better Customer Service : As private companies are profit-driven and function in a competitive market, their primary focus rests on efficient customer service. State-run companies lack this feature as they face no competition and are not financially motivated. Furthermore, customer service is enhanced in privatization due to the elimination of unnecessary bureaucratic hassle. Improved Management : Privatization enhances the management of a company. As managers of a privately-owned organization are accountable to the company’s owners, it becomes their responsibility to ensure efficient management. This factor of accountability is less intense in public sector companies which results in poor and inefficient operations that may ultimately harm the economy. It increases efficiency and creates a better environment for investment. It helps the government to focus on its core operations such as law and order, etc The governmnet has no business to be in business. Better service and more choices at the hand of the consumers Decision making will be driven by market principles. Professional business practices and investments in technology The government will get resources to finance deficits, pay the previous debts, for the betterment of PSUs. Wider ownership and participation along with accountability and transparency Disadvantage of Privatization Issues of Regulating Monopolies : The private sector can manipulate their monopoly and neglect social costs. Privatization of certain state industries such as water and electricity regulators may create only single monopolies. Public Interest : The profit motive should not be the primary objective for the industry which performs an important public service, e.g. health care, education, and public transport. For example, According to the researchers, the private sector in India has grown independently without any major regulation; In the hands of Private health sector, some private practitioners are not even registered doctors and are referred to as quacks. Accountability : The public does not have any control or administration of private companies. Privatization has a bad effect on accountability because Investors retain full authority to do anything. Unassured Success : Privatization is unassured in terms of the success rates of any individual unit, due to which many private sector companies suffer huge losses. No concrete plan on which PSU to be privatised/disinvested and No rationale for the choice of PSUs to be disinvested Valuation is very poor as in most cases, they are undervalued. Also, the question of how much to be done is a concern The motive of disinvestment is not clear ie either for deficit financing or for the benefit of the PSUs Employees interest is not protected and hence protest, leading to instability, etc Sevice to all will suffer as private will serve to those who have the ability to pay. Can lead to monopoly as dominant players have the ability to buy the PSUs Loss of jobs and unemployment may rise. More pollution and exploitation of resources Corruption/rent-seeking in the process of disinvestment/privatisation. Efficiency increases because of the competitive environment and not necessarily for private control, etc So, the need of the hour is to have a proper approach and plan for disinvestment. Also, the larger goal should be the benefit from the process and not merely for deficit financing. It should ensure more jobs and enhance efficiency in the system.
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##Question:What do you mean by Privatisation/Disinvestment? Discuss the advantages and issues related to it? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about Privatisation/Disinvestment Discuss the advantages and issues related Conclude briefly Answer Privatisation means the transfer of ownership, management, and control of the public sector enterprises to the private sector and Privatisation of the public sector companies by selling off parts of the equity of PSEs to the public is known as disinvestment. The government is diluting its shares in case of privatisation or disinvestment. The moment it goes beyond 51% then it is called strategic disinvestment. Here the management goes to the private players Advantages of Privatization Improved Performance : Private companies are profit-incentivized rather than politically motivated. Privatization, therefore, allows companies to become more efficient by eliminating unnecessary elements within an organization like overwhelming bureaucracy & red tape. Moreover, private companies assess their employees based on their performance and adequately incentivize better performance. This factor spurs overall performance in an organization. Better Customer Service : As private companies are profit-driven and function in a competitive market, their primary focus rests on efficient customer service. State-run companies lack this feature as they face no competition and are not financially motivated. Furthermore, customer service is enhanced in privatization due to the elimination of unnecessary bureaucratic hassle. Improved Management : Privatization enhances the management of a company. As managers of a privately-owned organization are accountable to the company’s owners, it becomes their responsibility to ensure efficient management. This factor of accountability is less intense in public sector companies which results in poor and inefficient operations that may ultimately harm the economy. It increases efficiency and creates a better environment for investment. It helps the government to focus on its core operations such as law and order, etc The governmnet has no business to be in business. Better service and more choices at the hand of the consumers Decision making will be driven by market principles. Professional business practices and investments in technology The government will get resources to finance deficits, pay the previous debts, for the betterment of PSUs. Wider ownership and participation along with accountability and transparency Disadvantage of Privatization Issues of Regulating Monopolies : The private sector can manipulate their monopoly and neglect social costs. Privatization of certain state industries such as water and electricity regulators may create only single monopolies. Public Interest : The profit motive should not be the primary objective for the industry which performs an important public service, e.g. health care, education, and public transport. For example, According to the researchers, the private sector in India has grown independently without any major regulation; In the hands of Private health sector, some private practitioners are not even registered doctors and are referred to as quacks. Accountability : The public does not have any control or administration of private companies. Privatization has a bad effect on accountability because Investors retain full authority to do anything. Unassured Success : Privatization is unassured in terms of the success rates of any individual unit, due to which many private sector companies suffer huge losses. No concrete plan on which PSU to be privatised/disinvested and No rationale for the choice of PSUs to be disinvested Valuation is very poor as in most cases, they are undervalued. Also, the question of how much to be done is a concern The motive of disinvestment is not clear ie either for deficit financing or for the benefit of the PSUs Employees interest is not protected and hence protest, leading to instability, etc Sevice to all will suffer as private will serve to those who have the ability to pay. Can lead to monopoly as dominant players have the ability to buy the PSUs Loss of jobs and unemployment may rise. More pollution and exploitation of resources Corruption/rent-seeking in the process of disinvestment/privatisation. Efficiency increases because of the competitive environment and not necessarily for private control, etc So, the need of the hour is to have a proper approach and plan for disinvestment. Also, the larger goal should be the benefit from the process and not merely for deficit financing. It should ensure more jobs and enhance efficiency in the system.
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What do you mean by Privatisation/Disinvestment? Discuss the advantages and issues related to it. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce briefly about Privatisation/Disinvestment Discuss the advantages and issues related Conclude briefly Answer Privatisation means the transfer of ownership, management, and control of the public sector enterprises to the private sector and Privatisation of the public sector companies by selling off parts of the equity of PSEs to the public is known as disinvestment. The government is diluting its shares in case of privatisation or disinvestment. The moment it goes beyond 51% then it is called strategic disinvestment. Here the management goes to the private players Advantages of Privatization Improved Performance: Private companies are profit-incentivized rather than politically motivated. Privatization, therefore, allows companies to become more efficient by eliminating unnecessary elements within an organization like overwhelming bureaucracy & red tape. Moreover, private companies assess their employees based on their performance and adequately incentivize better performance. This factor spurs overall performance in an organization. Better Customer Service: As private companies are profit-driven and function in a competitive market, their primary focus rests on efficient customer service. State-run companies lack this feature as they face no competition and are not financially motivated. Furthermore, customer service is enhanced in privatization due to the elimination of unnecessary bureaucratic hassle. Improved Management: Privatization enhances the management of a company. As managers of a privately-owned organization are accountable to the company’s owners, it becomes their responsibility to ensure efficient management. This factor of accountability is less intense in public sector companies which results in poor and inefficient operations that may ultimately harm the economy. It increases efficiency and creates a better environment for investment. It helps the government to focus on its core operations such as law and order, etc The governmnet has no business to be in business. Better service and more choices at the hand of the consumers Decision making will be driven by market principles. Professional business practices and investments in technology The government will get resources to finance deficits, pay the previous debts, for the betterment of PSUs. Wider ownership and participation along with accountability and transparency Disadvantage of Privatization Issues of Regulating Monopolies: The private sector can manipulate their monopoly and neglect social costs. Privatization of certain state industries such as water and electricity regulators may create only single monopolies. Public Interest: The profit motive should not be the primary objective for the industry which performs an important public service, e.g. health care, education, and public transport. For example, According to the researchers, the private sector in India has grown independently without any major regulation; In the hands of Private health sector, some private practitioners are not even registered doctors and are referred to as quacks. Accountability: The public does not have any control or administration of private companies. Privatization has a bad effect on accountability because Investors retain full authority to do anything. Unassured Success: Privatization is unassured in terms of the success rates of any individual unit, due to which many private sector companies suffer huge losses. No concrete plan on which PSU to be privatised/disinvested and No rationale for the choice of PSUs to be disinvested Valuation is very poor as in most cases, they are undervalued. Also, the question of how much to be done is a concern The motive of disinvestment is not clear ie either for deficit financing or for the benefit of the PSUs Employees interest is not protected and hence protest, leading to instability, etc Sevice to all will suffer as private will serve to those who have the ability to pay. Can lead to monopoly as dominant players have the ability to buy the PSUs Loss of jobs and unemployment may rise. More pollution and exploitation of resources Corruption/rent-seeking in the process of disinvestment/privatisation. Efficiency increases because of the competitive environment and not necessarily for private control, etc So, the need of the hour is to have a proper approach and plan for disinvestment. Also, the larger goal should be the benefit from the process and not merely for deficit financing. It should ensure more jobs and enhance efficiency in the system.
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##Question:What do you mean by Privatisation/Disinvestment? Discuss the advantages and issues related to it. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce briefly about Privatisation/Disinvestment Discuss the advantages and issues related Conclude briefly Answer Privatisation means the transfer of ownership, management, and control of the public sector enterprises to the private sector and Privatisation of the public sector companies by selling off parts of the equity of PSEs to the public is known as disinvestment. The government is diluting its shares in case of privatisation or disinvestment. The moment it goes beyond 51% then it is called strategic disinvestment. Here the management goes to the private players Advantages of Privatization Improved Performance: Private companies are profit-incentivized rather than politically motivated. Privatization, therefore, allows companies to become more efficient by eliminating unnecessary elements within an organization like overwhelming bureaucracy & red tape. Moreover, private companies assess their employees based on their performance and adequately incentivize better performance. This factor spurs overall performance in an organization. Better Customer Service: As private companies are profit-driven and function in a competitive market, their primary focus rests on efficient customer service. State-run companies lack this feature as they face no competition and are not financially motivated. Furthermore, customer service is enhanced in privatization due to the elimination of unnecessary bureaucratic hassle. Improved Management: Privatization enhances the management of a company. As managers of a privately-owned organization are accountable to the company’s owners, it becomes their responsibility to ensure efficient management. This factor of accountability is less intense in public sector companies which results in poor and inefficient operations that may ultimately harm the economy. It increases efficiency and creates a better environment for investment. It helps the government to focus on its core operations such as law and order, etc The governmnet has no business to be in business. Better service and more choices at the hand of the consumers Decision making will be driven by market principles. Professional business practices and investments in technology The government will get resources to finance deficits, pay the previous debts, for the betterment of PSUs. Wider ownership and participation along with accountability and transparency Disadvantage of Privatization Issues of Regulating Monopolies: The private sector can manipulate their monopoly and neglect social costs. Privatization of certain state industries such as water and electricity regulators may create only single monopolies. Public Interest: The profit motive should not be the primary objective for the industry which performs an important public service, e.g. health care, education, and public transport. For example, According to the researchers, the private sector in India has grown independently without any major regulation; In the hands of Private health sector, some private practitioners are not even registered doctors and are referred to as quacks. Accountability: The public does not have any control or administration of private companies. Privatization has a bad effect on accountability because Investors retain full authority to do anything. Unassured Success: Privatization is unassured in terms of the success rates of any individual unit, due to which many private sector companies suffer huge losses. No concrete plan on which PSU to be privatised/disinvested and No rationale for the choice of PSUs to be disinvested Valuation is very poor as in most cases, they are undervalued. Also, the question of how much to be done is a concern The motive of disinvestment is not clear ie either for deficit financing or for the benefit of the PSUs Employees interest is not protected and hence protest, leading to instability, etc Sevice to all will suffer as private will serve to those who have the ability to pay. Can lead to monopoly as dominant players have the ability to buy the PSUs Loss of jobs and unemployment may rise. More pollution and exploitation of resources Corruption/rent-seeking in the process of disinvestment/privatisation. Efficiency increases because of the competitive environment and not necessarily for private control, etc So, the need of the hour is to have a proper approach and plan for disinvestment. Also, the larger goal should be the benefit from the process and not merely for deficit financing. It should ensure more jobs and enhance efficiency in the system.
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NAM was a noble initiative on the part of newly independent nations but it was not without its flaws. Analyze. What relevance do you feel the Non-aligned Movement has in the present times? Comment. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- Introduction to NAM Try to highlight Its Flaws Bring out Its Relevance in Present Times The NAM is an international forum of 120 developing countries that believe in the idea of non-alignment with the major power blocs. It was established in 1961 in Belgrade, former Yugoslavia under the leadership of the then Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser, and the President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito. NAM has become defunct owing to the following reasons: Lack of Economic Pragmatism: Many of the economic ideas which were in vogue in the past are updated today. However, many NAM members are rooted in ideas of socialism and state control, ideas popular at the time of Nehru and Nassir. In this pursuance, they continue complaining about the IMF and the WTO but lack the muscle to do anything Could not prevent India-Pakistan and Indo-China wars. During the wars, NAM members invariably adopted diplomatic positions that were not favorable towards or supportive of India. It is argued that NAM today competes with groups like the Commonwealth. The other groups are more effective, as they deal with economic and trade issues. It has no position even on issues like human rights, child exploitation, and gender issues. Also, most of the members of NAM are developing. Relevance of NAM IN present Times: NAM continues to hold relevance to maintaining world peace. It has played an active role to stand by its founding principles, idea, and purpose, which mainly aims to establish a peaceful and prosperous world. Earlier the NAM was a political movement, but now the movement is shifting its political concept to the economic. It’s also true that the bipolarity of the world ended after the cold war but still the world has an economic gap between the first world and third world nations. So, as long as the economic gap among the nations exists the NAM continues as relevant in this present world order too. World Peace- NAM has played an active role in preserving world peace. It still stands by its founding principles, idea, and purpose i.e. to establish a peaceful and prosperous world. It prohibited invasion of any country and promoted disarmament and sovereign world order. Support of UN - NAM’s total strength compromises of 118 developing countries and most of them being a member of the UN General Assembly. It represents two-thirds of members of the general assembly, hence NAM members act as an important vote-blocking group in the UN. NAM, along with the G-77 gives superior numerical strength to developing countries and has helped keep many third-world issues ahead of the agenda at the UN. This can also help India’s cause in garnering a seat at the Security Council. NAM can be a useful platform to raise awareness about issues like climate change, cross-border terrorism, human rights violations, etc. Balancing in Nature- If disputes arise between developed and developing nation at any point of a concerning topic for example WTO, then NAM act as a platform that negotiates and conclude disputes peacefully securing favorable decisions for each member nation. NAM acts as a catalyst to foster cooperation between South-South nations. It raises issues that are of major concern for the south countries. It initiates economic, political, and social development corners to achieve desired results of moving from developing to developed nations. Conclusion NAM should develop a progressive agenda on the fundamental values of democracy, human rights, and multiculturalism. There are so many worldwide issues like greenhouse gas emissions, health concerns especially AIDS, drug trafficking, rising instances of poverty, food crisis, and unemployment, to which the NAM’s spectrum could be enlarged with these increasing concerns.
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##Question:NAM was a noble initiative on the part of newly independent nations but it was not without its flaws. Analyze. What relevance do you feel the Non-aligned Movement has in the present times? Comment. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- Introduction to NAM Try to highlight Its Flaws Bring out Its Relevance in Present Times The NAM is an international forum of 120 developing countries that believe in the idea of non-alignment with the major power blocs. It was established in 1961 in Belgrade, former Yugoslavia under the leadership of the then Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser, and the President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito. NAM has become defunct owing to the following reasons: Lack of Economic Pragmatism: Many of the economic ideas which were in vogue in the past are updated today. However, many NAM members are rooted in ideas of socialism and state control, ideas popular at the time of Nehru and Nassir. In this pursuance, they continue complaining about the IMF and the WTO but lack the muscle to do anything Could not prevent India-Pakistan and Indo-China wars. During the wars, NAM members invariably adopted diplomatic positions that were not favorable towards or supportive of India. It is argued that NAM today competes with groups like the Commonwealth. The other groups are more effective, as they deal with economic and trade issues. It has no position even on issues like human rights, child exploitation, and gender issues. Also, most of the members of NAM are developing. Relevance of NAM IN present Times: NAM continues to hold relevance to maintaining world peace. It has played an active role to stand by its founding principles, idea, and purpose, which mainly aims to establish a peaceful and prosperous world. Earlier the NAM was a political movement, but now the movement is shifting its political concept to the economic. It’s also true that the bipolarity of the world ended after the cold war but still the world has an economic gap between the first world and third world nations. So, as long as the economic gap among the nations exists the NAM continues as relevant in this present world order too. World Peace- NAM has played an active role in preserving world peace. It still stands by its founding principles, idea, and purpose i.e. to establish a peaceful and prosperous world. It prohibited invasion of any country and promoted disarmament and sovereign world order. Support of UN - NAM’s total strength compromises of 118 developing countries and most of them being a member of the UN General Assembly. It represents two-thirds of members of the general assembly, hence NAM members act as an important vote-blocking group in the UN. NAM, along with the G-77 gives superior numerical strength to developing countries and has helped keep many third-world issues ahead of the agenda at the UN. This can also help India’s cause in garnering a seat at the Security Council. NAM can be a useful platform to raise awareness about issues like climate change, cross-border terrorism, human rights violations, etc. Balancing in Nature- If disputes arise between developed and developing nation at any point of a concerning topic for example WTO, then NAM act as a platform that negotiates and conclude disputes peacefully securing favorable decisions for each member nation. NAM acts as a catalyst to foster cooperation between South-South nations. It raises issues that are of major concern for the south countries. It initiates economic, political, and social development corners to achieve desired results of moving from developing to developed nations. Conclusion NAM should develop a progressive agenda on the fundamental values of democracy, human rights, and multiculturalism. There are so many worldwide issues like greenhouse gas emissions, health concerns especially AIDS, drug trafficking, rising instances of poverty, food crisis, and unemployment, to which the NAM’s spectrum could be enlarged with these increasing concerns.
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Give an account of Gandhi ji"s freedom struggle in South Africa (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write a brief about Gandhi Ji and his journey in South Africa and his observation In the main body write about the steps he took and his struggle in two-phase Conclude with any general statement on his journey Answer- Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi studied law and became a barrister. In 1893 he landed at Durban to sort out the legal problems of a Gujarati merchant Dada Abdullah He observed 3 types of Indians in South Africa i)Indentured labor from South India ii)Their children who were born in South Africa iii)Gujarati Meman Muslim merchants He also observed that they were heavily discriminated and they didn"t know how to challenge it Moreover, they accepted this as their way of life Gandhi himself faced racial discrimination and humiliation For example: He was bundled out of the first-class apartment and he was forced to sit in the driver"s box Once he reached Jahnsaberg all the hotels immediately became filled up and he had to spend the night in open Then as such, he volunteered to teach in English to Indians on the issue of disenfranchisement of Indians, Gandhi was pursued by Indians to stay a little longer and solve their problem in South Africa TWO PHASES OF GANDHI"S FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN AFRICA First: Moderate Phase of Struggle (1894-1906) In this phase, Gandhi concentrated on petitioning and sending memorials to the south African legislature and colonial secretary in London In expectation of fair play he created an ambulance corpse of an Indian to assist those(Britishers) who were afflicted in the IInd Boer war of 1899 Due to his support given he was given the title of Kaisar-i-Hind(Jewel of India) In this phase, he set up Natal Indian Congress to protest against discrimination and he also started a newspaper Indian Opinion Second: Passive Resistance Phase or Satyagrah Phase (1906-1914) A Satyagrahi is someone who will not submit to what he considers as wrong but he was to remain truthful, nonviolent, and fearless He will never bow down before an unjust law He initiated passive resistance for some of the main issues of that time Indians needed to carry their certificate of registration all the time in their neck The restriction was imposed on movements of Indians from one province to other provinces Marriages were not conducted according to Christain rights were to be invalidated With help of his German friend Kallenbach he created Tolstoy farm to house satyagraha Gandhi was inspired by John Ruskin"s book- Unto This Last which inspired him to create phoenix farm, the birthplace of Satyagrah Finally, through a series of negotiations involving Viceroy Hardinge, C F Andrews, General Smut the major demands of Gandhi was conceded and a satisfied Gandhi started his journey back to India
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##Question:Give an account of Gandhi ji"s freedom struggle in South Africa (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief about Gandhi Ji and his journey in South Africa and his observation In the main body write about the steps he took and his struggle in two-phase Conclude with any general statement on his journey Answer- Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi studied law and became a barrister. In 1893 he landed at Durban to sort out the legal problems of a Gujarati merchant Dada Abdullah He observed 3 types of Indians in South Africa i)Indentured labor from South India ii)Their children who were born in South Africa iii)Gujarati Meman Muslim merchants He also observed that they were heavily discriminated and they didn"t know how to challenge it Moreover, they accepted this as their way of life Gandhi himself faced racial discrimination and humiliation For example: He was bundled out of the first-class apartment and he was forced to sit in the driver"s box Once he reached Jahnsaberg all the hotels immediately became filled up and he had to spend the night in open Then as such, he volunteered to teach in English to Indians on the issue of disenfranchisement of Indians, Gandhi was pursued by Indians to stay a little longer and solve their problem in South Africa TWO PHASES OF GANDHI"S FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN AFRICA First: Moderate Phase of Struggle (1894-1906) In this phase, Gandhi concentrated on petitioning and sending memorials to the south African legislature and colonial secretary in London In expectation of fair play he created an ambulance corpse of an Indian to assist those(Britishers) who were afflicted in the IInd Boer war of 1899 Due to his support given he was given the title of Kaisar-i-Hind(Jewel of India) In this phase, he set up Natal Indian Congress to protest against discrimination and he also started a newspaper Indian Opinion Second: Passive Resistance Phase or Satyagrah Phase (1906-1914) A Satyagrahi is someone who will not submit to what he considers as wrong but he was to remain truthful, nonviolent, and fearless He will never bow down before an unjust law He initiated passive resistance for some of the main issues of that time Indians needed to carry their certificate of registration all the time in their neck The restriction was imposed on movements of Indians from one province to other provinces Marriages were not conducted according to Christain rights were to be invalidated With help of his German friend Kallenbach he created Tolstoy farm to house satyagraha Gandhi was inspired by John Ruskin"s book- Unto This Last which inspired him to create phoenix farm, the birthplace of Satyagrah Finally, through a series of negotiations involving Viceroy Hardinge, C F Andrews, General Smut the major demands of Gandhi was conceded and a satisfied Gandhi started his journey back to India
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Discuss the features of Stupas of the Mauryan period, highlighting the doctrines of Buddhism associated with Stupa features. (15 marks/250 words)
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Approach : Introduce by enlisting and explaining the features of the stupas. Mention the influence of Buddhism. A simple diagrammatic representation can be given along with the answer. Conclude accordingly Answer : The stupa is a Sanskrit word that means a "heap of sand" . The stupa is a burial mound for an esteemed person. When the Buddha died, he was cremated and his ashes were divided and buried in several stupas. These stupas became pilgrimage sites for Buddhist practitioners. The basic features of stupas are as follows: The shape of the stupa represents the meditative position, thus the burials were designed in this shape. The Yashsti represents the head of meditating buddha, Anda is the middle part and Medhi is the meditating legs of Buddha. Four gates- Toranas- They are the gateways that represent point the direction of four cities associated with the life events of buddha - Birth-Lumbini Nirvana-Bodh Gaya Dharmachakraparivartana- sarnath Mahaparinirvana- Kushinagar Boundary wall- Vedika- They have folk narratives engraved on them in the form of Jataka stories. These are stories of the previous birth of buddha which come with a moral lesson. Pradakshina- or the passage which is used to go around the stupa. At the top of the stupa is a yashsti is present, which symbolizes a line through the earth"s center around which the universe is thought to revolve. The yashsti is surrounded by a Harmika, a gate or fence, and is topped by chattris (umbrella-like objects). The three chattris represent the tri-Ratna or the three jewels of Buddhism i.e. Buddha (awakened one ), Dhamma (doctrine ), and Sangha (order or followers). The Mauryan ruler Ashoka assumed the leadership of Magadh and after his conversion to Buddhism, he decided to create Stupas on the relics of Buddha. As per the policy of "Calm and Glad", Ashoka constructed near about 84,000 stupas all over India to make the heart and souls of Buddhist followers calm and glad.
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##Question:Discuss the features of Stupas of the Mauryan period, highlighting the doctrines of Buddhism associated with Stupa features. (15 marks/250 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce by enlisting and explaining the features of the stupas. Mention the influence of Buddhism. A simple diagrammatic representation can be given along with the answer. Conclude accordingly Answer : The stupa is a Sanskrit word that means a "heap of sand" . The stupa is a burial mound for an esteemed person. When the Buddha died, he was cremated and his ashes were divided and buried in several stupas. These stupas became pilgrimage sites for Buddhist practitioners. The basic features of stupas are as follows: The shape of the stupa represents the meditative position, thus the burials were designed in this shape. The Yashsti represents the head of meditating buddha, Anda is the middle part and Medhi is the meditating legs of Buddha. Four gates- Toranas- They are the gateways that represent point the direction of four cities associated with the life events of buddha - Birth-Lumbini Nirvana-Bodh Gaya Dharmachakraparivartana- sarnath Mahaparinirvana- Kushinagar Boundary wall- Vedika- They have folk narratives engraved on them in the form of Jataka stories. These are stories of the previous birth of buddha which come with a moral lesson. Pradakshina- or the passage which is used to go around the stupa. At the top of the stupa is a yashsti is present, which symbolizes a line through the earth"s center around which the universe is thought to revolve. The yashsti is surrounded by a Harmika, a gate or fence, and is topped by chattris (umbrella-like objects). The three chattris represent the tri-Ratna or the three jewels of Buddhism i.e. Buddha (awakened one ), Dhamma (doctrine ), and Sangha (order or followers). The Mauryan ruler Ashoka assumed the leadership of Magadh and after his conversion to Buddhism, he decided to create Stupas on the relics of Buddha. As per the policy of "Calm and Glad", Ashoka constructed near about 84,000 stupas all over India to make the heart and souls of Buddhist followers calm and glad.
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Briefly discuss the issues in implementing the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 in India? (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: A brief introduction of the Biological Diversity Act. Main body- Issues in the implementation of the Act. Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be provided by the student. Answer: The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is an Act enacted by the Parliament of India for the preservation of biological diversity in India and provides a mechanism for equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of traditional biological resources and knowledge. The Act was enacted to meet the obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) because India is a party to the convention. Features of the Act: The Act prohibits the following activities without prior approval from the National Biodiversity Authority: Any person or organization (either based in India or not) obtaining any biological resource occurring in India for its research or commercial utilization. The transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India. The claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention is based on the research made on the biological resources obtained from India. The act envisaged a three-tier structure to regulate the access to biological resources: The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) The Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) (at the local level) The Act provides these authorities with special funds and a separate budget in order to carry out any research project dealing with the biological natural resources of the country. It shall supervise any use of biological resources and the sustainable use of them and shall take control over the financial investments and their return and dispose of those capitals as correct. Under this act, the Central Government in consultation with the NBA: Shall notify threatened species and prohibit or regulate their collection, rehabilitation, and conservation Designate institutions as repositories for different categories of biological resources The act stipulates all offenses under it as cognizable and non-bailable. Any grievances relating to the determination of benefit sharing or order of the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board under this Act shall be taken to the National Green Tribunal (NGT). Issues with the Act: Though 17 years have passed since the enactment of the Act, most of the local bodies of 23 states have not prepared the People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs), which are considered to be the basic records of a region’s biological resources such as plants, animals and the traditional knowledge of the local people. In the absence of the PBRs, when the Act is not implemented, whatever environmental clearances are given for various projects without recording the real state of biodiversity, results in the environmental impact assessment reports becoming illogical and invalid. Recent context: Environmentalists have expressed concern over amendments to the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 on the grounds that it prioritizes intellectual property and commercial trade at the expense of the Act’s key aim of conserving biological resources. Lack of finances- The states do not have adequate funds. Further, It is ascertained that the NBA headquartered in Chennai is losing about Rs 10,000 crores annually from foreign companies as the guidelines are not applied properly. If the money had been realized through the implementation of the Act, it could have been utilized for the conservation of forests, wildlife, ecosystems, and other bio-resources. The powers of BMCs are limited- The Act allows for state biodiversity boards to represent BMCs to determine terms of benefit-sharing. Exclusion of term bio-utilization- Leaving out bio utilization would leave out an array of activities like characterization, inventorization, and bioassay which are undertaken with commercial motive. Conclusion: The green tribunal directed compliance in the constitution of BMCs and preparation of PBRs within six months and directed the MoEFCC and the NBA to monitor the same. As the Biological Diversity Act is not given due importance, the protection of forests and wildlife has become secondary in many parts of India, leading to water scarcity and human-animal conflict. It is high time that the central and state governments should wake up from their deep slumber and take speedy and earnest action to overcome disastrous calamities by implementing the Biological Diversity Act in its true spirit.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the issues in implementing the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 in India? (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: A brief introduction of the Biological Diversity Act. Main body- Issues in the implementation of the Act. Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be provided by the student. Answer: The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is an Act enacted by the Parliament of India for the preservation of biological diversity in India and provides a mechanism for equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of traditional biological resources and knowledge. The Act was enacted to meet the obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) because India is a party to the convention. Features of the Act: The Act prohibits the following activities without prior approval from the National Biodiversity Authority: Any person or organization (either based in India or not) obtaining any biological resource occurring in India for its research or commercial utilization. The transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India. The claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention is based on the research made on the biological resources obtained from India. The act envisaged a three-tier structure to regulate the access to biological resources: The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) The Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) (at the local level) The Act provides these authorities with special funds and a separate budget in order to carry out any research project dealing with the biological natural resources of the country. It shall supervise any use of biological resources and the sustainable use of them and shall take control over the financial investments and their return and dispose of those capitals as correct. Under this act, the Central Government in consultation with the NBA: Shall notify threatened species and prohibit or regulate their collection, rehabilitation, and conservation Designate institutions as repositories for different categories of biological resources The act stipulates all offenses under it as cognizable and non-bailable. Any grievances relating to the determination of benefit sharing or order of the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board under this Act shall be taken to the National Green Tribunal (NGT). Issues with the Act: Though 17 years have passed since the enactment of the Act, most of the local bodies of 23 states have not prepared the People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs), which are considered to be the basic records of a region’s biological resources such as plants, animals and the traditional knowledge of the local people. In the absence of the PBRs, when the Act is not implemented, whatever environmental clearances are given for various projects without recording the real state of biodiversity, results in the environmental impact assessment reports becoming illogical and invalid. Recent context: Environmentalists have expressed concern over amendments to the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 on the grounds that it prioritizes intellectual property and commercial trade at the expense of the Act’s key aim of conserving biological resources. Lack of finances- The states do not have adequate funds. Further, It is ascertained that the NBA headquartered in Chennai is losing about Rs 10,000 crores annually from foreign companies as the guidelines are not applied properly. If the money had been realized through the implementation of the Act, it could have been utilized for the conservation of forests, wildlife, ecosystems, and other bio-resources. The powers of BMCs are limited- The Act allows for state biodiversity boards to represent BMCs to determine terms of benefit-sharing. Exclusion of term bio-utilization- Leaving out bio utilization would leave out an array of activities like characterization, inventorization, and bioassay which are undertaken with commercial motive. Conclusion: The green tribunal directed compliance in the constitution of BMCs and preparation of PBRs within six months and directed the MoEFCC and the NBA to monitor the same. As the Biological Diversity Act is not given due importance, the protection of forests and wildlife has become secondary in many parts of India, leading to water scarcity and human-animal conflict. It is high time that the central and state governments should wake up from their deep slumber and take speedy and earnest action to overcome disastrous calamities by implementing the Biological Diversity Act in its true spirit.
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Discuss Environmental problems with respect to excess nitrogen. Suggest measures to solve nitrogen pollution in India.(150 words/10 marks)
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Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients that are natural parts of aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen is also the most abundant element in the air we breathe. Nitrogen and phosphorus support the growth of algae and aquatic plants, which provide food and habitat for fish, shellfish and smaller organisms that live in water. Nitrogen constitutes 78% of Earth’s air. It is essential to exist life on earth But when too much nitrogen and phosphorus enter the environment - usually from a wide range of human activities - the air and water can become polluted. Nutrient pollution has impacted many streams, rivers, lakes, bays and coastal waters for the past several decades, resulting in serious environmental and human health issues, and impacting the economy. NOx emissions grew at 52% from 1991 to 2001 and 69% from 2001 to 2011 in India. Human Acceleration of the Nitrogen Cycle: Managing Risks and Uncertainty report produced by the OECD in collaboration with the UNICEF Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen (TERN) , revealed that pollution caused by Nitrogen is being overlooked as governments continue to focus simply on carbon emissions, ignoring the growing risks to health and the environment. Its Impacts- Too much nitrogen in the water causes algae to grow faster than ecosystem. Significant increases in algae harm water quality, food resources and habitats, and decrease the oxygen that fish and other aquatic life need to survive . Large growths of algae are called algal blooms and they can severely reduce or eliminate oxygen in the water, leading to illnesses in fish and the death of large numbers of fish. Infants are vulnerable to a nitrogen-based compound called nitrates in drinking water. Excess nitrogen in the atmosphere can produce pollutants such as ammonia and ozone, which can impair our ability to breathe, limit visibility and alter plant growth. Leads to photochemical smog- This is produced when the sun’s heat rays react with nitrogen oxides and other gases that are released from the combustion of fossil fuels into the atmosphere. Atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides reduce air quality by depleting the ozone layer. Food Security: Excessive nitrogen fertiliser application contributes to soil nutrient depletion. As the world needs to feed an ever growing population loss of arable land is major global problem. Despite agriculture being the main source attributing to nutrient pollution, limiting its adverse effect while maintaining proper farming practices should be a major goal for communities and the nation at large. Suggested methods that can be put into practice to mitigate the above-mentioned problems brought about by nitrogen pollution include: 1. Fertilizer production regulations In order to reduce the amount of nutrient-based fertilizer circulating in the economy, various governments across the globe should place strict policies that control the production of fertilizers. 2. Zero Budget Natural Farming which involves usage of locally available materials such as cow dung and cow urine to increase soil productivity and plant growth . 3. Frequent water monitoring Maintaining a proactive routine checkup of the quality of water may help detect any unusual nutrient level. As a result, it will help moderate nutrient pollution before it gets out of hand. 4. Water aeration channels : An increase in oxygen through aeration helps the growth of aerobic bacteria which competes with the algae growth, eventually slowing it down. 5. Establish a beneficial buffer: Planting deep-rooted vegetation along with water bodies, help create a buffer to prevent trash and unwanted nutrients flowing into water runoffs. 6. Control of sewer systems: Sewage should not only be dumped far from water bodies but also treated for nutrients and contaminants removal before dumping, especially if it is to be discharged into water systems Developed regions such as the US and Europe have published detailed reports regarding nitrogen usage and pollution. However, India is nowhere near aggregating something similar to its own. Thus the Nitrogen pollution is the problem of improper management rather than inability. The costs of abating nitrogen pollution would be much lesser than the benefits to health and the environment.
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##Question:Discuss Environmental problems with respect to excess nitrogen. Suggest measures to solve nitrogen pollution in India.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients that are natural parts of aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen is also the most abundant element in the air we breathe. Nitrogen and phosphorus support the growth of algae and aquatic plants, which provide food and habitat for fish, shellfish and smaller organisms that live in water. Nitrogen constitutes 78% of Earth’s air. It is essential to exist life on earth But when too much nitrogen and phosphorus enter the environment - usually from a wide range of human activities - the air and water can become polluted. Nutrient pollution has impacted many streams, rivers, lakes, bays and coastal waters for the past several decades, resulting in serious environmental and human health issues, and impacting the economy. NOx emissions grew at 52% from 1991 to 2001 and 69% from 2001 to 2011 in India. Human Acceleration of the Nitrogen Cycle: Managing Risks and Uncertainty report produced by the OECD in collaboration with the UNICEF Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen (TERN) , revealed that pollution caused by Nitrogen is being overlooked as governments continue to focus simply on carbon emissions, ignoring the growing risks to health and the environment. Its Impacts- Too much nitrogen in the water causes algae to grow faster than ecosystem. Significant increases in algae harm water quality, food resources and habitats, and decrease the oxygen that fish and other aquatic life need to survive . Large growths of algae are called algal blooms and they can severely reduce or eliminate oxygen in the water, leading to illnesses in fish and the death of large numbers of fish. Infants are vulnerable to a nitrogen-based compound called nitrates in drinking water. Excess nitrogen in the atmosphere can produce pollutants such as ammonia and ozone, which can impair our ability to breathe, limit visibility and alter plant growth. Leads to photochemical smog- This is produced when the sun’s heat rays react with nitrogen oxides and other gases that are released from the combustion of fossil fuels into the atmosphere. Atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides reduce air quality by depleting the ozone layer. Food Security: Excessive nitrogen fertiliser application contributes to soil nutrient depletion. As the world needs to feed an ever growing population loss of arable land is major global problem. Despite agriculture being the main source attributing to nutrient pollution, limiting its adverse effect while maintaining proper farming practices should be a major goal for communities and the nation at large. Suggested methods that can be put into practice to mitigate the above-mentioned problems brought about by nitrogen pollution include: 1. Fertilizer production regulations In order to reduce the amount of nutrient-based fertilizer circulating in the economy, various governments across the globe should place strict policies that control the production of fertilizers. 2. Zero Budget Natural Farming which involves usage of locally available materials such as cow dung and cow urine to increase soil productivity and plant growth . 3. Frequent water monitoring Maintaining a proactive routine checkup of the quality of water may help detect any unusual nutrient level. As a result, it will help moderate nutrient pollution before it gets out of hand. 4. Water aeration channels : An increase in oxygen through aeration helps the growth of aerobic bacteria which competes with the algae growth, eventually slowing it down. 5. Establish a beneficial buffer: Planting deep-rooted vegetation along with water bodies, help create a buffer to prevent trash and unwanted nutrients flowing into water runoffs. 6. Control of sewer systems: Sewage should not only be dumped far from water bodies but also treated for nutrients and contaminants removal before dumping, especially if it is to be discharged into water systems Developed regions such as the US and Europe have published detailed reports regarding nitrogen usage and pollution. However, India is nowhere near aggregating something similar to its own. Thus the Nitrogen pollution is the problem of improper management rather than inability. The costs of abating nitrogen pollution would be much lesser than the benefits to health and the environment.
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Gandhara, Mathura and Amravathi sculptures, all developed during the post-Mauryan period, but they had wide differences. Elaborate? (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach 1. Briefly introduce different schools of art. 2. Highlight features of Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati school of arts. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer The Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati school of art are part of Post Mauryan sculpture. Their region of occurrence are Northwest Frontier (Gandhara), Mathura is part of UP and Amravati sculptures belong to Andhra region. Gandhara sculpture In Gandhara sculpture, the material used is of Grey Stone and Blue Schist Due to the application of Greek Techniques of art to the Buddhist subjects (beautiful images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas), the Gandhara School of Art is also known as the Graeco-Buddhist School of Art The theme of Gandhara art is mainly Buddhism. Image of Buddha looks like the Greek God. Buddha"s curl was altered in wavy hair. In Gandhara Art Buddha has been shown in following Mudra’s (hand Gesture) 1. Abhayamudra: Never fear 2. Dhyan mudra: meditation 3. Bhumisparsha Mudra; touching the earth 4. Dharmachakra mudra: Preaching Buddha Gandhara arts were mainly patronized by Kushana. Mathura Sculpture The material used is red stones in this school of sculpture. There is no outside influence in Buddha school of art, it is purely indigenous style. In Mathura sculpture, there is the religious influence of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism In Mathura school of art the Buddha is presented as Human . Sitting and standing posture of Buddha’s are carved. The Buddha of Mathura school is in Padmasana and sole of the feet is decorated with Triratana and Dharmachakra sign Amravati Sculpture Amravati Style of Art, evolved in Amaravati, (Andhra Pradesh), was patronized first by the Satavahanas and later by the Ikshvakus The material used in Amravati stupas is a white marble Like the Sanchi Stupa, the Amaravati Stupa also has pradakshina path enclosed within a vedika on which many narrative stories from the life of Buddha Sculptural form in Amravati Art is characterized by intense emotions as the figures are slim, have a lot of movement, bodies are shown with three bents (i.e. tribhanga) Both religious and secular images were present in this style. These were the contrasting features of Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati sculpture.
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##Question:Gandhara, Mathura and Amravathi sculptures, all developed during the post-Mauryan period, but they had wide differences. Elaborate? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach 1. Briefly introduce different schools of art. 2. Highlight features of Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati school of arts. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer The Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati school of art are part of Post Mauryan sculpture. Their region of occurrence are Northwest Frontier (Gandhara), Mathura is part of UP and Amravati sculptures belong to Andhra region. Gandhara sculpture In Gandhara sculpture, the material used is of Grey Stone and Blue Schist Due to the application of Greek Techniques of art to the Buddhist subjects (beautiful images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas), the Gandhara School of Art is also known as the Graeco-Buddhist School of Art The theme of Gandhara art is mainly Buddhism. Image of Buddha looks like the Greek God. Buddha"s curl was altered in wavy hair. In Gandhara Art Buddha has been shown in following Mudra’s (hand Gesture) 1. Abhayamudra: Never fear 2. Dhyan mudra: meditation 3. Bhumisparsha Mudra; touching the earth 4. Dharmachakra mudra: Preaching Buddha Gandhara arts were mainly patronized by Kushana. Mathura Sculpture The material used is red stones in this school of sculpture. There is no outside influence in Buddha school of art, it is purely indigenous style. In Mathura sculpture, there is the religious influence of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism In Mathura school of art the Buddha is presented as Human . Sitting and standing posture of Buddha’s are carved. The Buddha of Mathura school is in Padmasana and sole of the feet is decorated with Triratana and Dharmachakra sign Amravati Sculpture Amravati Style of Art, evolved in Amaravati, (Andhra Pradesh), was patronized first by the Satavahanas and later by the Ikshvakus The material used in Amravati stupas is a white marble Like the Sanchi Stupa, the Amaravati Stupa also has pradakshina path enclosed within a vedika on which many narrative stories from the life of Buddha Sculptural form in Amravati Art is characterized by intense emotions as the figures are slim, have a lot of movement, bodies are shown with three bents (i.e. tribhanga) Both religious and secular images were present in this style. These were the contrasting features of Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati sculpture.
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एक संघ शासित राज्य के रूप में दिल्ली के उपराज्यपाल और मंत्रिपरिषद के मध्य विवाद की चर्चा करते हुए इसके संदर्भ में न्यायपालिका के अब तक के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट कीजिये। ( 150-200 शब्द, अंक-10 ) Discussing the dispute between the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi and the Council of Ministers as a Union Territory, explain the stand of the judiciary so far in its context. ( 150-200 words, mark-10 )
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दृष्टिकोण: 1- भूमिका में दिल्ली में शासन व्यवस्था से संबन्धित संवैधानिक प्रावधानों को लिखिए। 2- विवाद के मुख्य बिन्दुओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए। 3- इसके बाद क्रमिक रूप से उच्च न्यायालय व उच्चतम न्यायालय के निर्णयों को को स्पष्ट करते हुए इनकीसमीक्षा कीजिए। 4- निष्कर्ष में सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के साथ समाधान के लिए सुझाव दीजिए। संविधान के 69वें संशोधन के माध्यम से दिल्ली में विधानसभा का गठन किया गया। इस संबंध में संविधान के अनुच्छेद 239 व 233AA में प्रशासनिक व न्यायिक अधिकार, शक्तियों का उल्लेख किया गया। गौरतलब है कि विगत कुछ वर्षों से दिल्ली उपराज्यपाल निर्वाचित सरकार के मध्य राज्य में संचालन के मुद्दे को लेकर विवाद उत्पन्न हुआ है। यह विवाद निम्न पक्षों के अंतर्गत देखा जा सकता है: निर्वाचित सरकार द्वारा लिए गए निर्णय के संबंध में अंतिम सत्ता का अधिकार उपराज्यपाल के पास है या नहीं? केंद्र, राज्य के विभिन्न विभाग, अनेक अर्ध-सरकारी/स्वायत्त निकाय आदि शासन में भागीदार हैं। राज्य में पुलिस व प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था के संचालन, नियमन को लेकर। सिविल सेवा के अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति, स्थानांतरण से संबन्धित। उपरोक्त विवादों के मद्देनजर दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय व उच्चतम न्यायालय ने समय-समय पर अपने निर्णय दिये हैं। इस संदर्भ में दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय का मानना था की उप-राज्यपाल के पास निम्नलिखित अधिकार व शक्तियाँ हैं: शांति, सुरक्षा एवं सद्भावना: दिल्ली राज्य व अन्य राज्य सरकारों के मध्य संबंध राज्य विधानसभा का सत्र बुलाना, स्थगित करना सत्रावसान करना। विधानसभा के सदस्यों को अयोग्य घोषित करना। राज्य की सिविल सेवा संबन्धित विषय राज्य के समेकित निधि से व्यय ध्यातव्य है कि दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय के विरुद्ध उच्चतम न्यायालय ने महत्वपूर्ण निर्णय दिये हैं: भूमि, पुलिस व लोकव्यवस्था को छोडकर सभी क्षेत्रों में निर्णय लेने कि शक्ति है। उपराज्यपाल सहायता व परामर्श को मानने हेतु बाध्य है किसी मुद्दे पर पर मुख्यमंत्री से मतभिन्नता होने पर अनुच्छेद 239एए के तहत राष्ट्रपति को विनिर्दिष्ट करने कि अनुमति। न तो निर्वाचित सरकार को सर्वोच्चता का अनुभव करना चाहिए न ही उपराज्यपाल को। अब यदि दोनों निर्णयों कि समीक्षा कि जाए तो यह तथ्य सामने आता है कि दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय ने उप-राज्यपाल को अधिक शक्ति प्रदान किया परंतु उच्चतम न्यायालय ने इस पर सीमा आरोपित करते हुए एक संतुलित दृष्टिकोण प्रदान किया है। इसी क्रम में दोनों पक्षों को यह समझने कि आवश्यकता है कि दिल्ली में क्षेत्राधिकार का अतिव्यापन अंतर्निहित है। उपरोक्त अतिव्यापन व प्रायः विवादास्पद क्षेत्राधिकार को देखते हुए किसी विश्वसनीय व संस्थागत विवाद-समाधान तंत्र को अपनाया जाना आवश्यक है। विवादों को राष्ट्रपति को विनिर्दिष्ट किया जाना एक विफल मॉडल है क्योंकि यह केंद्र सरकार के पक्ष में निर्णय करती है। अभिशासन कि व्यवस्था इस प्रकार से पुनर्गठित की जानी चाहिए कि किन्ही विशिष्ट कार्यों के संबंध में जवाबदेहीता पूर्ण रूप से किसी एक संगठन की ही हो। भविष्य में उच्चतम न्यायालय के निर्णय इस संबंध में विवाद को समाप्त करने वाले होने चाहिए।
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##Question:एक संघ शासित राज्य के रूप में दिल्ली के उपराज्यपाल और मंत्रिपरिषद के मध्य विवाद की चर्चा करते हुए इसके संदर्भ में न्यायपालिका के अब तक के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट कीजिये। ( 150-200 शब्द, अंक-10 ) Discussing the dispute between the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi and the Council of Ministers as a Union Territory, explain the stand of the judiciary so far in its context. ( 150-200 words, mark-10 )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: 1- भूमिका में दिल्ली में शासन व्यवस्था से संबन्धित संवैधानिक प्रावधानों को लिखिए। 2- विवाद के मुख्य बिन्दुओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए। 3- इसके बाद क्रमिक रूप से उच्च न्यायालय व उच्चतम न्यायालय के निर्णयों को को स्पष्ट करते हुए इनकीसमीक्षा कीजिए। 4- निष्कर्ष में सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के साथ समाधान के लिए सुझाव दीजिए। संविधान के 69वें संशोधन के माध्यम से दिल्ली में विधानसभा का गठन किया गया। इस संबंध में संविधान के अनुच्छेद 239 व 233AA में प्रशासनिक व न्यायिक अधिकार, शक्तियों का उल्लेख किया गया। गौरतलब है कि विगत कुछ वर्षों से दिल्ली उपराज्यपाल निर्वाचित सरकार के मध्य राज्य में संचालन के मुद्दे को लेकर विवाद उत्पन्न हुआ है। यह विवाद निम्न पक्षों के अंतर्गत देखा जा सकता है: निर्वाचित सरकार द्वारा लिए गए निर्णय के संबंध में अंतिम सत्ता का अधिकार उपराज्यपाल के पास है या नहीं? केंद्र, राज्य के विभिन्न विभाग, अनेक अर्ध-सरकारी/स्वायत्त निकाय आदि शासन में भागीदार हैं। राज्य में पुलिस व प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था के संचालन, नियमन को लेकर। सिविल सेवा के अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति, स्थानांतरण से संबन्धित। उपरोक्त विवादों के मद्देनजर दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय व उच्चतम न्यायालय ने समय-समय पर अपने निर्णय दिये हैं। इस संदर्भ में दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय का मानना था की उप-राज्यपाल के पास निम्नलिखित अधिकार व शक्तियाँ हैं: शांति, सुरक्षा एवं सद्भावना: दिल्ली राज्य व अन्य राज्य सरकारों के मध्य संबंध राज्य विधानसभा का सत्र बुलाना, स्थगित करना सत्रावसान करना। विधानसभा के सदस्यों को अयोग्य घोषित करना। राज्य की सिविल सेवा संबन्धित विषय राज्य के समेकित निधि से व्यय ध्यातव्य है कि दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय के विरुद्ध उच्चतम न्यायालय ने महत्वपूर्ण निर्णय दिये हैं: भूमि, पुलिस व लोकव्यवस्था को छोडकर सभी क्षेत्रों में निर्णय लेने कि शक्ति है। उपराज्यपाल सहायता व परामर्श को मानने हेतु बाध्य है किसी मुद्दे पर पर मुख्यमंत्री से मतभिन्नता होने पर अनुच्छेद 239एए के तहत राष्ट्रपति को विनिर्दिष्ट करने कि अनुमति। न तो निर्वाचित सरकार को सर्वोच्चता का अनुभव करना चाहिए न ही उपराज्यपाल को। अब यदि दोनों निर्णयों कि समीक्षा कि जाए तो यह तथ्य सामने आता है कि दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय ने उप-राज्यपाल को अधिक शक्ति प्रदान किया परंतु उच्चतम न्यायालय ने इस पर सीमा आरोपित करते हुए एक संतुलित दृष्टिकोण प्रदान किया है। इसी क्रम में दोनों पक्षों को यह समझने कि आवश्यकता है कि दिल्ली में क्षेत्राधिकार का अतिव्यापन अंतर्निहित है। उपरोक्त अतिव्यापन व प्रायः विवादास्पद क्षेत्राधिकार को देखते हुए किसी विश्वसनीय व संस्थागत विवाद-समाधान तंत्र को अपनाया जाना आवश्यक है। विवादों को राष्ट्रपति को विनिर्दिष्ट किया जाना एक विफल मॉडल है क्योंकि यह केंद्र सरकार के पक्ष में निर्णय करती है। अभिशासन कि व्यवस्था इस प्रकार से पुनर्गठित की जानी चाहिए कि किन्ही विशिष्ट कार्यों के संबंध में जवाबदेहीता पूर्ण रूप से किसी एक संगठन की ही हो। भविष्य में उच्चतम न्यायालय के निर्णय इस संबंध में विवाद को समाप्त करने वाले होने चाहिए।
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Why are the Western Ghats identified as one of the biodiversity hotspots? Discuss the importance of the Western Ghats and threats that are faced by them at present. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Can talk about what is a biodiversity hotspot. Highlight the key features of Western Ghat, climate, diversity of species, endemism, etc. Threats faced and solutions can be mentioned. Answer: Western Ghats: Spread in six states, the Western Ghats of India are enriched with biodiversity and one of the prominent hotspots of India. Having more than 50% of the endemic species of the world. looking at the importance of it Govt. of India formed a panel to study the effect of activities going under the ghats. The physical location, climate, vegetation, and amount of rainfall it receives favour the biodiversity in such an amount that it has been listed under UNSECO as a hotspot. Rich in species diversity : the Western Ghats is considered one of the hottest biodiversity spots in the world. It supports the life of more than 7000 species of flowering plants, around 1800 species of non-flowering plants, mammal species, bird species, amphibian species, and freshwater fish species. Many are still to be discovered. Animal species diversity: It contains the single largest population of endangered Asian elephants and vulnerable Indian bison. Major river systems like Godavari and Kaveri originate here and 27% of all species of higher plants in India are found here, 1800 of them endemic to the region. Threats and steps are taken for the same: The fragile ecosystem of Western Ghats is threatened due to mining, construction, etc. Fragmentation, habitat destruction: The threats faced by the rich and unique flora and fauna of the region include fragmentation of forests due to human activities. People started clearing forests for monoculture plantations of teak, tea and coffee. Threat of Industrial Activity: Harmful industrial activities like oil and gas exploration and extraction, mining, illegal logging, and large-scale constructions threaten the biodiversity of the area. Sholas, the forests of the region are also being destroyed. In short, deforestation, habitat loss, wildlife loss, population pressure, encroachment are the key threats. Conservation Efforts: The setting up of Madhav Gadgil and Kasturirangan Committees are the steps in the right direction. Consultations with all the stakeholders have been held before deciding on ecologically sensitive zones in the Western Ghats. Eco-sensitive Zones: The first one was the Gadgil report and the Kasturirangan committee which submitted its report last year. Both of them favoured protecting some percentage of the area as ESZ to be reserved for locals only.
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##Question:Why are the Western Ghats identified as one of the biodiversity hotspots? Discuss the importance of the Western Ghats and threats that are faced by them at present. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Can talk about what is a biodiversity hotspot. Highlight the key features of Western Ghat, climate, diversity of species, endemism, etc. Threats faced and solutions can be mentioned. Answer: Western Ghats: Spread in six states, the Western Ghats of India are enriched with biodiversity and one of the prominent hotspots of India. Having more than 50% of the endemic species of the world. looking at the importance of it Govt. of India formed a panel to study the effect of activities going under the ghats. The physical location, climate, vegetation, and amount of rainfall it receives favour the biodiversity in such an amount that it has been listed under UNSECO as a hotspot. Rich in species diversity : the Western Ghats is considered one of the hottest biodiversity spots in the world. It supports the life of more than 7000 species of flowering plants, around 1800 species of non-flowering plants, mammal species, bird species, amphibian species, and freshwater fish species. Many are still to be discovered. Animal species diversity: It contains the single largest population of endangered Asian elephants and vulnerable Indian bison. Major river systems like Godavari and Kaveri originate here and 27% of all species of higher plants in India are found here, 1800 of them endemic to the region. Threats and steps are taken for the same: The fragile ecosystem of Western Ghats is threatened due to mining, construction, etc. Fragmentation, habitat destruction: The threats faced by the rich and unique flora and fauna of the region include fragmentation of forests due to human activities. People started clearing forests for monoculture plantations of teak, tea and coffee. Threat of Industrial Activity: Harmful industrial activities like oil and gas exploration and extraction, mining, illegal logging, and large-scale constructions threaten the biodiversity of the area. Sholas, the forests of the region are also being destroyed. In short, deforestation, habitat loss, wildlife loss, population pressure, encroachment are the key threats. Conservation Efforts: The setting up of Madhav Gadgil and Kasturirangan Committees are the steps in the right direction. Consultations with all the stakeholders have been held before deciding on ecologically sensitive zones in the Western Ghats. Eco-sensitive Zones: The first one was the Gadgil report and the Kasturirangan committee which submitted its report last year. Both of them favoured protecting some percentage of the area as ESZ to be reserved for locals only.
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" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks - 60)
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अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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##Question:" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks - 60)##Answer:अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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WHAT ARE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES. HOW HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE IMPACTING THESE BOUNDARIES. EXPLAIN BRIEFLY (250 WORDS/15 MARKS)
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Approach: Introduction: Briefly Explain about Planetary Boundaries Body: Discuss How Human activities are impacting Planetary boundaries Conclude you answer accordingly Planetary boundaries, put simply, are thresholds within which humanity can survive, develop and thrive for generations to come. These nine boundaries created a safe operating limit for survival. The idea was to define what humans could and couldn’t cross while keeping the resilience and stability of Earth systems foremost in mind. If these boundaries are crossed, the scientists said, it would lead to abrupt or irreversible planetary changes that would have a large-scale impact. The nine planetary boundaries explained Climate change- The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air was 280 ppm (parts per million) in the pre-industrial era. Now it has reached over 400 ppm. Some of the implications, such as the melting of polar ice sheets, are irreversible. Sea levels are rising, and Earth is getting warmer than ever since it became habitable for humans. The ongoing loss of the world’s rainforests is another alarming tipping point because it signals the weakening or reversal of terrestrial carbon sinks. Biodiversity integrity loss- Many species of our diverse flora and fauna are not only endangered, but they’re also going extinct. The Zoological Society of London revealed that mammals, birds, and reptiles declined by 68% on average between 1970 and 2016. Research has shown that almost 30% of mammals, birds, and amphibians will be facing the threat of extinction in this century. This is happening due to the constant demand for food, water, and natural resources. Biodiversity is being disturbed both by an increase in global temperatures and by civilizations excessively and irresponsibly clearing out the land. Humanity needs to enhance habitats and improve the connectivity between ecosystems to ensure the survival of the next generations. Altered biogeochemical cycles- Modern agriculture methods were adopted to increase yield to feed growing populations. However, the use of fertilizers has added many gases to the atmosphere. The industries where fertilizer production takes place—and the use of these in agriculture—are equally responsible for increasing greenhouse gases. Although nitrogen and phosphorus increase the yield, a significant portion of these reaches the oceans and threatens marine life. Therefore, a planetary boundary of 25% of the current value of nitrogen has been set to ensure we stay within limits. Land system change- Forests, wetlands, and grasslands are being converted into agricultural land to sustain the world’s population and be fit for human use. This is a change in land use — instead of reforestation, humans are removing forests to make available more land for cultivation, and the Earth can’t adjust itself according to the growing needs of humanity. Freshwater use- Research shows that by 2050 almost half a billion people will experience water scarcity. Freshwater resources are being affected by excessive usage by industries. Human modification of water bodies has a catastrophic impact on the environment, from changes in river flows and irregular vapor movements on a global scale. Ocean acidification- The increased acidity has ramifications on global marine environments — it mitigates the carbonate ions necessary for corals, shellfish, and many other species to grow. Transgressing these boundaries and losing these species would mean a drastic change in ocean ecosystems and shortages in fish stocks. Chemical pollution and novel entities- Novel entities are defined as new chemicals, new forms of existing substances, and changed life forms that can have undesirable geophysical and biological consequences. Many of these have been introduced into the environment due to fundamental human-driven changes. The effects of these entities are long-term: they reduce fertility and increase the potential of permanent genetic damage in the generations to come. Ozone layer- The ozone layer is responsible for filtering out the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. In the 1980s, the increased concentration of chemicals created a hole in the layer. When the layer gets thin, increased amounts of Ultraviolet rays make their way towards the Earth. And this, in turn, threatens the marine and terrestrial biological systems. Atmospheric aerosol loading- Atmospheric aerosols affect global atmospheric circulation systems. The aerosols can formulate clouds that can cool and warm the Earth outside of standard natural cycles. Aerosols especially tend to affect the monsoon systems in tropical areas. The presence of aerosols also affects the reflection and absorption of solar rays in the environment. In addition to all this, it’s also estimated that almost 800,000 people die annually from inhaling air polluted by harmful aerosols. Planetary boundaries provided a powerful yet simple visual of what we should be doing. The message delivered by the framework of these boundaries indicated that there is a limit. If we are to ensure our existence on this planet, we must not cross that limit. Humans can progress as much as they want to, but they must not transgress these boundaries.
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##Question:WHAT ARE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES. HOW HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE IMPACTING THESE BOUNDARIES. EXPLAIN BRIEFLY (250 WORDS/15 MARKS)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly Explain about Planetary Boundaries Body: Discuss How Human activities are impacting Planetary boundaries Conclude you answer accordingly Planetary boundaries, put simply, are thresholds within which humanity can survive, develop and thrive for generations to come. These nine boundaries created a safe operating limit for survival. The idea was to define what humans could and couldn’t cross while keeping the resilience and stability of Earth systems foremost in mind. If these boundaries are crossed, the scientists said, it would lead to abrupt or irreversible planetary changes that would have a large-scale impact. The nine planetary boundaries explained Climate change- The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air was 280 ppm (parts per million) in the pre-industrial era. Now it has reached over 400 ppm. Some of the implications, such as the melting of polar ice sheets, are irreversible. Sea levels are rising, and Earth is getting warmer than ever since it became habitable for humans. The ongoing loss of the world’s rainforests is another alarming tipping point because it signals the weakening or reversal of terrestrial carbon sinks. Biodiversity integrity loss- Many species of our diverse flora and fauna are not only endangered, but they’re also going extinct. The Zoological Society of London revealed that mammals, birds, and reptiles declined by 68% on average between 1970 and 2016. Research has shown that almost 30% of mammals, birds, and amphibians will be facing the threat of extinction in this century. This is happening due to the constant demand for food, water, and natural resources. Biodiversity is being disturbed both by an increase in global temperatures and by civilizations excessively and irresponsibly clearing out the land. Humanity needs to enhance habitats and improve the connectivity between ecosystems to ensure the survival of the next generations. Altered biogeochemical cycles- Modern agriculture methods were adopted to increase yield to feed growing populations. However, the use of fertilizers has added many gases to the atmosphere. The industries where fertilizer production takes place—and the use of these in agriculture—are equally responsible for increasing greenhouse gases. Although nitrogen and phosphorus increase the yield, a significant portion of these reaches the oceans and threatens marine life. Therefore, a planetary boundary of 25% of the current value of nitrogen has been set to ensure we stay within limits. Land system change- Forests, wetlands, and grasslands are being converted into agricultural land to sustain the world’s population and be fit for human use. This is a change in land use — instead of reforestation, humans are removing forests to make available more land for cultivation, and the Earth can’t adjust itself according to the growing needs of humanity. Freshwater use- Research shows that by 2050 almost half a billion people will experience water scarcity. Freshwater resources are being affected by excessive usage by industries. Human modification of water bodies has a catastrophic impact on the environment, from changes in river flows and irregular vapor movements on a global scale. Ocean acidification- The increased acidity has ramifications on global marine environments — it mitigates the carbonate ions necessary for corals, shellfish, and many other species to grow. Transgressing these boundaries and losing these species would mean a drastic change in ocean ecosystems and shortages in fish stocks. Chemical pollution and novel entities- Novel entities are defined as new chemicals, new forms of existing substances, and changed life forms that can have undesirable geophysical and biological consequences. Many of these have been introduced into the environment due to fundamental human-driven changes. The effects of these entities are long-term: they reduce fertility and increase the potential of permanent genetic damage in the generations to come. Ozone layer- The ozone layer is responsible for filtering out the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. In the 1980s, the increased concentration of chemicals created a hole in the layer. When the layer gets thin, increased amounts of Ultraviolet rays make their way towards the Earth. And this, in turn, threatens the marine and terrestrial biological systems. Atmospheric aerosol loading- Atmospheric aerosols affect global atmospheric circulation systems. The aerosols can formulate clouds that can cool and warm the Earth outside of standard natural cycles. Aerosols especially tend to affect the monsoon systems in tropical areas. The presence of aerosols also affects the reflection and absorption of solar rays in the environment. In addition to all this, it’s also estimated that almost 800,000 people die annually from inhaling air polluted by harmful aerosols. Planetary boundaries provided a powerful yet simple visual of what we should be doing. The message delivered by the framework of these boundaries indicated that there is a limit. If we are to ensure our existence on this planet, we must not cross that limit. Humans can progress as much as they want to, but they must not transgress these boundaries.
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" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks- 60)
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अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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##Question:" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks- 60)##Answer:अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks- 60)
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अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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##Question:" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks- 60)##Answer:अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks- 60)
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अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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##Question:" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks- 60)##Answer:अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks- 60)
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अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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##Question:" डिजिटल संप्रभुता : यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है ? " ( 600 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Digital Sovereignty: Why It matters ?" (600 words, Marks- 60)##Answer:अप्रोच : डिजिटल संप्रभुता को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . डिजिटल संप्रभुता के विभिन्न घटकों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . वर्तमान डिजिटल विश्व में डिजिटल संप्रभुता की प्रसंगिकता व इसके विविध आयामों को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटलीकरण व डिजिटल संप्रभुता की वर्तमान स्थिति को दर्शाइए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए किये जा रहे प्रयासों की सोदाहरण चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता के मार्ग में बाधक तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . भारत में डिजिटल संप्रभुता सुनिश्चित करने के कुछ सुझावों प्रस्तुत कीजिए कुछ उदाहरणों के माध्यम से डिजिटल संप्रभुता के महत्व की चर्चा करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए .
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Discuss briefly National Clean Air Program. Mention a few initiatives taken in NCR Delhi to reduce air pollution. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: The context of the Program can be given ie the situation of pollution. Main body: National Clean Air Program should be discussed. Initiatives were taken in the NCR to reduce air pollution. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given by the student. Answer: Delhi was the most polluted capital city in the world in 2020 for the third consecutive year, according to a report by a Swiss group that ranked cities based on their air quality measured in terms of the levels of ultrafine particulate matter (PM 2.5) that can enter the organs and cause lasting damage. To regulate air pollution in the region, the National Clean Air Program was launched in 2019. Main features: It was launched by the MoEFCC in January 2019. It is the first-ever effort in the country to frame a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound reduction target. It seeks to cut the concentration of coarse (particulate matter of diameter 10 micrometer or less, or PM10) and fine particles (particulate matter of diameter 2.5 micrometers or less, or PM2.5) by at least 20% in the next five years, with 2017 as the base year for comparison. The plan includes 102 non-attainment cities, across 23 states and Union territories, which were identified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on the basis of their ambient air quality data between 2011 and 2015. Non-attainment cities: These are those that have fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. Challenges: Critics have pointed out that the absence of clarity on funding provisions and lack of legal framework might dilute the effectiveness of the program. That only a paltry amount of Rs. 300 crore has been set aside for this too has been roundly criticized. There is a lack of specific targets for the cities. There is a lack of statutory backing. Other initiatives taken to reduce air pollution: The Centre has said that it has collected over ₹4.8 crores as "environmental compensation" from over 100 errant industries in Delhi-NCR, fined thousands of polluting vehicles, found 262 construction sites non-compliant, and imposed fines worth ₹80 lakh against them. The Commission for Air Quality Management in Delhi-NCR, claimed that over 250 smog guns were installed, 133 road sweeping machines deployed and over 1,000 water sprinklers and fire tenders pushed into service to help water the suspended dust in the atmosphere. Special teams have been formed to monitor pollution hotspots. Steps will also be taken to address traffic jams on 64 identified roads to reduce vehicular pollution. Pusa Bio Decomposer to reduce stubble burning. Delhi, Haryana, and UP governments have been directed by the Environment Pollution Authority to ban diesel generators, the only exception to this rule is emergency and essential services. Urgent actions are required to help reduce air pollution in Delhi, one of the most polluted cities in the world and restore various air parameters to levels safe for the health of its citizens and visitors. The citizens can also take initiatives like carpooling, more CNG vehicles, etc. This will ensure Article 21- right to life.
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##Question:Discuss briefly National Clean Air Program. Mention a few initiatives taken in NCR Delhi to reduce air pollution. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: The context of the Program can be given ie the situation of pollution. Main body: National Clean Air Program should be discussed. Initiatives were taken in the NCR to reduce air pollution. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given by the student. Answer: Delhi was the most polluted capital city in the world in 2020 for the third consecutive year, according to a report by a Swiss group that ranked cities based on their air quality measured in terms of the levels of ultrafine particulate matter (PM 2.5) that can enter the organs and cause lasting damage. To regulate air pollution in the region, the National Clean Air Program was launched in 2019. Main features: It was launched by the MoEFCC in January 2019. It is the first-ever effort in the country to frame a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound reduction target. It seeks to cut the concentration of coarse (particulate matter of diameter 10 micrometer or less, or PM10) and fine particles (particulate matter of diameter 2.5 micrometers or less, or PM2.5) by at least 20% in the next five years, with 2017 as the base year for comparison. The plan includes 102 non-attainment cities, across 23 states and Union territories, which were identified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on the basis of their ambient air quality data between 2011 and 2015. Non-attainment cities: These are those that have fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. Challenges: Critics have pointed out that the absence of clarity on funding provisions and lack of legal framework might dilute the effectiveness of the program. That only a paltry amount of Rs. 300 crore has been set aside for this too has been roundly criticized. There is a lack of specific targets for the cities. There is a lack of statutory backing. Other initiatives taken to reduce air pollution: The Centre has said that it has collected over ₹4.8 crores as "environmental compensation" from over 100 errant industries in Delhi-NCR, fined thousands of polluting vehicles, found 262 construction sites non-compliant, and imposed fines worth ₹80 lakh against them. The Commission for Air Quality Management in Delhi-NCR, claimed that over 250 smog guns were installed, 133 road sweeping machines deployed and over 1,000 water sprinklers and fire tenders pushed into service to help water the suspended dust in the atmosphere. Special teams have been formed to monitor pollution hotspots. Steps will also be taken to address traffic jams on 64 identified roads to reduce vehicular pollution. Pusa Bio Decomposer to reduce stubble burning. Delhi, Haryana, and UP governments have been directed by the Environment Pollution Authority to ban diesel generators, the only exception to this rule is emergency and essential services. Urgent actions are required to help reduce air pollution in Delhi, one of the most polluted cities in the world and restore various air parameters to levels safe for the health of its citizens and visitors. The citizens can also take initiatives like carpooling, more CNG vehicles, etc. This will ensure Article 21- right to life.
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What do you mean by Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) and discuss its further sub-divisions? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) In Body discuss the further sub-divisions of FPI Conclude briefly with recent developments Answer: Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) refers to that investment that is less than 10% of equity and the investor is only interested in the financial assets than the functioning of the company. If the FPI investment is witnessing higher volatility that indicates that investors are looking at short term profits only and might create pseudo inflation in the concerned countries. Such economies are called hot economies. In general, FPI in the retention route is preferred with a certain locking period FPIs can be further sub-divided in: Foreign Investment Investor (FII) - It is coming through the institutional channel FII through Participatory Notes - Participatory Notes refer to the investment where the investor does not want to reveal/disclose his identity. Generally, PN is taken as the last resort Qualified Financial Investors (QFIs) - It was introduced in 2011 to provide easy clearances to those investors who are coming from that country which are members of FATF or the international organisation of securities commission Within QFIs, NRI deposits are also promoted where special privileges are offered to NRIs for investment in India with a built-in demat account American Depository Receipts (ADR) - It refers to an arrangement where a company of India reaches a financial institution in America to support their equity which is floated in the American market to attract investment. For example, XYZ Company of India issues depository receipts in America with the support of a financial institution of America (Say, Bank fo America) Global Depository Receipts (GDR) - If any of the Indian companies approached European Financial Institutions and issues depository receipts is called GDR In India, in 2011, Standard Chartered Bank started Indian Depository Receipts but it failed to take off So, on the recommendation of the SM Sahoo Panel, Bharat Depository Receipts (BhDR) has been reintroduced Legal Position of Depository Receipts - As these depository receipts are amphibious. In 2009, the Ministry of Finance categorically mentioned that they should not be treated as FDI But the new FDI policy, 2016 has highlighted that the criteria of differentiation should be the percentage of equity So, in an answer to the question of the Honorable Supreme Court in 2020, it was clarified again that Depository Receipts are as good as FDI if meet the criteria of quantity Additionally, it has been clarified that once under FDI is always FDI Moreover, it has been said that convertible notes can be potential FDI Convertible Notes - They are that debt given to start-ups which subsequently can be converted into equity Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs) - This is where a native company of country issues bonds in foreign currencies For example, XYZ Company of India issues a bond in dollars. Such things attract investors as it is free from Market Volatility in terms of exchange rate Thus we can say that Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) consists of securities and other financial assets held by investors in another country. It does not provide the investor with direct ownership of a company"s assets and is relatively liquid depending on the volatility of the market. The recent years was a good one for India in terms of FPI. Many new investment funds are registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). An easier regulatory climate and a strong performance by Indian equities over the last few years were among the factors sparking foreign investors" interest.
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##Question:What do you mean by Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) and discuss its further sub-divisions? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) In Body discuss the further sub-divisions of FPI Conclude briefly with recent developments Answer: Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) refers to that investment that is less than 10% of equity and the investor is only interested in the financial assets than the functioning of the company. If the FPI investment is witnessing higher volatility that indicates that investors are looking at short term profits only and might create pseudo inflation in the concerned countries. Such economies are called hot economies. In general, FPI in the retention route is preferred with a certain locking period FPIs can be further sub-divided in: Foreign Investment Investor (FII) - It is coming through the institutional channel FII through Participatory Notes - Participatory Notes refer to the investment where the investor does not want to reveal/disclose his identity. Generally, PN is taken as the last resort Qualified Financial Investors (QFIs) - It was introduced in 2011 to provide easy clearances to those investors who are coming from that country which are members of FATF or the international organisation of securities commission Within QFIs, NRI deposits are also promoted where special privileges are offered to NRIs for investment in India with a built-in demat account American Depository Receipts (ADR) - It refers to an arrangement where a company of India reaches a financial institution in America to support their equity which is floated in the American market to attract investment. For example, XYZ Company of India issues depository receipts in America with the support of a financial institution of America (Say, Bank fo America) Global Depository Receipts (GDR) - If any of the Indian companies approached European Financial Institutions and issues depository receipts is called GDR In India, in 2011, Standard Chartered Bank started Indian Depository Receipts but it failed to take off So, on the recommendation of the SM Sahoo Panel, Bharat Depository Receipts (BhDR) has been reintroduced Legal Position of Depository Receipts - As these depository receipts are amphibious. In 2009, the Ministry of Finance categorically mentioned that they should not be treated as FDI But the new FDI policy, 2016 has highlighted that the criteria of differentiation should be the percentage of equity So, in an answer to the question of the Honorable Supreme Court in 2020, it was clarified again that Depository Receipts are as good as FDI if meet the criteria of quantity Additionally, it has been clarified that once under FDI is always FDI Moreover, it has been said that convertible notes can be potential FDI Convertible Notes - They are that debt given to start-ups which subsequently can be converted into equity Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs) - This is where a native company of country issues bonds in foreign currencies For example, XYZ Company of India issues a bond in dollars. Such things attract investors as it is free from Market Volatility in terms of exchange rate Thus we can say that Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) consists of securities and other financial assets held by investors in another country. It does not provide the investor with direct ownership of a company"s assets and is relatively liquid depending on the volatility of the market. The recent years was a good one for India in terms of FPI. Many new investment funds are registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). An easier regulatory climate and a strong performance by Indian equities over the last few years were among the factors sparking foreign investors" interest.
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What do you mean by Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) and discuss its further sub-divisions? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction: Write in brief about Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) Body: Discuss the various types of FPI Conclude briefly with recent developments Answer: Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) refers to an investment that is less than 10% of equity and the investor is only interested in the financial assets than the functioning of the company. If the FPI investment is witnessing higher volatility that indicates that investors are looking at short-term profits only and might create pseudo-inflation in the concerned countries. Such economies are called hot economies. In general, FPI in the retention route is preferred with a certain locking period FPIs can be further sub-divided in: Foreign Investment Investor (FII) - It is coming through the institutional channel FII through Participatory Notes - Participatory Notes refer to the investment where the investor does not want to reveal/disclose his identity. Generally, PN is taken as the last resort Qualified Financial Investors (QFIs) - It was introduced in 2011 to provide easy clearances to those investors who are coming from that country which are members of FATF or the international organization of securities commission. Within QFIs, NRI deposits are also promoted where special privileges are offered to NRIs for investment in India with a built-in Demat account American Depository Receipts (ADR) - It refers to an arrangement where a company of India reaches a financial institution in America to support their equity which is floated in the American market to attract investment. For example, XYZ Company of India issues depository receipts in America with the support of a financial institution of America (Say, Bank of America) Global Depository Receipts (GDR) - If any of the Indian companies approached European Financial Institutions and issue depository receipts is called GDR. In India, in 2011, Standard Chartered Bank started Indian Depository Receipts but it failed to take off. Legal Position of Depository Receipts - As these depository receipts are amphibious. In 2009, the Ministry of Finance categorically mentioned that they should not be treated as FDI Thus, we can say that Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) consists of securities and other financial assets held by investors in another country. It does not provide the investor with direct ownership of a company"s assets and is relatively liquid depending on the volatility of the market. The recent years were a good one for India in terms of FPI. Many new investment funds are registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). An easier regulatory climate and a strong performance by Indian equities over the last few years were among the factors sparking foreign investors" interest.
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##Question:What do you mean by Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) and discuss its further sub-divisions? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Write in brief about Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) Body: Discuss the various types of FPI Conclude briefly with recent developments Answer: Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) refers to an investment that is less than 10% of equity and the investor is only interested in the financial assets than the functioning of the company. If the FPI investment is witnessing higher volatility that indicates that investors are looking at short-term profits only and might create pseudo-inflation in the concerned countries. Such economies are called hot economies. In general, FPI in the retention route is preferred with a certain locking period FPIs can be further sub-divided in: Foreign Investment Investor (FII) - It is coming through the institutional channel FII through Participatory Notes - Participatory Notes refer to the investment where the investor does not want to reveal/disclose his identity. Generally, PN is taken as the last resort Qualified Financial Investors (QFIs) - It was introduced in 2011 to provide easy clearances to those investors who are coming from that country which are members of FATF or the international organization of securities commission. Within QFIs, NRI deposits are also promoted where special privileges are offered to NRIs for investment in India with a built-in Demat account American Depository Receipts (ADR) - It refers to an arrangement where a company of India reaches a financial institution in America to support their equity which is floated in the American market to attract investment. For example, XYZ Company of India issues depository receipts in America with the support of a financial institution of America (Say, Bank of America) Global Depository Receipts (GDR) - If any of the Indian companies approached European Financial Institutions and issue depository receipts is called GDR. In India, in 2011, Standard Chartered Bank started Indian Depository Receipts but it failed to take off. Legal Position of Depository Receipts - As these depository receipts are amphibious. In 2009, the Ministry of Finance categorically mentioned that they should not be treated as FDI Thus, we can say that Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) consists of securities and other financial assets held by investors in another country. It does not provide the investor with direct ownership of a company"s assets and is relatively liquid depending on the volatility of the market. The recent years were a good one for India in terms of FPI. Many new investment funds are registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). An easier regulatory climate and a strong performance by Indian equities over the last few years were among the factors sparking foreign investors" interest.
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Discuss the Circular Flow of Income in a Simple Economy? (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: A brief introduction can be given. Main body- to discuss the concept of the circular flow of income in a simple economy. Conclusion- a suitable conclusion can be given if the word limit permits. Answer: The circular flow of income is a method by which incomes generated in the economy can be measured. Concept of Circular flow model In an economy, there are 2 basic entities- the firms and the households. They interact with each other in the goods and factor market. The need for firms arises because households demand goods. In order to produce goods, a special entity that is the firm needs to be set up. For the firm to function, Factor Of Production (FOP) i s needed. These are: Entrepreneurship: An entrepreneur is a person who is willing to perform the task of assembling all the necessities required to commence the production process. He/ she also bears the risk associated with the production. In return, the entrepreneur earns a profit. Land- space (physical or virtual) needed to commence production. Labour- workers required to work in the firm. Capital- the initial money needed for the firm to buy items and machinery to start production. Incomes are defined as payments made in return for factors of production. Households provide these FOPs and earn factor payments in return. Against land, they earn rent, for the capital they earn interest, and for providing labor they earn wages. Entrepreneurship is also provided by the household which earns profits. It is not necessary that the firm will transfer all the profits back to the household. However, for simplification, let us assume it does. Further, we consider that households have some initial money to spend and that the firm is able to sell all that it produces. In the goods market, the firm produces goods and sells them to households. In order to produce goods, firms buy factors of production from households from the factors market and make factor payments in return. The households spent the money to buy goods that the firms use to pay for FOP. In this way, the money keeps on circulating in the economy. The circular flow model concludes that the value of goods produced is equal to the value of expenditure received which is equal to the value of factor payments done. Assumptions Goods produced are sold and there is no inventory. Households do not save i.e. they spend all the incomes received. There is no government collecting taxes. There are no foreigners from where households can import goods or to whom firms can sell. The goods produced by the firm continue to be in demand ie the households do not change their preferences. There are no financial institutions that provide the facilities of deposits and loans. Given these assumptions, national incomes are simply the sum of all income received provided by FOP Therefore, National income is equal to rent+wages+interest+profits. In the above model, the incomes remain in static equilibrium with the value of goods produced and the expenses.
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##Question:Discuss the Circular Flow of Income in a Simple Economy? (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: A brief introduction can be given. Main body- to discuss the concept of the circular flow of income in a simple economy. Conclusion- a suitable conclusion can be given if the word limit permits. Answer: The circular flow of income is a method by which incomes generated in the economy can be measured. Concept of Circular flow model In an economy, there are 2 basic entities- the firms and the households. They interact with each other in the goods and factor market. The need for firms arises because households demand goods. In order to produce goods, a special entity that is the firm needs to be set up. For the firm to function, Factor Of Production (FOP) i s needed. These are: Entrepreneurship: An entrepreneur is a person who is willing to perform the task of assembling all the necessities required to commence the production process. He/ she also bears the risk associated with the production. In return, the entrepreneur earns a profit. Land- space (physical or virtual) needed to commence production. Labour- workers required to work in the firm. Capital- the initial money needed for the firm to buy items and machinery to start production. Incomes are defined as payments made in return for factors of production. Households provide these FOPs and earn factor payments in return. Against land, they earn rent, for the capital they earn interest, and for providing labor they earn wages. Entrepreneurship is also provided by the household which earns profits. It is not necessary that the firm will transfer all the profits back to the household. However, for simplification, let us assume it does. Further, we consider that households have some initial money to spend and that the firm is able to sell all that it produces. In the goods market, the firm produces goods and sells them to households. In order to produce goods, firms buy factors of production from households from the factors market and make factor payments in return. The households spent the money to buy goods that the firms use to pay for FOP. In this way, the money keeps on circulating in the economy. The circular flow model concludes that the value of goods produced is equal to the value of expenditure received which is equal to the value of factor payments done. Assumptions Goods produced are sold and there is no inventory. Households do not save i.e. they spend all the incomes received. There is no government collecting taxes. There are no foreigners from where households can import goods or to whom firms can sell. The goods produced by the firm continue to be in demand ie the households do not change their preferences. There are no financial institutions that provide the facilities of deposits and loans. Given these assumptions, national incomes are simply the sum of all income received provided by FOP Therefore, National income is equal to rent+wages+interest+profits. In the above model, the incomes remain in static equilibrium with the value of goods produced and the expenses.
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Discuss the budget and monetary deficits. Also, discuss the issues related to the monetisation of deficit. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about deficits In body discuss the issues related to the monetisation of deficit Also, mention the different types of deficits Conclude briefly Answer: Deficits or Budget deficits refer to the situation in which the government"s" total expenditure (revenue and capital) is greater than the government total receipts (revenue and capital, including debt receipts). When government presents a budget in deficit, it is acknowledging that its total expenses planned for the coming year would be greater than the total receipts that it expects to collect in the coming year Types of Deficits: Fiscal Deficit - As a consequence of the WMA Agreement, the government was required to incorporate financial discipline in its expenses As a result, FRBM Act was passed in 2003, which restrained the government to incur Fiscal Deficits and Revenue Deficits beyond a level The fiscal deficit is the total borrowing of the government in the current year Fiscal Deficit (FD) = Total Borrowing of the Government = Debt Capital Receipts = Total Expenses - Non-Debt Receipts = (Revenue expense + Capital Expense) - (Revenue Receipts + Non-Debt Capital Receipts) Gross Fiscal Deficit is the fiscal deficit mentioned above Net Fiscal Deficit refers to the Fiscal Deficit calculated after subtracting lending by the government Lending that the government does is part of the Government"s capital expense We reduce this capital expense from the Gross Fiscal Deficit to arrive at net Fiscal Deficit FRBM Act imposes a limit of 3% of GDP on Fiscal Deficit (More Analysis Later) Revenue Deficit (RD) = Revenue Expenditure (RE) - Revenue Receipts (RR) = RD = RE - RR It conveys whether the government is able to perform its essential duties from the revenues that it collects as a matter of right If the Government incurs a revenue deficit then it is a sign that it may not have enough to spend on the creation of productive capital assets Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003, restricts RD to Zero/0 Effective Revenue Deficit (ERD)- Governments were unable to eliminate RD thereby, FRBM Act was modified and instead of RD, ERD was sought to be eliminated The Central Government gives grants to state governments and these are categorised as a revenue expense Some of these grants are utilised by states to create capital assets Therefore, even though such an expense by the centre is being categorised as revenue expenditure, it is essentially being used in the creation of capital assets in states Therefore from the total revenue expenditure, the grant to states meant for the creation of capital assets are subtracted to arrive at an effective revenue deficit RD = RE - RR ERD = {RE - (Grants to States for creation of Capital Assets )} - RR Primary Deficit (PD) - It is Fiscal Deficit minus Interest Payments Government incurs a fiscal deficit every year This fiscal deficit is the present year"s borrowing only It keeps on accumulating every year if it is not paid back The accumulation of deficits is the debt of the government The deficit is a flow variable whereas debt is a stock variable; Debt incurs interest The major part of government every year is spent on paying interest on the past debt incurred during the past Out of the total expense, interest payments are subtracted to see what is the deficit incurred this year which may be ascribed only to the present year"s expenses FD = Total Expense - Non Debt Receipts (NDR) = (RE+CE) - (RR+NDCR) PD = FD - Interest Payments (IP) = (RE- IP + Capital Expense) - (RR + NDCR) Net Primary Deficits (NPD) - It is equal to net fiscal deficit minus interest payments NPD = Net FD - IP Despite the government acknowledging in the budget itself the deficit, it still goes ahead and presents it by arguing that the budget reflects the government intentions which are limited only by the amount of money available. The government has an option to monetize this budget deficit or a part of it and the monetized part is referred to as Monetised Deficit. Monetization is done by asking the central bank to print money and give it to the government for spending - essentially creating money out of thin air The monetization of deficit leads to: 1. Loss of independence of the central bank ie the monetary policy decisions with respect to the money supply are taken by the governmnet and not the monetary authority or at least the governmnet impairs the capability of the central bank to act independently 2. Government becoming indisciplined in managing its finances - It now has a tendency to inflate its expenses and focus less on revenue collection, thereby increasing the deficits year over year 3. Loss of independence of the central bank causes loss of trust in the financial system There is uncertainty and volatility in the financial market due to a lack of trust in the central bank"s ability to enforce its will and decisions 4. The first tangible victim of loss of trust is the currency whose value was supposed to be enforced by the central bank As a result, the currency loses its value and the price level in the economy rises, causing inflation So, it can be said that a government experiences a deficit when it spends more money than it can generate over some time period. This gap between income and spending is subsequently closed by government borrowing, increasing the national debt. An increase in the fiscal deficit, in theory, can boost a sluggish economy. Long-term deficits, however, can be detrimental to economic growth and stability and hence needs to be managed well.
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##Question:Discuss the budget and monetary deficits. Also, discuss the issues related to the monetisation of deficit. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about deficits In body discuss the issues related to the monetisation of deficit Also, mention the different types of deficits Conclude briefly Answer: Deficits or Budget deficits refer to the situation in which the government"s" total expenditure (revenue and capital) is greater than the government total receipts (revenue and capital, including debt receipts). When government presents a budget in deficit, it is acknowledging that its total expenses planned for the coming year would be greater than the total receipts that it expects to collect in the coming year Types of Deficits: Fiscal Deficit - As a consequence of the WMA Agreement, the government was required to incorporate financial discipline in its expenses As a result, FRBM Act was passed in 2003, which restrained the government to incur Fiscal Deficits and Revenue Deficits beyond a level The fiscal deficit is the total borrowing of the government in the current year Fiscal Deficit (FD) = Total Borrowing of the Government = Debt Capital Receipts = Total Expenses - Non-Debt Receipts = (Revenue expense + Capital Expense) - (Revenue Receipts + Non-Debt Capital Receipts) Gross Fiscal Deficit is the fiscal deficit mentioned above Net Fiscal Deficit refers to the Fiscal Deficit calculated after subtracting lending by the government Lending that the government does is part of the Government"s capital expense We reduce this capital expense from the Gross Fiscal Deficit to arrive at net Fiscal Deficit FRBM Act imposes a limit of 3% of GDP on Fiscal Deficit (More Analysis Later) Revenue Deficit (RD) = Revenue Expenditure (RE) - Revenue Receipts (RR) = RD = RE - RR It conveys whether the government is able to perform its essential duties from the revenues that it collects as a matter of right If the Government incurs a revenue deficit then it is a sign that it may not have enough to spend on the creation of productive capital assets Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003, restricts RD to Zero/0 Effective Revenue Deficit (ERD)- Governments were unable to eliminate RD thereby, FRBM Act was modified and instead of RD, ERD was sought to be eliminated The Central Government gives grants to state governments and these are categorised as a revenue expense Some of these grants are utilised by states to create capital assets Therefore, even though such an expense by the centre is being categorised as revenue expenditure, it is essentially being used in the creation of capital assets in states Therefore from the total revenue expenditure, the grant to states meant for the creation of capital assets are subtracted to arrive at an effective revenue deficit RD = RE - RR ERD = {RE - (Grants to States for creation of Capital Assets )} - RR Primary Deficit (PD) - It is Fiscal Deficit minus Interest Payments Government incurs a fiscal deficit every year This fiscal deficit is the present year"s borrowing only It keeps on accumulating every year if it is not paid back The accumulation of deficits is the debt of the government The deficit is a flow variable whereas debt is a stock variable; Debt incurs interest The major part of government every year is spent on paying interest on the past debt incurred during the past Out of the total expense, interest payments are subtracted to see what is the deficit incurred this year which may be ascribed only to the present year"s expenses FD = Total Expense - Non Debt Receipts (NDR) = (RE+CE) - (RR+NDCR) PD = FD - Interest Payments (IP) = (RE- IP + Capital Expense) - (RR + NDCR) Net Primary Deficits (NPD) - It is equal to net fiscal deficit minus interest payments NPD = Net FD - IP Despite the government acknowledging in the budget itself the deficit, it still goes ahead and presents it by arguing that the budget reflects the government intentions which are limited only by the amount of money available. The government has an option to monetize this budget deficit or a part of it and the monetized part is referred to as Monetised Deficit. Monetization is done by asking the central bank to print money and give it to the government for spending - essentially creating money out of thin air The monetization of deficit leads to: 1. Loss of independence of the central bank ie the monetary policy decisions with respect to the money supply are taken by the governmnet and not the monetary authority or at least the governmnet impairs the capability of the central bank to act independently 2. Government becoming indisciplined in managing its finances - It now has a tendency to inflate its expenses and focus less on revenue collection, thereby increasing the deficits year over year 3. Loss of independence of the central bank causes loss of trust in the financial system There is uncertainty and volatility in the financial market due to a lack of trust in the central bank"s ability to enforce its will and decisions 4. The first tangible victim of loss of trust is the currency whose value was supposed to be enforced by the central bank As a result, the currency loses its value and the price level in the economy rises, causing inflation So, it can be said that a government experiences a deficit when it spends more money than it can generate over some time period. This gap between income and spending is subsequently closed by government borrowing, increasing the national debt. An increase in the fiscal deficit, in theory, can boost a sluggish economy. Long-term deficits, however, can be detrimental to economic growth and stability and hence needs to be managed well.
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Discuss the different types of deficits? Also, discuss the issues related to the monetisation of deficit? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about deficits In the body discuss the issues related to the monetisation of deficit Also, mention the different types of deficits Conclude briefly Answer: Deficits or Budget deficits refer to the situation in which the government"s" total expenditure (revenue and capital) is greater than the government total receipts (revenue and capital, including debt receipts). When government presents a budget in deficit, it is acknowledging that its total expenses planned for the coming year would be greater than the total receipts that it expects to collect in the coming year Despite the government acknowledging in the budget itself the deficit, it still goes ahead and presents it by arguing that the budget reflects the government intentions which are limited only by the amount of money available. The government has an option to monetise this budget deficit or a part of it and the monetised part is referred to as Monetised Deficit. Monetisation is done by asking the central bank to print money and give it to the government for spending - essentially creating money out of thin air The monetisation of deficit leads to: 1. Loss of independence of the central bank ie the monetary policy decisions with respect to the money supply are taken by the government and not the monetary authority or at least the government impairs the capability of the central bank to act independently 2. Government becoming indisciplined in managing its finances - It now has a tendency to inflate its expenses and focus less on revenue collection, thereby increasing the deficits year over year 3. Loss of independence of the central bank causes loss of trust in the financial system There is uncertainty and volatility in the financial market due to a lack of trust in the central bank"s ability to enforce its will and decisions 4. The first tangible victim of loss of trust is the currency whose value was supposed to be enforced by the central bank .As a result, the currency loses its value and the price level in the economy rises, causing inflation Types of Deficits: Fiscal Deficit - As a consequence of the WMA Agreement, the government was required to incorporate financial discipline in its expenses As a result, FRBM Act was passed in 2003, which restrained the government to incur Fiscal Deficits and Revenue Deficits beyond a level The fiscal deficit is the total borrowing of the government in the current year Fiscal Deficit (FD) = Total Borrowing of the Government = Debt Capital Receipts = Total Expenses - Non-Debt Receipts = (Revenue expense + Capital Expense) - (Revenue Receipts + Non-Debt Capital Receipts) Gross Fiscal Deficit is the fiscal deficit mentioned above Net Fiscal Deficit refers to the Fiscal Deficit calculated after subtracting lending by the government Lending that the government does is part of the Government"s capital expense We reduce this capital expense from the Gross Fiscal Deficit to arrive at a net Fiscal Deficit FRBM Act imposes a limit of 3% of GDP on Fiscal Deficit (More Analysis Later) Revenue Deficit (RD) = Revenue Expenditure (RE) - Revenue Receipts (RR) = RD = RE - RR It conveys whether the government is able to perform its essential duties from the revenues that it collects as a matter of right If the Government incurs a revenue deficit then it is a sign that it may not have enough to spend on the creation of productive capital assets Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003, restricts RD to Zero/0 Effective Revenue Deficit (ERD)- Governments were unable to eliminate RD thereby, FRBM Act was modified and instead of RD, ERD was sought to be eliminated The Central Government gives grants to state governments and these are categorised as a revenue expense Some of these grants are utilised by states to create capital assets Therefore, even though such an expense by the centre is being categorised as revenue expenditure, it is essentially being used in the creation of capital assets in states Therefore from the total revenue expenditure, the grant to states meant for the creation of capital assets are subtracted to arrive at an effective revenue deficit RD = RE - RR ERD = {RE - (Grants to States for creation of Capital Assets )} - RR Primary Deficit (PD)- It is Fiscal Deficit minus Interest Payments Government incurs a fiscal deficit every year This fiscal deficit is the present year"s borrowing only It keeps on accumulating every year if it is not paid back The accumulation of deficits is the debt of the government The deficit is a flow variable whereas debt is a stock variable; Debt incurs interest The major part of government every year is spent on paying interest on the past debt incurred during the past Out of the total expense, interest payments are subtracted to see what is the deficit incurred this year which may be ascribed only to the present year"s expenses Conclusion: So, it can be said that a government experiences a deficit when it spends more money than it can generate over some time period. This gap between income and spending is subsequently closed by government borrowing, increasing the national debt. An increase in the fiscal deficit, in theory, can boost a sluggish economy. Long-term deficits, however, can be detrimental to economic growth and stability and hence needs to be managed well.
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##Question:Discuss the different types of deficits? Also, discuss the issues related to the monetisation of deficit? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about deficits In the body discuss the issues related to the monetisation of deficit Also, mention the different types of deficits Conclude briefly Answer: Deficits or Budget deficits refer to the situation in which the government"s" total expenditure (revenue and capital) is greater than the government total receipts (revenue and capital, including debt receipts). When government presents a budget in deficit, it is acknowledging that its total expenses planned for the coming year would be greater than the total receipts that it expects to collect in the coming year Despite the government acknowledging in the budget itself the deficit, it still goes ahead and presents it by arguing that the budget reflects the government intentions which are limited only by the amount of money available. The government has an option to monetise this budget deficit or a part of it and the monetised part is referred to as Monetised Deficit. Monetisation is done by asking the central bank to print money and give it to the government for spending - essentially creating money out of thin air The monetisation of deficit leads to: 1. Loss of independence of the central bank ie the monetary policy decisions with respect to the money supply are taken by the government and not the monetary authority or at least the government impairs the capability of the central bank to act independently 2. Government becoming indisciplined in managing its finances - It now has a tendency to inflate its expenses and focus less on revenue collection, thereby increasing the deficits year over year 3. Loss of independence of the central bank causes loss of trust in the financial system There is uncertainty and volatility in the financial market due to a lack of trust in the central bank"s ability to enforce its will and decisions 4. The first tangible victim of loss of trust is the currency whose value was supposed to be enforced by the central bank .As a result, the currency loses its value and the price level in the economy rises, causing inflation Types of Deficits: Fiscal Deficit - As a consequence of the WMA Agreement, the government was required to incorporate financial discipline in its expenses As a result, FRBM Act was passed in 2003, which restrained the government to incur Fiscal Deficits and Revenue Deficits beyond a level The fiscal deficit is the total borrowing of the government in the current year Fiscal Deficit (FD) = Total Borrowing of the Government = Debt Capital Receipts = Total Expenses - Non-Debt Receipts = (Revenue expense + Capital Expense) - (Revenue Receipts + Non-Debt Capital Receipts) Gross Fiscal Deficit is the fiscal deficit mentioned above Net Fiscal Deficit refers to the Fiscal Deficit calculated after subtracting lending by the government Lending that the government does is part of the Government"s capital expense We reduce this capital expense from the Gross Fiscal Deficit to arrive at a net Fiscal Deficit FRBM Act imposes a limit of 3% of GDP on Fiscal Deficit (More Analysis Later) Revenue Deficit (RD) = Revenue Expenditure (RE) - Revenue Receipts (RR) = RD = RE - RR It conveys whether the government is able to perform its essential duties from the revenues that it collects as a matter of right If the Government incurs a revenue deficit then it is a sign that it may not have enough to spend on the creation of productive capital assets Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003, restricts RD to Zero/0 Effective Revenue Deficit (ERD)- Governments were unable to eliminate RD thereby, FRBM Act was modified and instead of RD, ERD was sought to be eliminated The Central Government gives grants to state governments and these are categorised as a revenue expense Some of these grants are utilised by states to create capital assets Therefore, even though such an expense by the centre is being categorised as revenue expenditure, it is essentially being used in the creation of capital assets in states Therefore from the total revenue expenditure, the grant to states meant for the creation of capital assets are subtracted to arrive at an effective revenue deficit RD = RE - RR ERD = {RE - (Grants to States for creation of Capital Assets )} - RR Primary Deficit (PD)- It is Fiscal Deficit minus Interest Payments Government incurs a fiscal deficit every year This fiscal deficit is the present year"s borrowing only It keeps on accumulating every year if it is not paid back The accumulation of deficits is the debt of the government The deficit is a flow variable whereas debt is a stock variable; Debt incurs interest The major part of government every year is spent on paying interest on the past debt incurred during the past Out of the total expense, interest payments are subtracted to see what is the deficit incurred this year which may be ascribed only to the present year"s expenses Conclusion: So, it can be said that a government experiences a deficit when it spends more money than it can generate over some time period. This gap between income and spending is subsequently closed by government borrowing, increasing the national debt. An increase in the fiscal deficit, in theory, can boost a sluggish economy. Long-term deficits, however, can be detrimental to economic growth and stability and hence needs to be managed well.
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Discuss the internal polity of Marathas particularly in the context of "Swarajya" & "Samrajya". (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Introduce about Maratha polity. Explain Maratha"s internal polity in the context of "Swarajya". Explain Maratha"s internal polity in the context of "Samrajya". Conclusion. Answer: The Kingdom was set up by Chhatrapati Shivaji. The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Chattrapati Shivaji and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II at the hands of the British East India Company. The origins of the Maratha Empire can be traced back to a series of rebellions led by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj against the rule of the Bijapur Sultanate and later the Mughal empire. Maratha"s internal polity in the context of "Swarajya": Swarajya was the land within Maharastra that was crafted by Shivaji into the Maratha kingdom, was culturally homogeneous & directly ruled by the Chhatrapati and later the Peshwa. It was here that Marathas established the system of governance. Swarajya was constituted by provinces/Circars with each sarkar was under a governor (therefore Northern Circars that is coastal Andhra were the five provinces-I should look at these five provinces). Chhatrapati was Raja/King with the headquarters at Satara and Peshwa had its headquarters at Poona. The Secretariat at Poona was called Hazur Daftar. They maintained all records including financial records. The office of governor of a sarkar was auctioned but there was a system of checks on him. There was a hierarchy of officers (hereditary officers) which was placed with dual reporting to the governor and Peshwa. The accounts submitted by a governor were verified with those submitted by these hereditary officers that are Deshmukh. At the lowest level, there were villages with each village under a Patil who was a village headman with financial, executive, and Judicial powers (Patils were also hereditary officers). Patil"s reported directly to Peshwa. Kulkarni"s were village"s account people. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of the quality of soil, irrigation facilities, and crops sown. To help farmers- Dams and Canals were constructed plus cheap loans were given and revenue officials were supervised. Sources of revenue: Land revenue plus custom duty & octroi plus income from permits & licenses for private minting or government coins, manufacturing of a drug plus judicial proceeds in form of Najrana from the successful party and Zurmana that is fine from losing party, money after partitioning a family land, money from stolen goods were recovered, etc. Judicial administration: A proper hierarchy of judicial officers existed with panch at the village level as head of panchayat and Peshwa at the top. The final decision was of Peshwa. however, the decisions of Panch were respected as far as possible. Ancient religious texts acted as laws for justice delivery. The Police system was as efficient as London Police and the was a rule of law and even the highest authorities were detained & punished. The Deshmukh (that is revenue collector) and Patils (village headman) enjoyed heritable Watan rights. Therefore, Although there was the centralization of Power in Peshwas, proper centralization could not take place as such entity continued to enjoy autonomy to Watan rights and there was autonomy at the village level. Army: The main component was the horse-mounted army. Marathas also had 700 ships which were strengthened with help of the French. Marathas captured ports from the Portuguese and traded with China. Maratha"s internal polity in the context of "Samrajya" (also known as the confederacy): It was ruled by Maratha Sardars and this was land outside Maharashtra. Marathas chiefs were the military chiefs: Gaikwad of Baroda; Scindhia of Gwalior; Holkar of Indore and Bhonsle of Nagpur. Shahu never gave Watan Jagirs but did try to institute the system of Tankha Jagir that is Saranjams to increase the centralization of power in the King. These Sardars, therefore, took their own initiatives and brought new areas under the Maratha empires, and therefore they emerged as independent/autonomous entities within the Maratha empires. Therefore although there was a strong centre, still these confederate chiefs asserted their independence. It was these territories that formed the Samrajya. The administration varied in Samrajya from Sardar to Sardar and the proper administrative system was not established except in some areas of Gujarat, Khandesh and Malwa. The main concern of Marathas in Samrajya is to get Sardeshmukhi and Chauth and not administration. Sardeshmukhi was the one-tenth share of land revenue. In Mughal times, Sardeshmukhi was to pay emoluments to Deshmukh"s for their revenue collection services. Chauth was one-fourth share of land revenue in return for protection from outside by Marathas. The Chauth and Sardeshmukhi weakened the protected states and ultimately Maratha Sardars annexed them. Chauth and Sardeshmukhi also eased the burden of taxation on the people of Swarajya. In 1680 Shivaji died and from 1680 to 1719 there was turmoil in a period of Maratha polity.
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##Question:Discuss the internal polity of Marathas particularly in the context of "Swarajya" & "Samrajya". (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce about Maratha polity. Explain Maratha"s internal polity in the context of "Swarajya". Explain Maratha"s internal polity in the context of "Samrajya". Conclusion. Answer: The Kingdom was set up by Chhatrapati Shivaji. The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Chattrapati Shivaji and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II at the hands of the British East India Company. The origins of the Maratha Empire can be traced back to a series of rebellions led by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj against the rule of the Bijapur Sultanate and later the Mughal empire. Maratha"s internal polity in the context of "Swarajya": Swarajya was the land within Maharastra that was crafted by Shivaji into the Maratha kingdom, was culturally homogeneous & directly ruled by the Chhatrapati and later the Peshwa. It was here that Marathas established the system of governance. Swarajya was constituted by provinces/Circars with each sarkar was under a governor (therefore Northern Circars that is coastal Andhra were the five provinces-I should look at these five provinces). Chhatrapati was Raja/King with the headquarters at Satara and Peshwa had its headquarters at Poona. The Secretariat at Poona was called Hazur Daftar. They maintained all records including financial records. The office of governor of a sarkar was auctioned but there was a system of checks on him. There was a hierarchy of officers (hereditary officers) which was placed with dual reporting to the governor and Peshwa. The accounts submitted by a governor were verified with those submitted by these hereditary officers that are Deshmukh. At the lowest level, there were villages with each village under a Patil who was a village headman with financial, executive, and Judicial powers (Patils were also hereditary officers). Patil"s reported directly to Peshwa. Kulkarni"s were village"s account people. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of the quality of soil, irrigation facilities, and crops sown. To help farmers- Dams and Canals were constructed plus cheap loans were given and revenue officials were supervised. Sources of revenue: Land revenue plus custom duty & octroi plus income from permits & licenses for private minting or government coins, manufacturing of a drug plus judicial proceeds in form of Najrana from the successful party and Zurmana that is fine from losing party, money after partitioning a family land, money from stolen goods were recovered, etc. Judicial administration: A proper hierarchy of judicial officers existed with panch at the village level as head of panchayat and Peshwa at the top. The final decision was of Peshwa. however, the decisions of Panch were respected as far as possible. Ancient religious texts acted as laws for justice delivery. The Police system was as efficient as London Police and the was a rule of law and even the highest authorities were detained & punished. The Deshmukh (that is revenue collector) and Patils (village headman) enjoyed heritable Watan rights. Therefore, Although there was the centralization of Power in Peshwas, proper centralization could not take place as such entity continued to enjoy autonomy to Watan rights and there was autonomy at the village level. Army: The main component was the horse-mounted army. Marathas also had 700 ships which were strengthened with help of the French. Marathas captured ports from the Portuguese and traded with China. Maratha"s internal polity in the context of "Samrajya" (also known as the confederacy): It was ruled by Maratha Sardars and this was land outside Maharashtra. Marathas chiefs were the military chiefs: Gaikwad of Baroda; Scindhia of Gwalior; Holkar of Indore and Bhonsle of Nagpur. Shahu never gave Watan Jagirs but did try to institute the system of Tankha Jagir that is Saranjams to increase the centralization of power in the King. These Sardars, therefore, took their own initiatives and brought new areas under the Maratha empires, and therefore they emerged as independent/autonomous entities within the Maratha empires. Therefore although there was a strong centre, still these confederate chiefs asserted their independence. It was these territories that formed the Samrajya. The administration varied in Samrajya from Sardar to Sardar and the proper administrative system was not established except in some areas of Gujarat, Khandesh and Malwa. The main concern of Marathas in Samrajya is to get Sardeshmukhi and Chauth and not administration. Sardeshmukhi was the one-tenth share of land revenue. In Mughal times, Sardeshmukhi was to pay emoluments to Deshmukh"s for their revenue collection services. Chauth was one-fourth share of land revenue in return for protection from outside by Marathas. The Chauth and Sardeshmukhi weakened the protected states and ultimately Maratha Sardars annexed them. Chauth and Sardeshmukhi also eased the burden of taxation on the people of Swarajya. In 1680 Shivaji died and from 1680 to 1719 there was turmoil in a period of Maratha polity.
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What are the two types of the Polar Zone climate? Write about the major vegetation found in these areas. ( 10 Marks| 150 Words)
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Approach: Write A brief intro about the Polar Zone climate. Then write the subtypes and the characteristic features of the Polar Zone climate. Conclude appropriately. Answer The Polar Zone They exist between 65 to 90 degrees, Prevailing winds are polar easterlies. The polar type of climate is found mainly north of the Arctic circle in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, the virtually uninhabited continent of Antarctica is the greatest single stretch of ice caps, always snow-covered. The ice caps are confined to Greenland & to the highlands of high latitude regions, where the ground is permanently snow-covered. The lowlands, with a few months ice-free, have tundra vegetation. They include the coastal strip of Greenland, the barren grounds of northern Canada & Alaska, and the Arctic seaboard of Eurasia. The Polar Zone climateSubdivided into: 1. Taiga Type climate: This is found only in the northern hemisphere absent in the Southern hemisphere because of the absence of land in this area in the Southern hemisphere. This is found in the areas like Alaska to Hudson Bay,Norway to the Kamchatka peninsula. The land is free of frost for 3 to 4 months of a year and the rest of the year the temperatures are cold. Precipitation is very low in the form of snowfall and Vegetation is known as Boreal or Coniferous vegetation like Pine, Fir, Larch, Spruce are only four species are found. Lumbering is the main occupation of people. All species are available in the pure stand (Meaning only a specific species is found in one area). 2. Tundra Type: It is found in both hemispheres. The land is permanently frozen so is called permafrost. The maximum temperature in peak summers reaches zero/slightly above zero degrees Celsius. Precipitation is very scanty in the form of snowfall. The vegetation in the area is Lichen & Mosses. Tribal found in these areas are the Eskimos in N. Canada & Greenland, Lapps in Lapland, N. Norway, Samoyeds in Yenisi bassin of Russia, the Yakuts in Lena basin of Russia, the Chuksee in Chuksee sea of NE Russia. They will hunt/trap animals like polar bears, foxes, Minsk, Reindeers, dogs, walrus, etc. However, as per the WWF-Arctic Programme, the Arctic region is warming up twice as fast as the global average. The ice cap has been shrinking fast since 1980 and the volume of Arctic sea ice has declined by as much as 75%. The loss of ice and the warming waters will affect sea levels, salinity levels, and current and precipitation patterns. The Tundra is returning to the swamp, the permafrost is thawing, sudden storms are ravaging coastlines and wildfires are devastating interior Canada and Russia and may have long-term devastating impacts on the entire world which if not taken seriously may be a threat to the entire planet in the future.
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##Question:What are the two types of the Polar Zone climate? Write about the major vegetation found in these areas. ( 10 Marks| 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Write A brief intro about the Polar Zone climate. Then write the subtypes and the characteristic features of the Polar Zone climate. Conclude appropriately. Answer The Polar Zone They exist between 65 to 90 degrees, Prevailing winds are polar easterlies. The polar type of climate is found mainly north of the Arctic circle in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, the virtually uninhabited continent of Antarctica is the greatest single stretch of ice caps, always snow-covered. The ice caps are confined to Greenland & to the highlands of high latitude regions, where the ground is permanently snow-covered. The lowlands, with a few months ice-free, have tundra vegetation. They include the coastal strip of Greenland, the barren grounds of northern Canada & Alaska, and the Arctic seaboard of Eurasia. The Polar Zone climateSubdivided into: 1. Taiga Type climate: This is found only in the northern hemisphere absent in the Southern hemisphere because of the absence of land in this area in the Southern hemisphere. This is found in the areas like Alaska to Hudson Bay,Norway to the Kamchatka peninsula. The land is free of frost for 3 to 4 months of a year and the rest of the year the temperatures are cold. Precipitation is very low in the form of snowfall and Vegetation is known as Boreal or Coniferous vegetation like Pine, Fir, Larch, Spruce are only four species are found. Lumbering is the main occupation of people. All species are available in the pure stand (Meaning only a specific species is found in one area). 2. Tundra Type: It is found in both hemispheres. The land is permanently frozen so is called permafrost. The maximum temperature in peak summers reaches zero/slightly above zero degrees Celsius. Precipitation is very scanty in the form of snowfall. The vegetation in the area is Lichen & Mosses. Tribal found in these areas are the Eskimos in N. Canada & Greenland, Lapps in Lapland, N. Norway, Samoyeds in Yenisi bassin of Russia, the Yakuts in Lena basin of Russia, the Chuksee in Chuksee sea of NE Russia. They will hunt/trap animals like polar bears, foxes, Minsk, Reindeers, dogs, walrus, etc. However, as per the WWF-Arctic Programme, the Arctic region is warming up twice as fast as the global average. The ice cap has been shrinking fast since 1980 and the volume of Arctic sea ice has declined by as much as 75%. The loss of ice and the warming waters will affect sea levels, salinity levels, and current and precipitation patterns. The Tundra is returning to the swamp, the permafrost is thawing, sudden storms are ravaging coastlines and wildfires are devastating interior Canada and Russia and may have long-term devastating impacts on the entire world which if not taken seriously may be a threat to the entire planet in the future.
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What are the various micro-irrigation techniques? Also, mention the advantages and challenges associated with micro-irrigation techniques. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: The introduction defines micro-irrigation techniques. Mention the advantages of micro-irrigation techniques. Mention challenges associated with micro-irrigation techniques. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Micro-irrigation is a modern method of irrigation, by this method water is irrigated through drippers, sprinklers, etc. It is a borrowed concept from Israel and will significantly help India where around 65% area is rainfed. Various micro-irrigation techniques and their advantages: Drip-irrigation: Supping the water drop-by-drop directly to the plant. The water use efficiency is 99-100%. Fertigation can be used thus Supply of fertilizers along with the water directly to the roots of the plant. There is a very high potential for weed reduction. High productivity. Sprinkler irrigation: It is similar to natural rainfall and fountain. The water use efficiency in the sprinkler is 94-96%. High productivity. Rainguns: The water use efficacy is 94-96%. Today in India all the drought-prone areas are given 90% for micro-irrigation. The farmers are encouraged to go for micro-irrigation. The challenges associated with micro-irrigation: It is not suitable for all crops like paddy. The drip is suitable for lemon, grapes, oranges, Mangos, Bananas, and Cotton only. Sprinklers are useful for wheat, sorghum, and other millets only. There is a lack of awareness among farmers. These techniques may not be affordable for the majority of farmers in India that are marginal. Lack of coordination between center and state governments. The Micro-irrigation techniques are an integral part of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana and the farmers should be educated about the benefits as well as methods that suit their crops so that the water use efficiency of Indian agriculture can be improved. especially in the era of climate change.
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##Question:What are the various micro-irrigation techniques? Also, mention the advantages and challenges associated with micro-irrigation techniques. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: The introduction defines micro-irrigation techniques. Mention the advantages of micro-irrigation techniques. Mention challenges associated with micro-irrigation techniques. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Micro-irrigation is a modern method of irrigation, by this method water is irrigated through drippers, sprinklers, etc. It is a borrowed concept from Israel and will significantly help India where around 65% area is rainfed. Various micro-irrigation techniques and their advantages: Drip-irrigation: Supping the water drop-by-drop directly to the plant. The water use efficiency is 99-100%. Fertigation can be used thus Supply of fertilizers along with the water directly to the roots of the plant. There is a very high potential for weed reduction. High productivity. Sprinkler irrigation: It is similar to natural rainfall and fountain. The water use efficiency in the sprinkler is 94-96%. High productivity. Rainguns: The water use efficacy is 94-96%. Today in India all the drought-prone areas are given 90% for micro-irrigation. The farmers are encouraged to go for micro-irrigation. The challenges associated with micro-irrigation: It is not suitable for all crops like paddy. The drip is suitable for lemon, grapes, oranges, Mangos, Bananas, and Cotton only. Sprinklers are useful for wheat, sorghum, and other millets only. There is a lack of awareness among farmers. These techniques may not be affordable for the majority of farmers in India that are marginal. Lack of coordination between center and state governments. The Micro-irrigation techniques are an integral part of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana and the farmers should be educated about the benefits as well as methods that suit their crops so that the water use efficiency of Indian agriculture can be improved. especially in the era of climate change.
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Give an account of the sustainability of debt and deficits in India and the issues related to it? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in breif about the terms sustainability of debt and deficits In body mention, the issues related to sustainability of debt and deficits Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest, principal, or both by the debtor to the creditor at a future date. Countries incur debt to a wide range of creditors, including private bondholders, banks, other countries and their official lending institutions, and multilateral lenders such as the World Bank. The definition of public debt varies depending on its purpose. A commonly used narrow definition of public debt covers the budgetary central government. The broadest definition of public sector debt combines general government with public non-financial corporations and public financial corporations, including the central bank. It also covers publicly guaranteed debt (debt the public sector does not hold but has an obligation to cover) and external public debt (debt held by non-residents of the country). A country’s public debt is considered sustainable if the government is able to meet all its current and future payment obligations without exceptional financial assistance or going into default. Analysts look at whether policies needed to stabilize debt are feasible and consistent with maintaining growth potential or development progress. When countries borrow from financial markets, risks associated with refinancing are important too. To properly assess a country’s debt sustainability, it is important to cover all types of debt that pose a risk to a country’s public finances. Issues related to sustainability of debts/deficits Several factors determine how much debt a country can carry before the burden becomes too much. A country’s debt-carrying capacity depends on several factors—among them the quality of institutions and debt management capacity, policies, and macroeconomic fundamentals. A country’s capacity to carry debt can change over time, as it is also influenced by the global economic environment. The assessments are calibrated in reference to previous episodes of debt distress for groups of countries with similar economic characteristics. The calibrations lead to debt sustainability analysis thresholds for key public debt indicators that signal higher risk if that indicator exceeds (or is expected to exceed) its threshold and can be either based on historical experience or convey information about the likelihood of future debt distress. These frameworks consider the degree of uncertainty in the projections of the debt and debt service indicators. These assessments are based on projections of debt, interest, and key macroeconomic variables, both frameworks also rely on tools to help to gauge the realism of these forecasts. The IMF’s approach to debt sustainability also leaves room for informed judgment. Amid the pandemic, one question is whether debt-carrying capacities have improved sufficiently to handle elevated debt levels. After all, since the global financial crisis, low interest rates have arguably increased countries’ capacity to borrow. However, this does not necessarily translate into an ability to handle higher debt service. Even if interest rates are low and the availability of financing is ample, experience has shown that there are limits to countries’ debt-carrying capacity—and that rising debt-service burdens need to be carefully managed. Suggested measures Therefore, the following measures may be adopted by the government to make public debt sustainable in the medium to long term. Privatisation of loss-making PSUs and the concept of minimum government and maximum governance’ principle may be adopted in privatising any PSU. Prudential stance: As per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management (FRBM) Act 2003, it is the onus of the government to control fiscal profligacy PPP model in social schemes: The government may think of the public-private partnership (PPP) model in social schemes such as Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushalya Yojna (DDU-GKY). Investment in infrastructure and Harmonisation of the tax regime in India Also, thrust on renewable energy: India imports nearly 80 per cent of its domestic requirement of crude oil. India can become a $5 trillion economy by 2025. In sum, the government should make the public debt sustainable by carefully crafting its strategy on contours of growth with financial stability in mind.
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##Question:Give an account of the sustainability of debt and deficits in India and the issues related to it? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in breif about the terms sustainability of debt and deficits In body mention, the issues related to sustainability of debt and deficits Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest, principal, or both by the debtor to the creditor at a future date. Countries incur debt to a wide range of creditors, including private bondholders, banks, other countries and their official lending institutions, and multilateral lenders such as the World Bank. The definition of public debt varies depending on its purpose. A commonly used narrow definition of public debt covers the budgetary central government. The broadest definition of public sector debt combines general government with public non-financial corporations and public financial corporations, including the central bank. It also covers publicly guaranteed debt (debt the public sector does not hold but has an obligation to cover) and external public debt (debt held by non-residents of the country). A country’s public debt is considered sustainable if the government is able to meet all its current and future payment obligations without exceptional financial assistance or going into default. Analysts look at whether policies needed to stabilize debt are feasible and consistent with maintaining growth potential or development progress. When countries borrow from financial markets, risks associated with refinancing are important too. To properly assess a country’s debt sustainability, it is important to cover all types of debt that pose a risk to a country’s public finances. Issues related to sustainability of debts/deficits Several factors determine how much debt a country can carry before the burden becomes too much. A country’s debt-carrying capacity depends on several factors—among them the quality of institutions and debt management capacity, policies, and macroeconomic fundamentals. A country’s capacity to carry debt can change over time, as it is also influenced by the global economic environment. The assessments are calibrated in reference to previous episodes of debt distress for groups of countries with similar economic characteristics. The calibrations lead to debt sustainability analysis thresholds for key public debt indicators that signal higher risk if that indicator exceeds (or is expected to exceed) its threshold and can be either based on historical experience or convey information about the likelihood of future debt distress. These frameworks consider the degree of uncertainty in the projections of the debt and debt service indicators. These assessments are based on projections of debt, interest, and key macroeconomic variables, both frameworks also rely on tools to help to gauge the realism of these forecasts. The IMF’s approach to debt sustainability also leaves room for informed judgment. Amid the pandemic, one question is whether debt-carrying capacities have improved sufficiently to handle elevated debt levels. After all, since the global financial crisis, low interest rates have arguably increased countries’ capacity to borrow. However, this does not necessarily translate into an ability to handle higher debt service. Even if interest rates are low and the availability of financing is ample, experience has shown that there are limits to countries’ debt-carrying capacity—and that rising debt-service burdens need to be carefully managed. Suggested measures Therefore, the following measures may be adopted by the government to make public debt sustainable in the medium to long term. Privatisation of loss-making PSUs and the concept of minimum government and maximum governance’ principle may be adopted in privatising any PSU. Prudential stance: As per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management (FRBM) Act 2003, it is the onus of the government to control fiscal profligacy PPP model in social schemes: The government may think of the public-private partnership (PPP) model in social schemes such as Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushalya Yojna (DDU-GKY). Investment in infrastructure and Harmonisation of the tax regime in India Also, thrust on renewable energy: India imports nearly 80 per cent of its domestic requirement of crude oil. India can become a $5 trillion economy by 2025. In sum, the government should make the public debt sustainable by carefully crafting its strategy on contours of growth with financial stability in mind.
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Give an account of the sustainability of debt and deficits in India and the issues related to it? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in breif about the terms sustainability of debt and deficits In body mention, the issues related to sustainability of debt and deficits Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest, principal, or both by the debtor to the creditor at a future date. Countries incur debt to a wide range of creditors, including private bondholders, banks, other countries and their official lending institutions, and multilateral lenders such as the World Bank. The definition of public debt varies depending on its purpose. A commonly used narrow definition of public debt covers the budgetary central government. The broadest definition of public sector debt combines general government with public non-financial corporations and public financial corporations, including the central bank. It also covers publicly guaranteed debt (debt the public sector does not hold but has an obligation to cover) and external public debt (debt held by non-residents of the country). A country’s public debt is considered sustainable if the government is able to meet all its current and future payment obligations without exceptional financial assistance or going into default. Analysts look at whether policies needed to stabilize debt are feasible and consistent with maintaining growth potential or development progress. When countries borrow from financial markets, risks associated with refinancing are important too. To properly assess a country’s debt sustainability, it is important to cover all types of debt that pose a risk to a country’s public finances. Issues related to sustainability of debts/deficits Several factors determine how much debt a country can carry before the burden becomes too much. A country’s debt-carrying capacity depends on several factors—among them the quality of institutions and debt management capacity, policies, and macroeconomic fundamentals. A country’s capacity to carry debt can change over time, as it is also influenced by the global economic environment. The assessments are calibrated in reference to previous episodes of debt distress for groups of countries with similar economic characteristics. The calibrations lead to debt sustainability analysis thresholds for key public debt indicators that signal higher risk if that indicator exceeds (or is expected to exceed) its threshold and can be either based on historical experience or convey information about the likelihood of future debt distress. These frameworks consider the degree of uncertainty in the projections of the debt and debt service indicators. These assessments are based on projections of debt, interest, and key macroeconomic variables, both frameworks also rely on tools to help to gauge the realism of these forecasts. The IMF’s approach to debt sustainability also leaves room for informed judgment. Amid the pandemic, one question is whether debt-carrying capacities have improved sufficiently to handle elevated debt levels. After all, since the global financial crisis, low interest rates have arguably increased countries’ capacity to borrow. However, this does not necessarily translate into an ability to handle higher debt service. Even if interest rates are low and the availability of financing is ample, experience has shown that there are limits to countries’ debt-carrying capacity—and that rising debt-service burdens need to be carefully managed. Suggested measures Therefore, the following measures may be adopted by the government to make public debt sustainable in the medium to long term. Privatisation of loss-making PSUs and the concept of minimum government and maximum governance’ principle may be adopted in privatising any PSU. Prudential stance: As per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management (FRBM) Act 2003, it is the onus of the government to control fiscal profligacy PPP model in social schemes: The government may think of the public-private partnership (PPP) model in social schemes such as Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushalya Yojna (DDU-GKY). Investment in infrastructure and Harmonisation of the tax regime in India Also, thrust on renewable energy: India imports nearly 80 per cent of its domestic requirement of crude oil. India can become a $5 trillion economy by 2025. In sum, the government should make the public debt sustainable by carefully crafting its strategy on contours of growth with financial stability in mind.
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##Question:Give an account of the sustainability of debt and deficits in India and the issues related to it? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in breif about the terms sustainability of debt and deficits In body mention, the issues related to sustainability of debt and deficits Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest, principal, or both by the debtor to the creditor at a future date. Countries incur debt to a wide range of creditors, including private bondholders, banks, other countries and their official lending institutions, and multilateral lenders such as the World Bank. The definition of public debt varies depending on its purpose. A commonly used narrow definition of public debt covers the budgetary central government. The broadest definition of public sector debt combines general government with public non-financial corporations and public financial corporations, including the central bank. It also covers publicly guaranteed debt (debt the public sector does not hold but has an obligation to cover) and external public debt (debt held by non-residents of the country). A country’s public debt is considered sustainable if the government is able to meet all its current and future payment obligations without exceptional financial assistance or going into default. Analysts look at whether policies needed to stabilize debt are feasible and consistent with maintaining growth potential or development progress. When countries borrow from financial markets, risks associated with refinancing are important too. To properly assess a country’s debt sustainability, it is important to cover all types of debt that pose a risk to a country’s public finances. Issues related to sustainability of debts/deficits Several factors determine how much debt a country can carry before the burden becomes too much. A country’s debt-carrying capacity depends on several factors—among them the quality of institutions and debt management capacity, policies, and macroeconomic fundamentals. A country’s capacity to carry debt can change over time, as it is also influenced by the global economic environment. The assessments are calibrated in reference to previous episodes of debt distress for groups of countries with similar economic characteristics. The calibrations lead to debt sustainability analysis thresholds for key public debt indicators that signal higher risk if that indicator exceeds (or is expected to exceed) its threshold and can be either based on historical experience or convey information about the likelihood of future debt distress. These frameworks consider the degree of uncertainty in the projections of the debt and debt service indicators. These assessments are based on projections of debt, interest, and key macroeconomic variables, both frameworks also rely on tools to help to gauge the realism of these forecasts. The IMF’s approach to debt sustainability also leaves room for informed judgment. Amid the pandemic, one question is whether debt-carrying capacities have improved sufficiently to handle elevated debt levels. After all, since the global financial crisis, low interest rates have arguably increased countries’ capacity to borrow. However, this does not necessarily translate into an ability to handle higher debt service. Even if interest rates are low and the availability of financing is ample, experience has shown that there are limits to countries’ debt-carrying capacity—and that rising debt-service burdens need to be carefully managed. Suggested measures Therefore, the following measures may be adopted by the government to make public debt sustainable in the medium to long term. Privatisation of loss-making PSUs and the concept of minimum government and maximum governance’ principle may be adopted in privatising any PSU. Prudential stance: As per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management (FRBM) Act 2003, it is the onus of the government to control fiscal profligacy PPP model in social schemes: The government may think of the public-private partnership (PPP) model in social schemes such as Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushalya Yojna (DDU-GKY). Investment in infrastructure and Harmonisation of the tax regime in India Also, thrust on renewable energy: India imports nearly 80 per cent of its domestic requirement of crude oil. India can become a $5 trillion economy by 2025. In sum, the government should make the public debt sustainable by carefully crafting its strategy on contours of growth with financial stability in mind.
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The famous literature of "Indica" gives a detailed account of the true nature of Indian society during the Mauryan Peroid. Discuss (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: I ntroduction: Give a brief introduction about Book "Indica" Body: Highlight the important feature of Indian society during the Mauryan Period that was mentioned in Indica Conclusion : Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer Indica attributed to Megasthenes (the Greek Ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya (305 BC-306 BC)) is 1st major account of Indian civilization. Indica is no longer available in its original form but has been reconstructed on the basis of its references found in the works of later Greece-roman authors such as Arrian; Strabo; Pliny; Diodorus etc Indica is important for the following reasons: It throws light on the process of formation of the primary state in the south. Megasthnese was 1st to mention the Pandyas of the south. According to him, the Pandya territory was being ruled by a women ruler (one of the earliest references) namely "Pandaiyya". She was a daughter of "Herakles" (Lord Krishna) Magasthenes also talked about Lord Shiva in his book. (Note: The Pattini cult in which the worship of Kannagi as an ideal wife takes place, was started by Senguttuvan, the ruler of Chera) Thus, Megasthenese also throws light on the increasing cultural context between the North and the South. He also talks about a port in the Pandyan kingdom "Korkai" which was famous for pearl fishery. Megasthenese throws light on the architecture of the imperial capital "Patliputra". According to him, the city was surrounded by a Moat (a trench filled with water) followed by a wooden wall (Palisade) Most of the houses in the city were made of timber including the Mauryan Palace. Archaeological excavation at places like Bulandibagh & Kumarahar, we have discovered evidence of wooden fortification and even the remains of Mauryan Palace (Kumarahar), which is mentioned even by Fa-Hien, a Chinese traveler who visited India in the 4th century AD. Megasthenese also talks about the administration of the imperial city Patliputra which was governed by 6 committees, each consisting of 5 members managing different aspects of administration such as: 1) Law & Order 2) Supervision of Markets including units of weight and measurement 3) Taking care of foreigners 4) Registration of Births & Deaths etc. According to Megasthenes , Indian society was divided into 7 classes with philosophers occupying the top positions. However, this is not acceptable due to the following: 1) The 4-fold division of Indian society is well accepted on the basis of other well-accepted sources including the Arthashastra. 2) The contention that he has talked about the Varnashankras (mixed Varnas) is also not acceptable as in that case the number is expected to be much higher (more than 7). 3) It seems that being a foreigner he lacked insider"s perspectives and could not perceive the Indian social realities correctly 4) It may also be a case of over-generalization of a model of 7-fold division of society. Thus, Megasthenes" Indica provides historical information that helps us learn more about India"s political, social, and cultural scenario under the reign of the Maurya Dynasty.
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##Question:The famous literature of "Indica" gives a detailed account of the true nature of Indian society during the Mauryan Peroid. Discuss (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: I ntroduction: Give a brief introduction about Book "Indica" Body: Highlight the important feature of Indian society during the Mauryan Period that was mentioned in Indica Conclusion : Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer Indica attributed to Megasthenes (the Greek Ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya (305 BC-306 BC)) is 1st major account of Indian civilization. Indica is no longer available in its original form but has been reconstructed on the basis of its references found in the works of later Greece-roman authors such as Arrian; Strabo; Pliny; Diodorus etc Indica is important for the following reasons: It throws light on the process of formation of the primary state in the south. Megasthnese was 1st to mention the Pandyas of the south. According to him, the Pandya territory was being ruled by a women ruler (one of the earliest references) namely "Pandaiyya". She was a daughter of "Herakles" (Lord Krishna) Magasthenes also talked about Lord Shiva in his book. (Note: The Pattini cult in which the worship of Kannagi as an ideal wife takes place, was started by Senguttuvan, the ruler of Chera) Thus, Megasthenese also throws light on the increasing cultural context between the North and the South. He also talks about a port in the Pandyan kingdom "Korkai" which was famous for pearl fishery. Megasthenese throws light on the architecture of the imperial capital "Patliputra". According to him, the city was surrounded by a Moat (a trench filled with water) followed by a wooden wall (Palisade) Most of the houses in the city were made of timber including the Mauryan Palace. Archaeological excavation at places like Bulandibagh & Kumarahar, we have discovered evidence of wooden fortification and even the remains of Mauryan Palace (Kumarahar), which is mentioned even by Fa-Hien, a Chinese traveler who visited India in the 4th century AD. Megasthenese also talks about the administration of the imperial city Patliputra which was governed by 6 committees, each consisting of 5 members managing different aspects of administration such as: 1) Law & Order 2) Supervision of Markets including units of weight and measurement 3) Taking care of foreigners 4) Registration of Births & Deaths etc. According to Megasthenes , Indian society was divided into 7 classes with philosophers occupying the top positions. However, this is not acceptable due to the following: 1) The 4-fold division of Indian society is well accepted on the basis of other well-accepted sources including the Arthashastra. 2) The contention that he has talked about the Varnashankras (mixed Varnas) is also not acceptable as in that case the number is expected to be much higher (more than 7). 3) It seems that being a foreigner he lacked insider"s perspectives and could not perceive the Indian social realities correctly 4) It may also be a case of over-generalization of a model of 7-fold division of society. Thus, Megasthenes" Indica provides historical information that helps us learn more about India"s political, social, and cultural scenario under the reign of the Maurya Dynasty.
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"Despite India"s contribution in the rebuilding of Afghanistan, since the Taliban was ousted in 2001, India finds itself on the margins of diplomacy with respect to Afghanistan." Analyze (10 marks/150 words)
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Question- "Despite India"s contribution in the rebuilding of Afghanistan, since the Taliban, was ousted in 2001, India finds itself on the margins of diplomacy with respect to Afghanistan." Analyze (10 marks/150 words) Briefly Introduce India"s diplomacy in vis-a-vis Afghanistan Describe the contribution of India in the rebuilding Afghanistan Briefly discuss as India set to lose influence with the Taliban taking over? Introduction With the Taliban taking over Afghanistan, India which supported the US-backed Kabul government is said to lose most of its influence there. India which was the largest south Asian donor to Afghanistan and trusted strategic and developmental partner is said to lose most of its influence in Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover. Contribution of India in the rebuilding Afghanistan So far India has invested 3.1 billion dollars in economic aid to Afghanistan: The Afghan Parliament, The Salma Dam, Zerang-delaram highway, Children’s hospital, The Habiba Girl’s High School India has been providing training to the Afghan forces; both Military and police forces, the administrators. India has become the largest destination of high-value Afghan exports since the launch of the India-Afghanistan Air freight Corridor. During the Covid times, India supplied food and medical aid to Afghanistan on regular basis. India has provided Noida cricket Stadium to be used as a Home ground by the Afghanistan Cricket team. India also participated in Afghan Peace meet hosted by Russia in March 2021. This meet was attended by USA Pakistan India Iran and China apart from Afghanistan and the Taliban. In fact, India is the 5 th largest donor to Afghanistan in the world. With the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan India is said to lose most of its influence. India’s interest Greater connectivity with the region. Connectivity with central Asia To establish India as a regional leader To check Pakistan"s growing influence in Pakistan and consequently China’s interest in Pakistan to protect India"s investment in Afghanistan. Resource-rich regions so as to gain access to them India is set to lose its influence in Afghanistan [9:45 AM] In the last 20 years India played a positive role in Afghanistan but at present India’s diplomacy was almost “nonexistent in the country and its stakes have dramatically decreased” India has been too late in reaching out to the Taliban to secure its interest. Indian officials met the Taliban in Doha, Qatar in June 2021 while the Taliban established a political office in Doha in 2013. Unlike the previous tenure of Taliban when accept for 3 countries no other country recognized Taliban. This time around most of the important players is it the USA, Russia, Iran Central Asian Republics, China all have reached out to the Taliban. However, India has been wary of the Taliban given its proximity to Pakistan’s ISI India has for the longest time insisted on Afghan-led, Afghan-controlled, and Afghan-owned processes of negotiation. The Afghan reconciliation process has had a deep Pakistani footprint owing to its ties to the Taliban. As a consequence, India has been deprived of political leverage and has been placed at a geopolitical disadvantage. Therefore The Taliban take over delivers a blow to India’s strategic interest Afghanistan will have now a Pro-Pakistani government and this will give Pakistan and India’s other key rival china; Pakistan’s close ally; an opportunity to play; more of a role in Afghanistan. It will pose security risks to Indian investments in Afghanistan. And for India in general because Taliban takeover will galvanize regional militance including Anti-India terror groups. Way Forward India should adopt the following strategies in dealing with Taliban led Afghanistan: India must be clear on its role in Taliban-led Afghanistan. By hosting the 3 rd regional security dialogue and with normalization of ties with the Taliban regime by various countries, India an important player in shaping Afghanistan future can fulfill this goal only once the government defines more clearly what it wants Afghanistan’s roles to be despite all its differences with the Taliban regime now. India’s desire to lead discussions on Afghanistan’s future is an important goal for India if it wants to solidify its position as a regional leader. India should, in wake of the present reality when important countries/stakeholders in the Afghan quagmire have reached out to the Taliban, should politically engage with it. Learning from its past mistakes of how not recognizing Taliban was used by Indian airlines highjackers and also given the Geographical proximity between Kabul and New Delhi, India cannot afford closed channels of communications with those in power in Afghanistan. It can do so only at the cost of its own security. India should appoint a special envoy to Afghanistan to impart diplomatic agility and permanence of purpose to India’s foreign policy vis-a-vis Kabul.
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##Question:"Despite India"s contribution in the rebuilding of Afghanistan, since the Taliban was ousted in 2001, India finds itself on the margins of diplomacy with respect to Afghanistan." Analyze (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Question- "Despite India"s contribution in the rebuilding of Afghanistan, since the Taliban, was ousted in 2001, India finds itself on the margins of diplomacy with respect to Afghanistan." Analyze (10 marks/150 words) Briefly Introduce India"s diplomacy in vis-a-vis Afghanistan Describe the contribution of India in the rebuilding Afghanistan Briefly discuss as India set to lose influence with the Taliban taking over? Introduction With the Taliban taking over Afghanistan, India which supported the US-backed Kabul government is said to lose most of its influence there. India which was the largest south Asian donor to Afghanistan and trusted strategic and developmental partner is said to lose most of its influence in Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover. Contribution of India in the rebuilding Afghanistan So far India has invested 3.1 billion dollars in economic aid to Afghanistan: The Afghan Parliament, The Salma Dam, Zerang-delaram highway, Children’s hospital, The Habiba Girl’s High School India has been providing training to the Afghan forces; both Military and police forces, the administrators. India has become the largest destination of high-value Afghan exports since the launch of the India-Afghanistan Air freight Corridor. During the Covid times, India supplied food and medical aid to Afghanistan on regular basis. India has provided Noida cricket Stadium to be used as a Home ground by the Afghanistan Cricket team. India also participated in Afghan Peace meet hosted by Russia in March 2021. This meet was attended by USA Pakistan India Iran and China apart from Afghanistan and the Taliban. In fact, India is the 5 th largest donor to Afghanistan in the world. With the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan India is said to lose most of its influence. India’s interest Greater connectivity with the region. Connectivity with central Asia To establish India as a regional leader To check Pakistan"s growing influence in Pakistan and consequently China’s interest in Pakistan to protect India"s investment in Afghanistan. Resource-rich regions so as to gain access to them India is set to lose its influence in Afghanistan [9:45 AM] In the last 20 years India played a positive role in Afghanistan but at present India’s diplomacy was almost “nonexistent in the country and its stakes have dramatically decreased” India has been too late in reaching out to the Taliban to secure its interest. Indian officials met the Taliban in Doha, Qatar in June 2021 while the Taliban established a political office in Doha in 2013. Unlike the previous tenure of Taliban when accept for 3 countries no other country recognized Taliban. This time around most of the important players is it the USA, Russia, Iran Central Asian Republics, China all have reached out to the Taliban. However, India has been wary of the Taliban given its proximity to Pakistan’s ISI India has for the longest time insisted on Afghan-led, Afghan-controlled, and Afghan-owned processes of negotiation. The Afghan reconciliation process has had a deep Pakistani footprint owing to its ties to the Taliban. As a consequence, India has been deprived of political leverage and has been placed at a geopolitical disadvantage. Therefore The Taliban take over delivers a blow to India’s strategic interest Afghanistan will have now a Pro-Pakistani government and this will give Pakistan and India’s other key rival china; Pakistan’s close ally; an opportunity to play; more of a role in Afghanistan. It will pose security risks to Indian investments in Afghanistan. And for India in general because Taliban takeover will galvanize regional militance including Anti-India terror groups. Way Forward India should adopt the following strategies in dealing with Taliban led Afghanistan: India must be clear on its role in Taliban-led Afghanistan. By hosting the 3 rd regional security dialogue and with normalization of ties with the Taliban regime by various countries, India an important player in shaping Afghanistan future can fulfill this goal only once the government defines more clearly what it wants Afghanistan’s roles to be despite all its differences with the Taliban regime now. India’s desire to lead discussions on Afghanistan’s future is an important goal for India if it wants to solidify its position as a regional leader. India should, in wake of the present reality when important countries/stakeholders in the Afghan quagmire have reached out to the Taliban, should politically engage with it. Learning from its past mistakes of how not recognizing Taliban was used by Indian airlines highjackers and also given the Geographical proximity between Kabul and New Delhi, India cannot afford closed channels of communications with those in power in Afghanistan. It can do so only at the cost of its own security. India should appoint a special envoy to Afghanistan to impart diplomatic agility and permanence of purpose to India’s foreign policy vis-a-vis Kabul.
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What do you understand by the convertibility of currency? Examine the advantages and disadvantages of convertibility of currency? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Define currency convertibilty in introduction. 2. Highlight merits and demerits of currency convertibilty. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer: By convertibility of a currency we mean currency of a country can be freely converted into foreign exchange at market determined rate of exchange that is, exchange rate as determined by demand for and supply of a currency. Advantages of currency convertibilty:- a) With increased openness, increased trade, capital flows, absence of convertibility is seen as a hindrance to smooth inflows and outflows, resulting in avoidable delays in conversion, besides bringing in administrative costs of conversion. b) A convertible currency is acceptable in a non-convertible economy (USD in India) but a nonconvertible currency is not acceptable in a convertible economy (Rupees in the US). c) It is seen from the global perspective as a growing stature of the home currency gaining global acceptability. d) It reflects greater transparency in the foreign exchange transactions in the domestic economy. e) It is seen as the growing maturity and strong macro-economic fundamentals of an economy and their ability to withstand adverse global fallouts. f) It is also believed as a way to attract foreign investment. Demerits of currency convertibilty:- 1. All the crisis-ridden economies in the past had full convertibility and that convertibility exposes economies and makes them vulnerable, especially in adverse global circumstances. 2. One of the biggest dangers of convertibility is what is referred as the fear of infamous “Dutch Disease," coined in 1977 following discovery of oil in the Netherlands. There was a surge inflows resulting in currency appreciating adversely affecting their manufactured exports and slow down of the economy. 3. The stance of the monetary policy changes to managing inflows and outflows, managing what is referred as the ""impossible trinity"" of open capital account, exchange rate and independent monetary policy. The Central Bank can at best manage two but not all three. 4. Large inflows can create problems of liquidity and lead to inflationary pressures built up besides affecting growth. According to Tara pore Committee 1999- If Fiscal deficit is below 3.5%, NPA is below 5% and CRR is 3% than Full Capital Account convertibility can be a reality. Full account convertibility will be good step for India but it should in line of actual condition of economy.
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##Question:What do you understand by the convertibility of currency? Examine the advantages and disadvantages of convertibility of currency? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Define currency convertibilty in introduction. 2. Highlight merits and demerits of currency convertibilty. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer: By convertibility of a currency we mean currency of a country can be freely converted into foreign exchange at market determined rate of exchange that is, exchange rate as determined by demand for and supply of a currency. Advantages of currency convertibilty:- a) With increased openness, increased trade, capital flows, absence of convertibility is seen as a hindrance to smooth inflows and outflows, resulting in avoidable delays in conversion, besides bringing in administrative costs of conversion. b) A convertible currency is acceptable in a non-convertible economy (USD in India) but a nonconvertible currency is not acceptable in a convertible economy (Rupees in the US). c) It is seen from the global perspective as a growing stature of the home currency gaining global acceptability. d) It reflects greater transparency in the foreign exchange transactions in the domestic economy. e) It is seen as the growing maturity and strong macro-economic fundamentals of an economy and their ability to withstand adverse global fallouts. f) It is also believed as a way to attract foreign investment. Demerits of currency convertibilty:- 1. All the crisis-ridden economies in the past had full convertibility and that convertibility exposes economies and makes them vulnerable, especially in adverse global circumstances. 2. One of the biggest dangers of convertibility is what is referred as the fear of infamous “Dutch Disease," coined in 1977 following discovery of oil in the Netherlands. There was a surge inflows resulting in currency appreciating adversely affecting their manufactured exports and slow down of the economy. 3. The stance of the monetary policy changes to managing inflows and outflows, managing what is referred as the ""impossible trinity"" of open capital account, exchange rate and independent monetary policy. The Central Bank can at best manage two but not all three. 4. Large inflows can create problems of liquidity and lead to inflationary pressures built up besides affecting growth. According to Tara pore Committee 1999- If Fiscal deficit is below 3.5%, NPA is below 5% and CRR is 3% than Full Capital Account convertibility can be a reality. Full account convertibility will be good step for India but it should in line of actual condition of economy.
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Indo-Afghan relations go much beyond the Indo-Pakistan rivalry. Examine. [150 words/10 Marks]
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Assignment Question- Indo-Afghan relations go much beyond the Indo-Pakistan rivalry. Examine. [150 words/10 Marks] BRIEF APPROACH- Introduce india-Pakistan rivalry vis-a-vis Afghanistan Briefly mention the nature of India Afghanistan relation Briefly conclude by emphasizing the Heart of Asia Conference India-Afghanistan Relations Even though increasingly viewed from the prism of Indo-Pak rivalry, the relation between India and Afghanistan goes long back in history as well as transcends narrow strategic calculations. Pakistan on the other hand as part of its ‘ strategic depth’ doctrine, aims at retaining an upper hand vis-à- vis India in Afghanistan. Despite India’s request, Pakistan has refused to provide direct access to land routes to Afghanistan over its strategic concern. The following points highlight the nature of India-Afghanistan relations: Since the signing of the Indo-Afghan Friendship Treaty in 1950 , Indian aid programs have reached large parts of Afghanistan and improved the lives of many Afghans. Afghanistan and India signed a Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA) in October 2011 aimed at creating an enabling environment for the Afghan people to realize their vision of a functioning democracy that contributes to regional peace and prosperity, One of the core objectives of the SPA is to help Afghanistan overcome threats of terrorism, extremism, and criminality, which continue undermining stability in Afghanistan, peace in the region, and security in the world. Through major infrastructure projects, India has helped connect Afghanistan internally and with the region, facilitating cross-border transit, trade and investment. Eg. Delaram-Zaranj Highway , transmission lines to Kabul. In 2017, India transported wheat to Afghanistan through the Chhabahar port (India has been actively seeking alternate routes to Afghanistan and Iran-Afghanistan- India trilateral transit is now being developed). India has committed over $2 billion in development efforts . For eg. India-Afghanistan Friendship Dam, Parliamentary building. Though India has avoided any military process, India’s stand is that foreign military presence in Afghanistan is indispensable in promoting political stability. India has also provided Mi-25 attack helicopters to Afghanistan. Through small rural development projects , India has addressed the problem of impoverished communities across Afghanistan, in line with the objectives of the Afghan government. In recent times India’s involvement in the reconstruction work in Afghanistan has been hindered due to attacks on Indian missions and personnel engaged in reconstruction activities in Afghanistan by groups influenced by Pakistan. However, India has been in favor of a regional and multilateral approach to help Afghanistan become stable and prosperous. In this context, the Heart of Asia process acquires significance. It is a part of the ‘Istanbul Process ’, which provides a platform to discuss an agenda of regional cooperation with Afghanistan at its center
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##Question:Indo-Afghan relations go much beyond the Indo-Pakistan rivalry. Examine. [150 words/10 Marks]##Answer:Assignment Question- Indo-Afghan relations go much beyond the Indo-Pakistan rivalry. Examine. [150 words/10 Marks] BRIEF APPROACH- Introduce india-Pakistan rivalry vis-a-vis Afghanistan Briefly mention the nature of India Afghanistan relation Briefly conclude by emphasizing the Heart of Asia Conference India-Afghanistan Relations Even though increasingly viewed from the prism of Indo-Pak rivalry, the relation between India and Afghanistan goes long back in history as well as transcends narrow strategic calculations. Pakistan on the other hand as part of its ‘ strategic depth’ doctrine, aims at retaining an upper hand vis-à- vis India in Afghanistan. Despite India’s request, Pakistan has refused to provide direct access to land routes to Afghanistan over its strategic concern. The following points highlight the nature of India-Afghanistan relations: Since the signing of the Indo-Afghan Friendship Treaty in 1950 , Indian aid programs have reached large parts of Afghanistan and improved the lives of many Afghans. Afghanistan and India signed a Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA) in October 2011 aimed at creating an enabling environment for the Afghan people to realize their vision of a functioning democracy that contributes to regional peace and prosperity, One of the core objectives of the SPA is to help Afghanistan overcome threats of terrorism, extremism, and criminality, which continue undermining stability in Afghanistan, peace in the region, and security in the world. Through major infrastructure projects, India has helped connect Afghanistan internally and with the region, facilitating cross-border transit, trade and investment. Eg. Delaram-Zaranj Highway , transmission lines to Kabul. In 2017, India transported wheat to Afghanistan through the Chhabahar port (India has been actively seeking alternate routes to Afghanistan and Iran-Afghanistan- India trilateral transit is now being developed). India has committed over $2 billion in development efforts . For eg. India-Afghanistan Friendship Dam, Parliamentary building. Though India has avoided any military process, India’s stand is that foreign military presence in Afghanistan is indispensable in promoting political stability. India has also provided Mi-25 attack helicopters to Afghanistan. Through small rural development projects , India has addressed the problem of impoverished communities across Afghanistan, in line with the objectives of the Afghan government. In recent times India’s involvement in the reconstruction work in Afghanistan has been hindered due to attacks on Indian missions and personnel engaged in reconstruction activities in Afghanistan by groups influenced by Pakistan. However, India has been in favor of a regional and multilateral approach to help Afghanistan become stable and prosperous. In this context, the Heart of Asia process acquires significance. It is a part of the ‘Istanbul Process ’, which provides a platform to discuss an agenda of regional cooperation with Afghanistan at its center
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Giving a brief account of the Nature of the Mauryan Empire, discuss the causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire during the Ancient history of India. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Giving a brief account of the Nature of the Mauryan Empire, discuss the causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire during the Ancient history of India. (10 Marks/150 words) Approach: Introduction: Give a brief introduction to the Mauryan empire in India. Body: Mention various characteristics of the Mauryan Empire. Then highlight various causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire. Conclusion: Conclude your answer by giving the relevance of the Mauryan Empire in India. Model Answer: The Mauryan Empire was the first pan-Indian empire , an empire that covered most of the Indian region. It was formed around 321 B.C.E. and ended in 185 B.C.E. It spanned across central and northern India as well as over parts of modern-day Iran. Nature of the Mauryan Empire The imperial system marked the climax of ancient Indian political developments. Hereditary monarchy marked the triumph of monarchial experiments on republican experiments. It was an absolute monarchy (royal absolutism) with Benevolent despotism. It was an economic state. It is also called a cultural state. Mauryan state was a bureaucratic state. The most elaborate bureaucracy in Indian history was created by Mauryas which was paid in cash. Salaries were given during that period in the form of "Panas" (20-60000) Mauryan state was centralized in nature. Also, it was relatively decentralized in the so-called core and peripheral areas. (Romila Thapar) Causes of the Decline of the Mauryas Mauryan Empire began to decline after the death of Ashoka in 232 BC. The last king was Brihadratha was assassinated in 185 BC-183 BC by his general Pushyamitra Shunga who was a Brahmin. The reasons for the decline can be listed below: After Ashoka, the successors are weak and incompetent rulers. Also, the partition of the empire took place after Ashoka. Absence of any definite rule of primogeniture (the system in which only the eldest child, especially the eldest son, receives all the property when their father died) The religious policy of Ashoka antagonized the Brahmins of his empire. Since Ashoka banned animal sacrifice it stopped the income of Brahmins who received gifts in form of various kinds of sacrifices made to them. During the Mauryan age, a huge expenditure was done on maintaining the army and bureaucracy. Moreover, Ashoka during his reign made large grants to the Buddhist monks which made the royal treasury empty. The Mauryan kings who succeeded Ashoka faced a financial crunch. Neglect of North-West frontier: Ashoka was so busy in carrying out our religious activities that he seldom paid attention to the northwest frontier of the Mauryan Empire. The Greeks took advantage of this and set up a kingdom in northern Afghanistan which was known as Bactria. This was followed by a series of foreign invasions which weakened the empire. The provincial rulers in Magadhan Empire were often corrupt and oppressive. This led to frequent rebellions against the empire. Conclusion: Though the empire declined, a new era was opened in Indian History after the establishment of the Mauryan Empire. It was the very first time in history that the whole of India was politically united.
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##Question:Giving a brief account of the Nature of the Mauryan Empire, discuss the causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire during the Ancient history of India. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Giving a brief account of the Nature of the Mauryan Empire, discuss the causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire during the Ancient history of India. (10 Marks/150 words) Approach: Introduction: Give a brief introduction to the Mauryan empire in India. Body: Mention various characteristics of the Mauryan Empire. Then highlight various causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire. Conclusion: Conclude your answer by giving the relevance of the Mauryan Empire in India. Model Answer: The Mauryan Empire was the first pan-Indian empire , an empire that covered most of the Indian region. It was formed around 321 B.C.E. and ended in 185 B.C.E. It spanned across central and northern India as well as over parts of modern-day Iran. Nature of the Mauryan Empire The imperial system marked the climax of ancient Indian political developments. Hereditary monarchy marked the triumph of monarchial experiments on republican experiments. It was an absolute monarchy (royal absolutism) with Benevolent despotism. It was an economic state. It is also called a cultural state. Mauryan state was a bureaucratic state. The most elaborate bureaucracy in Indian history was created by Mauryas which was paid in cash. Salaries were given during that period in the form of "Panas" (20-60000) Mauryan state was centralized in nature. Also, it was relatively decentralized in the so-called core and peripheral areas. (Romila Thapar) Causes of the Decline of the Mauryas Mauryan Empire began to decline after the death of Ashoka in 232 BC. The last king was Brihadratha was assassinated in 185 BC-183 BC by his general Pushyamitra Shunga who was a Brahmin. The reasons for the decline can be listed below: After Ashoka, the successors are weak and incompetent rulers. Also, the partition of the empire took place after Ashoka. Absence of any definite rule of primogeniture (the system in which only the eldest child, especially the eldest son, receives all the property when their father died) The religious policy of Ashoka antagonized the Brahmins of his empire. Since Ashoka banned animal sacrifice it stopped the income of Brahmins who received gifts in form of various kinds of sacrifices made to them. During the Mauryan age, a huge expenditure was done on maintaining the army and bureaucracy. Moreover, Ashoka during his reign made large grants to the Buddhist monks which made the royal treasury empty. The Mauryan kings who succeeded Ashoka faced a financial crunch. Neglect of North-West frontier: Ashoka was so busy in carrying out our religious activities that he seldom paid attention to the northwest frontier of the Mauryan Empire. The Greeks took advantage of this and set up a kingdom in northern Afghanistan which was known as Bactria. This was followed by a series of foreign invasions which weakened the empire. The provincial rulers in Magadhan Empire were often corrupt and oppressive. This led to frequent rebellions against the empire. Conclusion: Though the empire declined, a new era was opened in Indian History after the establishment of the Mauryan Empire. It was the very first time in history that the whole of India was politically united.
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Discuss the types of agriculture with special emphasis on the subsistence agriculture. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Define the concept of agriculture and its types. Discuss the types of agriculture emphasizing subsistence agriculture. Model Answer: Agriculture/Farming is the science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops, and rearing livestock. Farming is practiced in various ways across the world. Depending upon the geographical conditions, the demand of produce, labor, and the level of technology, farming can be classified into three main types. These are, shifting cultivation, subsistence farming, and commercial farming. (I) Shifting cultivation: This is a primitive form of agriculture that is mostly seen in hilly and tribal regions across the world; A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes, and cassava are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn agriculture. (II) Subsistence Agriculture: Subsistence agriculture is one in which farming is done for personal consumption by the farmer"s family. The farming areas consume all, or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It can be grouped into two categories — Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Extensive Subsistence Agriculture. (A) Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: In intensive subsistence agriculture, the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labor. Climate with a large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permit the growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot. Rice is the main crop. Other crops include wheat, maize, pulses, and oilseeds. Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of the south, southeast, and east Asia. (B) Extensive Subsistence Agriculture: Extensive farming methods are those in which more of the agricultural area is brought under cultivation to increase the overall production. Landholdings are relatively larger in size but have low fertility and low productivity and there is no use of HYVs and other technologies. (III) Commercial Agriculture: In commercial farming, crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in the market. The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large. Most of the work is done by machines. In commercial grain farming crops are grown for commercial purposes. Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains. Major areas where commercial grain farming is practiced are temperate grasslands of North America, Europe, and Asia. Agriculture has developed at different places in different parts of the world. Developing countries with large populations usually practice intensive agriculture where crops are grown on small holdings mostly for subsistence. Larger holdings are more suitable for commercial agriculture as in the USA, Canada, and Australia.
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##Question:Discuss the types of agriculture with special emphasis on the subsistence agriculture. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Define the concept of agriculture and its types. Discuss the types of agriculture emphasizing subsistence agriculture. Model Answer: Agriculture/Farming is the science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops, and rearing livestock. Farming is practiced in various ways across the world. Depending upon the geographical conditions, the demand of produce, labor, and the level of technology, farming can be classified into three main types. These are, shifting cultivation, subsistence farming, and commercial farming. (I) Shifting cultivation: This is a primitive form of agriculture that is mostly seen in hilly and tribal regions across the world; A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes, and cassava are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn agriculture. (II) Subsistence Agriculture: Subsistence agriculture is one in which farming is done for personal consumption by the farmer"s family. The farming areas consume all, or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It can be grouped into two categories — Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Extensive Subsistence Agriculture. (A) Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: In intensive subsistence agriculture, the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labor. Climate with a large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permit the growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot. Rice is the main crop. Other crops include wheat, maize, pulses, and oilseeds. Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of the south, southeast, and east Asia. (B) Extensive Subsistence Agriculture: Extensive farming methods are those in which more of the agricultural area is brought under cultivation to increase the overall production. Landholdings are relatively larger in size but have low fertility and low productivity and there is no use of HYVs and other technologies. (III) Commercial Agriculture: In commercial farming, crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in the market. The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large. Most of the work is done by machines. In commercial grain farming crops are grown for commercial purposes. Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains. Major areas where commercial grain farming is practiced are temperate grasslands of North America, Europe, and Asia. Agriculture has developed at different places in different parts of the world. Developing countries with large populations usually practice intensive agriculture where crops are grown on small holdings mostly for subsistence. Larger holdings are more suitable for commercial agriculture as in the USA, Canada, and Australia.
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Discuss the structure and the functions of International Monetary Fund (IMF)? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in brief about International Monetary Fund (IMF) Explain the structure and functions of IMF Conclude briefly Answer: International Monetary Fund (IMF) as an institution emerged as an outcome of the Bretton Woods Conference primarily to act as the Central Bank of the World. IMF has also played an effective role in fighting socio-economic problems in the world. India has also received the assistance of the IMF from time to time. This organisation perform the following three functions: 1. To maintain the record of Balance of Payment and to advise associated reforms 2. To ensure that Financial Assitance is there for countries facing BOP Crisis 3. To standardise the calculation methodology, formula, tabulation of accounting statistics This organisation consists of 190 members (the latest entrant is Andorra) IMF consists of: 1. 24 membered Board of Directors 2. Board of Governors where Finance Ministers are Members Currency: The Currency of IMF is SDR which is also called Paper Gold Initially from 1945 to 1969, it was only considered US Dollar ie equal to 0.88 Gram gold Then, other currencies also became part of the SDR So it can be said that from 1969 SDR got a weighted average of the set of currencies From 1974 to 1981, there were 16 currencies in it From 1981 to 1999, it had US Dollar, Swiss Franc, Pound Sterling and Bishmark with Japanee Yen In 1999, when Euro was introduced, it was reduced to four currencies US Dollar, Euro, Pound Sterling and Japanese Yen In 2016, the Chinese Renminbi was also joined So, in the current five currencies, the highest weightage is to US Dollar, followed by EURO and Renminbi Which currency is to be added in the SDR is the decision of IMF and is often based upon the economy of a given country in the world and their export quantum The Fund and the Quota System: To provide loan for BOP Crisis, every member country contribute to a collective Fund It is called the Fund of IMF and how much a country will contribute is called the Quota of that country For example, if we say, India"s quota is 2.7% that means the total value of IMF Fund, 2.7% will be given by India The quota of any country is determined by the following factors: 1. GDP with 50% weightage 2. Opnenes with 30% weightage 3. Economic Viability with 15% weightage 4. Forex with 5% weightage Voting Rights: The voting right of any country in IMF and so to say in international economic Policies is directly dependent upon the quota of the country For example, India"s Quota is 2.7% and voting right is 2.6% While for the USA, their quota is almost 87% and voting right is equal to that In IMF, any decision has to be taken by 85% of voting that is why apparently, the USA is having veto In Quota the top 3 countries are the USA, China and Japan; while India"s position is 8th This is the reason why every country wants to increase their quota because that will help in increasing their global stature along with the availability of the fund Functions of IMF International Monetary Fund helps to increase monetary cooperation in the world, The International Monetary Fund is a subsidiary organization in bringing about financial stability in the world, The International Monetary Fund helps member countries to facilitate international trade, Eliminates or reduces exchange restrictions by promoting a multilateral payment system, Ensures stability of the exchange rate in international trade, The International Monetary Fund works to reduce poverty around the world while promoting maximum job creation and sustainable economic growth. The main mission of the International Monetary Fund is to help maintain stability in the international system. The types of loans of IMF could be: 1. Flexible Line Loan - It is one where the country is not in BOP problem but has anticipation for it. Precautionary lending is where BOP Crisis is round the corner and they want the amount to be ready 2. Credit Line Loan - If the amount is within the credit tranche so can be called a precautionary credit line 3. Standby arrangements depending upon the gravity of the situation Stand by arrangements where the country want that loan ready Extending Facility loan where the country is in very bad shape of BOP Through the above functions, the IMF has played an important role in overcoming the crises of economic nature facing the world after the Second World War. Along with economic cooperation. It is noteworthy that India, which till now has been taking loans from the International Monetary Fund from time to time as per its requirement, has now joined its funding nations.
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##Question:Discuss the structure and the functions of International Monetary Fund (IMF)? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief about International Monetary Fund (IMF) Explain the structure and functions of IMF Conclude briefly Answer: International Monetary Fund (IMF) as an institution emerged as an outcome of the Bretton Woods Conference primarily to act as the Central Bank of the World. IMF has also played an effective role in fighting socio-economic problems in the world. India has also received the assistance of the IMF from time to time. This organisation perform the following three functions: 1. To maintain the record of Balance of Payment and to advise associated reforms 2. To ensure that Financial Assitance is there for countries facing BOP Crisis 3. To standardise the calculation methodology, formula, tabulation of accounting statistics This organisation consists of 190 members (the latest entrant is Andorra) IMF consists of: 1. 24 membered Board of Directors 2. Board of Governors where Finance Ministers are Members Currency: The Currency of IMF is SDR which is also called Paper Gold Initially from 1945 to 1969, it was only considered US Dollar ie equal to 0.88 Gram gold Then, other currencies also became part of the SDR So it can be said that from 1969 SDR got a weighted average of the set of currencies From 1974 to 1981, there were 16 currencies in it From 1981 to 1999, it had US Dollar, Swiss Franc, Pound Sterling and Bishmark with Japanee Yen In 1999, when Euro was introduced, it was reduced to four currencies US Dollar, Euro, Pound Sterling and Japanese Yen In 2016, the Chinese Renminbi was also joined So, in the current five currencies, the highest weightage is to US Dollar, followed by EURO and Renminbi Which currency is to be added in the SDR is the decision of IMF and is often based upon the economy of a given country in the world and their export quantum The Fund and the Quota System: To provide loan for BOP Crisis, every member country contribute to a collective Fund It is called the Fund of IMF and how much a country will contribute is called the Quota of that country For example, if we say, India"s quota is 2.7% that means the total value of IMF Fund, 2.7% will be given by India The quota of any country is determined by the following factors: 1. GDP with 50% weightage 2. Opnenes with 30% weightage 3. Economic Viability with 15% weightage 4. Forex with 5% weightage Voting Rights: The voting right of any country in IMF and so to say in international economic Policies is directly dependent upon the quota of the country For example, India"s Quota is 2.7% and voting right is 2.6% While for the USA, their quota is almost 87% and voting right is equal to that In IMF, any decision has to be taken by 85% of voting that is why apparently, the USA is having veto In Quota the top 3 countries are the USA, China and Japan; while India"s position is 8th This is the reason why every country wants to increase their quota because that will help in increasing their global stature along with the availability of the fund Functions of IMF International Monetary Fund helps to increase monetary cooperation in the world, The International Monetary Fund is a subsidiary organization in bringing about financial stability in the world, The International Monetary Fund helps member countries to facilitate international trade, Eliminates or reduces exchange restrictions by promoting a multilateral payment system, Ensures stability of the exchange rate in international trade, The International Monetary Fund works to reduce poverty around the world while promoting maximum job creation and sustainable economic growth. The main mission of the International Monetary Fund is to help maintain stability in the international system. The types of loans of IMF could be: 1. Flexible Line Loan - It is one where the country is not in BOP problem but has anticipation for it. Precautionary lending is where BOP Crisis is round the corner and they want the amount to be ready 2. Credit Line Loan - If the amount is within the credit tranche so can be called a precautionary credit line 3. Standby arrangements depending upon the gravity of the situation Stand by arrangements where the country want that loan ready Extending Facility loan where the country is in very bad shape of BOP Through the above functions, the IMF has played an important role in overcoming the crises of economic nature facing the world after the Second World War. Along with economic cooperation. It is noteworthy that India, which till now has been taking loans from the International Monetary Fund from time to time as per its requirement, has now joined its funding nations.
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Discuss the structure and the functions of International Monetary Fund (IMF)? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce in brief about International Monetary Fund (IMF) Explain the structure and functions of the IMF Conclude briefly Answer: International Monetary Fund (IMF) an institution that emerged as an outcome of the Bretton Woods Conference primarily to act as the Central Bank of the World. IMF has also played an effective role in fighting socioeconomic problems in the world. India has also received assistance from the IMF from time to time. Structure of IMF The structure of the IMF includes the following: 1. An owner- the member countries(presently 190) 2. Objective with which IMF was set up, that is, to establish a stable global financial system, 3. Corpus- It is the money available with IMF that it uses to meet its objectives. The contribution to this corpus is on the basis of a member"s quota 4. Fund manager- the decisions with respect to meeting the objectives and the use of funds is taken by the executive board of IMF consisting of 24 members, who appoint an executive chairman(managing director). Quota System: IMF is a quota-based institution where each country has a pre-determined quota. The quota of a country depends on factors such as: 1. GDP with 50% weightage 2. Opnenes with 30% weightage 3. Economic Viability with 15% weightage 4. Forex with 5% weightage The quota determines three important things: a. Subscription amount The joining fee or the initial contribution that the country has to pay to IMF. b. Quota determines voting power Every country is given total votes which consist of a fixed and variable portion. The fixed portion is the same for all the countries and the variable depends on the quota. c. Eligibility for maximum assistance The quota also determines the maximum amount of help that a country can get from the IMF. Normally, it can get assistance up to 145% of its quota. If it needs further assistance, it requires a special resolution by the IMF"s board. Functions of IMF The main task of the IMF is to maintain stability in the global financial system. Specifically, it does the following: 1. Monitor exchange rates, the country"s BoP position, and the adequacy of its forex reserves 2. To flag any concerns related to financial stability in case the BoP position of a country deteriorates. 3. To take steps to contain a BoP crisis that has occurred. In pursuit of this, IMF takes measures such as lending to countries in crisis. IMF publishes various reports such as the Global Financial Stability Report and the World Economic Outlook to comment upon BoP"s position, potential points of crisis, and learnings from good performers in these reports. Through the above functions, the IMF has played an important role in overcoming the crises of economic nature facing the world after the Second World War. Along with economic cooperation. It is noteworthy that India, which till now has been taking loans from the International Monetary Fund from time to time as per its requirement, has now joined its funding nations.
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##Question:Discuss the structure and the functions of International Monetary Fund (IMF)? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief about International Monetary Fund (IMF) Explain the structure and functions of the IMF Conclude briefly Answer: International Monetary Fund (IMF) an institution that emerged as an outcome of the Bretton Woods Conference primarily to act as the Central Bank of the World. IMF has also played an effective role in fighting socioeconomic problems in the world. India has also received assistance from the IMF from time to time. Structure of IMF The structure of the IMF includes the following: 1. An owner- the member countries(presently 190) 2. Objective with which IMF was set up, that is, to establish a stable global financial system, 3. Corpus- It is the money available with IMF that it uses to meet its objectives. The contribution to this corpus is on the basis of a member"s quota 4. Fund manager- the decisions with respect to meeting the objectives and the use of funds is taken by the executive board of IMF consisting of 24 members, who appoint an executive chairman(managing director). Quota System: IMF is a quota-based institution where each country has a pre-determined quota. The quota of a country depends on factors such as: 1. GDP with 50% weightage 2. Opnenes with 30% weightage 3. Economic Viability with 15% weightage 4. Forex with 5% weightage The quota determines three important things: a. Subscription amount The joining fee or the initial contribution that the country has to pay to IMF. b. Quota determines voting power Every country is given total votes which consist of a fixed and variable portion. The fixed portion is the same for all the countries and the variable depends on the quota. c. Eligibility for maximum assistance The quota also determines the maximum amount of help that a country can get from the IMF. Normally, it can get assistance up to 145% of its quota. If it needs further assistance, it requires a special resolution by the IMF"s board. Functions of IMF The main task of the IMF is to maintain stability in the global financial system. Specifically, it does the following: 1. Monitor exchange rates, the country"s BoP position, and the adequacy of its forex reserves 2. To flag any concerns related to financial stability in case the BoP position of a country deteriorates. 3. To take steps to contain a BoP crisis that has occurred. In pursuit of this, IMF takes measures such as lending to countries in crisis. IMF publishes various reports such as the Global Financial Stability Report and the World Economic Outlook to comment upon BoP"s position, potential points of crisis, and learnings from good performers in these reports. Through the above functions, the IMF has played an important role in overcoming the crises of economic nature facing the world after the Second World War. Along with economic cooperation. It is noteworthy that India, which till now has been taking loans from the International Monetary Fund from time to time as per its requirement, has now joined its funding nations.
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What is Big Data Analytics ? Discuss its applications in various fields. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Briefly discuss the concept of Big Data Analytics. Body: Discuss applications of Big Data Analytics in various fields. Conclusion: Briefly conclude by giving the adoption of Big Data Analysis by the Indian government. Model Answer: Big data analytics is the use of advanced analytic techniques against very large, diverse data sets that include structured, semi-structured and unstructured data, from different sources, and in different sizes from terabytes to zettabytes to draw conclusions about the information they contain, with the aid of specialized systems and software. Applications of Big Data Analytics: Banking: The banking sector has a huge information-Big data analytics that allows banks to examine large sets of data to find patterns in customer behaviour and preferences. Education: A better system of evaluation of students, support of teachers and Principals, etc. Big Data Analytics allows a teacher to measure, monitor, and respond, in real-time to a student"s understanding of the material. Analytics, showing how students learn can help educators adapt their teaching styles and address student needs before the final grade is delivered. Government: Can improve policy decisions, dealing with traffic congestions as Analytics also helps cities and states gather more accurate statistics on vehicle safety, road accidents, and driving behaviour. Healthcare: Big Data is used in healthcare to find new cures for cancer, optimize treatment, and even predict diseases before any physical symptoms appear. Big Data Analytics gives insights into diseases like a covid pandemic, effective healthcare services, etc. Manufacturing: With big data analytics in manufacturing, manufacturers can uncover the latest information and recognize patterns that allow them to enhance processes, boost supply chain efficiency and determine variables that impact production. Improve the quality and minimization of waste etc. Agriculture: Big data provides farmers granular data on rainfall patterns, water cycles, fertilizer requirements, and more. This enables them to make smart decisions, such as what crops to plant for better profitability and when to harvest. The right decisions ultimately improve farm yields. Conclusion In this direction, the government of India has used Big Data Analytics to catch tax evaders in 2017 by rolling out a platform completely based on big data analytics known as the Project Insight to make this happen. Since the Indian government is aiming to have a more significant digital transformation, Big Data Analytics is expected to play a critical role in modernizing the provision of services to the citizenry.
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##Question:What is Big Data Analytics ? Discuss its applications in various fields. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly discuss the concept of Big Data Analytics. Body: Discuss applications of Big Data Analytics in various fields. Conclusion: Briefly conclude by giving the adoption of Big Data Analysis by the Indian government. Model Answer: Big data analytics is the use of advanced analytic techniques against very large, diverse data sets that include structured, semi-structured and unstructured data, from different sources, and in different sizes from terabytes to zettabytes to draw conclusions about the information they contain, with the aid of specialized systems and software. Applications of Big Data Analytics: Banking: The banking sector has a huge information-Big data analytics that allows banks to examine large sets of data to find patterns in customer behaviour and preferences. Education: A better system of evaluation of students, support of teachers and Principals, etc. Big Data Analytics allows a teacher to measure, monitor, and respond, in real-time to a student"s understanding of the material. Analytics, showing how students learn can help educators adapt their teaching styles and address student needs before the final grade is delivered. Government: Can improve policy decisions, dealing with traffic congestions as Analytics also helps cities and states gather more accurate statistics on vehicle safety, road accidents, and driving behaviour. Healthcare: Big Data is used in healthcare to find new cures for cancer, optimize treatment, and even predict diseases before any physical symptoms appear. Big Data Analytics gives insights into diseases like a covid pandemic, effective healthcare services, etc. Manufacturing: With big data analytics in manufacturing, manufacturers can uncover the latest information and recognize patterns that allow them to enhance processes, boost supply chain efficiency and determine variables that impact production. Improve the quality and minimization of waste etc. Agriculture: Big data provides farmers granular data on rainfall patterns, water cycles, fertilizer requirements, and more. This enables them to make smart decisions, such as what crops to plant for better profitability and when to harvest. The right decisions ultimately improve farm yields. Conclusion In this direction, the government of India has used Big Data Analytics to catch tax evaders in 2017 by rolling out a platform completely based on big data analytics known as the Project Insight to make this happen. Since the Indian government is aiming to have a more significant digital transformation, Big Data Analytics is expected to play a critical role in modernizing the provision of services to the citizenry.
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Explain the role of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the monsoon. What are the limitations of this ITCZ model? (150 words / 10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly define ITCZ. Howe ITCZ shifts over the Indian subcontinent. How it explains the shifting of trade winds. Limitations of ITCZ: Delay, strength, etc. of monsoon. Answer: Role of ITCZ in India monsoon: In July month ITCZ crosses the Tropic of Cancer in the Indian Subcontinent. As per this explanation, the ITCZ during the Indian Summer season shifts up to the southern foothills of the Himalayas, because of ITCZ is the zone of convergence of trade winds, hence, as per the summer season diagram, the trade winds also shift up to the ITCZ. ITCZ crossing equator: Hence, the South Easterly trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere, cross the equator, and due to the Coriolis Force in Northern Hemisphere, these trade winds bend towards the right, i.e. towards the east. Hence, move like Southwest monsoon winds, also known as summer monsoon over India. South West trade winds moving over the western North Indian Ocean pick moisture from this region, as cause the summer monsoon rain, over Indian Subcontinent, up to the Southern Foothills of Himalayas. Shifting during the onset of winters: During the onset of winter in the Northern Hemisphere (October to December), the sun shifts towards the Tropic of Capricorn, hence the ITCZ also shifts towards the Tropic of Capricorn. And hence over the northern parts of Australia. Challenge with ITCZ explanation: ITCZ"s explanation does not explain the delay of the southwest monsoon of India, in reaching over the Indian subcontinent. Or reaching over the Northern parts of India. This is explained by the location of the subtropical westerly jet stream, as given below: During the Northern Hemisphere winter, which is the Southern Hemisphere summer, the ITCZ is over the northern Australian region, which is the ‘tropic of Capricorn. Hence, the North-East Trade winds of the Northern Hemisphere, move over Indian Subcontinent, as North-East monsoon or winter monsoon. And hence is generally dry for most of India. When these trade winds cross the equator, they move like North West Monsoon over Northern Australia. And they cause rain over the Australian region.
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##Question:Explain the role of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the monsoon. What are the limitations of this ITCZ model? (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define ITCZ. Howe ITCZ shifts over the Indian subcontinent. How it explains the shifting of trade winds. Limitations of ITCZ: Delay, strength, etc. of monsoon. Answer: Role of ITCZ in India monsoon: In July month ITCZ crosses the Tropic of Cancer in the Indian Subcontinent. As per this explanation, the ITCZ during the Indian Summer season shifts up to the southern foothills of the Himalayas, because of ITCZ is the zone of convergence of trade winds, hence, as per the summer season diagram, the trade winds also shift up to the ITCZ. ITCZ crossing equator: Hence, the South Easterly trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere, cross the equator, and due to the Coriolis Force in Northern Hemisphere, these trade winds bend towards the right, i.e. towards the east. Hence, move like Southwest monsoon winds, also known as summer monsoon over India. South West trade winds moving over the western North Indian Ocean pick moisture from this region, as cause the summer monsoon rain, over Indian Subcontinent, up to the Southern Foothills of Himalayas. Shifting during the onset of winters: During the onset of winter in the Northern Hemisphere (October to December), the sun shifts towards the Tropic of Capricorn, hence the ITCZ also shifts towards the Tropic of Capricorn. And hence over the northern parts of Australia. Challenge with ITCZ explanation: ITCZ"s explanation does not explain the delay of the southwest monsoon of India, in reaching over the Indian subcontinent. Or reaching over the Northern parts of India. This is explained by the location of the subtropical westerly jet stream, as given below: During the Northern Hemisphere winter, which is the Southern Hemisphere summer, the ITCZ is over the northern Australian region, which is the ‘tropic of Capricorn. Hence, the North-East Trade winds of the Northern Hemisphere, move over Indian Subcontinent, as North-East monsoon or winter monsoon. And hence is generally dry for most of India. When these trade winds cross the equator, they move like North West Monsoon over Northern Australia. And they cause rain over the Australian region.
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NITI Aayog"s National Multi-dimensional poverty index is much more inclusive than UNDP Multidimensional Poverty Index. Comment (150 words/10marks)
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Approach Introduction Introduce the meaning of MDPI or NITI Aayog or UNDP. Body Write about MDPI of UNDP. NITI Aayog MDPI and explains its inclusiveness. Conclusion conclude with the significance of NITI Aayog MDPI ANSWER The Global MPI stands for Multidimensional Poverty Index is released by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). The idea behind this index is to measure acute multidimensional poverty across developing countries using various indicators. It was developed by OPHI with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2010. It is a part of UNDP’s Human Development Report (HDR) and is released annually. MDPI of UNDP UNDP measures the MDPI across three dimensions of health education and standard of life. Multidimensional poor are those who are suffering in terms of health (Nutrition and child mortality with one-third weightage), Education (school attendance and expected years of school with one-third weightage), standards of life (in terms of cooking gas, sanitation, safe drinking water, house, electricity and other assets such as TV, mobile, etc). MDPI released by NITI Aayog is much more inclusive as it makes dimensions of health, education, and standard of living more inclusive. key features of MDPI released by NITI Aayog are : Unlike UNDP Multidimensional Poverty Index this index is having 12 indicators. In terms of Health one indicator is added called Antenatal care and the Indicator of child mortality has been changed to child and adolescent Mortality. Moreover, in the standard of Life -a bank account made an indicator. NITI Aayog indicator based on data of national family health survey 4th series (2015-16) This NFHS data is collected by the international institute of population studies. As per the data India is having 25 % percent are Multidimensional poor. Kerala is in the best situation at 0.7 % followed by Goa and Tamil Nādu. Bihar is in the bottom position with 51.9 % followed by Jharkhand and UP. Conclusion: Considering the developmental and welfare goals of India NITI Aayog initiative is most welcome and it will also be helping the SDG 2030.
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##Question:NITI Aayog"s National Multi-dimensional poverty index is much more inclusive than UNDP Multidimensional Poverty Index. Comment (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction Introduce the meaning of MDPI or NITI Aayog or UNDP. Body Write about MDPI of UNDP. NITI Aayog MDPI and explains its inclusiveness. Conclusion conclude with the significance of NITI Aayog MDPI ANSWER The Global MPI stands for Multidimensional Poverty Index is released by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). The idea behind this index is to measure acute multidimensional poverty across developing countries using various indicators. It was developed by OPHI with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2010. It is a part of UNDP’s Human Development Report (HDR) and is released annually. MDPI of UNDP UNDP measures the MDPI across three dimensions of health education and standard of life. Multidimensional poor are those who are suffering in terms of health (Nutrition and child mortality with one-third weightage), Education (school attendance and expected years of school with one-third weightage), standards of life (in terms of cooking gas, sanitation, safe drinking water, house, electricity and other assets such as TV, mobile, etc). MDPI released by NITI Aayog is much more inclusive as it makes dimensions of health, education, and standard of living more inclusive. key features of MDPI released by NITI Aayog are : Unlike UNDP Multidimensional Poverty Index this index is having 12 indicators. In terms of Health one indicator is added called Antenatal care and the Indicator of child mortality has been changed to child and adolescent Mortality. Moreover, in the standard of Life -a bank account made an indicator. NITI Aayog indicator based on data of national family health survey 4th series (2015-16) This NFHS data is collected by the international institute of population studies. As per the data India is having 25 % percent are Multidimensional poor. Kerala is in the best situation at 0.7 % followed by Goa and Tamil Nādu. Bihar is in the bottom position with 51.9 % followed by Jharkhand and UP. Conclusion: Considering the developmental and welfare goals of India NITI Aayog initiative is most welcome and it will also be helping the SDG 2030.
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Give an account of the Gupta Empire with special emphasis on the reign of Chandragupta -II.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction about Gupta Empire. Highlight various achievements made during the period of Chandragupta II. Given a brief conclusion Answer: The Guptas succeeded the Kushanas in North India as imperial powers in the first quarter of the fourth century . They had been one of the feudatories of the Kushanas and adopted their cavalry techniques and political ideals. The Gupta power mainly came to be based on cavalry making some sort of departure from the horse-chariot and elephants mainly under the Kushana influence. It is a Vaishya Dynasty, with a large empire, whose rule is also associated with the so-called golden age of Indian history , mainly due to cultural development during their time. The Gupta rulers considered themselves to be incarnations of the Lord Vishnu and so it seems that they believed in the theory of the divine origin of Kingship. Th e founder of the dynasty was Shrigupta, a feudatory of Kushanas possibly in the last quarter of the third century (about AD 275) . But the real founder of the dynasty (the first important ruler) was Chandragupta I who ruled from AD 319 to AD 334. Chandragupta, I was succeeded by his son Samudragupta. Samudragupta was succeeded by Chandragupta II (AD 380- 412) who is also known as Devagupta. Chandragupta II is Famous for the following reasons: He assumed the title of ‘Vikramaditya. He is supposed to be the most famous of all Indian rulers who assumed this title. He d efeated the Shakas of the Malwa region and annexed their territories. He issued silver coins for the first time in imitation of the coins of the Shakas. His daughter Prabhavati Devi managed the affairs of the Vakataka kingdom , a dynasty founded in the Deccan by Vindhyashakti I, after the death of her husband under his guidance, and thus the influence of the Gupta rule was indirectly extended to the Deccan as well. He is also identified with a ruler namely Chandra mentioned in an inscription found on the famous iron pillar of Mehrauli. T his ruler has been given credit for conquering areas of the North West and Bengal. His reign witnessed the visit of the famous Chinese traveller Fa-Hian. He had the famous ‘Navratnas’ i n his court including Amarsimha and Kalidasa . Amarsimha is known for his famous work ‘Amarkosha’ regarded as the first dictionary of the Sanskrit language and as such a very useful work for the historical reconstruction of the traits of the time. Kalidasa has been called the “ Shakespeare of India “ for his literary accomplishments. He was a resident of Ujjain and a worshiper of Lord Shiva. He is also given credit for giving one of the earliest references to the devadasi system. (works of Kalidasa to be covered as part of Indian literature as a part of Indian culture) Chandragupta II was succeeded by his son Kumargupta I whose reign witnessed the first foreign invasion of the Gupta Empire. Kumargupta I was succeeded by his son Skandgupta who is regarded as the last great ruler of the dynasty. Later on, the Gupta dynasty came to an end due to weak successors and the rise of numerous regional kingdoms. Their empire was not as large as the Mauryan and the kushana empire but they established political unity in north India for over a century from about the middle of the fourth century to the middle of the fifth century.
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##Question:Give an account of the Gupta Empire with special emphasis on the reign of Chandragupta -II.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about Gupta Empire. Highlight various achievements made during the period of Chandragupta II. Given a brief conclusion Answer: The Guptas succeeded the Kushanas in North India as imperial powers in the first quarter of the fourth century . They had been one of the feudatories of the Kushanas and adopted their cavalry techniques and political ideals. The Gupta power mainly came to be based on cavalry making some sort of departure from the horse-chariot and elephants mainly under the Kushana influence. It is a Vaishya Dynasty, with a large empire, whose rule is also associated with the so-called golden age of Indian history , mainly due to cultural development during their time. The Gupta rulers considered themselves to be incarnations of the Lord Vishnu and so it seems that they believed in the theory of the divine origin of Kingship. Th e founder of the dynasty was Shrigupta, a feudatory of Kushanas possibly in the last quarter of the third century (about AD 275) . But the real founder of the dynasty (the first important ruler) was Chandragupta I who ruled from AD 319 to AD 334. Chandragupta, I was succeeded by his son Samudragupta. Samudragupta was succeeded by Chandragupta II (AD 380- 412) who is also known as Devagupta. Chandragupta II is Famous for the following reasons: He assumed the title of ‘Vikramaditya. He is supposed to be the most famous of all Indian rulers who assumed this title. He d efeated the Shakas of the Malwa region and annexed their territories. He issued silver coins for the first time in imitation of the coins of the Shakas. His daughter Prabhavati Devi managed the affairs of the Vakataka kingdom , a dynasty founded in the Deccan by Vindhyashakti I, after the death of her husband under his guidance, and thus the influence of the Gupta rule was indirectly extended to the Deccan as well. He is also identified with a ruler namely Chandra mentioned in an inscription found on the famous iron pillar of Mehrauli. T his ruler has been given credit for conquering areas of the North West and Bengal. His reign witnessed the visit of the famous Chinese traveller Fa-Hian. He had the famous ‘Navratnas’ i n his court including Amarsimha and Kalidasa . Amarsimha is known for his famous work ‘Amarkosha’ regarded as the first dictionary of the Sanskrit language and as such a very useful work for the historical reconstruction of the traits of the time. Kalidasa has been called the “ Shakespeare of India “ for his literary accomplishments. He was a resident of Ujjain and a worshiper of Lord Shiva. He is also given credit for giving one of the earliest references to the devadasi system. (works of Kalidasa to be covered as part of Indian literature as a part of Indian culture) Chandragupta II was succeeded by his son Kumargupta I whose reign witnessed the first foreign invasion of the Gupta Empire. Kumargupta I was succeeded by his son Skandgupta who is regarded as the last great ruler of the dynasty. Later on, the Gupta dynasty came to an end due to weak successors and the rise of numerous regional kingdoms. Their empire was not as large as the Mauryan and the kushana empire but they established political unity in north India for over a century from about the middle of the fourth century to the middle of the fifth century.
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Describe the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Also, explain Indian concerns regarding the Agreement on Agriculture. (10 marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce the answer by giving a brief background on the Agreement on Agriculture. Then, describe the AOA and what is included in it. Highlight, India"s concerns regarding AOA. Conclude accordingly. Answer: After over 7 years of negotiations, the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations were concluded on December 15, 1993, and were formally ratified in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morrocco. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture was one of the many agreements which were negotiated during the Uruguay Round. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture contains provisions in 3 broad areas of agriculture and trade policy: 1. Market Access 2. Domestic support 3. Export subsidies 1. Market Access- Market access refers to the reduction of tariff (or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO members. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture required tariff reductions of- 36% average reduction by developed countries, with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 15% over six years. 24% average reduction by developing countries with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 10% over ten years. Least developed countries (LDCs) were exempt from tariff reductions, but they either had to convert non-tariff barriers to tariffs—a process called tariffication or "bind" their tariffs, creating a ceiling that could not be increased in the future. 2. Domestic Support- It includes the classification of agricultural subsidies into ‘boxes’ depending on their effects on production and trade (a) Green Box: It follows under the Permitted subsidies, Minimal Distortion, and typically includes those for research and development (R&D), environmental protection, and animal welfare. Blue box subsidies are also permitted, but on the condition that they must not lead to increased production as the amount spent on government services. The green subsidy allows in terms of support, for example, MSP or subsidies. It includes the payments made directly to farmers that are off-limits to stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assistance to help farmers to restructure their agriculture, direct payment under environmental and regional assistance programs. (b) Blue Box: Production limiting programs that still distort trade. The subsidy is permitted under the blue box, covers certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production called’ Blue Box’ measures, which comprise government assistance programs to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Any support that would normally be in the amber box is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production. For e.g., the Blue box contains aid to livestock or land not linked to prices but to fixed figures for surface and yield. (c) Amber Box: Provides Aid to avoid and reduced, Measures to support prices, and subsidies most directly linked to production level and quantities meanwhile, all domestic support considered to distort production and trade (with some exceptions like except that placed in the Green and Blue Box. It is subject to limits expressed in terms of a "Total Aggregate Measurement of Support" (Total AMS) which combines all supports for specified products, together with supports that are not for specific products, into one single figure. For example- When European Union buys up cereals and dairy products at guaranteed prices from its producers; (Like Indian Minimum Support Prices but AOA didn’t object to Indian MSP programs) it is amber-box aid. 3. Export Subsidies: The Agriculture Agreement prohibits export subsidies on agricultural products unless the subsidies are specified in a member’s lists of commitments. Where they are listed, the agreement requires WTO members to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. Taking averages for 1986-90 as the base level, developed countries agreed to cut the value of export subsidies by 36% over the six years starting in 1995 (24% over 10 years for developing countries). Developed countries also agreed to reduce the quantities of subsidized exports by 21% over the six years (14% over 10 years for developing countries). Least-developed countries do not need to make any cuts. Indian concerns regarding Agreement on Agriculture: 1. Questions arising towards the food-safety laws (like the National Food Security Act) of India under internal assistance. Emphasis is also being given by developed countries to bring India"s food-safety measures under internal aid. Questions were raised by developed countries on India"s minimum domestic support system to ensure food security. India has demanded that MPS should be calculated by using the recent reference period instead of 1986/88 prices, which was factored in at the time of the creation of the WTO. 2. Subsidies deserve to be placed in the green or blue box, rather than the amber box, which is a matter of contention at the WTO. Within the current negotiations, many developing country members have expressed concern over "box-shifting": the movement of subsidies from the amber to the blue box without significant changes in the nature of the subsidy. Issues related to their design under green and blue boxes 3. Concessions are given by developed countries directly / indirectly to agricultural exporters, impacting the competitiveness of Indian agricultural products in global markets. 4. Efforts to prevent our products from reaching the market in developed countries by non-tariff provisions (labor laws, sanitation, phytosanitary, etc.) 5. Developed countries have modern biotechnology (seed research, pesticides, etc.) through which the cost of production and prices can be impacted. India does not provide any subsidy on exports of agricultural products like developed countries except for some tax exemptions. Also, in the Indian context, agriculture is not a business but a means of subsistence for the majority population. Therefore, in the context of assistance to poor farmers and food security for the Indian public, India will have to adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to its concerns and questions being raised under the agreement on agriculture.
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##Question:Describe the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Also, explain Indian concerns regarding the Agreement on Agriculture. (10 marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by giving a brief background on the Agreement on Agriculture. Then, describe the AOA and what is included in it. Highlight, India"s concerns regarding AOA. Conclude accordingly. Answer: After over 7 years of negotiations, the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations were concluded on December 15, 1993, and were formally ratified in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morrocco. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture was one of the many agreements which were negotiated during the Uruguay Round. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture contains provisions in 3 broad areas of agriculture and trade policy: 1. Market Access 2. Domestic support 3. Export subsidies 1. Market Access- Market access refers to the reduction of tariff (or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO members. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture required tariff reductions of- 36% average reduction by developed countries, with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 15% over six years. 24% average reduction by developing countries with a minimum per-tariff line reduction of 10% over ten years. Least developed countries (LDCs) were exempt from tariff reductions, but they either had to convert non-tariff barriers to tariffs—a process called tariffication or "bind" their tariffs, creating a ceiling that could not be increased in the future. 2. Domestic Support- It includes the classification of agricultural subsidies into ‘boxes’ depending on their effects on production and trade (a) Green Box: It follows under the Permitted subsidies, Minimal Distortion, and typically includes those for research and development (R&D), environmental protection, and animal welfare. Blue box subsidies are also permitted, but on the condition that they must not lead to increased production as the amount spent on government services. The green subsidy allows in terms of support, for example, MSP or subsidies. It includes the payments made directly to farmers that are off-limits to stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assistance to help farmers to restructure their agriculture, direct payment under environmental and regional assistance programs. (b) Blue Box: Production limiting programs that still distort trade. The subsidy is permitted under the blue box, covers certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production called’ Blue Box’ measures, which comprise government assistance programs to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Any support that would normally be in the amber box is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production. For e.g., the Blue box contains aid to livestock or land not linked to prices but to fixed figures for surface and yield. (c) Amber Box: Provides Aid to avoid and reduced, Measures to support prices, and subsidies most directly linked to production level and quantities meanwhile, all domestic support considered to distort production and trade (with some exceptions like except that placed in the Green and Blue Box. It is subject to limits expressed in terms of a "Total Aggregate Measurement of Support" (Total AMS) which combines all supports for specified products, together with supports that are not for specific products, into one single figure. For example- When European Union buys up cereals and dairy products at guaranteed prices from its producers; (Like Indian Minimum Support Prices but AOA didn’t object to Indian MSP programs) it is amber-box aid. 3. Export Subsidies: The Agriculture Agreement prohibits export subsidies on agricultural products unless the subsidies are specified in a member’s lists of commitments. Where they are listed, the agreement requires WTO members to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. Taking averages for 1986-90 as the base level, developed countries agreed to cut the value of export subsidies by 36% over the six years starting in 1995 (24% over 10 years for developing countries). Developed countries also agreed to reduce the quantities of subsidized exports by 21% over the six years (14% over 10 years for developing countries). Least-developed countries do not need to make any cuts. Indian concerns regarding Agreement on Agriculture: 1. Questions arising towards the food-safety laws (like the National Food Security Act) of India under internal assistance. Emphasis is also being given by developed countries to bring India"s food-safety measures under internal aid. Questions were raised by developed countries on India"s minimum domestic support system to ensure food security. India has demanded that MPS should be calculated by using the recent reference period instead of 1986/88 prices, which was factored in at the time of the creation of the WTO. 2. Subsidies deserve to be placed in the green or blue box, rather than the amber box, which is a matter of contention at the WTO. Within the current negotiations, many developing country members have expressed concern over "box-shifting": the movement of subsidies from the amber to the blue box without significant changes in the nature of the subsidy. Issues related to their design under green and blue boxes 3. Concessions are given by developed countries directly / indirectly to agricultural exporters, impacting the competitiveness of Indian agricultural products in global markets. 4. Efforts to prevent our products from reaching the market in developed countries by non-tariff provisions (labor laws, sanitation, phytosanitary, etc.) 5. Developed countries have modern biotechnology (seed research, pesticides, etc.) through which the cost of production and prices can be impacted. India does not provide any subsidy on exports of agricultural products like developed countries except for some tax exemptions. Also, in the Indian context, agriculture is not a business but a means of subsistence for the majority population. Therefore, in the context of assistance to poor farmers and food security for the Indian public, India will have to adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to its concerns and questions being raised under the agreement on agriculture.
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वायु रक्षा प्रणाली से आप क्या समझते हैं? अवाक्स के विशेष संदर्भ में इसकी चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by Air Defense System? Discuss it with special reference to AWACS. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत वायु सेना का सामान्य परिचय देते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात वायु रक्षा प्रणाली के विभिन्न उदाहरणों की चर्चा कीजिये| अंत में अवाक्स प्रणाली का विस्तृत चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - वायुसेना एक राष्ट्र की सैन्य संगठन की एक शाखा होती है जिसका मुख्य कार्य उस देश की वायु सुरक्षा, वायु चौकसी एव जरूरत होने पर वायु युद्ध करना होता है। इस सेन्य संगठन की संरचना थलसेना, नौसेना या अन्य शाखाओं से अलग और स्वतंत्र होती है। आमतौर पर वायुसेना अपना कर्तव्य पालन करने के लिए वायु नियंत्रण करती है जिसमे की दुश्मन सेना के विमान विशेष तोर पर लड़ाकू विमानों को नष्ट करना , शत्रु पर बमबारी और सतेही सेना को सामरिक सहायता प्रदान करना होता है।वायुसेना कई प्रकार के साजो सामान काम में लेती है व जिसमे विभिन्न प्रकार के हथियार व विमान शामिल होते है। किसी भी वायुसेना के बेड़े में कई प्रकार के लड़ाकू, बम डोही, टोही, तेल टेंकर व सेन्य परिवहन विमान शामिल हो सकते है। वायु रक्षा प्रणाली हेलिकाप्टर - एलसीएच हिंदुस्तान एयरोनॉटिक्स लिमिटेड (HAL) के हेलीकॉप्टर डिवीज़न के लिये एक नया उपकरण है। यह दो इंजन वाला हेलीकॉप्टर 5 से 8 टन वर्ग का एक समर्पित लड़ाकू हेलीकॉप्ट र है। LCH में प्रभावी युद्धक भूमिकाओं के लिये उन्नत तकनीकों और स्टील्थ सुविधाओं को शामिल किया गया है और इसे शत्रु की वायु रक्षा, प्रतिवाद, अन्वेषण व बचाव, टैंक-रोधी, काउंटर सरफेस फोर्स ऑपरेशंस आदि जैसी भूमिकाओं को पूरा करने के लिये डिज़ाइन किया गया है। इसके अतिरिक्त अन्य अनेक लड़ाकू हेलीकाप्टर हैं - ‘ स्विच 1.0 UAV’ and ‘MR-20, HAL -चेतक आदि इसमें प्रमुख हैं| लड़ाकू विमान - रूस - MIG -21,27,29 एवं सुखोई; फ्रांस - मिराज-2000, रफाल, आदि; भारत का हल्का लड़ाकू विमान - तेजस- तेजस भारत द्वारा विकसित किया जा रहा एक हल्का व कई तरह की भूमिकाओं वाला जेट लड़ाकू विमान है। यह हिन्दुस्तान एरोनाटिक्स लिमिटेड (एचएएल) द्वारा विकसित एक सीट और एक जेट इंजन वाला,अनेक भूमिकाओं को निभाने में सक्षम एक हल्का युद्धक विमान है। यह बिना पूँछ का, कम्पाउण्ड-डेल्टा पंख वाला वि मान है। इसका विकास "हल्का युद्धक विमान" या (एलसीए) नामक कार्यक्रम के अन्तर्गत हुआ है जो 1980 के दशक में शु रू हुआ था। मानव-रहित वायुयान- ड्रोन; अनुप्रयोग - निगरानी के लिए, जासूसी के लिए, लक्ष्य को निर्धारित करने के लिए, हमले के लिए, क्षति का अनुमान लगाने के लिए, आदि; उदाहरण- निशांत, लक्ष्य, पंक्षी एवं रुस्तम, आदि| अवाक्स (वायु आधारित पूर्ण चेतावनी एवं नियंत्रण प्रणाली) एयरबॉर्न अर्ली वार्निंग एंड कंट्रोल सिस्टम(अवॉक्स), एक हवाई राडार पिकेट प्रणाली(Airborne Radar Picket System) है जिसे लंबी दूरी पर स्थित विमान, जहाजों और वाहनों का पता लगाने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया जाता है। यह प्रणाली विमान पर ही कमांड एवं कंट्रोल तथा ‘पूर्व चेतावनी’ सुलभ कराती है, जिससे वायु सेना को हवाई क्षेत्र में कम से कम समय में प्रभावकारी वर्चस्व सुनिश्चित करने में मदद मिलती है। वर्तमान समय में वायुसेना के पास तीन फाल्कन अवॉक्स (PHALCON AWACS) मौजूद है , जिसमें इज़राइल से खरीदे गए रेडार सिस्टम को रूस से प्राप्त विमान इल्यूशिन-76 में लगाया गया है। केंद्र सरकार, भारतीय वायुसेना के लिए इजराइल से दो और फाल्कन अवॉक्स (PHALCON AWACS) खरीदने की तैयारी कर रही है। इसके अलावा डीआरडीओ ने दो नेत्र विमान (NETRA aircraft) भी वायु सेना को उपलब्ध कराये हैं। हाल के सीमा संघर्ष के दौरान इन्हीं नेत्र विमानों ने चीन और पाकिस्तान की गतिविधियों की निगरानी में भारतीय वायुसेना की मदद की है। डीआरडीओ द्वारा विकसित इन AEW&C सिस्टम को पाकिस्तान और चीन के साथ दोनों देशों के साथ लगी सीमाओं में प्रभावी निगरानी के लिए विभिन्न स्थानों पर तैनात किए जाएंगे। "नेत्र" को उपग्रह के साथ जो ड़ा गया है, जिससे सेना की इकाइयों को रियल टाइम जानकारी उपलब्ध कराया जाएगा| इन विमानों के लिये र क्षा अनुसंधान एवं विकास संगठन (DRDO) द्वारा मिशन प्रणालियों और उप-प्रणालियों की स्वदेश में ही डिज़ाइनिंग की जाएगी और फिर इनका विकास किया जाएगा तथा बाद में मुख्य प्लेटफॉर्म पर इन्हें एकीकृत किया जाएगा। ये प्लेटफॉर्म विमान पर ही कमांड एवं कंट्रोल तथा ‘पूर्व चेतावनी’ सुलभ कराएंगे, जिससे भारतीय वायु सेना (IAF) को हवाई क्षेत्र में कम से कम समय में प्रभावकारी वर्चस्व सुनिश्चित करने में मदद मिलेगी। इन प्रणालियों को शामिल करने से हमारे देश की सीमाओं पर कवरेज बढ़ जाएगी और इससे भारतीय वायु सेना की हवाई रक्षा तथा आक्रामक क्षमता दोनों को ही काफी हद तक बढ़ाने में मदद मिलेगी।
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##Question:वायु रक्षा प्रणाली से आप क्या समझते हैं? अवाक्स के विशेष संदर्भ में इसकी चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by Air Defense System? Discuss it with special reference to AWACS. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत वायु सेना का सामान्य परिचय देते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात वायु रक्षा प्रणाली के विभिन्न उदाहरणों की चर्चा कीजिये| अंत में अवाक्स प्रणाली का विस्तृत चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - वायुसेना एक राष्ट्र की सैन्य संगठन की एक शाखा होती है जिसका मुख्य कार्य उस देश की वायु सुरक्षा, वायु चौकसी एव जरूरत होने पर वायु युद्ध करना होता है। इस सेन्य संगठन की संरचना थलसेना, नौसेना या अन्य शाखाओं से अलग और स्वतंत्र होती है। आमतौर पर वायुसेना अपना कर्तव्य पालन करने के लिए वायु नियंत्रण करती है जिसमे की दुश्मन सेना के विमान विशेष तोर पर लड़ाकू विमानों को नष्ट करना , शत्रु पर बमबारी और सतेही सेना को सामरिक सहायता प्रदान करना होता है।वायुसेना कई प्रकार के साजो सामान काम में लेती है व जिसमे विभिन्न प्रकार के हथियार व विमान शामिल होते है। किसी भी वायुसेना के बेड़े में कई प्रकार के लड़ाकू, बम डोही, टोही, तेल टेंकर व सेन्य परिवहन विमान शामिल हो सकते है। वायु रक्षा प्रणाली हेलिकाप्टर - एलसीएच हिंदुस्तान एयरोनॉटिक्स लिमिटेड (HAL) के हेलीकॉप्टर डिवीज़न के लिये एक नया उपकरण है। यह दो इंजन वाला हेलीकॉप्टर 5 से 8 टन वर्ग का एक समर्पित लड़ाकू हेलीकॉप्ट र है। LCH में प्रभावी युद्धक भूमिकाओं के लिये उन्नत तकनीकों और स्टील्थ सुविधाओं को शामिल किया गया है और इसे शत्रु की वायु रक्षा, प्रतिवाद, अन्वेषण व बचाव, टैंक-रोधी, काउंटर सरफेस फोर्स ऑपरेशंस आदि जैसी भूमिकाओं को पूरा करने के लिये डिज़ाइन किया गया है। इसके अतिरिक्त अन्य अनेक लड़ाकू हेलीकाप्टर हैं - ‘ स्विच 1.0 UAV’ and ‘MR-20, HAL -चेतक आदि इसमें प्रमुख हैं| लड़ाकू विमान - रूस - MIG -21,27,29 एवं सुखोई; फ्रांस - मिराज-2000, रफाल, आदि; भारत का हल्का लड़ाकू विमान - तेजस- तेजस भारत द्वारा विकसित किया जा रहा एक हल्का व कई तरह की भूमिकाओं वाला जेट लड़ाकू विमान है। यह हिन्दुस्तान एरोनाटिक्स लिमिटेड (एचएएल) द्वारा विकसित एक सीट और एक जेट इंजन वाला,अनेक भूमिकाओं को निभाने में सक्षम एक हल्का युद्धक विमान है। यह बिना पूँछ का, कम्पाउण्ड-डेल्टा पंख वाला वि मान है। इसका विकास "हल्का युद्धक विमान" या (एलसीए) नामक कार्यक्रम के अन्तर्गत हुआ है जो 1980 के दशक में शु रू हुआ था। मानव-रहित वायुयान- ड्रोन; अनुप्रयोग - निगरानी के लिए, जासूसी के लिए, लक्ष्य को निर्धारित करने के लिए, हमले के लिए, क्षति का अनुमान लगाने के लिए, आदि; उदाहरण- निशांत, लक्ष्य, पंक्षी एवं रुस्तम, आदि| अवाक्स (वायु आधारित पूर्ण चेतावनी एवं नियंत्रण प्रणाली) एयरबॉर्न अर्ली वार्निंग एंड कंट्रोल सिस्टम(अवॉक्स), एक हवाई राडार पिकेट प्रणाली(Airborne Radar Picket System) है जिसे लंबी दूरी पर स्थित विमान, जहाजों और वाहनों का पता लगाने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया जाता है। यह प्रणाली विमान पर ही कमांड एवं कंट्रोल तथा ‘पूर्व चेतावनी’ सुलभ कराती है, जिससे वायु सेना को हवाई क्षेत्र में कम से कम समय में प्रभावकारी वर्चस्व सुनिश्चित करने में मदद मिलती है। वर्तमान समय में वायुसेना के पास तीन फाल्कन अवॉक्स (PHALCON AWACS) मौजूद है , जिसमें इज़राइल से खरीदे गए रेडार सिस्टम को रूस से प्राप्त विमान इल्यूशिन-76 में लगाया गया है। केंद्र सरकार, भारतीय वायुसेना के लिए इजराइल से दो और फाल्कन अवॉक्स (PHALCON AWACS) खरीदने की तैयारी कर रही है। इसके अलावा डीआरडीओ ने दो नेत्र विमान (NETRA aircraft) भी वायु सेना को उपलब्ध कराये हैं। हाल के सीमा संघर्ष के दौरान इन्हीं नेत्र विमानों ने चीन और पाकिस्तान की गतिविधियों की निगरानी में भारतीय वायुसेना की मदद की है। डीआरडीओ द्वारा विकसित इन AEW&C सिस्टम को पाकिस्तान और चीन के साथ दोनों देशों के साथ लगी सीमाओं में प्रभावी निगरानी के लिए विभिन्न स्थानों पर तैनात किए जाएंगे। "नेत्र" को उपग्रह के साथ जो ड़ा गया है, जिससे सेना की इकाइयों को रियल टाइम जानकारी उपलब्ध कराया जाएगा| इन विमानों के लिये र क्षा अनुसंधान एवं विकास संगठन (DRDO) द्वारा मिशन प्रणालियों और उप-प्रणालियों की स्वदेश में ही डिज़ाइनिंग की जाएगी और फिर इनका विकास किया जाएगा तथा बाद में मुख्य प्लेटफॉर्म पर इन्हें एकीकृत किया जाएगा। ये प्लेटफॉर्म विमान पर ही कमांड एवं कंट्रोल तथा ‘पूर्व चेतावनी’ सुलभ कराएंगे, जिससे भारतीय वायु सेना (IAF) को हवाई क्षेत्र में कम से कम समय में प्रभावकारी वर्चस्व सुनिश्चित करने में मदद मिलेगी। इन प्रणालियों को शामिल करने से हमारे देश की सीमाओं पर कवरेज बढ़ जाएगी और इससे भारतीय वायु सेना की हवाई रक्षा तथा आक्रामक क्षमता दोनों को ही काफी हद तक बढ़ाने में मदद मिलेगी।
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“The power to promulgate an ordinance is essentially a power to be used to meet an extraordinary situation and it cannot be allowed to bypass the legislature.“ Comment. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write Constitutional provision of the Ordinance Mention the grounds of the promulgation of the Ordinance Mention the Issues in case of the promulgation of the ordinance Give examples of misuse by political leaders Write an appropriate conclusion Answer: Ordinance making power is the legislative power given to President and Governor as per Article 123 and 213 respectively. The provision of the constitution has been given in the constitution to tackle any emergency situation when the Parliament is not in session. Grounds for issuing the Ordinance: When the legislature is not in session: the President can only promulgate when either of the House of Parliament is not in session. Immediate action is needed: the President though has the power of promulgating the ordinances but the same cannot be done unless he is satisfied that there are circumstances that require him to take immediate action. Parliament should approve: after the ordinance has been passed it is required to be approved by the parliament within six weeks of reassembling. The same will cease to operate if disapproved by either House. Issues with Promulgation of Ordinance: Role of Governor: The governor should act in a transparent manner but sometimes he acts in the interest of the Union Govt. Not placing the ordinance in the Parliament: Frequent promulgation of the ordinance without trying to make the law. Bypassing the Rajya Sabha: The passing of the ordinance is sometimes seen as an attempt to bypass the Rajya Sabha so that the deliberation on any bill could be avoided. Violation of separation of power: The passing of the bill is the work of Parliament (ie both the house of the Parliament), but when the ordinance is promulgated then the work of the legislative is encroached by the Executive. Misuse to serve political end: In many instances, after the ordinance gets lapsed without getting passed in the houses within 6 weeks of reassembly, the government re- promulgates it once the house is not in session. The Government of Bihar brazenly promulgated 256 ordinances between 1967 and 1981 whereas the state assembly passed only 189 acts in the same period. The judiciary has stepped in to fill in some of the gaps that would make the provision less exploitative. In R C Cooper v Union of India, it was decided that an ordinance could be challenged in case an ‘immediate action’ was not required. But the criterion of immediate action has to be on the satisfaction of the president, i.e. the cabinet and that can be very subjective and may tilt towards a particular political outcome. Conclusion Thus opposition party needs to play a constructive role in the house of the parliament. The number of days that the Members of Parliament meet, has been reduced drastically to allow debates to take place on controversial issues. Therefore the number of days parliament houses meet should be increased.
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##Question:“The power to promulgate an ordinance is essentially a power to be used to meet an extraordinary situation and it cannot be allowed to bypass the legislature.“ Comment. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write Constitutional provision of the Ordinance Mention the grounds of the promulgation of the Ordinance Mention the Issues in case of the promulgation of the ordinance Give examples of misuse by political leaders Write an appropriate conclusion Answer: Ordinance making power is the legislative power given to President and Governor as per Article 123 and 213 respectively. The provision of the constitution has been given in the constitution to tackle any emergency situation when the Parliament is not in session. Grounds for issuing the Ordinance: When the legislature is not in session: the President can only promulgate when either of the House of Parliament is not in session. Immediate action is needed: the President though has the power of promulgating the ordinances but the same cannot be done unless he is satisfied that there are circumstances that require him to take immediate action. Parliament should approve: after the ordinance has been passed it is required to be approved by the parliament within six weeks of reassembling. The same will cease to operate if disapproved by either House. Issues with Promulgation of Ordinance: Role of Governor: The governor should act in a transparent manner but sometimes he acts in the interest of the Union Govt. Not placing the ordinance in the Parliament: Frequent promulgation of the ordinance without trying to make the law. Bypassing the Rajya Sabha: The passing of the ordinance is sometimes seen as an attempt to bypass the Rajya Sabha so that the deliberation on any bill could be avoided. Violation of separation of power: The passing of the bill is the work of Parliament (ie both the house of the Parliament), but when the ordinance is promulgated then the work of the legislative is encroached by the Executive. Misuse to serve political end: In many instances, after the ordinance gets lapsed without getting passed in the houses within 6 weeks of reassembly, the government re- promulgates it once the house is not in session. The Government of Bihar brazenly promulgated 256 ordinances between 1967 and 1981 whereas the state assembly passed only 189 acts in the same period. The judiciary has stepped in to fill in some of the gaps that would make the provision less exploitative. In R C Cooper v Union of India, it was decided that an ordinance could be challenged in case an ‘immediate action’ was not required. But the criterion of immediate action has to be on the satisfaction of the president, i.e. the cabinet and that can be very subjective and may tilt towards a particular political outcome. Conclusion Thus opposition party needs to play a constructive role in the house of the parliament. The number of days that the Members of Parliament meet, has been reduced drastically to allow debates to take place on controversial issues. Therefore the number of days parliament houses meet should be increased.
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One of the goals that a developing economy aspires for is to bring the incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR). In this context, what are the constraints that underlie the efficient conversion of savings rates to investments in the Indian economy? Also, suggest some measures to improve this efficiency. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach • Define ICOR and then explain why developing countries aspire to bring it down. • Need to bring a brief account of saving, investment, and GDP growth of last decades. • Discuss different constraints that hampered efficient conversion of saving rate to investments. • Suggest some measures. Answer: • It refers to the amount of capital required to increase the output by one unit from the existing level of the output. • The higher the ICOR the worse or difficult it is for the economy to produce one extra unit of the output. • A lower ICOR is desirable. This ratio is very significant for developing countries like India as they need to lower this ratio which implies that with lesser investment, more output can be added to GDP. The rate of domestic saving was at its peak of 38.3 percent in 2007 and fell to 29 percent in 2016. During this period ratio of fixed Capital Formation to GDP declined from a peak of 36.7 percent to 26.4 percent. The rate of decline of investment is much sharper than that of saving during this period showing that there are some constraints that underline in the efficient conversion of saving rate to investments, such as: • The financial crisis of 2008 discourages investment in the market as a safe avenue and deviates it more towards gold and land. Thus, despite the high rate of saving it was not used in productive investment, rather in speculative investment. • Financial liabilities of households increased owing to loans and advances, diverting savings from investment. • Higher dependency ratio, cyclic employment as in the case of agriculture are some other prominent factors, which necessitate a higher tendency for savings as a buffer rather than being used for investment. • Despite being large cash, lending by banks did not pick up because of older NPAs and constraints imposed by provisioning and capital requirement. Following measures can be taken for the improvement- • Need to ease the cost of doing business and create a clear-cut, transparent tax regime. • Need to create a more conducive environment for SMEs to prosper and invest and revive private investment. • Boosting public investment with policies to decisively resolve the Twin Balance Sheet problem. • Provide incentives such as tax benefits, revising tax slabs, etc. for households for saving and financial investments.
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##Question:One of the goals that a developing economy aspires for is to bring the incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR). In this context, what are the constraints that underlie the efficient conversion of savings rates to investments in the Indian economy? Also, suggest some measures to improve this efficiency. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach • Define ICOR and then explain why developing countries aspire to bring it down. • Need to bring a brief account of saving, investment, and GDP growth of last decades. • Discuss different constraints that hampered efficient conversion of saving rate to investments. • Suggest some measures. Answer: • It refers to the amount of capital required to increase the output by one unit from the existing level of the output. • The higher the ICOR the worse or difficult it is for the economy to produce one extra unit of the output. • A lower ICOR is desirable. This ratio is very significant for developing countries like India as they need to lower this ratio which implies that with lesser investment, more output can be added to GDP. The rate of domestic saving was at its peak of 38.3 percent in 2007 and fell to 29 percent in 2016. During this period ratio of fixed Capital Formation to GDP declined from a peak of 36.7 percent to 26.4 percent. The rate of decline of investment is much sharper than that of saving during this period showing that there are some constraints that underline in the efficient conversion of saving rate to investments, such as: • The financial crisis of 2008 discourages investment in the market as a safe avenue and deviates it more towards gold and land. Thus, despite the high rate of saving it was not used in productive investment, rather in speculative investment. • Financial liabilities of households increased owing to loans and advances, diverting savings from investment. • Higher dependency ratio, cyclic employment as in the case of agriculture are some other prominent factors, which necessitate a higher tendency for savings as a buffer rather than being used for investment. • Despite being large cash, lending by banks did not pick up because of older NPAs and constraints imposed by provisioning and capital requirement. Following measures can be taken for the improvement- • Need to ease the cost of doing business and create a clear-cut, transparent tax regime. • Need to create a more conducive environment for SMEs to prosper and invest and revive private investment. • Boosting public investment with policies to decisively resolve the Twin Balance Sheet problem. • Provide incentives such as tax benefits, revising tax slabs, etc. for households for saving and financial investments.
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One of the goals that a developing economy aspires for is to bring the incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR). In this context, what are the constraints that underlie the efficient conversion of savings rates to investments in the Indian economy? Also, suggest some measures to improve this efficiency.(150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach • Define ICOR and then explain why developing countries aspire to bring it down. • Need to bring a brief account of saving, investment, and GDP growth of last decades. • Discuss different constraints that hampered efficient conversion of saving rate to investments. • Suggest some measures. Answer: • It refers to the amount of capital required to increase the output by one unit from the existing level of the output. • The higher the ICOR the worse or difficult it is for the economy to produce one extra unit of the output. • A lower ICOR is desirable. This ratio is very significant for developing countries like India as they need to lower this ratio which implies that with lesser investment, more output can be added to GDP. The rate of domestic saving was at its peak of 38.3 percent in 2007 and fell to 29 percent in 2016. During this period ratio of fixed Capital Formation to GDP declined from a peak of 36.7 percent to 26.4 percent. The rate of decline of investment is much sharper than that of saving during this period showing that there are some constraints that underline in the efficient conversion of saving rate to investments, such as: • The financial crisis of 2008 discourages investment in the market as a safe avenue and deviates it more towards gold and land. Thus, despite the high rate of saving it was not used in productive investment, rather in speculative investment. • Financial liabilities of households increased owing to loans and advances, diverting savings from investment. • Higher dependency ratio, cyclic employment as in the case of agriculture are some other prominent factors, which necessitate a higher tendency for savings as a buffer rather than being used for investment. • Despite being large cash, lending by banks did not pick up because of older NPAs and constraints imposed by provisioning and capital requirement. Following measures can be taken for the improvement- • Need to ease the cost of doing business and create a clear-cut, transparent tax regime. • Need to create a more conducive environment for SMEs to prosper and invest and revive private investment. • Boosting public investment with policies to decisively resolve the Twin Balance Sheet problem. • Provide incentives such as tax benefits, revising tax slabs, etc. for households for saving and financial investments.
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##Question:One of the goals that a developing economy aspires for is to bring the incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR). In this context, what are the constraints that underlie the efficient conversion of savings rates to investments in the Indian economy? Also, suggest some measures to improve this efficiency.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach • Define ICOR and then explain why developing countries aspire to bring it down. • Need to bring a brief account of saving, investment, and GDP growth of last decades. • Discuss different constraints that hampered efficient conversion of saving rate to investments. • Suggest some measures. Answer: • It refers to the amount of capital required to increase the output by one unit from the existing level of the output. • The higher the ICOR the worse or difficult it is for the economy to produce one extra unit of the output. • A lower ICOR is desirable. This ratio is very significant for developing countries like India as they need to lower this ratio which implies that with lesser investment, more output can be added to GDP. The rate of domestic saving was at its peak of 38.3 percent in 2007 and fell to 29 percent in 2016. During this period ratio of fixed Capital Formation to GDP declined from a peak of 36.7 percent to 26.4 percent. The rate of decline of investment is much sharper than that of saving during this period showing that there are some constraints that underline in the efficient conversion of saving rate to investments, such as: • The financial crisis of 2008 discourages investment in the market as a safe avenue and deviates it more towards gold and land. Thus, despite the high rate of saving it was not used in productive investment, rather in speculative investment. • Financial liabilities of households increased owing to loans and advances, diverting savings from investment. • Higher dependency ratio, cyclic employment as in the case of agriculture are some other prominent factors, which necessitate a higher tendency for savings as a buffer rather than being used for investment. • Despite being large cash, lending by banks did not pick up because of older NPAs and constraints imposed by provisioning and capital requirement. Following measures can be taken for the improvement- • Need to ease the cost of doing business and create a clear-cut, transparent tax regime. • Need to create a more conducive environment for SMEs to prosper and invest and revive private investment. • Boosting public investment with policies to decisively resolve the Twin Balance Sheet problem. • Provide incentives such as tax benefits, revising tax slabs, etc. for households for saving and financial investments.
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Discuss the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under WTO and the flexibility provided under it? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under WTO In body discuss the TRIPS and the flexibility provided under it Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994. It remains an issue between Developed and developing countries. TRIPS was fine-tuned in favour of developing countries in 2003, as part of the Doha development agenda, when all members agreed to compulsory licensing in certain cases. However, now the U.S. and Europe remain unhappy about the current strict terms of patent allowed by TRIPS. Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) In its simplest form, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) rights refer to the right over those intangible properties and their tangible manifestations which are outcomes of the imaginative and intellectual faculty of an individual or community. The idea of IPR was acknowledged at Paris Conference, 1883 subsequently at Burns Conference 1886, it was acknowledged The IPRs were globally acknowledged, when in 1967 when WIPO Came into existence, headquartered in Geneva This IPRs consist of issues related to copyright, trademark, patents, trade secrets, Geographical Indicators, Industrial design, domain-related, data and digital assets, etc. At WTO, especially in Doha round, the trips issues were raised, where it was said not only the product patents but also the process patents should be covered within TRIPS. Also, it should be having binding coverage from 2005 TRIPS+ Further TRIPS+ came in binding coverage where not only the products and the process but associated research data also should be the subject matter of IPR, particularly in the Pharma sector For example, a company conducted research and then followed a particular process to make a medicine In this case, not only the medicine but also the process will be the subject matter of IPR but at the same time even the research data should be considered exclusive under TRIPS+ Trips Flexibility: At Doha Round, 2001, TRIPS was discussed and developing countries were worried that in emergency and unforeseen situations, TRIPS binding could be an extra burden on the countries in tackling situations That is why it was highlighted, in case of unforeseen situations and emergencies, countries may overlook IPR, provided justifiably This provision is called TRIPS flexibility and in this, there is a clause of compulsory licensing Even without the approval of the IPR owner, the license can be issued for production This TRIPS Flexibility has been utilized in the covid vaccine cases. Arguments in favour of relaxing TRIPS rules This would make the vaccines more available to people of developing countries and also LDCs. Life-saving drugs and vaccines should be made available to everyone and pharmaceutical companies should not be looking to make profits out of these. There is an ethical and moral issue here. With particular reference to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is said that no one is safe unless everyone is safe. In this respect, it is imperative that vaccines are made available to everyone in countries affected since it can easily spread to all countries as seen in the first wave. Rules granting monopolies that place the right to access basic healthcare in a position of constant peril must end. However, just a waiver of the IP rights rules without further assistance such as technology transfer to generic pharmaceutical companies in developing countries would render the move useless. This is because there would also necessitate tech transfer for the pharmaceutical companies to start the production since vaccines like the mRNA vaccines require highly sophisticated manufacturing equipment. Not only technology and equipment, raw materials and probably personnel would also need to be transferred for developing countries to be able to produce vaccines on a large scale. It could also take several years before the generic pharmaceutical companies’ plants become operational at optimal capacity and produce vaccines, which is a problem because it is doubted whether vaccines produced today would be effective against any new strain of the virus.So, going forward we need to discuss and bring these concerns to notice by highlighting them.
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##Question:Discuss the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under WTO and the flexibility provided under it? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under WTO In body discuss the TRIPS and the flexibility provided under it Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994. It remains an issue between Developed and developing countries. TRIPS was fine-tuned in favour of developing countries in 2003, as part of the Doha development agenda, when all members agreed to compulsory licensing in certain cases. However, now the U.S. and Europe remain unhappy about the current strict terms of patent allowed by TRIPS. Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) In its simplest form, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) rights refer to the right over those intangible properties and their tangible manifestations which are outcomes of the imaginative and intellectual faculty of an individual or community. The idea of IPR was acknowledged at Paris Conference, 1883 subsequently at Burns Conference 1886, it was acknowledged The IPRs were globally acknowledged, when in 1967 when WIPO Came into existence, headquartered in Geneva This IPRs consist of issues related to copyright, trademark, patents, trade secrets, Geographical Indicators, Industrial design, domain-related, data and digital assets, etc. At WTO, especially in Doha round, the trips issues were raised, where it was said not only the product patents but also the process patents should be covered within TRIPS. Also, it should be having binding coverage from 2005 TRIPS+ Further TRIPS+ came in binding coverage where not only the products and the process but associated research data also should be the subject matter of IPR, particularly in the Pharma sector For example, a company conducted research and then followed a particular process to make a medicine In this case, not only the medicine but also the process will be the subject matter of IPR but at the same time even the research data should be considered exclusive under TRIPS+ Trips Flexibility: At Doha Round, 2001, TRIPS was discussed and developing countries were worried that in emergency and unforeseen situations, TRIPS binding could be an extra burden on the countries in tackling situations That is why it was highlighted, in case of unforeseen situations and emergencies, countries may overlook IPR, provided justifiably This provision is called TRIPS flexibility and in this, there is a clause of compulsory licensing Even without the approval of the IPR owner, the license can be issued for production This TRIPS Flexibility has been utilized in the covid vaccine cases. Arguments in favour of relaxing TRIPS rules This would make the vaccines more available to people of developing countries and also LDCs. Life-saving drugs and vaccines should be made available to everyone and pharmaceutical companies should not be looking to make profits out of these. There is an ethical and moral issue here. With particular reference to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is said that no one is safe unless everyone is safe. In this respect, it is imperative that vaccines are made available to everyone in countries affected since it can easily spread to all countries as seen in the first wave. Rules granting monopolies that place the right to access basic healthcare in a position of constant peril must end. However, just a waiver of the IP rights rules without further assistance such as technology transfer to generic pharmaceutical companies in developing countries would render the move useless. This is because there would also necessitate tech transfer for the pharmaceutical companies to start the production since vaccines like the mRNA vaccines require highly sophisticated manufacturing equipment. Not only technology and equipment, raw materials and probably personnel would also need to be transferred for developing countries to be able to produce vaccines on a large scale. It could also take several years before the generic pharmaceutical companies’ plants become operational at optimal capacity and produce vaccines, which is a problem because it is doubted whether vaccines produced today would be effective against any new strain of the virus.So, going forward we need to discuss and bring these concerns to notice by highlighting them.
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Discuss the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under WTO and the flexibility provided under it? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under WTO In the body discuss the TRIPS and the flexibility provided under it. Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994. It remains an issue between Developed and developing countries. TRIPS was fine-tuned in favour of developing countries in 2003, as part of the Doha development agenda, when all members agreed to compulsory licensing in certain cases. However, now the U.S. and Europe remain unhappy about the current strict terms of patent allowed by TRIPS. Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) In its simplest form, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) rights refer to the right over those intangible properties and their tangible manifestations which are outcomes of the imaginative and intellectual faculty of an individual or community. The idea of IPR was acknowledged at Paris Conference, in 1883 subsequently at Burns Conference in 1886, it was acknowledged The IPRs were globally acknowledged, when in 1967 when WIPO Came into existence, headquartered in Geneva These IPRs consist of issues related to copyright, trademark, patents, trade secrets, Geographical Indicators, Industrial design, domain-related, data and digital assets, etc. At WTO, especially in Doha round, the trips issues were raised, where it was said not only the product patents but also the process patents should be covered within TRIPS. Also, it should be having binding coverage from 2005 TRIPS+ Further TRIPS+ came in binding coverage where not only the products and the process but associated research data also should be the subject matter of IPR, particularly in the Pharma sector For example, a company conducted research and then followed a particular process to make a medicine In this case, not only the medicine but also the process will be the subject matter of IPR but at the same time even the research data should be considered exclusive under TRIPS+ Trips Flexibility: At Doha Round, 2001, TRIPS was discussed and developing countries were worried that in emergency and unforeseen situations, TRIPS binding could be an extra burden on the countries in tackling situations That is why it was highlighted, in case of unforeseen situations and emergencies, countries may overlook IPR, provided justifiably This provision is called TRIPS flexibility and in this, there is a clause for compulsory licensing Even without the approval of the IPR owner, the license can be issued for production This TRIPS Flexibility has been utilized in the covid vaccine cases. Arguments in favour of relaxing TRIPS rules This would make the vaccines more available to people in developing countries and also LDCs. Life-saving drugs and vaccines should be made available to everyone and pharmaceutical companies should not be looking to make profits out of these. There is an ethical and moral issue here. With particular reference to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is said that no one is safe unless everyone is safe. In this respect, vaccines must be made available to everyone in countries affected since they can easily spread to all countries as seen in the first wave. Rules granting monopolies that place the right to access basic healthcare in a position of constant peril must end. However, just a waiver of the IP rights rules without further assistance such as technology transfer to generic pharmaceutical companies in developing countries would render the move useless. This is because there would also necessitate tech transfer for the pharmaceutical companies to start the production since vaccines like the mRNA vaccines require highly sophisticated manufacturing equipment. Not only technology and equipment, raw materials and probably personnel would also need to be transferred for developing countries to be able to produce vaccines on a large scale. It could also take several years before the generic pharmaceutical companies’ plants become operational at optimal capacity and produce vaccines, which is a problem because it is doubted whether vaccines produced today would be effective against any new strain of the virus. So, going forward we need to discuss and bring these concerns to notice by highlighting them.
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##Question:Discuss the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under WTO and the flexibility provided under it? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under WTO In the body discuss the TRIPS and the flexibility provided under it. Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994. It remains an issue between Developed and developing countries. TRIPS was fine-tuned in favour of developing countries in 2003, as part of the Doha development agenda, when all members agreed to compulsory licensing in certain cases. However, now the U.S. and Europe remain unhappy about the current strict terms of patent allowed by TRIPS. Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) In its simplest form, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) rights refer to the right over those intangible properties and their tangible manifestations which are outcomes of the imaginative and intellectual faculty of an individual or community. The idea of IPR was acknowledged at Paris Conference, in 1883 subsequently at Burns Conference in 1886, it was acknowledged The IPRs were globally acknowledged, when in 1967 when WIPO Came into existence, headquartered in Geneva These IPRs consist of issues related to copyright, trademark, patents, trade secrets, Geographical Indicators, Industrial design, domain-related, data and digital assets, etc. At WTO, especially in Doha round, the trips issues were raised, where it was said not only the product patents but also the process patents should be covered within TRIPS. Also, it should be having binding coverage from 2005 TRIPS+ Further TRIPS+ came in binding coverage where not only the products and the process but associated research data also should be the subject matter of IPR, particularly in the Pharma sector For example, a company conducted research and then followed a particular process to make a medicine In this case, not only the medicine but also the process will be the subject matter of IPR but at the same time even the research data should be considered exclusive under TRIPS+ Trips Flexibility: At Doha Round, 2001, TRIPS was discussed and developing countries were worried that in emergency and unforeseen situations, TRIPS binding could be an extra burden on the countries in tackling situations That is why it was highlighted, in case of unforeseen situations and emergencies, countries may overlook IPR, provided justifiably This provision is called TRIPS flexibility and in this, there is a clause for compulsory licensing Even without the approval of the IPR owner, the license can be issued for production This TRIPS Flexibility has been utilized in the covid vaccine cases. Arguments in favour of relaxing TRIPS rules This would make the vaccines more available to people in developing countries and also LDCs. Life-saving drugs and vaccines should be made available to everyone and pharmaceutical companies should not be looking to make profits out of these. There is an ethical and moral issue here. With particular reference to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is said that no one is safe unless everyone is safe. In this respect, vaccines must be made available to everyone in countries affected since they can easily spread to all countries as seen in the first wave. Rules granting monopolies that place the right to access basic healthcare in a position of constant peril must end. However, just a waiver of the IP rights rules without further assistance such as technology transfer to generic pharmaceutical companies in developing countries would render the move useless. This is because there would also necessitate tech transfer for the pharmaceutical companies to start the production since vaccines like the mRNA vaccines require highly sophisticated manufacturing equipment. Not only technology and equipment, raw materials and probably personnel would also need to be transferred for developing countries to be able to produce vaccines on a large scale. It could also take several years before the generic pharmaceutical companies’ plants become operational at optimal capacity and produce vaccines, which is a problem because it is doubted whether vaccines produced today would be effective against any new strain of the virus. So, going forward we need to discuss and bring these concerns to notice by highlighting them.
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Discuss the different types of motions available in the parliamentary system of India. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Briefly introduce motions. Cover points on different types of motions available in India. Conclude accordingly Answer: The house can not take the discussion on any matter except with the consent of the presiding officer through a motion. Motions and resolutions are procedural devices to raise a discussion in the House on a matter of general public interest. Motion is phrased in such a way that if adopted it will purport to express the judgment or will of the House. Any matter of importance can be the subject matter of a motion. Different types of motions are available in the Indian parliamentary system: Substantive motion: Any motion dealing with very important matters like the impeachment of the president, removal of CEC, etc is a substantive motion. Substitute motion: It is a motion that substitutes the original motion thereby superseding it if adopted by the house. Subsidiary motion: It is the motion wherein the reference to the original motion is taken and if adopted it always is not independent but in reference to the original motion. There are three kinds of subsidiary motion: a. Ancillary, b. Superseding, and c. Amendment. Closure motion: It is a motion moved by a member to cut short the debate on a matter before the House. If the motion is approved by the House, the debate is stopped forthwith and the matter is put to vote. There are four kinds of closure motions: Closure by compartment, Simple closure, Kangaroo closure, Guillotine closure. Calling attention motion: It is introduced in the parliament by a member to call a minister on a matter of public importance to seek a statement from the minister. It is an Indian Innovation (like zero hours) and is mentioned in the Rules of procedure ( unlike zero hours). It has been in existence since 1954. Censure motion: This is a motion wherein the accountability of the government towards parliament (especially Lok Sabha) is ensured. It can be moved only in Lok Sabha stating reasons. It is available against an individual minister or entire CoMs also. It is moved to censure the policies & actions. The passage of this motion does not lead to the resignation of CoMs. No confidence motion: Article 75 of the Constitution says that the council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. It means that the ministry stays in office so long as it enjoys the confidence of the majority of the members of the Lok Sabha. No reason is required to be given. It is moved by the opposition against entire CoMs. It is a parliamentary device that can be used by the opposition with at least 50 members supporting the motion to be admitted. The passage of this motion leads to the resignation of CoMs. Confidence motion: No reason is required. It is brought by the ruling party (PM) to seek the confidence of the house and prove the majority. The government will survive when the confidence motion is passed. Adjournment motion: It can be brought only in Lok Sabha because it involves censuring the government. It raises an urgent matter of public importance. It raises for minimum discussion of 2 hours and 30 Min The Motion of Thanks: The president addresses at the first session of a new Lok Sabha wherein he addresses both the houses of the parliament jointly and he also addresses them jointly at the start of a new session every year that is Budget session. This presidential address is very important as it outlines the policies, the governmental programs in the previous year and the upcoming year. The motion is then put to vote and its defeat in Lok Sabha leads to the loss of the government. The motion of Thanks though has been defeated in the Rajya Sabha but it will not lead to the fall of the government. Conclusion: Motions bring new business to the House. It consists of numerous other proposals to take procedural steps or carry out other actions relating to a pending proposal (such as postponing it to another time) or to the assembly itself (such as taking a recess).
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##Question:Discuss the different types of motions available in the parliamentary system of India. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce motions. Cover points on different types of motions available in India. Conclude accordingly Answer: The house can not take the discussion on any matter except with the consent of the presiding officer through a motion. Motions and resolutions are procedural devices to raise a discussion in the House on a matter of general public interest. Motion is phrased in such a way that if adopted it will purport to express the judgment or will of the House. Any matter of importance can be the subject matter of a motion. Different types of motions are available in the Indian parliamentary system: Substantive motion: Any motion dealing with very important matters like the impeachment of the president, removal of CEC, etc is a substantive motion. Substitute motion: It is a motion that substitutes the original motion thereby superseding it if adopted by the house. Subsidiary motion: It is the motion wherein the reference to the original motion is taken and if adopted it always is not independent but in reference to the original motion. There are three kinds of subsidiary motion: a. Ancillary, b. Superseding, and c. Amendment. Closure motion: It is a motion moved by a member to cut short the debate on a matter before the House. If the motion is approved by the House, the debate is stopped forthwith and the matter is put to vote. There are four kinds of closure motions: Closure by compartment, Simple closure, Kangaroo closure, Guillotine closure. Calling attention motion: It is introduced in the parliament by a member to call a minister on a matter of public importance to seek a statement from the minister. It is an Indian Innovation (like zero hours) and is mentioned in the Rules of procedure ( unlike zero hours). It has been in existence since 1954. Censure motion: This is a motion wherein the accountability of the government towards parliament (especially Lok Sabha) is ensured. It can be moved only in Lok Sabha stating reasons. It is available against an individual minister or entire CoMs also. It is moved to censure the policies & actions. The passage of this motion does not lead to the resignation of CoMs. No confidence motion: Article 75 of the Constitution says that the council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. It means that the ministry stays in office so long as it enjoys the confidence of the majority of the members of the Lok Sabha. No reason is required to be given. It is moved by the opposition against entire CoMs. It is a parliamentary device that can be used by the opposition with at least 50 members supporting the motion to be admitted. The passage of this motion leads to the resignation of CoMs. Confidence motion: No reason is required. It is brought by the ruling party (PM) to seek the confidence of the house and prove the majority. The government will survive when the confidence motion is passed. Adjournment motion: It can be brought only in Lok Sabha because it involves censuring the government. It raises an urgent matter of public importance. It raises for minimum discussion of 2 hours and 30 Min The Motion of Thanks: The president addresses at the first session of a new Lok Sabha wherein he addresses both the houses of the parliament jointly and he also addresses them jointly at the start of a new session every year that is Budget session. This presidential address is very important as it outlines the policies, the governmental programs in the previous year and the upcoming year. The motion is then put to vote and its defeat in Lok Sabha leads to the loss of the government. The motion of Thanks though has been defeated in the Rajya Sabha but it will not lead to the fall of the government. Conclusion: Motions bring new business to the House. It consists of numerous other proposals to take procedural steps or carry out other actions relating to a pending proposal (such as postponing it to another time) or to the assembly itself (such as taking a recess).
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Explain the Jagirdari system of Mughal Empire. State in what ways are they different from feudalism (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Explain the Jagirdari system of the Mughal empire Differentiate with feudalism Conclude briefly The system of assignment of revenue of a particular territory to the nobles for their services to the state continued under the Mughals. Under the Mughals, the areas assigned were generally called Jagir and its holders Jagirdars. The Jagirdari system was an integral part of the mansabdari system which developed under Akbar and underwent certain changes during the reign of his successors. During Akbar’s period all the territory was broadly divided into two: Khalisa(Crown Land) and Jagir(Land Assignments). In the mansabdari system, those mansabdars who were paid via cash were called naqdi mansabdars, while those who were paid via revenue assignments were called jagirdars. Europeans feudalism meant a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the concept of lords, vassals, and fiefs. However, in India, the system gradually developed from the beginning of the land grants. The Satavahanas were the 1st rulers in India to initiate the practice of granting lands to the priestly class- Brahmins and Buddhist monks in lieu of their service – this was the beginning of land grants in India, which led to the beginning of feudatory tendencies in India. (Earlier the people giving their priestly services were given gold coins, gifts etc. but were never given land). So this practice of distributing land led to the beginning of feudalism. When the Guptas granted more land, it led to the creation of feudatories known as Samanthas. The Indian form of feudalism became well defined and mature- explicit in the grants made from about 1000 AD and got well recognised in the administrative systems of the Turks. Though Feudalism and jagirdari is more similar in nature but differences do exist. 1. MERIT BASED SYSTEM: -In this system, ranks were assigned to the nobles. Hence, it differed from the feudal system completely, which depended to a greater degree upon the personal relationship with the king. 2. HEREDITARY: -Ranks were not hereditary in Jagirdari. Ranks were given on the basis of field experiences and the skills displayed. But It does exist in the Feudal system. The hierarchy was hereditary in feudalism.Weak enforcement of power led to the resumption of independence and some high administrative positions became hereditary. 3. PAYMENT: In the Feudal system, Payments were made as land grants. The manorial system exists in the Feudal system. Under the manorial system, the landlord granted lands to persons who would render different services including labour on the lands of the lords in exchange for land.. In the jagirdari system, the jagirdar was only assigned the revenue of an area, which would be considered as his salary. Jama meant the estimated revenue, while Hasil the realised revenue. The hasil depended upon many local factors, local resistance etc. 4. RESPONSIBILITY: In the feudal system, the persons grew powerful, rather than the office. The office was not important. So, duties and responsibilities were attached to the person rather than an office. In jagirdari, They were not responsible for maintaining law and order, defence, general administration of the area assigned for the revenue. They were not assigned the revenue of the area, for which they were assigned the responsibility of (i.e. revenue was from a different area and the responsibilities were of a different area) 5. CONTRACT AND TRANSFER: Feudalism is more contractual in nature. Jagirdari was transferrable. 6.PROPRIETARY, SOVEREIGN AND HEREDITARY RIGHTS :These rights were given in feudal system but not in Jagirdari system. 7. Decentralisation: Seems to be more in Feudal system. There were some local leaders resisting the force of the king, and forcing him to concede certain rights.So, finally, there was a fragmented political system, where power was exercised by the local magnets.Now, the authority of the king was reducing, with reducing resources at his disposal, so the king came to depend upon his vassals for warfare.So, it was an extreme form of decentralization. Though there was a number of difference among feudalism and jagirdari system but both were the steel frame of respective empires. The empire expanded and functioned well till these systems functioned well and their non-functioning was responsible for the collapse of their respective empires.
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##Question:Explain the Jagirdari system of Mughal Empire. State in what ways are they different from feudalism (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Explain the Jagirdari system of the Mughal empire Differentiate with feudalism Conclude briefly The system of assignment of revenue of a particular territory to the nobles for their services to the state continued under the Mughals. Under the Mughals, the areas assigned were generally called Jagir and its holders Jagirdars. The Jagirdari system was an integral part of the mansabdari system which developed under Akbar and underwent certain changes during the reign of his successors. During Akbar’s period all the territory was broadly divided into two: Khalisa(Crown Land) and Jagir(Land Assignments). In the mansabdari system, those mansabdars who were paid via cash were called naqdi mansabdars, while those who were paid via revenue assignments were called jagirdars. Europeans feudalism meant a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the concept of lords, vassals, and fiefs. However, in India, the system gradually developed from the beginning of the land grants. The Satavahanas were the 1st rulers in India to initiate the practice of granting lands to the priestly class- Brahmins and Buddhist monks in lieu of their service – this was the beginning of land grants in India, which led to the beginning of feudatory tendencies in India. (Earlier the people giving their priestly services were given gold coins, gifts etc. but were never given land). So this practice of distributing land led to the beginning of feudalism. When the Guptas granted more land, it led to the creation of feudatories known as Samanthas. The Indian form of feudalism became well defined and mature- explicit in the grants made from about 1000 AD and got well recognised in the administrative systems of the Turks. Though Feudalism and jagirdari is more similar in nature but differences do exist. 1. MERIT BASED SYSTEM: -In this system, ranks were assigned to the nobles. Hence, it differed from the feudal system completely, which depended to a greater degree upon the personal relationship with the king. 2. HEREDITARY: -Ranks were not hereditary in Jagirdari. Ranks were given on the basis of field experiences and the skills displayed. But It does exist in the Feudal system. The hierarchy was hereditary in feudalism.Weak enforcement of power led to the resumption of independence and some high administrative positions became hereditary. 3. PAYMENT: In the Feudal system, Payments were made as land grants. The manorial system exists in the Feudal system. Under the manorial system, the landlord granted lands to persons who would render different services including labour on the lands of the lords in exchange for land.. In the jagirdari system, the jagirdar was only assigned the revenue of an area, which would be considered as his salary. Jama meant the estimated revenue, while Hasil the realised revenue. The hasil depended upon many local factors, local resistance etc. 4. RESPONSIBILITY: In the feudal system, the persons grew powerful, rather than the office. The office was not important. So, duties and responsibilities were attached to the person rather than an office. In jagirdari, They were not responsible for maintaining law and order, defence, general administration of the area assigned for the revenue. They were not assigned the revenue of the area, for which they were assigned the responsibility of (i.e. revenue was from a different area and the responsibilities were of a different area) 5. CONTRACT AND TRANSFER: Feudalism is more contractual in nature. Jagirdari was transferrable. 6.PROPRIETARY, SOVEREIGN AND HEREDITARY RIGHTS :These rights were given in feudal system but not in Jagirdari system. 7. Decentralisation: Seems to be more in Feudal system. There were some local leaders resisting the force of the king, and forcing him to concede certain rights.So, finally, there was a fragmented political system, where power was exercised by the local magnets.Now, the authority of the king was reducing, with reducing resources at his disposal, so the king came to depend upon his vassals for warfare.So, it was an extreme form of decentralization. Though there was a number of difference among feudalism and jagirdari system but both were the steel frame of respective empires. The empire expanded and functioned well till these systems functioned well and their non-functioning was responsible for the collapse of their respective empires.
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India has made tremendous gains in poverty reduction in the post-reform era (Post 1991). Critically discuss(150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Write briefly about the poverty in India. Mention the pace of poverty reduction before and after the reform period (1992). Mention the challenges that still remain regarding poverty reduction in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: India is home to 1/4th of the world’s poor. There has been a consistent effort by the various governments to reduce the poverty level right since the independence. The pace of poverty reduction before the reform era: In the post-independence period for the 1st 5 decades, India’s pace of poverty reduction was abysmally slow. After independence in 1950, about 56% of the population was under the poverty line. In 1994 it came down by only10 percentage points to 45%. The pace of poverty reduction after 1992 reforms kicked in: The pace of poverty reduction post-1992 reforms: Poverty according to Tendulkar line: 2004-05(37.2%), in 2009-10(29.8%), and in 2011-12(21.9%). The increase in pace is largely attributable to a higher pace of growth. There is a strong correlation between growth and poverty alleviation. Every 1% increase in growth rate is associated with a 0.6% increase in the pace of poverty reduction. The growth rate of the population declined and the growth rate of the economy increases leading to higher per capita increases and more resources in the hands of the government. Thus, higher growth created conditions in which the government had more resources to spend on poverty alleviation and to reduce the vulnerabilities of the people at the bottom. All measures of poverty, official estimates, World Bank estimates, MPI estimates point to the fact that India has uplifted millions out of poverty at a record pace. The challenges that still remain regarding poverty reduction in India: However a considerable reduction in poverty, there is still a long way to go before the poor are actually insulated from various dimensions of deprivation. India is now a low-middle-income country, at its income level, the poverty line is 3.2 dollars/ person/day, whereas the official poverty line is still coincidentally, close to 1.9 dollars/person/day. At 3.2 dollars the estimated headcount ratio is about 40% whereas at 1.9 dollars it is around 6-8%. this showed that despite uplifting people out of poverty most of them have only barely been uplifted and continue to remain vulnerable. There is a constant churning going on just at the poverty line, where a large number of the people keep rising above and falling below the poverty line. Many families are just a single health or economic accident away from being poor once again. The recent covid-19 pandemic has pushed many people back into extreme poverty and threatens the gains made over the decades. To ensure that no one relapses back into poverty, economic growth must be strengthened. Also, the public must be sufficiently skilled in order to contribute and benefit from the economic growth. The government support to sections just above the poverty line cannot merely be withdrawn because these people are no longer officially poor. It must continue to make them capable in order to sustainably shield them from falling back in the poverty.
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##Question:India has made tremendous gains in poverty reduction in the post-reform era (Post 1991). Critically discuss(150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the poverty in India. Mention the pace of poverty reduction before and after the reform period (1992). Mention the challenges that still remain regarding poverty reduction in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: India is home to 1/4th of the world’s poor. There has been a consistent effort by the various governments to reduce the poverty level right since the independence. The pace of poverty reduction before the reform era: In the post-independence period for the 1st 5 decades, India’s pace of poverty reduction was abysmally slow. After independence in 1950, about 56% of the population was under the poverty line. In 1994 it came down by only10 percentage points to 45%. The pace of poverty reduction after 1992 reforms kicked in: The pace of poverty reduction post-1992 reforms: Poverty according to Tendulkar line: 2004-05(37.2%), in 2009-10(29.8%), and in 2011-12(21.9%). The increase in pace is largely attributable to a higher pace of growth. There is a strong correlation between growth and poverty alleviation. Every 1% increase in growth rate is associated with a 0.6% increase in the pace of poverty reduction. The growth rate of the population declined and the growth rate of the economy increases leading to higher per capita increases and more resources in the hands of the government. Thus, higher growth created conditions in which the government had more resources to spend on poverty alleviation and to reduce the vulnerabilities of the people at the bottom. All measures of poverty, official estimates, World Bank estimates, MPI estimates point to the fact that India has uplifted millions out of poverty at a record pace. The challenges that still remain regarding poverty reduction in India: However a considerable reduction in poverty, there is still a long way to go before the poor are actually insulated from various dimensions of deprivation. India is now a low-middle-income country, at its income level, the poverty line is 3.2 dollars/ person/day, whereas the official poverty line is still coincidentally, close to 1.9 dollars/person/day. At 3.2 dollars the estimated headcount ratio is about 40% whereas at 1.9 dollars it is around 6-8%. this showed that despite uplifting people out of poverty most of them have only barely been uplifted and continue to remain vulnerable. There is a constant churning going on just at the poverty line, where a large number of the people keep rising above and falling below the poverty line. Many families are just a single health or economic accident away from being poor once again. The recent covid-19 pandemic has pushed many people back into extreme poverty and threatens the gains made over the decades. To ensure that no one relapses back into poverty, economic growth must be strengthened. Also, the public must be sufficiently skilled in order to contribute and benefit from the economic growth. The government support to sections just above the poverty line cannot merely be withdrawn because these people are no longer officially poor. It must continue to make them capable in order to sustainably shield them from falling back in the poverty.
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Briefly examine features of the Nagara style of temple architecture by mentioning various examples? (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach : Introduce briefly by listing down features of Nagara style of architecture Discuss various styles of Nagara architecture developed in India Answer : Features of the Nagara style of architecture are as follows: Presence of curvilinear Shikhar covered by an ambulatory passageway Panchaytan- one main God and four subsidiary Gods are placed inside temples absence of water tank crucified ground plan Generally, no boundary wall is present absence of gopuram In India, three different styles of nagara styles were developed 1. Odisha school Most of the temples under this styles are located in areas around ancient Puri and Konark. In this style shikhara, were called deul in Odisha, which is vertical almost until the top then it suddenly curves sharply inwards. Deuls are then preceded, as usual, by mandapas called Jaganmohan in Odisha. The ground plan of the main temple is square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure and becomes circular in the crowning mastaka. The exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare. These temples usually have boundary walls. Example: Konark Temple, Jagannath temple, Lingaraj temple. 2. Chandela/Khajurao school These are extensively erotic sculptures patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand in (the 10th and 11th centuries). There are almost 22 temples (out of the original 85) and is regarded as one of the world’s greatest artistic wonders. The finest among them is a Shaivite temple known as Kandariya Mahadev, built around the 10th century by King Ganda The standard type of Khajuraho temple has a shrine room, an assembly hall, and an entrance portico. These entities were treated as a whole, unlike in the Odishan style they were conceived as separate elements. The sikhara is curved for its whole length, and miniature sikharas emerge from the central tower. The halls and porticos of the temple are also crowned with smaller towers that rise progressively upto the main tower. Vishnu Temple at Chaturbhunj (MP) is another prominent temple at Khajuraho. Other prominent examples are Kandariya Mahadev temple, Lakshmana temple 3. Solanki school These were patronized by Solanki kings (later Chalukya) of Gujarat (11th to 13th century). The Vimala, Tejpala and Vastupala temples at Mount Abu exhibit this style. Also Dilwara temple in Mt Abu – The highest Jain pilgrimage is one of its examples. these temples had minimal decoration on the wall and there is a presence of a water tank near or in the premise of the temple
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##Question:Briefly examine features of the Nagara style of temple architecture by mentioning various examples? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly by listing down features of Nagara style of architecture Discuss various styles of Nagara architecture developed in India Answer : Features of the Nagara style of architecture are as follows: Presence of curvilinear Shikhar covered by an ambulatory passageway Panchaytan- one main God and four subsidiary Gods are placed inside temples absence of water tank crucified ground plan Generally, no boundary wall is present absence of gopuram In India, three different styles of nagara styles were developed 1. Odisha school Most of the temples under this styles are located in areas around ancient Puri and Konark. In this style shikhara, were called deul in Odisha, which is vertical almost until the top then it suddenly curves sharply inwards. Deuls are then preceded, as usual, by mandapas called Jaganmohan in Odisha. The ground plan of the main temple is square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure and becomes circular in the crowning mastaka. The exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare. These temples usually have boundary walls. Example: Konark Temple, Jagannath temple, Lingaraj temple. 2. Chandela/Khajurao school These are extensively erotic sculptures patronized by Chandela kings of Bundelkhand in (the 10th and 11th centuries). There are almost 22 temples (out of the original 85) and is regarded as one of the world’s greatest artistic wonders. The finest among them is a Shaivite temple known as Kandariya Mahadev, built around the 10th century by King Ganda The standard type of Khajuraho temple has a shrine room, an assembly hall, and an entrance portico. These entities were treated as a whole, unlike in the Odishan style they were conceived as separate elements. The sikhara is curved for its whole length, and miniature sikharas emerge from the central tower. The halls and porticos of the temple are also crowned with smaller towers that rise progressively upto the main tower. Vishnu Temple at Chaturbhunj (MP) is another prominent temple at Khajuraho. Other prominent examples are Kandariya Mahadev temple, Lakshmana temple 3. Solanki school These were patronized by Solanki kings (later Chalukya) of Gujarat (11th to 13th century). The Vimala, Tejpala and Vastupala temples at Mount Abu exhibit this style. Also Dilwara temple in Mt Abu – The highest Jain pilgrimage is one of its examples. these temples had minimal decoration on the wall and there is a presence of a water tank near or in the premise of the temple
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Define Poverty. What is the difference between absolute and relative poverty? ( 150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach:- 1. Introduction-definition of poverty 2. Differentiate between absolute and relative poverty. 4. Conclusion Answer:- Poverty has no universal definition because it is termed a very subjective term. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, ‘poverty is a state in which resources, usually material but sometimes cultural, are lacking’ World Bank"s definition"It is pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. It also encompasses low levels of health & education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one"s life" In simple words, it can be understood as " A state of not having enough material possessions or income for a person"s basic needs. It may include social, economic, and political elements." Difference between Absolute and relative poverty:- Absolute poverty is the lack of basic needs over a period of time that is long enough so that it endangers the life of an individual or can cause harm. It is a condition of actual physical wants—a state of starvation, malnutrition, disease, and want of clothing, shelter, and medical care. Also called normative poverty. It refers to poverty which is objectively measured. It is poverty defined using standards. It is measured by using objective parameters/standards for various criteria of poverty. For example: If the 10th class is taken as a standard for measuring deprivations in Education, then all those who have education lesser than the 10th class are poor. Relative Poverty is poverty when income is less than the average income by a certain amount. When poverty is measured in relative terms, such as income or consumption of other people, it is called relative poverty. Relative poverty is a condition when a person or family is unable to reach the minimum average living standard. As contrary to absolute poverty, relative poverty changes over time. It is comparative poverty. It compares two people or two sections with each other and tells who is relatively poorer than the other. It is a measure of inequality. Hence poverty can be understood as the deprivation of those things which are considered as a bare minimum to live with dignity.
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##Question:Define Poverty. What is the difference between absolute and relative poverty? ( 150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach:- 1. Introduction-definition of poverty 2. Differentiate between absolute and relative poverty. 4. Conclusion Answer:- Poverty has no universal definition because it is termed a very subjective term. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, ‘poverty is a state in which resources, usually material but sometimes cultural, are lacking’ World Bank"s definition"It is pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. It also encompasses low levels of health & education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one"s life" In simple words, it can be understood as " A state of not having enough material possessions or income for a person"s basic needs. It may include social, economic, and political elements." Difference between Absolute and relative poverty:- Absolute poverty is the lack of basic needs over a period of time that is long enough so that it endangers the life of an individual or can cause harm. It is a condition of actual physical wants—a state of starvation, malnutrition, disease, and want of clothing, shelter, and medical care. Also called normative poverty. It refers to poverty which is objectively measured. It is poverty defined using standards. It is measured by using objective parameters/standards for various criteria of poverty. For example: If the 10th class is taken as a standard for measuring deprivations in Education, then all those who have education lesser than the 10th class are poor. Relative Poverty is poverty when income is less than the average income by a certain amount. When poverty is measured in relative terms, such as income or consumption of other people, it is called relative poverty. Relative poverty is a condition when a person or family is unable to reach the minimum average living standard. As contrary to absolute poverty, relative poverty changes over time. It is comparative poverty. It compares two people or two sections with each other and tells who is relatively poorer than the other. It is a measure of inequality. Hence poverty can be understood as the deprivation of those things which are considered as a bare minimum to live with dignity.
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Discuss the need, significance and intended benefits of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) for India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) In the body discuss the need and significance of the NIP for India Conclude with the Way forward. Answer: The National Infrastructure Pipeline consists of the projects and programmes with a total allocation of INR 102 lakh crore for infrastructure development in the next five years. It is in accordance with the government’s vision to make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. NIP includes economic and social infrastructure projects in sectors such as Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), and Railways (13%) amounting to around 70% of the projected capital expenditure in infrastructure in India. Need for National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): $5 trillion goals: To achieve a GDP of $5 trillion by 2024-25, India needs to spend about $1.4 trillion (Rs. 100 lakh crore) over these years on infrastructure. This challenge is to be tackled by National Infrastructure Pipeline so that lack of infrastructure does not become a binding constraint on the growth of the Indian economy. Inclusive growth: Availability of quality infrastructure is a prerequisite to achieving broad-based and inclusive growth on a sustainable basis. Poor infrastructure: India’s growth potential has not been achieved mainly due to poor infrastructure in various sectors. National Infrastructure Pipeline would help in Improving the infrastructure and realising the growth potential. Investment: India can’t achieve high growth without investment. NIP will build investor confidence as identified projects are likely to be better prepared, exposures less likely to suffer stress given active project monitoring, thereby less likelihood of NPAs. Significance of National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): Economic growth: It is estimated that India would need to spend $4.5 trillion on infrastructure by 2030 to sustain its growth rate. The endeavour of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), is to make this happen in an efficient manner. Employment: Well-planned NIP will enable more infrastructure projects, grow businesses, create jobs, improve ease of living, and provide equitable access to infrastructure for all, making growth more inclusive. Fiscal space: Well-developed infrastructure enhances the level of economic activity, creates additional fiscal space by improving the revenue base of the government, and ensures the quality of expenditure focused on productive areas. BetterProjects : National Infrastructure Pipeline will ensure that infrastructure projects are adequately prepared and launched. It will provide a better view of project supply, provide time to be better prepared for project bidding, reduce aggressive bids/ failure in project delivery, and ensure enhanced access to sources of finance as a result of increased investor confidence. Agricultural benefits: It will strengthen agricultural and rural infrastructure. Irrigation and rural infrastructure projects would account for 7.7 lakh crore each. Connectivity: It will further increase the connectivity in India, especially in rural areas. Road projects will account for Rs. 19.63 lakh crore while another Rs. 13.68 lakh crore would be for railway projects. Credit: There is a lack of private investment due to the ongoing NPA crisis and lack of credit creation in the economy. So the government needs to invest from its own resources to give a push to the economy Challenges: Banks are recovering from the NPA problem. If they are pushed to fund for NIP, they may further face an NPA crisis. The scale of the pipeline is massive and its implementation will not be easy. Coordination among various levels of government is a must. Land acquisition is a big challenge for the completion of infrastructure projects. Rehabilitation of millions of people will also be not easy. Conclusion The National Infrastructure Pipeline is an ambitious plan that would include greenfield and brownfield projects costing above Rs 100 crore each. It will also enable robust marketing of the pipeline of projects requiring private investment through the India Investment Grid (IIG), National Investment & Infrastructure Fund (NIIF), etc. Thus, it may help in realising India’s $5 trillion economy dream.
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##Question:Discuss the need, significance and intended benefits of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) for India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) In the body discuss the need and significance of the NIP for India Conclude with the Way forward. Answer: The National Infrastructure Pipeline consists of the projects and programmes with a total allocation of INR 102 lakh crore for infrastructure development in the next five years. It is in accordance with the government’s vision to make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. NIP includes economic and social infrastructure projects in sectors such as Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), and Railways (13%) amounting to around 70% of the projected capital expenditure in infrastructure in India. Need for National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): $5 trillion goals: To achieve a GDP of $5 trillion by 2024-25, India needs to spend about $1.4 trillion (Rs. 100 lakh crore) over these years on infrastructure. This challenge is to be tackled by National Infrastructure Pipeline so that lack of infrastructure does not become a binding constraint on the growth of the Indian economy. Inclusive growth: Availability of quality infrastructure is a prerequisite to achieving broad-based and inclusive growth on a sustainable basis. Poor infrastructure: India’s growth potential has not been achieved mainly due to poor infrastructure in various sectors. National Infrastructure Pipeline would help in Improving the infrastructure and realising the growth potential. Investment: India can’t achieve high growth without investment. NIP will build investor confidence as identified projects are likely to be better prepared, exposures less likely to suffer stress given active project monitoring, thereby less likelihood of NPAs. Significance of National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): Economic growth: It is estimated that India would need to spend $4.5 trillion on infrastructure by 2030 to sustain its growth rate. The endeavour of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), is to make this happen in an efficient manner. Employment: Well-planned NIP will enable more infrastructure projects, grow businesses, create jobs, improve ease of living, and provide equitable access to infrastructure for all, making growth more inclusive. Fiscal space: Well-developed infrastructure enhances the level of economic activity, creates additional fiscal space by improving the revenue base of the government, and ensures the quality of expenditure focused on productive areas. BetterProjects : National Infrastructure Pipeline will ensure that infrastructure projects are adequately prepared and launched. It will provide a better view of project supply, provide time to be better prepared for project bidding, reduce aggressive bids/ failure in project delivery, and ensure enhanced access to sources of finance as a result of increased investor confidence. Agricultural benefits: It will strengthen agricultural and rural infrastructure. Irrigation and rural infrastructure projects would account for 7.7 lakh crore each. Connectivity: It will further increase the connectivity in India, especially in rural areas. Road projects will account for Rs. 19.63 lakh crore while another Rs. 13.68 lakh crore would be for railway projects. Credit: There is a lack of private investment due to the ongoing NPA crisis and lack of credit creation in the economy. So the government needs to invest from its own resources to give a push to the economy Challenges: Banks are recovering from the NPA problem. If they are pushed to fund for NIP, they may further face an NPA crisis. The scale of the pipeline is massive and its implementation will not be easy. Coordination among various levels of government is a must. Land acquisition is a big challenge for the completion of infrastructure projects. Rehabilitation of millions of people will also be not easy. Conclusion The National Infrastructure Pipeline is an ambitious plan that would include greenfield and brownfield projects costing above Rs 100 crore each. It will also enable robust marketing of the pipeline of projects requiring private investment through the India Investment Grid (IIG), National Investment & Infrastructure Fund (NIIF), etc. Thus, it may help in realising India’s $5 trillion economy dream.
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Discuss the need and intended benefits of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) for India? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce in brief the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP). In the body, discuss the need and benefits of the NIP for India Conclude accordingly. ANSWER: The National Infrastructure Pipeline consists of projects and programs with a total allocation of INR 102 lakh crore for infrastructure development in the next five years. It is in accordance with the government’s vision to make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. NIP includes economic and social infrastructure projects in sectors such as Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), and Railways (13%) amounting to around 70% of the projected capital expenditure in infrastructure in India. Need for National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): $5 trillion goals- To achieve a GDP of $5 trillion by 2024-25, India needs to spend about $1.4 trillion (Rs. 100 lakh crore) over these years on infrastructure. This challenge is to be tackled by National Infrastructure Pipeline so that lack of infrastructure does not become a binding constraint on the growth of the Indian economy. Inclusive growth- The availability of quality infrastructure is a prerequisite to achieving broad-based and inclusive growth on a sustainable basis. Poor infrastructure- India’s growth potential has not been achieved mainly due to poor infrastructure in various sectors. National Infrastructure Pipeline would help in Improving the infrastructure and realizing the growth potential. Investment- India can’t achieve high growth without investment. NIP will build investor confidence as identified projects are likely to be better prepared, exposures less likely to suffer stress given active project monitoring, thereby less likelihood of NPAs. Benefits of National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): Economic growth- It is estimated that India would need to spend $4.5 trillion on infrastructure by 2030 to sustain its growth rate. The endeavor of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), is to make this happen in an efficient manner. Employment- Well-planned NIP will enable more infrastructure projects, grow businesses, create jobs, improve ease of living, and provide equitable access to infrastructure for all, making growth more inclusive. Fiscal space- Well-developed infrastructure enhances the level of economic activity, creates additional fiscal space by improving the revenue base of the government, and ensures the quality of expenditure focused on productive areas. BetterProjects- National Infrastructure Pipeline will ensure that infrastructure projects are adequately prepared and launched. It will provide a better view of project supply, provide time to be better prepared for project bidding, reduce aggressive bids/ failure in project delivery, and ensure enhanced access to sources of finance as a result of increased investor confidence. Agricultural benefits- It will strengthen agricultural and rural infrastructure. Irrigation and rural infrastructure projects would account for 7.7 lakh crore each. Connectivity- It will further increase connectivity in India, especially in rural areas. Road projects will account for Rs. 19.63 lakh crore while another Rs. 13.68 lakh crore would be for railway projects. Credit- There is a lack of private investment due to the ongoing NPA crisis and a lack of credit creation in the economy. So, the government needs to invest from its own resources to give a push to the economy The National Infrastructure Pipeline is an ambitious plan that would include greenfield and brownfield projects costing above Rs 100 crore each. It will also enable robust marketing of the pipeline of projects requiring private investment through the India Investment Grid (IIG), National Investment & Infrastructure Fund (NIIF), etc. Thus, it may help in realizing India’s $5 trillion economic dream.
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##Question:Discuss the need and intended benefits of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) for India? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce in brief the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP). In the body, discuss the need and benefits of the NIP for India Conclude accordingly. ANSWER: The National Infrastructure Pipeline consists of projects and programs with a total allocation of INR 102 lakh crore for infrastructure development in the next five years. It is in accordance with the government’s vision to make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. NIP includes economic and social infrastructure projects in sectors such as Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), and Railways (13%) amounting to around 70% of the projected capital expenditure in infrastructure in India. Need for National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): $5 trillion goals- To achieve a GDP of $5 trillion by 2024-25, India needs to spend about $1.4 trillion (Rs. 100 lakh crore) over these years on infrastructure. This challenge is to be tackled by National Infrastructure Pipeline so that lack of infrastructure does not become a binding constraint on the growth of the Indian economy. Inclusive growth- The availability of quality infrastructure is a prerequisite to achieving broad-based and inclusive growth on a sustainable basis. Poor infrastructure- India’s growth potential has not been achieved mainly due to poor infrastructure in various sectors. National Infrastructure Pipeline would help in Improving the infrastructure and realizing the growth potential. Investment- India can’t achieve high growth without investment. NIP will build investor confidence as identified projects are likely to be better prepared, exposures less likely to suffer stress given active project monitoring, thereby less likelihood of NPAs. Benefits of National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP): Economic growth- It is estimated that India would need to spend $4.5 trillion on infrastructure by 2030 to sustain its growth rate. The endeavor of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), is to make this happen in an efficient manner. Employment- Well-planned NIP will enable more infrastructure projects, grow businesses, create jobs, improve ease of living, and provide equitable access to infrastructure for all, making growth more inclusive. Fiscal space- Well-developed infrastructure enhances the level of economic activity, creates additional fiscal space by improving the revenue base of the government, and ensures the quality of expenditure focused on productive areas. BetterProjects- National Infrastructure Pipeline will ensure that infrastructure projects are adequately prepared and launched. It will provide a better view of project supply, provide time to be better prepared for project bidding, reduce aggressive bids/ failure in project delivery, and ensure enhanced access to sources of finance as a result of increased investor confidence. Agricultural benefits- It will strengthen agricultural and rural infrastructure. Irrigation and rural infrastructure projects would account for 7.7 lakh crore each. Connectivity- It will further increase connectivity in India, especially in rural areas. Road projects will account for Rs. 19.63 lakh crore while another Rs. 13.68 lakh crore would be for railway projects. Credit- There is a lack of private investment due to the ongoing NPA crisis and a lack of credit creation in the economy. So, the government needs to invest from its own resources to give a push to the economy The National Infrastructure Pipeline is an ambitious plan that would include greenfield and brownfield projects costing above Rs 100 crore each. It will also enable robust marketing of the pipeline of projects requiring private investment through the India Investment Grid (IIG), National Investment & Infrastructure Fund (NIIF), etc. Thus, it may help in realizing India’s $5 trillion economic dream.
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Why identification of the poor is important? Write about the two approaches by which the benefits of government schemes can be provided to the people? [10 Marks/ 150 Words]
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Approach: Define Poverty and poor briefly. Write the importance of the identification of the poor. Write the two main approaches of benefit transfer from the government to the poor people. Finally, conclude appropriately like the need for an inclusive approach for the development. Answer: Poverty is defined as deprivation of those things which are considered as a bare minimum to live with dignity. and all those people who can do not have enough money, good health, access to education, skills, good environment, safe and secure living, good rule of law, etc. for a dignified life are considered poor. Identification of poor is important for the following reasons: So the poor can benefit from governments" anti-poverty schemes and social securities. For example, Food Security( through Public Distribution System), Subsidy for Housing & affordable Housing, Direct benefit transfer through cash transfer, etc. Identifying the poor for government programs: The government runs various social sector and anti-poverty schemes for the poor to transfer benefits like Atal Pension Yojana, PM Awas Yojana, etc all these need the identification of beneficiaries. To ascertain the progress on poverty reduction/alleviation over a period of time. For making a policy roadmap of growth and development for the future, the policymakers should know the poverty levels. The beneficiaries of these schemes can be identified using either of the two approaches: A. Universal Approach: It provides benefits to everybody or almost everybody in the population. This causes inclusion errors that is those who do not deserve to receive the benefits are also made eligible and receive the benefits. These are sought to be minimized by largely appealing to people to opt-out of receiving such benefits voluntarily. For example the "Give it Up" Campaign regarding LPG subsidy B.Targeted Approach: It identifies beneficiaries using specific criteria which would have to be proved by the person to become the eligible beneficiary. This reduces the inclusion errors but increases the exclusion. Therefore any government program must target the identification process to be such that minimizes both inclusion & exclusion errors. At the same point despite making the criteria easy to comply with to reduce the errors, people still do not receive the benefits of the schemes that they are deserving. This is so because despite easy criteria each scheme has its independent identification process, thereby causing more efforts in form of repeated identification. To rectify this problem of repetitive identification the government constituted the N.K. Saxena Committee in 2010 to identify BPL Households. Later on SECC(Socio-economic and Caste Sensus) was conducted which is now used as a common database to identify beneficiaries of various government programs. Poverty can be eliminated by an inclusive approach that empowers every person to contribute to the economy and share the benefits of the growth equitably.
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##Question:Why identification of the poor is important? Write about the two approaches by which the benefits of government schemes can be provided to the people? [10 Marks/ 150 Words]##Answer:Approach: Define Poverty and poor briefly. Write the importance of the identification of the poor. Write the two main approaches of benefit transfer from the government to the poor people. Finally, conclude appropriately like the need for an inclusive approach for the development. Answer: Poverty is defined as deprivation of those things which are considered as a bare minimum to live with dignity. and all those people who can do not have enough money, good health, access to education, skills, good environment, safe and secure living, good rule of law, etc. for a dignified life are considered poor. Identification of poor is important for the following reasons: So the poor can benefit from governments" anti-poverty schemes and social securities. For example, Food Security( through Public Distribution System), Subsidy for Housing & affordable Housing, Direct benefit transfer through cash transfer, etc. Identifying the poor for government programs: The government runs various social sector and anti-poverty schemes for the poor to transfer benefits like Atal Pension Yojana, PM Awas Yojana, etc all these need the identification of beneficiaries. To ascertain the progress on poverty reduction/alleviation over a period of time. For making a policy roadmap of growth and development for the future, the policymakers should know the poverty levels. The beneficiaries of these schemes can be identified using either of the two approaches: A. Universal Approach: It provides benefits to everybody or almost everybody in the population. This causes inclusion errors that is those who do not deserve to receive the benefits are also made eligible and receive the benefits. These are sought to be minimized by largely appealing to people to opt-out of receiving such benefits voluntarily. For example the "Give it Up" Campaign regarding LPG subsidy B.Targeted Approach: It identifies beneficiaries using specific criteria which would have to be proved by the person to become the eligible beneficiary. This reduces the inclusion errors but increases the exclusion. Therefore any government program must target the identification process to be such that minimizes both inclusion & exclusion errors. At the same point despite making the criteria easy to comply with to reduce the errors, people still do not receive the benefits of the schemes that they are deserving. This is so because despite easy criteria each scheme has its independent identification process, thereby causing more efforts in form of repeated identification. To rectify this problem of repetitive identification the government constituted the N.K. Saxena Committee in 2010 to identify BPL Households. Later on SECC(Socio-economic and Caste Sensus) was conducted which is now used as a common database to identify beneficiaries of various government programs. Poverty can be eliminated by an inclusive approach that empowers every person to contribute to the economy and share the benefits of the growth equitably.
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What do you understand by the Goods and Services Tax (GST)? Discuss how it differs from the previous tax regime. (10 Marks/150 Marks.)
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Approach: Provide a brief definition and context of Goods and Services Tax(GST). Explain the components involved in the structure of GST. Compare the GST with the previous tax structure in India with examples. Conclude by suggesting some reforms to the present system. Answer: GST is an indirect, comprehensive, multi-stage, and destination-based tax that is levied at each of value addition in the delivery of final goods and services. Goods and Services Act 2017 was passed in both the Houses of the Parliament in March 2017 and came into effect on 1st July 2017 after the enactment of corresponding State GST Laws in different States of the country. GST replaced the earlier system of different tax systems in different States to one country, one market, and one tax system. Key Features- The GST structure has been designed as a dual taxation regime and there will be three components- Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Integrated GST (IGST). The CGST and SGST will be imposed on the intrastate supply of goods and services and are governed under the CGST Act and the respective SGST Acts of the States. IGST will be levied and collected by the Central Government on inter-state supply of goods and services. Value Addition: The GST will be imposed on each stage of the value addition till the final sale at the destination. For example, in the manufacturing of branded biscuit packets, GST will be imposed only on the value-added when a stage, such as packaging, or branding adds value to the present item, and not on the whole value of the product on that stage. Destination Based Tax: It means that the GST will be imposed in the State/ UT where the good is finally consumed instead of the originating State. The retailer of the final good, will collect the GST from the consumers and pass it on to the Government. Comparison of the GST with the Earlier System- VAT and Sales Tax System: Value Added Tax or VAT was only applicable to the sale of goods and not on services. A separate Sales Tax was imposed on the services rendered, and they could be imposed on varying rates. GST, however, is imposed both for the goods as well as services and has a unified rate. This simplifies the whole taxation process. Laws and Regulations: Under the old system there were separate laws for each levy, e.g. Central Excise Taxes, State VAT, and Sales Tax Laws. The GST structure subsumes various taxes and creates a single GST law across all the States, except for some items like Liquor, Petroleum products, etc. Rates of Tax: Earlier, there were different tax rates like 12.36% of Excise, 14% Service Tax, etc. and these could vary for different States and the Centre. Now, all the goods and services fall into four tax slabs of 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%, with proposals to further reduce the slabs to two only. Cascading Effect of Taxes: Earlier different taxes such as Central Sales Tax, Excise Duty, VAT were levied till the final consumption of the Good, and no credits were allowed on taxes paid, this led to the cascading effect of different taxes. Now, due to IGST and the system of credit of taxes, the cascading effect has been eliminated. Basis of Levy: Earlier the VAT was levied where the good was manufactured, or sold, or where the service was rendered. Now the GST is levied at the point of consumption. Registration of Taxpayers: Earlier the registration was decentralized at the Centre and different States’ levels. However, now a centralized registration is done under GST Network. Entry Tax: Under the VAT system, taxes were levied by certain States on interstate movement of goods. However, now the inter-state movement of goods is covered under IGST. Apart from the above differences, other differences are related to the validation, system, and dates of collection of taxes, taxes on import and export, etc. are also present. GST is the single biggest fiscal reform in India since independence, and has led to an increased tax base, greater tax collection, and has great potential in the future. Some measures like reducing the tax slabs to two, rationalization of Intra- slab items, more efficient refunds of credit is required to make realize the full potential of GST.
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##Question:What do you understand by the Goods and Services Tax (GST)? Discuss how it differs from the previous tax regime. (10 Marks/150 Marks.)##Answer:Approach: Provide a brief definition and context of Goods and Services Tax(GST). Explain the components involved in the structure of GST. Compare the GST with the previous tax structure in India with examples. Conclude by suggesting some reforms to the present system. Answer: GST is an indirect, comprehensive, multi-stage, and destination-based tax that is levied at each of value addition in the delivery of final goods and services. Goods and Services Act 2017 was passed in both the Houses of the Parliament in March 2017 and came into effect on 1st July 2017 after the enactment of corresponding State GST Laws in different States of the country. GST replaced the earlier system of different tax systems in different States to one country, one market, and one tax system. Key Features- The GST structure has been designed as a dual taxation regime and there will be three components- Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Integrated GST (IGST). The CGST and SGST will be imposed on the intrastate supply of goods and services and are governed under the CGST Act and the respective SGST Acts of the States. IGST will be levied and collected by the Central Government on inter-state supply of goods and services. Value Addition: The GST will be imposed on each stage of the value addition till the final sale at the destination. For example, in the manufacturing of branded biscuit packets, GST will be imposed only on the value-added when a stage, such as packaging, or branding adds value to the present item, and not on the whole value of the product on that stage. Destination Based Tax: It means that the GST will be imposed in the State/ UT where the good is finally consumed instead of the originating State. The retailer of the final good, will collect the GST from the consumers and pass it on to the Government. Comparison of the GST with the Earlier System- VAT and Sales Tax System: Value Added Tax or VAT was only applicable to the sale of goods and not on services. A separate Sales Tax was imposed on the services rendered, and they could be imposed on varying rates. GST, however, is imposed both for the goods as well as services and has a unified rate. This simplifies the whole taxation process. Laws and Regulations: Under the old system there were separate laws for each levy, e.g. Central Excise Taxes, State VAT, and Sales Tax Laws. The GST structure subsumes various taxes and creates a single GST law across all the States, except for some items like Liquor, Petroleum products, etc. Rates of Tax: Earlier, there were different tax rates like 12.36% of Excise, 14% Service Tax, etc. and these could vary for different States and the Centre. Now, all the goods and services fall into four tax slabs of 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%, with proposals to further reduce the slabs to two only. Cascading Effect of Taxes: Earlier different taxes such as Central Sales Tax, Excise Duty, VAT were levied till the final consumption of the Good, and no credits were allowed on taxes paid, this led to the cascading effect of different taxes. Now, due to IGST and the system of credit of taxes, the cascading effect has been eliminated. Basis of Levy: Earlier the VAT was levied where the good was manufactured, or sold, or where the service was rendered. Now the GST is levied at the point of consumption. Registration of Taxpayers: Earlier the registration was decentralized at the Centre and different States’ levels. However, now a centralized registration is done under GST Network. Entry Tax: Under the VAT system, taxes were levied by certain States on interstate movement of goods. However, now the inter-state movement of goods is covered under IGST. Apart from the above differences, other differences are related to the validation, system, and dates of collection of taxes, taxes on import and export, etc. are also present. GST is the single biggest fiscal reform in India since independence, and has led to an increased tax base, greater tax collection, and has great potential in the future. Some measures like reducing the tax slabs to two, rationalization of Intra- slab items, more efficient refunds of credit is required to make realize the full potential of GST.
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Critically analyze the functions of the Financial Committees of the Parliament. (10 marks/150 words).
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Approach: Briefly introduce the parliamentary Committees (especially Financial Committees). Highlight the role & functions of the Financial Committees of the Parliament. Issues/critical aspects. Conclusion Answer: The parliamentary committees are of two types that is ad-hoccommittees and standing committees to tackle the complexity of parliamentary work effectively. The Financial Committees, DRSCs and some other Committees come under the category of Standing Committees. The Committee on Estimates, the Committee on Public Accounts, and the Committee on Public Undertakings are considered as the Financial Committees of the parliament. Role & functions of the Financial Committees: Major functions of the Public Accounts committee: It examines the annual audit reports of CAG tabled by the president in the House. It also submits its reports from the point of view of prudence, wisdom and expenditure along with looking into technical irregularities. The PAC also scrutinizes the overall public expenditure through the reports of CAG. The public expenditure is not only examined from a legal and formal point of view to discover technical irregularities but also from the point of view of the economy, prudence, wisdom, and propriety. The critical aspect of the PAC: The committee is not involved in the day to day administration and its recommendations are advisory in nature (not binding). Major functions of the Committee on Estimates: It is also a continuous economy committee. It looks into overall administrative reforms with respect to policies, suggests alternative policies. It also suggests forms in which estimates are to be presented in the parliament. The committee though is not involved in the public undertakings. The critical aspect of the Committee on Estimates: Estimates committees do not examine the budget estimates when they are presented for approval. They do that post-approval. The estimates committee predominantly has an advisory role and works as a post-mortem. Major functions of the Committee on Public Undertakings : To examine the reports of public undertakings by CAG. To promote sound business practices & prudence. The critical aspect of the Committee on Public Undertakings: The committee can not interfere into day to day administration and mostly functions on a post-mortem basis. The committee does not interfere in technical aspects. Conclusion The Financial Committee is an essential tool for parliament’s authority over the executives and for their accountability.
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##Question:Critically analyze the functions of the Financial Committees of the Parliament. (10 marks/150 words).##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the parliamentary Committees (especially Financial Committees). Highlight the role & functions of the Financial Committees of the Parliament. Issues/critical aspects. Conclusion Answer: The parliamentary committees are of two types that is ad-hoccommittees and standing committees to tackle the complexity of parliamentary work effectively. The Financial Committees, DRSCs and some other Committees come under the category of Standing Committees. The Committee on Estimates, the Committee on Public Accounts, and the Committee on Public Undertakings are considered as the Financial Committees of the parliament. Role & functions of the Financial Committees: Major functions of the Public Accounts committee: It examines the annual audit reports of CAG tabled by the president in the House. It also submits its reports from the point of view of prudence, wisdom and expenditure along with looking into technical irregularities. The PAC also scrutinizes the overall public expenditure through the reports of CAG. The public expenditure is not only examined from a legal and formal point of view to discover technical irregularities but also from the point of view of the economy, prudence, wisdom, and propriety. The critical aspect of the PAC: The committee is not involved in the day to day administration and its recommendations are advisory in nature (not binding). Major functions of the Committee on Estimates: It is also a continuous economy committee. It looks into overall administrative reforms with respect to policies, suggests alternative policies. It also suggests forms in which estimates are to be presented in the parliament. The committee though is not involved in the public undertakings. The critical aspect of the Committee on Estimates: Estimates committees do not examine the budget estimates when they are presented for approval. They do that post-approval. The estimates committee predominantly has an advisory role and works as a post-mortem. Major functions of the Committee on Public Undertakings : To examine the reports of public undertakings by CAG. To promote sound business practices & prudence. The critical aspect of the Committee on Public Undertakings: The committee can not interfere into day to day administration and mostly functions on a post-mortem basis. The committee does not interfere in technical aspects. Conclusion The Financial Committee is an essential tool for parliament’s authority over the executives and for their accountability.
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The Indian classical dance expounds the ideals of Moksha and salvation in its fold. Explain. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce by giving a brief overview of Indian Classical dances. Explain how classical dance expounds the ideals of Moksha and salvation. Give a suitable conclusion. Answer: Bharat Muni’s treatise Natya Shastra is the first famous source to mention dance. India has various forms of dances including classical dances and folk dances. The classical dances are recognized by Sangeet Natak Academy. Classical dance expounds the ideals of Moksha and salvation In Hinduism, the Purusharth is the main concept and refers to the four proper goals or aims of human life. The four goals are Dharma, Arth, Kama, and Moksha. Moksha or salvation is the ultimate goal. As per Hindu Mythology, Lord Brahma asked Bharat Muni to create another form of salvation (Moksha). Therefore, it is said Bharat Muni created various dance forms. It was believed that the performance of dance every day means serving God. It is a mode of reunion with God. In the classical dance, the first step leads to the invocation of God. For example- Alarippu in Bharatnatyam - Alarippu i s the first item in a Bharatnatyam recital. It is an invocatory dance performed at the beginning of the recital, like offering obeisance to the Gods and audience, where through a series of pure nritta movements of the face and other parts of the body, the body is dedicated to God. Similarly, the first step in Odissi is known as Mangal Charanam which is the invocation of God to seek his blessing. Next as per Hindu Mythology, the existence of the universe is based on Rhythm . A human will get Moksha or salvation once he is in sync with the rhythm of the Universe. Indian Classical Dances also follow a Rhythm. The core idea is that by performing dance in rhythm, the Atman gets reunited with Parmatman ie Lord Brahma. Therefore, at the end of classical dances, there are exuberant and joyous movements symbolizing temporary salvation. For example, Thillana in Bharatnatyam. Moksha step in Odissi dance, etc. Therefore, the dancer invokes God at the start of the dance, and dances in rhythm while seeking a union with God and thus Salvation or Moksha. The Indian Classical Dances thus expound the ideals of Moksha and salvation.
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##Question:The Indian classical dance expounds the ideals of Moksha and salvation in its fold. Explain. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce by giving a brief overview of Indian Classical dances. Explain how classical dance expounds the ideals of Moksha and salvation. Give a suitable conclusion. Answer: Bharat Muni’s treatise Natya Shastra is the first famous source to mention dance. India has various forms of dances including classical dances and folk dances. The classical dances are recognized by Sangeet Natak Academy. Classical dance expounds the ideals of Moksha and salvation In Hinduism, the Purusharth is the main concept and refers to the four proper goals or aims of human life. The four goals are Dharma, Arth, Kama, and Moksha. Moksha or salvation is the ultimate goal. As per Hindu Mythology, Lord Brahma asked Bharat Muni to create another form of salvation (Moksha). Therefore, it is said Bharat Muni created various dance forms. It was believed that the performance of dance every day means serving God. It is a mode of reunion with God. In the classical dance, the first step leads to the invocation of God. For example- Alarippu in Bharatnatyam - Alarippu i s the first item in a Bharatnatyam recital. It is an invocatory dance performed at the beginning of the recital, like offering obeisance to the Gods and audience, where through a series of pure nritta movements of the face and other parts of the body, the body is dedicated to God. Similarly, the first step in Odissi is known as Mangal Charanam which is the invocation of God to seek his blessing. Next as per Hindu Mythology, the existence of the universe is based on Rhythm . A human will get Moksha or salvation once he is in sync with the rhythm of the Universe. Indian Classical Dances also follow a Rhythm. The core idea is that by performing dance in rhythm, the Atman gets reunited with Parmatman ie Lord Brahma. Therefore, at the end of classical dances, there are exuberant and joyous movements symbolizing temporary salvation. For example, Thillana in Bharatnatyam. Moksha step in Odissi dance, etc. Therefore, the dancer invokes God at the start of the dance, and dances in rhythm while seeking a union with God and thus Salvation or Moksha. The Indian Classical Dances thus expound the ideals of Moksha and salvation.
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What do you understand by Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? Also, explain the various stages of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Give a brief definition of EIA in the introduction Enumerate its benefits Explain in brief the various stages of EIA Bring in some of the issues and conclude the answer in a suggestive way Answer: EIA can be defined as the study to predict the effect of a proposed activity or project on the environment. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic, and environmental costs and benefits. Benefits: Long term cost reduction, protection of the environment, conservation of the environment Local community and enhance community participation Optimal utilization of resources also saves time, results in an increase in awareness and knowledge among the local community Stages of EIA: Proposal/identification = developer gives the proposal with a detailed plan to impact the assessment agency and shall include all relevant information Screening = includes the determination of whether the proposed project requires an EIA Preliminary Assessment = it is by the project proponent to held decide on a project for screening Scoping = identifies the key issues which should further be investigated, it involves detailing the terms of reference for EIA. Impact Analysis and Mitigation = it involves identifying and predicting the likely environmental impacts and recommending the actions to reduce or avoid the impacts (Environmental management plan (EMP)) Reporting = presenting the report to the decision body and other interested parties Review and Public meeting/hearing = should be done before the actual decision making, people"s participation, gram sabha, NGOs which are active over there, local residents. Decision Making = to approve or reject the project or suggest changes Monitoring = that the impacts do not exceeds the legal standards and to see whether the predictions are correct or not Issues: Limited involvement of Public Post project monitoring is weak No independent body for assessment, Reports are not published in the local language There is a lack of experts in the environmental field in expert appraisal committees Conclusion: EIA is a necessary step in sustainable development and is to be strengthened further by incorporating the public participation and traditional knowledge of the local people which will be looked after by a single independent agency that will ensure proper public hearing.
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##Question:What do you understand by Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? Also, explain the various stages of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief definition of EIA in the introduction Enumerate its benefits Explain in brief the various stages of EIA Bring in some of the issues and conclude the answer in a suggestive way Answer: EIA can be defined as the study to predict the effect of a proposed activity or project on the environment. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic, and environmental costs and benefits. Benefits: Long term cost reduction, protection of the environment, conservation of the environment Local community and enhance community participation Optimal utilization of resources also saves time, results in an increase in awareness and knowledge among the local community Stages of EIA: Proposal/identification = developer gives the proposal with a detailed plan to impact the assessment agency and shall include all relevant information Screening = includes the determination of whether the proposed project requires an EIA Preliminary Assessment = it is by the project proponent to held decide on a project for screening Scoping = identifies the key issues which should further be investigated, it involves detailing the terms of reference for EIA. Impact Analysis and Mitigation = it involves identifying and predicting the likely environmental impacts and recommending the actions to reduce or avoid the impacts (Environmental management plan (EMP)) Reporting = presenting the report to the decision body and other interested parties Review and Public meeting/hearing = should be done before the actual decision making, people"s participation, gram sabha, NGOs which are active over there, local residents. Decision Making = to approve or reject the project or suggest changes Monitoring = that the impacts do not exceeds the legal standards and to see whether the predictions are correct or not Issues: Limited involvement of Public Post project monitoring is weak No independent body for assessment, Reports are not published in the local language There is a lack of experts in the environmental field in expert appraisal committees Conclusion: EIA is a necessary step in sustainable development and is to be strengthened further by incorporating the public participation and traditional knowledge of the local people which will be looked after by a single independent agency that will ensure proper public hearing.
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What were the state of Indian industries at the time of independence of India? Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write briefly about the status of Indian industries during the independence of India in the Introduction. Discuss the state of Indian industries at the time of independence of India. Conclusion. Answer: At the time of independence, the industrial structure of India was backward in nature. The Indian industrial sector only contributed about 11.8% to the national GDP. The output and productivity were very low. The state of Indian industries at the time of independence of India: Indian Industries at the times of independence in 1947 (Certain features): At the time of independence, the industrial structure of India was backward in nature. It was dominated by the consumer goods industry. There was an absence of the Capital goods industry. The industrial structure was skewed with respect to the size of industries. 30% of total workers were employed in small industries (that employ 6 to 9 workers). 42.6% were in very large industries (were employing in >500 workers). The large industries were very few in number which implies the structure of ownership was highly concentrated. The industries in India were in very high capital intensity. This was due to a shortage of skilled workforce (both technical and managerial skills) and the availability of cheap capital. Massive deindustrialization at this time. The weak base of industries in India. More than 75% of the total population were engaged in agriculture. At the time of partition, mills of cotton remained in India but raw materials producing areas for cotton had gone maximally to Pakistan and Jute producing raw materials & areas went to Bangladesh (Mills remained with India). India"s industries were also based on Iron & steel, cement and chemicals etc but only a few new things were done with technology etc. In India, most of the industries are based on basic, intermediate and consumer goods based industries. Developed countries have the capacity of Capital based industries In 1947, Indian industries had highly capital-intensive sectors. Small scale industries like sugarcane, Jute, Cotton, etc. Industrial Policy Resolution,1948: The basic idea of this policy resolution was to control the capitalistic form of industrial organisation and introduce a form of the institutional network which is called mixed economy. The mixed economy was accepted in 1948. The state was to take an active role in the industrialization in process, the policy also introduced the threat of nationalisation as the existing industries in the private sector was subject to a performance review by the government. IPR 1948 accepted the importance of both public (eg: PSUs) and private sectors in the industrial economy of India. It assigned a progressively active role to the state. The Policy adopted a two-pronged strategy: a. expansion of the State sector in areas where it was operating and in new lines of production, and b. allowing the private sector to subsist and expand albeit under proper direction and regulation. Major features of IPR 1948: It emphasised the predominant role of small-scale industries for fuller utilisation of local resources of the country the generation of employment and reaching the goal of self-sufficiency in consumer goods. Thus, the State was to extend financial assistance for their expansion. It not only recognised the significance of smooth and sound labour management relations but also stressed a proportionate rise in the share of labour to increase industrial production.
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##Question:What were the state of Indian industries at the time of independence of India? Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the status of Indian industries during the independence of India in the Introduction. Discuss the state of Indian industries at the time of independence of India. Conclusion. Answer: At the time of independence, the industrial structure of India was backward in nature. The Indian industrial sector only contributed about 11.8% to the national GDP. The output and productivity were very low. The state of Indian industries at the time of independence of India: Indian Industries at the times of independence in 1947 (Certain features): At the time of independence, the industrial structure of India was backward in nature. It was dominated by the consumer goods industry. There was an absence of the Capital goods industry. The industrial structure was skewed with respect to the size of industries. 30% of total workers were employed in small industries (that employ 6 to 9 workers). 42.6% were in very large industries (were employing in >500 workers). The large industries were very few in number which implies the structure of ownership was highly concentrated. The industries in India were in very high capital intensity. This was due to a shortage of skilled workforce (both technical and managerial skills) and the availability of cheap capital. Massive deindustrialization at this time. The weak base of industries in India. More than 75% of the total population were engaged in agriculture. At the time of partition, mills of cotton remained in India but raw materials producing areas for cotton had gone maximally to Pakistan and Jute producing raw materials & areas went to Bangladesh (Mills remained with India). India"s industries were also based on Iron & steel, cement and chemicals etc but only a few new things were done with technology etc. In India, most of the industries are based on basic, intermediate and consumer goods based industries. Developed countries have the capacity of Capital based industries In 1947, Indian industries had highly capital-intensive sectors. Small scale industries like sugarcane, Jute, Cotton, etc. Industrial Policy Resolution,1948: The basic idea of this policy resolution was to control the capitalistic form of industrial organisation and introduce a form of the institutional network which is called mixed economy. The mixed economy was accepted in 1948. The state was to take an active role in the industrialization in process, the policy also introduced the threat of nationalisation as the existing industries in the private sector was subject to a performance review by the government. IPR 1948 accepted the importance of both public (eg: PSUs) and private sectors in the industrial economy of India. It assigned a progressively active role to the state. The Policy adopted a two-pronged strategy: a. expansion of the State sector in areas where it was operating and in new lines of production, and b. allowing the private sector to subsist and expand albeit under proper direction and regulation. Major features of IPR 1948: It emphasised the predominant role of small-scale industries for fuller utilisation of local resources of the country the generation of employment and reaching the goal of self-sufficiency in consumer goods. Thus, the State was to extend financial assistance for their expansion. It not only recognised the significance of smooth and sound labour management relations but also stressed a proportionate rise in the share of labour to increase industrial production.
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Examine the administrative relations between the Union and States in the context of the Indian political system. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Briefly write about the centre-state relationship in the introduction. Highlight points on administrative relations between the Centre and States. Issues/critical aspects in administrative relations. Conclusion Answer: The Constitution of India provides a dual polity with a clear division of powers between the Union and the States, each being supreme within the sphere allotted to it. The Indian federation is not the result of an agreement between independent units, and the units of the Indian federation cannot leave the federation. Thus the constitution contains elaborate provisions to regulate the various dimensions of the relations between the centre and the states. The constitution of India between article 256 to article 263 (PART XI) deals with the administrations between the Centre and States. Administrative relations between the Centre and States : The parliament"s exclusive power of legislation co-exists with the centre"s exclusive executive powers. Similarly, the executive power of the state extends to the domain of state legislature to make laws on the state list. Executive Powers of State be exercised in compliance with Union Laws: Article 256 lays down that the executive power of every State shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance with the laws made by Parliament. Executive Powers of State not to interfere with Executive Power of Union (Article 257). In short, the Union Government can issue directions to the State Government even with regard to the subjects enumerated in the state list. The Union Government can give directions to the state with regard to construction and maintenance of the means of communication declared to be of national or military importance. The union can issue State Governments necessary directions regarding the measures to be taken for the protection of the railways within the jurisdiction of the State. The union can direct the State Governments to ensure the execution of schemes essential for the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the States. To secure instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education. The union can direct the State Governments to ensure the development of the Hindi language. The presence of the All India Services. The Parliament has been vested with the power to adjudicate any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in any inter-state river or river valley. The union can direct the State Governments to ensure that the government of a State is carried on in accordance with the provision of the Constitution. Centre-state administrative relations with respect to President’s Rule, National emergency and Financial emergency. The president may with the consent of the state, intrust to the state government any of the executive functions of the centre. The governor may with the consent of the central government intrust any of the executive functions of the state upon the centre. Critical aspect: In dealing with administrations, the centre has an edge over the states. The Residuary powers lie with the Central jurisdictions. In India, the Centre-States relations constitute the core elements of federalism. The Indian constitution aim at reconciling national unity while giving the power to maintain state to the State governments. India political system is also considered quasi-federal in nature.
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##Question:Examine the administrative relations between the Union and States in the context of the Indian political system. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about the centre-state relationship in the introduction. Highlight points on administrative relations between the Centre and States. Issues/critical aspects in administrative relations. Conclusion Answer: The Constitution of India provides a dual polity with a clear division of powers between the Union and the States, each being supreme within the sphere allotted to it. The Indian federation is not the result of an agreement between independent units, and the units of the Indian federation cannot leave the federation. Thus the constitution contains elaborate provisions to regulate the various dimensions of the relations between the centre and the states. The constitution of India between article 256 to article 263 (PART XI) deals with the administrations between the Centre and States. Administrative relations between the Centre and States : The parliament"s exclusive power of legislation co-exists with the centre"s exclusive executive powers. Similarly, the executive power of the state extends to the domain of state legislature to make laws on the state list. Executive Powers of State be exercised in compliance with Union Laws: Article 256 lays down that the executive power of every State shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance with the laws made by Parliament. Executive Powers of State not to interfere with Executive Power of Union (Article 257). In short, the Union Government can issue directions to the State Government even with regard to the subjects enumerated in the state list. The Union Government can give directions to the state with regard to construction and maintenance of the means of communication declared to be of national or military importance. The union can issue State Governments necessary directions regarding the measures to be taken for the protection of the railways within the jurisdiction of the State. The union can direct the State Governments to ensure the execution of schemes essential for the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the States. To secure instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education. The union can direct the State Governments to ensure the development of the Hindi language. The presence of the All India Services. The Parliament has been vested with the power to adjudicate any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in any inter-state river or river valley. The union can direct the State Governments to ensure that the government of a State is carried on in accordance with the provision of the Constitution. Centre-state administrative relations with respect to President’s Rule, National emergency and Financial emergency. The president may with the consent of the state, intrust to the state government any of the executive functions of the centre. The governor may with the consent of the central government intrust any of the executive functions of the state upon the centre. Critical aspect: In dealing with administrations, the centre has an edge over the states. The Residuary powers lie with the Central jurisdictions. In India, the Centre-States relations constitute the core elements of federalism. The Indian constitution aim at reconciling national unity while giving the power to maintain state to the State governments. India political system is also considered quasi-federal in nature.
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