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What do you understand by Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)? Critically examine the role played by PSUs in the industrial development of India.(150 words/10 marks)
Approach Introduction Define PSUs or introduce with data. Body Explain the contributions of PSUs Highlight issues created by PSUs mention suggestions Conclusion Conclude with Current affairs etc ANSWER Business units owned, managed, and controlled by the government with a view to maximize social welfare and uphold public interest are known as public sector enterprises or undertakings. Features of PSU’ s Government ownership and management. They get their finances from the government. Public welfare- they are not guided by the profit motive alone as the major focus is to maximize social welfare. Public accountability As they are run by government policies, they are held accountable by the legislature. contributions of PSUs Contribution to capital formation Public investment in industries increased from less than 20% of total industrial investment to more than 65 % by 1966 and remained upwards of 50 % till 1991. Expansive development of Infra. Example electrification – Generation through NHPC/ NTPC and transmission by PowerGrid and distribution by state distribution companies. Example Rural electrification corporation etc Most of the infra developed in remote and rural areas example BSNL etc Diversified Industrial base. In raw material—coal India, IOCL. In capital goods-BHEL, Steel authorities if India. Consumer goods—HMT Intermediary goods-Bharat ball bearings. Reducing inequality by preventing the concentration in hands of a few private players and providing good wages especially for workers at a lower grade. It prevented the creation of natural monopolies in essential sectors in essential utility sectors for example railways, power generation, etc. (Natural Monopoly is defined where one firm is sufficient to meet all demand requirements and the technology is such that average cost falls over a very long range of output.) PSUs have contributed in savings, foreign exchange by doing import substation of both capital and intermediate goods. Issues of PSUs Poor pricing policy Under this for pricing of goods two approaches were adopted Public utility approach where the prices are kept equal or lesser than the cost incurred. Essential services and welfare goods are given by this approach. Rate of return approach- It"s used for non-essential services where the price was kept more than the price incurred example hotels, airlines, etc However, most of the goods were priced as per the public utility approach even when they were not performing any welfare function. Also, there was a poor realization of use fees from the goods produced by the PSUs. Continues underutilization of capacity due to political interference, lack of timely availability of raw material and absence of any strategic management. Poor planning and choice of projects PSU s often invested in projects without estimating their economic ad financial viability. Also, there were delays in the implementation of projects due to a rigid organizational structure. This imposed heavy costs on PSUs. The problem of personal management These include political interference with the top management, huge vacancies, and lack of control over the middle and lower grade employees. This leads to poor work culture with low productivity. that"s why the government started with LPG reform in the late 1980s and even in 2021 government giving more space to the private such as asset monetization plan etc and also reform the PSUs such as Corporate governance model,companies act 2013 etc
##Question:What do you understand by Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)? Critically examine the role played by PSUs in the industrial development of India.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction Define PSUs or introduce with data. Body Explain the contributions of PSUs Highlight issues created by PSUs mention suggestions Conclusion Conclude with Current affairs etc ANSWER Business units owned, managed, and controlled by the government with a view to maximize social welfare and uphold public interest are known as public sector enterprises or undertakings. Features of PSU’ s Government ownership and management. They get their finances from the government. Public welfare- they are not guided by the profit motive alone as the major focus is to maximize social welfare. Public accountability As they are run by government policies, they are held accountable by the legislature. contributions of PSUs Contribution to capital formation Public investment in industries increased from less than 20% of total industrial investment to more than 65 % by 1966 and remained upwards of 50 % till 1991. Expansive development of Infra. Example electrification – Generation through NHPC/ NTPC and transmission by PowerGrid and distribution by state distribution companies. Example Rural electrification corporation etc Most of the infra developed in remote and rural areas example BSNL etc Diversified Industrial base. In raw material—coal India, IOCL. In capital goods-BHEL, Steel authorities if India. Consumer goods—HMT Intermediary goods-Bharat ball bearings. Reducing inequality by preventing the concentration in hands of a few private players and providing good wages especially for workers at a lower grade. It prevented the creation of natural monopolies in essential sectors in essential utility sectors for example railways, power generation, etc. (Natural Monopoly is defined where one firm is sufficient to meet all demand requirements and the technology is such that average cost falls over a very long range of output.) PSUs have contributed in savings, foreign exchange by doing import substation of both capital and intermediate goods. Issues of PSUs Poor pricing policy Under this for pricing of goods two approaches were adopted Public utility approach where the prices are kept equal or lesser than the cost incurred. Essential services and welfare goods are given by this approach. Rate of return approach- It"s used for non-essential services where the price was kept more than the price incurred example hotels, airlines, etc However, most of the goods were priced as per the public utility approach even when they were not performing any welfare function. Also, there was a poor realization of use fees from the goods produced by the PSUs. Continues underutilization of capacity due to political interference, lack of timely availability of raw material and absence of any strategic management. Poor planning and choice of projects PSU s often invested in projects without estimating their economic ad financial viability. Also, there were delays in the implementation of projects due to a rigid organizational structure. This imposed heavy costs on PSUs. The problem of personal management These include political interference with the top management, huge vacancies, and lack of control over the middle and lower grade employees. This leads to poor work culture with low productivity. that"s why the government started with LPG reform in the late 1980s and even in 2021 government giving more space to the private such as asset monetization plan etc and also reform the PSUs such as Corporate governance model,companies act 2013 etc
73,887
What do you understand by Citizen Charter? Discuss the issues associated with the effective implementation of the Citizen"s Charter in India. Suggest measures for its effective implementation? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Basic Approach: (a) explain what is citizen charter (b) highlight the challenges (c) bring a way forward for addressing the challenges. Conclusion- A reference to sevottam and citizen centric government can be Given. ANSWER The Citizen’s Charter is an instrument which seeks to make an organization transparent, accountable and citizen-friendly. A Citizen’s Charter is basically a set of commitments made by an organization regarding the standards of service which it delivers. Every Citizen’s Charter has several essential components to make it meaningful: (a) The Vision and Mission Statement of the organization. This gives the outcomes desired and the broad strategy to achieve these goals and outcomes. This also makes the user aware of the intent of their service provider and helps in holding the organization accountable. (b) The organization must clearly state in its Citizen’s Charter what subject it deals with and the service areas it broadly covers. This helps the user to understand the type of services they can expect from a particular service provider (c) The Citizen’s Charter should also stipulate the responsibilities of the citizens in the context of the Charter. The commitments/promises at (a) and (b) constitute the heart of a Citizen’s Charter. Even though these promises are not enforceable in a court of law, each organization should ensure that the promises made are kept and, in case of default, a suitable compensatory/remedial mechanism should be provided. Problems with citizen charter 1. Poor design and content: Most organizations do not have adequate capability to draft meaningful and succinct Citizens’ Charter. Most Citizens’ Charters drafted by government agencies are not designed well. Critical information that end-users need to hold agencies accountable are simply missing from a large number of charters. Thus, the Citizens’ Charter programme has not succeeded in appreciably empowering end-users to demand greater public accountability. 2. Lack of public awareness: While a large number of public service providers have implemented the Citizens’ Charter, only a small percentage of end-users are aware of the commitments made in the Citizens’ Charter. Effective efforts of communicating and educating the public about the standards of delivery promise have not been undertaken. 3. Inadequate groundwork: Government agencies often formulate Citizens’ Charters without undertaking adequate groundwork in terms of assessing and reforming its processes to deliver the promises made in the Charter. 4 Charters are rarely updated: Charters reviewed for this report rarely showed signs of being updated even though some documents date back from the inception of the Citizens’ Charter programme nearly a decade ago. Only 6% of Charters reviewed even make the assurance that the document will be updated sometime after release. In addition, few Charters indicate the date of release. Needless to say, the presence of a publication date assures end-users of the validity of a Charter’s contents. 5. End-users and NGOs are not consulted when Charters are drafted: Civil society organizations and end-users are generally not consulted when Charters are being formulated. Since a Citizens’ Charter’s primary purpose is to make public service delivery more citizen-centric, agencies must investigate the needs of end-users when formulating Charters by consulting with ordinary citizens and civil society organizations. 6. The needs of senior citizens and the disabled are not considered when drafting Charters: Just one Charter reviewed for this report assured equitable access to disabled users or senior citizens. Many agencies actually do cater to the needs of the disadvantaged or elderly but do not mention these services in their charter. 7. Resistance to change: The new practices demand significant changes in the behaviour and attitude of the agency and its staff towards citizens. At times, vested interests work for stalling the Citizens’ Charter altogether or in making it toothless. Recommendation Citizen’s Charters should be made effective by adopting the following principles: i. One size does not fit all. ii. Citizen’s Charter should be prepared for each independent unit under the overall umbrella of the organization’s charter iii. Wide consultation which includes civil society in the process iv. Firm commitments to be made v. Internal process and structure should be reformed to meet the commitments given in the Charter vi. Redress mechanism is a case of default vii. Periodic evaluation of Citizen’s Charters viii. Benchmark using end-user feedback ix. Hold officers accountable for results The ARC Seven Step Model for Citizen Centricity a. Define all the services which you provide and identify your clients b. Set standards and norms for each service c. Develop the capability to meet the set standards d. Perform to achieve the standards e. Monitor performance against the set standards. f. Evaluate the impact through an independent mechanism g. Continuous improvement based on monitoring and evaluation of results Citizen charter is a way to effectively deliver services. Effective implementation of the citizen charter and sevottam model is few of Government effort to make government citizen-centric and ensure Good governance is delivered.
##Question:What do you understand by Citizen Charter? Discuss the issues associated with the effective implementation of the Citizen"s Charter in India. Suggest measures for its effective implementation? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Basic Approach: (a) explain what is citizen charter (b) highlight the challenges (c) bring a way forward for addressing the challenges. Conclusion- A reference to sevottam and citizen centric government can be Given. ANSWER The Citizen’s Charter is an instrument which seeks to make an organization transparent, accountable and citizen-friendly. A Citizen’s Charter is basically a set of commitments made by an organization regarding the standards of service which it delivers. Every Citizen’s Charter has several essential components to make it meaningful: (a) The Vision and Mission Statement of the organization. This gives the outcomes desired and the broad strategy to achieve these goals and outcomes. This also makes the user aware of the intent of their service provider and helps in holding the organization accountable. (b) The organization must clearly state in its Citizen’s Charter what subject it deals with and the service areas it broadly covers. This helps the user to understand the type of services they can expect from a particular service provider (c) The Citizen’s Charter should also stipulate the responsibilities of the citizens in the context of the Charter. The commitments/promises at (a) and (b) constitute the heart of a Citizen’s Charter. Even though these promises are not enforceable in a court of law, each organization should ensure that the promises made are kept and, in case of default, a suitable compensatory/remedial mechanism should be provided. Problems with citizen charter 1. Poor design and content: Most organizations do not have adequate capability to draft meaningful and succinct Citizens’ Charter. Most Citizens’ Charters drafted by government agencies are not designed well. Critical information that end-users need to hold agencies accountable are simply missing from a large number of charters. Thus, the Citizens’ Charter programme has not succeeded in appreciably empowering end-users to demand greater public accountability. 2. Lack of public awareness: While a large number of public service providers have implemented the Citizens’ Charter, only a small percentage of end-users are aware of the commitments made in the Citizens’ Charter. Effective efforts of communicating and educating the public about the standards of delivery promise have not been undertaken. 3. Inadequate groundwork: Government agencies often formulate Citizens’ Charters without undertaking adequate groundwork in terms of assessing and reforming its processes to deliver the promises made in the Charter. 4 Charters are rarely updated: Charters reviewed for this report rarely showed signs of being updated even though some documents date back from the inception of the Citizens’ Charter programme nearly a decade ago. Only 6% of Charters reviewed even make the assurance that the document will be updated sometime after release. In addition, few Charters indicate the date of release. Needless to say, the presence of a publication date assures end-users of the validity of a Charter’s contents. 5. End-users and NGOs are not consulted when Charters are drafted: Civil society organizations and end-users are generally not consulted when Charters are being formulated. Since a Citizens’ Charter’s primary purpose is to make public service delivery more citizen-centric, agencies must investigate the needs of end-users when formulating Charters by consulting with ordinary citizens and civil society organizations. 6. The needs of senior citizens and the disabled are not considered when drafting Charters: Just one Charter reviewed for this report assured equitable access to disabled users or senior citizens. Many agencies actually do cater to the needs of the disadvantaged or elderly but do not mention these services in their charter. 7. Resistance to change: The new practices demand significant changes in the behaviour and attitude of the agency and its staff towards citizens. At times, vested interests work for stalling the Citizens’ Charter altogether or in making it toothless. Recommendation Citizen’s Charters should be made effective by adopting the following principles: i. One size does not fit all. ii. Citizen’s Charter should be prepared for each independent unit under the overall umbrella of the organization’s charter iii. Wide consultation which includes civil society in the process iv. Firm commitments to be made v. Internal process and structure should be reformed to meet the commitments given in the Charter vi. Redress mechanism is a case of default vii. Periodic evaluation of Citizen’s Charters viii. Benchmark using end-user feedback ix. Hold officers accountable for results The ARC Seven Step Model for Citizen Centricity a. Define all the services which you provide and identify your clients b. Set standards and norms for each service c. Develop the capability to meet the set standards d. Perform to achieve the standards e. Monitor performance against the set standards. f. Evaluate the impact through an independent mechanism g. Continuous improvement based on monitoring and evaluation of results Citizen charter is a way to effectively deliver services. Effective implementation of the citizen charter and sevottam model is few of Government effort to make government citizen-centric and ensure Good governance is delivered.
73,899
Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (150 words/ 10 marks)
Approach: Introduction- Brief background of socio-religious reforms. Main Body- Rise and growth of socio-religious reform movement Special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be given by the student if the word limit permits. Answer: The socio-religious reform movements started in the early 19th century. They attacked bigotry, superstition, and the hold of the priestly class. They worked for the abolition of castes and untouchability, the purdah system, sati, child marriage, social inequalities, and illiteracy. Rise and growth of socio-religious reforms Shift away from orientalism- the rise of liberalism, utilitarianism, and evangelicism whereby Britishers wanted to civilize/ modernize India by reforming India and giving the best ideas of age (political, economic, religious, etc) to India ie to fulfill white man"s burden. Rise of western education- which led to the creation of Brown Sahib. Response of Indians- At present, there is degradation in Indian culture and therefore, there is indeed a need for social reforms. That focus needs to be on western sciences and western education as they are based on rationality. Young Bengal of Henry Vivian Derozio (1830-31) instigated free-thinking among his students ie to question everything on the barometer of logic, reason, and rationality. They intellectually challenged orthodoxy and social ills in Hinduism and society. Focused on atheism, western sciences, and social reforms. Also demanded separation of powers, freedom of the press, Indianization of services. Set up society for the acquisition of general knowledge in 1838 where the focus was on discussing western sciences and social reforms. They got alienated from the masses because the masses were deeply religious Britishers criticized Indian Civilization- Charles Grant said that the biggest thing wrong with India is its religion. Therefore, early social reformers affirmed the superiority of Vedas. Wanted to restore the glory of Vedic past by correcting socio-religious ills via reforms. “Go back to Vedic Past” was highlighted by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. He established Brahmo Samaj. Brahmo Samaj became a major religious movement based on monotheism among the middle-class educated Bengalis. It believed that caste divides which is why Indians lag modern nationalism. The main achievement was the abolition of Sati which was banned by law in 1829 by Lord Bentinck. These movements created the ground for other movements which facilitated the development of cultural nationalism in India.
##Question:Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Brief background of socio-religious reforms. Main Body- Rise and growth of socio-religious reform movement Special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be given by the student if the word limit permits. Answer: The socio-religious reform movements started in the early 19th century. They attacked bigotry, superstition, and the hold of the priestly class. They worked for the abolition of castes and untouchability, the purdah system, sati, child marriage, social inequalities, and illiteracy. Rise and growth of socio-religious reforms Shift away from orientalism- the rise of liberalism, utilitarianism, and evangelicism whereby Britishers wanted to civilize/ modernize India by reforming India and giving the best ideas of age (political, economic, religious, etc) to India ie to fulfill white man"s burden. Rise of western education- which led to the creation of Brown Sahib. Response of Indians- At present, there is degradation in Indian culture and therefore, there is indeed a need for social reforms. That focus needs to be on western sciences and western education as they are based on rationality. Young Bengal of Henry Vivian Derozio (1830-31) instigated free-thinking among his students ie to question everything on the barometer of logic, reason, and rationality. They intellectually challenged orthodoxy and social ills in Hinduism and society. Focused on atheism, western sciences, and social reforms. Also demanded separation of powers, freedom of the press, Indianization of services. Set up society for the acquisition of general knowledge in 1838 where the focus was on discussing western sciences and social reforms. They got alienated from the masses because the masses were deeply religious Britishers criticized Indian Civilization- Charles Grant said that the biggest thing wrong with India is its religion. Therefore, early social reformers affirmed the superiority of Vedas. Wanted to restore the glory of Vedic past by correcting socio-religious ills via reforms. “Go back to Vedic Past” was highlighted by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. He established Brahmo Samaj. Brahmo Samaj became a major religious movement based on monotheism among the middle-class educated Bengalis. It believed that caste divides which is why Indians lag modern nationalism. The main achievement was the abolition of Sati which was banned by law in 1829 by Lord Bentinck. These movements created the ground for other movements which facilitated the development of cultural nationalism in India.
73,903
What do you understand by environment and ecology? Mentions the various provisions in our constitution related to ecology and environment? (150 words/10 marks).
Approach: Define ecology and environment. Mention the various constitutional provision related to ecology and environment. Conclude by mentioning the importance of ecology and the environment. Answer: Environment is the word derived from the french word "Environner", it means the total of all the abiotic and biotic elements around the species. Abiotic components are non-live entities while Biotic components are the living entity around the species. According to Ernst Haeckel, ecology is Oikos(house) and Logos(living) thus, ecology is the study of house of living. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions and interdependencies between biotic-biotic on one hand and biotic-abiotic on the other. The provisions related to ecology and environment in the constitution of India: Article 21 (Fundamental rights): Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedures established by law." The Supreme Court expanded this right to life and personal liberty to include the right to a clean environment. It talks about the decent environment for people to live in. Article 48-A (DPSP): Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife. The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Various laws were made in pursuance of this article like the wildlife protection act, 1972, etc. Article 51-A (Fundamental duties): It provides for the protection of the environment and compassion towards animals. Forest is the subject in the Concurrent List. Ecology and environment enrich our world and are crucial for human wellbeing and prosperity thus there is a need to take concrete steps to protect and safeguard the ecology and environment of the nation especially in the era of climate change and global warming.
##Question:What do you understand by environment and ecology? Mentions the various provisions in our constitution related to ecology and environment? (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach: Define ecology and environment. Mention the various constitutional provision related to ecology and environment. Conclude by mentioning the importance of ecology and the environment. Answer: Environment is the word derived from the french word "Environner", it means the total of all the abiotic and biotic elements around the species. Abiotic components are non-live entities while Biotic components are the living entity around the species. According to Ernst Haeckel, ecology is Oikos(house) and Logos(living) thus, ecology is the study of house of living. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions and interdependencies between biotic-biotic on one hand and biotic-abiotic on the other. The provisions related to ecology and environment in the constitution of India: Article 21 (Fundamental rights): Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedures established by law." The Supreme Court expanded this right to life and personal liberty to include the right to a clean environment. It talks about the decent environment for people to live in. Article 48-A (DPSP): Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife. The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Various laws were made in pursuance of this article like the wildlife protection act, 1972, etc. Article 51-A (Fundamental duties): It provides for the protection of the environment and compassion towards animals. Forest is the subject in the Concurrent List. Ecology and environment enrich our world and are crucial for human wellbeing and prosperity thus there is a need to take concrete steps to protect and safeguard the ecology and environment of the nation especially in the era of climate change and global warming.
73,904
Discuss the constitutional provisions available to the Finance Commission of India. Also, highlight the key points & features related to the 15th Finance commission"s recommendations. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: Briefly write about the FC in the introduction. Cover points on constitutional provisions available to the Finance Commission of India. Key points & features related to the 15th Finance commission"s recommendations. Conclusion. Approach: Introduction: The FC is the balancing wheel of fiscal federalism. Any federation can only sustain itself in a healthy manner if the fiscal situation is taken care of in an impartial manner. The Finance Commission is a Constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by the president. The FC is constituted every five years. President can also constitute Finance Commission before the expiry of five years as he considers necessary. Constitutional provisions available to the Finance Commission of India : The Finance Commission, which is constituted every five years, is established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by the president. It is constituted to review the state of finances of the Union and the States and suggest measures for maintaining a stable and sustainable fiscal environment. The composition, as per the constitution, is a chairman and four other members. The constitution is silent about the qualification, salary, reappointment, etc of the Finance Commission. That the qualification is provided in the Finance Commission (Miscellaneous provisions) Act,1951. Article 280 provides for the following functions of the FC : The distribution between state and Union on net proceeds of the taxes. Principles that should govern grant-in-aid. Measures are needed to augment the consolidated fund of the state for better devolution of funds to panchayats/municipalities. Any other matter referred by the president in the interests of sound finance. The recommendations are advisory in nature and not binding. The term of reference is given for every Finance Commission broadly highlighting the framework under which they function. The distribution of the net proceeds of tax: FC recommends distribution under article 280 and principles that should govern grant-in-aid under article 275 . The Commission’s recommendations along with an explanatory memorandum with regard to the actions done by the government on them are laid before the Houses of the Parliament. The FC has all the powers of the civil court. As per the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, the FC has all the powers of a Civil Court. The FC can call witnesses, and ask for the production of a public document or record from any office or court. Key features of the 15th Finance Commission : ( Headed by N K Singh ). Criteria for devolution of funds: Income distance ( 14th Finance Conmmission: 50% and 15th Finance Commission for 2020-21 : 45% & for 2021-26: 45% ). The new criteria tax effort is used to exhibit and reward those states with higher collection efficiency. This new criterion will encourage the states to bring more professionalism in those taxes that fall within their domain. The demographic performance as the new criteria uses the total fertility ratio and also promotes those states that have successfully implemented family planning. The 15th FC made one slight change to reduce the Verticle devolution to states together from 42% to 41% in the backdrop of Jammu Kashmir being created a Union Territory. The Grant-in-aid to be given to states would be based on performance and target four key areas: Social sector-health & education. Rural economy- focus on agriculture and maintenance of rural roads. Governance and administrative reforms. Performance-based incentives for the power sector. The 15th FC has a special and unique move for defense and internal security known as the Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security (MFDIS). It may be called Rashtriya Suraksha Naivedyam Kosh. This could be a non-lapsable fund for the union. The government agreed to the 15th Finance Commission’s recommendations for a non-lapsable defense fund, a move that could see states indirectly paying for a part of the country’s defence needs. The FC has a monumental task to scientifically determining the allocation based on the principle of equity.
##Question:Discuss the constitutional provisions available to the Finance Commission of India. Also, highlight the key points & features related to the 15th Finance commission"s recommendations. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about the FC in the introduction. Cover points on constitutional provisions available to the Finance Commission of India. Key points & features related to the 15th Finance commission"s recommendations. Conclusion. Approach: Introduction: The FC is the balancing wheel of fiscal federalism. Any federation can only sustain itself in a healthy manner if the fiscal situation is taken care of in an impartial manner. The Finance Commission is a Constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by the president. The FC is constituted every five years. President can also constitute Finance Commission before the expiry of five years as he considers necessary. Constitutional provisions available to the Finance Commission of India : The Finance Commission, which is constituted every five years, is established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by the president. It is constituted to review the state of finances of the Union and the States and suggest measures for maintaining a stable and sustainable fiscal environment. The composition, as per the constitution, is a chairman and four other members. The constitution is silent about the qualification, salary, reappointment, etc of the Finance Commission. That the qualification is provided in the Finance Commission (Miscellaneous provisions) Act,1951. Article 280 provides for the following functions of the FC : The distribution between state and Union on net proceeds of the taxes. Principles that should govern grant-in-aid. Measures are needed to augment the consolidated fund of the state for better devolution of funds to panchayats/municipalities. Any other matter referred by the president in the interests of sound finance. The recommendations are advisory in nature and not binding. The term of reference is given for every Finance Commission broadly highlighting the framework under which they function. The distribution of the net proceeds of tax: FC recommends distribution under article 280 and principles that should govern grant-in-aid under article 275 . The Commission’s recommendations along with an explanatory memorandum with regard to the actions done by the government on them are laid before the Houses of the Parliament. The FC has all the powers of the civil court. As per the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, the FC has all the powers of a Civil Court. The FC can call witnesses, and ask for the production of a public document or record from any office or court. Key features of the 15th Finance Commission : ( Headed by N K Singh ). Criteria for devolution of funds: Income distance ( 14th Finance Conmmission: 50% and 15th Finance Commission for 2020-21 : 45% & for 2021-26: 45% ). The new criteria tax effort is used to exhibit and reward those states with higher collection efficiency. This new criterion will encourage the states to bring more professionalism in those taxes that fall within their domain. The demographic performance as the new criteria uses the total fertility ratio and also promotes those states that have successfully implemented family planning. The 15th FC made one slight change to reduce the Verticle devolution to states together from 42% to 41% in the backdrop of Jammu Kashmir being created a Union Territory. The Grant-in-aid to be given to states would be based on performance and target four key areas: Social sector-health & education. Rural economy- focus on agriculture and maintenance of rural roads. Governance and administrative reforms. Performance-based incentives for the power sector. The 15th FC has a special and unique move for defense and internal security known as the Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security (MFDIS). It may be called Rashtriya Suraksha Naivedyam Kosh. This could be a non-lapsable fund for the union. The government agreed to the 15th Finance Commission’s recommendations for a non-lapsable defense fund, a move that could see states indirectly paying for a part of the country’s defence needs. The FC has a monumental task to scientifically determining the allocation based on the principle of equity.
73,922
With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy program? Discuss the facts & fears associated with nuclear energy. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Discuss the energy needs in the Indian economy Briefly give the current status of Nuclear Energy in India. Argue for and against nuclear energy as a source of energy to meet the needs of the economy while keeping in mind the safety and waste issues. Give your opinion and suggest a way forward. Answer: Indian energy needs are growing rapidly in line with its ever-increasing billion-plus population and expanding economy. Indian energy demand grows at 4% annually and is expected to increase from 700 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2010 to 1,500 MTOE by 2030. In this, nuclear energy comes out as a clean source of energy for the future. With 6700 MW capacity under installation, nuclear energy currently provides 3% of India’s energy needs. It is projected by the department of atomic energy that by 2050, 20-30 per cent of Indian energy needs will be provided by nuclear energy. Reasons why India needs to expand its nuclear energy program: Fossil Fuel Dependence : With huge dependence on imported oil and associated foreign exchange payments, nuclear energy can reduce fossil fuel dependence. Environment Friendly : Being low on CO2 emissions, nuclear technology helps in checking climate change thereby helping realize India’s Nationally Determined Contributions to UNFCCC. Strategic Benefits : With improved technological development and acceptance as a responsible nuclear state, India will become part of the global nuclear trade regime and also rightfully gain a position in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Economic Dependence : Reduced per unit cost with technological development and realization of the thorium-enabled production cycle. Agreements: Strategic position as India partnered with many countries in bilateral and multilateral agreements. (e.g. 123-USA, Reactor sully – France, Russia, Fuel Supply – Canada, Australia). Fears associated with nuclear technology: Safety Issues : Historical accidents like Chornobyl and recent ones like Fukushima raise persistent doubt about human safety and its impact on the environment. This has led nations like Germany and Japan to phase out the use of Nuclear energy. Waste Management: There is difficulty in the management of nuclear waste. It takes many years to eliminate its radioactivity and the risks associated are high. Security : Terrorists and other mischievous organizations can create global havoc by getting access to critical nuclear material or technology. With the Indian motto of ‘atoms for peace, nuclear energy can act as a great catalyst for inclusive growth and development by providing much-needed energy security, so India should continue to expand its nuclear energy program.
##Question:With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy program? Discuss the facts & fears associated with nuclear energy. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Discuss the energy needs in the Indian economy Briefly give the current status of Nuclear Energy in India. Argue for and against nuclear energy as a source of energy to meet the needs of the economy while keeping in mind the safety and waste issues. Give your opinion and suggest a way forward. Answer: Indian energy needs are growing rapidly in line with its ever-increasing billion-plus population and expanding economy. Indian energy demand grows at 4% annually and is expected to increase from 700 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2010 to 1,500 MTOE by 2030. In this, nuclear energy comes out as a clean source of energy for the future. With 6700 MW capacity under installation, nuclear energy currently provides 3% of India’s energy needs. It is projected by the department of atomic energy that by 2050, 20-30 per cent of Indian energy needs will be provided by nuclear energy. Reasons why India needs to expand its nuclear energy program: Fossil Fuel Dependence : With huge dependence on imported oil and associated foreign exchange payments, nuclear energy can reduce fossil fuel dependence. Environment Friendly : Being low on CO2 emissions, nuclear technology helps in checking climate change thereby helping realize India’s Nationally Determined Contributions to UNFCCC. Strategic Benefits : With improved technological development and acceptance as a responsible nuclear state, India will become part of the global nuclear trade regime and also rightfully gain a position in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Economic Dependence : Reduced per unit cost with technological development and realization of the thorium-enabled production cycle. Agreements: Strategic position as India partnered with many countries in bilateral and multilateral agreements. (e.g. 123-USA, Reactor sully – France, Russia, Fuel Supply – Canada, Australia). Fears associated with nuclear technology: Safety Issues : Historical accidents like Chornobyl and recent ones like Fukushima raise persistent doubt about human safety and its impact on the environment. This has led nations like Germany and Japan to phase out the use of Nuclear energy. Waste Management: There is difficulty in the management of nuclear waste. It takes many years to eliminate its radioactivity and the risks associated are high. Security : Terrorists and other mischievous organizations can create global havoc by getting access to critical nuclear material or technology. With the Indian motto of ‘atoms for peace, nuclear energy can act as a great catalyst for inclusive growth and development by providing much-needed energy security, so India should continue to expand its nuclear energy program.
73,931
What do you mean by inequality? Discuss the reasons for inequality and bring out the methods of the Lorenz curve and Ginni coefficient for the measurement of inequality. (250 Words/ 15 Marks)
Approach: Briefly define the inequality in the introduction. Highlight various conventional and modern reasons responsible for inequality. Mentions the methods of the Lorenz curve and Ginni coefficient for measurement of inequality. Conclude your answer based on the above points Answer: Inequality pertains to differences. The differences can be in the incomes earned or the wealth possessed or in the social aspects such as- differences in access to health and education services, differences in access to livelihood opportunities, etc. Reasons for Inequality: A) Traditional Reasons B) Modern Reasons A) Traditional reasons: 1) Natural advantages These concern advantages due to accidents of birth or location. The probability of success increases manifold for someone or for someplace bestowed with some natural advantages. Sometimes the term curse of resources is used to point out that natural advantages are no guarantee for success but may become the reason for lack of success. This is certainly not true and there is no such thing as the curse of resources. There may be the inaccessibility of a resource or poor governance preventing the utilization of resources. 2) Comparative Advantages: Comparative advantage refers to the advantages that a place or a person may have over a similarly endowed place or person. Such advantages operate in a subtle way when comes to making decisions. e.g., the presence of a river near a place with natural resources or better presentation skills in the context of subjective evaluation such as interviews or written answers. 3) Marxist reasoning: Marx reasons that inequality is mostly due to differences between wages and profits which are the result of the possession of factors of production, most importantly capital, land, and entrepreneurship. B) Modern reasons for Inequality: Modern explanation for Inequality focuses on anti-competitive behavior that the firms indulge in. Firms know that when there is high competition their ability to earn profits would be less. Therefore firms tried to either differentiate their products and create a niche market or they tried to indulge in monopolizing behavior by either accelerating the demise of their competitors or creating high barriers to entry for new firms. The wages of workers grow at an average pace of the growth of the market. Whereas, the profits of the firms that remain in the market grow not only at the pace of the growth of the market but also at the pace at which other firms die. It has been seen that the survival rate of firms is less than 2 % in twenty years. Therefore, the firms seem to be indulging in anti-competitive practices so that they can monopolize their control over the market. Measurement of Inequality: Lorenz Curve: ( Explanation through mathematical calculation and graphical presentation.) Lorenz Curve is a graphical representation of inequality where we plot the distribution of wealth/income or any other economic parameter in the population. If a proportion of the population controls a larger proportion of wealth as compared to wealth controlled by another same proportion of the population, then there is inequality in the society. 0 % population will always own 0% wealth whereas 100 % population will always own 100% wealth. It is between these numbers that inequality arises. e.g., if the bottom half i.e 50 % owns only 30 % of the wealth, that means the other half i.e 50 % owns the remaining 70 %. Lorenz curve plots this unequal distribution. Ginni Coefficient Ginni Coefficient is a statistical measure of inequality. Ginni Coefficient is the ratio of two areas, where Area 1 is the area between the line of equality and a country"s Lorenz Curve (A), and Area 2 denotes the line of equality and line of inequality (A+B). Ginni Coefficient = A/A+B Ginni coefficient varies between 0 to 1 where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality. A higher value of the Ginni coefficient signifies higher inequality. Hence, inequality is not necessarily the difference between wages and profits (which over a long period grow at the same pace), rather it is due to restrictions of firms to earn profits, posed by existing firms which causes inequality. Firms may have monopolizing tendencies through creating high entry barriers by influencing the policy such as regulations laid down by the governments or setting very high standards which discourage new firms because of prohibitive costs. Inequality thus becomes a case of differential application of rule of law - the manner in which law is framed and applied becomes the cause of inequality.
##Question:What do you mean by inequality? Discuss the reasons for inequality and bring out the methods of the Lorenz curve and Ginni coefficient for the measurement of inequality. (250 Words/ 15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define the inequality in the introduction. Highlight various conventional and modern reasons responsible for inequality. Mentions the methods of the Lorenz curve and Ginni coefficient for measurement of inequality. Conclude your answer based on the above points Answer: Inequality pertains to differences. The differences can be in the incomes earned or the wealth possessed or in the social aspects such as- differences in access to health and education services, differences in access to livelihood opportunities, etc. Reasons for Inequality: A) Traditional Reasons B) Modern Reasons A) Traditional reasons: 1) Natural advantages These concern advantages due to accidents of birth or location. The probability of success increases manifold for someone or for someplace bestowed with some natural advantages. Sometimes the term curse of resources is used to point out that natural advantages are no guarantee for success but may become the reason for lack of success. This is certainly not true and there is no such thing as the curse of resources. There may be the inaccessibility of a resource or poor governance preventing the utilization of resources. 2) Comparative Advantages: Comparative advantage refers to the advantages that a place or a person may have over a similarly endowed place or person. Such advantages operate in a subtle way when comes to making decisions. e.g., the presence of a river near a place with natural resources or better presentation skills in the context of subjective evaluation such as interviews or written answers. 3) Marxist reasoning: Marx reasons that inequality is mostly due to differences between wages and profits which are the result of the possession of factors of production, most importantly capital, land, and entrepreneurship. B) Modern reasons for Inequality: Modern explanation for Inequality focuses on anti-competitive behavior that the firms indulge in. Firms know that when there is high competition their ability to earn profits would be less. Therefore firms tried to either differentiate their products and create a niche market or they tried to indulge in monopolizing behavior by either accelerating the demise of their competitors or creating high barriers to entry for new firms. The wages of workers grow at an average pace of the growth of the market. Whereas, the profits of the firms that remain in the market grow not only at the pace of the growth of the market but also at the pace at which other firms die. It has been seen that the survival rate of firms is less than 2 % in twenty years. Therefore, the firms seem to be indulging in anti-competitive practices so that they can monopolize their control over the market. Measurement of Inequality: Lorenz Curve: ( Explanation through mathematical calculation and graphical presentation.) Lorenz Curve is a graphical representation of inequality where we plot the distribution of wealth/income or any other economic parameter in the population. If a proportion of the population controls a larger proportion of wealth as compared to wealth controlled by another same proportion of the population, then there is inequality in the society. 0 % population will always own 0% wealth whereas 100 % population will always own 100% wealth. It is between these numbers that inequality arises. e.g., if the bottom half i.e 50 % owns only 30 % of the wealth, that means the other half i.e 50 % owns the remaining 70 %. Lorenz curve plots this unequal distribution. Ginni Coefficient Ginni Coefficient is a statistical measure of inequality. Ginni Coefficient is the ratio of two areas, where Area 1 is the area between the line of equality and a country"s Lorenz Curve (A), and Area 2 denotes the line of equality and line of inequality (A+B). Ginni Coefficient = A/A+B Ginni coefficient varies between 0 to 1 where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality. A higher value of the Ginni coefficient signifies higher inequality. Hence, inequality is not necessarily the difference between wages and profits (which over a long period grow at the same pace), rather it is due to restrictions of firms to earn profits, posed by existing firms which causes inequality. Firms may have monopolizing tendencies through creating high entry barriers by influencing the policy such as regulations laid down by the governments or setting very high standards which discourage new firms because of prohibitive costs. Inequality thus becomes a case of differential application of rule of law - the manner in which law is framed and applied becomes the cause of inequality.
73,932
Discuss the various challenges in the energy sector of India? Also, enumerate the various steps taken by the government in this regard? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduce in brief India"s energy sector scenario. In body mention various challenges in the energy sector of India Also, enumerate the various steps taken by the government in this regard Conclude briefly Answer: India is the third-largest producer and consumer of energy in the world. Despite the fact that per capita energy consumption in India is 0.6 TOE (Tons of oil equivalent) which is 1/3rd of the global average (1.8 TOE) In India, the problem of the energy sector can be identified under the two various heads 1. Technical challenges 2. Administrative challenges The technical challenges can be sub-divided under the following heads: 1. Generation/Upsreaming: In India, the maximum energy is generated by the thermal plant followed by new and renewable energy. petroleum and a very small share of nuclear energy In terms of generation, major problems involve the import of coal, particularly the anthracite Lack of technological advancements (due to Coal India monopoly) so no deep mining The problem of captive power plants - It refers to the private power plants of big industries to ensure uninterrupted power supply; For that, they book the coal mining in advance Payload factor - It refers to the power generation capacity of the plant and if any plant is not using its potential the generation become Lack of promotion of schemes like rooftop solar plants, etc 2. Transmission/Mid-streaming: The major issue is transmission loss which is as high as 34% As per World Economic Forum, Global Transition Index, India ranked 87th as per 2021 Index This transmission loss is primarily because Power Grid Corporation of India is not up to the mark for technological up-gradation to off-grid storage of the surplus energy Even the National Grid in a real sense has yet not come, etc 3. Distribution/Downstreaming: In terms of distribution, the biggest challenge is with Distribution companies ie DISCOMS The problem of DICSOMS is high debts and its interest Moreover, electricity theft and lack of separate feeders for subsidised and commercial energy and Also, massive corruption at the state level is a major challenge for the inefficiency of these discoms Administrative Challenges: Kelkar committee and NITI Aayog has highlighted that the biggest reform in the energy sector Like Ministry of Power, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Ministry of Coal, Department of Nuclear Energy, etc must be clubbed under one ministry NITI Aayog has proposed that there should be one ministry having separate agencies within it one for research, one as a regulator, one for technical matters, one for distribution and one for subsidised PDS, along with one for policymaking Some of the major initiatives taken to fix technological problems are: 1. Ujjwal Discoms Assurance Yojana (UDAY) - In this, the distribution companies are provided, financial assistance to ensure that they meet their Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses 2. PM KUSUM - This is to empower farmers with a focus on renewable energy with three clear cut objectives: To develop solar plants on the barren land and the generated energy can be transferred to the grid To distribute off-grid water pumps connected with solar plants for sustained irrigation and additional energy can be transferred to Grid To provide solar Grid plus electricity-based water pumps 3. Deendayal Upadhya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDU-GJY) - A separate feeder for subsidised energy distribution 4. Under SAUBHAGYA and rooftop solar plants ensuring electricity for all ie SDG 7 5. In Atmanirbhar Bharat, 90 thousand crores has been provided to discoms to reduce their NPAs/Bad loans The leap jumps: India is leading the International Solar Alliance (ISA) - ISA was introduced at Paris Conference where India and France came together to offer an international alliance for harnessing solar energy As of now, 101 countries have joined it (101st being the USA) and United Nations has given it an observer status Additionally, in this ISA at Glasgow, the "One Sun One World One Grid" caption has been given which will reduce the regional disparities in terms of solar energy production with its headquarter is in Gurugram/Gurgaon National Hydrogen Mission - As an alternative for fossil fuel, India is working on developing Green Hydrogen (out of three ie Grey, Blue and Green with electrolysis) This green Hydrogen has been experimental earlier also in the NASA Missions and to promote its options in India in IH2A (India Hydrogen Alliance) has been made Energy is considered to be a vital global resource along with food and water. Energy Sector is one of the crucial forms of Infrastructure As a promising economy, India is bound to have higher energy demands in future and we need to take care of it by taking multiple approaches and steps.
##Question:Discuss the various challenges in the energy sector of India? Also, enumerate the various steps taken by the government in this regard? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief India"s energy sector scenario. In body mention various challenges in the energy sector of India Also, enumerate the various steps taken by the government in this regard Conclude briefly Answer: India is the third-largest producer and consumer of energy in the world. Despite the fact that per capita energy consumption in India is 0.6 TOE (Tons of oil equivalent) which is 1/3rd of the global average (1.8 TOE) In India, the problem of the energy sector can be identified under the two various heads 1. Technical challenges 2. Administrative challenges The technical challenges can be sub-divided under the following heads: 1. Generation/Upsreaming: In India, the maximum energy is generated by the thermal plant followed by new and renewable energy. petroleum and a very small share of nuclear energy In terms of generation, major problems involve the import of coal, particularly the anthracite Lack of technological advancements (due to Coal India monopoly) so no deep mining The problem of captive power plants - It refers to the private power plants of big industries to ensure uninterrupted power supply; For that, they book the coal mining in advance Payload factor - It refers to the power generation capacity of the plant and if any plant is not using its potential the generation become Lack of promotion of schemes like rooftop solar plants, etc 2. Transmission/Mid-streaming: The major issue is transmission loss which is as high as 34% As per World Economic Forum, Global Transition Index, India ranked 87th as per 2021 Index This transmission loss is primarily because Power Grid Corporation of India is not up to the mark for technological up-gradation to off-grid storage of the surplus energy Even the National Grid in a real sense has yet not come, etc 3. Distribution/Downstreaming: In terms of distribution, the biggest challenge is with Distribution companies ie DISCOMS The problem of DICSOMS is high debts and its interest Moreover, electricity theft and lack of separate feeders for subsidised and commercial energy and Also, massive corruption at the state level is a major challenge for the inefficiency of these discoms Administrative Challenges: Kelkar committee and NITI Aayog has highlighted that the biggest reform in the energy sector Like Ministry of Power, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Ministry of Coal, Department of Nuclear Energy, etc must be clubbed under one ministry NITI Aayog has proposed that there should be one ministry having separate agencies within it one for research, one as a regulator, one for technical matters, one for distribution and one for subsidised PDS, along with one for policymaking Some of the major initiatives taken to fix technological problems are: 1. Ujjwal Discoms Assurance Yojana (UDAY) - In this, the distribution companies are provided, financial assistance to ensure that they meet their Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses 2. PM KUSUM - This is to empower farmers with a focus on renewable energy with three clear cut objectives: To develop solar plants on the barren land and the generated energy can be transferred to the grid To distribute off-grid water pumps connected with solar plants for sustained irrigation and additional energy can be transferred to Grid To provide solar Grid plus electricity-based water pumps 3. Deendayal Upadhya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDU-GJY) - A separate feeder for subsidised energy distribution 4. Under SAUBHAGYA and rooftop solar plants ensuring electricity for all ie SDG 7 5. In Atmanirbhar Bharat, 90 thousand crores has been provided to discoms to reduce their NPAs/Bad loans The leap jumps: India is leading the International Solar Alliance (ISA) - ISA was introduced at Paris Conference where India and France came together to offer an international alliance for harnessing solar energy As of now, 101 countries have joined it (101st being the USA) and United Nations has given it an observer status Additionally, in this ISA at Glasgow, the "One Sun One World One Grid" caption has been given which will reduce the regional disparities in terms of solar energy production with its headquarter is in Gurugram/Gurgaon National Hydrogen Mission - As an alternative for fossil fuel, India is working on developing Green Hydrogen (out of three ie Grey, Blue and Green with electrolysis) This green Hydrogen has been experimental earlier also in the NASA Missions and to promote its options in India in IH2A (India Hydrogen Alliance) has been made Energy is considered to be a vital global resource along with food and water. Energy Sector is one of the crucial forms of Infrastructure As a promising economy, India is bound to have higher energy demands in future and we need to take care of it by taking multiple approaches and steps.
73,936
Discuss the various challenges in the energy sector of India? Also, enumerate the various steps taken by the government in this regard? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduce in brief India"s energy sector scenario Highlight various challenges in the energy sector of India Mention various steps taken by the government to address these challenges. Conclude accordingly Answer: India is the third-largest producer and consumer of energy in the world. Despite the fact that per capita energy consumption in India is 0.6 TOE (Tons of oil equivalent) which is 1/3rd of the global average (1.8 TOE), there exist various problems in the Indian energy sector, which can be categorized under two heads- Technical challenges and Administrative challenges. 1) Technical challenges - Generation/Upstreaming: In India, the maximum energy is generated by the thermal plant followed by new and renewable energy, petroleum, and a very small share of nuclear energy. In terms of generation, major problems involve the import of coal, particularly anthracite. Lack of technological advancements (due to Coal India monopoly), therefore, no deep mining. The problem of captive power plants - It refers to the private power plants of big industries to ensure uninterrupted power supply and for that, they book the coal mining in advance. Payload factor - It refers to the power generation capacity of the plant and if any plant is not using its potential, the generation results in underutilization. Lack of promotion of schemes like rooftop solar plants, etc. Transmission/Mid-streaming: The major issue is transmission loss which is as high as 34%. As per World Economic Forum, Global Transition Index, India ranked 87th in the 2021 Index. This transmission loss is primarily because Power Grid Corporation of India is not up to the mark for technological up-gradation to off-grid storage of the surplus energy. Even the National Grid in a real sense has yet not come, etc. Distribution/Downstreaming: In terms of distribution, the biggest challenge is with Distribution companies i.e. DISCOMS. The problem of DICSOMS is high debts and interest. Moreover, electricity theft and lack of separate feeders for subsidized and commercial energy and also, massive corruption at the state level are major challenges to the inefficiency of these DISCOMS. 2) Administrative Challenges- Kelkar committee and NITI Aayog have highlighted that the biggest reform which is needed in the energy sector is the areas of administration. Multiple ministries dealing with different types of energy like the Ministry of Power, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Ministry of Coal, Department of Nuclear Energy, etc Some of the major initiatives taken to fix technological problems are- Ujjwal Discoms Assurance Yojana (UDAY) - In this, the distribution companies are provided financial assistance to ensure that they meet their Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses PM KUSUM - This is to empower farmers with a focus on renewable energy with three clear cut objectives- To develop solar plants on the barren land and the generated energy can be transferred to the grid; To distribute off-grid water pumps connected with solar plants for sustained irrigation and additional energy can be transferred to Grid; To provide a solar Grid plus electricity-based water pumps Deendayal Upadhya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDU-GJY) - A separate feeder for subsidized energy distribution Under SAUBHAGYA and rooftop solar plants, ensuring electricity for all ie SDG 7 In Atmanirbhar Bharat , 90 thousand crores have been provided to DISCOMS to reduce their NPAs/Bad loans Also, the leap jumps are- the International Solar Alliance (ISA) i.e. an international alliance for harnessing solar energy, and National Hydrogen Mission i.e. developing Green Hydrogen. NITI Aayog has proposed that there should be one ministry having separate agencies within it one for research, one as a regulator, one for technical matters, one for distribution, and one for subsidized PDS, along with one for policymaking Energy is considered to be a vital global resource along with food and water. Energy Sector is one of the crucial forms of Infrastructure As a promising economy, India is bound to have higher energy demands in the future and we need to take care of it by taking multiple approaches and steps.
##Question:Discuss the various challenges in the energy sector of India? Also, enumerate the various steps taken by the government in this regard? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief India"s energy sector scenario Highlight various challenges in the energy sector of India Mention various steps taken by the government to address these challenges. Conclude accordingly Answer: India is the third-largest producer and consumer of energy in the world. Despite the fact that per capita energy consumption in India is 0.6 TOE (Tons of oil equivalent) which is 1/3rd of the global average (1.8 TOE), there exist various problems in the Indian energy sector, which can be categorized under two heads- Technical challenges and Administrative challenges. 1) Technical challenges - Generation/Upstreaming: In India, the maximum energy is generated by the thermal plant followed by new and renewable energy, petroleum, and a very small share of nuclear energy. In terms of generation, major problems involve the import of coal, particularly anthracite. Lack of technological advancements (due to Coal India monopoly), therefore, no deep mining. The problem of captive power plants - It refers to the private power plants of big industries to ensure uninterrupted power supply and for that, they book the coal mining in advance. Payload factor - It refers to the power generation capacity of the plant and if any plant is not using its potential, the generation results in underutilization. Lack of promotion of schemes like rooftop solar plants, etc. Transmission/Mid-streaming: The major issue is transmission loss which is as high as 34%. As per World Economic Forum, Global Transition Index, India ranked 87th in the 2021 Index. This transmission loss is primarily because Power Grid Corporation of India is not up to the mark for technological up-gradation to off-grid storage of the surplus energy. Even the National Grid in a real sense has yet not come, etc. Distribution/Downstreaming: In terms of distribution, the biggest challenge is with Distribution companies i.e. DISCOMS. The problem of DICSOMS is high debts and interest. Moreover, electricity theft and lack of separate feeders for subsidized and commercial energy and also, massive corruption at the state level are major challenges to the inefficiency of these DISCOMS. 2) Administrative Challenges- Kelkar committee and NITI Aayog have highlighted that the biggest reform which is needed in the energy sector is the areas of administration. Multiple ministries dealing with different types of energy like the Ministry of Power, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Ministry of Coal, Department of Nuclear Energy, etc Some of the major initiatives taken to fix technological problems are- Ujjwal Discoms Assurance Yojana (UDAY) - In this, the distribution companies are provided financial assistance to ensure that they meet their Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses PM KUSUM - This is to empower farmers with a focus on renewable energy with three clear cut objectives- To develop solar plants on the barren land and the generated energy can be transferred to the grid; To distribute off-grid water pumps connected with solar plants for sustained irrigation and additional energy can be transferred to Grid; To provide a solar Grid plus electricity-based water pumps Deendayal Upadhya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDU-GJY) - A separate feeder for subsidized energy distribution Under SAUBHAGYA and rooftop solar plants, ensuring electricity for all ie SDG 7 In Atmanirbhar Bharat , 90 thousand crores have been provided to DISCOMS to reduce their NPAs/Bad loans Also, the leap jumps are- the International Solar Alliance (ISA) i.e. an international alliance for harnessing solar energy, and National Hydrogen Mission i.e. developing Green Hydrogen. NITI Aayog has proposed that there should be one ministry having separate agencies within it one for research, one as a regulator, one for technical matters, one for distribution, and one for subsidized PDS, along with one for policymaking Energy is considered to be a vital global resource along with food and water. Energy Sector is one of the crucial forms of Infrastructure As a promising economy, India is bound to have higher energy demands in the future and we need to take care of it by taking multiple approaches and steps.
73,937
Explain the "Trickle Down Approach" to growth and write its limitations concerning income inequalities. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Write a brief intro about the Trickle Down Approach" of growth. Explain the Trickle Down Approach" and write its limitations in reducing income inequalities. Write a relevant way forward to address the limitations of the Trickle Down Approach" to growth. Answer: Growth by its very nature is inequality causing. Throughout history and even at present the process of growth has been based on focusing efforts in those areas where faster growth can be achieved. When efforts are focussed, it leads to one sector/region/people associated with that sector or region growing at a faster pace than the others. This creates inequality. Trickle Down Approach to growth is a pro-poor approach to growth where the resources are concentrated for those sectors which have high growth potential. When such sectors grow the government is expected to collect more taxes and therefore spend them on the welfare of those at the bottom that is those who were left out. However, this approach to growth is not just inequality-causing but may also be inequality perpetuating. This is so because whether those at the bottom receive benefits or not is based on the following assumptions: 1. Whether the chosen sector grows fast. 2. Whether the government can collect more taxes. 3. Whether the government chooses to spend those taxes on the welfare of those at the bottom. 4. What is the efficiency of the government expenditure? As can be seen, those at the bottom are merely the passive beneficiary of the growth process. The fruits of the growth that they receive are premised on multiple conditions coming true. Hence this approach to growth can be inequality perpetuating. To address the challenges of the Trickle approach, Inclusive growth is the way forward which is premised on making those at the bottom active contributor to the growth process rather than being the passive beneficiary. In order to make those at the bottom active contributors, the following is needed: To identify the most vulnerable sections and poor regions To address the vulnerabilities that prevent them from realizing their capabilities such as providing them with access to good health & education etc. Development & enhancement of their skills. Thus inclusive growth which is broad-based growth tries to address inequality by making maximum number as contributors to the growth and therefore enjoying the fruits of growth as a right. Hence the recent initiatives like PM Jan Dhan Yojana, Skill India, Make in India, Push to MSMEs, and SHGs are the steps in the right direction as they have the potential to promote inclusive growth of the country.
##Question:Explain the "Trickle Down Approach" to growth and write its limitations concerning income inequalities. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief intro about the Trickle Down Approach" of growth. Explain the Trickle Down Approach" and write its limitations in reducing income inequalities. Write a relevant way forward to address the limitations of the Trickle Down Approach" to growth. Answer: Growth by its very nature is inequality causing. Throughout history and even at present the process of growth has been based on focusing efforts in those areas where faster growth can be achieved. When efforts are focussed, it leads to one sector/region/people associated with that sector or region growing at a faster pace than the others. This creates inequality. Trickle Down Approach to growth is a pro-poor approach to growth where the resources are concentrated for those sectors which have high growth potential. When such sectors grow the government is expected to collect more taxes and therefore spend them on the welfare of those at the bottom that is those who were left out. However, this approach to growth is not just inequality-causing but may also be inequality perpetuating. This is so because whether those at the bottom receive benefits or not is based on the following assumptions: 1. Whether the chosen sector grows fast. 2. Whether the government can collect more taxes. 3. Whether the government chooses to spend those taxes on the welfare of those at the bottom. 4. What is the efficiency of the government expenditure? As can be seen, those at the bottom are merely the passive beneficiary of the growth process. The fruits of the growth that they receive are premised on multiple conditions coming true. Hence this approach to growth can be inequality perpetuating. To address the challenges of the Trickle approach, Inclusive growth is the way forward which is premised on making those at the bottom active contributor to the growth process rather than being the passive beneficiary. In order to make those at the bottom active contributors, the following is needed: To identify the most vulnerable sections and poor regions To address the vulnerabilities that prevent them from realizing their capabilities such as providing them with access to good health & education etc. Development & enhancement of their skills. Thus inclusive growth which is broad-based growth tries to address inequality by making maximum number as contributors to the growth and therefore enjoying the fruits of growth as a right. Hence the recent initiatives like PM Jan Dhan Yojana, Skill India, Make in India, Push to MSMEs, and SHGs are the steps in the right direction as they have the potential to promote inclusive growth of the country.
73,945
What is Kigali Agreement? What are the challenges faced in India in the implementation of the Kigali Agreement? Suggest measures to successfully implement this Agreement by India. (250 words/ 15 marks)
Approach: Introduce by mentioning about Kigali agreement and its significance. Highlight challenges faced in India in the implementation of the Kigali Agreement. Highlight the measures to successfully implement Kigali Agreement by India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Under the Kigali Amendment, Parties to the Montreal Protocol will phase down the production and consumption of Hydrofluorocarbons, commonly known as HFCs. Hydrofluorocarbons were introduced as a non-ozone-depleting alternative to Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). While HFCs do not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, they have high global warming potential ranging from 12 to 14,000, which have adverse impact on climate. Recognizing the growth in use of HFCs, especially in Refrigeration and Air-conditioning sector the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, reached agreement at their 28th Meeting of the Parties (MOP) held in October 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda to add HFCs to the list of controlled substances and approved a timeline for their gradual reduction by 80-85 per cent by the late 2040s. India will complete its phase down of HFCs in 4 steps from 2032 onwards with cumulative reduction of 10% in 2032, 20% in 2037, 30% in 2042 and 85% in 2047. There are many benefits of the Kigali agreement like- 1. HFC phasedown is expected to prevent the greenhouse gas emissions, helping prevent climate change and would benefit the people. 2. The industry producing and consuming Hydrofluorocarbons will be phasing out Hydrofluorocarbons as per the agreed schedule under and transition to non-HFC and low global warming potential technologies. 3. India played a very flexible and cooperative role in the whole negotiating process.It has agreed on a lenient schedule as it consumes only 3% of HFCs as compared to the other nations like the USA (37%) and China (25%). Challenges faced by India are- 1. It would be tough for India to adhere to this agreement along with Paris Pact especially when it has embarked on an ambitious ”Make in India” Programme to increase its industrial production. 2. Increasing demand due to the hot climatic conditions and growing demand for air conditioners, refrigerators, and cars with growing middle-class incomes while implementing the program. 3.Indian industries using HFCs like Air-Conditioning industry, Automobiles, and refrigeration industry have some serious implications on financial and technical fronts: a.Financial implications: Industries have to either invest in R & D to find out the substitutes for HFCs or they have to buy patented substances and technologies from other MNCs. Consequently, the cost of production will increase which may ultimately shrink the buyer base for their products. b.Technological implications: Some of the developed nations have already started using substitutes of HFCs in their products and have sound technological knowledge about their use. Without technology transfer or research, it would be difficult for domestic industries to compete with them in global as well as domestic markets. Suggestions to implement the Kigali agreement- 1.Redesigning room air conditioners (ACs) to be more efficient. 2.Developing/selecting climate friendly alternatives mainly in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and foam products. 3.India needs to control Illegal trade of CFCs. 4. Inclusion of Ozone depletion issues and its relation to refrigeration practices in the curricula of all technical training institutes in the country. 5.Several low-GWP refrigerants are more flammable than the chemicals they are replacing, and India and other parties have articulated the need to address safety concerns. Implementing the agreement will require the same global cooperation, bringing industry and regulators together to continue the Protocol’s 30-year history of success. India has been a key partner in this success, and should continue to show leadership in protecting the health of its people and the planet.
##Question:What is Kigali Agreement? What are the challenges faced in India in the implementation of the Kigali Agreement? Suggest measures to successfully implement this Agreement by India. (250 words/ 15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by mentioning about Kigali agreement and its significance. Highlight challenges faced in India in the implementation of the Kigali Agreement. Highlight the measures to successfully implement Kigali Agreement by India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Under the Kigali Amendment, Parties to the Montreal Protocol will phase down the production and consumption of Hydrofluorocarbons, commonly known as HFCs. Hydrofluorocarbons were introduced as a non-ozone-depleting alternative to Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). While HFCs do not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, they have high global warming potential ranging from 12 to 14,000, which have adverse impact on climate. Recognizing the growth in use of HFCs, especially in Refrigeration and Air-conditioning sector the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, reached agreement at their 28th Meeting of the Parties (MOP) held in October 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda to add HFCs to the list of controlled substances and approved a timeline for their gradual reduction by 80-85 per cent by the late 2040s. India will complete its phase down of HFCs in 4 steps from 2032 onwards with cumulative reduction of 10% in 2032, 20% in 2037, 30% in 2042 and 85% in 2047. There are many benefits of the Kigali agreement like- 1. HFC phasedown is expected to prevent the greenhouse gas emissions, helping prevent climate change and would benefit the people. 2. The industry producing and consuming Hydrofluorocarbons will be phasing out Hydrofluorocarbons as per the agreed schedule under and transition to non-HFC and low global warming potential technologies. 3. India played a very flexible and cooperative role in the whole negotiating process.It has agreed on a lenient schedule as it consumes only 3% of HFCs as compared to the other nations like the USA (37%) and China (25%). Challenges faced by India are- 1. It would be tough for India to adhere to this agreement along with Paris Pact especially when it has embarked on an ambitious ”Make in India” Programme to increase its industrial production. 2. Increasing demand due to the hot climatic conditions and growing demand for air conditioners, refrigerators, and cars with growing middle-class incomes while implementing the program. 3.Indian industries using HFCs like Air-Conditioning industry, Automobiles, and refrigeration industry have some serious implications on financial and technical fronts: a.Financial implications: Industries have to either invest in R & D to find out the substitutes for HFCs or they have to buy patented substances and technologies from other MNCs. Consequently, the cost of production will increase which may ultimately shrink the buyer base for their products. b.Technological implications: Some of the developed nations have already started using substitutes of HFCs in their products and have sound technological knowledge about their use. Without technology transfer or research, it would be difficult for domestic industries to compete with them in global as well as domestic markets. Suggestions to implement the Kigali agreement- 1.Redesigning room air conditioners (ACs) to be more efficient. 2.Developing/selecting climate friendly alternatives mainly in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and foam products. 3.India needs to control Illegal trade of CFCs. 4. Inclusion of Ozone depletion issues and its relation to refrigeration practices in the curricula of all technical training institutes in the country. 5.Several low-GWP refrigerants are more flammable than the chemicals they are replacing, and India and other parties have articulated the need to address safety concerns. Implementing the agreement will require the same global cooperation, bringing industry and regulators together to continue the Protocol’s 30-year history of success. India has been a key partner in this success, and should continue to show leadership in protecting the health of its people and the planet.
74,026
Write the importance of Article 31C of the Indian constitution along with relevant judgments of the Supreme court regarding this Article. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Write a brief about Article 31C and its origin in the Indian constitution. Explain the importance of Article 31C in detail and relevant amendments and supreme court judgments. Conclude by writing the relevance of 31C in the current scenario. Answer: Article 31C was originally added by the 25th Amendment, 1971. It was introduced against the backdrop of increasing judicial scrutiny of land reforms introduced by the Government to abolish zamindari; the tussle between the courts and the government was seen in the Bank Nationalization case where it was held mandatory for the government to give due compensation to those deprived of their property. The original test stated: "31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles: Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39 shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away, or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14, article 19, or article 31; and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy. Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.". Articles 39(b) and (c) deal with specific socialistic goals aimed to achieve economic equality. Article 39 (b) states that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good, and 39(c) says that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; these are sometimes called the charter of social and economic justice. The Amendment sought to exclude judicial review and placed directive principles above fundamental rights. The part of the Article starting "and no law...effect to such policy" which sought to exclude the powers of the courts to review such a law was fortunately struck down in the landmark Kesavananda Bharti case as violative of the basic structure of the Constitution, the power of judicial review. The 42nd Amendment, 1976 changed the article from "the principles specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39" to "any of the principles laid down in Part IV". It meant that where any law declared that it was for the promotion of any of the DPSP, it could not be held to contravene Article 14, 19, or 31 an obvious over-expansion. The changes introduced by the 42nd Amendment were struck down in Minerva Mills v. Union of India, 1980 as unconstitutional and the Article stands as it existed before the amendment. A law seeking to promote Article 31C may now be called into question to ascertain if the Act substantially and in spirit seeks to promote economic equality or not. After the Minerva Mills case, the status of Article 31 C is that Any law that seeks to implement Article 39b & Article 39C can violate Article 14 & Article 19 in the process. It seeks to maintain the harmonious balance between the Fundamental Rights and the DPSPs. Article 31C helps India to achieve the goals of a Socialist state & welfare State. It seeks to ensure equity and eliminate extreme inequalities and concentration of wealth in the hands of a powerful few.
##Question:Write the importance of Article 31C of the Indian constitution along with relevant judgments of the Supreme court regarding this Article. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief about Article 31C and its origin in the Indian constitution. Explain the importance of Article 31C in detail and relevant amendments and supreme court judgments. Conclude by writing the relevance of 31C in the current scenario. Answer: Article 31C was originally added by the 25th Amendment, 1971. It was introduced against the backdrop of increasing judicial scrutiny of land reforms introduced by the Government to abolish zamindari; the tussle between the courts and the government was seen in the Bank Nationalization case where it was held mandatory for the government to give due compensation to those deprived of their property. The original test stated: "31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles: Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39 shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away, or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14, article 19, or article 31; and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy. Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.". Articles 39(b) and (c) deal with specific socialistic goals aimed to achieve economic equality. Article 39 (b) states that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good, and 39(c) says that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; these are sometimes called the charter of social and economic justice. The Amendment sought to exclude judicial review and placed directive principles above fundamental rights. The part of the Article starting "and no law...effect to such policy" which sought to exclude the powers of the courts to review such a law was fortunately struck down in the landmark Kesavananda Bharti case as violative of the basic structure of the Constitution, the power of judicial review. The 42nd Amendment, 1976 changed the article from "the principles specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39" to "any of the principles laid down in Part IV". It meant that where any law declared that it was for the promotion of any of the DPSP, it could not be held to contravene Article 14, 19, or 31 an obvious over-expansion. The changes introduced by the 42nd Amendment were struck down in Minerva Mills v. Union of India, 1980 as unconstitutional and the Article stands as it existed before the amendment. A law seeking to promote Article 31C may now be called into question to ascertain if the Act substantially and in spirit seeks to promote economic equality or not. After the Minerva Mills case, the status of Article 31 C is that Any law that seeks to implement Article 39b & Article 39C can violate Article 14 & Article 19 in the process. It seeks to maintain the harmonious balance between the Fundamental Rights and the DPSPs. Article 31C helps India to achieve the goals of a Socialist state & welfare State. It seeks to ensure equity and eliminate extreme inequalities and concentration of wealth in the hands of a powerful few.
74,038
"Bureacracy can act as complementary or contradictory to democracy". Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce the answer by defining both bureaucracy and democracy and establish the link. Body - Discuss both the demands of the question showing how bureaucracy and democracy can be complementary and contradictory to each other Conclusion - Conclude the answer by mentioning that both can actually strengthen each other. Answer : Democracy is the process whereby the government is elected by the people whereas bureaucracy is the system in which elected government employs competent state officials to run state matters. They are selected by the government through a merit-based process. Bureaucracy is the executive arm of the government where elected government employs competent state officials to run state matters. They are selected by the government through a merit-based process. The relationship between bureaucracy and democracy is both paradoxical and complementary in nature. Relationship between Bureaucracy and Democracy: Bureaucracy can act as complementary to democracy: Democratic governance institutions are assumed to be responsive to the wishes of the public and to be attempting to map those preferences of the public into positive outcomes for their citizens. The experience in the LPG era and the coming of the market in public service delivery underlines the extent to which the values of formalized bureaucracy may be important for the effective functioning of a democracy. It can be argued that rigidity associated with bureaucracy may, in fact, be the result of a well-functioning bureaucracy that emphasizes equality, and attempts to ensure that all members of society receive the same treatment according to law, even if that style of delivery appears to be inefficient. Similarly, formal civil services were partly adopted to minimize the arbitrary and capricious actions in which governments might otherwise be tempted to engage and in which markets may find it very appropriate to engage in order to maximize efficiency. Bureaucracy can work as an effective communication channel between the rulers and the ruled ie it can aid the democratic process and when the bureaucracy is efficient, the delivery of services to the people is assured without corruption and red tape and hence fulfilling the means and end of democracy The socio-economic goals set by democracy are fulfilled by bureaucracy example education, health, etc and hence bureaucracy can be used as a tool of social reconstruction. The predictability and impartiality of the bureaucratic system shall be balanced with the responsiveness of the democratic system The very reason for institutionalizing the bureaucratic form of governing was to ensure equal treatment of citizens and to provide clients with records and justifications for the decisions being made about them within the public sector Bureaucracy in conflict with democracy: Bureaucracies are typically conceptualized as being legalistic and largely indifferent to the wishes and demands of individual citizens. Bureaucracies also tend to be associated with hierarchical and even authoritarian forms of governing. The rigid organisational structure increases red tape and reduces people friendliness and people participation and thus hinders the progress of democratic structure Centralisation of power, concentration in few hands and the cumbersome procedure of bureaucracy increases corruption The requirement of consistency and regularity of bureaucracy limits the capacity to adapt to change The elitist outlook of the bureaucracy keep them away from the people and make them work away from the citizen without their participation and negatively impacts the growth of democratic process Bureaucracy and democracy may appear to be antithetical but they are both necessary for providing effective and responsive governing. They provide complementary benefits for society. The responsiveness of democratic governing must be balanced with the predictability and impartiality assumed to reside within bureaucratic institutions. Likewise, the democratic process is important to confer legitimacy on the governing process. Here, effective democracy may require an effective and well-functioning bureaucracy.
##Question:"Bureacracy can act as complementary or contradictory to democracy". Discuss? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce the answer by defining both bureaucracy and democracy and establish the link. Body - Discuss both the demands of the question showing how bureaucracy and democracy can be complementary and contradictory to each other Conclusion - Conclude the answer by mentioning that both can actually strengthen each other. Answer : Democracy is the process whereby the government is elected by the people whereas bureaucracy is the system in which elected government employs competent state officials to run state matters. They are selected by the government through a merit-based process. Bureaucracy is the executive arm of the government where elected government employs competent state officials to run state matters. They are selected by the government through a merit-based process. The relationship between bureaucracy and democracy is both paradoxical and complementary in nature. Relationship between Bureaucracy and Democracy: Bureaucracy can act as complementary to democracy: Democratic governance institutions are assumed to be responsive to the wishes of the public and to be attempting to map those preferences of the public into positive outcomes for their citizens. The experience in the LPG era and the coming of the market in public service delivery underlines the extent to which the values of formalized bureaucracy may be important for the effective functioning of a democracy. It can be argued that rigidity associated with bureaucracy may, in fact, be the result of a well-functioning bureaucracy that emphasizes equality, and attempts to ensure that all members of society receive the same treatment according to law, even if that style of delivery appears to be inefficient. Similarly, formal civil services were partly adopted to minimize the arbitrary and capricious actions in which governments might otherwise be tempted to engage and in which markets may find it very appropriate to engage in order to maximize efficiency. Bureaucracy can work as an effective communication channel between the rulers and the ruled ie it can aid the democratic process and when the bureaucracy is efficient, the delivery of services to the people is assured without corruption and red tape and hence fulfilling the means and end of democracy The socio-economic goals set by democracy are fulfilled by bureaucracy example education, health, etc and hence bureaucracy can be used as a tool of social reconstruction. The predictability and impartiality of the bureaucratic system shall be balanced with the responsiveness of the democratic system The very reason for institutionalizing the bureaucratic form of governing was to ensure equal treatment of citizens and to provide clients with records and justifications for the decisions being made about them within the public sector Bureaucracy in conflict with democracy: Bureaucracies are typically conceptualized as being legalistic and largely indifferent to the wishes and demands of individual citizens. Bureaucracies also tend to be associated with hierarchical and even authoritarian forms of governing. The rigid organisational structure increases red tape and reduces people friendliness and people participation and thus hinders the progress of democratic structure Centralisation of power, concentration in few hands and the cumbersome procedure of bureaucracy increases corruption The requirement of consistency and regularity of bureaucracy limits the capacity to adapt to change The elitist outlook of the bureaucracy keep them away from the people and make them work away from the citizen without their participation and negatively impacts the growth of democratic process Bureaucracy and democracy may appear to be antithetical but they are both necessary for providing effective and responsive governing. They provide complementary benefits for society. The responsiveness of democratic governing must be balanced with the predictability and impartiality assumed to reside within bureaucratic institutions. Likewise, the democratic process is important to confer legitimacy on the governing process. Here, effective democracy may require an effective and well-functioning bureaucracy.
74,049
Indian ocean region is not only a pivot for India’s growth but also has strategic importance. How far has India been successful in responding to the increased presence of China in the Indian Ocean? (150 words/10 Marks)
Assignment Question: Indian ocean region is not only a pivot for India’s growth but also has strategic importance. How far has India been successful in responding to the increased presence of China in the Indian Ocean? (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Briefly introduce the Indian Ocean and its strategic importance to India Mention China"s initiative in the Indian Ocean Region Elaborate India’s response to Chinese presence in Indian Ocean Region Analyze by making a brief conclusion Introduction It is home to 40% of the worlds’ offshore hydrocarbon, 30% of natural gas. It is a region with a population of 2 billion representing 9% of world GDP. IORA enjoys a privileged location at the crossroads of global trade connecting major engines of the international economy; ASEAN, India, and the Gulf Regions Nearly 50% of the world"s trade passes through this region. This region is home to critical choke points e.g. Malacca straits, strait of Hormuz, Bab-al- Mandeb, Suez canal This represents s economic potential of this region but despite the potential, there are challenges. CHINA IN THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION In 2005 US defense contractor in a report, Energy Futures in Asia warned against Chinese plans to increase its economic footprints in the IOR by employing the String of Pearls strategy. It refers to a network of Chinese commercial and security facilities in the IOR countries What motivates China in IOR? Contest India’s role in the Indian Ocean Region to aid china’s larger objective of becoming a global maritime power by emerging as a key player in the IOR. Secure Indian Ocean SLOCs because Chinese trade and energy resources transit this route Evidence China has developed deep seaports in the littoral countries of the Indian Ocean: Gwadar in Pakistan, Hambantota in Srilanka, Chittagong port in Bangladesh, Kyaukyu in Mynamar. China has established its 1 st overseas military base i n Djibouti, India ’s response to Chinese presence in Indian Ocean Region India has conspicuously defined India’s Foreign Policy goals vis- a- vis the Indian Ocean At the bilateral level, India has accorded diplomatic and political priority to Indian Ocean Region states as is evident in several high-level visits to the IOR countries. For e.g. 2015 trilateral visits to Srilanka, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Visits to African nations along the Indian ocean. India has entered into security partnerships with countries of IOR Development of dual-use infrastructure in Agalega islands in Mauritius and Assumption islands in Seychelles. Indi a has signed a deal with Singapore to expand its existing access to Changi Naval Base. India has secured access to the port of Duqm in Oman for military and logistic use. India is developing Sabang port at the northern tip of Sumatra island, Indonesia. India has been developing Chabahar port in Iran. The Indian navy has a listening post in Madagascar. Given the serious capacity constraint that India faces in managing China, India has solicited cooperation with external partner powers like the USA, Australia, Japan, France, and others. They have partnered with India in conducting security dialogues, military exercises, and exchanges. This is a significant departure from India’s policies since the late 1960s when India opposed the presence of external navies in the Indian ocean. India has entered, for example, into various foundational agreements with the USA along with Logistic Exchange Agreement with France, Japan, Australia, S. Korea, etc. It would help them gain access to each other"s naval bases in IOR. It is in this regard the Malabar exercises have been expanded and the quad upgraded. India’s outreach coincides with its effort to make case for its role in the wider Indo-Pacific. This understanding of India’s strategic outreach has been accepted by the USA and other major power. LIMITATIONS However, there have been differences in understanding of what constitutes I ndo-Pacific. The geographical limits. For players like India, Japan, and France the term Indo-pacific covers the area from the eastern shores of Africa to the west coast of America. Others especially the USA appear more focused on Pacific components. Also, the pacific powers like Australia, Japan, the USA, and Newzealand appear to be more focused on countering China in the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Whereas, Indian worries have been around China’s expansion into the Indian Ocean. India has clearly identified the threat i.e.China by emphasizing the need to have rule-based maritime order, emphasizing maritime security (Chinese activity in the S. China Sea)
##Question:Indian ocean region is not only a pivot for India’s growth but also has strategic importance. How far has India been successful in responding to the increased presence of China in the Indian Ocean? (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question: Indian ocean region is not only a pivot for India’s growth but also has strategic importance. How far has India been successful in responding to the increased presence of China in the Indian Ocean? (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Briefly introduce the Indian Ocean and its strategic importance to India Mention China"s initiative in the Indian Ocean Region Elaborate India’s response to Chinese presence in Indian Ocean Region Analyze by making a brief conclusion Introduction It is home to 40% of the worlds’ offshore hydrocarbon, 30% of natural gas. It is a region with a population of 2 billion representing 9% of world GDP. IORA enjoys a privileged location at the crossroads of global trade connecting major engines of the international economy; ASEAN, India, and the Gulf Regions Nearly 50% of the world"s trade passes through this region. This region is home to critical choke points e.g. Malacca straits, strait of Hormuz, Bab-al- Mandeb, Suez canal This represents s economic potential of this region but despite the potential, there are challenges. CHINA IN THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION In 2005 US defense contractor in a report, Energy Futures in Asia warned against Chinese plans to increase its economic footprints in the IOR by employing the String of Pearls strategy. It refers to a network of Chinese commercial and security facilities in the IOR countries What motivates China in IOR? Contest India’s role in the Indian Ocean Region to aid china’s larger objective of becoming a global maritime power by emerging as a key player in the IOR. Secure Indian Ocean SLOCs because Chinese trade and energy resources transit this route Evidence China has developed deep seaports in the littoral countries of the Indian Ocean: Gwadar in Pakistan, Hambantota in Srilanka, Chittagong port in Bangladesh, Kyaukyu in Mynamar. China has established its 1 st overseas military base i n Djibouti, India ’s response to Chinese presence in Indian Ocean Region India has conspicuously defined India’s Foreign Policy goals vis- a- vis the Indian Ocean At the bilateral level, India has accorded diplomatic and political priority to Indian Ocean Region states as is evident in several high-level visits to the IOR countries. For e.g. 2015 trilateral visits to Srilanka, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Visits to African nations along the Indian ocean. India has entered into security partnerships with countries of IOR Development of dual-use infrastructure in Agalega islands in Mauritius and Assumption islands in Seychelles. Indi a has signed a deal with Singapore to expand its existing access to Changi Naval Base. India has secured access to the port of Duqm in Oman for military and logistic use. India is developing Sabang port at the northern tip of Sumatra island, Indonesia. India has been developing Chabahar port in Iran. The Indian navy has a listening post in Madagascar. Given the serious capacity constraint that India faces in managing China, India has solicited cooperation with external partner powers like the USA, Australia, Japan, France, and others. They have partnered with India in conducting security dialogues, military exercises, and exchanges. This is a significant departure from India’s policies since the late 1960s when India opposed the presence of external navies in the Indian ocean. India has entered, for example, into various foundational agreements with the USA along with Logistic Exchange Agreement with France, Japan, Australia, S. Korea, etc. It would help them gain access to each other"s naval bases in IOR. It is in this regard the Malabar exercises have been expanded and the quad upgraded. India’s outreach coincides with its effort to make case for its role in the wider Indo-Pacific. This understanding of India’s strategic outreach has been accepted by the USA and other major power. LIMITATIONS However, there have been differences in understanding of what constitutes I ndo-Pacific. The geographical limits. For players like India, Japan, and France the term Indo-pacific covers the area from the eastern shores of Africa to the west coast of America. Others especially the USA appear more focused on Pacific components. Also, the pacific powers like Australia, Japan, the USA, and Newzealand appear to be more focused on countering China in the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Whereas, Indian worries have been around China’s expansion into the Indian Ocean. India has clearly identified the threat i.e.China by emphasizing the need to have rule-based maritime order, emphasizing maritime security (Chinese activity in the S. China Sea)
74,061
Briefly enumerate the features of Dravida style of temple architecture? Also discuss its various substyles? (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach - List the features of the Dravida style of temple architecture. Briefly give the account of the substyle of Dravida architecture. Conclude briefly Answer : Dravida temple architecture Pallava rulers initiated rock-cut cave architecture in South India which gave rise to the Dravida style of the temple in South India. Features- 1. Vimana- the inclined tower is the foremost manifestation of the Dravida temple. 2. Gopuram- Dravida temple always has high enclosure walls, intervened by gateways known as Gopuram. 3. Narta Mandap- Inside the premise, Narta Mandap is created for the classical dance performance. 4. Ardha Mandap- Starting porch of Mandap is known as Ardha Mandap, in which often Dhwaja is erected. 5. Antaral- Garbhgriha is connected through a narrow passage known as Antaral. 6. Pushkaram- stepped water tank is a necessary feature of Dravida. 7. Ground plan- Generally temples follow a crucified ground plan and some of the temples also follow the Panchayatan style like Nagara. 8. On the entrance of Garbhagriha a sculpture of Dwarpal is created. 9. Ex- Brihadeshwara temple-Thanjore, Airateshwar temple- Thanjore Substyle of Dravida style Vijayanagar temple- 1. The majority of the temples in Vijayanagar style was created by Krishna dev Raya 2. It is noted for a very high enclosure wall. 3. Amman Shrine- A second Garbhagriha is known as Amman Shrine dedicated to the chief wife of the main deity. 4. Kalyan Mantapam- It was created inside the premise of the temple which was meant for marriage. 5. Mahanavami Dibba- It was created by Krishnadev Raya in Humpi which is a rectangular upraised platform meant for sacrifice or performance of Yajna (for from temple) 6. Ex- Veerbhardra temple- Lepakshi, Virupaksha temple- Hampi, Thousand pillar temple- Lepakshi Nayaka Temple- 1. This style is popular in and around Madurai 2. They continued the Amman shrine concept from the Viajaynagar period. 3. It is noted for large no. of Gopuram and large no. of Vimana. 4. Parakram- It is noted for the huge corridor known as Parakram. 5. Brahma Pushkaram (water tank)- It is present inside the premise of the temple. 6. Ex- Meenakshi(Sundareshwar) temple- Madurai, Srirangnathswami temple- Srirangam. Dravida style of temple architecture has great significance. These temples are still used for religious festivals and also act as tourist destinations.
##Question:Briefly enumerate the features of Dravida style of temple architecture? Also discuss its various substyles? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach - List the features of the Dravida style of temple architecture. Briefly give the account of the substyle of Dravida architecture. Conclude briefly Answer : Dravida temple architecture Pallava rulers initiated rock-cut cave architecture in South India which gave rise to the Dravida style of the temple in South India. Features- 1. Vimana- the inclined tower is the foremost manifestation of the Dravida temple. 2. Gopuram- Dravida temple always has high enclosure walls, intervened by gateways known as Gopuram. 3. Narta Mandap- Inside the premise, Narta Mandap is created for the classical dance performance. 4. Ardha Mandap- Starting porch of Mandap is known as Ardha Mandap, in which often Dhwaja is erected. 5. Antaral- Garbhgriha is connected through a narrow passage known as Antaral. 6. Pushkaram- stepped water tank is a necessary feature of Dravida. 7. Ground plan- Generally temples follow a crucified ground plan and some of the temples also follow the Panchayatan style like Nagara. 8. On the entrance of Garbhagriha a sculpture of Dwarpal is created. 9. Ex- Brihadeshwara temple-Thanjore, Airateshwar temple- Thanjore Substyle of Dravida style Vijayanagar temple- 1. The majority of the temples in Vijayanagar style was created by Krishna dev Raya 2. It is noted for a very high enclosure wall. 3. Amman Shrine- A second Garbhagriha is known as Amman Shrine dedicated to the chief wife of the main deity. 4. Kalyan Mantapam- It was created inside the premise of the temple which was meant for marriage. 5. Mahanavami Dibba- It was created by Krishnadev Raya in Humpi which is a rectangular upraised platform meant for sacrifice or performance of Yajna (for from temple) 6. Ex- Veerbhardra temple- Lepakshi, Virupaksha temple- Hampi, Thousand pillar temple- Lepakshi Nayaka Temple- 1. This style is popular in and around Madurai 2. They continued the Amman shrine concept from the Viajaynagar period. 3. It is noted for large no. of Gopuram and large no. of Vimana. 4. Parakram- It is noted for the huge corridor known as Parakram. 5. Brahma Pushkaram (water tank)- It is present inside the premise of the temple. 6. Ex- Meenakshi(Sundareshwar) temple- Madurai, Srirangnathswami temple- Srirangam. Dravida style of temple architecture has great significance. These temples are still used for religious festivals and also act as tourist destinations.
74,071
Explain the different types of the ecological interactions with suitable examples. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: Try to introduce stating ecological interaction and various ways Bring in all the ecological/biotic interaction with a suitable example Answer: Interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. They could be beneficial, detrimental or neutral (neither harm nor benefit) to one of the species or both. The type of interaction is as follow Positive interaction 1. Mutualism- In mutualism both species are Benefitted: This interaction confers benefits on both the interacting species. Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship between a fungus and photosynthesizing algae or cyanobacteria. Similarly, the mycorrhizae are associations between fungi and the roots of higher plants. The fungi help the plant in the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil while the plant, in turn, provides the fungi with energy-yielding carbohydrates. 2 . Symbiosis- Symbiosis is a form of mutualism. In symbiosis, there is compulsory Mutualism. Both species are benefitted and both species cannot survive without each other for example Rhizobium and legume 3 Protocooperation- It is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need to interact with each other - they interact purely for the gain that they receive from doing this. It is not at all necessary for protocooperation to occur; growth and survival are possible in the absence of the interaction. for example Hermit crab and Sea Anemone 4. Commensalism- It is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter. The commensal—the species that benefits from the association—may obtain Nutrients, shelter, support, or Locomotion from the host species, which is unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal. The host organism is essentially unchanged by the interaction, whereas the commensal species may show great morphological Adaptation. This relationship can be contrasted with Mutualism, in which both species benefit. One of the best-known examples of a commensal is the Remora (family Echineidae) that rides attached to Sharks and other Fishes. Remoras have evolved on the top of their heads a flat oval sucking disk structure that adheres to the bodies of their hosts. Both remoras and Pilot feed on the leftovers of their hosts’ meals. Other examples of commensals include Birds species, such as the great egret ( Ardea alba ), that feed on insects turned up by grazing mammals or on Soil organisms stirred up by plowing. Various biting Lice, fleas, and Louse flies are commensals in that they feed harmlessly on the Feathers of birds and on sloughed-off flakes of skin from mammals Negative interaction 5 . Predation , in Animal behavior, is the pursuit, capture, and killing of animals for food. Predatory animals may be solitary hunters, like the Leopard, or they may be group hunters, like wolves. 6 . Amensalism- Amensalism is biotic interaction in which one species is harmed other is unaffected. An example is a Black walnut ( Juglans nigra ), which secretes juglone, a substance that destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. 7. Competition- In competition both species get harmfully impacted. Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its ‘r’ the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species. Totally unrelated species could also compete for the same resource. For instance, in some shallow South American lakes visiting flamingoes and resident fishes compete for their common food, the zooplankton in the lake. Secondly, resources need not be limiting for competition to occur; in interference competition, the feeding efficiency of one species might be reduced due to the interfering and inhibitory presence of the other species, even if resources (food and space) are abundant. 8 . Parasitism- It"s a Biotic interaction where one species get harmed other gets benefitted. Parasites that feed on the external surface of the host organism are called ectoparasites. The most familiar examples of this group are the lice on humans and ticks on dogs. Many marine fish are infested with ectoparasitic copepods. Cuscuta, a parasitic plant that is commonly found growing on hedge plants, has lost its chlorophyll and leaves in the course of evolution. It derives its nutrition from the host plant which it parasitizes. E ndoparasites are those that live inside the host body at different sites (liver, kidney, lungs, red blood cells, etc.). The life cycles of endoparasites are more complex because of their extreme specialization. Their morphological and anatomical features are greatly simplified while emphasizing their reproductive potential.
##Question:Explain the different types of the ecological interactions with suitable examples. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Try to introduce stating ecological interaction and various ways Bring in all the ecological/biotic interaction with a suitable example Answer: Interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. They could be beneficial, detrimental or neutral (neither harm nor benefit) to one of the species or both. The type of interaction is as follow Positive interaction 1. Mutualism- In mutualism both species are Benefitted: This interaction confers benefits on both the interacting species. Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship between a fungus and photosynthesizing algae or cyanobacteria. Similarly, the mycorrhizae are associations between fungi and the roots of higher plants. The fungi help the plant in the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil while the plant, in turn, provides the fungi with energy-yielding carbohydrates. 2 . Symbiosis- Symbiosis is a form of mutualism. In symbiosis, there is compulsory Mutualism. Both species are benefitted and both species cannot survive without each other for example Rhizobium and legume 3 Protocooperation- It is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need to interact with each other - they interact purely for the gain that they receive from doing this. It is not at all necessary for protocooperation to occur; growth and survival are possible in the absence of the interaction. for example Hermit crab and Sea Anemone 4. Commensalism- It is a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter. The commensal—the species that benefits from the association—may obtain Nutrients, shelter, support, or Locomotion from the host species, which is unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal. The host organism is essentially unchanged by the interaction, whereas the commensal species may show great morphological Adaptation. This relationship can be contrasted with Mutualism, in which both species benefit. One of the best-known examples of a commensal is the Remora (family Echineidae) that rides attached to Sharks and other Fishes. Remoras have evolved on the top of their heads a flat oval sucking disk structure that adheres to the bodies of their hosts. Both remoras and Pilot feed on the leftovers of their hosts’ meals. Other examples of commensals include Birds species, such as the great egret ( Ardea alba ), that feed on insects turned up by grazing mammals or on Soil organisms stirred up by plowing. Various biting Lice, fleas, and Louse flies are commensals in that they feed harmlessly on the Feathers of birds and on sloughed-off flakes of skin from mammals Negative interaction 5 . Predation , in Animal behavior, is the pursuit, capture, and killing of animals for food. Predatory animals may be solitary hunters, like the Leopard, or they may be group hunters, like wolves. 6 . Amensalism- Amensalism is biotic interaction in which one species is harmed other is unaffected. An example is a Black walnut ( Juglans nigra ), which secretes juglone, a substance that destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. 7. Competition- In competition both species get harmfully impacted. Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its ‘r’ the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species. Totally unrelated species could also compete for the same resource. For instance, in some shallow South American lakes visiting flamingoes and resident fishes compete for their common food, the zooplankton in the lake. Secondly, resources need not be limiting for competition to occur; in interference competition, the feeding efficiency of one species might be reduced due to the interfering and inhibitory presence of the other species, even if resources (food and space) are abundant. 8 . Parasitism- It"s a Biotic interaction where one species get harmed other gets benefitted. Parasites that feed on the external surface of the host organism are called ectoparasites. The most familiar examples of this group are the lice on humans and ticks on dogs. Many marine fish are infested with ectoparasitic copepods. Cuscuta, a parasitic plant that is commonly found growing on hedge plants, has lost its chlorophyll and leaves in the course of evolution. It derives its nutrition from the host plant which it parasitizes. E ndoparasites are those that live inside the host body at different sites (liver, kidney, lungs, red blood cells, etc.). The life cycles of endoparasites are more complex because of their extreme specialization. Their morphological and anatomical features are greatly simplified while emphasizing their reproductive potential.
74,076
Explain the different types of the ecological interactions with suitable examples. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: Introduction - Try to introduce stating ecological interaction and various ways Body -bring in all the ecological/biotic interaction with a suitable example Conclude accordingly. Answer: Interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. They could be beneficial, detrimental or neutral (neither harm nor benefit) to one of the species or both. Types of ecological interaction are as follow- A) Positive interaction 1. Mutualism -In mutualism both species are Benefitted: This interaction confers benefits on both the interacting species. Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship between a fungus and photosynthesizing algae or cyanobacteria. Similarly, the mycorrhizae are associations between fungi and the roots of higher plants. The fungi help the plant in the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil while the plant, in turn, provides the fungi with energy-yielding carbohydrates. 2 . Symbiosis -Symbiosis is a form of mutualism. In symbiosis, there is compulsoryMutualism.both species are benefitted and both species cannot survive without each other for example Rhizobiumand legume 3 Protocooperation is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need to interact with each other - they interact purely for the gain that they receive from doing this. It is not at all necessary for protocooperation to occur; growth and survival are possible in the absence of the interaction. for example Hermit crab and Sea Anemone 4. Commensalism , a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains Food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter. The commensal—the species that benefits from the association—may obtain Nutrients, shelter, support, or Locomotion from the host species, which is unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal. The host organism is essentially unchanged by the interaction, whereas the commensal species may show great morphological Adaptation. This relationship can be contrasted with Mutualism, in which both species benefit. One of the best-known examples of a commensal is the Remora (family Echineidae) that rides attached to Sharks and other Fishes. Remoras have evolved on the top of their heads a flat oval sucking disk structure that adheres to the bodies of their hosts. Both remoras and Pilot feed on the leftovers of their hosts’ meals. Other examples of commensals include Birds species, such as the great egret ( Ardea alba ), that feed on insects turned up by grazing mammals or on Soil organisms stirred up by plowing. Various biting Lice, fleas, and Louse flies are commensals in that they feed harmlessly on the Feathers of birds and on sloughed-off flakes of skin from mammals B) Negative interaction 5 . Predation , in Animal behavior, the pursuit, capture, and killing of animals for food. Predatory animals may be solitary hunters, like the Leopard, or they may be group hunters, like wolves. 6 . Amensalism -Amensalism is biotic interaction in which one species is harmed other is unaffected.An example is a Black walnut ( Juglans nigra ), which secretes juglone, a substance that destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. 7. Competition -In competition, both species get harmfully impacted. Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its ‘r’ the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species. Totally unrelated species could also compete for the same resource. For instance, in some shallow South American lakes visiting flamingoes and resident fishes compete for their common food, the zooplankton in the lake. Secondly, resources need not be limiting for competition to occur; in interference competition, the feeding efficiency of one species might be reduced due to the interfering and inhibitory presence of the other species, even if resources (food and space) are abundant. 8 . Parasitism : It"s a Biotic interaction where one species get harmed other gets benefitted. Parasites that feed on the external surface of the host organism are called ectoparasites. The most familiar examples of this group are the lice on humans and ticks on dogs. Many marine fish are infested with ectoparasitic copepods. Cuscuta, a parasitic plant that is commonly found growing on hedge plants, has lost its chlorophyll and leaves in the course of evolution. It derives its nutrition from the host plant which it parasitizes. Endoparasites are those that live inside the host body at different sites (liver, kidney, lungs, red blood cells, etc.). The life cycles of endoparasites are more complex because of their extreme specialization. Their morphological and anatomical features are greatly simplified while emphasizing their reproductive potential.
##Question:Explain the different types of the ecological interactions with suitable examples. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Try to introduce stating ecological interaction and various ways Body -bring in all the ecological/biotic interaction with a suitable example Conclude accordingly. Answer: Interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. They could be beneficial, detrimental or neutral (neither harm nor benefit) to one of the species or both. Types of ecological interaction are as follow- A) Positive interaction 1. Mutualism -In mutualism both species are Benefitted: This interaction confers benefits on both the interacting species. Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship between a fungus and photosynthesizing algae or cyanobacteria. Similarly, the mycorrhizae are associations between fungi and the roots of higher plants. The fungi help the plant in the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil while the plant, in turn, provides the fungi with energy-yielding carbohydrates. 2 . Symbiosis -Symbiosis is a form of mutualism. In symbiosis, there is compulsoryMutualism.both species are benefitted and both species cannot survive without each other for example Rhizobiumand legume 3 Protocooperation is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need to interact with each other - they interact purely for the gain that they receive from doing this. It is not at all necessary for protocooperation to occur; growth and survival are possible in the absence of the interaction. for example Hermit crab and Sea Anemone 4. Commensalism , a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains Food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter. The commensal—the species that benefits from the association—may obtain Nutrients, shelter, support, or Locomotion from the host species, which is unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal. The host organism is essentially unchanged by the interaction, whereas the commensal species may show great morphological Adaptation. This relationship can be contrasted with Mutualism, in which both species benefit. One of the best-known examples of a commensal is the Remora (family Echineidae) that rides attached to Sharks and other Fishes. Remoras have evolved on the top of their heads a flat oval sucking disk structure that adheres to the bodies of their hosts. Both remoras and Pilot feed on the leftovers of their hosts’ meals. Other examples of commensals include Birds species, such as the great egret ( Ardea alba ), that feed on insects turned up by grazing mammals or on Soil organisms stirred up by plowing. Various biting Lice, fleas, and Louse flies are commensals in that they feed harmlessly on the Feathers of birds and on sloughed-off flakes of skin from mammals B) Negative interaction 5 . Predation , in Animal behavior, the pursuit, capture, and killing of animals for food. Predatory animals may be solitary hunters, like the Leopard, or they may be group hunters, like wolves. 6 . Amensalism -Amensalism is biotic interaction in which one species is harmed other is unaffected.An example is a Black walnut ( Juglans nigra ), which secretes juglone, a substance that destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. 7. Competition -In competition, both species get harmfully impacted. Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its ‘r’ the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species. Totally unrelated species could also compete for the same resource. For instance, in some shallow South American lakes visiting flamingoes and resident fishes compete for their common food, the zooplankton in the lake. Secondly, resources need not be limiting for competition to occur; in interference competition, the feeding efficiency of one species might be reduced due to the interfering and inhibitory presence of the other species, even if resources (food and space) are abundant. 8 . Parasitism : It"s a Biotic interaction where one species get harmed other gets benefitted. Parasites that feed on the external surface of the host organism are called ectoparasites. The most familiar examples of this group are the lice on humans and ticks on dogs. Many marine fish are infested with ectoparasitic copepods. Cuscuta, a parasitic plant that is commonly found growing on hedge plants, has lost its chlorophyll and leaves in the course of evolution. It derives its nutrition from the host plant which it parasitizes. Endoparasites are those that live inside the host body at different sites (liver, kidney, lungs, red blood cells, etc.). The life cycles of endoparasites are more complex because of their extreme specialization. Their morphological and anatomical features are greatly simplified while emphasizing their reproductive potential.
74,077
What do you understand by Capital and Capital formation? In this context, discuss economic or physical capital, human capital, and social capital. (150 words; 10 Marks)
Approach: 1. Introduction: Define Capital. 2. Body: Discuss the types of capital and Gross capital formation Model Answer: Capital refers to anything which creates sources of income or Capital refers to anything that can be used for productive purposes by a firm or individual. Types of Capital: 1. Physical/Economic capital: This refers to all those resources with given economic value. Economic capital may also take the form of cash or assets like real estate, commodities, equipment, vehicles, and so forth which may be disposed of for cash in the market. 2. Human capital: This is about a skilled, healthy labor force with the will to work. Human capital refers to the skills and abilities a company"s employees bring to the operation. 3. Social capital: Refers to trust in each other between individuals and communities creating sources of income like SHGs, cooperatives, etc. Thus, Social capital is the value of the content of the relational ties between people and not a product of the members of the network in and of itself. Capital formation: Capital formation is a term used to describe the net capital accumulation during an accounting period for a particular country.The term refers to additions of capital goods, such as equipment, tools, transportation assets, and electricity. The real growth prospects of any economy can be better understood by looking at fixed asset formations working in the capacity of capital can be called fixed capital formation as well. So, not a surprise any country"s growth prospects are gauged by looking at the gross fixed capital formation. According to UNSNA, any country"s fixed capital formation should be calculated in the following three variables: Whatever construction has happened. How much machinery, livestock and such like fixed assets are made. How much of the valuable items have been added. While calculating fixed assets, the defense structure and defense machinery should not be calculated. However, if residential complexes are made for Defense personnel, that will be calculated. On an average basis, India"s fixed capital formation hovers around 35%. For 2020-21, it was 29%. All these data are collected and published by MoSPI
##Question:What do you understand by Capital and Capital formation? In this context, discuss economic or physical capital, human capital, and social capital. (150 words; 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Define Capital. 2. Body: Discuss the types of capital and Gross capital formation Model Answer: Capital refers to anything which creates sources of income or Capital refers to anything that can be used for productive purposes by a firm or individual. Types of Capital: 1. Physical/Economic capital: This refers to all those resources with given economic value. Economic capital may also take the form of cash or assets like real estate, commodities, equipment, vehicles, and so forth which may be disposed of for cash in the market. 2. Human capital: This is about a skilled, healthy labor force with the will to work. Human capital refers to the skills and abilities a company"s employees bring to the operation. 3. Social capital: Refers to trust in each other between individuals and communities creating sources of income like SHGs, cooperatives, etc. Thus, Social capital is the value of the content of the relational ties between people and not a product of the members of the network in and of itself. Capital formation: Capital formation is a term used to describe the net capital accumulation during an accounting period for a particular country.The term refers to additions of capital goods, such as equipment, tools, transportation assets, and electricity. The real growth prospects of any economy can be better understood by looking at fixed asset formations working in the capacity of capital can be called fixed capital formation as well. So, not a surprise any country"s growth prospects are gauged by looking at the gross fixed capital formation. According to UNSNA, any country"s fixed capital formation should be calculated in the following three variables: Whatever construction has happened. How much machinery, livestock and such like fixed assets are made. How much of the valuable items have been added. While calculating fixed assets, the defense structure and defense machinery should not be calculated. However, if residential complexes are made for Defense personnel, that will be calculated. On an average basis, India"s fixed capital formation hovers around 35%. For 2020-21, it was 29%. All these data are collected and published by MoSPI
74,107
All India Services play a crucial unifying role in the whole administrative system of the country. Examine? (10 marks/150 words)
Approach : Introduce an answer by describing the importance of All India Services in brief. Explain the role of All India Services in unifying India. Answer : "The All-India Services of Government of India is part of the Civil Services which makes the permanent bureaucracy of the country. Often considered to be the backbone of the Indian administrative setup, the All India Services includes three components i.e., IAS (Indian Administrative Service), IPS (Indian Police Service) and IFoS (Indian Forest Service). All India Services play a crucial unifying role in the whole administrative system of the country in the following manner : 1. Uniform Appointment - The officers in AIS are appointed by a competitive exam at the National level, thus, leading to uniformity across India. 2. Rotation between Centre and States - The All-India Services are jointly controlled and managed by the Centre and the States. A system of rotation enables the civil servants to work successively in the state of their allotment and at the central level in New Delhi. Thus, developing a link between the Centre and States, this, in turn, strengthens our cooperative federalism 3. Appointed at various levels - All India Services like IAS, IPS and IFS are all deployed along the administrative chain, from the basic district level administration to the highest levels like cabinet secretaries and departmental heads. This ensures that any issues faced by the country are understood at the level of its origin with all facets, issues and problems being evaluated by taking into account the concerns of all parts and parties involved. 4. Efficient Administration - Dr Ambedkar emphasised the contribution such a Service could make in bringing about greater efficiency in the administration of the Union as well as the States 5. Uniformity in administration and implementation of government programmes - The AIS provides the platform for the central government to plan and implement its programmes n pan-India basis. As the AIS officers are the lynchpin of the administration in the states, the centre can implement its policies uniformly. 6. Representative character - The candidates from all over India belonging to various castes, religions, races etc. have equal opportunity to compete in the exam. Also, there is a reservation for the various backward communities, thus, making it representative of the diversity of India. Criticism of the All India Services 1) Disproportionate Representation There are several structural problems that have crept up in the administrative services, such as disproportionate representation. R K Barik’s 2004 article, studied recruitment patterns to reveal a distinct upper class, urban bias. 2) The administrative machinery has grown defunct over the years - The bureaucratic machinery was no longer serving its purpose because of a severe lapse in discipline and ethics. 3) Severely limited personal liberties of civil service officers Under the Central Civil Services (CCS) (Conduct) Rules, 1964, fundamental rights available to citizens of the country are sometimes denied to officers serving in the cadre. For instance, Rule 9 prohibits any public servant to publish “in his own name or anonymously or pseudonymously or in the name of any other person” any “statement of fact or opinion which has the effect of an adverse criticism of any current or recent policy or action of the Central Government or a State Government.” 4) In the Indian context of a highly heterogeneous and divided society, where the social, religious or regional sense of belonging is sometimes extremely strong and exclusive, ‘active representativeness’ of the bureaucracy might be a threat to rather than a tool of national unity. The summing up of the multitude of special interests seeking effective representation in the bureaucracy does not constitute the general interest. The different private interest groups within the administration are often conflicting and their strengths vastly unequal. The effectiveness of the IAS as a binding force of the nation is thus not only related to its representativeness, but also to its inner cohesion. IAS officers like to portray themselves as a ‘new caste’ characterised by a strong esprit de corps and horizontal solidarity, but how far is this claim upheld in practice B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Constitution - Drafting Committee, said: “It is recognised that in every country there are certain- posts in its administrative getup which might be called strategic from the point of view of maintaining the standard of administration. There can be no doubt that the standard of administration depends upon the calibre of the civil servants who are appointed to these posts . . . The Constitution provides that, there shall be All India Services, the members of which alone could be appointed to these strategic posts throughout the Union."
##Question:All India Services play a crucial unifying role in the whole administrative system of the country. Examine? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce an answer by describing the importance of All India Services in brief. Explain the role of All India Services in unifying India. Answer : "The All-India Services of Government of India is part of the Civil Services which makes the permanent bureaucracy of the country. Often considered to be the backbone of the Indian administrative setup, the All India Services includes three components i.e., IAS (Indian Administrative Service), IPS (Indian Police Service) and IFoS (Indian Forest Service). All India Services play a crucial unifying role in the whole administrative system of the country in the following manner : 1. Uniform Appointment - The officers in AIS are appointed by a competitive exam at the National level, thus, leading to uniformity across India. 2. Rotation between Centre and States - The All-India Services are jointly controlled and managed by the Centre and the States. A system of rotation enables the civil servants to work successively in the state of their allotment and at the central level in New Delhi. Thus, developing a link between the Centre and States, this, in turn, strengthens our cooperative federalism 3. Appointed at various levels - All India Services like IAS, IPS and IFS are all deployed along the administrative chain, from the basic district level administration to the highest levels like cabinet secretaries and departmental heads. This ensures that any issues faced by the country are understood at the level of its origin with all facets, issues and problems being evaluated by taking into account the concerns of all parts and parties involved. 4. Efficient Administration - Dr Ambedkar emphasised the contribution such a Service could make in bringing about greater efficiency in the administration of the Union as well as the States 5. Uniformity in administration and implementation of government programmes - The AIS provides the platform for the central government to plan and implement its programmes n pan-India basis. As the AIS officers are the lynchpin of the administration in the states, the centre can implement its policies uniformly. 6. Representative character - The candidates from all over India belonging to various castes, religions, races etc. have equal opportunity to compete in the exam. Also, there is a reservation for the various backward communities, thus, making it representative of the diversity of India. Criticism of the All India Services 1) Disproportionate Representation There are several structural problems that have crept up in the administrative services, such as disproportionate representation. R K Barik’s 2004 article, studied recruitment patterns to reveal a distinct upper class, urban bias. 2) The administrative machinery has grown defunct over the years - The bureaucratic machinery was no longer serving its purpose because of a severe lapse in discipline and ethics. 3) Severely limited personal liberties of civil service officers Under the Central Civil Services (CCS) (Conduct) Rules, 1964, fundamental rights available to citizens of the country are sometimes denied to officers serving in the cadre. For instance, Rule 9 prohibits any public servant to publish “in his own name or anonymously or pseudonymously or in the name of any other person” any “statement of fact or opinion which has the effect of an adverse criticism of any current or recent policy or action of the Central Government or a State Government.” 4) In the Indian context of a highly heterogeneous and divided society, where the social, religious or regional sense of belonging is sometimes extremely strong and exclusive, ‘active representativeness’ of the bureaucracy might be a threat to rather than a tool of national unity. The summing up of the multitude of special interests seeking effective representation in the bureaucracy does not constitute the general interest. The different private interest groups within the administration are often conflicting and their strengths vastly unequal. The effectiveness of the IAS as a binding force of the nation is thus not only related to its representativeness, but also to its inner cohesion. IAS officers like to portray themselves as a ‘new caste’ characterised by a strong esprit de corps and horizontal solidarity, but how far is this claim upheld in practice B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Constitution - Drafting Committee, said: “It is recognised that in every country there are certain- posts in its administrative getup which might be called strategic from the point of view of maintaining the standard of administration. There can be no doubt that the standard of administration depends upon the calibre of the civil servants who are appointed to these posts . . . The Constitution provides that, there shall be All India Services, the members of which alone could be appointed to these strategic posts throughout the Union."
74,113
What do you understand by an "ecosystem"? Explain the different components and types of the ecosystem. (10 marks/150 words).
Approach: Write about the ecosystem in the introduction. Cover points on different components of the ecosystem. Explain the different types of the ecosystem. Conclusion. Answer: An ecosystem is the interaction of many communities with abiotic components. It is a basic unit of the environment. The term ecology was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term "Oekologie" to the “relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment.” In 1935, Arther G Tansley defined the "Ecosystem" as "An ecosystem is a functioning and interacting system composed of one or more living organisms & their effective environment in a biological, chemical and physical sense and is a concept applicable by any scale ranging from the planet earth as an ecosystem down to the smallest patch of lichens & mosses on a rock surface". Different components of the ecosystem: a. Biotic components: Eg: plants, animals, etc. b. Abiotic components: Eg: lithosphere (soil, minerals, pH, etc), atmosphere (gases, winds, temperature, etc) and the hydrosphere (ocean, freshwater, surface water, groundwater, water vapour, etc). Different types of the ecosystem: Terrestrial ecosystem: Land-based ecosystem. Examples: Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem, Very harsh climatic conditions etc. Aquatic ecosystem: Marine ecosystem (larger body of oceanic or seawater having similar ecosystem: biotic & abiotic components). Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in a body of water. Types of Water: Freshwater, Brackish water, Saline water, Brine water, Based on the movement of the water: Lentic water (that is standing water), and Lotic water (It means flowing water). Transition Ecosystem: The transition ecosystem is also called "Ecotone" and "Ecocline". Ecotone: Ecotone is defined as a transition zone between two biomes. An ecotone will consist of species possessing characteristics common to borderline ecosystems. The two borderline ecosystems of an ecotone are generally homogenous. Ecocline: It is defined as the physiochemical gradient of a characteristic or a trait of a species across a specific geographical range. It deals with traits such as pH variation, salinity variation, water density variation and chemical variation. These variations cause a continuous gradual drift in character. Thus, an ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
##Question:What do you understand by an "ecosystem"? Explain the different components and types of the ecosystem. (10 marks/150 words).##Answer:Approach: Write about the ecosystem in the introduction. Cover points on different components of the ecosystem. Explain the different types of the ecosystem. Conclusion. Answer: An ecosystem is the interaction of many communities with abiotic components. It is a basic unit of the environment. The term ecology was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term "Oekologie" to the “relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment.” In 1935, Arther G Tansley defined the "Ecosystem" as "An ecosystem is a functioning and interacting system composed of one or more living organisms & their effective environment in a biological, chemical and physical sense and is a concept applicable by any scale ranging from the planet earth as an ecosystem down to the smallest patch of lichens & mosses on a rock surface". Different components of the ecosystem: a. Biotic components: Eg: plants, animals, etc. b. Abiotic components: Eg: lithosphere (soil, minerals, pH, etc), atmosphere (gases, winds, temperature, etc) and the hydrosphere (ocean, freshwater, surface water, groundwater, water vapour, etc). Different types of the ecosystem: Terrestrial ecosystem: Land-based ecosystem. Examples: Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem, Very harsh climatic conditions etc. Aquatic ecosystem: Marine ecosystem (larger body of oceanic or seawater having similar ecosystem: biotic & abiotic components). Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in a body of water. Types of Water: Freshwater, Brackish water, Saline water, Brine water, Based on the movement of the water: Lentic water (that is standing water), and Lotic water (It means flowing water). Transition Ecosystem: The transition ecosystem is also called "Ecotone" and "Ecocline". Ecotone: Ecotone is defined as a transition zone between two biomes. An ecotone will consist of species possessing characteristics common to borderline ecosystems. The two borderline ecosystems of an ecotone are generally homogenous. Ecocline: It is defined as the physiochemical gradient of a characteristic or a trait of a species across a specific geographical range. It deals with traits such as pH variation, salinity variation, water density variation and chemical variation. These variations cause a continuous gradual drift in character. Thus, an ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
74,120
What do you understand by an "ecosystem"? Explain the different components and types of the ecosystem. (10 marks/150 words).
Approach: Write about the ecosystem in the introduction. Cover points on different components of the ecosystem. Explain the different types of the ecosystem. Conclusion. Answer : An ecosystem is the interaction of many communities with abiotic components. It is a basic unit of the environment. The term ecology was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term " Oekologie" to the “relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment.” In 1935, Arther G Tansley defined the "Ecosystem" as "An ecosystem is a functioning and interacting system composed of one or more living organisms & their effective environment in a biological, chemical and physical sense and is a concept applicable by any scale ranging from the planet earth as an ecosystem down to the smallest patch of lichens & mosses on a rock surface". Different components of the ecosystem: a. Biotic components : Eg: plants, animals, etc. b. Abiotic components: Eg: lithosphere (soil, minerals, pH, etc), atmosphere (gases, winds, temperature, etc) and the hydrosphere (ocean, freshwater, surface water, groundwater, water vapour, etc). Different types of the ecosystem: Terrestrial ecosystem: Land-based ecosystem. Examples: Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem, Very harsh climatic conditions etc. Aquatic ecosystem: Marine ecosystem (larger body of oceanic or seawater having similar ecosystem: biotic & abiotic components). Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in a body of water. Types of Water: Freshwater, Brackish water, Saline water, Brine water, Based on the movement of the water: Lentic water (that is standing water), and Lotic water (It means flowing water). Transition Ecosystem: The transition ecosystem is also called "Ecotone" and "Ecocline". Ecotone: Ecotone is defined as a transition zone between two biomes. An ecotone will consist of species possessing characteristics common to borderline ecosystems. The two borderline ecosystems of an ecotone are generally homogenous. Ecocline: It is defined as the physiochemical gradient of a characteristic or a trait of a species across a specific geographical range. It deals with traits such as pH variation, salinity variation, water density variation and chemical variation. These variations cause a continuous gradual drift in character. Thus, an ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
##Question:What do you understand by an "ecosystem"? Explain the different components and types of the ecosystem. (10 marks/150 words).##Answer:Approach: Write about the ecosystem in the introduction. Cover points on different components of the ecosystem. Explain the different types of the ecosystem. Conclusion. Answer : An ecosystem is the interaction of many communities with abiotic components. It is a basic unit of the environment. The term ecology was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term " Oekologie" to the “relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment.” In 1935, Arther G Tansley defined the "Ecosystem" as "An ecosystem is a functioning and interacting system composed of one or more living organisms & their effective environment in a biological, chemical and physical sense and is a concept applicable by any scale ranging from the planet earth as an ecosystem down to the smallest patch of lichens & mosses on a rock surface". Different components of the ecosystem: a. Biotic components : Eg: plants, animals, etc. b. Abiotic components: Eg: lithosphere (soil, minerals, pH, etc), atmosphere (gases, winds, temperature, etc) and the hydrosphere (ocean, freshwater, surface water, groundwater, water vapour, etc). Different types of the ecosystem: Terrestrial ecosystem: Land-based ecosystem. Examples: Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem, Very harsh climatic conditions etc. Aquatic ecosystem: Marine ecosystem (larger body of oceanic or seawater having similar ecosystem: biotic & abiotic components). Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in a body of water. Types of Water: Freshwater, Brackish water, Saline water, Brine water, Based on the movement of the water: Lentic water (that is standing water), and Lotic water (It means flowing water). Transition Ecosystem: The transition ecosystem is also called "Ecotone" and "Ecocline". Ecotone: Ecotone is defined as a transition zone between two biomes. An ecotone will consist of species possessing characteristics common to borderline ecosystems. The two borderline ecosystems of an ecotone are generally homogenous. Ecocline: It is defined as the physiochemical gradient of a characteristic or a trait of a species across a specific geographical range. It deals with traits such as pH variation, salinity variation, water density variation and chemical variation. These variations cause a continuous gradual drift in character. Thus, an ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
74,121
What do you understand by Parliamentary Committees? Why Parliamentary Committees are needed in the House? Describe the role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach : Introduction: Defining the parliamentary committee in a brief manner Main Body: Need of the Parliamentary committees in the house Role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer : Parliamentary Committees means such committees of the House which have been appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the Speaker/Chairman. No specific provision has been made in the Constitution regarding Parliamentary Committees but it is constituted under the rules made by both the Houses under Article 118(i). On the basis of nature, there are two types of Parliamentary Committees – Standing Committees and Ad-hoc Committees. A significant feature of the Indian legislative process is the appointment of Parliamentary committees for various legislative purposes. Parliamentary committees play a vital role in increasing the efficiency and the expertise of parliament in the following manner: In-depth study of the issue under consideration: Since the Parliament has very limited time at its disposal, committees are able to give more attention and time to a particular issue. Performing important functions like studying the demands for grants made by various ministries, looking into expenditure incurred by various departments, investigating cases of corruption, etc. Effective Supervision: Departmentally related standing committees supervise the work of various departments, their budget, their expenditure, and bills Reducing the burden on the Parliament: Joint Parliamentary Committees (JPCs) can be set up for the purpose of discussing a particular bill or for the purpose of investigating financial irregularities etc. Ironing out ideological and party differences- Committees provide a forum to build consensus across party lines, help develop expertise in subjects and enable consultation with independent experts and stakeholders, thus streamlining the decision-making process. The role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive: Public Accounts Committee - Parliamentary oversight on the finances of the government has been made possible through the Public Accounts Committee. The main function of the Public Accounts The committee is to examine the audit report submitted by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, from which it reveals unauthorized expenditure by the executive or activities related to expenditure in excess of the sanctioned limits. Committee on Government Undertakings- Control over the concerned departments and undertakings is established by examining the reports and accounts of the specified government undertakings by the Committee on Government Undertakings. It looks at whether the public sector undertakings are operating in accordance with proper business principles and prudent commercial objectives. Parliamentary oversight is maintained over the administration through the Department-related Standing Committees. It considers the Demands for Grants of the concerned Ministry/Department and inspects the Bills. The Estimates Committee suggests alternative policies without criticizing the current policies of the government so that the goal of efficiency and economy can be achieved. The committee sees whether the money that the government is spending for the above purpose is actually within the prescribed limit. Way Forward: Following measures will strengthen it further and aid it in effectively checking the wrongdoings on the part of the Executive: The time limit should be fixed for government departments to submit Action Taken Report. Sufficient technical assistance should be provided to them through Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha Secretariats. Testimony of witnesses should be made public either by telecasting it or allowing the Press or by making the transcript of testimony public. Minutes of the meetings should be made public.
##Question:What do you understand by Parliamentary Committees? Why Parliamentary Committees are needed in the House? Describe the role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction: Defining the parliamentary committee in a brief manner Main Body: Need of the Parliamentary committees in the house Role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer : Parliamentary Committees means such committees of the House which have been appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the Speaker/Chairman. No specific provision has been made in the Constitution regarding Parliamentary Committees but it is constituted under the rules made by both the Houses under Article 118(i). On the basis of nature, there are two types of Parliamentary Committees – Standing Committees and Ad-hoc Committees. A significant feature of the Indian legislative process is the appointment of Parliamentary committees for various legislative purposes. Parliamentary committees play a vital role in increasing the efficiency and the expertise of parliament in the following manner: In-depth study of the issue under consideration: Since the Parliament has very limited time at its disposal, committees are able to give more attention and time to a particular issue. Performing important functions like studying the demands for grants made by various ministries, looking into expenditure incurred by various departments, investigating cases of corruption, etc. Effective Supervision: Departmentally related standing committees supervise the work of various departments, their budget, their expenditure, and bills Reducing the burden on the Parliament: Joint Parliamentary Committees (JPCs) can be set up for the purpose of discussing a particular bill or for the purpose of investigating financial irregularities etc. Ironing out ideological and party differences- Committees provide a forum to build consensus across party lines, help develop expertise in subjects and enable consultation with independent experts and stakeholders, thus streamlining the decision-making process. The role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive: Public Accounts Committee - Parliamentary oversight on the finances of the government has been made possible through the Public Accounts Committee. The main function of the Public Accounts The committee is to examine the audit report submitted by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, from which it reveals unauthorized expenditure by the executive or activities related to expenditure in excess of the sanctioned limits. Committee on Government Undertakings- Control over the concerned departments and undertakings is established by examining the reports and accounts of the specified government undertakings by the Committee on Government Undertakings. It looks at whether the public sector undertakings are operating in accordance with proper business principles and prudent commercial objectives. Parliamentary oversight is maintained over the administration through the Department-related Standing Committees. It considers the Demands for Grants of the concerned Ministry/Department and inspects the Bills. The Estimates Committee suggests alternative policies without criticizing the current policies of the government so that the goal of efficiency and economy can be achieved. The committee sees whether the money that the government is spending for the above purpose is actually within the prescribed limit. Way Forward: Following measures will strengthen it further and aid it in effectively checking the wrongdoings on the part of the Executive: The time limit should be fixed for government departments to submit Action Taken Report. Sufficient technical assistance should be provided to them through Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha Secretariats. Testimony of witnesses should be made public either by telecasting it or allowing the Press or by making the transcript of testimony public. Minutes of the meetings should be made public.
74,131
Discuss the effects of inflation on investment, governement, and taxpayers with suitable examples in an economy. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: Briefly write about inflation and its effects on different segments of the economy. Discuss the effects of inflation on investments. Discuss the effects of inflation on government, and taxpayers. Conclusion. Answer: Inflation (rate of increase in prices over a given period of time) erodes the value of money over time. Erosion in value is because the amount of goods that money can buy at present is more than what it can buy in future as the goods become expensive due to inflation. It affects various segments like borrowers and lenders, savings & investment, government, taxpayers, etc of an economy. Effects of inflation on investments: An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income or appreciation. A business takes investment decisions when they expect that their present capacity may not be sufficient to meet the expected demand in future. Investment decisions can be broken down to be dependent upon two types of factors. a. Rational & objectively measurable that is the interest rate. b. Subjective expectations from the future. Eg: growth rate of the economy, incomes, expected demand, future interest rates, etc. It can be argued that when interests are high lesser number of businesses will expect to generate a positive, desirable return on their investment. When interest rates are low, more businesses will expect to generate a desirable return in future. Therefore, investment is inversely related to interest rate keeping other factors constant. Investment can also be encouraged to some extent through inflation as businesses expect to reap more benefits from their products due to higher prices. Whether investment will be encouraged or discouraged due to inflation depends upon whether inflation will lead to a rise in interest rates or not. If inflation is within the tolerance range, it may not cause an increase in interests and therefore may even encourage investment. If interest rates rise then the investment will be discouraged. Effects on Inflation on government and taxpayers: To understand the effect of inflation on taxes we look at the phenomenon of the fiscal drag. Inflation leads to people negotiating higher wages to shield themselves from the effects of inflation. They would desire an increment that is at least equal to the rate of inflation. However, when their incomes increase, some proportion of it goes to the government as taxes. Since the tax rate is almost always greater than the rate of inflation therefore from the increased income more proportion will be appropriated by the government in form of taxes as compared to the increase in the disposable income. This is even more pronounced for those households which enter a higher tax bracket due to progressive taxation. Therefore, the increase in disposable income is not sufficient to shield from the effects of inflation despite a rise in income by a factor of the rate of inflation. The government collects more taxes without any change in the taxation policy. Inflation, thus, acts as a tax on the salaried. This phenomenon is fiscal drag and it is usually referred to as an automatic stabilizer. Due to an increase in tax outgo households realise that an increase in income is insufficient and therefore they ultimately cut down their consumption. This causes demand to subside and therefore the prices cool down. Conclusion : Consumers are worse off due to the rise in prices as their total expenditure outgo increases. Producers favour higher prices as they can earn more profits, and also there is an incentive for producing more. The interest of producers and consumers are reconciled when the rate of inflation is low and stable. At such a rate consumers do not reduce their consumption i.e. they tolerate the rise in prices.
##Question:Discuss the effects of inflation on investment, governement, and taxpayers with suitable examples in an economy. (10 marks/150 words) ##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about inflation and its effects on different segments of the economy. Discuss the effects of inflation on investments. Discuss the effects of inflation on government, and taxpayers. Conclusion. Answer: Inflation (rate of increase in prices over a given period of time) erodes the value of money over time. Erosion in value is because the amount of goods that money can buy at present is more than what it can buy in future as the goods become expensive due to inflation. It affects various segments like borrowers and lenders, savings & investment, government, taxpayers, etc of an economy. Effects of inflation on investments: An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income or appreciation. A business takes investment decisions when they expect that their present capacity may not be sufficient to meet the expected demand in future. Investment decisions can be broken down to be dependent upon two types of factors. a. Rational & objectively measurable that is the interest rate. b. Subjective expectations from the future. Eg: growth rate of the economy, incomes, expected demand, future interest rates, etc. It can be argued that when interests are high lesser number of businesses will expect to generate a positive, desirable return on their investment. When interest rates are low, more businesses will expect to generate a desirable return in future. Therefore, investment is inversely related to interest rate keeping other factors constant. Investment can also be encouraged to some extent through inflation as businesses expect to reap more benefits from their products due to higher prices. Whether investment will be encouraged or discouraged due to inflation depends upon whether inflation will lead to a rise in interest rates or not. If inflation is within the tolerance range, it may not cause an increase in interests and therefore may even encourage investment. If interest rates rise then the investment will be discouraged. Effects on Inflation on government and taxpayers: To understand the effect of inflation on taxes we look at the phenomenon of the fiscal drag. Inflation leads to people negotiating higher wages to shield themselves from the effects of inflation. They would desire an increment that is at least equal to the rate of inflation. However, when their incomes increase, some proportion of it goes to the government as taxes. Since the tax rate is almost always greater than the rate of inflation therefore from the increased income more proportion will be appropriated by the government in form of taxes as compared to the increase in the disposable income. This is even more pronounced for those households which enter a higher tax bracket due to progressive taxation. Therefore, the increase in disposable income is not sufficient to shield from the effects of inflation despite a rise in income by a factor of the rate of inflation. The government collects more taxes without any change in the taxation policy. Inflation, thus, acts as a tax on the salaried. This phenomenon is fiscal drag and it is usually referred to as an automatic stabilizer. Due to an increase in tax outgo households realise that an increase in income is insufficient and therefore they ultimately cut down their consumption. This causes demand to subside and therefore the prices cool down. Conclusion : Consumers are worse off due to the rise in prices as their total expenditure outgo increases. Producers favour higher prices as they can earn more profits, and also there is an incentive for producing more. The interest of producers and consumers are reconciled when the rate of inflation is low and stable. At such a rate consumers do not reduce their consumption i.e. they tolerate the rise in prices.
74,137
Discuss the effects of inflation on investment, government, and taxpayers with suitable examples in an economy. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: Briefly write about inflation and its effects on different segments of the economy. Discuss the effects of inflation on investments. Discuss the effects of inflation on government, and taxpayers. Conclusion. Answer: Inflation (rate of increase in prices over a given period of time) erodes the value of money over time. Erosion in value is because the amount of goods that money can buy at present is more than what it can buy in future as the goods become expensive due to inflation. It affects various segments like borrowers and lenders, savings & investment, government, taxpayers, etc of an economy. Effects of inflation on investments: An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income or appreciation. A business takes investment decisions when they expect that their present capacity may not be sufficient to meet the expected demand in future. Investment decisions can be broken down to be dependent upon two types of factors. a. Rational & objectively measurable that is the interest rate. b. Subjective expectations from the future. Eg: growth rate of the economy, incomes, expected demand, future interest rates, etc. It can be argued that when interests are high lesser number of businesses will expect to generate a positive, desirable return on their investment. When interest’s rates are low, more businesses will expect to generate a desirable return in future. Therefore, investment is i nversely related to interest rate keeping other factors constant. Investment can also be encouraged to some extent through inflation as businesses expect to reap more benefits from their products due to higher prices. Whether investment will be encouraged or discouraged due to inflation depends upon whether inflation will lead to a rise in interest rates or not. If inflation is within the tolerance range, it may not cause an increase in interests and therefore may even encourage investment. If interest rates rise then the investment will be discouraged. Effects on Inflation on government and taxpayers: To understand the effect of inflation on taxes we look at the phenomenon of the fiscal drag. Inflation leads to people negotiating higher wages to shield themselves from the effects of inflation. They would desire an increment that is at least equal to the rate of inflation. However, when their incomes increase, some proportion of it goes to the government as taxes. Since the tax rate is almost always greater than the rate of inflation therefore from the increased income more proportion will be appropriated by the government in form of taxes as compared to the increase in the disposable income. This is even more pronounced for those households which enter a higher tax bracket due to progressive taxation . Therefore, the increase in disposable income is not sufficient to shield from the effects of inflation despite a rise in income by a factor of the rate of inflation. The government collects more taxes without any change in the taxation policy. Inflation, thus, acts as a tax on the salaried. This phenomenon is fiscal drag and it is usually referred to as an automatic stabilizer. Due to an increase in tax outgo households realise that an increase in income is insufficient and therefore they ultimately cut down their consumption. This causes demand to subside and therefore the prices cool down.
##Question:Discuss the effects of inflation on investment, government, and taxpayers with suitable examples in an economy. (10 marks/150 words) ##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about inflation and its effects on different segments of the economy. Discuss the effects of inflation on investments. Discuss the effects of inflation on government, and taxpayers. Conclusion. Answer: Inflation (rate of increase in prices over a given period of time) erodes the value of money over time. Erosion in value is because the amount of goods that money can buy at present is more than what it can buy in future as the goods become expensive due to inflation. It affects various segments like borrowers and lenders, savings & investment, government, taxpayers, etc of an economy. Effects of inflation on investments: An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income or appreciation. A business takes investment decisions when they expect that their present capacity may not be sufficient to meet the expected demand in future. Investment decisions can be broken down to be dependent upon two types of factors. a. Rational & objectively measurable that is the interest rate. b. Subjective expectations from the future. Eg: growth rate of the economy, incomes, expected demand, future interest rates, etc. It can be argued that when interests are high lesser number of businesses will expect to generate a positive, desirable return on their investment. When interest’s rates are low, more businesses will expect to generate a desirable return in future. Therefore, investment is i nversely related to interest rate keeping other factors constant. Investment can also be encouraged to some extent through inflation as businesses expect to reap more benefits from their products due to higher prices. Whether investment will be encouraged or discouraged due to inflation depends upon whether inflation will lead to a rise in interest rates or not. If inflation is within the tolerance range, it may not cause an increase in interests and therefore may even encourage investment. If interest rates rise then the investment will be discouraged. Effects on Inflation on government and taxpayers: To understand the effect of inflation on taxes we look at the phenomenon of the fiscal drag. Inflation leads to people negotiating higher wages to shield themselves from the effects of inflation. They would desire an increment that is at least equal to the rate of inflation. However, when their incomes increase, some proportion of it goes to the government as taxes. Since the tax rate is almost always greater than the rate of inflation therefore from the increased income more proportion will be appropriated by the government in form of taxes as compared to the increase in the disposable income. This is even more pronounced for those households which enter a higher tax bracket due to progressive taxation . Therefore, the increase in disposable income is not sufficient to shield from the effects of inflation despite a rise in income by a factor of the rate of inflation. The government collects more taxes without any change in the taxation policy. Inflation, thus, acts as a tax on the salaried. This phenomenon is fiscal drag and it is usually referred to as an automatic stabilizer. Due to an increase in tax outgo households realise that an increase in income is insufficient and therefore they ultimately cut down their consumption. This causes demand to subside and therefore the prices cool down.
74,138
Discuss the effects of inflation on investment, government, and taxpayers with suitable examples in an economy. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: Briefly write about inflation and its effects on different segments of the economy. Discuss the effects of inflation on investments. Discuss the effects of inflation on government, and taxpayers. Conclusion. Answer: Inflation (rate of increase in prices over a given period of time) erodes the value of money over time. Erosion in value is because the amount of goods that money can buy at present is more than what it can buy in future as the goods become expensive due to inflation. It affects various segments like borrowers and lenders, savings & investment, government, taxpayers, etc of an economy. Effects of inflation on investments: An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income or appreciation. A business takes investment decisions when they expect that their present capacity may not be sufficient to meet the expected demand in future. Investment decisions can be broken down to be dependent upon two types of factors. a. Rational & objectively measurable that is the interest rate. b. Subjective expectations from the future. Eg: growth rate of the economy, incomes, expected demand, future interest rates, etc. It can be argued that when interests are high lesser number of businesses will expect to generate a positive, desirable return on their investment. When interest’s rates are low, more businesses will expect to generate a desirable return in future. Therefore, investment is inversely related to interest rate keeping other factors constant. Investment can also be encouraged to some extent through inflation as businesses expect to reap more benefits from their products due to higher prices. Whether investment will be encouraged or discouraged due to inflation depends upon whether inflation will lead to a rise in interest rates or not. If inflation is within the tolerance range, it may not cause an increase in interests and therefore may even encourage investment. If interest rates rise then the investment will be discouraged. Effects on Inflation on government and taxpayers: To understand the effect of inflation on taxes we look at the phenomenon of the fiscal drag. Inflation leads to people negotiating higher wages to shield themselves from the effects of inflation. They would desire an increment that is at least equal to the rate of inflation. However, when their incomes increase, some proportion of it goes to the government as taxes. Since the tax rate is almost always greater than the rate of inflation therefore from the increased income more proportion will be appropriated by the government in form of taxes as compared to the increase in the disposable income (the amount of money that a person or household has to spend or save after income taxes are deducted) for the household. This is even more pronounced for those households which enter a higher tax bracket due to progressive taxation. Therefore, the increase in disposable income is not sufficient to shield from the effects of inflation despite a rise in income by a factor of the rate of inflation. The government collects more taxes without any change in the taxation policy. Inflation, thus, acts as a tax on the salaried. This phenomenon is fiscal drag and it is usually referred to as an automatic stabilizer. Due to an increase in tax outgo households realise that an increase in income is insufficient and therefore they ultimately cut down their consumption. This causes demand to subside and therefore the prices cool down.
##Question:Discuss the effects of inflation on investment, government, and taxpayers with suitable examples in an economy. (10 marks/150 words) ##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about inflation and its effects on different segments of the economy. Discuss the effects of inflation on investments. Discuss the effects of inflation on government, and taxpayers. Conclusion. Answer: Inflation (rate of increase in prices over a given period of time) erodes the value of money over time. Erosion in value is because the amount of goods that money can buy at present is more than what it can buy in future as the goods become expensive due to inflation. It affects various segments like borrowers and lenders, savings & investment, government, taxpayers, etc of an economy. Effects of inflation on investments: An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income or appreciation. A business takes investment decisions when they expect that their present capacity may not be sufficient to meet the expected demand in future. Investment decisions can be broken down to be dependent upon two types of factors. a. Rational & objectively measurable that is the interest rate. b. Subjective expectations from the future. Eg: growth rate of the economy, incomes, expected demand, future interest rates, etc. It can be argued that when interests are high lesser number of businesses will expect to generate a positive, desirable return on their investment. When interest’s rates are low, more businesses will expect to generate a desirable return in future. Therefore, investment is inversely related to interest rate keeping other factors constant. Investment can also be encouraged to some extent through inflation as businesses expect to reap more benefits from their products due to higher prices. Whether investment will be encouraged or discouraged due to inflation depends upon whether inflation will lead to a rise in interest rates or not. If inflation is within the tolerance range, it may not cause an increase in interests and therefore may even encourage investment. If interest rates rise then the investment will be discouraged. Effects on Inflation on government and taxpayers: To understand the effect of inflation on taxes we look at the phenomenon of the fiscal drag. Inflation leads to people negotiating higher wages to shield themselves from the effects of inflation. They would desire an increment that is at least equal to the rate of inflation. However, when their incomes increase, some proportion of it goes to the government as taxes. Since the tax rate is almost always greater than the rate of inflation therefore from the increased income more proportion will be appropriated by the government in form of taxes as compared to the increase in the disposable income (the amount of money that a person or household has to spend or save after income taxes are deducted) for the household. This is even more pronounced for those households which enter a higher tax bracket due to progressive taxation. Therefore, the increase in disposable income is not sufficient to shield from the effects of inflation despite a rise in income by a factor of the rate of inflation. The government collects more taxes without any change in the taxation policy. Inflation, thus, acts as a tax on the salaried. This phenomenon is fiscal drag and it is usually referred to as an automatic stabilizer. Due to an increase in tax outgo households realise that an increase in income is insufficient and therefore they ultimately cut down their consumption. This causes demand to subside and therefore the prices cool down.
74,139
Define Unemployment. Also, explain the concept of Labour Force & Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR). (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Define unemployment in brief. Explain the concept of Labour Force & Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR). Conclude highlighting the significance of Labour Force & LFPR for the economy. Answer: Unemployment is a state where a person who is willing to work is unable to find work that earns them a living. In a population there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. Concept of Labour Force: In a population, there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. The proportion of dependents over the other group is called the dependency ratio (DR). DR = Dependent Population/ The other population. DR= population below 16 & above 65 / Population between 16 to 65. Out of the total population which is of working age, not all may express a substantive desire to work. The desire expressed may be only causal or may not be expressed at all. Those who express a substantive desire to work are those who are considered Economically Active. They are the ones who are actively seeking work. This is called Labour Force. Labour Force means Economically active population i.e. those who are able to find work and those who are looking but still not able to find work (Unemployed). So, Labour Force means the Economically Active Population ie the ones who are actively seeking work. Concept of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR) is a refined measure that assesses what proportion of the population is economically active. It can be measured for any cohort (group). LFPR for the population is the Labour force in the population divided by the Total Population. For example, LFPR of graduate women= Total graduate women looking for work/ Total Population of graduate women. Unemployment Rate is the proportion of the labour force which is not working. NSSO is tasked to estimate unemployment and it does so by carrying out Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) every year. PLFS improves the accuracy of estimating unemployment by increasing the sample size and making it more diverse that is more representative of the economy. Further, the accuracy of response is improved by visiting the households in urban areas every quarter rather than just once every five years. These data published by NSSO on the unemployment rate, labour force and labour force participation help the policymakers to realign the developmental goals to focus on the areas of employment-generating sectors based on employment demands and also helps to assess the progress of the governments over the years in fighting the unemployment and securing dignified livelihood to the people and ultimately realising the demographic dividend of the country.
##Question:Define Unemployment. Also, explain the concept of Labour Force & Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR). (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Define unemployment in brief. Explain the concept of Labour Force & Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR). Conclude highlighting the significance of Labour Force & LFPR for the economy. Answer: Unemployment is a state where a person who is willing to work is unable to find work that earns them a living. In a population there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. Concept of Labour Force: In a population, there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. The proportion of dependents over the other group is called the dependency ratio (DR). DR = Dependent Population/ The other population. DR= population below 16 & above 65 / Population between 16 to 65. Out of the total population which is of working age, not all may express a substantive desire to work. The desire expressed may be only causal or may not be expressed at all. Those who express a substantive desire to work are those who are considered Economically Active. They are the ones who are actively seeking work. This is called Labour Force. Labour Force means Economically active population i.e. those who are able to find work and those who are looking but still not able to find work (Unemployed). So, Labour Force means the Economically Active Population ie the ones who are actively seeking work. Concept of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR) is a refined measure that assesses what proportion of the population is economically active. It can be measured for any cohort (group). LFPR for the population is the Labour force in the population divided by the Total Population. For example, LFPR of graduate women= Total graduate women looking for work/ Total Population of graduate women. Unemployment Rate is the proportion of the labour force which is not working. NSSO is tasked to estimate unemployment and it does so by carrying out Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) every year. PLFS improves the accuracy of estimating unemployment by increasing the sample size and making it more diverse that is more representative of the economy. Further, the accuracy of response is improved by visiting the households in urban areas every quarter rather than just once every five years. These data published by NSSO on the unemployment rate, labour force and labour force participation help the policymakers to realign the developmental goals to focus on the areas of employment-generating sectors based on employment demands and also helps to assess the progress of the governments over the years in fighting the unemployment and securing dignified livelihood to the people and ultimately realising the demographic dividend of the country.
74,154
Define Unemployment. Also, explain the concept of Labour Force & Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR). (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Define unemployment in brief. Explain the concept of Labour Force & Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR). Conclude highlighting the significance of Labour Force & LFPR for the economy. Answer: Unemployment is a state where a person who is willing to work is unable to find work that earns them a living. In a population there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. Concept of Labour Force: In a population, there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. The proportion of dependents over the other group is called the dependency ratio (DR). DR = Dependent Population/ The other population. DR= population below 16 & above 65 / Population between 16 to 65. Out of the total population which is of working age, not all may express a substantive desire to work. The desire expressed may be only causal or may not be expressed at all. Those who express a substantive desire to work are those who are considered Economically Active. They are the ones who are actively seeking work. This is called Labour Force. Labour Force means Economically active population i.e. those who are able to find work and those who are looking but still not able to find work (Unemployed). So, Labour Force means the Economically Active Population ie the ones who are actively seeking work. Concept of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR) is a refined measure that assesses what proportion of the population is economically active. It can be measured for any cohort (group). LFPR for the population is the Labour force in the population divided by the Total Population. For example, LFPR of graduate women= Total graduate women looking for work/ Total Population of graduate women. Unemployment Rate is the proportion of the labour force which is not working. NSSO is tasked to estimate unemployment and it does so by carrying out Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) every year. PLFS improves the accuracy of estimating unemployment by increasing the sample size and making it more diverse that is more representative of the economy. Further, the accuracy of response is improved by visiting the households in urban areas every quarter rather than just once every five years. These data published by NSSO on the unemployment rate, labour force and labour force participation help the policymakers to realign the developmental goals to focus on the areas of employment-generating sectors based on employment demands and also helps to assess the progress of the governments over the years in fighting the unemployment and securing dignified livelihood to the people and ultimately realising the demographic dividend of the country.
##Question:Define Unemployment. Also, explain the concept of Labour Force & Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR). (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Define unemployment in brief. Explain the concept of Labour Force & Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR). Conclude highlighting the significance of Labour Force & LFPR for the economy. Answer: Unemployment is a state where a person who is willing to work is unable to find work that earns them a living. In a population there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. Concept of Labour Force: In a population, there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. The proportion of dependents over the other group is called the dependency ratio (DR). DR = Dependent Population/ The other population. DR= population below 16 & above 65 / Population between 16 to 65. Out of the total population which is of working age, not all may express a substantive desire to work. The desire expressed may be only causal or may not be expressed at all. Those who express a substantive desire to work are those who are considered Economically Active. They are the ones who are actively seeking work. This is called Labour Force. Labour Force means Economically active population i.e. those who are able to find work and those who are looking but still not able to find work (Unemployed). So, Labour Force means the Economically Active Population ie the ones who are actively seeking work. Concept of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR) is a refined measure that assesses what proportion of the population is economically active. It can be measured for any cohort (group). LFPR for the population is the Labour force in the population divided by the Total Population. For example, LFPR of graduate women= Total graduate women looking for work/ Total Population of graduate women. Unemployment Rate is the proportion of the labour force which is not working. NSSO is tasked to estimate unemployment and it does so by carrying out Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) every year. PLFS improves the accuracy of estimating unemployment by increasing the sample size and making it more diverse that is more representative of the economy. Further, the accuracy of response is improved by visiting the households in urban areas every quarter rather than just once every five years. These data published by NSSO on the unemployment rate, labour force and labour force participation help the policymakers to realign the developmental goals to focus on the areas of employment-generating sectors based on employment demands and also helps to assess the progress of the governments over the years in fighting the unemployment and securing dignified livelihood to the people and ultimately realising the demographic dividend of the country.
74,155
The Mughal emperors had an important influence on the development of architecture in India. Comment? (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach: Introduce an answer by referring to Mughal rule in India Discuss the role played by each Mughal emperor wrt Architecture Answer: Both Babur and Humayun did not have enough time to create any monumental structure in India but Babur was successful in creating two mosques one at Panipat and other at sambhal. Humayun Led the foundation of the city of Din Punah but he was not able to complete it After the death of Humayun, his wife Hamida begham and begha Begum created the mausoleum of Humayun. it was the first monumental building of Mughal and perfect unison of red sand stone and white marble. They also introduced four identical gardens known as Chahar bagh. Akbar Initially, he started construction of Redfort Agra but he did not complete it. He decided to create a separate capital complex at Fatehpur Sikri inside which many buildings were created. the complex is welcomed by a very big gateway Buland Darwaza. Tudore arch was created in Buland Darwaza which was later replicated by all the Mughal rulers. Akbar incorporated Traviata architecture in some of the buildings. for example Panch Mahal. In this building, he created hanging Rajput Balconies lental method of construction was used. example Jodha bai palace, Birbal Palace, Jahangiri Mahal, Salim Chisti"s tomb. This building was a perfect example of intricate jali work. Ibadat Khana It was a place of discussion and deliberation with the representatives of all the religions. Diwan-i-aam, Diwan-i-khas. Akbar also provided funds to create Govind Dev temple in Mathura Vrindavan Jahangir Initially jhanger created tomb of Akbar at Sikandra in Agra. He also created Moti Masjid in Lahore. He also commissioned his own tomb at dilkhusa garden in Lahore which was later completed by Shahjahan. But the major initiatives related to architecture was taken by Noor Jahan. She created tomb of her father Mirza Gyas Begh which was It-mad-ud-daulah tomb in Agra. this is the first building of Mughal which is made up of pure white marble. The heavy use of Pietra Dura technique can also be seen in this building. Noor Jahan was also instrumental in planting the Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh of Shrinagar. Shah Jahan This period was the climax of Mughal Architecture and also Indo Islamic architecture. All the features of Indo Islamic architecture were present at this point in time. for example, one can see different geometrical patterns like dado panel, Arabesque technique, petra dura, garden, water pools and fountains. Examples of buildings created by Shahjahan- he completed red fort Agra, created Redfort Delhi, Jama masjid Delhi, BadShaii mosque lahore, created the city of Shahjahanabad Aurangzeb During this period the patronage to art and architecture declined and only one mosque was created by Aurangzeb which is Moti Masjid inside Red fort Delhi. he also commissioned Bibi ka Maqbara at Aurangabad which was completed by his son Bahadur Shah Jafar.
##Question:The Mughal emperors had an important influence on the development of architecture in India. Comment? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce an answer by referring to Mughal rule in India Discuss the role played by each Mughal emperor wrt Architecture Answer: Both Babur and Humayun did not have enough time to create any monumental structure in India but Babur was successful in creating two mosques one at Panipat and other at sambhal. Humayun Led the foundation of the city of Din Punah but he was not able to complete it After the death of Humayun, his wife Hamida begham and begha Begum created the mausoleum of Humayun. it was the first monumental building of Mughal and perfect unison of red sand stone and white marble. They also introduced four identical gardens known as Chahar bagh. Akbar Initially, he started construction of Redfort Agra but he did not complete it. He decided to create a separate capital complex at Fatehpur Sikri inside which many buildings were created. the complex is welcomed by a very big gateway Buland Darwaza. Tudore arch was created in Buland Darwaza which was later replicated by all the Mughal rulers. Akbar incorporated Traviata architecture in some of the buildings. for example Panch Mahal. In this building, he created hanging Rajput Balconies lental method of construction was used. example Jodha bai palace, Birbal Palace, Jahangiri Mahal, Salim Chisti"s tomb. This building was a perfect example of intricate jali work. Ibadat Khana It was a place of discussion and deliberation with the representatives of all the religions. Diwan-i-aam, Diwan-i-khas. Akbar also provided funds to create Govind Dev temple in Mathura Vrindavan Jahangir Initially jhanger created tomb of Akbar at Sikandra in Agra. He also created Moti Masjid in Lahore. He also commissioned his own tomb at dilkhusa garden in Lahore which was later completed by Shahjahan. But the major initiatives related to architecture was taken by Noor Jahan. She created tomb of her father Mirza Gyas Begh which was It-mad-ud-daulah tomb in Agra. this is the first building of Mughal which is made up of pure white marble. The heavy use of Pietra Dura technique can also be seen in this building. Noor Jahan was also instrumental in planting the Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh of Shrinagar. Shah Jahan This period was the climax of Mughal Architecture and also Indo Islamic architecture. All the features of Indo Islamic architecture were present at this point in time. for example, one can see different geometrical patterns like dado panel, Arabesque technique, petra dura, garden, water pools and fountains. Examples of buildings created by Shahjahan- he completed red fort Agra, created Redfort Delhi, Jama masjid Delhi, BadShaii mosque lahore, created the city of Shahjahanabad Aurangzeb During this period the patronage to art and architecture declined and only one mosque was created by Aurangzeb which is Moti Masjid inside Red fort Delhi. he also commissioned Bibi ka Maqbara at Aurangabad which was completed by his son Bahadur Shah Jafar.
74,161
In the context of India-China rivalry, discuss the significance of Myanmar, and the effect of the recent military coup. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: We can start with a brief overview of the importance of Myanmar for Indian geopolitical motives. Give various fields of cooperation between the two nations. Briefly mention the February 2021 military coup which happened in Myanmar. Highlight the options and challenges that lie ahead in dealing with a military-run Myanmar, both at bilateral and global levels, in the backdrop of Chinese influence. Conclude by referring to the need of balancing idealism and realism for national interests. Answer: Unlike the relations with our western and northern neighbors, India and Myanmar share a relationship of mutual respect and non-aggression. The Treaty of Friendship (1951), Free Movement regimes across the border, and ethnic ties with some northeastern states are both determinants and results of cordial relations. Over the years, Myanmar has become an important piece of Indian Southeast Asian diplomacy as- Myanmar has been the pivot of the Indian Look-East policy and now the Act-East policy, due to both geographical and cultural reasons. Myanmar is the Indian land-bridge to ASEAN and especially the Malacca choke-point. And just like the rest of ASEAN, even Myanmar harbors apprehensions regarding Chinese influence in the region. On the domestic front, Myanmar has been instrumental against insurgency in the Northeast. Through initiatives like the Kaladan-Sittwe project, India-Myanmar-Thailand highway, etc. India seeks to counter the Chinese string of pearls strategy. On 1st February 2021, just before the meeting of the new parliament, the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw) grabbed power through a coup. All important leaders, including Aung San Suu Chi, were put under house arrest, and an emergency was imposed for 1 year. India"s response to the coup- India in 1990 was outrightly critical, but the latest response was mellow. India only condemned the violence that followed and not the Tatmadaw directly. Nor did India try to reinforce the legitimacy of the elections. India only expressed “deep concerns over the events of 1st February 2021”. Such nuanced response is similar to that of other Asian powers like China, Russia, etc. Challenges faced by India- Indian push for democracy in Myanmar is also hamstrung by the diminished international standing of Aung San Suu Chi. She even defended Tatmadaw’s actions against Rohingyas before the International Court of Justice. Tatmadaw’s inward-looking generals will be anyways less affected by the sanctions. But too stringent sanctions can push Myanmar deeper towards China. Mizoram has announced assistance to all civilians fleeing Myanmar. Some other states like Nagaland, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh-the regions of the traditional Chin-Kuki-Mizo ethnic groups, can take such steps. The common public perception, owing to ethnic ties, is anyways sympathetic to the cause. India must secure the business interests of its public and private entities with Myanmar Economic Cooperation (MEC) and Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL), which are conglomerates run by Tatmadaw. Tata group, L&T, HAL, BDL render military hardware services to Tatmadaw. Adani group is developing the Ahlone port terminal. Infosys is in partnership with Myawaddy bank, a subsidiary of MEHL. The best-case scenario remains the Indonesian model- A guided political system with a certain role for armed forces, till the economy grows to accommodate an expanded defense budget. Corporate opportunities for the wards of military officers and the creation of a middle class that will demand transparency and accountability. India must continue to maintain relations with the government in power while discretely pushing for political reconciliation. Meanwhile, the focus should be on trade, connectivity, and security links.
##Question:In the context of India-China rivalry, discuss the significance of Myanmar, and the effect of the recent military coup. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: We can start with a brief overview of the importance of Myanmar for Indian geopolitical motives. Give various fields of cooperation between the two nations. Briefly mention the February 2021 military coup which happened in Myanmar. Highlight the options and challenges that lie ahead in dealing with a military-run Myanmar, both at bilateral and global levels, in the backdrop of Chinese influence. Conclude by referring to the need of balancing idealism and realism for national interests. Answer: Unlike the relations with our western and northern neighbors, India and Myanmar share a relationship of mutual respect and non-aggression. The Treaty of Friendship (1951), Free Movement regimes across the border, and ethnic ties with some northeastern states are both determinants and results of cordial relations. Over the years, Myanmar has become an important piece of Indian Southeast Asian diplomacy as- Myanmar has been the pivot of the Indian Look-East policy and now the Act-East policy, due to both geographical and cultural reasons. Myanmar is the Indian land-bridge to ASEAN and especially the Malacca choke-point. And just like the rest of ASEAN, even Myanmar harbors apprehensions regarding Chinese influence in the region. On the domestic front, Myanmar has been instrumental against insurgency in the Northeast. Through initiatives like the Kaladan-Sittwe project, India-Myanmar-Thailand highway, etc. India seeks to counter the Chinese string of pearls strategy. On 1st February 2021, just before the meeting of the new parliament, the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw) grabbed power through a coup. All important leaders, including Aung San Suu Chi, were put under house arrest, and an emergency was imposed for 1 year. India"s response to the coup- India in 1990 was outrightly critical, but the latest response was mellow. India only condemned the violence that followed and not the Tatmadaw directly. Nor did India try to reinforce the legitimacy of the elections. India only expressed “deep concerns over the events of 1st February 2021”. Such nuanced response is similar to that of other Asian powers like China, Russia, etc. Challenges faced by India- Indian push for democracy in Myanmar is also hamstrung by the diminished international standing of Aung San Suu Chi. She even defended Tatmadaw’s actions against Rohingyas before the International Court of Justice. Tatmadaw’s inward-looking generals will be anyways less affected by the sanctions. But too stringent sanctions can push Myanmar deeper towards China. Mizoram has announced assistance to all civilians fleeing Myanmar. Some other states like Nagaland, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh-the regions of the traditional Chin-Kuki-Mizo ethnic groups, can take such steps. The common public perception, owing to ethnic ties, is anyways sympathetic to the cause. India must secure the business interests of its public and private entities with Myanmar Economic Cooperation (MEC) and Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL), which are conglomerates run by Tatmadaw. Tata group, L&T, HAL, BDL render military hardware services to Tatmadaw. Adani group is developing the Ahlone port terminal. Infosys is in partnership with Myawaddy bank, a subsidiary of MEHL. The best-case scenario remains the Indonesian model- A guided political system with a certain role for armed forces, till the economy grows to accommodate an expanded defense budget. Corporate opportunities for the wards of military officers and the creation of a middle class that will demand transparency and accountability. India must continue to maintain relations with the government in power while discretely pushing for political reconciliation. Meanwhile, the focus should be on trade, connectivity, and security links.
74,167
What is planning? Discuss the rationale of the planning model adopted by India right after independence. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction- The definition of planning. Body- Mention Objective of planning, Highlight the state of the Indian economy and society in 1947. Mention rationale of Planning. Conclusion- Conclude by highlighting the role of the Planning commission. Answer: Planning involves acceptance of a clearly defined set of objectives in terms of which the overall policies and strategies are designed to meet the ends defined. The objectives of any planning Model are Utilization of resources for economic growth and development inclusive growth and social justice, Modernization, etc. The need for any planning model is a function of the state of economy and society of any country. Conditions at ground level in India in 1947- At the time of independence Indian economy was overwhelmingly rural in character with nearly 85 % of the population living in rural villages and deriving their livelihood from agriculture and related pursuits using traditional low productivity techniques. The backwardness of the Indian economy is reflected in its unbalanced occupational structure with 74 % of the population engaged in agriculture, 10 % engaged in industry, and 16 % in services. Mass communicable diseases were rampant and in the absence of good public health system mortality was as high as 27 per thousand. IMR was 145 per thousand. The rationale of the Planning model- There was a requirement of equitable distribution of resources and preventing the concentration of wealth. There was a need for infrastructure development and development of the industry with intention of balanced regional growth To achieve larger objectives of such as Public goods features of public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous consumption. Example national defense, Road, etc if left to the market forces these products are unlikely to be provided for. Externalities -there are some costs and benefits in the provision of certain goods and services which can’t be taken into account by the market system. For example, primary education, basic health care facilities, drinking water have positive externalities. whereas drugs involved negative externalities. The market can not be relied upon to provide for these goods and services because Dominant role of one or two suppliers in the market can lead to the exploitation of consumers. Example in the case of monopoly. Information asymmetry. The state of asymmetric information exists when one party has information that the other lacks. In this scenario, the correct price can’t be set according to the law of supply and demand. The tragedy of commons. Given a free hand, private players may neglect the well-being of society in the pursuit of profits. This pursuit can lead to overconsumption and depletion of common resources. Ideological influence-The national leadership was influenced by Fabián socialism. Also, there was a general backlash against the laisses faire system. The success of the Soviet Union served as a very good example of state-led planning as it transformed itself from agriculture to industrial powerhouse in a very short span of time. In1950 under the chairmanship of PM of India J L Nehru the Planning commission was constituted for operationalizing the planning system in India.
##Question:What is planning? Discuss the rationale of the planning model adopted by India right after independence. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- The definition of planning. Body- Mention Objective of planning, Highlight the state of the Indian economy and society in 1947. Mention rationale of Planning. Conclusion- Conclude by highlighting the role of the Planning commission. Answer: Planning involves acceptance of a clearly defined set of objectives in terms of which the overall policies and strategies are designed to meet the ends defined. The objectives of any planning Model are Utilization of resources for economic growth and development inclusive growth and social justice, Modernization, etc. The need for any planning model is a function of the state of economy and society of any country. Conditions at ground level in India in 1947- At the time of independence Indian economy was overwhelmingly rural in character with nearly 85 % of the population living in rural villages and deriving their livelihood from agriculture and related pursuits using traditional low productivity techniques. The backwardness of the Indian economy is reflected in its unbalanced occupational structure with 74 % of the population engaged in agriculture, 10 % engaged in industry, and 16 % in services. Mass communicable diseases were rampant and in the absence of good public health system mortality was as high as 27 per thousand. IMR was 145 per thousand. The rationale of the Planning model- There was a requirement of equitable distribution of resources and preventing the concentration of wealth. There was a need for infrastructure development and development of the industry with intention of balanced regional growth To achieve larger objectives of such as Public goods features of public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous consumption. Example national defense, Road, etc if left to the market forces these products are unlikely to be provided for. Externalities -there are some costs and benefits in the provision of certain goods and services which can’t be taken into account by the market system. For example, primary education, basic health care facilities, drinking water have positive externalities. whereas drugs involved negative externalities. The market can not be relied upon to provide for these goods and services because Dominant role of one or two suppliers in the market can lead to the exploitation of consumers. Example in the case of monopoly. Information asymmetry. The state of asymmetric information exists when one party has information that the other lacks. In this scenario, the correct price can’t be set according to the law of supply and demand. The tragedy of commons. Given a free hand, private players may neglect the well-being of society in the pursuit of profits. This pursuit can lead to overconsumption and depletion of common resources. Ideological influence-The national leadership was influenced by Fabián socialism. Also, there was a general backlash against the laisses faire system. The success of the Soviet Union served as a very good example of state-led planning as it transformed itself from agriculture to industrial powerhouse in a very short span of time. In1950 under the chairmanship of PM of India J L Nehru the Planning commission was constituted for operationalizing the planning system in India.
74,169
Buddhism which was born in India became a very large community of followers but in the early medieval time it started to decline in its own place of birth. On the other hand, Jainism remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce with the evolution of Buddhism in India. Explain the reason for the decline of Buddhism. Bring the cause of Jainism to remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The sixth century BC marked an important stage in Indian history as far as the development of new religions is concerned. In this period, we notice a growing resentment to the ritualistic orthodox ideas of the Brahmanas. The spiritual unrest and intellectual stimulation led to the rise of various heterodox religious movements. Of these movements, Jainism and Buddhism were the most important and they developed into the most potent well organized popular religious reform movements. However, Buddhism which was born in India became a very large community of followers but in the early medieval time, it started to decline in its own place of birth. On the other hand, Jainism remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Once Buddha said to his cousin Anand that if women are allowed in the Sanghas then Buddhism which is going to survive for more than a thousand years will vanish within 1000 years at its own place of birth. Later his words came to be true. The cause for the decline of Buddhism in India and survival of the Jainism The monks became corrupt. Monks started to lead luxurious life and they shunted the path of asceticism. Monks also started to practice the elite language Sanskrit which was not easily understood by the common public. Monks started to interfere in the political affairs of the Monarchies after which kings stopped patronizing Buddhism. The frequent branching of Buddhism into different sects led to the dilution of Buddhism and it also created confusion among the followers. There was reform within Hinduism which led to its increased popularity. In the Gupta period, the practice of devotion was highly emphasized and animal sacrifice was discouraged that led to many people coming back in the fold of Hinduism. There was further consolidation of Hinduism with the compilation of the majority of Hindu religious literature and the construction of temples. Many of the Hindu texts portrayed Buddha as the 9th reincarnation of Lord Vishnu which led to the assimilation of Buddhism into Hinduism. Many of the sects of Buddhism like Mahayana and Vajrayana incorporated the Hindu rituals in their folds which further upheld the position of Hinduism. Buddhists displayed a very high missionary zeal which angered many people in the society. On the other hand, Jainas never displayed a missionary zeal, in fact, they always remained a small community firm in their beliefs. Buddhist were highly critical to the Varna system and caste system on the other hand the Jianas were critical of shameful practices in the Indian society but they never shivered their complete links with caste Hinduism. Thus the decline of Buddhism has been attributed to various factors, especially the regionalization of India after the end of the Gupta Empire (320–650 CE), which led to the loss of patronage and donations as Indian dynasties turned to the services of Hindu Brahmins. With the collapse of the Pala dynasty in the 12th century, Indian Buddhism suffered yet another setback, from which it did not recover.
##Question:Buddhism which was born in India became a very large community of followers but in the early medieval time it started to decline in its own place of birth. On the other hand, Jainism remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the evolution of Buddhism in India. Explain the reason for the decline of Buddhism. Bring the cause of Jainism to remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The sixth century BC marked an important stage in Indian history as far as the development of new religions is concerned. In this period, we notice a growing resentment to the ritualistic orthodox ideas of the Brahmanas. The spiritual unrest and intellectual stimulation led to the rise of various heterodox religious movements. Of these movements, Jainism and Buddhism were the most important and they developed into the most potent well organized popular religious reform movements. However, Buddhism which was born in India became a very large community of followers but in the early medieval time, it started to decline in its own place of birth. On the other hand, Jainism remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Once Buddha said to his cousin Anand that if women are allowed in the Sanghas then Buddhism which is going to survive for more than a thousand years will vanish within 1000 years at its own place of birth. Later his words came to be true. The cause for the decline of Buddhism in India and survival of the Jainism The monks became corrupt. Monks started to lead luxurious life and they shunted the path of asceticism. Monks also started to practice the elite language Sanskrit which was not easily understood by the common public. Monks started to interfere in the political affairs of the Monarchies after which kings stopped patronizing Buddhism. The frequent branching of Buddhism into different sects led to the dilution of Buddhism and it also created confusion among the followers. There was reform within Hinduism which led to its increased popularity. In the Gupta period, the practice of devotion was highly emphasized and animal sacrifice was discouraged that led to many people coming back in the fold of Hinduism. There was further consolidation of Hinduism with the compilation of the majority of Hindu religious literature and the construction of temples. Many of the Hindu texts portrayed Buddha as the 9th reincarnation of Lord Vishnu which led to the assimilation of Buddhism into Hinduism. Many of the sects of Buddhism like Mahayana and Vajrayana incorporated the Hindu rituals in their folds which further upheld the position of Hinduism. Buddhists displayed a very high missionary zeal which angered many people in the society. On the other hand, Jainas never displayed a missionary zeal, in fact, they always remained a small community firm in their beliefs. Buddhist were highly critical to the Varna system and caste system on the other hand the Jianas were critical of shameful practices in the Indian society but they never shivered their complete links with caste Hinduism. Thus the decline of Buddhism has been attributed to various factors, especially the regionalization of India after the end of the Gupta Empire (320–650 CE), which led to the loss of patronage and donations as Indian dynasties turned to the services of Hindu Brahmins. With the collapse of the Pala dynasty in the 12th century, Indian Buddhism suffered yet another setback, from which it did not recover.
74,188
Buddhism which was born in India became a very large community of followers but in the early medieval time it started to decline in its own place of birth. On the other hand, Jainism remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce with the evolution of Buddhism in India. Explain the reason for the decline of Buddhism. Bring the cause of Jainism to remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The sixth century BC marked an important stage in Indian history as far as the development of new religions is concerned. In this period, we notice a growing resentment toward the ritualistic orthodox ideas of the Brahmanas. The spiritual unrest and intellectual stimulation led to the rise of various heterodox religious movements. Of these movements, Jainism and Buddhism were the most important and they developed into the most potent well organized popular religious reform movements. However, Buddhism which was born in India became a very large community of followers but in the early medieval time, it started to decline in its own place of birth. On the other hand, Jainism remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Once Buddha said to his cousin Anand that if women are allowed in the Sanghas then Buddhism which is going to survive for more than a thousand years will vanish within 1000 years at its own place of birth. Later his words came to be true. The cause for the decline of Buddhism in India and survival of the Jainism in India The monks became corrupt. Monks started to lead luxurious life and they shunted the path of asceticism. Monks also started to practice the elite language Sanskrit which was not easily understood by the common public. Monks started to interfere in the political affairs of the Monarchies after which kings stopped patronizing Buddhism. The frequent branching of Buddhism into different sects led to the dilution of Buddhism and it also created confusion among the followers. There was reform within Hinduism which led to its increased popularity. In the Gupta period, the practice of devotion was highly emphasized and animal sacrifice was discouraged that led to many people coming back in the fold of Hinduism. There was further consolidation of Hinduism with the compilation of the majority of Hindu religious literature and the construction of temples. Many of the Hindu texts portrayed Buddha as the 9th reincarnation of Lord Vishnu which led to the assimilation of Buddhism into Hinduism. Many of the sects of Buddhism like Mahayana and Vajrayana incorporated the Hindu rituals in their folds which further upheld the position of Hinduism. Buddhists displayed a very high missionary zeal which angered many people in the society. On the other hand, Jainas never displayed a missionary zeal, in fact, they always remained a small community firm in their beliefs. Buddhist were highly critical to the Varna system and caste system on the other hand the Jianas were critical of shameful practices in the Indian society but they never shivered their complete links with caste Hinduism. Thus the decline of Buddhism has been attributed to various factors, especially the regionalization of India after the end of the Gupta Empire (320–650 CE), which led to the loss of patronage and donations as Indian dynasties turned to the services of Hindu Brahmins. With the collapse of the Pala dynasty in the 12th century, Indian Buddhism suffered yet another setback, from which it did not recover.
##Question:Buddhism which was born in India became a very large community of followers but in the early medieval time it started to decline in its own place of birth. On the other hand, Jainism remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the evolution of Buddhism in India. Explain the reason for the decline of Buddhism. Bring the cause of Jainism to remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The sixth century BC marked an important stage in Indian history as far as the development of new religions is concerned. In this period, we notice a growing resentment toward the ritualistic orthodox ideas of the Brahmanas. The spiritual unrest and intellectual stimulation led to the rise of various heterodox religious movements. Of these movements, Jainism and Buddhism were the most important and they developed into the most potent well organized popular religious reform movements. However, Buddhism which was born in India became a very large community of followers but in the early medieval time, it started to decline in its own place of birth. On the other hand, Jainism remained always a small isolated community born in India and always flourished and never declined in its place of birth. Once Buddha said to his cousin Anand that if women are allowed in the Sanghas then Buddhism which is going to survive for more than a thousand years will vanish within 1000 years at its own place of birth. Later his words came to be true. The cause for the decline of Buddhism in India and survival of the Jainism in India The monks became corrupt. Monks started to lead luxurious life and they shunted the path of asceticism. Monks also started to practice the elite language Sanskrit which was not easily understood by the common public. Monks started to interfere in the political affairs of the Monarchies after which kings stopped patronizing Buddhism. The frequent branching of Buddhism into different sects led to the dilution of Buddhism and it also created confusion among the followers. There was reform within Hinduism which led to its increased popularity. In the Gupta period, the practice of devotion was highly emphasized and animal sacrifice was discouraged that led to many people coming back in the fold of Hinduism. There was further consolidation of Hinduism with the compilation of the majority of Hindu religious literature and the construction of temples. Many of the Hindu texts portrayed Buddha as the 9th reincarnation of Lord Vishnu which led to the assimilation of Buddhism into Hinduism. Many of the sects of Buddhism like Mahayana and Vajrayana incorporated the Hindu rituals in their folds which further upheld the position of Hinduism. Buddhists displayed a very high missionary zeal which angered many people in the society. On the other hand, Jainas never displayed a missionary zeal, in fact, they always remained a small community firm in their beliefs. Buddhist were highly critical to the Varna system and caste system on the other hand the Jianas were critical of shameful practices in the Indian society but they never shivered their complete links with caste Hinduism. Thus the decline of Buddhism has been attributed to various factors, especially the regionalization of India after the end of the Gupta Empire (320–650 CE), which led to the loss of patronage and donations as Indian dynasties turned to the services of Hindu Brahmins. With the collapse of the Pala dynasty in the 12th century, Indian Buddhism suffered yet another setback, from which it did not recover.
74,189
What are the major functions performed by Money? Explain the Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce with the definition of money. Bring different functions performed by money. Explain transaction demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange. Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people Functions of Money Medium of Exchange: The first and foremost role of money is that it acts as a medium of exchange. Barter exchanges become extremely difficult in a large economy because of the high costs people would have to incur looking for suitable persons to exchange their surpluses. Unit of Account: Money also acts as a convenient unit of account. The value of all goods and services can be expressed in monetary units. When we say that the value of a certain wristwatch is Rs 500 we mean that the wristwatch can be exchanged for 500 units of money, where a unit of money is rupee in this case. Store Value: Money can act as a store of value for individuals. For example, in a barter system, it is difficult to carry forward one’s wealth also, holding the stock items exchanged under the barter system requires a lot of space. This problem can be solved if we can sell our products for money. Money is not perishable and its storage costs are also considerably lower. It is also acceptable to anyone at any point in time. Wealth can be stored in the form of money for future use. However, to perform this function well, the value of money must be sufficiently stable. A rising price level may erode the purchasing power of money. Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist To estimate the transaction demand for the money we look at the value of transactions in the economy. Value of transactions = Velocity of money * Amount of money ……………………………..(1) Also, the value of transaction = Price Level of goods * Quantity of goods…………………(2) From equation 1 and 2 M * v = P* Q Sometimes this is also written as M * v = P * Y The value of transactions for all the goods in the economy which include both final and intermediate goods would be proportional to the value of transactions pertaining only to the value of final goods as well. Therefore we can say that value of the transaction is directly proportional to the nominal GDP. Value of transaction = k.PY…………………..(3) Mv = k PY M = (k/v) PY From the above equations M = k.PY Where k is inversely proportional to the velocity. Hence it can be seen that money for transaction purposes is directly proportional to the value of the nominal GDP. From the above equation, it can also be seen that P = M.v/Y This equation is interpreted differently by the Monetarist and Keynesians economist. While monetarists emphasized that v is behavioral and therefore is constant and Y that is real GDP is also constant or predictable, therefore the only thing that causes a change in prices is the level of the money supply. Hence monetary policy is the tool to control inflation. Keynesians contest that v and Y both fluctuate. For example, velocity changes during the festive seasons due to the evolution of the payment methods, and similarly the level of real GDP also fluctuate during the period of high growth and recessions. They agree that M causes a change in P but disagree with the importance to M that monetarists attach.
##Question:What are the major functions performed by Money? Explain the Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of money. Bring different functions performed by money. Explain transaction demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange. Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people Functions of Money Medium of Exchange: The first and foremost role of money is that it acts as a medium of exchange. Barter exchanges become extremely difficult in a large economy because of the high costs people would have to incur looking for suitable persons to exchange their surpluses. Unit of Account: Money also acts as a convenient unit of account. The value of all goods and services can be expressed in monetary units. When we say that the value of a certain wristwatch is Rs 500 we mean that the wristwatch can be exchanged for 500 units of money, where a unit of money is rupee in this case. Store Value: Money can act as a store of value for individuals. For example, in a barter system, it is difficult to carry forward one’s wealth also, holding the stock items exchanged under the barter system requires a lot of space. This problem can be solved if we can sell our products for money. Money is not perishable and its storage costs are also considerably lower. It is also acceptable to anyone at any point in time. Wealth can be stored in the form of money for future use. However, to perform this function well, the value of money must be sufficiently stable. A rising price level may erode the purchasing power of money. Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist To estimate the transaction demand for the money we look at the value of transactions in the economy. Value of transactions = Velocity of money * Amount of money ……………………………..(1) Also, the value of transaction = Price Level of goods * Quantity of goods…………………(2) From equation 1 and 2 M * v = P* Q Sometimes this is also written as M * v = P * Y The value of transactions for all the goods in the economy which include both final and intermediate goods would be proportional to the value of transactions pertaining only to the value of final goods as well. Therefore we can say that value of the transaction is directly proportional to the nominal GDP. Value of transaction = k.PY…………………..(3) Mv = k PY M = (k/v) PY From the above equations M = k.PY Where k is inversely proportional to the velocity. Hence it can be seen that money for transaction purposes is directly proportional to the value of the nominal GDP. From the above equation, it can also be seen that P = M.v/Y This equation is interpreted differently by the Monetarist and Keynesians economist. While monetarists emphasized that v is behavioral and therefore is constant and Y that is real GDP is also constant or predictable, therefore the only thing that causes a change in prices is the level of the money supply. Hence monetary policy is the tool to control inflation. Keynesians contest that v and Y both fluctuate. For example, velocity changes during the festive seasons due to the evolution of the payment methods, and similarly the level of real GDP also fluctuate during the period of high growth and recessions. They agree that M causes a change in P but disagree with the importance to M that monetarists attach.
74,213
What are the major functions performed by Money? Explain the Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce with the definition of money. Bring different functions performed by money. Explain transaction demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange. Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people Functions of Money Medium of Exchange: The first and foremost role of money is that it acts as a medium of exchange. Barter exchanges become extremely difficult in a large economy because of the high costs people would have to incur looking for suitable persons to exchange their surpluses. Unit of Account: Money also acts as a convenient unit of account. The value of all goods and services can be expressed in monetary units. When we say that the value of a certain wristwatch is Rs 500 we mean that the wristwatch can be exchanged for 500 units of money, where a unit of money is rupee in this case. Store Value: Money can act as a store of value for individuals. For example, in a barter system, it is difficult to carry forward one’s wealth also, holding the stock items exchanged under the barter system requires a lot of space. This problem can be solved if we can sell our products for money. Money is not perishable and its storage costs are also considerably lower. It is also acceptable to anyone at any point of time. Wealth can be stored in the form of money for future use. However, to perform this function well, the value of money must be sufficiently stable. A rising price level may erode the purchasing power of money. Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist To estimate the transaction demand for the money we look at the value of transactions in the economy. Value of transactions = Velocity of money * Amount of money ……………………………..(1) Also, the value of transaction = Price Level of goods * Quantity of goods…………………(2) From equation 1 and 2 M * v = P* Q Sometimes this is also written as M * v = P * Y The value of transactions for all the goods in the economy which include both final and intermediate goods would be proportional to value of transactions pertaining only to the value of final goods as well. Therefore we can say that value of the transaction is directly proportional to the nominal GDP. Value of transaction = k.PY…………………..(3) Mv = k PY M = (k/v) PY From the above equations M = k.PY Where k is inversely proportional to the velocity. Hence it can be seen that money for transaction purposes is directly proportional to the value of the nominal GDP. From the above equation, it can also be seen that P = M.v/Y This equation is interpreted differently by the Monetarist and Keynesians economist. While monetarists emphasized that v is behavioral and therefore is constant and Y that is real GDP is also constant or predictable, therefore the only thing that causes a change in prices is the level of the money supply. Hence monetary policy is the tool to control inflation. Keynesians contest that v and Y both fluctuate. For example, velocity changes during the festive seasons due to the evolution of the payment methods, and similarly the level of real GDP also fluctuates during the period of high growth and recessions. They agree that M causes a change in P but disagree with the importance to M that monetarists attach.
##Question:What are the major functions performed by Money? Explain the Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of money. Bring different functions performed by money. Explain transaction demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange. Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people Functions of Money Medium of Exchange: The first and foremost role of money is that it acts as a medium of exchange. Barter exchanges become extremely difficult in a large economy because of the high costs people would have to incur looking for suitable persons to exchange their surpluses. Unit of Account: Money also acts as a convenient unit of account. The value of all goods and services can be expressed in monetary units. When we say that the value of a certain wristwatch is Rs 500 we mean that the wristwatch can be exchanged for 500 units of money, where a unit of money is rupee in this case. Store Value: Money can act as a store of value for individuals. For example, in a barter system, it is difficult to carry forward one’s wealth also, holding the stock items exchanged under the barter system requires a lot of space. This problem can be solved if we can sell our products for money. Money is not perishable and its storage costs are also considerably lower. It is also acceptable to anyone at any point of time. Wealth can be stored in the form of money for future use. However, to perform this function well, the value of money must be sufficiently stable. A rising price level may erode the purchasing power of money. Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist To estimate the transaction demand for the money we look at the value of transactions in the economy. Value of transactions = Velocity of money * Amount of money ……………………………..(1) Also, the value of transaction = Price Level of goods * Quantity of goods…………………(2) From equation 1 and 2 M * v = P* Q Sometimes this is also written as M * v = P * Y The value of transactions for all the goods in the economy which include both final and intermediate goods would be proportional to value of transactions pertaining only to the value of final goods as well. Therefore we can say that value of the transaction is directly proportional to the nominal GDP. Value of transaction = k.PY…………………..(3) Mv = k PY M = (k/v) PY From the above equations M = k.PY Where k is inversely proportional to the velocity. Hence it can be seen that money for transaction purposes is directly proportional to the value of the nominal GDP. From the above equation, it can also be seen that P = M.v/Y This equation is interpreted differently by the Monetarist and Keynesians economist. While monetarists emphasized that v is behavioral and therefore is constant and Y that is real GDP is also constant or predictable, therefore the only thing that causes a change in prices is the level of the money supply. Hence monetary policy is the tool to control inflation. Keynesians contest that v and Y both fluctuate. For example, velocity changes during the festive seasons due to the evolution of the payment methods, and similarly the level of real GDP also fluctuates during the period of high growth and recessions. They agree that M causes a change in P but disagree with the importance to M that monetarists attach.
74,214
What are the major functions performed by Money? Explain the Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: In the introduction try to define what is money. Bring out different functions performed by money. Explain transaction demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange. Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people Functions of Money Medium of Exchange: The first and foremost role of money is that it acts as a medium of exchange. Barter exchanges become extremely difficult in a large economy because of the high costs people would have to incur looking for suitable persons to exchange their surpluses. Unit of Account: Money also acts as a convenient unit of account. The value of all goods and services can be expressed in monetary units. When we say that the value of a certain wristwatch is Rs 500 we mean that the wristwatch can be exchanged for 500 units of money, where a unit of money is rupee in this case. Store Value: Money can act as a store of value for individuals. For example, in a barter system, it is difficult to carry forward one’s wealth also, holding the stock items exchanged under the barter system requires a lot of space. This problem can be solved if we can sell our products for money. Money is not perishable and its storage costs are also considerably lower. It is also acceptable to anyone at any point in time. Wealth can be stored in the form of money for future use. However, to perform this function well, the value of money must be sufficiently stable. A rising price level may erode the purchasing power of money. Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist To estimate the transaction demand for the money we look at the value of transactions in the economy. Value of transactions = Velocity of money * Amount of money ……………………………..(1) Also, the value of transaction = Price Level of goods * Quantity of goods…………………(2) From equation 1 and 2 M * v = P* Q Sometimes this is also written as M * v = P * Y The value of transactions for all the goods in the economy which include both final and intermediate goods would be proportional to the value of transactions pertaining only to the value of final goods as well. Therefore, we can say that value of the transaction is directly proportional to the nominal GDP. Value of transaction = k.PY…………………..(3) Mv = k PY M = (k/v) PY From the above equations M = k.PY Where k is inversely proportional to the velocity. Hence it can be seen that money for transaction purposes is directly proportional to the value of the nominal GDP. From the above equation, it can also be seen that P = M.v/Y This equation is interpreted differently by the Monetarist and Keynesians economist. While monetarists emphasized that v is behavioural and therefore is constant and Y that is real GDP is also constant or predictable, therefore the only thing that causes a change in prices is the level of the money supply. Hence monetary policy is the tool to control inflation. Keynesians contest that v and Y both fluctuate. For example, velocity changes during the festive seasons due to the evolution of the payment methods, and similarly the level of real GDP also fluctuates during the period of high growth and recessions. They agree that M causes a change in P but disagree with the importance to M that monetarists attach.
##Question:What are the major functions performed by Money? Explain the Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction try to define what is money. Bring out different functions performed by money. Explain transaction demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange. Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people Functions of Money Medium of Exchange: The first and foremost role of money is that it acts as a medium of exchange. Barter exchanges become extremely difficult in a large economy because of the high costs people would have to incur looking for suitable persons to exchange their surpluses. Unit of Account: Money also acts as a convenient unit of account. The value of all goods and services can be expressed in monetary units. When we say that the value of a certain wristwatch is Rs 500 we mean that the wristwatch can be exchanged for 500 units of money, where a unit of money is rupee in this case. Store Value: Money can act as a store of value for individuals. For example, in a barter system, it is difficult to carry forward one’s wealth also, holding the stock items exchanged under the barter system requires a lot of space. This problem can be solved if we can sell our products for money. Money is not perishable and its storage costs are also considerably lower. It is also acceptable to anyone at any point in time. Wealth can be stored in the form of money for future use. However, to perform this function well, the value of money must be sufficiently stable. A rising price level may erode the purchasing power of money. Transaction Demand of the Money with the perspective of the Monetarist and Keynesian economist To estimate the transaction demand for the money we look at the value of transactions in the economy. Value of transactions = Velocity of money * Amount of money ……………………………..(1) Also, the value of transaction = Price Level of goods * Quantity of goods…………………(2) From equation 1 and 2 M * v = P* Q Sometimes this is also written as M * v = P * Y The value of transactions for all the goods in the economy which include both final and intermediate goods would be proportional to the value of transactions pertaining only to the value of final goods as well. Therefore, we can say that value of the transaction is directly proportional to the nominal GDP. Value of transaction = k.PY…………………..(3) Mv = k PY M = (k/v) PY From the above equations M = k.PY Where k is inversely proportional to the velocity. Hence it can be seen that money for transaction purposes is directly proportional to the value of the nominal GDP. From the above equation, it can also be seen that P = M.v/Y This equation is interpreted differently by the Monetarist and Keynesians economist. While monetarists emphasized that v is behavioural and therefore is constant and Y that is real GDP is also constant or predictable, therefore the only thing that causes a change in prices is the level of the money supply. Hence monetary policy is the tool to control inflation. Keynesians contest that v and Y both fluctuate. For example, velocity changes during the festive seasons due to the evolution of the payment methods, and similarly the level of real GDP also fluctuates during the period of high growth and recessions. They agree that M causes a change in P but disagree with the importance to M that monetarists attach.
74,215
What is Nanotechnology? Discuss the potential application of carbon nanotubes and quantum dots in the 21st century. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach Introduction. Introduce nanotechnology. Explain in brief the meaning of Nanotechnology. Mention the application of nanotubes and quantum dots. Conclude with steps taken by India Answer Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale (1nm to 100nm). Where unique phenomena enable the novel application. Matter exhibits unique chemical, physical and biological properties at the nanoscale differing in ways from the properties of bulk materials, single atoms, and molecules. The properties may include magnetic properties, different conductivity, more chemically reactive, and better reflectors of light or colour. Nanomaterials exhibit these properties because of the following reasons A nanoscale quantum effect dominates. At such a scale surface behaviour plays a larger role as nanomaterials have very high surface areas. The motion of the electron is confined in nanomaterial either in one, two or all three dimensions. Much of the biology occurs at the nanoscale such as the diameter of haemoglobin is about 5 nanometers, and a strand of DNA is 2nm in diameter. Applications of nanotube and Quantum dots Applications of Nanotube: Nano Medicine: Nanomedicine is the medical application of Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of Nanomaterials and biological devices to nanoelectronic biosensors and future biological machines. Electricals: The electrical resistance of Nanotubes changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to the carbon atom. Companies are using this property to develop sensors that can detect chemical vapours such as carbon monoxide or biological molecules. Pollution: Nanoparticles of iron oxide are extremely effective & in binding & removing arsenic from groundwater. Agriculture: The major role of NT enables devices will be the increased use of Nanosensors linked to GPS for real-time monitoring Nano sensors distributed throughout the field where can monitor soil condition and crop growth including rapid disease detection. Applications of Quantum Dots: Quantum dots (QDs) are man-made nanoscale crystals that can transport electrons. When UV light hits these semiconducting nanoparticles, they can emit light of various colours. These artificial semiconductor nanoparticles have found applications in composites, solar cells and fluorescent biological labels. Quantum dots (QDs) are considered efficient fluorescent labels used in a drug delivery system for monitoring the metabolism process of drugs in the body owing to their unique physicochemical characteristics. As the superbugs evolve, adapt and fight back, the quantum dots can be tuned, or customised, with an atom added or subtracted to create a new material, property or therapy, while using data from related clinical trials or drugs. But more research, including clinical trials, will be needed to develop the therapy and prove its safety and effectiveness in humans. The stage is now set for the government to intervene and provide some funds for clinical trials.
##Question:What is Nanotechnology? Discuss the potential application of carbon nanotubes and quantum dots in the 21st century. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction. Introduce nanotechnology. Explain in brief the meaning of Nanotechnology. Mention the application of nanotubes and quantum dots. Conclude with steps taken by India Answer Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale (1nm to 100nm). Where unique phenomena enable the novel application. Matter exhibits unique chemical, physical and biological properties at the nanoscale differing in ways from the properties of bulk materials, single atoms, and molecules. The properties may include magnetic properties, different conductivity, more chemically reactive, and better reflectors of light or colour. Nanomaterials exhibit these properties because of the following reasons A nanoscale quantum effect dominates. At such a scale surface behaviour plays a larger role as nanomaterials have very high surface areas. The motion of the electron is confined in nanomaterial either in one, two or all three dimensions. Much of the biology occurs at the nanoscale such as the diameter of haemoglobin is about 5 nanometers, and a strand of DNA is 2nm in diameter. Applications of nanotube and Quantum dots Applications of Nanotube: Nano Medicine: Nanomedicine is the medical application of Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of Nanomaterials and biological devices to nanoelectronic biosensors and future biological machines. Electricals: The electrical resistance of Nanotubes changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to the carbon atom. Companies are using this property to develop sensors that can detect chemical vapours such as carbon monoxide or biological molecules. Pollution: Nanoparticles of iron oxide are extremely effective & in binding & removing arsenic from groundwater. Agriculture: The major role of NT enables devices will be the increased use of Nanosensors linked to GPS for real-time monitoring Nano sensors distributed throughout the field where can monitor soil condition and crop growth including rapid disease detection. Applications of Quantum Dots: Quantum dots (QDs) are man-made nanoscale crystals that can transport electrons. When UV light hits these semiconducting nanoparticles, they can emit light of various colours. These artificial semiconductor nanoparticles have found applications in composites, solar cells and fluorescent biological labels. Quantum dots (QDs) are considered efficient fluorescent labels used in a drug delivery system for monitoring the metabolism process of drugs in the body owing to their unique physicochemical characteristics. As the superbugs evolve, adapt and fight back, the quantum dots can be tuned, or customised, with an atom added or subtracted to create a new material, property or therapy, while using data from related clinical trials or drugs. But more research, including clinical trials, will be needed to develop the therapy and prove its safety and effectiveness in humans. The stage is now set for the government to intervene and provide some funds for clinical trials.
74,227
Explain the differences between Environment, Ecology, and Ecosystem. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Write briefly about Environment, Ecology, and Ecosystem in the Introduction. Explain about Environment. Explain about Ecology. Explain about Ecosystem. Conclusion. Answer: Environment refers to the surroundings, whereas, the ecosystem is the interaction between the environment and the living organisms. The environment is the area where living organisms live. Ecology is the study of the relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment. Environment: The environment is derived from the French word called "Environer" meaning everything around the individual. In other words, the environment is the sum total of all around the individuals. It comprises both living and non-living things which are called biotic and abiotic components respectively. The environment is the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. Ecology lifestyle means people are living in a symbiotic relationship with the environment & nature. Components of the environment: Life components: plants, animals and microbes. Abiotic components: lithospheric (rocks, sand, soil, minerals, etc), atmospheric related (Number of gases etc) and water-related (freshwater, brackish water, Ph value). An environment is a group of ecosystems. Ecology: A German scientist "Ernst Haeckel" defined "ecology" as the study of a house of living. Ecology is the scientific study of interaction and interdependencies among the species on one hand and among the species & non-living components on the other hand. Ecology is the study of the relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balances between these relationships. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats. Ecology first began gaining popularity in the 1960s, when environmental issues were rising to the forefront of public awareness. Although scientists have been studying the natural world for centuries, ecology in the modern sense has only been around since the 19th century. Ecosystem: An ecological system (also called the ecosystem) is a result of interactions of all living and non-living factors of the environment. An ecosystem is a unit of the environment. An ecosystem is a functional unit of the environment. It can range from, the earth as an ecosystem down to a small rock with lichens over it can be an ecosystem. A group of communities interacting with the abiotic components is called an ecosystem. An ecosystem consists of Producers, Consumers, Decomposers and their relationships with each other. Ecological living is about protecting and preserving the environment of planet Earth, through recognising the uniqueness of its various ecosystems and species.
##Question:Explain the differences between Environment, Ecology, and Ecosystem. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about Environment, Ecology, and Ecosystem in the Introduction. Explain about Environment. Explain about Ecology. Explain about Ecosystem. Conclusion. Answer: Environment refers to the surroundings, whereas, the ecosystem is the interaction between the environment and the living organisms. The environment is the area where living organisms live. Ecology is the study of the relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment. Environment: The environment is derived from the French word called "Environer" meaning everything around the individual. In other words, the environment is the sum total of all around the individuals. It comprises both living and non-living things which are called biotic and abiotic components respectively. The environment is the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. Ecology lifestyle means people are living in a symbiotic relationship with the environment & nature. Components of the environment: Life components: plants, animals and microbes. Abiotic components: lithospheric (rocks, sand, soil, minerals, etc), atmospheric related (Number of gases etc) and water-related (freshwater, brackish water, Ph value). An environment is a group of ecosystems. Ecology: A German scientist "Ernst Haeckel" defined "ecology" as the study of a house of living. Ecology is the scientific study of interaction and interdependencies among the species on one hand and among the species & non-living components on the other hand. Ecology is the study of the relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balances between these relationships. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats. Ecology first began gaining popularity in the 1960s, when environmental issues were rising to the forefront of public awareness. Although scientists have been studying the natural world for centuries, ecology in the modern sense has only been around since the 19th century. Ecosystem: An ecological system (also called the ecosystem) is a result of interactions of all living and non-living factors of the environment. An ecosystem is a unit of the environment. An ecosystem is a functional unit of the environment. It can range from, the earth as an ecosystem down to a small rock with lichens over it can be an ecosystem. A group of communities interacting with the abiotic components is called an ecosystem. An ecosystem consists of Producers, Consumers, Decomposers and their relationships with each other. Ecological living is about protecting and preserving the environment of planet Earth, through recognising the uniqueness of its various ecosystems and species.
74,238
What do you mean by Judicial Activism? Justify the importance for the courts not to take over the functions of the legislature or the executive. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce the evolution of Judicial Activism. Further being reasons for the same. Discuss why precaution is needed while Judicial Activism is being exercised. Conclude accordingly. Answer: As per the Indian Constitution, the judiciary is the trustee of democracy and the fundamental rights of the people. It has the power of judicial review over the legislature and the executive. By this, the concept of Judicial Activism evolved. Judicial Activism refers to the proactive role played by the judiciary in the protection of the rights of citizens and in the promotion of justice in society. It asserts the judiciary’s role in forcing the other two organs of the government to discharge their constitutional duties. The followings are the reason for the advent of judicial activism in India: Legislative vacuum, Executive failure to discharge their duties, Constitutional Articles such as Article 142, Growth of concepts of human rights and social welfare and judicial enthusiasm towards them. Sometimes this enthusiasm turns into adventurism or even overreach, which goes against the constitutional mandate. So, it is asked of the court, by the Supreme Court itself, to practice judicial restraint. Judiciary enters into policy-making and implementation areas. Judiciary start deciding what policy should have been made. Judicial adventurism comes into the picture when the judiciary does not get legitimacy and considered it as judicial highhandedness. Arguments for the courts to not taken over the functions of the legislature or executive It violates the principle of the separation of power where each organ of the state must have respect for the others and should not encroach on others’ domain. The judiciary has some inherent limitations. Judges are appointed and not elected. The judge"s appointment is itself questioned multiple times on the ground of nepotism and bias. The judiciary does not have any investigation agency of its own to verify the truth of the averments made before it and assess the impact of its commands on people and the other two wings of governance. The notions formed by the judges and reflected in their opinions depend on their own teachings and upbringing, which may not necessarily be reflective of the public opinion, which in a democracy can be voiced only by the elected representatives of the people. An error committed by the legislature or executive is capable of being corrected either by themselves or by the judiciary in the exercise of its power of judicial review. But an error in a judicial order, howsoever grave it may be, may not be capable of being corrected with that ease. The justification often given for the judicial encroachment on the domain of the executive or the legislature is that the other two organs are not doing their jobs properly. Even assuming this so, the same allegation can be made against the judiciary too because there are cases pending in the courts for half a century. Entertaining more litigation only further delays the justice delivery in the country. It is possible that judges may allow their personal political values and policy agenda to colour their judicial opinions. The judiciary must realize that administrative authorities have expertise in the field of administration. The judiciary lacks the resources required to perform the functions of the executive or legislature. Judicial activism has brought a revolution in terms of the welfare of the people such as the introduction of due process of law (Maneka Gandhi case), Vishakha guidelines (1997), the ban on registration of diesel vehicles in Delhi, etc. but there is a very fine line between judicial activism and judicial overreach. It is of utmost importance that the judiciary respects the constitutional boundaries to avoid any adventurism on its part, whilst moving forward with the activism for the overall good of society in line with the vision of DPSPs articulated in the Constitution. Thus a long-standing political tradition and significant government restraint in exercising power, including judicial restraint based on the view that the judiciary is itself a branch of the state can prevent a crisis.
##Question:What do you mean by Judicial Activism? Justify the importance for the courts not to take over the functions of the legislature or the executive. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the evolution of Judicial Activism. Further being reasons for the same. Discuss why precaution is needed while Judicial Activism is being exercised. Conclude accordingly. Answer: As per the Indian Constitution, the judiciary is the trustee of democracy and the fundamental rights of the people. It has the power of judicial review over the legislature and the executive. By this, the concept of Judicial Activism evolved. Judicial Activism refers to the proactive role played by the judiciary in the protection of the rights of citizens and in the promotion of justice in society. It asserts the judiciary’s role in forcing the other two organs of the government to discharge their constitutional duties. The followings are the reason for the advent of judicial activism in India: Legislative vacuum, Executive failure to discharge their duties, Constitutional Articles such as Article 142, Growth of concepts of human rights and social welfare and judicial enthusiasm towards them. Sometimes this enthusiasm turns into adventurism or even overreach, which goes against the constitutional mandate. So, it is asked of the court, by the Supreme Court itself, to practice judicial restraint. Judiciary enters into policy-making and implementation areas. Judiciary start deciding what policy should have been made. Judicial adventurism comes into the picture when the judiciary does not get legitimacy and considered it as judicial highhandedness. Arguments for the courts to not taken over the functions of the legislature or executive It violates the principle of the separation of power where each organ of the state must have respect for the others and should not encroach on others’ domain. The judiciary has some inherent limitations. Judges are appointed and not elected. The judge"s appointment is itself questioned multiple times on the ground of nepotism and bias. The judiciary does not have any investigation agency of its own to verify the truth of the averments made before it and assess the impact of its commands on people and the other two wings of governance. The notions formed by the judges and reflected in their opinions depend on their own teachings and upbringing, which may not necessarily be reflective of the public opinion, which in a democracy can be voiced only by the elected representatives of the people. An error committed by the legislature or executive is capable of being corrected either by themselves or by the judiciary in the exercise of its power of judicial review. But an error in a judicial order, howsoever grave it may be, may not be capable of being corrected with that ease. The justification often given for the judicial encroachment on the domain of the executive or the legislature is that the other two organs are not doing their jobs properly. Even assuming this so, the same allegation can be made against the judiciary too because there are cases pending in the courts for half a century. Entertaining more litigation only further delays the justice delivery in the country. It is possible that judges may allow their personal political values and policy agenda to colour their judicial opinions. The judiciary must realize that administrative authorities have expertise in the field of administration. The judiciary lacks the resources required to perform the functions of the executive or legislature. Judicial activism has brought a revolution in terms of the welfare of the people such as the introduction of due process of law (Maneka Gandhi case), Vishakha guidelines (1997), the ban on registration of diesel vehicles in Delhi, etc. but there is a very fine line between judicial activism and judicial overreach. It is of utmost importance that the judiciary respects the constitutional boundaries to avoid any adventurism on its part, whilst moving forward with the activism for the overall good of society in line with the vision of DPSPs articulated in the Constitution. Thus a long-standing political tradition and significant government restraint in exercising power, including judicial restraint based on the view that the judiciary is itself a branch of the state can prevent a crisis.
74,247
Comptroller And Audit General (CAG) ensures the financial accountability of the Executive to the Legislature while working as an independent Constitutional body. Analyze. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach · Introduce with the mandate given by the Indian Constitution for the office of the CAG. · Discuss the way CAG ensures financial accountability of the Executive to the Legislature. · Enumerate the power provided to CAG in this regard. · Bring the constitutional provision that provides for the Independence of the office of the CAG. · Conclude the answer by highlighting the importance of the office of the CAG. Answer: Article 148-151 provides for the independent office of the CAG. CAG is known as the guardian of the public purse and controls the financial levels of the country at the central and state levels. The CAG ensures financial accountability of the Executive and Legislature through audits of almost every spending, revenue collecting, or aid/grant receiving unit of the Union and State Government. · CAG’s audit domain covers all union and state departments, public commercial enterprises, non-commercial autonomous bodies as well as all bodies and authorities substantially financed from the central or state revenues. · CAG audits the accounts related to all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, Consolidated Fund of each State and UTs having a Legislative Assembly, Contingency Fund of India and states as well as Public Account of India and Public Accounts of states. · Through its audit, the CAG ensures that assessment, collection, and proper allocation of revenue are done as per the mentioned rules and procedures. CAG can also conduct a proprietary audit i.e. look into the “wisdom, faithfulness and economy of the government expenditure and comment on the extravagance of such expenditure. · The CAG submits the audit report on appropriation accounts, and on public undertakings, finance account to the president, who then lays these reports before the Parliament. The appropriate accounts and audit reports are scrutinized by the Public Account Committee and the report on public undertakings is scrutinized by the Committee on Public Understandings of the Parliament. This further enhances the financial accountability of the Executive to the Legislature. · In exercise of all the above powers, CAG can inspect any office or organization subject to his/her audit, examine all transactions, and question the Executive and call for any records, paper, documents from any audit entity. · In such a scenario, the independence of the CAG assumes great importance. CAG is safeguarded by the Constitution through various means such as: · Salary and expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. · Salary and service conditions of the office of the CAG are determined by the Parliament. · No minister can represent the CAG in the Parliament or take any responsibility for any action done by the CAG. · Security of tenure and special procedure for removal (like a Supreme Court Judge). · CAG cannot be reappointed or hold any other Government office after his/her term expires. Thus Dr. B R Ambedkar deemed the office of the CAG as the most important office under the Indian Constitution and one of the bulwarks of the Indian democratic system.
##Question:Comptroller And Audit General (CAG) ensures the financial accountability of the Executive to the Legislature while working as an independent Constitutional body. Analyze. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach · Introduce with the mandate given by the Indian Constitution for the office of the CAG. · Discuss the way CAG ensures financial accountability of the Executive to the Legislature. · Enumerate the power provided to CAG in this regard. · Bring the constitutional provision that provides for the Independence of the office of the CAG. · Conclude the answer by highlighting the importance of the office of the CAG. Answer: Article 148-151 provides for the independent office of the CAG. CAG is known as the guardian of the public purse and controls the financial levels of the country at the central and state levels. The CAG ensures financial accountability of the Executive and Legislature through audits of almost every spending, revenue collecting, or aid/grant receiving unit of the Union and State Government. · CAG’s audit domain covers all union and state departments, public commercial enterprises, non-commercial autonomous bodies as well as all bodies and authorities substantially financed from the central or state revenues. · CAG audits the accounts related to all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, Consolidated Fund of each State and UTs having a Legislative Assembly, Contingency Fund of India and states as well as Public Account of India and Public Accounts of states. · Through its audit, the CAG ensures that assessment, collection, and proper allocation of revenue are done as per the mentioned rules and procedures. CAG can also conduct a proprietary audit i.e. look into the “wisdom, faithfulness and economy of the government expenditure and comment on the extravagance of such expenditure. · The CAG submits the audit report on appropriation accounts, and on public undertakings, finance account to the president, who then lays these reports before the Parliament. The appropriate accounts and audit reports are scrutinized by the Public Account Committee and the report on public undertakings is scrutinized by the Committee on Public Understandings of the Parliament. This further enhances the financial accountability of the Executive to the Legislature. · In exercise of all the above powers, CAG can inspect any office or organization subject to his/her audit, examine all transactions, and question the Executive and call for any records, paper, documents from any audit entity. · In such a scenario, the independence of the CAG assumes great importance. CAG is safeguarded by the Constitution through various means such as: · Salary and expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. · Salary and service conditions of the office of the CAG are determined by the Parliament. · No minister can represent the CAG in the Parliament or take any responsibility for any action done by the CAG. · Security of tenure and special procedure for removal (like a Supreme Court Judge). · CAG cannot be reappointed or hold any other Government office after his/her term expires. Thus Dr. B R Ambedkar deemed the office of the CAG as the most important office under the Indian Constitution and one of the bulwarks of the Indian democratic system.
74,256
Enumerate major Vedic Literatures with their significance. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce with the evolution of Vedic Literature. Elaborate on the various Vedic literature. Conclude suitably. Answer: Vedas are considered as the earliest literary record of Indian culture. They are composed in the Sanskrit language and they are generally dated between 1500 and 800 BCE and transmitted orally. The Vedic literature comprises mainly four major texts that are the Rigveda, the Samaveda, the Yajurveda, and the Atharvaveda. These texts consist of hymns, charms, spells, and ritual observations current among the Indo-European-speaking people known as Aryans who presumably entered India from the Iranian regions. The Vedas are said to have been orally composed and passed on from one generation verbally and they are written later once the script developed up till the Gupta period. Major Vedic Literature and their significance Rigveda Rigveda is the earliest collection of the 1028 hymns. It is further divided into 10 Mandala. Mandala numbers 2 to 7 are considered as the oldest composed in the early Vedic period and 1, 8, 9, and 10 were composed in the later Vedic period. It provides beautiful descriptions of nature like mountain rivers, plants, etc. It is also the book of prayers and Mantras. It provides the description of polity, economy, society, religion in ancient India. The expert of Rigveda was the Hotra. Yajurveda It is considered the most popular of all the Vedas. It provides guidelines related to the performance of the Vedic rituals and also of Yajnas. There are two popular parts of the Yajurveda that is known as the Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. Adhvaryu was the expert of the Yajurveda. Samaveda It is considered the Veda of Music. It mentions the sixteenth thousands of Raga and Ragini. The later part of the Samaveda is known as Gandharva Veda that is considered the Rule Book of Music. The expert of Samaveda was Udgatar. Atharvaveda It is considered the most elaborate of all the Vedas. Its origin can be traced to two Rishis that are Atharva and Angirah. Generally, it is considered as the book of spells and charms. Moreover, it also provides knowledge about Vedic astronomy, astrology, numerology, mathematics, etc. It is also the book of the Botanical knowledge and it mentions cure of the 99 diseases. Extended Text of the Vedas There are three categories of books that further provide information on Vedas. Brahmanas: They were the first category of the explanatory book of the Veda. They try to expound on the ideals of Vedas and further explain the Vedic rituals. Aranyakas: Aranya in Sanskrit means forest. It deals with the mystery of Veda that is magic, spell, and charms. Generally, the knowledge of Arnyaka was disseminated in the Vanaprashtha stage of life. Upanishads: It deals with the philosophy of Vedas and tries to address the most complex questions like the origin of Earth, soul, death, birth, life after birth, etc. Thus Vedic literature is the most important source of knowledge about Aryans and the people of the Vedic period. The literature had grown in the course of many centuries and was handed down from generation to generation. It has brought in the continuity of the culture in India.
##Question:Enumerate major Vedic Literatures with their significance. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the evolution of Vedic Literature. Elaborate on the various Vedic literature. Conclude suitably. Answer: Vedas are considered as the earliest literary record of Indian culture. They are composed in the Sanskrit language and they are generally dated between 1500 and 800 BCE and transmitted orally. The Vedic literature comprises mainly four major texts that are the Rigveda, the Samaveda, the Yajurveda, and the Atharvaveda. These texts consist of hymns, charms, spells, and ritual observations current among the Indo-European-speaking people known as Aryans who presumably entered India from the Iranian regions. The Vedas are said to have been orally composed and passed on from one generation verbally and they are written later once the script developed up till the Gupta period. Major Vedic Literature and their significance Rigveda Rigveda is the earliest collection of the 1028 hymns. It is further divided into 10 Mandala. Mandala numbers 2 to 7 are considered as the oldest composed in the early Vedic period and 1, 8, 9, and 10 were composed in the later Vedic period. It provides beautiful descriptions of nature like mountain rivers, plants, etc. It is also the book of prayers and Mantras. It provides the description of polity, economy, society, religion in ancient India. The expert of Rigveda was the Hotra. Yajurveda It is considered the most popular of all the Vedas. It provides guidelines related to the performance of the Vedic rituals and also of Yajnas. There are two popular parts of the Yajurveda that is known as the Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. Adhvaryu was the expert of the Yajurveda. Samaveda It is considered the Veda of Music. It mentions the sixteenth thousands of Raga and Ragini. The later part of the Samaveda is known as Gandharva Veda that is considered the Rule Book of Music. The expert of Samaveda was Udgatar. Atharvaveda It is considered the most elaborate of all the Vedas. Its origin can be traced to two Rishis that are Atharva and Angirah. Generally, it is considered as the book of spells and charms. Moreover, it also provides knowledge about Vedic astronomy, astrology, numerology, mathematics, etc. It is also the book of the Botanical knowledge and it mentions cure of the 99 diseases. Extended Text of the Vedas There are three categories of books that further provide information on Vedas. Brahmanas: They were the first category of the explanatory book of the Veda. They try to expound on the ideals of Vedas and further explain the Vedic rituals. Aranyakas: Aranya in Sanskrit means forest. It deals with the mystery of Veda that is magic, spell, and charms. Generally, the knowledge of Arnyaka was disseminated in the Vanaprashtha stage of life. Upanishads: It deals with the philosophy of Vedas and tries to address the most complex questions like the origin of Earth, soul, death, birth, life after birth, etc. Thus Vedic literature is the most important source of knowledge about Aryans and the people of the Vedic period. The literature had grown in the course of many centuries and was handed down from generation to generation. It has brought in the continuity of the culture in India.
74,266
Enumerate major Vedic Literatures with their significance. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce with the evolution of Vedic Literature. Elaborate on the various Vedic literature. Conclude suitably. Answer: Vedas are considered as the earliest literary record of Indian culture. They are composed in the Sanskrit language and they are generally dated between 1500 and 800 BCE and transmitted orally. The Vedic literature comprises mainly four major texts that are the Rigveda, the Samaveda, the Yajurveda, and the Atharvaveda. These texts consist of hymns, charms, spells, and ritual observations current among the Indo-European-speaking people known as Aryans who presumably entered India from the Iranian regions. The Vedas are said to have been orally composed and passed on from one generation verbally and they are written later once the script developed up till the Gupta period. Major Vedic Literature and their significance Rigveda Rigveda is the earliest collection of the 1028 hymns. It is further divided into 10 Mandala. Mandala numbers 2 to 7 are considered as the oldest composed in the early Vedic period and 1, 8, 9, and 10 were composed in the later Vedic period. It provides beautiful descriptions of nature like mountain rivers, plants, etc. It is also the book of prayers and Mantras. It provides the description of polity, economy, society, religion in ancient India. The expert of Rigveda was the Hotra. Yajurveda It is considered the most popular of all the Vedas. It provides guidelines related to the performance of the Vedic rituals and also of Yajnas. There are two popular parts of the Yajurveda that is known as the Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. Adhvaryu was the expert of the Yajurveda. Samaveda It is considered the Veda of Music. It mentions the sixteenth thousands of Raga and Ragini. The later part of the Samaveda is known as Gandharva Veda that is considered the Rule Book of Music. The expert of Samaveda was Udgatar. Atharvaveda It is considered the most elaborate of all the Vedas. Its origin can be traced to two Rishis that are Atharva and Angirah. Generally, it is considered as the book of spells and charms. Moreover, it also provides knowledge about Vedic astronomy, astrology, numerology, mathematics, etc. It is also the book of the Botanical knowledge and it mentions cure of the 99 diseases. Extended Text of the Vedas There are three categories of books that further provide information on Vedas. Brahmanas: They were the first category of the explanatory book of the Veda. They try to expound on the ideals of Vedas and further explain the Vedic rituals. Aranyakas: Aranya in Sanskrit means forest. It deals with the mystery of Veda that is magic, spell, and charms. Generally, the knowledge of Arnyaka was disseminated in the Vanaprashtha stage of life. Upanishads: It deals with the philosophy of Vedas and tries to address the most complex questions like the origin of Earth, soul, death, birth, life after birth, etc. Thus Vedic literature is the most important source of knowledge about Aryans and the people of the Vedic period. The literature had grown in the course of many centuries and was handed down from generation to generation. It has brought in the continuity of the culture in India.
##Question:Enumerate major Vedic Literatures with their significance. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the evolution of Vedic Literature. Elaborate on the various Vedic literature. Conclude suitably. Answer: Vedas are considered as the earliest literary record of Indian culture. They are composed in the Sanskrit language and they are generally dated between 1500 and 800 BCE and transmitted orally. The Vedic literature comprises mainly four major texts that are the Rigveda, the Samaveda, the Yajurveda, and the Atharvaveda. These texts consist of hymns, charms, spells, and ritual observations current among the Indo-European-speaking people known as Aryans who presumably entered India from the Iranian regions. The Vedas are said to have been orally composed and passed on from one generation verbally and they are written later once the script developed up till the Gupta period. Major Vedic Literature and their significance Rigveda Rigveda is the earliest collection of the 1028 hymns. It is further divided into 10 Mandala. Mandala numbers 2 to 7 are considered as the oldest composed in the early Vedic period and 1, 8, 9, and 10 were composed in the later Vedic period. It provides beautiful descriptions of nature like mountain rivers, plants, etc. It is also the book of prayers and Mantras. It provides the description of polity, economy, society, religion in ancient India. The expert of Rigveda was the Hotra. Yajurveda It is considered the most popular of all the Vedas. It provides guidelines related to the performance of the Vedic rituals and also of Yajnas. There are two popular parts of the Yajurveda that is known as the Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. Adhvaryu was the expert of the Yajurveda. Samaveda It is considered the Veda of Music. It mentions the sixteenth thousands of Raga and Ragini. The later part of the Samaveda is known as Gandharva Veda that is considered the Rule Book of Music. The expert of Samaveda was Udgatar. Atharvaveda It is considered the most elaborate of all the Vedas. Its origin can be traced to two Rishis that are Atharva and Angirah. Generally, it is considered as the book of spells and charms. Moreover, it also provides knowledge about Vedic astronomy, astrology, numerology, mathematics, etc. It is also the book of the Botanical knowledge and it mentions cure of the 99 diseases. Extended Text of the Vedas There are three categories of books that further provide information on Vedas. Brahmanas: They were the first category of the explanatory book of the Veda. They try to expound on the ideals of Vedas and further explain the Vedic rituals. Aranyakas: Aranya in Sanskrit means forest. It deals with the mystery of Veda that is magic, spell, and charms. Generally, the knowledge of Arnyaka was disseminated in the Vanaprashtha stage of life. Upanishads: It deals with the philosophy of Vedas and tries to address the most complex questions like the origin of Earth, soul, death, birth, life after birth, etc. Thus Vedic literature is the most important source of knowledge about Aryans and the people of the Vedic period. The literature had grown in the course of many centuries and was handed down from generation to generation. It has brought in the continuity of the culture in India.
74,267
Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC 2020) (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach : Introduction - Define the term Potential GDP and explain its determinants. Body - Discuss the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP Conclusion - Conclude the answer briefly. Answer : The highest market value of goods and services that can be produced in an economy over a period of time is known as potential GDP. It seeks to find the highest value that can be obtained. So, Potential GDP represents the market value of goods and services, but rather than capturing the current objective state of a nation’s economic activity, it attempts to estimate the highest level of output an economy can sustain over a period of time. Potential GDP assumes that an economy has achieved full employment and that aggregate demand does not exceed aggregate supply. Every economy has certain natural limits, determined by its available labour force, technology, natural resources, and other limitations such as Covid and supply chain disruptions. Determinants of potential GDP: Inflation - The inflation rate in the country in a year influences the GDP growth. Higher inflation can boost the potential GDP rate. Recession - Recession is the slowdown in growth rate for two consecutive quarters. A recession can significantly reduce the GDP. Factory output - The output of finished goods from factories increases its contribution to GDP. Continuous growth will be suitable for high GDP Factors inhibiting potential GDP of India: Low productivity - High employment generation in the economy will show that potential GDP to be high but it will not be achieved due to low productivity from employment generation. Currency depreciation - GDP is calculated using American dollars after converting it from Indian rupees. The depreciation of Indian rupees vis-a-vis American dollars will reduce GDP value. Decrease in foreign capital - The inflow of foreign capital may decrease over a period of time due to various factors. This will result in the economy not being able to emulate the potential numbers. Lack of Infrastructure - The infrastructure growth in the domestic economy may not be in predicted lines. This will hamper the final contribution to GDP output. Thus, potential GDP is a theoretical prediction that may not always be equal to the final output. Various external factors may also be responsible for altering the prediction.
##Question:Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC 2020) (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Define the term Potential GDP and explain its determinants. Body - Discuss the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP Conclusion - Conclude the answer briefly. Answer : The highest market value of goods and services that can be produced in an economy over a period of time is known as potential GDP. It seeks to find the highest value that can be obtained. So, Potential GDP represents the market value of goods and services, but rather than capturing the current objective state of a nation’s economic activity, it attempts to estimate the highest level of output an economy can sustain over a period of time. Potential GDP assumes that an economy has achieved full employment and that aggregate demand does not exceed aggregate supply. Every economy has certain natural limits, determined by its available labour force, technology, natural resources, and other limitations such as Covid and supply chain disruptions. Determinants of potential GDP: Inflation - The inflation rate in the country in a year influences the GDP growth. Higher inflation can boost the potential GDP rate. Recession - Recession is the slowdown in growth rate for two consecutive quarters. A recession can significantly reduce the GDP. Factory output - The output of finished goods from factories increases its contribution to GDP. Continuous growth will be suitable for high GDP Factors inhibiting potential GDP of India: Low productivity - High employment generation in the economy will show that potential GDP to be high but it will not be achieved due to low productivity from employment generation. Currency depreciation - GDP is calculated using American dollars after converting it from Indian rupees. The depreciation of Indian rupees vis-a-vis American dollars will reduce GDP value. Decrease in foreign capital - The inflow of foreign capital may decrease over a period of time due to various factors. This will result in the economy not being able to emulate the potential numbers. Lack of Infrastructure - The infrastructure growth in the domestic economy may not be in predicted lines. This will hamper the final contribution to GDP output. Thus, potential GDP is a theoretical prediction that may not always be equal to the final output. Various external factors may also be responsible for altering the prediction.
74,270
The Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate (10 Words/150 Words)
Approach: Give a brief introduction about Pala Empire in India. Highlight the reasons for which the Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: The Pala dynasty governed the regions of Bengal and Bihar for about 400 years, from the 8th century until the end of the 11th century, with about 20 leaders on the throne during the period. The dynasty was founded by Gopala who was an elected king. He had its capital at Munger and they ruled over the areas of Bengal & Bihar. The other important kings were Dharmapala & Devpala. The Pala period witnessed the last great phase of Buddhism and of Buddhist art in India. Pala period & Buddhism Dharmapala is known for reviving the famous Nalanda University , a major center of Buddhist learning by making a donation of 200 villages to it. During this time, we also find the establishment of new universities at places like Vikramshila & Odantpuri. The Pala rulers made monasteries (viharas) and temples in eastern India to promote Buddhism. Devpala is known for granting permission to a ruler of the Shailendra dynasty of South East Asia to build a Buddhist monastery at Bodh Gaya. Pala rulers are remembered as the last patrons of Buddhism, extending patronage to the Buddhist sects like Vajrayana, Matryana, Tantrayana, etc., The Pala rulers followed an approach of religious tolerance , granting land for Hindu temples and allowing Hindu Brahmins to hold high official posts in the Pala court. This allowed for a peaceful exchange of ideas between the faiths and is a large factor in why Hindu Tantrism made its way into Buddhism, giving rise to the Vajrayana philosophy. It was during the Pala period, Buddhism spread to new areas such as Ladakh & Tibet and we find mention of some Buddhist scholars like Aatish Dipankar and Sangrakshit who introduced Buddhism to Tibet. Under the Palas, we also find the beginning of Indian miniatures depicting Buddhist themes on palm leaves. Students and pilgrims throughout South East Asia came to these monasteries for education and religious purposes and returned with specimens of Pala Buddhist art. Thus, due to all such developments during the period, the last great phase of Buddhist art in India is attributed to the Pala period.
##Question:The Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate (10 Words/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about Pala Empire in India. Highlight the reasons for which the Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: The Pala dynasty governed the regions of Bengal and Bihar for about 400 years, from the 8th century until the end of the 11th century, with about 20 leaders on the throne during the period. The dynasty was founded by Gopala who was an elected king. He had its capital at Munger and they ruled over the areas of Bengal & Bihar. The other important kings were Dharmapala & Devpala. The Pala period witnessed the last great phase of Buddhism and of Buddhist art in India. Pala period & Buddhism Dharmapala is known for reviving the famous Nalanda University , a major center of Buddhist learning by making a donation of 200 villages to it. During this time, we also find the establishment of new universities at places like Vikramshila & Odantpuri. The Pala rulers made monasteries (viharas) and temples in eastern India to promote Buddhism. Devpala is known for granting permission to a ruler of the Shailendra dynasty of South East Asia to build a Buddhist monastery at Bodh Gaya. Pala rulers are remembered as the last patrons of Buddhism, extending patronage to the Buddhist sects like Vajrayana, Matryana, Tantrayana, etc., The Pala rulers followed an approach of religious tolerance , granting land for Hindu temples and allowing Hindu Brahmins to hold high official posts in the Pala court. This allowed for a peaceful exchange of ideas between the faiths and is a large factor in why Hindu Tantrism made its way into Buddhism, giving rise to the Vajrayana philosophy. It was during the Pala period, Buddhism spread to new areas such as Ladakh & Tibet and we find mention of some Buddhist scholars like Aatish Dipankar and Sangrakshit who introduced Buddhism to Tibet. Under the Palas, we also find the beginning of Indian miniatures depicting Buddhist themes on palm leaves. Students and pilgrims throughout South East Asia came to these monasteries for education and religious purposes and returned with specimens of Pala Buddhist art. Thus, due to all such developments during the period, the last great phase of Buddhist art in India is attributed to the Pala period.
74,277
Give a brief account on Al-Biruni"s understanding of Indian society & sciences.(150 Words/ 10 Marks)
Approach: Discuss in brief foreigner travelers in India. Highlight the contribution made by Al-Biruni"s in the understanding of Indian society & sciences. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: India is known for its land of diverse culture, geography, languages, cuisines, and tradition. This draws many foreigners from different countries to our land. A great number of foreign travelers have visited India and appreciated the beauty of our country in different ways including poetry, travel accounts, literature, art, and architecture. Al Biruni is one such most popular foreign travelers of India who provided a detailed account of Indian society in his famous book titled ‘Tahqiq-i-hind’. Al- Biruni & His Contributions Al-Biruni was a central-Asian astronomer who came to live in the court of Mahmud Ghazni. He is particularly known for his unbiased and scientific observations related to Indian society & sciences. He is supposed to have visited some parts of the Indian Subcontinent particularly Punjab & the North-West in person while accompanying Mahmud Ghazni. On some of his expeditions, he was also in contact with Indian soldiers & Commanders of Mahmud Ghazni. Apart from this, he was also familiar with the Arabic translation of some Indian classical works such as : Aryabhatiya, Brihad Jatak (Varahamihira) Laghu Jatak (Varahamihira) Charak Samhita etc. While talking about Indian society, Al-Biruni mentions about Varna System, Varn-Shankras, Untouchables particularly Chandalas, Sati, etc. While talking about the sciences , he talks about the following: The origin of the Indian Sub-continent out of the ocean. Geomorphological features of the sub-continent such as hills, forests, rivers, etc. Flora & Fauna. Trade Routes. Indian understanding of directions (10 directions) Indian notions related to Alchemy. Indian Medicine System- Ayurveda. Indian notions related to planetary motions and their impacts on human life. Determination of auspicious and inauspicious days and festivals, etc. Al-Biruni is quite appreciative of Indian Knowledge but considers it to be very difficult to obtain. He has called Indian knowledge to be like pearls scattered among pebbles . He is quite critical of Brahmanas whom he considers being arrogant and quite reluctant in sharing their knowledge with anybody.
##Question:Give a brief account on Al-Biruni"s understanding of Indian society & sciences.(150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Discuss in brief foreigner travelers in India. Highlight the contribution made by Al-Biruni"s in the understanding of Indian society & sciences. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: India is known for its land of diverse culture, geography, languages, cuisines, and tradition. This draws many foreigners from different countries to our land. A great number of foreign travelers have visited India and appreciated the beauty of our country in different ways including poetry, travel accounts, literature, art, and architecture. Al Biruni is one such most popular foreign travelers of India who provided a detailed account of Indian society in his famous book titled ‘Tahqiq-i-hind’. Al- Biruni & His Contributions Al-Biruni was a central-Asian astronomer who came to live in the court of Mahmud Ghazni. He is particularly known for his unbiased and scientific observations related to Indian society & sciences. He is supposed to have visited some parts of the Indian Subcontinent particularly Punjab & the North-West in person while accompanying Mahmud Ghazni. On some of his expeditions, he was also in contact with Indian soldiers & Commanders of Mahmud Ghazni. Apart from this, he was also familiar with the Arabic translation of some Indian classical works such as : Aryabhatiya, Brihad Jatak (Varahamihira) Laghu Jatak (Varahamihira) Charak Samhita etc. While talking about Indian society, Al-Biruni mentions about Varna System, Varn-Shankras, Untouchables particularly Chandalas, Sati, etc. While talking about the sciences , he talks about the following: The origin of the Indian Sub-continent out of the ocean. Geomorphological features of the sub-continent such as hills, forests, rivers, etc. Flora & Fauna. Trade Routes. Indian understanding of directions (10 directions) Indian notions related to Alchemy. Indian Medicine System- Ayurveda. Indian notions related to planetary motions and their impacts on human life. Determination of auspicious and inauspicious days and festivals, etc. Al-Biruni is quite appreciative of Indian Knowledge but considers it to be very difficult to obtain. He has called Indian knowledge to be like pearls scattered among pebbles . He is quite critical of Brahmanas whom he considers being arrogant and quite reluctant in sharing their knowledge with anybody.
74,314
What do you understand by the "All India Judicial Servies" (AIJS)? Also, critically analyse the establishment of the "All India Judicial Servies" on the lines of the All India Services. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach : Write briefly about AIJS in the introduction. Cover significance/benefits of the AIJS on the lines of the All India Services. Highlight the issues/challenges associated with the establishment of the "All India Judicial Servies". Conclusion. Answer: The AIJS is a national-level recruitment process for district judges on the lines of the UPSC (It conducts a central recruitment process and assigns successful candidates to cadres) proposed by the Central government to strengthen the overall justice delivery system. The judges of the lower judiciary are proposed to be recruited centrally and assigned to states. Under article 312 of the constitution, AIJS can be created for the rank of additional and district judges . The new service can be created by the parliament. AIJS was first proposed by the Law Commission of India in its 14th report in 1958. The SC in the All India Judges Association v/s UoI case, 1992 directed the centre to set up AIJS. Later on, reviewing the judgement in 1993, the SC left the matter to the executive as per their liberty. Benefits of AIJS: Efficient judiciary: uniform recruitment (also to address the issue of varying pay and remuneration across states), higher talent pool, professional training, etc. Hence, it will ensure efficiency in the subordinate judiciary in structural matters. Timely & fast recruitment to fill vacancies and overcome pending cases. Transparency and integrated training mechanism. The reform in the lower judiciary will improve India’s EoDB (Ease of Doing Business) ranking. According to the Government, the AIJS is a solution for equal representation of the marginalised and deprived sections of society. To reduce corruption & nepotism, the recruitment process through AIJS will promote the bottom-up approach. Challenges/issues: Dilutes the federal structure: However, in affidavits filed before the SC, the states like WB, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand opposed AIJS. Their key concerns were the dilution of the federal structure and that the proposal does not address structural issues plaguing the lower judiciary, including low pay and fewer chances of being promoted to the higher judiciary. The all India recruitment may not get adequate representation to the local population. Presently, the judiciary (HCs) has a say in appointments, but this will go to the UPSC. Therefore, the Separation of Powers may get diluted. It is also argued that central recruitment would not be able to address the unique concerns (Eg: Language and representation are key concerns for states; Judicial business is conducted in regional languages, which could be affected by central recruitment ) that individual states may have. Overall, the formation of AIJS may not address the structural issues plaguing the lower judiciary. The idea was muted again in 2017 . As a reform push, the AIJS is to centralise the recruitment of judges at the level of additional district judges and district judges for all states.
##Question:What do you understand by the "All India Judicial Servies" (AIJS)? Also, critically analyse the establishment of the "All India Judicial Servies" on the lines of the All India Services. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Write briefly about AIJS in the introduction. Cover significance/benefits of the AIJS on the lines of the All India Services. Highlight the issues/challenges associated with the establishment of the "All India Judicial Servies". Conclusion. Answer: The AIJS is a national-level recruitment process for district judges on the lines of the UPSC (It conducts a central recruitment process and assigns successful candidates to cadres) proposed by the Central government to strengthen the overall justice delivery system. The judges of the lower judiciary are proposed to be recruited centrally and assigned to states. Under article 312 of the constitution, AIJS can be created for the rank of additional and district judges . The new service can be created by the parliament. AIJS was first proposed by the Law Commission of India in its 14th report in 1958. The SC in the All India Judges Association v/s UoI case, 1992 directed the centre to set up AIJS. Later on, reviewing the judgement in 1993, the SC left the matter to the executive as per their liberty. Benefits of AIJS: Efficient judiciary: uniform recruitment (also to address the issue of varying pay and remuneration across states), higher talent pool, professional training, etc. Hence, it will ensure efficiency in the subordinate judiciary in structural matters. Timely & fast recruitment to fill vacancies and overcome pending cases. Transparency and integrated training mechanism. The reform in the lower judiciary will improve India’s EoDB (Ease of Doing Business) ranking. According to the Government, the AIJS is a solution for equal representation of the marginalised and deprived sections of society. To reduce corruption & nepotism, the recruitment process through AIJS will promote the bottom-up approach. Challenges/issues: Dilutes the federal structure: However, in affidavits filed before the SC, the states like WB, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand opposed AIJS. Their key concerns were the dilution of the federal structure and that the proposal does not address structural issues plaguing the lower judiciary, including low pay and fewer chances of being promoted to the higher judiciary. The all India recruitment may not get adequate representation to the local population. Presently, the judiciary (HCs) has a say in appointments, but this will go to the UPSC. Therefore, the Separation of Powers may get diluted. It is also argued that central recruitment would not be able to address the unique concerns (Eg: Language and representation are key concerns for states; Judicial business is conducted in regional languages, which could be affected by central recruitment ) that individual states may have. Overall, the formation of AIJS may not address the structural issues plaguing the lower judiciary. The idea was muted again in 2017 . As a reform push, the AIJS is to centralise the recruitment of judges at the level of additional district judges and district judges for all states.
74,321
For what reasons Iltutmish is called the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate? Explain with the help of various initiatives undertaken by him. (150 words/ 10marks)
Approach: Give a brief introduction about Delhi Sultanate. Highlight the reasons for which Iltutamish is called the real founder of Delhi Sultanate. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1206 to1526 AD . This Sultanate period witnessed many dynasties and various rulers among which Iltutmish was the major one and was considered to be the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate. Reasons Iltutmish (Altamash) is known as the real founder of the Delhi sultanate who is given credit for completing the unfinished task of the consolidation of the sultanate a s an independent power left by Aibak. Iltutmish belonged to the Ilbari tribe and therefore, his dynasty was named the Ilbari dynasty. During the first ten years of his reign, he mostly concentrated on securing his throne from his rivals . He averted the danger of Mongol invasion which came to appear for the first time during his reign when a fugitive prince of Central Asia Jalaluddin Mangbarani, demanded shelter from him. He was being chased by Changez Khan the famous Mongol leader. He politely refused the demand for shelter citing the harsh climate of Delhi as the reason. Iltutmish brought Bengal and Bihar back into the Delhi Sultanate. He also suppressed the Rajput revolts and recovered Ranthambore in c. 1226 CE and by c. 1231 CE, Iltutmish established his control over Bayana, Mandor, Jalore and Gwalior. The obtained ‘Mansur’ a letter of investiture from the caliph ( Khalifa) following the political traditions of the time. He created a group of forty Turkish nobles around him known as Turk-i-Chalisa or Turkan-i-Chihalgani. He refused a proposal made by a section of orthodox ulemas to convert India into ‘Dar-ul-Islam’ that is the ‘land of peace’ or the ‘land of Islam’ from what is called ‘Dar-ul-Harb’ that is the ‘land of war’ or the ‘land of nonbelievers’. He was the first Sultan who reorganized the ‘Iqta system’ in the Indian context. The Iqta system is accepted as the bureaucracy of the Delhi Sultanate and served as an effective instrument of centralization at least in the hands of the powerful and efficient ruler. The big Iqtadars were also known as ‘Muqti’, ‘Wali’ and ‘Amir’. The ‘Iqta’ system, though involving territorial assignments, differed from the feudal system in the sense that it did not involve any hereditary, proprietary, and sovereign rights with respect to the territories assigned. Iltutmish expanded the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque, completed the Qutub Minar, built his tomb in the same complex in which we notice the first experiment to construct a true dome. He patronized many scholars and a number of Sufi saints came to India during his reign. Minhaj-us-Siraj (author of Tahaqqat-i-Nasuri), Taj-ud-din, Muhammad Junaidi, Fakhrul-Mulk-Isami, Malik Qutub-ud-din Hasan were his contemporary scholars who added grandeur to his court. He also introduced the Arabic coinage in India and the silver tanka that became a standard coin in medieval India. The silver tanka remained the basis of the modern rupee. Thus, Iltutmish was a great statesman who expand the Delhi Sultanate that covered a large part of the territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh as well as some parts of southern Nepal.
##Question:For what reasons Iltutmish is called the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate? Explain with the help of various initiatives undertaken by him. (150 words/ 10marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about Delhi Sultanate. Highlight the reasons for which Iltutamish is called the real founder of Delhi Sultanate. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1206 to1526 AD . This Sultanate period witnessed many dynasties and various rulers among which Iltutmish was the major one and was considered to be the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate. Reasons Iltutmish (Altamash) is known as the real founder of the Delhi sultanate who is given credit for completing the unfinished task of the consolidation of the sultanate a s an independent power left by Aibak. Iltutmish belonged to the Ilbari tribe and therefore, his dynasty was named the Ilbari dynasty. During the first ten years of his reign, he mostly concentrated on securing his throne from his rivals . He averted the danger of Mongol invasion which came to appear for the first time during his reign when a fugitive prince of Central Asia Jalaluddin Mangbarani, demanded shelter from him. He was being chased by Changez Khan the famous Mongol leader. He politely refused the demand for shelter citing the harsh climate of Delhi as the reason. Iltutmish brought Bengal and Bihar back into the Delhi Sultanate. He also suppressed the Rajput revolts and recovered Ranthambore in c. 1226 CE and by c. 1231 CE, Iltutmish established his control over Bayana, Mandor, Jalore and Gwalior. The obtained ‘Mansur’ a letter of investiture from the caliph ( Khalifa) following the political traditions of the time. He created a group of forty Turkish nobles around him known as Turk-i-Chalisa or Turkan-i-Chihalgani. He refused a proposal made by a section of orthodox ulemas to convert India into ‘Dar-ul-Islam’ that is the ‘land of peace’ or the ‘land of Islam’ from what is called ‘Dar-ul-Harb’ that is the ‘land of war’ or the ‘land of nonbelievers’. He was the first Sultan who reorganized the ‘Iqta system’ in the Indian context. The Iqta system is accepted as the bureaucracy of the Delhi Sultanate and served as an effective instrument of centralization at least in the hands of the powerful and efficient ruler. The big Iqtadars were also known as ‘Muqti’, ‘Wali’ and ‘Amir’. The ‘Iqta’ system, though involving territorial assignments, differed from the feudal system in the sense that it did not involve any hereditary, proprietary, and sovereign rights with respect to the territories assigned. Iltutmish expanded the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque, completed the Qutub Minar, built his tomb in the same complex in which we notice the first experiment to construct a true dome. He patronized many scholars and a number of Sufi saints came to India during his reign. Minhaj-us-Siraj (author of Tahaqqat-i-Nasuri), Taj-ud-din, Muhammad Junaidi, Fakhrul-Mulk-Isami, Malik Qutub-ud-din Hasan were his contemporary scholars who added grandeur to his court. He also introduced the Arabic coinage in India and the silver tanka that became a standard coin in medieval India. The silver tanka remained the basis of the modern rupee. Thus, Iltutmish was a great statesman who expand the Delhi Sultanate that covered a large part of the territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh as well as some parts of southern Nepal.
74,328
18th century India was marked by a number of successor and rebellious states. To what extent Mysore was a stand-alone exception amongst them? Discuss. ( 150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with briefly describing the scenario of princely states in 18th century India. Then bring the points to substantiate Mysore as a Stand-alone exception among the princely state of the time. Conclude with the faith of the Mysore state in the end. Answer: 18th century India was marked by a number of successor and rebellious states in many important Princely states such as of Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore etc. But Mysore was a marked distinction and stand-alone exception amongst them as compared to any regional state that existed in the 18th century. Mysore was a modern state- technologically advanced and efficient. The following could explain the extent to which Mysore was a Stand Alone exception among the Princely State of the Time. This distinction was in terms of technological advancements and modernity. In this way, it was quite different from the Marathas, which depended upon traditional methods of guerilla warfare or even Travancore, which depended upon the support of the British. Mysore tried to assert its independence based on technological development and self-sufficiency. This was achieved via the following methods: Haider Ali Organised a very strong army on the Modern Lines. For the technological part of the army, an arsenal was created at Dindigul by Haider Ali with the help of the French. He also introduced western methods of training for his army. Haider Ali organized his army through the system of Risala i.e. the system of military administration, with a chain of command going up to the ruler. Haider Ali created many Risalas (the units were called Risalas)- In each Risala, there were a definite number of soldiers, horses, and weapons, and also a definite number of commanders. These commanders were directly appointed by Haider Ali himself. Hence, there was a direct chain of command- the soldiers followed the command of the commanders, who followed the command of Haider Ali. This way he was able to subjugate the local minor chiefs, the hereditary overlords like the deshmukhs (it was a title given to the heads of the paraganas), and the poligars (i.e. the landlords in Kerala, Karnataka etc.) Centralized Revenue Administration of Mysore: Haider Ali established a very strong and efficient revenue administration. He did not leave any scope for intermediaries. The land revenue system was based upon a detailed survey and classification of the land (In the medieval period, this process of the land survey was started by Ala-ud-din Khilji and the system of the classification of land was started by Akbar - both these systems were clubbed together by Haider Ali). The state directly negotiated the rates with the peasants and directly collected the revenue via the salaried military officials in cash. This increased the revenue of Mysore enormously. This way, even the peasants benefitted, as they were not exploited. Military Fiscalism: The land revenue system of Haider Ali, and later on of Tipu Sultan, has been termed as military fiscalism. In this, the taxes were directly collected by the state machinery. With this revenue, he maintained a very strong military/ army (without any intermediary). Agriculture: In order to expand the resource base, irrigation facilities were increased and the old irrigation systems were repaired to promote agriculture. Haider Ali promoted irrigation and agricultural manufacturing (sericulture), in and around Mysore. This way Mysore was a modern state with a modern outlook. Tipu Sultan continued and took this modernity to more heights. He supported the French Revolution (1789), introduced a new calendar etc. However, this exception and stand-alone characteristic of the Mysore state did not last long- After the death of Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. The state was soon engulfed under the British system of subsidiary alliance and was made to run on similar lines as the other princely states. However it put a firm resistance that inspired later freedom struggle against the British Rule.
##Question:18th century India was marked by a number of successor and rebellious states. To what extent Mysore was a stand-alone exception amongst them? Discuss. ( 150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with briefly describing the scenario of princely states in 18th century India. Then bring the points to substantiate Mysore as a Stand-alone exception among the princely state of the time. Conclude with the faith of the Mysore state in the end. Answer: 18th century India was marked by a number of successor and rebellious states in many important Princely states such as of Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore etc. But Mysore was a marked distinction and stand-alone exception amongst them as compared to any regional state that existed in the 18th century. Mysore was a modern state- technologically advanced and efficient. The following could explain the extent to which Mysore was a Stand Alone exception among the Princely State of the Time. This distinction was in terms of technological advancements and modernity. In this way, it was quite different from the Marathas, which depended upon traditional methods of guerilla warfare or even Travancore, which depended upon the support of the British. Mysore tried to assert its independence based on technological development and self-sufficiency. This was achieved via the following methods: Haider Ali Organised a very strong army on the Modern Lines. For the technological part of the army, an arsenal was created at Dindigul by Haider Ali with the help of the French. He also introduced western methods of training for his army. Haider Ali organized his army through the system of Risala i.e. the system of military administration, with a chain of command going up to the ruler. Haider Ali created many Risalas (the units were called Risalas)- In each Risala, there were a definite number of soldiers, horses, and weapons, and also a definite number of commanders. These commanders were directly appointed by Haider Ali himself. Hence, there was a direct chain of command- the soldiers followed the command of the commanders, who followed the command of Haider Ali. This way he was able to subjugate the local minor chiefs, the hereditary overlords like the deshmukhs (it was a title given to the heads of the paraganas), and the poligars (i.e. the landlords in Kerala, Karnataka etc.) Centralized Revenue Administration of Mysore: Haider Ali established a very strong and efficient revenue administration. He did not leave any scope for intermediaries. The land revenue system was based upon a detailed survey and classification of the land (In the medieval period, this process of the land survey was started by Ala-ud-din Khilji and the system of the classification of land was started by Akbar - both these systems were clubbed together by Haider Ali). The state directly negotiated the rates with the peasants and directly collected the revenue via the salaried military officials in cash. This increased the revenue of Mysore enormously. This way, even the peasants benefitted, as they were not exploited. Military Fiscalism: The land revenue system of Haider Ali, and later on of Tipu Sultan, has been termed as military fiscalism. In this, the taxes were directly collected by the state machinery. With this revenue, he maintained a very strong military/ army (without any intermediary). Agriculture: In order to expand the resource base, irrigation facilities were increased and the old irrigation systems were repaired to promote agriculture. Haider Ali promoted irrigation and agricultural manufacturing (sericulture), in and around Mysore. This way Mysore was a modern state with a modern outlook. Tipu Sultan continued and took this modernity to more heights. He supported the French Revolution (1789), introduced a new calendar etc. However, this exception and stand-alone characteristic of the Mysore state did not last long- After the death of Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. The state was soon engulfed under the British system of subsidiary alliance and was made to run on similar lines as the other princely states. However it put a firm resistance that inspired later freedom struggle against the British Rule.
74,333
What are the ecosystem services? Discuss these services and briefly explain the importance of TEEB. (150 words/ 10 marks)
APPROACH: Define ecosystem and ecosystem services Mention ecosystem services provided by the forest Define TEEB and its importance ANSWER: Ecological System: An ecological system can be defined as the complex set of biotic and abiotic components which are interconnected with each other. For example; the ocean, forest, ponds are ecological systems. Ecosystem Services: The direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human existence and well-being are called ecosystem services. These services directly or indirectly support the survival and quality of life of human beings. Ecosystem services provided by the forest- 1. Provisioning Services: Provisioning services are the products obtained from the ecosystem of forests such as food, freshwater, wood, fiber, genetic resources, and medicines. 2. Regulatory Services: Regulating services are defined as the benefits obtained from the regulation of forest ecosystem processes such as climate regulation, natural hazard regulation, water purification, and waste management, pollination or pest control. 3. Supporting Services: Supporting services of the forest make it possible for the ecosystems to provide services such as food supply, flood regulation, and water purification that support human life on earth. These include services such as nutrient recycling, primary production, and soil formation. 4. Cultural Services: Cultural services of the forest ecosystem include non-material benefits that people obtain from ecosystems such as spiritual enrichment, intellectual development, recreation, and aesthetic values. TEEB - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) is a global initiative focused on “making nature’s values visible”. Its principal objective is to mainstream the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services into decision-making at all levels. It aims to achieve this goal by following a structured approach to valuation that helps decision-makers recognize the wide range of benefits provided by ecosystems and biodiversity, demonstrates their values in economic terms and, where appropriate, suggests how to capture those values in decision-making. Importance of TEEB – • It examines the economic costs of biodiversity decline and the costs and benefits of actions to reduce these losses. • It integrates ecological and economic knowledge to structure the evaluation of ecosystem services under different scenarios. • It develops guidance for policymakers at international, regional and local levels in order to foster sustainable development and better conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. • Enable easy access to leading information and tools for improved biodiversity practice for the business community – from the perspective of managing risks, addressing opportunities, and measuring impacts • Raise public awareness of the individual’s impact on biodiversity and ecosystems, and areas where individual action can make a positive difference TEEB initiative will help in mainstreaming the economics of biodiversity and the multi-trillion-dollar services of the ecosystems which it supports into development and decision-making.
##Question:What are the ecosystem services? Discuss these services and briefly explain the importance of TEEB. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Define ecosystem and ecosystem services Mention ecosystem services provided by the forest Define TEEB and its importance ANSWER: Ecological System: An ecological system can be defined as the complex set of biotic and abiotic components which are interconnected with each other. For example; the ocean, forest, ponds are ecological systems. Ecosystem Services: The direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human existence and well-being are called ecosystem services. These services directly or indirectly support the survival and quality of life of human beings. Ecosystem services provided by the forest- 1. Provisioning Services: Provisioning services are the products obtained from the ecosystem of forests such as food, freshwater, wood, fiber, genetic resources, and medicines. 2. Regulatory Services: Regulating services are defined as the benefits obtained from the regulation of forest ecosystem processes such as climate regulation, natural hazard regulation, water purification, and waste management, pollination or pest control. 3. Supporting Services: Supporting services of the forest make it possible for the ecosystems to provide services such as food supply, flood regulation, and water purification that support human life on earth. These include services such as nutrient recycling, primary production, and soil formation. 4. Cultural Services: Cultural services of the forest ecosystem include non-material benefits that people obtain from ecosystems such as spiritual enrichment, intellectual development, recreation, and aesthetic values. TEEB - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) is a global initiative focused on “making nature’s values visible”. Its principal objective is to mainstream the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services into decision-making at all levels. It aims to achieve this goal by following a structured approach to valuation that helps decision-makers recognize the wide range of benefits provided by ecosystems and biodiversity, demonstrates their values in economic terms and, where appropriate, suggests how to capture those values in decision-making. Importance of TEEB – • It examines the economic costs of biodiversity decline and the costs and benefits of actions to reduce these losses. • It integrates ecological and economic knowledge to structure the evaluation of ecosystem services under different scenarios. • It develops guidance for policymakers at international, regional and local levels in order to foster sustainable development and better conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. • Enable easy access to leading information and tools for improved biodiversity practice for the business community – from the perspective of managing risks, addressing opportunities, and measuring impacts • Raise public awareness of the individual’s impact on biodiversity and ecosystems, and areas where individual action can make a positive difference TEEB initiative will help in mainstreaming the economics of biodiversity and the multi-trillion-dollar services of the ecosystems which it supports into development and decision-making.
74,337
Explain how biodiversity benefits humans in various ways. Discuss major threats to Biodiversity due to anthropogenic causes. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Define Biodiversity. Mention about the significance of biodiversity to humans. Highlight major threats to Biodiversity. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Biodiversity is the most precious gift of nature mankind is blessed with. As all the organisms in an ecosystem are interlinked and interdependent, the value of biodiversity in the life of all the organisms including humans is enormous. 1. Economic Value: The economic potential of biodiversity is immense in terms of food, fodder, medicinal, ethical and social values. Biodiversity forms the major resource for different industries, which govern the world economy. The salient features regarding the economical potential of biodiversity are given below: The major fuel sources of the world including wood and fossil fuels have their origin due to biodiversity. It is the source of food for all animals and humans. Many important chemicals have their origin from the diverse flora and fauna, used in various industries. Diverse groups of animals are used for medical research during the testing of new drugs. 2. Ecosystem Services: These services also support human needs and activities such as intensely managed production ecosystems. Ecosystem service includes: The production of oxygen by land-based plants and marine algae. The maintenance of freshwater quality by vegetation slowing runoff, trapping sediment, and removing nutrients and by soil, organisms breaking down pollutants. The production and maintenance of fertile soil as a result of many interacting processes. The provision of foods such as fish, pastures for cattle and sheep, timber, firewood and harvested wildlife such as kangaroos and native cut flowers; 3. Ethical and Moral Value: It is based on the principle of ‘live and let others live’. Ethical values related to biodiversity conservation are based on the importance of protecting all forms of life. All forms of life have the right to exist on earth. Man is only a small part of the Earth’s great family of species. 4. Aesthetic Value: The beauty of our planet is because of biodiversity, which otherwise would have resembled other barren planets dotted around the universe. Biological diversity adds to the quality of life and provides some of the most beautiful aspects of our existence. Biodiversity is responsible for the beauty of a landscape. 5. Spiritual Values: Elements of biodiversity can contribute to cultural identity, and many ecosystem characteristics are frequently incorporated into cultural traditions. For example, in folklore, local animals are used to symbolize societal values or to explain unusual events. Indigenous cultures sometimes recognize biodiversity’s value in religious traditions based on honoring the Earth. Proximity to nature has also been shown to enhance emotional and spiritual well-being. 6. Consumptive use value : This is related to natural products that are used directly for food, fodder, timber, fuelwood, etc. Humans use at least 40,000 species of plants and animals on a daily basis. Many people around the world still depend on wild species for most of their needs like food, shelter and clothing. The tribal people are completely dependent on the forests for their daily needs. 7. Productive Use Value: This is assigned to products that are commercially harvested and marketed. Almost all the present date agricultural crops have originated from wild varieties. Biotechnologists continuously use wild species of plants for developing new, better yielding and disease-resistant varieties. Biodiversity represents the original stock from which new varieties are being developed. The present-day world is experiencing a lot of threats to Biodiversity. They are as follows- Destruction of Habitats: It is one of the biggest threats to biodiversity on Earth. Dynamite fishing, boat anchorages, and oil spills have severely destroyed coral reefs in some parts of the world. Singapore in Southeast Asia has lost 95% of its lowland rainforests due to excessive logging. Spread of the urbanized areas, road network, and industrial areas and associated problems (noise, pollution); abandonment of former agricultural practices that were favourable to biodiversity Overexploitation: Due to the overhunting/harvesting of vast numbers of exotic fishes and marine animals, their populations is getting smaller each year and facing the risk of extinction. Pollution: Excessive release of toxic fumes, chemicals and wastes over extended time periods destroys the biological fabric of aquatic and terrestrial systems. Pollutants have the tendency to spread into food chains. Climate Change: The earth’s climate is rapidly changing. With global warming on the increase, chances for ecosystems to acclimatize naturally are diminishing. Introduction of invasive species: It has been seen that non-native species can cause the extinction of native species. Earlier, Lake Victoria in Africa was famous for its great diversity of endemic species. There is a need to increase our knowledge of environmental issues and our awareness of the impacts of biodiversity loss, and increase support for government policies and actions that conserve our valuable ecosystems. There is an urgent need to aid in the recovery of species at risk and prevent other species from becoming at risk.
##Question:Explain how biodiversity benefits humans in various ways. Discuss major threats to Biodiversity due to anthropogenic causes. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Define Biodiversity. Mention about the significance of biodiversity to humans. Highlight major threats to Biodiversity. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Biodiversity is the most precious gift of nature mankind is blessed with. As all the organisms in an ecosystem are interlinked and interdependent, the value of biodiversity in the life of all the organisms including humans is enormous. 1. Economic Value: The economic potential of biodiversity is immense in terms of food, fodder, medicinal, ethical and social values. Biodiversity forms the major resource for different industries, which govern the world economy. The salient features regarding the economical potential of biodiversity are given below: The major fuel sources of the world including wood and fossil fuels have their origin due to biodiversity. It is the source of food for all animals and humans. Many important chemicals have their origin from the diverse flora and fauna, used in various industries. Diverse groups of animals are used for medical research during the testing of new drugs. 2. Ecosystem Services: These services also support human needs and activities such as intensely managed production ecosystems. Ecosystem service includes: The production of oxygen by land-based plants and marine algae. The maintenance of freshwater quality by vegetation slowing runoff, trapping sediment, and removing nutrients and by soil, organisms breaking down pollutants. The production and maintenance of fertile soil as a result of many interacting processes. The provision of foods such as fish, pastures for cattle and sheep, timber, firewood and harvested wildlife such as kangaroos and native cut flowers; 3. Ethical and Moral Value: It is based on the principle of ‘live and let others live’. Ethical values related to biodiversity conservation are based on the importance of protecting all forms of life. All forms of life have the right to exist on earth. Man is only a small part of the Earth’s great family of species. 4. Aesthetic Value: The beauty of our planet is because of biodiversity, which otherwise would have resembled other barren planets dotted around the universe. Biological diversity adds to the quality of life and provides some of the most beautiful aspects of our existence. Biodiversity is responsible for the beauty of a landscape. 5. Spiritual Values: Elements of biodiversity can contribute to cultural identity, and many ecosystem characteristics are frequently incorporated into cultural traditions. For example, in folklore, local animals are used to symbolize societal values or to explain unusual events. Indigenous cultures sometimes recognize biodiversity’s value in religious traditions based on honoring the Earth. Proximity to nature has also been shown to enhance emotional and spiritual well-being. 6. Consumptive use value : This is related to natural products that are used directly for food, fodder, timber, fuelwood, etc. Humans use at least 40,000 species of plants and animals on a daily basis. Many people around the world still depend on wild species for most of their needs like food, shelter and clothing. The tribal people are completely dependent on the forests for their daily needs. 7. Productive Use Value: This is assigned to products that are commercially harvested and marketed. Almost all the present date agricultural crops have originated from wild varieties. Biotechnologists continuously use wild species of plants for developing new, better yielding and disease-resistant varieties. Biodiversity represents the original stock from which new varieties are being developed. The present-day world is experiencing a lot of threats to Biodiversity. They are as follows- Destruction of Habitats: It is one of the biggest threats to biodiversity on Earth. Dynamite fishing, boat anchorages, and oil spills have severely destroyed coral reefs in some parts of the world. Singapore in Southeast Asia has lost 95% of its lowland rainforests due to excessive logging. Spread of the urbanized areas, road network, and industrial areas and associated problems (noise, pollution); abandonment of former agricultural practices that were favourable to biodiversity Overexploitation: Due to the overhunting/harvesting of vast numbers of exotic fishes and marine animals, their populations is getting smaller each year and facing the risk of extinction. Pollution: Excessive release of toxic fumes, chemicals and wastes over extended time periods destroys the biological fabric of aquatic and terrestrial systems. Pollutants have the tendency to spread into food chains. Climate Change: The earth’s climate is rapidly changing. With global warming on the increase, chances for ecosystems to acclimatize naturally are diminishing. Introduction of invasive species: It has been seen that non-native species can cause the extinction of native species. Earlier, Lake Victoria in Africa was famous for its great diversity of endemic species. There is a need to increase our knowledge of environmental issues and our awareness of the impacts of biodiversity loss, and increase support for government policies and actions that conserve our valuable ecosystems. There is an urgent need to aid in the recovery of species at risk and prevent other species from becoming at risk.
74,393
Briefly mention the contribution of Dr. S Chandrasekhar in the field of space science. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce the major achievement of Dr. S Chandrasekhar in the field of space science. Explain his concept in a brief manner. Conclude accordingly. Answer: S. Chandrasekhar was an Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. By the early 1930s, scientists had concluded that after converting all of their hydrogens to helium stars lose energy and contract under the influence of their own gravity. These stars, known as white dwarf stars, contract to about the size of Earth, and the electrons and nuclei of their constituent atoms are compressed to a state of extremely high density. Chandrasekhar determined what is known as the Chandrasekhar limit—that a star having a mass more than 1.44 times that of the Sun does not form a white dwarf but instead continues to collapse, blows off its gaseous envelope in a supernova explosion, and becomes a neutron star. An even more massive star continues to collapse and becomes a black hole. These calculations contributed to the eventual understanding of supernovas, neutron stars, and black holes. He did important work on energy transfer by radiation in stellar atmospheres and convention on the solar surface. He also attempted to develop the mathematical theory of black holes, describing his work in The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes (1983). Thus his concept brought clarity of the important events and celestial bodies that have provided the present research new directions.
##Question:Briefly mention the contribution of Dr. S Chandrasekhar in the field of space science. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the major achievement of Dr. S Chandrasekhar in the field of space science. Explain his concept in a brief manner. Conclude accordingly. Answer: S. Chandrasekhar was an Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. By the early 1930s, scientists had concluded that after converting all of their hydrogens to helium stars lose energy and contract under the influence of their own gravity. These stars, known as white dwarf stars, contract to about the size of Earth, and the electrons and nuclei of their constituent atoms are compressed to a state of extremely high density. Chandrasekhar determined what is known as the Chandrasekhar limit—that a star having a mass more than 1.44 times that of the Sun does not form a white dwarf but instead continues to collapse, blows off its gaseous envelope in a supernova explosion, and becomes a neutron star. An even more massive star continues to collapse and becomes a black hole. These calculations contributed to the eventual understanding of supernovas, neutron stars, and black holes. He did important work on energy transfer by radiation in stellar atmospheres and convention on the solar surface. He also attempted to develop the mathematical theory of black holes, describing his work in The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes (1983). Thus his concept brought clarity of the important events and celestial bodies that have provided the present research new directions.
74,407
What is blockchain technology? Discuss its key characteristics and applications. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach. Try to introduce your answer by briefly defining Blockchain technology. In the Body mention features of BlockChain technology. Try to highlight its potential applications. Try to highlight Issues related to BlockChain technology Conclude with an example of its adoption and any suggestions etc Answer Blockchains are open-distributed digital ledgers that chronologically record transactions between two parties. Every single transaction is linked to the chain using cryptographic principles. The blocks are connected to each other by having unique codes called hashes which form a chain of blocks. It is not owned by one individual. Its managed and stored across several computer systems. features of Blockchain technology. It is durable and robust. It is transparent and incorruptible The network operates on a peer-to-peer basis. When a transaction is initiated in a blockchain a record of that transaction is sent to all nodes (devices connected to the Blockchain). When the majority of nodes validate the transaction, a new block is added. Once a block is added it cannot be manipulated because of cryptographic hashing, proof of work, and the fact that the entire blockchain is decentralized. Application of Blockchain technology Smart contracts (Digital contracts using Blockchain technology). Trading platform. Such as Trading of Bitcoins, shares, etc Supply chain management. Cyber security and law and order. The law enforcement agency is also now applying applications of Blockchain technology. So that they can create a Common Database of the criminal and the crimes committed by them with all the biometric details. Sensitive clinical data storage by health facilities or research organizations. Governance such as Land record management. such as Blockchain can be possibly used in the election, Voting will become more secure and fail-proof with the help of Blockchain . Challenges Blockchain can be possibly used in the next election or in Voting because of its revolutionary unchanging nature. Voting will become more secure and fail-proof with the help of Blockchain. High energy consumption. knowledge of the benefits of distributed ledger technology is still limited to those who are involved in the technology space and those whose industries are adopting blockchain solutions. Conclusion Blockchain is a very promising technology. However proper measures must be taken to and put in place to maximize the possible benefits to be derived from it. such as Proper regulatory mechanisms, Capacity development, Awareness generation, etc
##Question:What is blockchain technology? Discuss its key characteristics and applications. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach. Try to introduce your answer by briefly defining Blockchain technology. In the Body mention features of BlockChain technology. Try to highlight its potential applications. Try to highlight Issues related to BlockChain technology Conclude with an example of its adoption and any suggestions etc Answer Blockchains are open-distributed digital ledgers that chronologically record transactions between two parties. Every single transaction is linked to the chain using cryptographic principles. The blocks are connected to each other by having unique codes called hashes which form a chain of blocks. It is not owned by one individual. Its managed and stored across several computer systems. features of Blockchain technology. It is durable and robust. It is transparent and incorruptible The network operates on a peer-to-peer basis. When a transaction is initiated in a blockchain a record of that transaction is sent to all nodes (devices connected to the Blockchain). When the majority of nodes validate the transaction, a new block is added. Once a block is added it cannot be manipulated because of cryptographic hashing, proof of work, and the fact that the entire blockchain is decentralized. Application of Blockchain technology Smart contracts (Digital contracts using Blockchain technology). Trading platform. Such as Trading of Bitcoins, shares, etc Supply chain management. Cyber security and law and order. The law enforcement agency is also now applying applications of Blockchain technology. So that they can create a Common Database of the criminal and the crimes committed by them with all the biometric details. Sensitive clinical data storage by health facilities or research organizations. Governance such as Land record management. such as Blockchain can be possibly used in the election, Voting will become more secure and fail-proof with the help of Blockchain . Challenges Blockchain can be possibly used in the next election or in Voting because of its revolutionary unchanging nature. Voting will become more secure and fail-proof with the help of Blockchain. High energy consumption. knowledge of the benefits of distributed ledger technology is still limited to those who are involved in the technology space and those whose industries are adopting blockchain solutions. Conclusion Blockchain is a very promising technology. However proper measures must be taken to and put in place to maximize the possible benefits to be derived from it. such as Proper regulatory mechanisms, Capacity development, Awareness generation, etc
74,408
Briefly mention the contibution of Dr. S Chandrasekhar in the field of space science. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce the major achievement of Dr. S Chandrasekhar in the field of space science. Explain his concept in a brief manner. Conclude accordingly. Answer: S. Chandrasekhar was an Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. By the early 1930s, scientists had concluded that after converting all of their hydrogens to helium stars lose energy and contract under the influence of their own gravity. These stars, known as white dwarf stars, contract to about the size of Earth, and the electrons and nuclei of their constituent atoms are compressed to a state of extremely high density. Chandrasekhar determined what is known as the Chandrasekhar limit—that a star having a mass more than 1.44 times that of the Sun does not form a white dwarf but instead continues to collapse, blows off its gaseous envelope in a supernova explosion, and becomes a neutron star. An even more massive star continues to collapse and becomes a black hole. These calculations contributed to the eventual understanding of supernovas, neutron stars, and black holes. He did important work on energy transfer by radiation in stellar atmospheres and convention on the solar surface. He also attempted to develop the mathematical theory of black holes, describing his work in The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes (1983). Thus his concept brought clarity of the important events and celestial bodies that have provided the present research new directions.
##Question:Briefly mention the contibution of Dr. S Chandrasekhar in the field of space science. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the major achievement of Dr. S Chandrasekhar in the field of space science. Explain his concept in a brief manner. Conclude accordingly. Answer: S. Chandrasekhar was an Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. By the early 1930s, scientists had concluded that after converting all of their hydrogens to helium stars lose energy and contract under the influence of their own gravity. These stars, known as white dwarf stars, contract to about the size of Earth, and the electrons and nuclei of their constituent atoms are compressed to a state of extremely high density. Chandrasekhar determined what is known as the Chandrasekhar limit—that a star having a mass more than 1.44 times that of the Sun does not form a white dwarf but instead continues to collapse, blows off its gaseous envelope in a supernova explosion, and becomes a neutron star. An even more massive star continues to collapse and becomes a black hole. These calculations contributed to the eventual understanding of supernovas, neutron stars, and black holes. He did important work on energy transfer by radiation in stellar atmospheres and convention on the solar surface. He also attempted to develop the mathematical theory of black holes, describing his work in The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes (1983). Thus his concept brought clarity of the important events and celestial bodies that have provided the present research new directions.
74,409
What do you understand by Artificial Intelligence? Elaborate on the need to regulate artificial intelligence. (10 marks, 150 words)
Approach: Start with a brief description of Artificial Intelligence. Briefly cover the scope of artificial intelligence, before covering the need for regulating it. Highlight the different reasons behind regulating artificial intelligence. Highlight certain risks involved with uncontrolled and unregulated artificial intelligence, citing views of certain eminent personalities. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer to perform sentient tasks which are associated with intelligent beings. It involves tasks like reasoning, generalizing, learning from past experiences, etc. Some common examples of its uses are- Google search suggestions, auto-correct, and predictions while typing, etc. With the rapid development in the field, there is hardly any sector in which AI cannot be used. Some major areas with great potential for AI are:- Medical Science : Targeted drug delivery, more efficient diagnosis, remote surgeries, data analysis from treatment histories, etc. Agriculture: Ascertaining proper amount and timing of water and nutrients, smart taps to save water, better weed control, automated drone monitoring, etc. Manufacturing : Determining production practices with proper scope, scale, quality controls so as to achieve the least wastage and optimum utilization. Defence : Smart fencing, defensive and offensive mechanisms that can curate the intensity of violent force use as per the threat perception. AI research is still in a very nascent stage, but it has started giving a glimpse of how a future dominated by AI could look like. The humanly impossible scale of data processing and recall which AI possesses can outdo humans in practically every department it chooses to. Some reasons so as to regulate AI to achieve a balance between public good and fruitful innovation are: AI can devise unethical ways to maximize the target outcome without the knowledge of its developers. This is possible for fields like actuarial calculations in insurance and share market trade. Analytical capabilities cannot be replicated in morality. It was evident after, in 2016, a chatbot by Microsoft had to be pulled off shortly after its release after it started giving out racist and sexist messages. AI development in most parts is happening in silos for competitive reasons; hence the developers themselves have an incentive to look out for ways to surpass one another. It is very similar to what we see for transnational hacking attacks. Along with most of the blue-collar repetitive jobs, AI could also target a large number of white-collar jobs with some degree of decision making like loans disbursal, coding, risk assessment, personnel management, etc. Lax regulatory regime for technological issues might create problems that are too big to get corrected. Data privacy, hacking, dark web are some examples. Military usage can be the most disastrous one. Devoid of emotions, it can go for indiscriminate scorched earth policies to meet military aims in the least time. Elon Musk believes AI to be more dangerous than nukes, and Stephen Hawking held AI to be an existential threat. At the same time, similar apprehensions of a lesser degree were laid for every disruptive technology from steam engine, assembly line production, and most recently for robotics. Despite the threats posed by AI, their benefits cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime so that efficiency is balanced with ethical concerns.
##Question:What do you understand by Artificial Intelligence? Elaborate on the need to regulate artificial intelligence. (10 marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a brief description of Artificial Intelligence. Briefly cover the scope of artificial intelligence, before covering the need for regulating it. Highlight the different reasons behind regulating artificial intelligence. Highlight certain risks involved with uncontrolled and unregulated artificial intelligence, citing views of certain eminent personalities. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer to perform sentient tasks which are associated with intelligent beings. It involves tasks like reasoning, generalizing, learning from past experiences, etc. Some common examples of its uses are- Google search suggestions, auto-correct, and predictions while typing, etc. With the rapid development in the field, there is hardly any sector in which AI cannot be used. Some major areas with great potential for AI are:- Medical Science : Targeted drug delivery, more efficient diagnosis, remote surgeries, data analysis from treatment histories, etc. Agriculture: Ascertaining proper amount and timing of water and nutrients, smart taps to save water, better weed control, automated drone monitoring, etc. Manufacturing : Determining production practices with proper scope, scale, quality controls so as to achieve the least wastage and optimum utilization. Defence : Smart fencing, defensive and offensive mechanisms that can curate the intensity of violent force use as per the threat perception. AI research is still in a very nascent stage, but it has started giving a glimpse of how a future dominated by AI could look like. The humanly impossible scale of data processing and recall which AI possesses can outdo humans in practically every department it chooses to. Some reasons so as to regulate AI to achieve a balance between public good and fruitful innovation are: AI can devise unethical ways to maximize the target outcome without the knowledge of its developers. This is possible for fields like actuarial calculations in insurance and share market trade. Analytical capabilities cannot be replicated in morality. It was evident after, in 2016, a chatbot by Microsoft had to be pulled off shortly after its release after it started giving out racist and sexist messages. AI development in most parts is happening in silos for competitive reasons; hence the developers themselves have an incentive to look out for ways to surpass one another. It is very similar to what we see for transnational hacking attacks. Along with most of the blue-collar repetitive jobs, AI could also target a large number of white-collar jobs with some degree of decision making like loans disbursal, coding, risk assessment, personnel management, etc. Lax regulatory regime for technological issues might create problems that are too big to get corrected. Data privacy, hacking, dark web are some examples. Military usage can be the most disastrous one. Devoid of emotions, it can go for indiscriminate scorched earth policies to meet military aims in the least time. Elon Musk believes AI to be more dangerous than nukes, and Stephen Hawking held AI to be an existential threat. At the same time, similar apprehensions of a lesser degree were laid for every disruptive technology from steam engine, assembly line production, and most recently for robotics. Despite the threats posed by AI, their benefits cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime so that efficiency is balanced with ethical concerns.
74,436
Discuss the evolution of music in India? Also, highlight the different compositions of northern style of classical music? (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach : Introduce an answer by referring to the three art forms of music. Discuss the evolution of music in India. Highlight the different compositions of the Hindustani style of classical music. Answer : Known as “Sangeet” in India, music ‘Sangeet’ is a combination of three art forms namely vocal music (gayana), instrumental (vadana) and dance (nritya). These are again based on two important aspects, ‘Taal" (rhythm) and ‘Raag" (melody). Evolution of Music in India Ancient Times : 1. In the earlier days, the music was devotional in nature. It was restricted only to temples and used for ritualistic purposes and was displayed in Later Vedic period through a type of music called Sangama. 2. Organized Indian music owes its origin to the Samaveda. The Veda has all the seven notes of the raga karaharpriya in the descending order. The earliest Raga is speculated to be ‘Sama Raga’. ‘Om’ is considered to be giving rise to various notes. 3. Then later on forms like ‘Prabandh Sangeet’, which was in Sanskrit, and ‘dhruvapad’, in Hindi became popular. 4. With the coming of the Gupta era, which is considered as the golden era in the development of Indian music, the music treatises like ‘Natya Shastra’ and ‘Brihaddeshi’ were written. Medieval Period : 1. The ‘sufi’ influence in the Hindustani music during the medieval period was fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of Sufi composers like Amir Khusru and Tansen. 2. ‘Dhruvapad’ style of singing patronized by rulers transformed into the Dhrupad style by the 15th century. 3. By 17th Century a new form of Hindustani music had evolved called the Khayal Style. 4. This influence was felt to a greater extent in the North than in the South. The consequence of this differing degree of influence ultimately resulted in the bifurcation of Indian music into two distinct systems; the ‘Hindustani sangeet’ of the North and the ‘Carnatic sangeet’ of the South. The northern style of music developed as Hindustani classical music. Compositions of the Hindustani style of classical music Dhrupad - Oldest classical form. It has again developed into a number of gharanas. Dhrupad is an old style of singing, traditionally performed by male singers. It is performed with a tambura and a pakhawaj as instrumental accompaniments. The lyrics, some of which were written in Sanskrit centuries ago, are presently often sung in brajbhasha, a medieval form of North and East Indian languages that were spoken in Eastern India. The Rudra veena, an ancient string instrument, is used in instrumental music in dhrupad. Khayal - Amir Khusrao created this composition of Hindustani music. Khyal is the more modern Hindustani form of vocal music. Khyal, literally meaning "thought" or "imagination" in Hindustani and derived from the Arabic term, is unusual as it is based on improvising and expressing emotion. A Khyal is a two- to eight-line lyric set to a melody. Khyal contains a greater variety of embellishments and ornamentations compared to dhrupad. Khyal"s romanticism has led to it becoming the most popular genre of classical music. Thumri - Thumri is a semi-classical vocal form said to have begun in Uttar Pradesh with the court of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, (r. 1847–1856). There are three types of thumri: poorab ang, Lucknavi and Punjabi thumri. The lyrics are typically in a proto-Hindi language called Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic. Tarana - Another vocal form, taranas are medium- to fast-paced songs that are used to convey a mood of elation and are usually performed towards the end of a concert. They consist of a few lines of poetry with soft syllables or bols set to a tune. The singer uses these few lines as a basis for fast improvisation. The tillana of Carnatic music is based on the tarana, although the former is primarily associated with dance. Tappa - Tappa is a form of Indian semi-classical vocal music whose speciality is its rolling pace based on fast, subtle, knotty construction. A quick turn of phrases, It was later on developed in Punjab as a part of local folk culture. Qawwali - devotional music with a very strong Persian influence. Ghazal - In the Indian sub-continent, Ghazal became the most common form of poetry in the Urdu language and was popularized by classical poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, Daagh, Zauq and Sauda amongst the North Indian literary elite. Vocal music set to this mode of poetry is popular with multiple variations across Central Asia, the Middle East, as well as other countries and regions of the world. Ghazal exists in multiple variations, including semi-classical, folk and pop forms.
##Question:Discuss the evolution of music in India? Also, highlight the different compositions of northern style of classical music? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce an answer by referring to the three art forms of music. Discuss the evolution of music in India. Highlight the different compositions of the Hindustani style of classical music. Answer : Known as “Sangeet” in India, music ‘Sangeet’ is a combination of three art forms namely vocal music (gayana), instrumental (vadana) and dance (nritya). These are again based on two important aspects, ‘Taal" (rhythm) and ‘Raag" (melody). Evolution of Music in India Ancient Times : 1. In the earlier days, the music was devotional in nature. It was restricted only to temples and used for ritualistic purposes and was displayed in Later Vedic period through a type of music called Sangama. 2. Organized Indian music owes its origin to the Samaveda. The Veda has all the seven notes of the raga karaharpriya in the descending order. The earliest Raga is speculated to be ‘Sama Raga’. ‘Om’ is considered to be giving rise to various notes. 3. Then later on forms like ‘Prabandh Sangeet’, which was in Sanskrit, and ‘dhruvapad’, in Hindi became popular. 4. With the coming of the Gupta era, which is considered as the golden era in the development of Indian music, the music treatises like ‘Natya Shastra’ and ‘Brihaddeshi’ were written. Medieval Period : 1. The ‘sufi’ influence in the Hindustani music during the medieval period was fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of Sufi composers like Amir Khusru and Tansen. 2. ‘Dhruvapad’ style of singing patronized by rulers transformed into the Dhrupad style by the 15th century. 3. By 17th Century a new form of Hindustani music had evolved called the Khayal Style. 4. This influence was felt to a greater extent in the North than in the South. The consequence of this differing degree of influence ultimately resulted in the bifurcation of Indian music into two distinct systems; the ‘Hindustani sangeet’ of the North and the ‘Carnatic sangeet’ of the South. The northern style of music developed as Hindustani classical music. Compositions of the Hindustani style of classical music Dhrupad - Oldest classical form. It has again developed into a number of gharanas. Dhrupad is an old style of singing, traditionally performed by male singers. It is performed with a tambura and a pakhawaj as instrumental accompaniments. The lyrics, some of which were written in Sanskrit centuries ago, are presently often sung in brajbhasha, a medieval form of North and East Indian languages that were spoken in Eastern India. The Rudra veena, an ancient string instrument, is used in instrumental music in dhrupad. Khayal - Amir Khusrao created this composition of Hindustani music. Khyal is the more modern Hindustani form of vocal music. Khyal, literally meaning "thought" or "imagination" in Hindustani and derived from the Arabic term, is unusual as it is based on improvising and expressing emotion. A Khyal is a two- to eight-line lyric set to a melody. Khyal contains a greater variety of embellishments and ornamentations compared to dhrupad. Khyal"s romanticism has led to it becoming the most popular genre of classical music. Thumri - Thumri is a semi-classical vocal form said to have begun in Uttar Pradesh with the court of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, (r. 1847–1856). There are three types of thumri: poorab ang, Lucknavi and Punjabi thumri. The lyrics are typically in a proto-Hindi language called Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic. Tarana - Another vocal form, taranas are medium- to fast-paced songs that are used to convey a mood of elation and are usually performed towards the end of a concert. They consist of a few lines of poetry with soft syllables or bols set to a tune. The singer uses these few lines as a basis for fast improvisation. The tillana of Carnatic music is based on the tarana, although the former is primarily associated with dance. Tappa - Tappa is a form of Indian semi-classical vocal music whose speciality is its rolling pace based on fast, subtle, knotty construction. A quick turn of phrases, It was later on developed in Punjab as a part of local folk culture. Qawwali - devotional music with a very strong Persian influence. Ghazal - In the Indian sub-continent, Ghazal became the most common form of poetry in the Urdu language and was popularized by classical poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, Daagh, Zauq and Sauda amongst the North Indian literary elite. Vocal music set to this mode of poetry is popular with multiple variations across Central Asia, the Middle East, as well as other countries and regions of the world. Ghazal exists in multiple variations, including semi-classical, folk and pop forms.
74,439
Discuss the need of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural development and empowerment? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce briefly the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) In body write about the need of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural development and empowerment Conclusion with the way forward. Answer : A three-tier structure of the Indian administration for rural development is called Panchayati Raj. The aim of the Panchayati Raj is to develop local self-governments in districts, zones, and villages. Rural development is one of the main objectives of Panchayati Raj and this has been established in all states of India except Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, in all Union Territories except Delhi. PRI was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, of 1992 to build democracy at the grassroots level and was entrusted with the task of rural development in the country. Need of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural development and empowerment: To provide self-rule for the tribal population. To have village governance with participatory democracy. To evolve participatory governance consistent with the traditional practices. To preserve and safeguard the traditions and customs of the tribal population. To empower panchayats with powers conducive to tribal requirements. To prevent panchayats at a higher level from assuming powers and authority of panchayats at a lower level. Way forward: 6th report of the 2nd ARC, ‘Local Governance- An inspiring journey into the future’’, had recommended that there should be a clear-cut demarcation of functions of each tier of the government. States should adopt the concept of ‘activity mapping’, wherein each state clearly delineates the responsibilities and roles for the different tiers of the government in respect to the subjects listed in Schedule XI. The subjects should be divided and assigned to the different tiers on the basis of accountability to the public. States like Karnataka and Kerala have taken some steps in this direction but overall progress has been highly uneven. There is a need for bottom-up planning especially at the district level, based on grassroots inputs received from Gram Sabha.
##Question:Discuss the need of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural development and empowerment? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) In body write about the need of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural development and empowerment Conclusion with the way forward. Answer : A three-tier structure of the Indian administration for rural development is called Panchayati Raj. The aim of the Panchayati Raj is to develop local self-governments in districts, zones, and villages. Rural development is one of the main objectives of Panchayati Raj and this has been established in all states of India except Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, in all Union Territories except Delhi. PRI was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, of 1992 to build democracy at the grassroots level and was entrusted with the task of rural development in the country. Need of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural development and empowerment: To provide self-rule for the tribal population. To have village governance with participatory democracy. To evolve participatory governance consistent with the traditional practices. To preserve and safeguard the traditions and customs of the tribal population. To empower panchayats with powers conducive to tribal requirements. To prevent panchayats at a higher level from assuming powers and authority of panchayats at a lower level. Way forward: 6th report of the 2nd ARC, ‘Local Governance- An inspiring journey into the future’’, had recommended that there should be a clear-cut demarcation of functions of each tier of the government. States should adopt the concept of ‘activity mapping’, wherein each state clearly delineates the responsibilities and roles for the different tiers of the government in respect to the subjects listed in Schedule XI. The subjects should be divided and assigned to the different tiers on the basis of accountability to the public. States like Karnataka and Kerala have taken some steps in this direction but overall progress has been highly uneven. There is a need for bottom-up planning especially at the district level, based on grassroots inputs received from Gram Sabha.
74,455
Discuss the structure of urban local government in India and major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduce in brief the urban local government in India and its structure In body mention the structure and major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Conclude briefly with challenges and way forward Answer: At the city level, the Urban local government is provided through Urban Local Bodies mandated by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. It was provided to devolve the power to the lowest level of the political system to govern in a better manner. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): The constitution of India under Article 243P has the definition related to ULBs and Municipalities are dealt between Article 243P to 243 ZG (Part IXA) Article 243Q - Classifies Municipalities into three types: Nagar Panchayat - A transition area from rural to urban Municipal Council - For a smaller Urban Area Municipal Corporation - For a larger Urban Area Factors determining classification: The population of the area; The density of the population; Revenue generation for local administration; Percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities Article 243R - The municipalities are classified into territorial constituencies commonly known as wards where all the seats are filled by direct elections No less than 1/3rd seats are reserved for women The seats for backward classes of citizens are reserved in the manner provided by the state legislature through appropriate legislation Article 243U - The term of every municipality shall be 5 years from its first meeting Article 243W - The Municipalities hall enjoy such powers and authority especially with reference to: The preparation of plans for economic development and social justice Entrusting functions related to those matters in the 12th Schedule and others The minimum age to contest elections shall be 21 years Article 243X - The power of taxation/duties, tolls, etc are derived by an act of state legislature Article 243ZB - These provisions extend to the Union Territories (UTs) and President may modify any provision through public notification Despite this, the Urban Local Bodies have been facing many challenges in their effective governance. Lack of Financial Support: Few taxes and fees had been devolved in the hand of the Urban Local Bodies. This results in a high level of dependency on fiscal transfer from the state. Inadequate devolution of functions: The state legislature has been provided with discretionary for transferring important subjects to the Local Bodies. Rigidity in structure: The rigid 3-tiers structure overlooks the diverse needs of different states. Interference by state bureaucracy: State bureaucracies keep control over key decisions involving resources and functions allocation to local bodies. The measures that can be taken are that we need to enhance the financial capacity of local bodies by empowering them to impose taxes such as advertisement tax, entertainment tax, etc. Local representatives should be trained to develop expertise for better planning and implementation. The effectiveness in the governance of the Urban Local Bodies as per the provision of the 74th Amendment Act will play a very crucial role in democratic decentralization and social inclusion in India.
##Question:Discuss the structure of urban local government in India and major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief the urban local government in India and its structure In body mention the structure and major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Conclude briefly with challenges and way forward Answer: At the city level, the Urban local government is provided through Urban Local Bodies mandated by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. It was provided to devolve the power to the lowest level of the political system to govern in a better manner. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): The constitution of India under Article 243P has the definition related to ULBs and Municipalities are dealt between Article 243P to 243 ZG (Part IXA) Article 243Q - Classifies Municipalities into three types: Nagar Panchayat - A transition area from rural to urban Municipal Council - For a smaller Urban Area Municipal Corporation - For a larger Urban Area Factors determining classification: The population of the area; The density of the population; Revenue generation for local administration; Percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities Article 243R - The municipalities are classified into territorial constituencies commonly known as wards where all the seats are filled by direct elections No less than 1/3rd seats are reserved for women The seats for backward classes of citizens are reserved in the manner provided by the state legislature through appropriate legislation Article 243U - The term of every municipality shall be 5 years from its first meeting Article 243W - The Municipalities hall enjoy such powers and authority especially with reference to: The preparation of plans for economic development and social justice Entrusting functions related to those matters in the 12th Schedule and others The minimum age to contest elections shall be 21 years Article 243X - The power of taxation/duties, tolls, etc are derived by an act of state legislature Article 243ZB - These provisions extend to the Union Territories (UTs) and President may modify any provision through public notification Despite this, the Urban Local Bodies have been facing many challenges in their effective governance. Lack of Financial Support: Few taxes and fees had been devolved in the hand of the Urban Local Bodies. This results in a high level of dependency on fiscal transfer from the state. Inadequate devolution of functions: The state legislature has been provided with discretionary for transferring important subjects to the Local Bodies. Rigidity in structure: The rigid 3-tiers structure overlooks the diverse needs of different states. Interference by state bureaucracy: State bureaucracies keep control over key decisions involving resources and functions allocation to local bodies. The measures that can be taken are that we need to enhance the financial capacity of local bodies by empowering them to impose taxes such as advertisement tax, entertainment tax, etc. Local representatives should be trained to develop expertise for better planning and implementation. The effectiveness in the governance of the Urban Local Bodies as per the provision of the 74th Amendment Act will play a very crucial role in democratic decentralization and social inclusion in India.
74,467
Discuss the structure of urban local government in India and major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief the urban local government in India and its structure In the body mention the structure and major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Conclude briefly with challenges and way forward Answer : At the city level, the Urban local government is provided through Urban Local Bodies mandated by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, of 1992. It was provided to devolve the power to the lowest level of the political system to govern in a better manner. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): The constitution of India under Article 243P has a definition related to ULBs and Municipalities are dealt with between Article 243P to 243 ZG (Part IXA) Article 243Q - Classifies Municipalities into three types: Nagar Panchayat - A transition area from rural to urban Municipal Council - For a smaller Urban Area Municipal Corporation - For a larger Urban Area Factors determining classification: The population of the area; The density of the population; Revenue generation for local administration; Percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities Major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Article 243R - The municipalities are classified into territorial constituencies commonly known as wards where all the seats are filled by direct elections. No less than 1/3rd of seats are reserved for women; The seats for backward classes of citizens are reserved in the manner provided by the state legislature through appropriate legislation Article 243U - The term of every municipality shall be 5 years from its first meeting Article 243W - The Municipalities hall enjoy such powers and authority, especially with reference to: The preparation of plans for economic development and social justice. Entrusting functions related to those matters in the 12th Schedule and others. The minimum age to contest elections shall be 21 years Article 243X - The power of taxation/duties, tolls, etc are derived by an act of state legislature Article 243ZB - These provisions extend to the Union Territories (UTs) and President may modify any provision through public notification Despite this, the Urban Local Bodies have been facing many challenges in their effective governance. Lack of Financial Support: Few taxes and fees had been devolved into the hand of the Urban Local Bodies. This results in a high level of dependency on fiscal transfer from the state. Inadequate devolution of functions: The state legislature has been provided with discretionary for transferring important subjects to the Local Bodies. Rigidity in structure: The rigid 3-tiers structure overlooks the diverse needs of different states. Interference by state bureaucracy: State bureaucracies keep control over key decisions involving resources and functions allocation to local bodies. The measures that can be taken are: we need to enhance the financial capacity of local bodies by empowering them to impose taxes such as advertisement tax, entertainment tax, etc. Local representatives should be trained to develop expertise for better planning and implementation. The effectiveness in the governance of the Urban Local Bodies as per the provision of the 74th Amendment Act will play a very crucial role in democratic decentralization and social inclusion in India.
##Question:Discuss the structure of urban local government in India and major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief the urban local government in India and its structure In the body mention the structure and major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Conclude briefly with challenges and way forward Answer : At the city level, the Urban local government is provided through Urban Local Bodies mandated by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, of 1992. It was provided to devolve the power to the lowest level of the political system to govern in a better manner. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): The constitution of India under Article 243P has a definition related to ULBs and Municipalities are dealt with between Article 243P to 243 ZG (Part IXA) Article 243Q - Classifies Municipalities into three types: Nagar Panchayat - A transition area from rural to urban Municipal Council - For a smaller Urban Area Municipal Corporation - For a larger Urban Area Factors determining classification: The population of the area; The density of the population; Revenue generation for local administration; Percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities Major provisions as per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Article 243R - The municipalities are classified into territorial constituencies commonly known as wards where all the seats are filled by direct elections. No less than 1/3rd of seats are reserved for women; The seats for backward classes of citizens are reserved in the manner provided by the state legislature through appropriate legislation Article 243U - The term of every municipality shall be 5 years from its first meeting Article 243W - The Municipalities hall enjoy such powers and authority, especially with reference to: The preparation of plans for economic development and social justice. Entrusting functions related to those matters in the 12th Schedule and others. The minimum age to contest elections shall be 21 years Article 243X - The power of taxation/duties, tolls, etc are derived by an act of state legislature Article 243ZB - These provisions extend to the Union Territories (UTs) and President may modify any provision through public notification Despite this, the Urban Local Bodies have been facing many challenges in their effective governance. Lack of Financial Support: Few taxes and fees had been devolved into the hand of the Urban Local Bodies. This results in a high level of dependency on fiscal transfer from the state. Inadequate devolution of functions: The state legislature has been provided with discretionary for transferring important subjects to the Local Bodies. Rigidity in structure: The rigid 3-tiers structure overlooks the diverse needs of different states. Interference by state bureaucracy: State bureaucracies keep control over key decisions involving resources and functions allocation to local bodies. The measures that can be taken are: we need to enhance the financial capacity of local bodies by empowering them to impose taxes such as advertisement tax, entertainment tax, etc. Local representatives should be trained to develop expertise for better planning and implementation. The effectiveness in the governance of the Urban Local Bodies as per the provision of the 74th Amendment Act will play a very crucial role in democratic decentralization and social inclusion in India.
74,468
With reference to the oceanic-oceanic convergence, explain the Volcanic Island arc formation also known as archipelagoes along with suitable examples. (150 words/10 marks)
Answer - Approach - Intro - Define convergence Body - explain the process of convergence by using a diagram and example of an archipelago. conclusion - suitably conclude During the process of convergence two lithospheric plates collide against each other. In Ocean-Ocean Convergence, a denser oceanic plate subducts below a less dense oceanic plate forming a trench along the boundary. The concept of Ocean-Ocean Convergence helps us understand the formation of the Japanese Island Arc, Indonesian Archipelago, Philippine Island Arc, and Caribbean Islands. In the oceanic-oceanic convergence, the denser oceanic plate sinks and gradually melts separating its lighter part from its denser parts and the denser part tends to sink and the lighter lithosphere melted magma tends to rise. Where the plate has subducted the open ocean trench is formed having an oceanic plate on both its sides. The lighter lithosphere melted magma causes volcanic eruption on the non-subducting plate parallel to the trench and depending on the amount of magma erupting at individual locations leads to the formation of ridges, seamounts, or guyots where lesser eruption happens. Where more magma erupts, it can lead to the formation of islands as they rise above the water and chain/arc of islands known as archipelagos which are volcanically active having volcanic peaks in general as these are made up of lighter silica-rich material. Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos are famous examples of arc islands formed due to such a process. In ocean-ocean convergence, the denser plate subducts into the asthenosphere. This region below the convergence zone is called the zone of subduction. In the zone of subduction, the rocks undergo metamorphosis, and the sediments in the oceanic plate melt to form magma. At the surface magma escapes in the form of volcanic eruptions. Constant volcanism builds layer over layer and a volcanic mountain is formed. Such mountains are formed all along the converging edge. Over time the mountains merge, and the oceanic crust gets transformed into continental crust. This is how the Indonesian archipelago and Philippine archipelago were formed. Hence the oceanic-oceanic convergence helps us to understand the geographical features like the formation of volcanic arc islands and associated phenomenons of the ring of fire.
##Question:With reference to the oceanic-oceanic convergence, explain the Volcanic Island arc formation also known as archipelagoes along with suitable examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Answer - Approach - Intro - Define convergence Body - explain the process of convergence by using a diagram and example of an archipelago. conclusion - suitably conclude During the process of convergence two lithospheric plates collide against each other. In Ocean-Ocean Convergence, a denser oceanic plate subducts below a less dense oceanic plate forming a trench along the boundary. The concept of Ocean-Ocean Convergence helps us understand the formation of the Japanese Island Arc, Indonesian Archipelago, Philippine Island Arc, and Caribbean Islands. In the oceanic-oceanic convergence, the denser oceanic plate sinks and gradually melts separating its lighter part from its denser parts and the denser part tends to sink and the lighter lithosphere melted magma tends to rise. Where the plate has subducted the open ocean trench is formed having an oceanic plate on both its sides. The lighter lithosphere melted magma causes volcanic eruption on the non-subducting plate parallel to the trench and depending on the amount of magma erupting at individual locations leads to the formation of ridges, seamounts, or guyots where lesser eruption happens. Where more magma erupts, it can lead to the formation of islands as they rise above the water and chain/arc of islands known as archipelagos which are volcanically active having volcanic peaks in general as these are made up of lighter silica-rich material. Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos are famous examples of arc islands formed due to such a process. In ocean-ocean convergence, the denser plate subducts into the asthenosphere. This region below the convergence zone is called the zone of subduction. In the zone of subduction, the rocks undergo metamorphosis, and the sediments in the oceanic plate melt to form magma. At the surface magma escapes in the form of volcanic eruptions. Constant volcanism builds layer over layer and a volcanic mountain is formed. Such mountains are formed all along the converging edge. Over time the mountains merge, and the oceanic crust gets transformed into continental crust. This is how the Indonesian archipelago and Philippine archipelago were formed. Hence the oceanic-oceanic convergence helps us to understand the geographical features like the formation of volcanic arc islands and associated phenomenons of the ring of fire.
74,470
Discuss briefly the features and type of administration in the Fifth and the Sixth schedule areas? (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach : Introduce briefly both the fifth and sixth schedule areas while discussing one at a time In body discuss the features of fifth and sixth schedule areas Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer : 5th Schedule Areas: It is applicable to all the states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram where the provisions of the 6th Schedule shall apply The Governor shall annually report to the President or if required before the status of administration in scheduled areas The executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the states with respect to administration in scheduled areas Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) - In each state having a scheduled area the TAC shall come into existence comprising of not more than 20 members Nearly, 3/4th of them shall be MLAs from tribal communities The TAC shall advise for the welfare and advancement of scheduled tribes in the state Declaration of Scheduled Areas - The President is empowered to declare an area as a scheduled area and any further change can be done in consultation with the state Governor The Scheduled Area has a different relationship with respect to the applicability of laws In a scheduled Area, the Governor may by public notification exempt an act of Parliament to be applicable or of the state legislature, or apply such laws with exceptions and modifications Evaluation of 5th Schedule: The fifth schedule mandates that the scheduled areas shall be constituted to cater to the aspirations of relatively less developed tribal groups The Tribal advisory councils through an advisory body still through deliberation and consultation bring about a qualitative change in the government"s policies and programmes towards scheduled tribes The Governor with the special responsibility has a role to take care of the administration for the betterment of the scheduled tribes and keep reporting the President 6th Schedule: It provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states. This special provision is provided under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1) of the Constitution. It seeks to safeguard the rights of the tribal population through the formation of Autonomous District Councils (ADC). ADCs are bodies representing a district to which the Constitution has given varying degrees of autonomy within the state legislature. It is applicable to Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The Autonomous District Councils/Regional Councils are created through public notification by Governor There can be autonomous district councils or regional councils Each autonomous district council normally has 30 members and 4 nominated members by Governor The councils can make laws inter-alia among other things along with respect to: Appointment or succession of headmen and Inheritance of property Marriage, divorce, Social Customs Land forest, shifting cultivation, canal water, etc subject to the assent of the Governor The councils also are empowered to deal with certain civil and criminal suits and can constitute village councils also The District and Regional Councils can also collect certain specified taxes They can establish primary schools, markets, etc District Councils can make laws with respect to money lending The act of parliament or state legislature either do not apply or apply with such modifications as prescribed by the Governor The Governor of Assam will take decision with respect to the act of State legislature or Parliament While in the case of Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram the decision will be taken by President with respect to Parliamentary laws and by Governor with respect to the state legislature These were incorporated to protect the rights of the minority tribals living within a larger state dominated by the majority. It allows for greater political autonomy and decentralised governance in certain tribal areas of the Northeast. It should be followed in the letter in spirit so that holistic development of the tribal population takes place.
##Question:Discuss briefly the features and type of administration in the Fifth and the Sixth schedule areas? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly both the fifth and sixth schedule areas while discussing one at a time In body discuss the features of fifth and sixth schedule areas Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer : 5th Schedule Areas: It is applicable to all the states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram where the provisions of the 6th Schedule shall apply The Governor shall annually report to the President or if required before the status of administration in scheduled areas The executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the states with respect to administration in scheduled areas Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) - In each state having a scheduled area the TAC shall come into existence comprising of not more than 20 members Nearly, 3/4th of them shall be MLAs from tribal communities The TAC shall advise for the welfare and advancement of scheduled tribes in the state Declaration of Scheduled Areas - The President is empowered to declare an area as a scheduled area and any further change can be done in consultation with the state Governor The Scheduled Area has a different relationship with respect to the applicability of laws In a scheduled Area, the Governor may by public notification exempt an act of Parliament to be applicable or of the state legislature, or apply such laws with exceptions and modifications Evaluation of 5th Schedule: The fifth schedule mandates that the scheduled areas shall be constituted to cater to the aspirations of relatively less developed tribal groups The Tribal advisory councils through an advisory body still through deliberation and consultation bring about a qualitative change in the government"s policies and programmes towards scheduled tribes The Governor with the special responsibility has a role to take care of the administration for the betterment of the scheduled tribes and keep reporting the President 6th Schedule: It provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states. This special provision is provided under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1) of the Constitution. It seeks to safeguard the rights of the tribal population through the formation of Autonomous District Councils (ADC). ADCs are bodies representing a district to which the Constitution has given varying degrees of autonomy within the state legislature. It is applicable to Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The Autonomous District Councils/Regional Councils are created through public notification by Governor There can be autonomous district councils or regional councils Each autonomous district council normally has 30 members and 4 nominated members by Governor The councils can make laws inter-alia among other things along with respect to: Appointment or succession of headmen and Inheritance of property Marriage, divorce, Social Customs Land forest, shifting cultivation, canal water, etc subject to the assent of the Governor The councils also are empowered to deal with certain civil and criminal suits and can constitute village councils also The District and Regional Councils can also collect certain specified taxes They can establish primary schools, markets, etc District Councils can make laws with respect to money lending The act of parliament or state legislature either do not apply or apply with such modifications as prescribed by the Governor The Governor of Assam will take decision with respect to the act of State legislature or Parliament While in the case of Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram the decision will be taken by President with respect to Parliamentary laws and by Governor with respect to the state legislature These were incorporated to protect the rights of the minority tribals living within a larger state dominated by the majority. It allows for greater political autonomy and decentralised governance in certain tribal areas of the Northeast. It should be followed in the letter in spirit so that holistic development of the tribal population takes place.
74,483
Discuss briefly the features and type of administration in the Fifth and the Sixth schedule areas? (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach: Introduce briefly both the fifth and sixth schedule areas while discussing one at a time In body discuss the features of fifth and sixth schedule areas Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: 5th Schedule Areas: It is applicable to all the states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram where the provisions of the 6th Schedule shall apply The Governor shall annually report to the President or if required before the status of administration in scheduled areas The executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the states with respect to administration in scheduled areas Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) - In each state having a scheduled area the TAC shall come into existence comprising of not more than 20 members Nearly, 3/4th of them shall be MLAs from tribal communities The TAC shall advise for the welfare and advancement of scheduled tribes in the state Declaration of Scheduled Areas - The President is empowered to declare an area as a scheduled area and any further change can be done in consultation with the state Governor The Scheduled Area has a different relationship with respect to the applicability of laws In a scheduled Area, the Governor may by public notification exempt an act of Parliament to be applicable or of the state legislature, or apply such laws with exceptions and modifications Critical Evaluation of 5th Schedule: The fifth schedule mandates that the scheduled areas shall be constituted to cater to the aspirations of relatively less developed tribal groups The Tribal advisory councils through an advisory body still through deliberation and consultation bring about a qualitative change in the government"s policies and programmes towards scheduled tribes The Governor with the special responsibility has a role to take care of the administration for the betterment of the scheduled tribes and keep reporting the President 6th Schedule: It provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states.This special provision is provided under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1) of the Constitution. It seeks to safeguard the rights of the tribal population through the formation of Autonomous District Councils (ADC). ADCs are bodies representing a district to which the Constitution has given varying degrees of autonomy within the state legislature. It is applicable to Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The Autonomous District Councils/Regional Councils are created through public notification by Governor There can be autonomous district councils or regional councils Each autonomous district council normally has 30 members and 4 nominated members by Governor The councils can make laws inter-alia among other things along with respect to: Appointment or succession of headmen and Inheritance of property Marriage, divorce, Social Customs Land forest, shifting cultivation, canal water, etc subject to the assent of the Governor The councils also are empowered to deal with certain civil and criminal suits and can constitute village councils also The District and Regional Councils can also collect certain specified taxes They can establish primary schools, markets, etc District Councils can make laws with respect to money lending The act of parliament or state legislature either do not apply or apply with such modifications as prescribed by the Governor The Governor of Assam will take decision with respect to the act of State legislature or Parliament While in the case of Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram the decision will be taken by President with respect to Parliamentary laws and by Governor with respect to the state legislature These were incorporated to protect the rights of the minority tribals living within a larger state dominated by the majority. It allows for greater political autonomy and decentralised governance in certain tribal areas of the Northeast. It should be followed in the letter in spirit so that holistic development of the tribal population takes place.
##Question:Discuss briefly the features and type of administration in the Fifth and the Sixth schedule areas? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly both the fifth and sixth schedule areas while discussing one at a time In body discuss the features of fifth and sixth schedule areas Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: 5th Schedule Areas: It is applicable to all the states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram where the provisions of the 6th Schedule shall apply The Governor shall annually report to the President or if required before the status of administration in scheduled areas The executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the states with respect to administration in scheduled areas Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) - In each state having a scheduled area the TAC shall come into existence comprising of not more than 20 members Nearly, 3/4th of them shall be MLAs from tribal communities The TAC shall advise for the welfare and advancement of scheduled tribes in the state Declaration of Scheduled Areas - The President is empowered to declare an area as a scheduled area and any further change can be done in consultation with the state Governor The Scheduled Area has a different relationship with respect to the applicability of laws In a scheduled Area, the Governor may by public notification exempt an act of Parliament to be applicable or of the state legislature, or apply such laws with exceptions and modifications Critical Evaluation of 5th Schedule: The fifth schedule mandates that the scheduled areas shall be constituted to cater to the aspirations of relatively less developed tribal groups The Tribal advisory councils through an advisory body still through deliberation and consultation bring about a qualitative change in the government"s policies and programmes towards scheduled tribes The Governor with the special responsibility has a role to take care of the administration for the betterment of the scheduled tribes and keep reporting the President 6th Schedule: It provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states.This special provision is provided under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1) of the Constitution. It seeks to safeguard the rights of the tribal population through the formation of Autonomous District Councils (ADC). ADCs are bodies representing a district to which the Constitution has given varying degrees of autonomy within the state legislature. It is applicable to Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The Autonomous District Councils/Regional Councils are created through public notification by Governor There can be autonomous district councils or regional councils Each autonomous district council normally has 30 members and 4 nominated members by Governor The councils can make laws inter-alia among other things along with respect to: Appointment or succession of headmen and Inheritance of property Marriage, divorce, Social Customs Land forest, shifting cultivation, canal water, etc subject to the assent of the Governor The councils also are empowered to deal with certain civil and criminal suits and can constitute village councils also The District and Regional Councils can also collect certain specified taxes They can establish primary schools, markets, etc District Councils can make laws with respect to money lending The act of parliament or state legislature either do not apply or apply with such modifications as prescribed by the Governor The Governor of Assam will take decision with respect to the act of State legislature or Parliament While in the case of Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram the decision will be taken by President with respect to Parliamentary laws and by Governor with respect to the state legislature These were incorporated to protect the rights of the minority tribals living within a larger state dominated by the majority. It allows for greater political autonomy and decentralised governance in certain tribal areas of the Northeast. It should be followed in the letter in spirit so that holistic development of the tribal population takes place.
74,484
Explain High Powered Money. How do the banks create further money using this?(10 marks, 200 words)
Approach: Start with a brief description of High Powered Money. Mention the process of the creation of high-powered money in a brief manner. Highlight the money creation process of the bank. Mention some crucial aspects like money multiplier. Conclude by mentioning the utility of the money creation mechanism by banks. Answer: High-powered money includes all the currency in circulation and the bank reserves held by the central bank of any country. It can also be understood as the total liability of the central bank. This is also denoted as M0. The process of money creation by the bank using the High powered money- The central bank (RBI for India) cannot print currency notes out of thin air. RBI must purchase certain assets (Gold reserves, foreign government bonds, Indian government bonds, foreign currency reserves, etc.) so as to uphold the promise of paying the bearer the sum as per the denomination of the currency. High-powered money is also referred to as the monetary base of an economy as it can be expanded through the money multiplier effect by commercial banks. Banks create money by the expansion of the demand and time deposits they hold through processes like loans, advances, and investments. Since the bank loan is not directly paid to the borrower, but it is only credited onto his account, every bank loan effectively creates an equivalent deposit in the bank. In this manner, money is created by expanding deposits as a multiple of its reserves. This could be explained better with an example: Let us assume bank functions in an economy with a 10% cash reserve ratio (India now has a 4% cash reserve ratio). A person X deposits Rs 2000 there. Bank will keep RS 200 as a reserve, and it will give Rs 1800 as a loan to Y. Y has not been transferred the amount per se, but only a demand deposit account is opened for him, and Rs 1800 got credited there. Now the bank will keep Rs 180 as a reserve and further lend the remaining Rs 1620 to Z. So we can see that till now, out of the original Rs 2000, the bank extended Rs 3420 as loans. The cycle could theoretically go for infinite times, but the amount would get insignificant after some iterations. This approach of multiplying the final broad money from the deposit base is called money multiplier, and it depends upon the reserve restrictions by the central bank, as well as the banking habits of the population. This mechanism is very helpful to channelize society’s surplus wealth to individuals and organizations that can use it productively. Also, more credit in the economy will increase demand, which will fuel the setting up and expansion of businesses that will generate employment.
##Question:Explain High Powered Money. How do the banks create further money using this?(10 marks, 200 words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a brief description of High Powered Money. Mention the process of the creation of high-powered money in a brief manner. Highlight the money creation process of the bank. Mention some crucial aspects like money multiplier. Conclude by mentioning the utility of the money creation mechanism by banks. Answer: High-powered money includes all the currency in circulation and the bank reserves held by the central bank of any country. It can also be understood as the total liability of the central bank. This is also denoted as M0. The process of money creation by the bank using the High powered money- The central bank (RBI for India) cannot print currency notes out of thin air. RBI must purchase certain assets (Gold reserves, foreign government bonds, Indian government bonds, foreign currency reserves, etc.) so as to uphold the promise of paying the bearer the sum as per the denomination of the currency. High-powered money is also referred to as the monetary base of an economy as it can be expanded through the money multiplier effect by commercial banks. Banks create money by the expansion of the demand and time deposits they hold through processes like loans, advances, and investments. Since the bank loan is not directly paid to the borrower, but it is only credited onto his account, every bank loan effectively creates an equivalent deposit in the bank. In this manner, money is created by expanding deposits as a multiple of its reserves. This could be explained better with an example: Let us assume bank functions in an economy with a 10% cash reserve ratio (India now has a 4% cash reserve ratio). A person X deposits Rs 2000 there. Bank will keep RS 200 as a reserve, and it will give Rs 1800 as a loan to Y. Y has not been transferred the amount per se, but only a demand deposit account is opened for him, and Rs 1800 got credited there. Now the bank will keep Rs 180 as a reserve and further lend the remaining Rs 1620 to Z. So we can see that till now, out of the original Rs 2000, the bank extended Rs 3420 as loans. The cycle could theoretically go for infinite times, but the amount would get insignificant after some iterations. This approach of multiplying the final broad money from the deposit base is called money multiplier, and it depends upon the reserve restrictions by the central bank, as well as the banking habits of the population. This mechanism is very helpful to channelize society’s surplus wealth to individuals and organizations that can use it productively. Also, more credit in the economy will increase demand, which will fuel the setting up and expansion of businesses that will generate employment.
74,490
The share of different sectors (Inddustry, Service, and Agriculutre) in GDP and emloyment in India is complex and changing over years? Do you agree, give reasons with some facts. (150 words / 10 marks)
Approach: Give a brief introduction of different sectors in Indian Economy Mention the share of different sectors in India"s GDP and employment. Bring out the changing trend of the share of different sectors in GDP over the past years Answer: The Indian economy has broadly three sectors viz- Primary, secondary, and Tertiary sector. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector, like agriculture, mining, etc. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. Under the tertiary sector, we have the activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors for eg service sector. more than 58 percent of the workforce in India were employed in agriculture, while the other half was almost evenly distributed among the two other sectors, industry and services. While the share of Indians working in agriculture is declining, it is still the main sector of employment. The current share of different sectors is as under - Sector Percentage share in employment Percentage share in GDP Agriculture 58.2% 14.5 % Service 22% 57.7 % Industry 20% 27 % The share of different sectors in India"s GDP and employment is complex as seen from the below facts Employment in Agriculture has come down by about 9% from 2010 to 2020 Industry contribution has about 4% increase in employment from 2010 to 2020 Services sector share increased by about 6% in terms of employment from 2010 to 2020 Employment elasticity tells us about the proportion of growth that is attributable to an increase in employment. Despite a decreasing employment elasticity, we observe that the growth rate of jobs in the country has been greater than the rate of growth of the labour force. Therefore even when the number of new jobs created is less, they are still sufficient when compared to an increase in the labour force, that is, new people which are seeking employment. In the last 20 years, LFPR has remained almost constant (grown from about 35% to 40%). The population has grown at the rate of about 1.1% per year, employment has grown at the rate of about 1.5% per year. Therefore employment growth even if less than desirable when compared to GDP growth, is more than sufficient when compared to labour force growth. This is also reflected in an almost constant unemployment rate during the past 30 years Further as per the economic Survey 2021-2022: The Agriculture sector experienced buoyant growth in the past two years, accounting for a sizeable 18.8% (2021-22) in Gross Value Added (GVA) of the country registering a growth of 3.6% in 2020-21 and 3.9% in 2021-22. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) grew at 17.4 percent (YoY) during April-November 2021 as compared to (-)15.3 percent in April-November 2020. GVA of services crossed pre-pandemic level in July-September quarter of 2021-22; however, GVA of contact intensive sectors like trade, transport, etc. still remain below pre-pandemic level.Overall service Sector GVA is expected to grow by 8.2 percent in 2021-22. Conclusion: Thus we see that while there has been a change in the share of the three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment. The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now.
##Question:The share of different sectors (Inddustry, Service, and Agriculutre) in GDP and emloyment in India is complex and changing over years? Do you agree, give reasons with some facts. (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction of different sectors in Indian Economy Mention the share of different sectors in India"s GDP and employment. Bring out the changing trend of the share of different sectors in GDP over the past years Answer: The Indian economy has broadly three sectors viz- Primary, secondary, and Tertiary sector. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector, like agriculture, mining, etc. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. Under the tertiary sector, we have the activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors for eg service sector. more than 58 percent of the workforce in India were employed in agriculture, while the other half was almost evenly distributed among the two other sectors, industry and services. While the share of Indians working in agriculture is declining, it is still the main sector of employment. The current share of different sectors is as under - Sector Percentage share in employment Percentage share in GDP Agriculture 58.2% 14.5 % Service 22% 57.7 % Industry 20% 27 % The share of different sectors in India"s GDP and employment is complex as seen from the below facts Employment in Agriculture has come down by about 9% from 2010 to 2020 Industry contribution has about 4% increase in employment from 2010 to 2020 Services sector share increased by about 6% in terms of employment from 2010 to 2020 Employment elasticity tells us about the proportion of growth that is attributable to an increase in employment. Despite a decreasing employment elasticity, we observe that the growth rate of jobs in the country has been greater than the rate of growth of the labour force. Therefore even when the number of new jobs created is less, they are still sufficient when compared to an increase in the labour force, that is, new people which are seeking employment. In the last 20 years, LFPR has remained almost constant (grown from about 35% to 40%). The population has grown at the rate of about 1.1% per year, employment has grown at the rate of about 1.5% per year. Therefore employment growth even if less than desirable when compared to GDP growth, is more than sufficient when compared to labour force growth. This is also reflected in an almost constant unemployment rate during the past 30 years Further as per the economic Survey 2021-2022: The Agriculture sector experienced buoyant growth in the past two years, accounting for a sizeable 18.8% (2021-22) in Gross Value Added (GVA) of the country registering a growth of 3.6% in 2020-21 and 3.9% in 2021-22. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) grew at 17.4 percent (YoY) during April-November 2021 as compared to (-)15.3 percent in April-November 2020. GVA of services crossed pre-pandemic level in July-September quarter of 2021-22; however, GVA of contact intensive sectors like trade, transport, etc. still remain below pre-pandemic level.Overall service Sector GVA is expected to grow by 8.2 percent in 2021-22. Conclusion: Thus we see that while there has been a change in the share of the three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment. The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now.
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छद्म युद्ध से आप क्या समझते हैं? भारत के विरुद्ध पाकिस्तान द्वारा चलाये गए छद्मयुद्ध के स्वरुप में आये क्रमिक परिवर्तनों को स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150 से 200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by proxy war? Explain the gradual changes in the form of proxy war waged by Pakistan against India. (150 to 200 words/10 marks)
एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत छद्म युद्ध की सामान्य परिभाषा देते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात भारत के विरुद्ध छद्म युद्ध की पाकिस्तान की कार्यप्रणाली को बताइए| अंत में पाकिस्तान द्वारा छद्म युद्ध की व्यावहारिकता एवं परिवर्तनीयता का विस्तारपूर्वक चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - छद्म युद्ध ऐसे वांछित परिणामों को प्राप्त करने की सोची-समझी एवं दीर्घकालिक रणनीति जिन्हे प्रत्यक्ष युद्ध के माध्यम से प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता| छद्म युद्ध के अनेक रूप हो सकते हैं जैसे- सशस्त्र विद्रोह, गुरिल्ला युद्ध, राजनीतिक क्रांति, अलगाववाद को बढ़ावा, आदि| भारत के विरुद्ध छद्म युद्ध की पाकिस्तान की कार्यप्रणाली पाकिस्तान जम्मू-कश्मीर में भारत की छवि ख़राब करने के लिए प्रिंट और इलेक्ट्रानिक मीडिया के माध्यम से दुष्प्रचार करता है| सीमापर से आतंकवादियों को घुसपैठ की सुविधा एवं हथियारों की आपूर्ति| भारतीय सुरक्षा बलों को आतंकवादियों से लड़ाई में उलझता है| भारत की धर्म निरपेक्षता पर हमला| कश्मीर घाटी से हिंदुओं को बाहर करने के लिए कट्टरपंथी इस्लामी गतिविधियों का समर्थन| कश्मीर मुद्दे का अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयकरण| युद्ध की तीव्रता में परिवर्तन| पाकिस्तान द्वारा छद्म युद्ध की व्यावहारिकता एवं परिवर्तनीयता; 1980-1990 छद्म युद्ध का उदय; जब पंजाब प्रांत में आतंकवाद चरम पर था ISI ने कश्मीर में भी फैलाने की यो जना बनायी| 1987 में कश्मीर के चुनावों को प्रभावित कर उन्हें विवादित किया और राज्य विधानसभा के कुछ सदस्यों ने सशस्त्र विद्रोह भी किया| जुलाई 1988 में उग्र प्रदर्शनों, हडतालों और हमलों की एक श्रृंखला चली| 1989 में गोपनीय तरीके से पाकिस्तान ने कश्मीर के सशस्त्र विद्रोह का समर्थन किया| 1990-1995 हिंसात्मक संगठनों का उदय; आरम्भ में पाकिस्तान ने पाकिस्तान ने जम्मू-कश्मीर में पहले से विद्यमान JKLF को सहयोग प्रदान कर भारत विरोधी गतिविधियों को प्रेरित किया| 1990 के दशक में JKLF कश्मीर का मुख्य विद्रोही ग्रुप था जिसकी मुख्य मांग कश्मीर को स्वतंत्र करवाना था| 1995 में यासीन मलिक के नेतृत्व में JKLF के एक धड़े ने हिंसा के प्रयोग का परित्याग कर विवाद को सुलझाने के लिए शांतिपूर्ण तरीके पर बल दिया| हालाँकि इस दौरान घाटी में नए आतंकवादी संगठनों ने हिंसात्मक गतिविधियाँ जारी रखी और उन्हें और अधिक प्रेरित की- हिजबुल मुजाहिदीन, लश्कर-ए-तैयबा, जैश-ए-मुहम्मद , आदि| पाकिस्तान की सरकार और ख़ुफ़िया एजेंसी ISI ने इन आतंकवादी संगठनों को धन, प्रशिक्षण और हथियार आदि मुहैय्या करवाकर सीधे मदद की| इन आतंकवादी संगठनों ने 4 लाख से अधिक कश्मीरी पंडितों को कश्मीर छोड़ने के लिए बाध्य कर दिया, ऐसा करने में आतंकवादी संगठनों और पाकिस्तान का उद्देश्य घाटी क्षेत्र की जनसांख्यिकी आंकड़ों में परिवर्तन करना था ताकि अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समुदाय को जनमत संग्रह के लिए प्रेरित कर परिस्थितियों को अपने अनुकूल बनाया जा सके| 1995-2007 आंतरिक क्षेत्रों में फैलाव और हिंसा; इस समय पाकिस्तान और पाकिस्तान प्रायोजित आतंकवादी संगठनों ने न केवल जम्मू-कश्मीर क्षेत्र बल्कि देश के आंतरिक क्षेत्रों में हमले किये| ऐसे हमलों में अधिकतर न्यायिक या राजनीतिक संस्थाओं और व्यक्तियों पर किये गए| उदाहरण के लिए -1998 में कोयम्बटूर में लाल कृष्ण अडवानी की चुनावी रैली पर हमला, वर्ष 2000 में लाल किले पर हमला, 2001 में जम्मू-कश्मीर विधान सभा और भारतीय संसद पर हमला, आदि; 2008-2012 पथराव, दुष्प्रचार और लामबंदी; इस समय पाकिस्तान और उसके द्वारा सहयता प्राप्त संगठनों ने भारत में हिंसात्मक गतिविधियों को संचालित करने की प्रक्रिया को निरंतर बनाये रखने की अर्थात इस दौरान भी अनेक आतंकवादी हमले हुए, जैसे-2008 में जयपुर, बंगलौर, अहमदाबाद में हमले, 26/11 को मुम्बई हमला, 2010 में पुणे में जर्मन बेकरी पर हमला और 2011 में मुंबई और दिल्ली में हमले हुए| इस दौरान भारतीय सुरक्षा बलों को बदनाम करने की रणनीति अपनाई गयी| कश्मीर मुद्दे का अंतर्राष्ट्रीयकरण करने के लिए भीड़ की लामबंदी की गयी| कश्मीरी किशोरों और युवाओं को भारतीय सैनिकों के ऊपर पथराव करने के लिए प्रेरित किया गया| किसी भी छोटी सी घटना को सोशल मीडिया के माध्यम से बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर प्रेरित किया गया| 2013-2016 पोपुलर डोमेन में पहुँचने का प्रयास; इस दौरान भी आतंकवादी घटनाएं निरन्तर चलती रही| 2013-16 के बीच हैदराबाद, बोधगया, पटना, गुरुदासपुर जैसे-शहरों पर आतंकवादी घटनाएँ हुये| इस दौरान सोशल मीडिया का प्रयोग कर आतंकवादियों को पॉपुलर डोमेन में लाने का प्रयास किया गया| 2016-2021 पोपुलर डोमेन के साथ सैनिकों पर हमला; उरी हमला, पुलवामा हमला,भारत सरकार ने पाकिस्तान के साथ सम्बन्धों को सकारात्मक करने के लिए सचिव स्तरीय वार्ता निर्धारित की जो 15 जनवरी 2016 को तय की गयी किन्तु उससे पूर्व 2 जनवरी 2016 को पठानकोट हमले के कारण यह वार्ता नहीं हो सकी और कश्मीर क्षेत्र में पुनः तनाव बढ़ गया| वर्ष 2016 से लेकर अब तक आतंकवादियों ने भारतीय सैनिकों, CRPF जवानों के ऊपर अनेक हमले किये जिनमे पोम्पोर, उरी, पुलवामा,जैसे हमले हुए| इस दौरान भारत के आंतरिक क्षेत्रों में होने वाले अनेक आन्दोलनों को भी प्रभावित कर उन्हें दिशा-भ्रमित करने का प्रयास किया गया| उदा हरण के लिए CAA के विरुद्ध होने वाले आन्दोलन को पाकिस्तान द्वा रा सांप्रदायिक बनाने का प्रयास किया गया, साथ ही वर्ष 2021 में हुए किसान आन्दोलन को खालिस्तानी अलगाववादियों ने अपने हि तों के अनुकूल बनाने का प्रयास किया| इस दौरान भारत सरकार द्वारा कश्मीर में आतंकवाद उन्मूलन की सशक्त रणनीति बनायी गयी, इसका परिणाम भी आतंकवादी प्रतिक्रिया के रूप में दिखाई दिया|
##Question:छद्म युद्ध से आप क्या समझते हैं? भारत के विरुद्ध पाकिस्तान द्वारा चलाये गए छद्मयुद्ध के स्वरुप में आये क्रमिक परिवर्तनों को स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150 से 200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by proxy war? Explain the gradual changes in the form of proxy war waged by Pakistan against India. (150 to 200 words/10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर की शुरुआत छद्म युद्ध की सामान्य परिभाषा देते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात भारत के विरुद्ध छद्म युद्ध की पाकिस्तान की कार्यप्रणाली को बताइए| अंत में पाकिस्तान द्वारा छद्म युद्ध की व्यावहारिकता एवं परिवर्तनीयता का विस्तारपूर्वक चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर - छद्म युद्ध ऐसे वांछित परिणामों को प्राप्त करने की सोची-समझी एवं दीर्घकालिक रणनीति जिन्हे प्रत्यक्ष युद्ध के माध्यम से प्राप्त नहीं किया जा सकता| छद्म युद्ध के अनेक रूप हो सकते हैं जैसे- सशस्त्र विद्रोह, गुरिल्ला युद्ध, राजनीतिक क्रांति, अलगाववाद को बढ़ावा, आदि| भारत के विरुद्ध छद्म युद्ध की पाकिस्तान की कार्यप्रणाली पाकिस्तान जम्मू-कश्मीर में भारत की छवि ख़राब करने के लिए प्रिंट और इलेक्ट्रानिक मीडिया के माध्यम से दुष्प्रचार करता है| सीमापर से आतंकवादियों को घुसपैठ की सुविधा एवं हथियारों की आपूर्ति| भारतीय सुरक्षा बलों को आतंकवादियों से लड़ाई में उलझता है| भारत की धर्म निरपेक्षता पर हमला| कश्मीर घाटी से हिंदुओं को बाहर करने के लिए कट्टरपंथी इस्लामी गतिविधियों का समर्थन| कश्मीर मुद्दे का अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयकरण| युद्ध की तीव्रता में परिवर्तन| पाकिस्तान द्वारा छद्म युद्ध की व्यावहारिकता एवं परिवर्तनीयता; 1980-1990 छद्म युद्ध का उदय; जब पंजाब प्रांत में आतंकवाद चरम पर था ISI ने कश्मीर में भी फैलाने की यो जना बनायी| 1987 में कश्मीर के चुनावों को प्रभावित कर उन्हें विवादित किया और राज्य विधानसभा के कुछ सदस्यों ने सशस्त्र विद्रोह भी किया| जुलाई 1988 में उग्र प्रदर्शनों, हडतालों और हमलों की एक श्रृंखला चली| 1989 में गोपनीय तरीके से पाकिस्तान ने कश्मीर के सशस्त्र विद्रोह का समर्थन किया| 1990-1995 हिंसात्मक संगठनों का उदय; आरम्भ में पाकिस्तान ने पाकिस्तान ने जम्मू-कश्मीर में पहले से विद्यमान JKLF को सहयोग प्रदान कर भारत विरोधी गतिविधियों को प्रेरित किया| 1990 के दशक में JKLF कश्मीर का मुख्य विद्रोही ग्रुप था जिसकी मुख्य मांग कश्मीर को स्वतंत्र करवाना था| 1995 में यासीन मलिक के नेतृत्व में JKLF के एक धड़े ने हिंसा के प्रयोग का परित्याग कर विवाद को सुलझाने के लिए शांतिपूर्ण तरीके पर बल दिया| हालाँकि इस दौरान घाटी में नए आतंकवादी संगठनों ने हिंसात्मक गतिविधियाँ जारी रखी और उन्हें और अधिक प्रेरित की- हिजबुल मुजाहिदीन, लश्कर-ए-तैयबा, जैश-ए-मुहम्मद , आदि| पाकिस्तान की सरकार और ख़ुफ़िया एजेंसी ISI ने इन आतंकवादी संगठनों को धन, प्रशिक्षण और हथियार आदि मुहैय्या करवाकर सीधे मदद की| इन आतंकवादी संगठनों ने 4 लाख से अधिक कश्मीरी पंडितों को कश्मीर छोड़ने के लिए बाध्य कर दिया, ऐसा करने में आतंकवादी संगठनों और पाकिस्तान का उद्देश्य घाटी क्षेत्र की जनसांख्यिकी आंकड़ों में परिवर्तन करना था ताकि अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समुदाय को जनमत संग्रह के लिए प्रेरित कर परिस्थितियों को अपने अनुकूल बनाया जा सके| 1995-2007 आंतरिक क्षेत्रों में फैलाव और हिंसा; इस समय पाकिस्तान और पाकिस्तान प्रायोजित आतंकवादी संगठनों ने न केवल जम्मू-कश्मीर क्षेत्र बल्कि देश के आंतरिक क्षेत्रों में हमले किये| ऐसे हमलों में अधिकतर न्यायिक या राजनीतिक संस्थाओं और व्यक्तियों पर किये गए| उदाहरण के लिए -1998 में कोयम्बटूर में लाल कृष्ण अडवानी की चुनावी रैली पर हमला, वर्ष 2000 में लाल किले पर हमला, 2001 में जम्मू-कश्मीर विधान सभा और भारतीय संसद पर हमला, आदि; 2008-2012 पथराव, दुष्प्रचार और लामबंदी; इस समय पाकिस्तान और उसके द्वारा सहयता प्राप्त संगठनों ने भारत में हिंसात्मक गतिविधियों को संचालित करने की प्रक्रिया को निरंतर बनाये रखने की अर्थात इस दौरान भी अनेक आतंकवादी हमले हुए, जैसे-2008 में जयपुर, बंगलौर, अहमदाबाद में हमले, 26/11 को मुम्बई हमला, 2010 में पुणे में जर्मन बेकरी पर हमला और 2011 में मुंबई और दिल्ली में हमले हुए| इस दौरान भारतीय सुरक्षा बलों को बदनाम करने की रणनीति अपनाई गयी| कश्मीर मुद्दे का अंतर्राष्ट्रीयकरण करने के लिए भीड़ की लामबंदी की गयी| कश्मीरी किशोरों और युवाओं को भारतीय सैनिकों के ऊपर पथराव करने के लिए प्रेरित किया गया| किसी भी छोटी सी घटना को सोशल मीडिया के माध्यम से बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर प्रेरित किया गया| 2013-2016 पोपुलर डोमेन में पहुँचने का प्रयास; इस दौरान भी आतंकवादी घटनाएं निरन्तर चलती रही| 2013-16 के बीच हैदराबाद, बोधगया, पटना, गुरुदासपुर जैसे-शहरों पर आतंकवादी घटनाएँ हुये| इस दौरान सोशल मीडिया का प्रयोग कर आतंकवादियों को पॉपुलर डोमेन में लाने का प्रयास किया गया| 2016-2021 पोपुलर डोमेन के साथ सैनिकों पर हमला; उरी हमला, पुलवामा हमला,भारत सरकार ने पाकिस्तान के साथ सम्बन्धों को सकारात्मक करने के लिए सचिव स्तरीय वार्ता निर्धारित की जो 15 जनवरी 2016 को तय की गयी किन्तु उससे पूर्व 2 जनवरी 2016 को पठानकोट हमले के कारण यह वार्ता नहीं हो सकी और कश्मीर क्षेत्र में पुनः तनाव बढ़ गया| वर्ष 2016 से लेकर अब तक आतंकवादियों ने भारतीय सैनिकों, CRPF जवानों के ऊपर अनेक हमले किये जिनमे पोम्पोर, उरी, पुलवामा,जैसे हमले हुए| इस दौरान भारत के आंतरिक क्षेत्रों में होने वाले अनेक आन्दोलनों को भी प्रभावित कर उन्हें दिशा-भ्रमित करने का प्रयास किया गया| उदा हरण के लिए CAA के विरुद्ध होने वाले आन्दोलन को पाकिस्तान द्वा रा सांप्रदायिक बनाने का प्रयास किया गया, साथ ही वर्ष 2021 में हुए किसान आन्दोलन को खालिस्तानी अलगाववादियों ने अपने हि तों के अनुकूल बनाने का प्रयास किया| इस दौरान भारत सरकार द्वारा कश्मीर में आतंकवाद उन्मूलन की सशक्त रणनीति बनायी गयी, इसका परिणाम भी आतंकवादी प्रतिक्रिया के रूप में दिखाई दिया|
74,521
Enumerate the objectives of the FRBM Act, 2003. Has the FRBM Act been effective in its operation? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach : Introduce the answer by mentioning the objective of the FRBM Act. Enumerate the objectives of the FRBM Act, 2003. Highlight benefits and criticism of the FRBM Act due to ineffective implementation. Conclude with NK Singh committee recommendations. Answer The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBMA) is an Act of the Parliament of India to institutionalize financial discipline, reduce India’s fiscal deficit, improve macroeconomic management and the overall management of the public funds by moving towards a balanced budget. Assessment of FRBM Act: Positives- 1. Puts a limit on borrowing by the government for expenditure - thus keeping a check on inflation. 2. Fiscal discipline by the government also ensures a good credit rating by international agencies. 3. The act also puts a limit on borrowing by the states. Criticism due to the ineffectiveness of the Act- 1. FRBM Act is neither necessary nor sufficient to ensure that fiscal discipline is maintained. They have the potential to help, definitely. Under the FRBM Act, the state requires the Centre"s permission to borrow but a similar check is not imposed on the centre. Due to this, the centre’s FD declined from 3.9% in 2004-05 to 3.1% in 2007-08. However, at the time of recession, like many other countries of the G20, the centre decided to go for countercyclical measures to allay the effect of the 2008 recession on the economy. The FD increased to 6% of GDP in 2008-09 2. The existing FRBM Act prescribes a target fiscal deficit of 3% of GDP for the centre but with no explicit justification for the number. Since there is also a separate limit for the states (although not specified in the Act), the combined fiscal deficit (general government deficit in International Monetary Fund terminology) is much larger. The Fourteen Finance Commission, under the Chairmanship of YV Reddy, suggested a combined deficit of 6% (3% respectively for centres and states) for the period of 2015-16 to 2019-20. However, the reasonability of such a target should be based upon two criteria- Crowding out of private investment and Debt Sustainability. Ideally, the FRBM Act should not prescribe specific numbers. Instead, it should require the government to present every year an explicit analysis of the crowding-out implications and government debt-to-GDP ratio implications of the proposed fiscal deficit trajectory of the combined deficit over the next five years based on explicit assumptions about GDP growth, household savings and inflation. This would bring out more clearly the rationale for the target and would guide discussions of departures. 3. The third issue is with regards to apportioning the debt between centres and states. The 14th Finance Commission has gone for greater devolution of taxes to the states which should mean that the fiscal capacity of the central government, ideally needs to be enhanced through a liberal limit on the FD of central government vis a vis the states. For the distribution of deficit targets among the various states, we must ensure that states with greater debt burden and lower growth potential should be allowed to borrow less. These states should be helped through greater grants instead of allowing them greater borrowing limits in light of the sustainability of debt 4. It is also argued that the current FD targets are not flexible which makes it difficult for the government to adhere to it when the going gets tough. This can happen, for instance, when there is widespread drought, or when exports go down. In a cyclical downturn, it doesn’t make sense to be rigid with FRBM targets. Instead, we should allow the deficit to exceed the target in a structurally adjusted manner as a countercyclical measure. The structurally adjusted deficit is what the deficit would have been if the cyclical shocks had not occurred. And the approach must be symmetric when positive shocks produce an unexpected gain in revenue, the observed fiscal deficit should be lower than the target. Flexibility may also be needed because of non-cyclical shocks, for example, a permanent increase in oil prices. In such a situation the correct approach is to go back to the drawing board, work out the implications for GDP growth and revenues, and determine a new fiscal trajectory, which takes appropriate account of crowding out and the debt/GDP ratio. Both the Thirteenth Finance Commission and the Fourteenth Finance Commission recommended the establishment of an autonomous body to review fiscal performance under the FRBM Act. To deal with the inefficiency of the FRBM Act, GOI appointed NK Singh Committee to recommend reforms on FRBM Act
##Question:Enumerate the objectives of the FRBM Act, 2003. Has the FRBM Act been effective in its operation? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by mentioning the objective of the FRBM Act. Enumerate the objectives of the FRBM Act, 2003. Highlight benefits and criticism of the FRBM Act due to ineffective implementation. Conclude with NK Singh committee recommendations. Answer The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBMA) is an Act of the Parliament of India to institutionalize financial discipline, reduce India’s fiscal deficit, improve macroeconomic management and the overall management of the public funds by moving towards a balanced budget. Assessment of FRBM Act: Positives- 1. Puts a limit on borrowing by the government for expenditure - thus keeping a check on inflation. 2. Fiscal discipline by the government also ensures a good credit rating by international agencies. 3. The act also puts a limit on borrowing by the states. Criticism due to the ineffectiveness of the Act- 1. FRBM Act is neither necessary nor sufficient to ensure that fiscal discipline is maintained. They have the potential to help, definitely. Under the FRBM Act, the state requires the Centre"s permission to borrow but a similar check is not imposed on the centre. Due to this, the centre’s FD declined from 3.9% in 2004-05 to 3.1% in 2007-08. However, at the time of recession, like many other countries of the G20, the centre decided to go for countercyclical measures to allay the effect of the 2008 recession on the economy. The FD increased to 6% of GDP in 2008-09 2. The existing FRBM Act prescribes a target fiscal deficit of 3% of GDP for the centre but with no explicit justification for the number. Since there is also a separate limit for the states (although not specified in the Act), the combined fiscal deficit (general government deficit in International Monetary Fund terminology) is much larger. The Fourteen Finance Commission, under the Chairmanship of YV Reddy, suggested a combined deficit of 6% (3% respectively for centres and states) for the period of 2015-16 to 2019-20. However, the reasonability of such a target should be based upon two criteria- Crowding out of private investment and Debt Sustainability. Ideally, the FRBM Act should not prescribe specific numbers. Instead, it should require the government to present every year an explicit analysis of the crowding-out implications and government debt-to-GDP ratio implications of the proposed fiscal deficit trajectory of the combined deficit over the next five years based on explicit assumptions about GDP growth, household savings and inflation. This would bring out more clearly the rationale for the target and would guide discussions of departures. 3. The third issue is with regards to apportioning the debt between centres and states. The 14th Finance Commission has gone for greater devolution of taxes to the states which should mean that the fiscal capacity of the central government, ideally needs to be enhanced through a liberal limit on the FD of central government vis a vis the states. For the distribution of deficit targets among the various states, we must ensure that states with greater debt burden and lower growth potential should be allowed to borrow less. These states should be helped through greater grants instead of allowing them greater borrowing limits in light of the sustainability of debt 4. It is also argued that the current FD targets are not flexible which makes it difficult for the government to adhere to it when the going gets tough. This can happen, for instance, when there is widespread drought, or when exports go down. In a cyclical downturn, it doesn’t make sense to be rigid with FRBM targets. Instead, we should allow the deficit to exceed the target in a structurally adjusted manner as a countercyclical measure. The structurally adjusted deficit is what the deficit would have been if the cyclical shocks had not occurred. And the approach must be symmetric when positive shocks produce an unexpected gain in revenue, the observed fiscal deficit should be lower than the target. Flexibility may also be needed because of non-cyclical shocks, for example, a permanent increase in oil prices. In such a situation the correct approach is to go back to the drawing board, work out the implications for GDP growth and revenues, and determine a new fiscal trajectory, which takes appropriate account of crowding out and the debt/GDP ratio. Both the Thirteenth Finance Commission and the Fourteenth Finance Commission recommended the establishment of an autonomous body to review fiscal performance under the FRBM Act. To deal with the inefficiency of the FRBM Act, GOI appointed NK Singh Committee to recommend reforms on FRBM Act
74,525
What do you understand by money laundering? Discuss the effects of money laundering and challenges in curbing the menace. (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach- - Define money Laundering in the introduction itself - Then bring effects and challenges to solve the issue - Conclude it with a way forward. Answer - Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of large amounts of money that have been gained through illegitimate means. Money evidently gained through crime is "dirty" money, and money that has been "laundered" to appear as if it came from a legitimate source is "clean" money. · Effects of Money Laundering o Vulnerability of Developing country due to inadequate control o Leads to creation of artificial demand and inflation in the economy creating volatility in the market o Less revenue leads to inadequate social spending o Impacts the integrity of financial institutions o Facilitates organised crime and terror financing. o Negative impact on the inflow of FDI o Societal impact –the influence of criminal organisation impacts the social fabric and ethical standard s of the society o Impacts on individuals and businesses –smaller companies suffer the most. o Sudden rise and fall on money demand posing a threat due to more stringent lending norms of the bank. o It leads to increased use of muscle power in elections and the criminalization of politics. Challenges to curb money Laundering o Poor tax administration and complicated tax structure with multiple loopholes. o PMLA, 2002 has been weak in its implementation. There has been only 1 conviction under the act in its 16 years of being in force. o Level of corruption in society is very high o Secrecy clauses in DTAA etc. o Improvement in e-communication and unavailability of well-trained officials to crack down on money laundering o The nexus between bureaucrats, politicians and criminals o The large size of the informal economy where most of the transaction is in cash. Conclusion: India has a long way to go before we can match the efforts of developed countries in the area of Anti Money Laundering measure. The government needs to take more effective action and generate a grassroots-level focus amongst financial institutions. It is difficult to implement control over money laundering activities without support from legislative and executive bodies. India has set up FIU, has become a member of FATF, has introduced PMLA,2002 etc to deal proactively to combat the menace of money laundering.
##Question:What do you understand by money laundering? Discuss the effects of money laundering and challenges in curbing the menace. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach- - Define money Laundering in the introduction itself - Then bring effects and challenges to solve the issue - Conclude it with a way forward. Answer - Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of large amounts of money that have been gained through illegitimate means. Money evidently gained through crime is "dirty" money, and money that has been "laundered" to appear as if it came from a legitimate source is "clean" money. · Effects of Money Laundering o Vulnerability of Developing country due to inadequate control o Leads to creation of artificial demand and inflation in the economy creating volatility in the market o Less revenue leads to inadequate social spending o Impacts the integrity of financial institutions o Facilitates organised crime and terror financing. o Negative impact on the inflow of FDI o Societal impact –the influence of criminal organisation impacts the social fabric and ethical standard s of the society o Impacts on individuals and businesses –smaller companies suffer the most. o Sudden rise and fall on money demand posing a threat due to more stringent lending norms of the bank. o It leads to increased use of muscle power in elections and the criminalization of politics. Challenges to curb money Laundering o Poor tax administration and complicated tax structure with multiple loopholes. o PMLA, 2002 has been weak in its implementation. There has been only 1 conviction under the act in its 16 years of being in force. o Level of corruption in society is very high o Secrecy clauses in DTAA etc. o Improvement in e-communication and unavailability of well-trained officials to crack down on money laundering o The nexus between bureaucrats, politicians and criminals o The large size of the informal economy where most of the transaction is in cash. Conclusion: India has a long way to go before we can match the efforts of developed countries in the area of Anti Money Laundering measure. The government needs to take more effective action and generate a grassroots-level focus amongst financial institutions. It is difficult to implement control over money laundering activities without support from legislative and executive bodies. India has set up FIU, has become a member of FATF, has introduced PMLA,2002 etc to deal proactively to combat the menace of money laundering.
74,529
Critically analyze the issue faced by the Urban Local Government in India and suggest measures that can be taken to improve its effectiveness in governance at the local level. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach · Introduce by explaining the Local Self Government in India. · Highlight the issues faced by the Urban Local Government. · Discuss the steps needed for the improvement in the effectiveness. · Conclude accordingly. Answer: At the city level, the Urban local government is provided through Urban Local Bodies mandated by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. It was provided to devolve the power to the lowest level of the political system to govern in a better manner. Despite this, the Urban Local Bodies have been facing many challenges in their effective governance. Following are the issues faced by the Urban Local Government in India: · Lack of Financial Support: Few taxes and fees had been devolved in the hand of the Urban Local Bodies. This results in a high level of dependency on fiscal transfer from the state. · Inadequate devolution of functions: State legislature has been provided with discretionary for transferring important subjects to the Local Bodies. Even mandatory provisions like the constitution of the District Planning Committees and Metropolitan Planning Committees have been ignored by many states. · Functional Overlap: Many state governments have not approved the activity mapping lists. It has resulted in jurisdictional issues due to a lack of delineation of functions among the various tiers of the local government. · Rigidity in structure: The rigid 3-tiers structure overlooks the diverse needs of different states. · Multiplicity of Agencies: The creation of the various parallel bodies prevents local governments from exercising control over the limited transferred subjects. · Interference by state bureaucracy: State bureaucracies keep control over key decisions involving resources and functions allocation to local bodies. Following measures can be taken to improve the effectiveness of the Urban Local Government: · We need to enhance the financial capacity of local bodies by empowering them to impose taxes such as advertisement tax, entertainment tax, etc. · Need identification of activities via activity mapping for the clear-cut demarcation of functions of each tier of the government. In this regard Principle of subsidiarity should be followed. · Center should financially incentivize the state to encourage effective devolution of functions to Urban Local Bodies. · Local representatives should be trained to develop expertise for better planning and implementation. · A separate bureaucratic cadre is needed for the urban local bodies to provide dedicated manpower to undertake activities at local levels. · A clear mechanism needed to be established to ensure that the state complies with constitutional provisions in the appointment and implementation of the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions (SFCs). The effectiveness in the governance of the Urban Local Bodies as per the provision of the 74th Amendment Act will play a very crucial role in democratic decentralization and social inclusion in India.
##Question:Critically analyze the issue faced by the Urban Local Government in India and suggest measures that can be taken to improve its effectiveness in governance at the local level. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach · Introduce by explaining the Local Self Government in India. · Highlight the issues faced by the Urban Local Government. · Discuss the steps needed for the improvement in the effectiveness. · Conclude accordingly. Answer: At the city level, the Urban local government is provided through Urban Local Bodies mandated by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. It was provided to devolve the power to the lowest level of the political system to govern in a better manner. Despite this, the Urban Local Bodies have been facing many challenges in their effective governance. Following are the issues faced by the Urban Local Government in India: · Lack of Financial Support: Few taxes and fees had been devolved in the hand of the Urban Local Bodies. This results in a high level of dependency on fiscal transfer from the state. · Inadequate devolution of functions: State legislature has been provided with discretionary for transferring important subjects to the Local Bodies. Even mandatory provisions like the constitution of the District Planning Committees and Metropolitan Planning Committees have been ignored by many states. · Functional Overlap: Many state governments have not approved the activity mapping lists. It has resulted in jurisdictional issues due to a lack of delineation of functions among the various tiers of the local government. · Rigidity in structure: The rigid 3-tiers structure overlooks the diverse needs of different states. · Multiplicity of Agencies: The creation of the various parallel bodies prevents local governments from exercising control over the limited transferred subjects. · Interference by state bureaucracy: State bureaucracies keep control over key decisions involving resources and functions allocation to local bodies. Following measures can be taken to improve the effectiveness of the Urban Local Government: · We need to enhance the financial capacity of local bodies by empowering them to impose taxes such as advertisement tax, entertainment tax, etc. · Need identification of activities via activity mapping for the clear-cut demarcation of functions of each tier of the government. In this regard Principle of subsidiarity should be followed. · Center should financially incentivize the state to encourage effective devolution of functions to Urban Local Bodies. · Local representatives should be trained to develop expertise for better planning and implementation. · A separate bureaucratic cadre is needed for the urban local bodies to provide dedicated manpower to undertake activities at local levels. · A clear mechanism needed to be established to ensure that the state complies with constitutional provisions in the appointment and implementation of the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions (SFCs). The effectiveness in the governance of the Urban Local Bodies as per the provision of the 74th Amendment Act will play a very crucial role in democratic decentralization and social inclusion in India.
74,536
Explain the pardoning power of the President and compare it with that of the Governor. Also, write the related prominent judgments of the Supreme Court regarding these powers. (150 Words/10 marks)
Approach: Write the relevant Articles related to pardoning power in the Constitution and briefly write various powers. Compare the Pardoning powers of the President and the Governor. Write the relevant prominent judgments of the Supreme Court regarding these powers. Finally, conclude with the significance of these powers in a democracy. Answer: The President of India and the Governors of States have been given the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence. The law governing the grant of pardon is contained in Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution respectively. These powers include the following: Pardon: Complete absolvement from both the sentence & the conviction. Commutation: Character changes but the quantum/period remains the same. In simple terms, the form of punishment is changed. For example, from 7 years of rigorous imprisonment to 7 years of simple imprisonment. Remission: Quantum changes but the character remains the same. For example, 2 years of rigorous imprisonment to 1 year of rigorous imprisonment. Respite: A Lesser sentence is awarded due to special circumstances/conditions like disability. Reprive: It is a temporary stay on the execution of a sentence normally a death sentence to enable the convict to seek pardon or commutation. Comparison of pardoning power of the President & the Governors: The scope of the pardoning power of the President under Article 72 is wider than the pardoning power of the Governor under Article 161. The power differs in the following two ways: The power of the President to grant pardon extends in cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial but Article 161 does not provide any such power to the Governor. The President can grant pardon in all cases where the sentence given is the sentence of death but the pardoning power of the Governor does not extend to death sentence cases. Important cases related to the pardoning powers are: In the Maru Ram case, the SC ruled that the President shall exercise these powers on the advice of the council of ministers and not independent and must not be arbitrarily exercised. In the Re Channugadu Case, the SC held that pardoning power is a constitutional scheme rather than sovereign power. In the Kehar Singh Case, pardoning was held to be constitutional responsibility and no personal hearing can be compulsorily saught. In the Bikas Chatarjee case, the SC ruled that Malafide can be checked in the pardoning exercise. In Epuru Sudhakar"s case, limited judicial review was again reiterated/acknowledged. In the Shatrughan Chauhan case(2014), the SC accepted an inordinate delay in disposal of the mercy petition as a ground for commutation. The philosophy underlying the pardon power is that every civilized country recognizes and has, therefore provided for the pardoning power to be exercised as an act of grace and humanity in proper cases. Pardon may substantially help in saving an innocent person from being punished due to miscarriage of justice or in cases of doubtful conviction. Pardon may substantially help in saving an innocent person from being punished due to miscarriage of justice or in cases of doubtful conviction. It is always preferable to grant liberty to a guilty offender rather than sentencing an innocent person.
##Question:Explain the pardoning power of the President and compare it with that of the Governor. Also, write the related prominent judgments of the Supreme Court regarding these powers. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write the relevant Articles related to pardoning power in the Constitution and briefly write various powers. Compare the Pardoning powers of the President and the Governor. Write the relevant prominent judgments of the Supreme Court regarding these powers. Finally, conclude with the significance of these powers in a democracy. Answer: The President of India and the Governors of States have been given the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence. The law governing the grant of pardon is contained in Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution respectively. These powers include the following: Pardon: Complete absolvement from both the sentence & the conviction. Commutation: Character changes but the quantum/period remains the same. In simple terms, the form of punishment is changed. For example, from 7 years of rigorous imprisonment to 7 years of simple imprisonment. Remission: Quantum changes but the character remains the same. For example, 2 years of rigorous imprisonment to 1 year of rigorous imprisonment. Respite: A Lesser sentence is awarded due to special circumstances/conditions like disability. Reprive: It is a temporary stay on the execution of a sentence normally a death sentence to enable the convict to seek pardon or commutation. Comparison of pardoning power of the President & the Governors: The scope of the pardoning power of the President under Article 72 is wider than the pardoning power of the Governor under Article 161. The power differs in the following two ways: The power of the President to grant pardon extends in cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial but Article 161 does not provide any such power to the Governor. The President can grant pardon in all cases where the sentence given is the sentence of death but the pardoning power of the Governor does not extend to death sentence cases. Important cases related to the pardoning powers are: In the Maru Ram case, the SC ruled that the President shall exercise these powers on the advice of the council of ministers and not independent and must not be arbitrarily exercised. In the Re Channugadu Case, the SC held that pardoning power is a constitutional scheme rather than sovereign power. In the Kehar Singh Case, pardoning was held to be constitutional responsibility and no personal hearing can be compulsorily saught. In the Bikas Chatarjee case, the SC ruled that Malafide can be checked in the pardoning exercise. In Epuru Sudhakar"s case, limited judicial review was again reiterated/acknowledged. In the Shatrughan Chauhan case(2014), the SC accepted an inordinate delay in disposal of the mercy petition as a ground for commutation. The philosophy underlying the pardon power is that every civilized country recognizes and has, therefore provided for the pardoning power to be exercised as an act of grace and humanity in proper cases. Pardon may substantially help in saving an innocent person from being punished due to miscarriage of justice or in cases of doubtful conviction. Pardon may substantially help in saving an innocent person from being punished due to miscarriage of justice or in cases of doubtful conviction. It is always preferable to grant liberty to a guilty offender rather than sentencing an innocent person.
74,540
Discuss first four Five Year Plans as a form of planning in the initial years after independence in India. (150 words / 10 Marks)
Approach Introduction: Start with the introduction of Five Year Plans. Body: Write down about the first to fourth Five Year Plan as a form of its planning Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer : From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. The first Four Five Year Plans as a form of planning are- First Five-year Plan(1951-56)- Mainly focused on the development of the primary sector. The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, hunting, fishing, and mining. The motto of the first five years plan was ‘ Development of agriculture and the aim was to solve different problems that formed due to the partition of the nation, second world war. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children’s health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth. At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. Second Plan(1956-61)- Focused on the development of the public sector and “rapid Industrialisation”.The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximize long-run economic growth. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centered on importing capital goods. From the Second Five-Year Plan, there was a determined thrust towards substitution of basic and capital good industries. Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of the Soviet Union, Britain (the U.K), and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the northeast. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as a research institute. Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)- stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat. State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility. Fourth Five Year Plan- Nationalisation of 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. With the Planning Commission dissolved, no more formal plans are made for the economy, but Five-Year Defence Plans continue to be made. The latest would have been 2017–2022. However, there is no Thirteenth Five-Year Plan.
##Question:Discuss first four Five Year Plans as a form of planning in the initial years after independence in India. (150 words / 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Start with the introduction of Five Year Plans. Body: Write down about the first to fourth Five Year Plan as a form of its planning Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer : From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. The first Four Five Year Plans as a form of planning are- First Five-year Plan(1951-56)- Mainly focused on the development of the primary sector. The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, hunting, fishing, and mining. The motto of the first five years plan was ‘ Development of agriculture and the aim was to solve different problems that formed due to the partition of the nation, second world war. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children’s health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth. At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. Second Plan(1956-61)- Focused on the development of the public sector and “rapid Industrialisation”.The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximize long-run economic growth. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centered on importing capital goods. From the Second Five-Year Plan, there was a determined thrust towards substitution of basic and capital good industries. Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of the Soviet Union, Britain (the U.K), and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the northeast. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as a research institute. Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)- stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat. State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility. Fourth Five Year Plan- Nationalisation of 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. With the Planning Commission dissolved, no more formal plans are made for the economy, but Five-Year Defence Plans continue to be made. The latest would have been 2017–2022. However, there is no Thirteenth Five-Year Plan.
74,568
Discuss the pattern of oceanic currents in tropical and subtropical regions. Also, bring out the significance of ocean currents. (150 words/ 10 marks)
Approach: Introduction- The meaning of ocean currents can be defined. Main body- It should be divided into two parts. The pattern of oceanic currents in tropical and subtropical regions. Significance of ocean currents. Conclusion- Suitable conclusion can be given by the student. Answer: Ocean currents are the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density. Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and vertically. Horizontal movements are referred to as currents, while vertical changes are called upwellings or downwellings. The pattern of oceanic currents in tropical and subtropical regions: Tropical regions The continuous movement of water from east to west in tropical regions causes cold water upwelling along the eastern parts resulting in a drop in the temperature. Accumulation of warm water along the western parts of tropical oceans leads to rise in the water temperature. The western part of the oceans in tropical regions results in favorable conditions for the formation of cyclones. Sub-tropical regions The warm ocean currents in temperate regions along the west coast of continents cause mild winters and keep the ports ice-free. Eg- North Atlantic Drift along Britain Importance of ocean currents The cold ocean currents along the west coast in sub-tropical regions suppress precipitation through the desiccation effect resulting in the formation of deserts. Eg- Atacama desert due to Humbolt current eg- the Namib Desert due to Benguela current. Warm ocean currents merging with cold currents lead to favorable conditions for the development of fish banks. Eg- Grand Bank near Newfoundland Island. The zones of cold water upwelling are also favorable for fish growth. Wherever the air has complete saturation, condensation starts, and when the particle remains suspended in the air, it leads to the formation of fog. The merging of warm and cold ocean currents results in fog formation which may obstruct ocean navigation. Ocean currents can be used in Navigation. Ocean currents help in the global distribution of temperature and salinity. The offshore winds push the surface water away and cause the cold water from the bottom to rise upwards to the surface. This brings deep cold and nutrient-rich water to the surface called upwelling. Downwelling- onshore winds pile up the water near to coast causing sinking of water below the surface layer Upwelling is more active in the regions of cold ocean currents and downwelling is more active in the regions where warm and Cold Ocean current meets. In Polar Regions, ice formation leaves the water saltier and denser causing it to sink. Conclusion: Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate the global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Without currents, regional temperatures would be more extreme—super hot at the equator and frigid toward the poles—and much less of Earth’s land would be habitable.
##Question:Discuss the pattern of oceanic currents in tropical and subtropical regions. Also, bring out the significance of ocean currents. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- The meaning of ocean currents can be defined. Main body- It should be divided into two parts. The pattern of oceanic currents in tropical and subtropical regions. Significance of ocean currents. Conclusion- Suitable conclusion can be given by the student. Answer: Ocean currents are the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density. Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and vertically. Horizontal movements are referred to as currents, while vertical changes are called upwellings or downwellings. The pattern of oceanic currents in tropical and subtropical regions: Tropical regions The continuous movement of water from east to west in tropical regions causes cold water upwelling along the eastern parts resulting in a drop in the temperature. Accumulation of warm water along the western parts of tropical oceans leads to rise in the water temperature. The western part of the oceans in tropical regions results in favorable conditions for the formation of cyclones. Sub-tropical regions The warm ocean currents in temperate regions along the west coast of continents cause mild winters and keep the ports ice-free. Eg- North Atlantic Drift along Britain Importance of ocean currents The cold ocean currents along the west coast in sub-tropical regions suppress precipitation through the desiccation effect resulting in the formation of deserts. Eg- Atacama desert due to Humbolt current eg- the Namib Desert due to Benguela current. Warm ocean currents merging with cold currents lead to favorable conditions for the development of fish banks. Eg- Grand Bank near Newfoundland Island. The zones of cold water upwelling are also favorable for fish growth. Wherever the air has complete saturation, condensation starts, and when the particle remains suspended in the air, it leads to the formation of fog. The merging of warm and cold ocean currents results in fog formation which may obstruct ocean navigation. Ocean currents can be used in Navigation. Ocean currents help in the global distribution of temperature and salinity. The offshore winds push the surface water away and cause the cold water from the bottom to rise upwards to the surface. This brings deep cold and nutrient-rich water to the surface called upwelling. Downwelling- onshore winds pile up the water near to coast causing sinking of water below the surface layer Upwelling is more active in the regions of cold ocean currents and downwelling is more active in the regions where warm and Cold Ocean current meets. In Polar Regions, ice formation leaves the water saltier and denser causing it to sink. Conclusion: Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate the global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Without currents, regional temperatures would be more extreme—super hot at the equator and frigid toward the poles—and much less of Earth’s land would be habitable.
74,569
Elaborate the process of legislation in the Indian Parliament for an ordinary bill. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
Brief Approach: Start the answer with the introduction of the Bills presented in Parliament. Explain the process of legislation for an ordinary bill. Answer- The legislative process takes place in both houses of Parliament. The Bill goes through different stages in each House. After being passed by both the houses, the bill goes for the assent of President, where on getting the assent, the bill becomes an act. There are four types of Bills:- Ordinary Bill: - Bills related to all subjects other than financial matters are called Ordinary Bills. Money Bills: - These bills are related to financial matters such as taxation, public expenditure, etc. Finance Bill: - These bills are also related to financial matters but are different from money bills. Constitution Amendment Bill: - These bills are related to the amendment of constitutional provisions. It is amended under Article 368. Process of legislation in the Indian Parliament for an Ordinary Bills: First Reading: The ordinary bill can be introduced in either house by a minister/other member. Upon grant of leave by house, the member reads the title and objectives, but no discussion happens on this bill at this stage. Following this, the bill is published in gazette. Second Reading : At this stage, the detailed scrutiny of the bill happens and the bill takes full It has 3 sub stages: Stage of general discussion: The principles of the bill and its provisions are discussed generally, but the details of the bill are not discussed. Committee stage: The usual practice is to refer the bill to a select committee of the House. This committee examines the bill thoroughly and in detail, clause by clause. It can also amend its provisions, but without altering the principles underlying it. After completing the scrutiny and discussion, the committee reports the bill back to the House. Consideration stage: The House, after receiving the bill from the select committee, considers the provisions of the bill clause by clause. Each clause is discussed and voted upon separately. The members can also move amendments and if accepted, they become part of the bill. Third Reading : No amendments are allowed anymore and either bill is completely accepted or If the majority accepts, it is passed and transmitted to the second house. In Second house: Bill goes through all 3 stages and House may: Pass the bill as sent by the first house (i.e. without amendments). Pass the bill with amendments and return it to the first House for reconsideration. Reject the bill altogether. Not take any action and thus keep the bill pending up to 6 months. Provision of joint sitting: In case of deadlock between the house over passing of a bill emerges, the President can summon a joint sitting of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The members of both houses vote jointly and the bill passes by simple majority. Assent of President: After the bill is passed from both the houses, it is presented to the office of President for assent. The President can exercise any of the following options: He may give his assent to the bill. He may withhold his assent to the bill. He may return the bill for reconsideration of the Houses. If an assent is given, it becomes an act and is placed on statute book Legislative process is an important part of Indian democracy. Indian constitution has elaborated every provision of different legislative powers related to different bills of Parliament
##Question:Elaborate the process of legislation in the Indian Parliament for an ordinary bill. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Brief Approach: Start the answer with the introduction of the Bills presented in Parliament. Explain the process of legislation for an ordinary bill. Answer- The legislative process takes place in both houses of Parliament. The Bill goes through different stages in each House. After being passed by both the houses, the bill goes for the assent of President, where on getting the assent, the bill becomes an act. There are four types of Bills:- Ordinary Bill: - Bills related to all subjects other than financial matters are called Ordinary Bills. Money Bills: - These bills are related to financial matters such as taxation, public expenditure, etc. Finance Bill: - These bills are also related to financial matters but are different from money bills. Constitution Amendment Bill: - These bills are related to the amendment of constitutional provisions. It is amended under Article 368. Process of legislation in the Indian Parliament for an Ordinary Bills: First Reading: The ordinary bill can be introduced in either house by a minister/other member. Upon grant of leave by house, the member reads the title and objectives, but no discussion happens on this bill at this stage. Following this, the bill is published in gazette. Second Reading : At this stage, the detailed scrutiny of the bill happens and the bill takes full It has 3 sub stages: Stage of general discussion: The principles of the bill and its provisions are discussed generally, but the details of the bill are not discussed. Committee stage: The usual practice is to refer the bill to a select committee of the House. This committee examines the bill thoroughly and in detail, clause by clause. It can also amend its provisions, but without altering the principles underlying it. After completing the scrutiny and discussion, the committee reports the bill back to the House. Consideration stage: The House, after receiving the bill from the select committee, considers the provisions of the bill clause by clause. Each clause is discussed and voted upon separately. The members can also move amendments and if accepted, they become part of the bill. Third Reading : No amendments are allowed anymore and either bill is completely accepted or If the majority accepts, it is passed and transmitted to the second house. In Second house: Bill goes through all 3 stages and House may: Pass the bill as sent by the first house (i.e. without amendments). Pass the bill with amendments and return it to the first House for reconsideration. Reject the bill altogether. Not take any action and thus keep the bill pending up to 6 months. Provision of joint sitting: In case of deadlock between the house over passing of a bill emerges, the President can summon a joint sitting of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The members of both houses vote jointly and the bill passes by simple majority. Assent of President: After the bill is passed from both the houses, it is presented to the office of President for assent. The President can exercise any of the following options: He may give his assent to the bill. He may withhold his assent to the bill. He may return the bill for reconsideration of the Houses. If an assent is given, it becomes an act and is placed on statute book Legislative process is an important part of Indian democracy. Indian constitution has elaborated every provision of different legislative powers related to different bills of Parliament
74,572
Explain the concept of the Council of Ministers (CoM) and the process of its appointment. Compare the Council of Ministers with Cabinet Minister. (150 words/10 Marks)
Explain the concept of the Council of Ministers (CoM) and the process of its appointment process. Compare the Council of Ministers with Cabinet Minister. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach: Introduce by defining the Council of Ministers (CoM). Explain the process of appointment and constitutional provisions. Compare the Council of Ministers with Cabinet Minister. Conclude accordingly Answer: The Council of Ministers is a traditional name given to the supreme executive organ in Parliamentary forms of government across many countries of the world. In India, the Council of Ministers (CoM) is collectively responsible to the House of People (Lok Sabha) and the state CoMs to the State Legislative Assembly respectively. This is ensured through a tool known as “No Confidence Motion”. However, the term “No Confidence Motion” is not mentioned in Constitution. Major Constitutional Provisions for the appointment of the CoM: Article 74: It says that the President shall act on aid and advice of the Council of Ministers (CoM). Article 163: It says that the Council of Ministers (CoM) to aid and advice the Governor. Article 75: Ministers remain in office at the pleasure of the President. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and other ministers shall be appointed by President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The pleasure concept is mentioned to show the dignity of the post of the President and Governor and it is assumed that they will follow the constitutional provision in its letter and spirit. Article 164: Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor and ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers (CoM) at the union level are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha under Article 75. The Council of Ministers (CoM) at the state level are collectively responsible to the State Legislature under Article 164. All the transactions of the Union are taken in the name of the Union and all the executive actions of the state are taken in the name of the Governor. Comparison of the Cabinet and Council of Ministers (CoM) Cabinet It is a smaller body comprising of 15 to 16 ministers of the cabinet Rank. It actually takes the decision. It comprises Cabinet ministers. (Minister of state can participate in cabinet meetings if invited). It meets regularly and all important decisions are taken. Practical Powers are with Cabinet. It enforces the collective responsibility in Lok Sabha and takes decisions. The Council of Ministers (CoM) It is normally a larger Body (around 55 to 65). It is under the obligation to completely adhere to the decision taken by the Cabinet. It comprises of the Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of the States, Minister of State (Independent Charge), and Deputy Ministers. It meets very rarely and it is not directly involved with decision-making. Theoretical powers are with CoM. It is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. Conclusion: Thus Indian Constitution establishes the parliamentary government both at the centre and states where the Cabinet and CoM work on the principles of cooperation and coordination.
##Question:Explain the concept of the Council of Ministers (CoM) and the process of its appointment. Compare the Council of Ministers with Cabinet Minister. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Explain the concept of the Council of Ministers (CoM) and the process of its appointment process. Compare the Council of Ministers with Cabinet Minister. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach: Introduce by defining the Council of Ministers (CoM). Explain the process of appointment and constitutional provisions. Compare the Council of Ministers with Cabinet Minister. Conclude accordingly Answer: The Council of Ministers is a traditional name given to the supreme executive organ in Parliamentary forms of government across many countries of the world. In India, the Council of Ministers (CoM) is collectively responsible to the House of People (Lok Sabha) and the state CoMs to the State Legislative Assembly respectively. This is ensured through a tool known as “No Confidence Motion”. However, the term “No Confidence Motion” is not mentioned in Constitution. Major Constitutional Provisions for the appointment of the CoM: Article 74: It says that the President shall act on aid and advice of the Council of Ministers (CoM). Article 163: It says that the Council of Ministers (CoM) to aid and advice the Governor. Article 75: Ministers remain in office at the pleasure of the President. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and other ministers shall be appointed by President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The pleasure concept is mentioned to show the dignity of the post of the President and Governor and it is assumed that they will follow the constitutional provision in its letter and spirit. Article 164: Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor and ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers (CoM) at the union level are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha under Article 75. The Council of Ministers (CoM) at the state level are collectively responsible to the State Legislature under Article 164. All the transactions of the Union are taken in the name of the Union and all the executive actions of the state are taken in the name of the Governor. Comparison of the Cabinet and Council of Ministers (CoM) Cabinet It is a smaller body comprising of 15 to 16 ministers of the cabinet Rank. It actually takes the decision. It comprises Cabinet ministers. (Minister of state can participate in cabinet meetings if invited). It meets regularly and all important decisions are taken. Practical Powers are with Cabinet. It enforces the collective responsibility in Lok Sabha and takes decisions. The Council of Ministers (CoM) It is normally a larger Body (around 55 to 65). It is under the obligation to completely adhere to the decision taken by the Cabinet. It comprises of the Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of the States, Minister of State (Independent Charge), and Deputy Ministers. It meets very rarely and it is not directly involved with decision-making. Theoretical powers are with CoM. It is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. Conclusion: Thus Indian Constitution establishes the parliamentary government both at the centre and states where the Cabinet and CoM work on the principles of cooperation and coordination.
74,600
India needs modernisation and not westernization.Critically analysis.(10 Marks/150 Words)
India needs modernisation and not westernization. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : Introduction - A brief introduction with the definition of both modernisation and westernization Body - Comment on the reasons why India needs modernisation and not westernization Conclude whether modernisation is more suitable or westernization for India. Answer : Modernization symbolizes the shift into a lot of trendy techniques and strategies. It merely means the betterment and to manoeuvre forward in an exceedingly positive sense. It is the progressive transformation of the social, economic, political and attitudinal systems of society. Westernisation refers to the blind imitation of the culture of the West (as given by M.N. Srinivas) . It involves the adoption of different lifestyles, cultural ways, working styles, and even the behavioural patterns of the western countries particularly. Given the socio-economic situation of the country, the statement that India needs modernization, rather than westernization is well justified. This is due to the following reasons: Taste preferences versus development: While westernisation includes food, clothing, speech, music preferences etc., modernisation includes industrialization, urbanization, increasing level of literacy (education) etc. Suitability for the masses:Westernisation is an elite concept, confined to the upper and middle class. Not everyone can afford westernization. Whereas, modernization is a mass affair. Westernization results in cultural lag :Westernisation is a peripheral concept. Therefore, westernization results in only the peripheral values changing, while the core values remain the same. For example, western music is preferred by many in society, mobile phones are used by all. However, patriarchal values still remain. However, modernization penetrates at all levels of society Preserving the rich Indian tradition : Modernisation is not anti-tradition. It only targets the regressive norms. However, westernization tends to target and erode the native, local traditions, in favour of western traditions. For example, in the current times, sarees and lungis are seldom worn by the Indian people, though jeans are very common and widely worn. However, we need to see the example of Japan being modernized without being westernized. Westernization is not important but modernisation is. We need to modernize so that we are able to compete and can keep pace with the fast-moving world of the present 21st century. Modernization involves changes not only at the institutional level but also a fundamental change at the personal level. It involves a change in modes of thinking, beliefs, opinions, attitudes, actions and also a change in the social structure from a closed conservative society to a classless, casteless society. Modernization has a wider connotation. Westernisation on the other hand is mostly about external manifestations. In fact, Westernization may be a sub-process of Modernization. Conclusion: India is westernized without being modernized and restricting only to westernization in the name of modernization is wrong. Westernisation per se (prima facie) is not wrong but modernization brings a deep change that makes people more rationalist and imbibes a positive spirit to change things for the better.
##Question:India needs modernisation and not westernization.Critically analysis.(10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:India needs modernisation and not westernization. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : Introduction - A brief introduction with the definition of both modernisation and westernization Body - Comment on the reasons why India needs modernisation and not westernization Conclude whether modernisation is more suitable or westernization for India. Answer : Modernization symbolizes the shift into a lot of trendy techniques and strategies. It merely means the betterment and to manoeuvre forward in an exceedingly positive sense. It is the progressive transformation of the social, economic, political and attitudinal systems of society. Westernisation refers to the blind imitation of the culture of the West (as given by M.N. Srinivas) . It involves the adoption of different lifestyles, cultural ways, working styles, and even the behavioural patterns of the western countries particularly. Given the socio-economic situation of the country, the statement that India needs modernization, rather than westernization is well justified. This is due to the following reasons: Taste preferences versus development: While westernisation includes food, clothing, speech, music preferences etc., modernisation includes industrialization, urbanization, increasing level of literacy (education) etc. Suitability for the masses:Westernisation is an elite concept, confined to the upper and middle class. Not everyone can afford westernization. Whereas, modernization is a mass affair. Westernization results in cultural lag :Westernisation is a peripheral concept. Therefore, westernization results in only the peripheral values changing, while the core values remain the same. For example, western music is preferred by many in society, mobile phones are used by all. However, patriarchal values still remain. However, modernization penetrates at all levels of society Preserving the rich Indian tradition : Modernisation is not anti-tradition. It only targets the regressive norms. However, westernization tends to target and erode the native, local traditions, in favour of western traditions. For example, in the current times, sarees and lungis are seldom worn by the Indian people, though jeans are very common and widely worn. However, we need to see the example of Japan being modernized without being westernized. Westernization is not important but modernisation is. We need to modernize so that we are able to compete and can keep pace with the fast-moving world of the present 21st century. Modernization involves changes not only at the institutional level but also a fundamental change at the personal level. It involves a change in modes of thinking, beliefs, opinions, attitudes, actions and also a change in the social structure from a closed conservative society to a classless, casteless society. Modernization has a wider connotation. Westernisation on the other hand is mostly about external manifestations. In fact, Westernization may be a sub-process of Modernization. Conclusion: India is westernized without being modernized and restricting only to westernization in the name of modernization is wrong. Westernisation per se (prima facie) is not wrong but modernization brings a deep change that makes people more rationalist and imbibes a positive spirit to change things for the better.
74,613
India needs modernisation and not westernization. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)
India needs modernisation and not westernization. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : Introduction - A brief introduction with the definition of both modernisation and westernization Body - Comment on the reasons why India needs modernisation and not westernization Conclude with what is more suitable for India modernisation or westernisation Answer : Modernization symbolizes the shift into a lot of trendy techniques and strategies. It merely means the betterment and to manoeuvre forward in an exceedingly positive sense. It is the progressive transformation of the social, economic, political and attitudinal systems of society. Westernisation refers to the blind imitation of the culture of the West (as given by M.N. Srinivas). It involves the adoption of different lifestyles, cultural ways, working styles, and even the behavioural patterns of the western countries particularly. Given the socio-economic situation of the country, the statement that India needs modernization, rather than westernization is well justified. This is due to the following reasons: Taste preferences versus development: While westernisation includes food, clothing, speech, music preferences etc., modernisation includes industrialization, urbanization, increasing level of literacy (education) etc. Suitability for the masses: Westernisation is an elite concept, confined to the upper and middle class. Not everyone can afford westernization. Whereas, modernization is a mass affair. Westernization results in cultural lag: Westernisation is a peripheral concept. Therefore, westernization results in only the peripheral values changing, while the core values remain the same. For example, western music is preferred by many in society, mobile phones are used by all. However, patriarchal values still remain. However, modernization penetrates at all levels of society Preserving the rich Indian tradition: Modernisation is not anti-tradition. It only targets the regressive norms. However, westernization tends to target and erode the native, local traditions, in favour of western traditions. For example, in the current times, sarees and lungis are seldom worn by the Indian people, though jeans are very common and widely worn. However, we need to see the example of Japan being modernized without being westernized. Westernization is not important but modernisation is. We need to modernize so that we are able to compete and can keep pace with the fast-moving world of the present 21st century. Modernization involves changes not only at the institutional level but also a fundamental change at the personal level. It involves a change in modes of thinking, beliefs, opinions, attitudes, actions and also a change in the social structure from a closed conservative society to a classless, casteless society. Modernization has a wider connotation. Westernisation on the other hand is mostly about external manifestations. In fact, Westernization may be a sub-process of Modernization. Conclusion: India is westernized without being modernized and restricting only to westernization in the name of modernization is wrong. Westernisation per se (prima facie) is not wrong but modernization brings a deep change that makes people more rationalist and imbibes a positive spirit to change things for the better.
##Question:India needs modernisation and not westernization. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:India needs modernisation and not westernization. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : Introduction - A brief introduction with the definition of both modernisation and westernization Body - Comment on the reasons why India needs modernisation and not westernization Conclude with what is more suitable for India modernisation or westernisation Answer : Modernization symbolizes the shift into a lot of trendy techniques and strategies. It merely means the betterment and to manoeuvre forward in an exceedingly positive sense. It is the progressive transformation of the social, economic, political and attitudinal systems of society. Westernisation refers to the blind imitation of the culture of the West (as given by M.N. Srinivas). It involves the adoption of different lifestyles, cultural ways, working styles, and even the behavioural patterns of the western countries particularly. Given the socio-economic situation of the country, the statement that India needs modernization, rather than westernization is well justified. This is due to the following reasons: Taste preferences versus development: While westernisation includes food, clothing, speech, music preferences etc., modernisation includes industrialization, urbanization, increasing level of literacy (education) etc. Suitability for the masses: Westernisation is an elite concept, confined to the upper and middle class. Not everyone can afford westernization. Whereas, modernization is a mass affair. Westernization results in cultural lag: Westernisation is a peripheral concept. Therefore, westernization results in only the peripheral values changing, while the core values remain the same. For example, western music is preferred by many in society, mobile phones are used by all. However, patriarchal values still remain. However, modernization penetrates at all levels of society Preserving the rich Indian tradition: Modernisation is not anti-tradition. It only targets the regressive norms. However, westernization tends to target and erode the native, local traditions, in favour of western traditions. For example, in the current times, sarees and lungis are seldom worn by the Indian people, though jeans are very common and widely worn. However, we need to see the example of Japan being modernized without being westernized. Westernization is not important but modernisation is. We need to modernize so that we are able to compete and can keep pace with the fast-moving world of the present 21st century. Modernization involves changes not only at the institutional level but also a fundamental change at the personal level. It involves a change in modes of thinking, beliefs, opinions, attitudes, actions and also a change in the social structure from a closed conservative society to a classless, casteless society. Modernization has a wider connotation. Westernisation on the other hand is mostly about external manifestations. In fact, Westernization may be a sub-process of Modernization. Conclusion: India is westernized without being modernized and restricting only to westernization in the name of modernization is wrong. Westernisation per se (prima facie) is not wrong but modernization brings a deep change that makes people more rationalist and imbibes a positive spirit to change things for the better.
74,614
Discuss the provisions related to the administration of UTs of Delhi and Puducherry. (10 marks/150 words)
Brief Approach: In Introduction briefly write about Union Territories of Puducherry & Delhi w.r.to constitution. Briefly discuss the provisions related to the administration of UT of Delhi. Briefly discuss the provisions related to the administration of UT of Puducherry. Conclusion. Answer: Article 239A provides for the Parliament may by law create for the Union Territory of Puducherry and article 239AA says that As from the date of commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union Territory of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the administrator thereof appointed under article 239 shall be designated as the Lieutenant Governor. The UTs under article 239 are administered through an administrator appointed by the president who can be given designation. Out of eight UTs, three UTs have a legislative assembly such as Delhi, Puducherry, and J&K. The provisions related to the administration of UT of Delhi- The Legislative Assembly can make laws on all the subjects of state and concurrent lists except land, public order & police. There shall be the CM and CoMs appointed by the president (not by Lt. Governor). The maximum strength of the CoMs including CM shall be 10% of the total strength of the legislative assembly (Not 15% as in the case of other states). New changes were made in 2021 through the amendment to NCT Delhi Act,1991. The decision was taken by the council of ministers shall also have the opinion of Lt Governor before any executive action. The rules related to the conduct of business in the Delhi legislative assembly shall not be inconsistent with the rules of the house of people. The laws made by the legislative assembly using the expression "government" shall mean "Lt. Governor". The legislative assembly shall not make any rule or empower one of its committees to enquire into day-to-day administration or conduct inquiries related to administrative decisions. The amendment also gives more discretionary power to the Lt. governor with respect to the reservation of certain bills. The provisions related to the administration of UT of Puducherry- The UT of Puducherry got a legislature and the Council of Ministers by the UT Act of 1963 passed by the parliament. The legislative assembly of Puducherry can make laws on all subjects in state & concurrent lists. But still, the parliamentary laws shall prevail over the UT legislature"s law. The president may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of Puducherry. But for Puducherry, the president may make such regulation only when the legislative assembly is suspended or dissolved. Any such regulation promulgated may repeal or amend an act of parliament and have the same effect & force as an act of parliament. Section 44 of the Act provides for the discretion of Lt. Governor and in case of difference of opinion with CoMs the matters shall be referred to the president and the LG shall act accordingly. The UT of Puducherry also can be put under the direct rule of the president as per the provisions of the UT Act, 1963. ​ Though the state follows the distribution of powers in a federal sense and the UTs having the legislature have relatively more power with respect to administration & lawmaking. But the relationship between the Union government and UTs is mostly unitary.
##Question:Discuss the provisions related to the administration of UTs of Delhi and Puducherry. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief Approach: In Introduction briefly write about Union Territories of Puducherry & Delhi w.r.to constitution. Briefly discuss the provisions related to the administration of UT of Delhi. Briefly discuss the provisions related to the administration of UT of Puducherry. Conclusion. Answer: Article 239A provides for the Parliament may by law create for the Union Territory of Puducherry and article 239AA says that As from the date of commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union Territory of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the administrator thereof appointed under article 239 shall be designated as the Lieutenant Governor. The UTs under article 239 are administered through an administrator appointed by the president who can be given designation. Out of eight UTs, three UTs have a legislative assembly such as Delhi, Puducherry, and J&K. The provisions related to the administration of UT of Delhi- The Legislative Assembly can make laws on all the subjects of state and concurrent lists except land, public order & police. There shall be the CM and CoMs appointed by the president (not by Lt. Governor). The maximum strength of the CoMs including CM shall be 10% of the total strength of the legislative assembly (Not 15% as in the case of other states). New changes were made in 2021 through the amendment to NCT Delhi Act,1991. The decision was taken by the council of ministers shall also have the opinion of Lt Governor before any executive action. The rules related to the conduct of business in the Delhi legislative assembly shall not be inconsistent with the rules of the house of people. The laws made by the legislative assembly using the expression "government" shall mean "Lt. Governor". The legislative assembly shall not make any rule or empower one of its committees to enquire into day-to-day administration or conduct inquiries related to administrative decisions. The amendment also gives more discretionary power to the Lt. governor with respect to the reservation of certain bills. The provisions related to the administration of UT of Puducherry- The UT of Puducherry got a legislature and the Council of Ministers by the UT Act of 1963 passed by the parliament. The legislative assembly of Puducherry can make laws on all subjects in state & concurrent lists. But still, the parliamentary laws shall prevail over the UT legislature"s law. The president may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of Puducherry. But for Puducherry, the president may make such regulation only when the legislative assembly is suspended or dissolved. Any such regulation promulgated may repeal or amend an act of parliament and have the same effect & force as an act of parliament. Section 44 of the Act provides for the discretion of Lt. Governor and in case of difference of opinion with CoMs the matters shall be referred to the president and the LG shall act accordingly. The UT of Puducherry also can be put under the direct rule of the president as per the provisions of the UT Act, 1963. ​ Though the state follows the distribution of powers in a federal sense and the UTs having the legislature have relatively more power with respect to administration & lawmaking. But the relationship between the Union government and UTs is mostly unitary.
74,625
What do you mean by parliamentary privileges?Discuss Individual and collective privileges in detail?(150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Definition of parliamentary privileges can be given. Main Body: Individual and collective privileges should be discussed in separate subheadings. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: Feature of parliamentary privileges in the Indian Constitution is borrowed from the British Constitution. As per Article 105 (for the Parliament) and Article 194 (for the state legislature), the members are provided with certain privileges and immunities. The main aim is to make the members work without fear and favor. Parliamentary privileges are divided into the following subheads- Individual privileges Freedom of Speech: According to the Indian Constitution, the members of Parliament enjoy the freedom of speech and expression. No member can be taken to task anywhere outside the four walls of the House (e.g. court of law) or cannot be discriminated against for expressing his/her views in the House and its Committees. Freedom from Arrest: It is understood that no member shall be arrested in a civil case 40 days before and after the adjournment of the House (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) and also when the House is in session. It also means that no member can be arrested within the precincts of the Parliament without the permission of the House to which he/she belongs. Exemption from attendance as witnesses: The members of Parliament also enjoy freedom from attendance as witnesses Collective Privileges The ability to publish reports, debates, and proceedings, as well as the ability to prevent others from doing so. It can publish truthful reports of Parliamentary proceedings without the House"s authorization under the freedom of the press. However, in the case of a House meeting held in secret, this right of the press does not apply. Keep strangers out of the gathering and organize covert sessions to address vital issues. Make rules to govern its own procedure and commercial activity, as well as to adjudicate on such issues. Right to immediate notification of a member"s arrest, custody, conviction, imprisonment, and release. Initiate inquiries and compel a person"s attendance. The courts are not allowed to investigate a House"s or its committees" proceedings. Without the consent of the Presiding officer, no one (whether a member or an outsider) can be arrested, and no legal process (civil or criminal) can be served within the House"s boundaries. Till now Parliament has not attempted to codify its privileges. Thus, there is a stringent need to codify the privileges, powers, and immunities of the House. It will provide proper guidelines to be followed and remove uncertainties that currently prevail. In a democracy, free speech and rule of law should be the norm, not the exception.
##Question:What do you mean by parliamentary privileges?Discuss Individual and collective privileges in detail?(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Definition of parliamentary privileges can be given. Main Body: Individual and collective privileges should be discussed in separate subheadings. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: Feature of parliamentary privileges in the Indian Constitution is borrowed from the British Constitution. As per Article 105 (for the Parliament) and Article 194 (for the state legislature), the members are provided with certain privileges and immunities. The main aim is to make the members work without fear and favor. Parliamentary privileges are divided into the following subheads- Individual privileges Freedom of Speech: According to the Indian Constitution, the members of Parliament enjoy the freedom of speech and expression. No member can be taken to task anywhere outside the four walls of the House (e.g. court of law) or cannot be discriminated against for expressing his/her views in the House and its Committees. Freedom from Arrest: It is understood that no member shall be arrested in a civil case 40 days before and after the adjournment of the House (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) and also when the House is in session. It also means that no member can be arrested within the precincts of the Parliament without the permission of the House to which he/she belongs. Exemption from attendance as witnesses: The members of Parliament also enjoy freedom from attendance as witnesses Collective Privileges The ability to publish reports, debates, and proceedings, as well as the ability to prevent others from doing so. It can publish truthful reports of Parliamentary proceedings without the House"s authorization under the freedom of the press. However, in the case of a House meeting held in secret, this right of the press does not apply. Keep strangers out of the gathering and organize covert sessions to address vital issues. Make rules to govern its own procedure and commercial activity, as well as to adjudicate on such issues. Right to immediate notification of a member"s arrest, custody, conviction, imprisonment, and release. Initiate inquiries and compel a person"s attendance. The courts are not allowed to investigate a House"s or its committees" proceedings. Without the consent of the Presiding officer, no one (whether a member or an outsider) can be arrested, and no legal process (civil or criminal) can be served within the House"s boundaries. Till now Parliament has not attempted to codify its privileges. Thus, there is a stringent need to codify the privileges, powers, and immunities of the House. It will provide proper guidelines to be followed and remove uncertainties that currently prevail. In a democracy, free speech and rule of law should be the norm, not the exception.
74,629
What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach : Briefly introduce the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer: The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about the right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them is privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- The Muzaffarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. pread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security: Coverage of the Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities and TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward: The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. The media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call for the use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate and reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
##Question:What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Briefly introduce the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer: The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about the right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them is privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- The Muzaffarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. pread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security: Coverage of the Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities and TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward: The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. The media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call for the use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate and reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
74,635
What are the recent changes made in 2021 through the amendments to NCT Delhi Act,1991? Critically analyse. (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: Introduction: Write some points related NCT Delhi Act, 1991 and link it with the recent amendment of 2021 in the current context. Body: Provisions (that is recent changes made in 2021) of the NCT Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021. Highlight the benefits of the recent amendments. Discuss the critical aspect. ANSWER: The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi ( GNCTD) Act, 1991 provides a framework for the functioning of the Legislative Assembly and the government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi . Recently, New changes were made in 2021 through the amendment to NCT Delhi Act,1991. The objective of the Amendment Act is to make it more relevant to the needs of the Capital; further, define the responsibilities of the elected Government and the Lt. Governor (LG); and, create a harmonious relationship between the Legislature and the Executive. Main Provisions ( recent changes made in 2021 )of th e Amendment Act: The laws made by the legislative assembly using the expression "government" shall mean " Lt. Governor". The decision was taken by the council of ministers shall also have the opinion of Lt Governor before any executive action . The rules related to the conduct of business in the Delhi legislative assembly shall not be inconsistent with the rules of the house of people. The legislative assembly shall not make any rule or empower one of its committees to enquire into day-to-day administration or conduct inquiries related to administrative decisions. The Principal Act 1991 allows the Legislative Assembly to make Rules to regulate the procedure and conduct of business in the Assembly. The Amendment Bill 2021 provides that such Rules must be consistent with the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha. The Amendment Act 2021 prohibits the Legislative Assembly from making any rule to enable itself or its Committees to: (a) consider the matters of the day-to-day administration of the NCT of Delhi and (b) conduct an inquiry in relation to administrative decisions. Further, the Act provides that all such rules made before its enactment will be void. The Principal Act 1991 specifies that all executive action by the government, whether taken on the advice of the Ministers or otherwise, must be taken in the name of the L-G. The Amendment Act 2021 adds that on certain matters, as specified by the L-G, his opinion must be obtained before taking any executive action o n the decisions of the Minister/ CoMs. The amendment also gives more discretionary power to the Lt. governor with respect to the reservation of certain bills. Benefits of the Bill- The Bill will promote harmonious relations between the legislature and the executive, and further define the responsibilities of the elected Government and the Lieutenant Governor, in line with the constitutional scheme of governance of NCT of Delhi. Critical analysis- The objective of the bill as stated was to make changes in line with the judgment of the Supreme Court and to bring more structural clarity with respect to the relationship between the legislature and executive. The amendment also gives more discretionary power to the Lt. governor with respect to the reservation of certain bills. The amendment is also criticized as curtailing the powers of the elected government. But it is the working of the constitution which Dr. Ambedkar stated will make good out of the constitution. For such watershed amendment, all the relevant stakeholders need to be taken into consideration.
##Question:What are the recent changes made in 2021 through the amendments to NCT Delhi Act,1991? Critically analyse. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Write some points related NCT Delhi Act, 1991 and link it with the recent amendment of 2021 in the current context. Body: Provisions (that is recent changes made in 2021) of the NCT Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021. Highlight the benefits of the recent amendments. Discuss the critical aspect. ANSWER: The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi ( GNCTD) Act, 1991 provides a framework for the functioning of the Legislative Assembly and the government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi . Recently, New changes were made in 2021 through the amendment to NCT Delhi Act,1991. The objective of the Amendment Act is to make it more relevant to the needs of the Capital; further, define the responsibilities of the elected Government and the Lt. Governor (LG); and, create a harmonious relationship between the Legislature and the Executive. Main Provisions ( recent changes made in 2021 )of th e Amendment Act: The laws made by the legislative assembly using the expression "government" shall mean " Lt. Governor". The decision was taken by the council of ministers shall also have the opinion of Lt Governor before any executive action . The rules related to the conduct of business in the Delhi legislative assembly shall not be inconsistent with the rules of the house of people. The legislative assembly shall not make any rule or empower one of its committees to enquire into day-to-day administration or conduct inquiries related to administrative decisions. The Principal Act 1991 allows the Legislative Assembly to make Rules to regulate the procedure and conduct of business in the Assembly. The Amendment Bill 2021 provides that such Rules must be consistent with the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha. The Amendment Act 2021 prohibits the Legislative Assembly from making any rule to enable itself or its Committees to: (a) consider the matters of the day-to-day administration of the NCT of Delhi and (b) conduct an inquiry in relation to administrative decisions. Further, the Act provides that all such rules made before its enactment will be void. The Principal Act 1991 specifies that all executive action by the government, whether taken on the advice of the Ministers or otherwise, must be taken in the name of the L-G. The Amendment Act 2021 adds that on certain matters, as specified by the L-G, his opinion must be obtained before taking any executive action o n the decisions of the Minister/ CoMs. The amendment also gives more discretionary power to the Lt. governor with respect to the reservation of certain bills. Benefits of the Bill- The Bill will promote harmonious relations between the legislature and the executive, and further define the responsibilities of the elected Government and the Lieutenant Governor, in line with the constitutional scheme of governance of NCT of Delhi. Critical analysis- The objective of the bill as stated was to make changes in line with the judgment of the Supreme Court and to bring more structural clarity with respect to the relationship between the legislature and executive. The amendment also gives more discretionary power to the Lt. governor with respect to the reservation of certain bills. The amendment is also criticized as curtailing the powers of the elected government. But it is the working of the constitution which Dr. Ambedkar stated will make good out of the constitution. For such watershed amendment, all the relevant stakeholders need to be taken into consideration.
74,644
Globalisation is not a monolithic force but an evolving set of consequences - some good, some bad and some unintended. Discuss (150 words/10 Marks)
Assignment Question: Globalisation is not a monolithic force but an evolving set of consequences - some good, some bad and some unintended. Discuss (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Define the Globalization and meaning of Monolithic Force Discuss the Benefits of Globalization Mention the downsides of globalization Write about unintended consequences of the Globalization GLOBALIZATION It is the growing interdependence and integration of the world Economy cultures and populations that brought about cross-border trades in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. It was not a Monolithic force i.e. generating only positive outcomes but also met with diverse consequences. Benefits of the Globalization Improved resource allocation whereby the country will focus on that sector where it has a competitive advantage. The exposure to Global competition will help improve efficiency and productivity in the economy Globalization can help provide better technology and transfer of know-how and improved processes. Investment from outside can help fill in the saving-investment gap. Increased choice of products and services to the consumer Access to the global market can help firms achieve economies of scale and thereby enhance their profits. Further, at the domestic level GLobalilization led to- High Growth Rate-Average Growth increased more than 7%- increased National Income Product boom- no dearth of goods and easy availability of a range of goods. The reasons were domestic manufacturing and import. Revenue growth for the government increased Reduction in poverty- As per Tendulkar Committee estimates- from 45% in 1993-94 to 21.9% in 2011-12. Quality of Goods- technology enhancements Downsides of the globalization It exposes domestic economies to the volatility and fluctuations of the different economies. It can negatively impact the domestic production capacity and make the economy import-dependent. Restrict the innovation capacity in the economy by increased dependence on imports and lack of technology transfer. The control of the international institution such as WTO World Bank and IMF by the developed world can lead to loss of sovereignty in deciding economic policies and thereby negatively impact the domestic interests. Unintended consequences of Globalization Lack of Employment opportunities; neglected Agriculture and stagnation in the industry (import dependence increased); jobless growth Increase in Income inequality-only few sections benefited from the growth Lack of availability of Basic Services- Education, Health, sanitation, waste management- Expenditure of the government not much Capacity generation is the need of the hour. Regional Inequality Sustainability issue-Water and air Pollution, land degradation, etc Crony Capitalism Thus Globalization was not only a monolithic force that generated only positive outcomes
##Question:Globalisation is not a monolithic force but an evolving set of consequences - some good, some bad and some unintended. Discuss (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question: Globalisation is not a monolithic force but an evolving set of consequences - some good, some bad and some unintended. Discuss (150 words/10 Marks) Approach Define the Globalization and meaning of Monolithic Force Discuss the Benefits of Globalization Mention the downsides of globalization Write about unintended consequences of the Globalization GLOBALIZATION It is the growing interdependence and integration of the world Economy cultures and populations that brought about cross-border trades in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. It was not a Monolithic force i.e. generating only positive outcomes but also met with diverse consequences. Benefits of the Globalization Improved resource allocation whereby the country will focus on that sector where it has a competitive advantage. The exposure to Global competition will help improve efficiency and productivity in the economy Globalization can help provide better technology and transfer of know-how and improved processes. Investment from outside can help fill in the saving-investment gap. Increased choice of products and services to the consumer Access to the global market can help firms achieve economies of scale and thereby enhance their profits. Further, at the domestic level GLobalilization led to- High Growth Rate-Average Growth increased more than 7%- increased National Income Product boom- no dearth of goods and easy availability of a range of goods. The reasons were domestic manufacturing and import. Revenue growth for the government increased Reduction in poverty- As per Tendulkar Committee estimates- from 45% in 1993-94 to 21.9% in 2011-12. Quality of Goods- technology enhancements Downsides of the globalization It exposes domestic economies to the volatility and fluctuations of the different economies. It can negatively impact the domestic production capacity and make the economy import-dependent. Restrict the innovation capacity in the economy by increased dependence on imports and lack of technology transfer. The control of the international institution such as WTO World Bank and IMF by the developed world can lead to loss of sovereignty in deciding economic policies and thereby negatively impact the domestic interests. Unintended consequences of Globalization Lack of Employment opportunities; neglected Agriculture and stagnation in the industry (import dependence increased); jobless growth Increase in Income inequality-only few sections benefited from the growth Lack of availability of Basic Services- Education, Health, sanitation, waste management- Expenditure of the government not much Capacity generation is the need of the hour. Regional Inequality Sustainability issue-Water and air Pollution, land degradation, etc Crony Capitalism Thus Globalization was not only a monolithic force that generated only positive outcomes
74,647
Analyse the multidimensıonal challenges posed by the external states to the internal security of India. Also, discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats? (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach : Briefly introduce the context and the meaning of external state actors In body discuss the multidimensıonal challenges posed by the external states to the internal security of India Discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer : India very nature of association with the world makes it closely precarious whether its history, geography or its changing position in the present world order. It has been facing challenges on the front of internal security since independence from various state actors. The External State actors refer to those groups which have the formal backing of a sovereign state for carrying out any intended action that goes against the interest of the ensuing state. How do External State actors are responsible for posing a challenge to internal security: May support various insurgent groups such as Naxalites or separatist groups through illegal money, supplying arms etc. Insurgency North-East suffers from violent movements and clashes based upon ethnic identities. China is alleged to support such acts for instance. They also indulge in carrying out cyber warfare through hacking and other espionage. Instability in Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan (Pakistan’s state policy to bleed India through a thousand cuts).Pakistan is an exporter of terrorism to India. Non-state actors like terrorist groups for instance Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad are a continuous threat. Pakistan sponsored terrorism, motivated by fundamentalist ideologies, backed by secretive financial networks, use of IT, clandestine access to chemical-biological and nuclear materials, and illicit drug trafficking, has emerged as a threat to international stability. They largely aim at destabilising the country. Done through sporadic terrorist strikes, that spreads terror and panic. And adversely affects the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic modernisation. External state actors may also indulge in cyberattacks, thus affecting national security. (e.g. cyberattacks emanating from China). Cross Border Cyber attacks meted against the critical infrastructure of the state Countries surrounding India are indeed exploiting the volatile situation through turmoil in the northeast and the other bordering regions to use it against the interests of these regions. They do so by providing them with political backing, economic assistance, logistic support, military training or arms supplies. These actors provide support to the various insurgent groups and add fuel to fire in an already volatile situation. Be it the Naxalites, or separatist groups through funding, training or logistics. Drug trafficking and Human-trafficking Inter and Intrastate trafficking take place, through golden crescent and golden triangle routes. Excessive usage of the Counterfeit currency that corrodes the economy from inside, it facilitates black money and money laundering activities demands for fake currency, thereby creating a positive feedback loop. Communalism Propagandas are run and funded by the minds of the enemy country and other non-state actors (NGOs and CSOs) to destabilize India by damaging the socio-religious fabric. Strategies to curb the challenge posed on our security: India must develop an indigenous counter-radicalisation programme to disseminate a political and a liberal counter-narrative. A specialised task force, research wings and think tanks are formed. Civic society must play a critical role in combating the threat that affects the multitude of the population. Educational achievement, awareness campaigns and interfaith discussions must be carried upon. India must vary of cyber indoctrination and there must be a strong law and order apparatus to resist threats in the first place. Avoid radicalisation along religious and ethnic lines. Reducing the illegal trade of narcotics and smuggling through strong law enforcement has been put in a place. Economic growth in order to minimise the regional disparities. Enhancing the technical surveillance and enhancing the intelligence gathering infrastructure. Increasing operational efficiency and better border management. The external state actors have created problems in our internal security framework. It is very essential to guard our borders and strengthen our diplomacy. And also we must make sure that the socio-cultural ethos is revitalised and adequate and effective breathing spaces be provided so that the security of the state both internal and the external sphere is well guarded.
##Question:Analyse the multidimensıonal challenges posed by the external states to the internal security of India. Also, discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Briefly introduce the context and the meaning of external state actors In body discuss the multidimensıonal challenges posed by the external states to the internal security of India Discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer : India very nature of association with the world makes it closely precarious whether its history, geography or its changing position in the present world order. It has been facing challenges on the front of internal security since independence from various state actors. The External State actors refer to those groups which have the formal backing of a sovereign state for carrying out any intended action that goes against the interest of the ensuing state. How do External State actors are responsible for posing a challenge to internal security: May support various insurgent groups such as Naxalites or separatist groups through illegal money, supplying arms etc. Insurgency North-East suffers from violent movements and clashes based upon ethnic identities. China is alleged to support such acts for instance. They also indulge in carrying out cyber warfare through hacking and other espionage. Instability in Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan (Pakistan’s state policy to bleed India through a thousand cuts).Pakistan is an exporter of terrorism to India. Non-state actors like terrorist groups for instance Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad are a continuous threat. Pakistan sponsored terrorism, motivated by fundamentalist ideologies, backed by secretive financial networks, use of IT, clandestine access to chemical-biological and nuclear materials, and illicit drug trafficking, has emerged as a threat to international stability. They largely aim at destabilising the country. Done through sporadic terrorist strikes, that spreads terror and panic. And adversely affects the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic modernisation. External state actors may also indulge in cyberattacks, thus affecting national security. (e.g. cyberattacks emanating from China). Cross Border Cyber attacks meted against the critical infrastructure of the state Countries surrounding India are indeed exploiting the volatile situation through turmoil in the northeast and the other bordering regions to use it against the interests of these regions. They do so by providing them with political backing, economic assistance, logistic support, military training or arms supplies. These actors provide support to the various insurgent groups and add fuel to fire in an already volatile situation. Be it the Naxalites, or separatist groups through funding, training or logistics. Drug trafficking and Human-trafficking Inter and Intrastate trafficking take place, through golden crescent and golden triangle routes. Excessive usage of the Counterfeit currency that corrodes the economy from inside, it facilitates black money and money laundering activities demands for fake currency, thereby creating a positive feedback loop. Communalism Propagandas are run and funded by the minds of the enemy country and other non-state actors (NGOs and CSOs) to destabilize India by damaging the socio-religious fabric. Strategies to curb the challenge posed on our security: India must develop an indigenous counter-radicalisation programme to disseminate a political and a liberal counter-narrative. A specialised task force, research wings and think tanks are formed. Civic society must play a critical role in combating the threat that affects the multitude of the population. Educational achievement, awareness campaigns and interfaith discussions must be carried upon. India must vary of cyber indoctrination and there must be a strong law and order apparatus to resist threats in the first place. Avoid radicalisation along religious and ethnic lines. Reducing the illegal trade of narcotics and smuggling through strong law enforcement has been put in a place. Economic growth in order to minimise the regional disparities. Enhancing the technical surveillance and enhancing the intelligence gathering infrastructure. Increasing operational efficiency and better border management. The external state actors have created problems in our internal security framework. It is very essential to guard our borders and strengthen our diplomacy. And also we must make sure that the socio-cultural ethos is revitalised and adequate and effective breathing spaces be provided so that the security of the state both internal and the external sphere is well guarded.
74,655
Analyse the multidimensıonal challenges posed by the external states to the internal security of India. Also, discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats? (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach: Briefly introduce the context and the meaning of external state actors In body discuss the multidimensıonal challenges posed by the external states to the internal security of India Discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India very nature of association with the world makes it closely precarious whether its history, geography or its changing position in the present world order. It has been facing challenges on the front of internal security since independence from various state actors. The External State actors refer to those groups which have the formal backing of a sovereign state for carrying out any intended action that goes against the interest of the ensuing state. How do External State actors are responsible for posing a challenge to internal security: May support various insurgent groups such as Naxalites or separatist groups through illegal money, supplying arms etc. Insurgency North-East suffers from violent movements and clashes based upon ethnic identities. China is alleged to support such acts for instance. They also indulge in carrying out cyber warfare through hacking and other espionage. Instability in Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan (Pakistan’s state policy to bleed India through a thousand cuts). Pakistan is an exporter of terrorism to India. Non-state actors like terrorist groups for instance Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad are a continuous threat. Pakistan sponsored terrorism, motivated by fundamentalist ideologies, backed by secretive financial networks, use of IT, clandestine access to chemical-biological and nuclear materials, and illicit drug trafficking, has emerged as a threat to international stability. They largely aim at destabilising the country. Done through sporadic terrorist strikes, that spreads terror and panic. And adversely affects the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic modernisation. External state actors may also indulge in cyberattacks, thus affecting national security. (e.g. cyberattacks emanating from China). Cross Border Cyber attacks meted against the critical infrastructure of the state Countries surrounding India are indeed exploiting the volatile situation through turmoil in the northeast and the other bordering regions to use it against the interests of these regions. They do so by providing them with political backing, economic assistance, logistic support, military training or arms supplies. These actors provide support to the various insurgent groups and add fuel to fire in an already volatile situation. Be it the Naxalites, or separatist groups through funding, training or logistics. Drug trafficking and Human-trafficking Inter and Intrastate trafficking take place, through golden crescent and golden triangle routes. Excessive usage of the Counterfeit currency that corrodes the economy from inside, it facilitates black money and money laundering activities demands for fake currency, thereby creating a positive feedback loop. Communalism Propagandas are run and funded by the minds of the enemy country and other non-state actors (NGOs and CSOs) to destabilize India by damaging the socio-religious fabric. Strategies to curb the challenge posed on our security: India must develop an indigenous counter-radicalisation programme to disseminate a political and a liberal counter-narrative. A specialised task force, research wings and think tanks are formed. Civic society must play a critical role in combating the threat that affects the multitude of the population. Educational achievement, awareness campaigns and interfaith discussions must be carried upon. India must vary of cyber indoctrination and there must be a strong law and order apparatus to resist threats in the first place. Avoid radicalisation along religious and ethnic lines. Reducing the illegal trade of narcotics and smuggling through strong law enforcement has been put in a place. Economic growth in order to minimise the regional disparities. Enhancing the technical surveillance and enhancing the intelligence gathering infrastructure. Increasing operational efficiency and better border management. The external state actors have created problems in our internal security framework. It is very essential to guard our borders and strengthen our diplomacy. And also we must make sure that the socio-cultural ethos is revitalised and adequate and effective breathing spaces be provided so that the security of the state both internal and the external sphere is well guarded.
##Question:Analyse the multidimensıonal challenges posed by the external states to the internal security of India. Also, discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the context and the meaning of external state actors In body discuss the multidimensıonal challenges posed by the external states to the internal security of India Discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: India very nature of association with the world makes it closely precarious whether its history, geography or its changing position in the present world order. It has been facing challenges on the front of internal security since independence from various state actors. The External State actors refer to those groups which have the formal backing of a sovereign state for carrying out any intended action that goes against the interest of the ensuing state. How do External State actors are responsible for posing a challenge to internal security: May support various insurgent groups such as Naxalites or separatist groups through illegal money, supplying arms etc. Insurgency North-East suffers from violent movements and clashes based upon ethnic identities. China is alleged to support such acts for instance. They also indulge in carrying out cyber warfare through hacking and other espionage. Instability in Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan (Pakistan’s state policy to bleed India through a thousand cuts). Pakistan is an exporter of terrorism to India. Non-state actors like terrorist groups for instance Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad are a continuous threat. Pakistan sponsored terrorism, motivated by fundamentalist ideologies, backed by secretive financial networks, use of IT, clandestine access to chemical-biological and nuclear materials, and illicit drug trafficking, has emerged as a threat to international stability. They largely aim at destabilising the country. Done through sporadic terrorist strikes, that spreads terror and panic. And adversely affects the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic modernisation. External state actors may also indulge in cyberattacks, thus affecting national security. (e.g. cyberattacks emanating from China). Cross Border Cyber attacks meted against the critical infrastructure of the state Countries surrounding India are indeed exploiting the volatile situation through turmoil in the northeast and the other bordering regions to use it against the interests of these regions. They do so by providing them with political backing, economic assistance, logistic support, military training or arms supplies. These actors provide support to the various insurgent groups and add fuel to fire in an already volatile situation. Be it the Naxalites, or separatist groups through funding, training or logistics. Drug trafficking and Human-trafficking Inter and Intrastate trafficking take place, through golden crescent and golden triangle routes. Excessive usage of the Counterfeit currency that corrodes the economy from inside, it facilitates black money and money laundering activities demands for fake currency, thereby creating a positive feedback loop. Communalism Propagandas are run and funded by the minds of the enemy country and other non-state actors (NGOs and CSOs) to destabilize India by damaging the socio-religious fabric. Strategies to curb the challenge posed on our security: India must develop an indigenous counter-radicalisation programme to disseminate a political and a liberal counter-narrative. A specialised task force, research wings and think tanks are formed. Civic society must play a critical role in combating the threat that affects the multitude of the population. Educational achievement, awareness campaigns and interfaith discussions must be carried upon. India must vary of cyber indoctrination and there must be a strong law and order apparatus to resist threats in the first place. Avoid radicalisation along religious and ethnic lines. Reducing the illegal trade of narcotics and smuggling through strong law enforcement has been put in a place. Economic growth in order to minimise the regional disparities. Enhancing the technical surveillance and enhancing the intelligence gathering infrastructure. Increasing operational efficiency and better border management. The external state actors have created problems in our internal security framework. It is very essential to guard our borders and strengthen our diplomacy. And also we must make sure that the socio-cultural ethos is revitalised and adequate and effective breathing spaces be provided so that the security of the state both internal and the external sphere is well guarded.
74,656
Describe Hess"s theory of seafloor spreading. How did it provide an interpretation of the relatively young age of oceans? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: 1. Introduce a brief discussion of "ocean relief" in reference to its younger age in comparison to the continental bottom 2. Part 1 of the answer: Describe the theory of seafloor spreading 3. Part 2 of the answer: How the theory provides an explanation for the young age of Oceans 4. Conclude by discussing the relevance of the theory Answer: The oceans were formed 4000 million years before the present along with the Continents Though some of the oldest rocks we have been able to find on the continents are 3200 million years old yet on the ocean floor we have never been able to find rocks older than 200 million years. Henry Hass gave the Sea Seafloor spreading theory in 1961. This theory provided an explanation of the relatively younger age of oceanic crust as compared to continental crust. The following steps are discussed in this theory: 1. The Oceanic crust keeps spreading away. It means that the two parts of the crust are moving away from each other. 2. Due to this some basaltic magma of the Asthenosphere continuously erupts where the 2 parts of the Lithosphere are continuously diverging. 3. The Magma erupts at the central fault and continuously forms the Mid-Oceanic ridges on both sides of the Central fault. The MOR is formed due to the solidification of the erupting Magma. All this while the divergence causes spreading away of the seafloor as newer parts form, the older parts continue to diverge away hence forming newer seafloor/oceanic lithosphere continuously. Simply said the continuous volcanism at the Central fault continuously forms new rocks and MOR and simultaneously the diverging Asthenosphere continuously spreads the seafloor by taking away the rocks from MOR. This way new oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed. The spreading part of the seafloor then sinks back into the Asthenosphere at the trenches. This is how on one hand new oceanic lithosphere is created at the MOR whereas the oldest oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the trenches. Henry Hass has also stated that this whole process does not take more than 200 million years from the start of the formation to the end and this is why on the ocean floor we nowhere find rocks older than 200 million years as the whole cycle of ocean floor formation does not take more than this time. Hence the discrepancies regarding the age difference in Oceanic and Continental Crust were addressed by this theory. This theory further led to the development of the Plate Tectonics theory.
##Question:Describe Hess"s theory of seafloor spreading. How did it provide an interpretation of the relatively young age of oceans? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce a brief discussion of "ocean relief" in reference to its younger age in comparison to the continental bottom 2. Part 1 of the answer: Describe the theory of seafloor spreading 3. Part 2 of the answer: How the theory provides an explanation for the young age of Oceans 4. Conclude by discussing the relevance of the theory Answer: The oceans were formed 4000 million years before the present along with the Continents Though some of the oldest rocks we have been able to find on the continents are 3200 million years old yet on the ocean floor we have never been able to find rocks older than 200 million years. Henry Hass gave the Sea Seafloor spreading theory in 1961. This theory provided an explanation of the relatively younger age of oceanic crust as compared to continental crust. The following steps are discussed in this theory: 1. The Oceanic crust keeps spreading away. It means that the two parts of the crust are moving away from each other. 2. Due to this some basaltic magma of the Asthenosphere continuously erupts where the 2 parts of the Lithosphere are continuously diverging. 3. The Magma erupts at the central fault and continuously forms the Mid-Oceanic ridges on both sides of the Central fault. The MOR is formed due to the solidification of the erupting Magma. All this while the divergence causes spreading away of the seafloor as newer parts form, the older parts continue to diverge away hence forming newer seafloor/oceanic lithosphere continuously. Simply said the continuous volcanism at the Central fault continuously forms new rocks and MOR and simultaneously the diverging Asthenosphere continuously spreads the seafloor by taking away the rocks from MOR. This way new oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed. The spreading part of the seafloor then sinks back into the Asthenosphere at the trenches. This is how on one hand new oceanic lithosphere is created at the MOR whereas the oldest oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the trenches. Henry Hass has also stated that this whole process does not take more than 200 million years from the start of the formation to the end and this is why on the ocean floor we nowhere find rocks older than 200 million years as the whole cycle of ocean floor formation does not take more than this time. Hence the discrepancies regarding the age difference in Oceanic and Continental Crust were addressed by this theory. This theory further led to the development of the Plate Tectonics theory.
74,663
What were the main obstacles to the unification of Italy? Discuss the role of the Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour in unification of Italy. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with the contextual background of Italy. Explain the obstacles faced by Italy in its unification. Discuss the role played by the Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour in the unification of Italy. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Italy in the 19th century was a fragmented region, divided into seven independent kingdoms. While northern states were under the Hapsburg dynasty of Austria, central states were under the control of the Pope. The southern states were ruled by the Bourbon dynasty of Spain. There was a conflict of interest between these rulers with each-others. These rulers did not want the unification of Italy due to fear of loss of power from their hands. The autocratic rule of these rulers led to the birth of nationalism that resulted in the unification of Italy in the 1870s. Barriers in the Unification The small kingdoms anticipated that movement for the Unity of Italy will threaten their throne and lavish lifestyle. Thus they opposed the Unification effort. The majority of the Italian population was illiterate and poor who were not interested in the subjects like national unity and national integration. The regional economic disparity also created obstacles in the unification of Italy. The Pope was involved in many of the smaller kingdoms and used to interfere in the major decision makings. Thus Pope was afraid that his power will be get limited by the Unification of Italy with the fervor of democracy and nationalism. He anticipated that it could also challenge his religious authority as well. Austria had an interest in Italy and wanted continuity in its control of the captured land. Thus it suppressed any kind of rebellion for the Unification of the Italy. It is said that Mazzini was the heart, Garibaldi was the sword and PM Cavour was the mind behind the unification of Italy. Role of Mazzini Mazzini was the founder of Young Italy, 1830-31. He advocated for unification, democracy, Republic, Anti-colonialism against Austria. Many of his writings became classic in the literature of nationalism. He was active in the revolt of 1830 and 1848 and led protests. In the 1848 revolt, Mazzini took advantage of circumstances and drove the Pope out of Rome. Role of Garibaldi He supported King Victor Emmanuel II in his effort to unify the Italian states. Garibaldi was a staunch supporter of the Mazzini’s ideas and was a member of Young Italy. He was very rich in vision, passion and sacrifice. His guerrilla warfare style played very important role in unification of many regions. For this he formed the organization known as the Red Shirts consisting of thousands of the soldiers. By the end of 1860, Garibaldi unified two Italian kingdoms of Sicily and Naples with Sardinia. Role of Cavour He became the Prime Minister of Sardinia and made effort to improve the economic condition of the people by focusing on agriculture and trade. To isolate Austria he supported Turkey along with England and France in the war against Russia. After the victory in the war, Cavour was recognized as a power in Europe. Thus France and England blamed Austria for the plight of Italy. Cavour provided to the other States of Italy by making Sardinia and Piedmont an ideal state that other states may follow them. The Cavour attempted to overcome the social, economic, and religious barriers, which were put forward by the combat prowess of Garibaldi and the revolutionary and nationalistic fervor of Mazzini. Thus the concerted effort of the Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi made the Unification of Italy possible.
##Question:What were the main obstacles to the unification of Italy? Discuss the role of the Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour in unification of Italy. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the contextual background of Italy. Explain the obstacles faced by Italy in its unification. Discuss the role played by the Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour in the unification of Italy. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Italy in the 19th century was a fragmented region, divided into seven independent kingdoms. While northern states were under the Hapsburg dynasty of Austria, central states were under the control of the Pope. The southern states were ruled by the Bourbon dynasty of Spain. There was a conflict of interest between these rulers with each-others. These rulers did not want the unification of Italy due to fear of loss of power from their hands. The autocratic rule of these rulers led to the birth of nationalism that resulted in the unification of Italy in the 1870s. Barriers in the Unification The small kingdoms anticipated that movement for the Unity of Italy will threaten their throne and lavish lifestyle. Thus they opposed the Unification effort. The majority of the Italian population was illiterate and poor who were not interested in the subjects like national unity and national integration. The regional economic disparity also created obstacles in the unification of Italy. The Pope was involved in many of the smaller kingdoms and used to interfere in the major decision makings. Thus Pope was afraid that his power will be get limited by the Unification of Italy with the fervor of democracy and nationalism. He anticipated that it could also challenge his religious authority as well. Austria had an interest in Italy and wanted continuity in its control of the captured land. Thus it suppressed any kind of rebellion for the Unification of the Italy. It is said that Mazzini was the heart, Garibaldi was the sword and PM Cavour was the mind behind the unification of Italy. Role of Mazzini Mazzini was the founder of Young Italy, 1830-31. He advocated for unification, democracy, Republic, Anti-colonialism against Austria. Many of his writings became classic in the literature of nationalism. He was active in the revolt of 1830 and 1848 and led protests. In the 1848 revolt, Mazzini took advantage of circumstances and drove the Pope out of Rome. Role of Garibaldi He supported King Victor Emmanuel II in his effort to unify the Italian states. Garibaldi was a staunch supporter of the Mazzini’s ideas and was a member of Young Italy. He was very rich in vision, passion and sacrifice. His guerrilla warfare style played very important role in unification of many regions. For this he formed the organization known as the Red Shirts consisting of thousands of the soldiers. By the end of 1860, Garibaldi unified two Italian kingdoms of Sicily and Naples with Sardinia. Role of Cavour He became the Prime Minister of Sardinia and made effort to improve the economic condition of the people by focusing on agriculture and trade. To isolate Austria he supported Turkey along with England and France in the war against Russia. After the victory in the war, Cavour was recognized as a power in Europe. Thus France and England blamed Austria for the plight of Italy. Cavour provided to the other States of Italy by making Sardinia and Piedmont an ideal state that other states may follow them. The Cavour attempted to overcome the social, economic, and religious barriers, which were put forward by the combat prowess of Garibaldi and the revolutionary and nationalistic fervor of Mazzini. Thus the concerted effort of the Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi made the Unification of Italy possible.
74,664
भारतीय विदेश नीति के उद्देश्यों की चर्चा करते हुए इसको संचालित करने वाले प्रमुख सिद्धांतों को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discussing the objectives of Indian foreign policy, outline the main principles governing it. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में विदेश नीति के बारे में संक्षेप में बताएं 2- प्रथम भाग में भारतीय विदेश नीति के उद्देश्यों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में भारतीय विदेश नीति को प्रभावित करने वाले सिद्धांतों को रेखांकित कीजिये 4- अंतिम में उचित निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये किसी देश की विदेश नीति, जिसे विदेशी सम्बन्धों की नीति भी कहा जाता है, अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की रक्षा करने के लिए और अन्तरराष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों के वातावरण में अपने लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए राज्य द्वारा चुनी गई स्वहितकारी रणनीतियों का समूह होती है। किसी देश की विदेश नीति दूसरे देशों के साथ आर्थिक, राजनैतिक, सामाजिक तथा सैनिक विषयों पर पालन की जाने वाली नीतियों का एक समुच्चय है।अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों को सुनिश्चित करना,यह एक गतिशील अवधारणा है किन्तु राष्ट्रीय हित के कुछ कोर बिंदु होते हैं जैसे लोकतंत्र,शान्ति(प्रस्तावना के बिंदु) इनके साथ समझौता नहीं किया जा सकता है| राष्ट्रीय हितों में परिवर्तन संबंधों में परिवर्तन लाता है| भारतीय विदेश नीति भी इन्ही उपागमों पर निर्धारित होती है| भारतीय विदेश नीति के उद्देश्य क्षेत्रीय अखंडता और कूटनीतिक स्वतंत्रता अंतर्राष्ट्रीय शान्ति एवं सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करना भारत का आर्थिक विकास सुनिश्चित करना उपनिवेशवाद, नवउपनिवेशवाद, नस्लीय भेदभाव का उन्मूलन भारतीय डायस्पोरा के हितों की सुरक्षा एवं संरक्षण भारतीय विदेश नीति को प्रभावित करने वाले सिद्धांत सिद्धांतवादी नीतियाँ धारक के उत्तरदायित्वबोध को प्रदर्शित करती हैं| विदेश नीति के सिद्धांत सामान्य तौर परिवर्तित नहीं किये जाते हैं, इनका प्रभाव सतत रूप से बना रहता है| यद्यपि इनमें नवाचार हो सकता है पंचशील(सहअस्तित्व, अहस्तक्षेप आदि) यह भारतीय विदेश नीति में समानता के आदर्श को समाहित करने वाला सिद्धांत है| इसके माध्यम से भारत विश्व के छोटे-बड़े सभी देशों के साथ समानतापूर्ण सम्बन्ध स्थापना में सहायता मिलती है गुटनिरपेक्षता का सिद्धांत, यह वस्तुतः भारतीय कूटनीति एवं विदेश नीति को स्वतंत्र रखने की गतिशील अवधारणा है| भारतीय विदेश नीति उपनिवेशवाद, साम्राज्यवाद और रंगभेद का विरोध करती है क्योंकि ये भारत के संविधान में दिए गए आदर्शों यथा स्वतंत्रता समानता और न्याय की अवधारणा के अनुरूप नहीं है| भारतीय विदेश नीति अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समस्याओं के शांतिपूर्ण समाधान के सिद्धांत का अनुपालन करती है न्यायसंगत और सामान विश्व व्यवस्था का समर्थन करते हुए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थाओं और कानूनों का निरंतर लोकतान्त्रिकरण एवं सशक्तिकरण भारतीय विदेश नीति का एक प्रमुख निर्देशक सिद्धांत है| इस संदर्भ में भारत ने WTO, UNSC, पर्यावरण कूटनीति आदि संदर्भों में इस सिद्धांत का प्रयोग किया है| गुजराल सिद्धांत, पड़ोसियों के संदर्भ में पंचशील की अवधारणा है| वर्तमान भारतीय विदेश नीति इस सिद्धांत का अनुकरण करती है| पहले प्रयोग न करने का सिद्धांत, भारत ने आक्रमण की स्थिति में प्रतिआक्रमण अथवा अपनी सुरक्षा के संदर्भ में ही नाभिकीय हथियारों के प्रयोग के सिद्धांत को अपनाया है|इसके अतिरिक्त भारतीय नाभिकीय सिद्धांत प्रावधान करता है कि भारत गैर-नाभिकीय देशों पर कभी नाभिकीय हथियारों का प्रयोग नहीं करेगा किन्तु जैविक एवं रासायनिक आक्रमण की स्थिति में और नाभिकीय आक्रमण होने की स्थिति में भारत नाभिकीय हथियारों का प्रयोग कर सकता है|भारत की इस नीति ने दक्षिण एशिया में नाभिकीय हथियारों की दौड़ को रोक दिया है| भारत की यह कूटनीति मूलतः आत्म रक्षात्मक है| इस तरह से देखते हैं कि भारतीय विदेश नीति उच्च मानवीय मूल्यों और सिद्धांतों के द्वारा संचालित होती है
##Question:भारतीय विदेश नीति के उद्देश्यों की चर्चा करते हुए इसको संचालित करने वाले प्रमुख सिद्धांतों को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Discussing the objectives of Indian foreign policy, outline the main principles governing it. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में विदेश नीति के बारे में संक्षेप में बताएं 2- प्रथम भाग में भारतीय विदेश नीति के उद्देश्यों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में भारतीय विदेश नीति को प्रभावित करने वाले सिद्धांतों को रेखांकित कीजिये 4- अंतिम में उचित निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये किसी देश की विदेश नीति, जिसे विदेशी सम्बन्धों की नीति भी कहा जाता है, अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों की रक्षा करने के लिए और अन्तरराष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों के वातावरण में अपने लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए राज्य द्वारा चुनी गई स्वहितकारी रणनीतियों का समूह होती है। किसी देश की विदेश नीति दूसरे देशों के साथ आर्थिक, राजनैतिक, सामाजिक तथा सैनिक विषयों पर पालन की जाने वाली नीतियों का एक समुच्चय है।अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों को सुनिश्चित करना,यह एक गतिशील अवधारणा है किन्तु राष्ट्रीय हित के कुछ कोर बिंदु होते हैं जैसे लोकतंत्र,शान्ति(प्रस्तावना के बिंदु) इनके साथ समझौता नहीं किया जा सकता है| राष्ट्रीय हितों में परिवर्तन संबंधों में परिवर्तन लाता है| भारतीय विदेश नीति भी इन्ही उपागमों पर निर्धारित होती है| भारतीय विदेश नीति के उद्देश्य क्षेत्रीय अखंडता और कूटनीतिक स्वतंत्रता अंतर्राष्ट्रीय शान्ति एवं सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करना भारत का आर्थिक विकास सुनिश्चित करना उपनिवेशवाद, नवउपनिवेशवाद, नस्लीय भेदभाव का उन्मूलन भारतीय डायस्पोरा के हितों की सुरक्षा एवं संरक्षण भारतीय विदेश नीति को प्रभावित करने वाले सिद्धांत सिद्धांतवादी नीतियाँ धारक के उत्तरदायित्वबोध को प्रदर्शित करती हैं| विदेश नीति के सिद्धांत सामान्य तौर परिवर्तित नहीं किये जाते हैं, इनका प्रभाव सतत रूप से बना रहता है| यद्यपि इनमें नवाचार हो सकता है पंचशील(सहअस्तित्व, अहस्तक्षेप आदि) यह भारतीय विदेश नीति में समानता के आदर्श को समाहित करने वाला सिद्धांत है| इसके माध्यम से भारत विश्व के छोटे-बड़े सभी देशों के साथ समानतापूर्ण सम्बन्ध स्थापना में सहायता मिलती है गुटनिरपेक्षता का सिद्धांत, यह वस्तुतः भारतीय कूटनीति एवं विदेश नीति को स्वतंत्र रखने की गतिशील अवधारणा है| भारतीय विदेश नीति उपनिवेशवाद, साम्राज्यवाद और रंगभेद का विरोध करती है क्योंकि ये भारत के संविधान में दिए गए आदर्शों यथा स्वतंत्रता समानता और न्याय की अवधारणा के अनुरूप नहीं है| भारतीय विदेश नीति अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समस्याओं के शांतिपूर्ण समाधान के सिद्धांत का अनुपालन करती है न्यायसंगत और सामान विश्व व्यवस्था का समर्थन करते हुए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थाओं और कानूनों का निरंतर लोकतान्त्रिकरण एवं सशक्तिकरण भारतीय विदेश नीति का एक प्रमुख निर्देशक सिद्धांत है| इस संदर्भ में भारत ने WTO, UNSC, पर्यावरण कूटनीति आदि संदर्भों में इस सिद्धांत का प्रयोग किया है| गुजराल सिद्धांत, पड़ोसियों के संदर्भ में पंचशील की अवधारणा है| वर्तमान भारतीय विदेश नीति इस सिद्धांत का अनुकरण करती है| पहले प्रयोग न करने का सिद्धांत, भारत ने आक्रमण की स्थिति में प्रतिआक्रमण अथवा अपनी सुरक्षा के संदर्भ में ही नाभिकीय हथियारों के प्रयोग के सिद्धांत को अपनाया है|इसके अतिरिक्त भारतीय नाभिकीय सिद्धांत प्रावधान करता है कि भारत गैर-नाभिकीय देशों पर कभी नाभिकीय हथियारों का प्रयोग नहीं करेगा किन्तु जैविक एवं रासायनिक आक्रमण की स्थिति में और नाभिकीय आक्रमण होने की स्थिति में भारत नाभिकीय हथियारों का प्रयोग कर सकता है|भारत की इस नीति ने दक्षिण एशिया में नाभिकीय हथियारों की दौड़ को रोक दिया है| भारत की यह कूटनीति मूलतः आत्म रक्षात्मक है| इस तरह से देखते हैं कि भारतीय विदेश नीति उच्च मानवीय मूल्यों और सिद्धांतों के द्वारा संचालित होती है
74,669
Discuss the reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Write a brief introduction about the Planning commission Discuss the reasons behind the abolition of the Planning Commission of India Mention conclusive remarks supporting the abolition of the Planning Commission Answer: Planning Commission of India was established on 15 March 1950, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. The Planning Commission did not derive its creation from either the Constitution or statute but was an arm of the Central/Union Government. The Planning Commission was a Government of India-institution and its main function was to formulate the country’s Five-Year Plans. The Government of India in 2014 announced the decision to do away with the Planning Commission and replace it with the NITI Aayog which is a more robust institution and one that is more adaptable to change. Reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission- The planning commission acted as Super cabinet and the economic matter for union and States. Its practice of discretionary grants with elaborate schemes of matching ratios for outlays (centrally sponsored scheme) infringed the federal character of Indian Polity. The authority and power in the Planning commission shifted from the expert group to the bureaucrats. The bureaucrats on deputation to the Planning commission had managed to occupy the key positions of planners replacing experts There was poor implementation of the policy recommendation of the commission. Most of the focus was on the fund distribution on various programs . The Planning commission appointed a lot of commissions and committees on important policy matters. This made the process more time-consuming instead of contributing fruitful ways to policy formulation. The commission was guided more by political pressures rather than by expert judgments. The commission failed to monitor and evaluate the resources it was committing in different programs and schemes mentioned in the plan. The abolition of the Planning Commission does not mean that the process of planning is over. The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Ayog will act more like a think tank or forum in contrast with the Commission which imposed five-year plans and allocated resources to hit set economic targets.
##Question:Discuss the reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction about the Planning commission Discuss the reasons behind the abolition of the Planning Commission of India Mention conclusive remarks supporting the abolition of the Planning Commission Answer: Planning Commission of India was established on 15 March 1950, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. The Planning Commission did not derive its creation from either the Constitution or statute but was an arm of the Central/Union Government. The Planning Commission was a Government of India-institution and its main function was to formulate the country’s Five-Year Plans. The Government of India in 2014 announced the decision to do away with the Planning Commission and replace it with the NITI Aayog which is a more robust institution and one that is more adaptable to change. Reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission- The planning commission acted as Super cabinet and the economic matter for union and States. Its practice of discretionary grants with elaborate schemes of matching ratios for outlays (centrally sponsored scheme) infringed the federal character of Indian Polity. The authority and power in the Planning commission shifted from the expert group to the bureaucrats. The bureaucrats on deputation to the Planning commission had managed to occupy the key positions of planners replacing experts There was poor implementation of the policy recommendation of the commission. Most of the focus was on the fund distribution on various programs . The Planning commission appointed a lot of commissions and committees on important policy matters. This made the process more time-consuming instead of contributing fruitful ways to policy formulation. The commission was guided more by political pressures rather than by expert judgments. The commission failed to monitor and evaluate the resources it was committing in different programs and schemes mentioned in the plan. The abolition of the Planning Commission does not mean that the process of planning is over. The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Ayog will act more like a think tank or forum in contrast with the Commission which imposed five-year plans and allocated resources to hit set economic targets.
74,678
Discuss the reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission. (150 words/10 Marks)
Assignment Question- Discuss the reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach: Write a brief introduction about the Planning commission Discuss the reasons behind the abolition of the Planning Commission of India Mention conclusive remarks supporting the abolition of the Planning Commission Answer: Planning Commission of India was established on 15 March 1950, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. The Planning Commission did not derive its creation from either the Constitution or statute but was an arm of the Central/Union Government. The Planning Commission was a Government of India-institution and its main function was to formulate the country’s Five-Year Plans. The Government of India in 2014 announced the decision to do away with the Planning Commission and replace it with the NITI Aayog which is a more robust institution and one that is more adaptable to change. Reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission- The planning commission acted as Super cabinet and the economic matter for union and States. Its practice of discretionary grants with elaborate schemes of matching ratios for outlays (centrally sponsored scheme) infringed the federal character of Indian Polity. The authority and power in the Planning commission shifted from the expert group to the bureaucrats. The bureaucrats on deputation to the Planning commission had managed to occupy the key positions of planners replacing experts There was poor implementation of the policy recommendation of the commission. Most of the focus was on the fund distribution on various programs . The Planning commission appointed a lot of commissions and committees on important policy matters. This made the process more time-consuming instead of contributing fruitful ways to policy formulation. The commission was guided more by political pressures rather than by expert judgments. The commission failed to monitor and evaluate the resources it was committing in different programs and schemes mentioned in the plan. The abolition of the Planning Commission does not mean that the process of planning is over. The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Ayog will act more like a think tank or forum in contrast with the Commission which imposed five-year plans and allocated resources to hit set economic targets.
##Question:Discuss the reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question- Discuss the reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach: Write a brief introduction about the Planning commission Discuss the reasons behind the abolition of the Planning Commission of India Mention conclusive remarks supporting the abolition of the Planning Commission Answer: Planning Commission of India was established on 15 March 1950, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. The Planning Commission did not derive its creation from either the Constitution or statute but was an arm of the Central/Union Government. The Planning Commission was a Government of India-institution and its main function was to formulate the country’s Five-Year Plans. The Government of India in 2014 announced the decision to do away with the Planning Commission and replace it with the NITI Aayog which is a more robust institution and one that is more adaptable to change. Reasons for the abolition of the Planning Commission- The planning commission acted as Super cabinet and the economic matter for union and States. Its practice of discretionary grants with elaborate schemes of matching ratios for outlays (centrally sponsored scheme) infringed the federal character of Indian Polity. The authority and power in the Planning commission shifted from the expert group to the bureaucrats. The bureaucrats on deputation to the Planning commission had managed to occupy the key positions of planners replacing experts There was poor implementation of the policy recommendation of the commission. Most of the focus was on the fund distribution on various programs . The Planning commission appointed a lot of commissions and committees on important policy matters. This made the process more time-consuming instead of contributing fruitful ways to policy formulation. The commission was guided more by political pressures rather than by expert judgments. The commission failed to monitor and evaluate the resources it was committing in different programs and schemes mentioned in the plan. The abolition of the Planning Commission does not mean that the process of planning is over. The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Ayog will act more like a think tank or forum in contrast with the Commission which imposed five-year plans and allocated resources to hit set economic targets.
74,679
Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduction - A brief introduction stating the current scenario of relations between India and Pakistan which led to distrust. Body - Discuss with examples the various elements of soft power between India and Pakistan which can be used to generate goodwill Conclusion the answer with a way forward. Answer : India Pakistan relations have been tumultuous since the inception of these two countries owing to historical factors. And over the years, Pakistan tacit support for terrorist activities has widened the gap between the two countries and increased the mutual distrust. Terrorism has become the key issue between the two countries, and the NSA level talks were postponed indefinitely just because of the fact that both countries were not on the same page regarding the inclusion of terrorism in the talks. Also, After the Uri attack, the Governmnet of India made a statement that ‘talks and terrorism cannot go hand in hand. Considering this scenario and the fact that both sides are nuclear powered, talks are the only way out and it needs a proper environment and that environment can be provided by the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges like: Indian movies are immensely popular across the border. Therefore, the citizen’s diplomacy or people to people contact between India and Pakistan are significant in building peace between the two nations. Musicians and artists of both the nations have huge fans on both sides of the border. For example Urdu poetry and ghazals from Pakistan and shows like Coke Studio, MTV unplugged has a wider range of fan following in both countries. Cricket diplomacy can help to create people to people ties in a way, because of the love for cricket within citizens on both sides. By organizing events like food fairs, festivals and cooking competitions, between the two nations it would be easier to strengthen the bond of love and prosperity between the two nations. Kartarpur corridor between India and Pakistan is used for connecting the Sikh shrines of Dera Baba Nanak Sahib and Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur can be used for strengthening and harmonising people to people contact between two nations. Also, enhancing ties with the help of transportation such as Bus and train service eg Samjhauta Express, etc But all the goodwill generated using this soft power needs to be sustained and it can only be sustained when a ceasefire is maintained. Once the cross border firing happens, all the goodwill generated using sports and cultural exchanges go to trash. Unless a peaceful environment is maintained, the soft power will not help much. The soft power takes a back seat when the nation sees its soldier giving lives on border. Soft power is the second step that can be used to take relations forward but it cannot be the only alternative or the first line of contact for improving the relations. It can be sustainable only to some extent. So both the countries need to work on bridging the trust deficit and it can be done by continuous engagement, relaxation in trade exchange from both sides and trying to resolve problems as quickly as possible. In order to strengthen the bilateral engagements between India and Pakistan need of the hour is to employ a perfect balance of soft and hard power diplomacy coupled with International diplomacy.
##Question:Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - A brief introduction stating the current scenario of relations between India and Pakistan which led to distrust. Body - Discuss with examples the various elements of soft power between India and Pakistan which can be used to generate goodwill Conclusion the answer with a way forward. Answer : India Pakistan relations have been tumultuous since the inception of these two countries owing to historical factors. And over the years, Pakistan tacit support for terrorist activities has widened the gap between the two countries and increased the mutual distrust. Terrorism has become the key issue between the two countries, and the NSA level talks were postponed indefinitely just because of the fact that both countries were not on the same page regarding the inclusion of terrorism in the talks. Also, After the Uri attack, the Governmnet of India made a statement that ‘talks and terrorism cannot go hand in hand. Considering this scenario and the fact that both sides are nuclear powered, talks are the only way out and it needs a proper environment and that environment can be provided by the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges like: Indian movies are immensely popular across the border. Therefore, the citizen’s diplomacy or people to people contact between India and Pakistan are significant in building peace between the two nations. Musicians and artists of both the nations have huge fans on both sides of the border. For example Urdu poetry and ghazals from Pakistan and shows like Coke Studio, MTV unplugged has a wider range of fan following in both countries. Cricket diplomacy can help to create people to people ties in a way, because of the love for cricket within citizens on both sides. By organizing events like food fairs, festivals and cooking competitions, between the two nations it would be easier to strengthen the bond of love and prosperity between the two nations. Kartarpur corridor between India and Pakistan is used for connecting the Sikh shrines of Dera Baba Nanak Sahib and Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur can be used for strengthening and harmonising people to people contact between two nations. Also, enhancing ties with the help of transportation such as Bus and train service eg Samjhauta Express, etc But all the goodwill generated using this soft power needs to be sustained and it can only be sustained when a ceasefire is maintained. Once the cross border firing happens, all the goodwill generated using sports and cultural exchanges go to trash. Unless a peaceful environment is maintained, the soft power will not help much. The soft power takes a back seat when the nation sees its soldier giving lives on border. Soft power is the second step that can be used to take relations forward but it cannot be the only alternative or the first line of contact for improving the relations. It can be sustainable only to some extent. So both the countries need to work on bridging the trust deficit and it can be done by continuous engagement, relaxation in trade exchange from both sides and trying to resolve problems as quickly as possible. In order to strengthen the bilateral engagements between India and Pakistan need of the hour is to employ a perfect balance of soft and hard power diplomacy coupled with International diplomacy.
74,682
Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduction - A brief introduction stating the current scenario of relations between India and Pakistan which led to distrust. Body - Discuss with examples the various elements of soft power between India and Pakistan which can be used to generate goodwill Conclusion the answer with a way forward. Answer : India-Pakistan relations have been tumultuous since the inception of these two countries owing to historical factors. And over the years, Pakistan"s tacit support for terrorist activities has widened the gap between the two countries and increased mutual distrust. Terrorism has become the key issue between the two countries, and the NSA-level talks were postponed indefinitely just because of the fact that both countries were not on the same page regarding the inclusion of terrorism in the talks. Also, After the Uri attack, the government of India made a statement that ‘talks and terrorism cannot go hand in hand. Considering this scenario and the fact that both sides are nuclear powered, talks are the only way out and it needs a proper environment and that environment can be provided by the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges like: Indian movies are immensely popular across the border. Therefore, the citizen’s diplomacy or people-to-people contact between India and Pakistan are significant in building peace between the two nations. Musicians and artists of both nations have huge fans on both sides of the border. For example, Urdu poetry and ghazals from Pakistan and shows like Coke Studio, and MTV Unplugged has a wider range of fan following in both countries. Cricket diplomacy can help to create people-to-people ties in a way, because of the love for cricket among citizens on both sides. By organizing events like food fairs, festivals and cooking competitions, between the two nations, it would be easier to strengthen the bond of love and prosperity between the two nations. Kartarpur corridor between India and Pakistan is used for connecting the Sikh shrines of Dera Baba Nanak Sahib and Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur can be used for strengthening and harmonising people-to-people contact between two nations. Also, enhancing ties with the help of transportation such as Bus and train service eg Samjhauta Express, etc But all the goodwill generated using this soft power needs to be sustained and it can only be sustained when a ceasefire is maintained. Once the cross-border firing happens, all the goodwill generated using sports and cultural exchanges go to trash. Unless a peaceful environment is maintained, the soft power will not help much. The soft power takes a back seat when the nation sees its soldier giving lives on border. Soft power is the second step that can be used to take relations forward but it cannot be the only alternative or the first line of contact for improving the relations. It can be sustainable only to some extent. So both the countries need to work on bridging the trust deficit and it can be done by continuous engagement, relaxation in trade exchange from both sides and trying to resolve problems as quickly as possible. In order to strengthen the bilateral engagements between India and Pakistan need of the hour is to employ a perfect balance of soft and hard power diplomacy coupled with International diplomacy.
##Question:Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - A brief introduction stating the current scenario of relations between India and Pakistan which led to distrust. Body - Discuss with examples the various elements of soft power between India and Pakistan which can be used to generate goodwill Conclusion the answer with a way forward. Answer : India-Pakistan relations have been tumultuous since the inception of these two countries owing to historical factors. And over the years, Pakistan"s tacit support for terrorist activities has widened the gap between the two countries and increased mutual distrust. Terrorism has become the key issue between the two countries, and the NSA-level talks were postponed indefinitely just because of the fact that both countries were not on the same page regarding the inclusion of terrorism in the talks. Also, After the Uri attack, the government of India made a statement that ‘talks and terrorism cannot go hand in hand. Considering this scenario and the fact that both sides are nuclear powered, talks are the only way out and it needs a proper environment and that environment can be provided by the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges like: Indian movies are immensely popular across the border. Therefore, the citizen’s diplomacy or people-to-people contact between India and Pakistan are significant in building peace between the two nations. Musicians and artists of both nations have huge fans on both sides of the border. For example, Urdu poetry and ghazals from Pakistan and shows like Coke Studio, and MTV Unplugged has a wider range of fan following in both countries. Cricket diplomacy can help to create people-to-people ties in a way, because of the love for cricket among citizens on both sides. By organizing events like food fairs, festivals and cooking competitions, between the two nations, it would be easier to strengthen the bond of love and prosperity between the two nations. Kartarpur corridor between India and Pakistan is used for connecting the Sikh shrines of Dera Baba Nanak Sahib and Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur can be used for strengthening and harmonising people-to-people contact between two nations. Also, enhancing ties with the help of transportation such as Bus and train service eg Samjhauta Express, etc But all the goodwill generated using this soft power needs to be sustained and it can only be sustained when a ceasefire is maintained. Once the cross-border firing happens, all the goodwill generated using sports and cultural exchanges go to trash. Unless a peaceful environment is maintained, the soft power will not help much. The soft power takes a back seat when the nation sees its soldier giving lives on border. Soft power is the second step that can be used to take relations forward but it cannot be the only alternative or the first line of contact for improving the relations. It can be sustainable only to some extent. So both the countries need to work on bridging the trust deficit and it can be done by continuous engagement, relaxation in trade exchange from both sides and trying to resolve problems as quickly as possible. In order to strengthen the bilateral engagements between India and Pakistan need of the hour is to employ a perfect balance of soft and hard power diplomacy coupled with International diplomacy.
74,683
NITI Ayog has been developed as a state of the Art resource center with the necessary knowledge and skills that will enable it to act with speed, promote research and innovation in the country. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Write a brief introduction of NITI Ayog Summarise its activities depicting it as a state of the Art resource center Discuss the achievement of NITI Ayog Mention a few challenges faced by it. Write a brief conclusion supporting relevance if NITI Ayog Answer: Niti Aayog has been developed as a state of the Art resource center with the necessary knowledge and skills that will enable it to act with speed, promote research and innovation provide strategic policy vision for the government, and deal with contingent issues. Its activities can be divided into 4 heads: Policy and Program framework Cooperative federalism Monitoring and evaluation Think Tank acting as knowledge and innovation Hub It is supported by two attached offices: 1. The Atal Innovation Mission 2. Development Monitoring and Evaluation Organization (DMEO) It has an attached office called “National Institute of labor Economics Research and Development” Achievement of NITI AYOG- Constituted the Team India Hub for collaboration and cooperation among the states and lead the engagement of states with the Central government. Knowledge and innovation have been constituted for which Atal Innovation Mission is the main center. As part of the knowledge Hub, development support services for infrastructure projects are provided by the NITI Aayog. It is promoting competitive Federalism by ranking states along with a number of dimensions. It has developed various key performance indicators NITI Ayog is coming out with a lot of ideas and solutions for various problems faced in the Indian Economy. E.g. Shift to Electrical Vehicle, Poshan Abhiyan, etc Challenges faced by NITI Ayog- It lacks enforcement power. A lot of states do not take NITI Aayog seriously and do not attend their meetings. Centralization of ideas: There are no consultations held with the various stakeholders including the states. In 3 years action agenda, there was no consultation with the states. There have been allegations of substandard quality of report of NITI Aayog. There have been instances where the schemes have been scaled without studying the impact through pilot It relies on outside experts or consultancies for most of its work. There is a dearth of own domain experts in the NITI Aayog. A lot of the reform measures recommended by NITI Aayog lack concrete implementation strategies. There is hardly any follow-up of the recommendations. There is no focus on Planning for the longer or mid-term. NITI Ayog brings in a greater level of accountability in the system by keeping a check on the performance of various ministries on a real-time basis through its Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office. It brings the States to act together in the national interest, and thereby fosters Cooperative Federalism and hence all above discussed aspects increases the relevance of NITI Ayog multifold.
##Question:NITI Ayog has been developed as a state of the Art resource center with the necessary knowledge and skills that will enable it to act with speed, promote research and innovation in the country. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction of NITI Ayog Summarise its activities depicting it as a state of the Art resource center Discuss the achievement of NITI Ayog Mention a few challenges faced by it. Write a brief conclusion supporting relevance if NITI Ayog Answer: Niti Aayog has been developed as a state of the Art resource center with the necessary knowledge and skills that will enable it to act with speed, promote research and innovation provide strategic policy vision for the government, and deal with contingent issues. Its activities can be divided into 4 heads: Policy and Program framework Cooperative federalism Monitoring and evaluation Think Tank acting as knowledge and innovation Hub It is supported by two attached offices: 1. The Atal Innovation Mission 2. Development Monitoring and Evaluation Organization (DMEO) It has an attached office called “National Institute of labor Economics Research and Development” Achievement of NITI AYOG- Constituted the Team India Hub for collaboration and cooperation among the states and lead the engagement of states with the Central government. Knowledge and innovation have been constituted for which Atal Innovation Mission is the main center. As part of the knowledge Hub, development support services for infrastructure projects are provided by the NITI Aayog. It is promoting competitive Federalism by ranking states along with a number of dimensions. It has developed various key performance indicators NITI Ayog is coming out with a lot of ideas and solutions for various problems faced in the Indian Economy. E.g. Shift to Electrical Vehicle, Poshan Abhiyan, etc Challenges faced by NITI Ayog- It lacks enforcement power. A lot of states do not take NITI Aayog seriously and do not attend their meetings. Centralization of ideas: There are no consultations held with the various stakeholders including the states. In 3 years action agenda, there was no consultation with the states. There have been allegations of substandard quality of report of NITI Aayog. There have been instances where the schemes have been scaled without studying the impact through pilot It relies on outside experts or consultancies for most of its work. There is a dearth of own domain experts in the NITI Aayog. A lot of the reform measures recommended by NITI Aayog lack concrete implementation strategies. There is hardly any follow-up of the recommendations. There is no focus on Planning for the longer or mid-term. NITI Ayog brings in a greater level of accountability in the system by keeping a check on the performance of various ministries on a real-time basis through its Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office. It brings the States to act together in the national interest, and thereby fosters Cooperative Federalism and hence all above discussed aspects increases the relevance of NITI Ayog multifold.
74,704
Discuss the Circular Flow of Income in a Simple Economy? Also, mention the methods of calculating national income. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining what is a simple economy and its relation with circular economy In the body, discuss the interaction between the firms and households and its limitation in brief Mention the 3 major methods for calculating national income ie Expenditure method, product method, and income method. Answer: A simple economy here signifies an economy without a government, external trade, or any savings and its function. In this model of a simple economy, we are assuming that there are basically two major stakeholders i.e. the firm and the household. The households receive their payments from the firms for productive activities they perform for the latter. For example, there are fundamentally four kinds of contributions that can be made during the production of goods and services in the form of rent for land, wages for labor, interest for capital, and profit for entrepreneurship. In this simplified economy, there is only one way in which the households may dispose off their earnings – by spending their entire income on the goods and services produced by the domestic firms. The other channels of disposing of their income are closed. It is hereby assumed that the households do not save, they do not pay taxes to the government – since there is no government, and neither do they buy imported goods since there is no external trade in this simple economy. In other words, factors of production use their remunerations to buy the goods and services which they assisted in producing. The aggregate consumption by the households of the economy is equal to the aggregate expenditure on goods and services produced by the firms in the economy. The entire income of the economy, therefore, comes back to the producers in the form of sales revenue. There is no leakage from the system – there is no difference between the amount that the firms had distributed in the form of factor payments and the aggregate consumption expenditure that they receive as sales revenue. In the next period, the firms will once again produce goods and services and pay remunerations to the factors of production. These remunerations will once again be used to buy goods and services. Hence year after year we can imagine the aggregate income of the economy going through the two sectors, firms and households, in a circular way. The above mentioned is an illustration of an economy and a simplified one. Such a scenario that describes the functioning of an imaginary economy is just a macroeconomic model. It is clear that a model does not describe an actual economy in detail. This model assumes that households do not save, there is no government, no trade with other countries, etc. However, models do not want to capture an economy in its every minute detail – their purpose is to highlight some essential features of the functioning of an economic system The methods of calculating national income are as follows- The expenditure method can measure the aggregate value of spending that the firms receive for the final goods and services which they produce. Similarly, the product method can measure the aggregate value of final goods and services produced by all the firms. Also, the income method can measure the sum total of all factor payments. Note: Students are expected to draw a flow chart of Circular Flow of Income in a Simple Economy showing the transaction between firms and Households.
##Question:Discuss the Circular Flow of Income in a Simple Economy? Also, mention the methods of calculating national income. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining what is a simple economy and its relation with circular economy In the body, discuss the interaction between the firms and households and its limitation in brief Mention the 3 major methods for calculating national income ie Expenditure method, product method, and income method. Answer: A simple economy here signifies an economy without a government, external trade, or any savings and its function. In this model of a simple economy, we are assuming that there are basically two major stakeholders i.e. the firm and the household. The households receive their payments from the firms for productive activities they perform for the latter. For example, there are fundamentally four kinds of contributions that can be made during the production of goods and services in the form of rent for land, wages for labor, interest for capital, and profit for entrepreneurship. In this simplified economy, there is only one way in which the households may dispose off their earnings – by spending their entire income on the goods and services produced by the domestic firms. The other channels of disposing of their income are closed. It is hereby assumed that the households do not save, they do not pay taxes to the government – since there is no government, and neither do they buy imported goods since there is no external trade in this simple economy. In other words, factors of production use their remunerations to buy the goods and services which they assisted in producing. The aggregate consumption by the households of the economy is equal to the aggregate expenditure on goods and services produced by the firms in the economy. The entire income of the economy, therefore, comes back to the producers in the form of sales revenue. There is no leakage from the system – there is no difference between the amount that the firms had distributed in the form of factor payments and the aggregate consumption expenditure that they receive as sales revenue. In the next period, the firms will once again produce goods and services and pay remunerations to the factors of production. These remunerations will once again be used to buy goods and services. Hence year after year we can imagine the aggregate income of the economy going through the two sectors, firms and households, in a circular way. The above mentioned is an illustration of an economy and a simplified one. Such a scenario that describes the functioning of an imaginary economy is just a macroeconomic model. It is clear that a model does not describe an actual economy in detail. This model assumes that households do not save, there is no government, no trade with other countries, etc. However, models do not want to capture an economy in its every minute detail – their purpose is to highlight some essential features of the functioning of an economic system The methods of calculating national income are as follows- The expenditure method can measure the aggregate value of spending that the firms receive for the final goods and services which they produce. Similarly, the product method can measure the aggregate value of final goods and services produced by all the firms. Also, the income method can measure the sum total of all factor payments. Note: Students are expected to draw a flow chart of Circular Flow of Income in a Simple Economy showing the transaction between firms and Households.
74,706
What do you mean by a Constitution? Discuss the function of the constitution with special emphasis on constitutionalism. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with defining the constitution. Explain the function of the Constitution. Bring the meaning of constitutionalism and how it could be ensured. Then conclude accordingly. Answer: The constitution is a legal document that is the fundamental law of the country having a special sanctity. It is the basic set of rules to govern the people. The constitution sets out the framework and principal functions of organs of a State i.e. legislature, executive, and Judiciary. Therefore, the powers of the state are limited by the Constitution of the nation according to which the state is supposed to function. This basic rule apart from defining the power and limitation on the state also defines the rights of the citizens of the nation. Followings are the Functions of the Constitution- To provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of society. To define who has powers to make laws and enforce them i.e organizational framework. Constitution also defines what are the limitations of the rights of the citizens. It reflects the ideology and philosophy of a nation. Constitution also provides for the procedure and power for the amendment of the constitution itself. Constitutionalism as a term implies a limitation on the power of the state. It basically means that a State should not exercise its power contrary to the spirit of the constitution and should always be working within four walls of the constitution. Following are the provisions that ensure constitutionalism- Separation of the Power: It ensures that powers are not concentrated in hands of a single body or a single person. It ensures that powers are divided among different organs of the Government such as the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. Constitutions: The constitution defines the power and held accountability of the different organs of the Government. Checks and Balances: Despite being Separation of Power it is needed that each of the organs has the power to check and balance the other organs if they are violating or exceeding the jurisdiction provided to them. For example, Judiciary keeps a check on the legislature and the Executive, Legislature has the power to remove Judges and the Executive is answerable to the Parliament. Independent Judiciary: Independent Judiciary is important to interpret the provisions of the constitution as per the spirit and provide remedies in case of the violation of the rights of people. In India, the Executive is the part of the Legislature and there are chances that the party in power dominates both these organs. In such a case, the role of the judiciary becomes very important. Thus only the Independent Judiciary can provide check and balance in case of any encroachment of the power. Rule of Law: The Rule of law is the principle that “Law should govern a nation, as opposed to a nation being governed by the decision of the individual officials. The Constitution of the country inter alia embodies the principle of the Rule of law. Under rule of law, legal means are available for holding the government and government officers responsible if they violate the Constitution or other laws. Thus, the Constitution and Constitutionalism place limits on the power of government/administration and also on the people so that the smooth functioning of the society with full of its potential could be achieved.
##Question:What do you mean by a Constitution? Discuss the function of the constitution with special emphasis on constitutionalism. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with defining the constitution. Explain the function of the Constitution. Bring the meaning of constitutionalism and how it could be ensured. Then conclude accordingly. Answer: The constitution is a legal document that is the fundamental law of the country having a special sanctity. It is the basic set of rules to govern the people. The constitution sets out the framework and principal functions of organs of a State i.e. legislature, executive, and Judiciary. Therefore, the powers of the state are limited by the Constitution of the nation according to which the state is supposed to function. This basic rule apart from defining the power and limitation on the state also defines the rights of the citizens of the nation. Followings are the Functions of the Constitution- To provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of society. To define who has powers to make laws and enforce them i.e organizational framework. Constitution also defines what are the limitations of the rights of the citizens. It reflects the ideology and philosophy of a nation. Constitution also provides for the procedure and power for the amendment of the constitution itself. Constitutionalism as a term implies a limitation on the power of the state. It basically means that a State should not exercise its power contrary to the spirit of the constitution and should always be working within four walls of the constitution. Following are the provisions that ensure constitutionalism- Separation of the Power: It ensures that powers are not concentrated in hands of a single body or a single person. It ensures that powers are divided among different organs of the Government such as the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. Constitutions: The constitution defines the power and held accountability of the different organs of the Government. Checks and Balances: Despite being Separation of Power it is needed that each of the organs has the power to check and balance the other organs if they are violating or exceeding the jurisdiction provided to them. For example, Judiciary keeps a check on the legislature and the Executive, Legislature has the power to remove Judges and the Executive is answerable to the Parliament. Independent Judiciary: Independent Judiciary is important to interpret the provisions of the constitution as per the spirit and provide remedies in case of the violation of the rights of people. In India, the Executive is the part of the Legislature and there are chances that the party in power dominates both these organs. In such a case, the role of the judiciary becomes very important. Thus only the Independent Judiciary can provide check and balance in case of any encroachment of the power. Rule of Law: The Rule of law is the principle that “Law should govern a nation, as opposed to a nation being governed by the decision of the individual officials. The Constitution of the country inter alia embodies the principle of the Rule of law. Under rule of law, legal means are available for holding the government and government officers responsible if they violate the Constitution or other laws. Thus, the Constitution and Constitutionalism place limits on the power of government/administration and also on the people so that the smooth functioning of the society with full of its potential could be achieved.
74,709
Life cycle of a joint family is based on economic factors rather than social values? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Briefly introduce the basic aspects of the joint family and its life cycle In the body, discuss that the life cycle of a joint family is based on economic factors rather than social values Conclude with a balanced view. Answer : Joint families are a peculiar characteristic of Indian society.A joint family extends for two or more generations which are generally characterised by common residence, compensability, common sharing of property, patrilineal, patrilocal, blood relations are more important than marital relations; age and sex are the main ordering principles of the family hierarchy. The life cycle of a joint family denotes the different phases that a family goes through. A joint family evolves into a nuclear family and then goes back to being a joint family. For example, parents and their child live together till the child reaches marriageable age. Once the child grows up, he/she leaves home to start his/her own family. At this stage, the joint family evolves into a nuclear family. At a later stage, the old parents might move back in with their son/daughter for various reasons. Due to the comparatively larger size of the joint family, there is an additional burden on the earning members, upon which the food and living habits of the family depends. The performance of the social and cultural practices are often decided by the economic conditions of the family. Thus, a prosperous family can afford to undertake ceremonial practices, while the poorer ones are forced to adjust to the needs of the time. Though the practices and traditions of such societies are largely governed by socio-cultural norms, in practice, the life cycle of the joint families depends upon economic factors. The phases of a joint family can be explained by various factors, which were mostly cultural and at times, social, till now. However, as of late, economic considerations have been a major influencing factor. The economies of sharing and running a common household make it simpler for extended families to share a living space. By sharing accommodation, members of the same extended family can save their expenditure on rent, which can be quite substantial in big cities. Rising property prices also make it difficult for people of the lower and working classes to afford a home of their own; which, again, makes a joint family an economic necessity. The impact of globalisation has affected the joint families by changing their tastes and preferences. Today, people aspire to follow tastes and practices that are reflected in the media, and thus often neglect the values and practices of the joint families. However, social values are still an important paradigm guiding the life cycle of joint families. The kinship network and social obligations often dominate the relationships, social behaviour and choices of the people. In India, the joint family has always been a minority and driven by economic factors rather than social values as some thoughts persist. The nuclear family has prospered in India in recent years in place of joint families due to monetization of relations, moving away from jointly held factors of production like agricultural land. Earlier economic reasons of holding joint family professions ensured by stratified caste system ensured joint families to take advantage- like Zamindars family were joint to use agricultural land jointly. Similarly, business families of bankers were made of familial relations. With the monetization of relations except for the closest ones and agrarian structure after British colonialism traditional social structures like the Jajmani system broke down. Thus this break of social structure and advent of modern civilization where factors of production are education has resulted in the proliferation of nuclear families. However, there are many new interesting trends evident like the creation of large trust networks based on the community like Marwari community does business with each other on basis of trust. Hence the joint family has been modified in modern Indian society through cultural and social perspectives that attached importance to living in a joint family. This has changed due to the economic challenges of the 21st century which have been a major influence on the life cycles of joint families.
##Question:Life cycle of a joint family is based on economic factors rather than social values? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Briefly introduce the basic aspects of the joint family and its life cycle In the body, discuss that the life cycle of a joint family is based on economic factors rather than social values Conclude with a balanced view. Answer : Joint families are a peculiar characteristic of Indian society.A joint family extends for two or more generations which are generally characterised by common residence, compensability, common sharing of property, patrilineal, patrilocal, blood relations are more important than marital relations; age and sex are the main ordering principles of the family hierarchy. The life cycle of a joint family denotes the different phases that a family goes through. A joint family evolves into a nuclear family and then goes back to being a joint family. For example, parents and their child live together till the child reaches marriageable age. Once the child grows up, he/she leaves home to start his/her own family. At this stage, the joint family evolves into a nuclear family. At a later stage, the old parents might move back in with their son/daughter for various reasons. Due to the comparatively larger size of the joint family, there is an additional burden on the earning members, upon which the food and living habits of the family depends. The performance of the social and cultural practices are often decided by the economic conditions of the family. Thus, a prosperous family can afford to undertake ceremonial practices, while the poorer ones are forced to adjust to the needs of the time. Though the practices and traditions of such societies are largely governed by socio-cultural norms, in practice, the life cycle of the joint families depends upon economic factors. The phases of a joint family can be explained by various factors, which were mostly cultural and at times, social, till now. However, as of late, economic considerations have been a major influencing factor. The economies of sharing and running a common household make it simpler for extended families to share a living space. By sharing accommodation, members of the same extended family can save their expenditure on rent, which can be quite substantial in big cities. Rising property prices also make it difficult for people of the lower and working classes to afford a home of their own; which, again, makes a joint family an economic necessity. The impact of globalisation has affected the joint families by changing their tastes and preferences. Today, people aspire to follow tastes and practices that are reflected in the media, and thus often neglect the values and practices of the joint families. However, social values are still an important paradigm guiding the life cycle of joint families. The kinship network and social obligations often dominate the relationships, social behaviour and choices of the people. In India, the joint family has always been a minority and driven by economic factors rather than social values as some thoughts persist. The nuclear family has prospered in India in recent years in place of joint families due to monetization of relations, moving away from jointly held factors of production like agricultural land. Earlier economic reasons of holding joint family professions ensured by stratified caste system ensured joint families to take advantage- like Zamindars family were joint to use agricultural land jointly. Similarly, business families of bankers were made of familial relations. With the monetization of relations except for the closest ones and agrarian structure after British colonialism traditional social structures like the Jajmani system broke down. Thus this break of social structure and advent of modern civilization where factors of production are education has resulted in the proliferation of nuclear families. However, there are many new interesting trends evident like the creation of large trust networks based on the community like Marwari community does business with each other on basis of trust. Hence the joint family has been modified in modern Indian society through cultural and social perspectives that attached importance to living in a joint family. This has changed due to the economic challenges of the 21st century which have been a major influence on the life cycles of joint families.
74,710
राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग के गठन एवं संरचना को बताते हुए इसकी महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धियों पर चर्चा कीजिए| साथ ही, महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण के संदर्भ में इसकी भूमिका का परीक्षण कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explaining the constitution and structure of National Commission for Women, discuss its important achievements. Also, examine its role in the context of women"s empowerment. (150-200 words/10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण: सर्वप्रथम भूमिका के रूप में, राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग की स्थापना के विकासक्रम को लिखिए। राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग के गठन एवं संरचना को लिखिए। राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग की उपलब्धियों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। आयोग से संबंधित चुनौतियों का उल्लेख कीजिए। चुनौतियों का समाधान दीजिए। अंत में सुझाव के साथ संतुलित निष्कर्ष लिखिए। उत्तर: 1974 में समस्या और यथास्थिति जानने के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा समिति का गठन। 1988- राष्ट्रीय परिप्रेक्ष्य योजना (1974 की समिति की तरह ही राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर संस्था निर्माण का सुझाव) का निर्माण। 30 अगस्त 1990 को राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग अधिनियम लागू। आयोग का उद्देश्य- महिला हितों की रक्षा तथा महिलाओं का कल्याण। 31 जनवरी 1992 से यह कार्यरत। आयोग का गठन: अधिनियम की धारा 3 के अनुसार 7 सदस्य- 1 अध्यक्ष (महिला समस्याओं के प्रति प्रतिबद्ध), 5 सदस्य (अनिवार्य तौर पर 1 अनुसूचित जाति और 1 अनुसूचित जनजाति वर्ग का हो तथा श्रमिक संघ स्वैच्छिक संगठन, स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा, समाज कल्याण, औद्योगिक प्रबंधन आदि क्षेत्रों का अनुभव हो) 1 सदस्य सचिव (प्रबंधन, संगठनात्मक संरचना या सामाजिक आंदोलन का विशेषज्ञ हो या संघ सरकार से जुड़ा हुआ लोकसेवक हो)। सभी सदस्यों का मनोनयन 3 वर्षों के लिए महिला बाल विकास मंत्रालय द्वारा। हटाने के आधार का उल्लेख नहीं। 2011-12 आयोग ने नागरिक घोषणा पत्र जारी किया। इसके तहत उद्देश्य था- महिलाओं का सशक्तिकरण और जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों में समानता के आधार पर अवसर प्रदान करना एवं परिस्थितियों का विकास करना। आयोग की उपलब्धियां: 1997 में विशाखा बनाम राजस्थान और सन 2000 में चंद्रिका दास केस में महिलाओं का पक्ष रखा और महिलाओं के पक्ष में न्यायपालिका का निर्णय सुनिश्चित किया। शोध अनुसंधान को बढ़ावा देने के लिए पुडुचेरी में 3000 से अधिक पुस्तकों का पुस्तकालय विकसित किया। प्रतिवर्ष कार्यशाला आयोजित करके महिलाओं एवं उनके अधिकारों तथा कानून से संबंधित चेतना विकसित करना। हिन्दू विवाह अधिनियम, महिलाओं का असभ्य प्रस्तुतीकरण संबंधी अधिनियम, अनैतिक शोषण अधिनियम, सती प्रथा निषेध अधिनियम, लिंग चयन एवं गर्भपात निषेध संबंधी अधिनियम, परिवार न्यायालय अधिनियम इत्यादि विधि निर्माण के क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वहन किया है। राष्ट्रीय महिला नीति- महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण एवं विकास पर बल न कि कल्याण पर सामाजिक सोच में बदलाव लाने का प्रयास। महिलाओं और पुरुषों के संयुक्त प्रयास से समाज में सम्मान और आगे बढ़ने का वातावरण विकसित करना आयोग की समस्या और समाधान: आयोग में विशेषज्ञता और व्यापकता का अभाव एवं राजनैतिक हस्तक्षेप (प्रस्तावना की भावना के अनुसार व्यापक आधार प्रदान करना और राजनैतिक हस्तक्षेप को कम करने के लिए मनोनयन के स्थान पर नियुक्ति करना)। आयोग प्रतिक्रियात्मक दृष्टिकोण का शिकार है (पूर्वक्रियात्मक, अग्रसोची दृष्टिकोण का पालन करना और रचनात्मक प्रयास करना) कल्याण और संरक्षण पर ध्यान केंद्रित (सशक्तिकरण एवं स्व-सशक्तिकरण पर बल देना और 10 वीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के तहत लाए गए स्वयंसिद्ध योजना को प्रभावशाली तरीके से लागू करना)। दुर्भाग्यवश आयोग अपेक्षित सफलता प्राप्त नहीं कर सका है और इन्ही कारणों से सागरिका घोष और मेनका गांधी ने आयोग की आलोचना की। सागरिका घोष ने कहा कि राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग को समाप्त कर देना चाहिए, क्योंकि इसने महिलाओं को असफल बनाया है। अतः आवश्यकता है कि राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग में आवश्यकता अनुसार सुधार कर इसे प्रभावी बनाया जाना चाहिए।
##Question:राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग के गठन एवं संरचना को बताते हुए इसकी महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धियों पर चर्चा कीजिए| साथ ही, महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण के संदर्भ में इसकी भूमिका का परीक्षण कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explaining the constitution and structure of National Commission for Women, discuss its important achievements. Also, examine its role in the context of women"s empowerment. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: सर्वप्रथम भूमिका के रूप में, राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग की स्थापना के विकासक्रम को लिखिए। राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग के गठन एवं संरचना को लिखिए। राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग की उपलब्धियों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। आयोग से संबंधित चुनौतियों का उल्लेख कीजिए। चुनौतियों का समाधान दीजिए। अंत में सुझाव के साथ संतुलित निष्कर्ष लिखिए। उत्तर: 1974 में समस्या और यथास्थिति जानने के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा समिति का गठन। 1988- राष्ट्रीय परिप्रेक्ष्य योजना (1974 की समिति की तरह ही राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर संस्था निर्माण का सुझाव) का निर्माण। 30 अगस्त 1990 को राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग अधिनियम लागू। आयोग का उद्देश्य- महिला हितों की रक्षा तथा महिलाओं का कल्याण। 31 जनवरी 1992 से यह कार्यरत। आयोग का गठन: अधिनियम की धारा 3 के अनुसार 7 सदस्य- 1 अध्यक्ष (महिला समस्याओं के प्रति प्रतिबद्ध), 5 सदस्य (अनिवार्य तौर पर 1 अनुसूचित जाति और 1 अनुसूचित जनजाति वर्ग का हो तथा श्रमिक संघ स्वैच्छिक संगठन, स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा, समाज कल्याण, औद्योगिक प्रबंधन आदि क्षेत्रों का अनुभव हो) 1 सदस्य सचिव (प्रबंधन, संगठनात्मक संरचना या सामाजिक आंदोलन का विशेषज्ञ हो या संघ सरकार से जुड़ा हुआ लोकसेवक हो)। सभी सदस्यों का मनोनयन 3 वर्षों के लिए महिला बाल विकास मंत्रालय द्वारा। हटाने के आधार का उल्लेख नहीं। 2011-12 आयोग ने नागरिक घोषणा पत्र जारी किया। इसके तहत उद्देश्य था- महिलाओं का सशक्तिकरण और जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों में समानता के आधार पर अवसर प्रदान करना एवं परिस्थितियों का विकास करना। आयोग की उपलब्धियां: 1997 में विशाखा बनाम राजस्थान और सन 2000 में चंद्रिका दास केस में महिलाओं का पक्ष रखा और महिलाओं के पक्ष में न्यायपालिका का निर्णय सुनिश्चित किया। शोध अनुसंधान को बढ़ावा देने के लिए पुडुचेरी में 3000 से अधिक पुस्तकों का पुस्तकालय विकसित किया। प्रतिवर्ष कार्यशाला आयोजित करके महिलाओं एवं उनके अधिकारों तथा कानून से संबंधित चेतना विकसित करना। हिन्दू विवाह अधिनियम, महिलाओं का असभ्य प्रस्तुतीकरण संबंधी अधिनियम, अनैतिक शोषण अधिनियम, सती प्रथा निषेध अधिनियम, लिंग चयन एवं गर्भपात निषेध संबंधी अधिनियम, परिवार न्यायालय अधिनियम इत्यादि विधि निर्माण के क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वहन किया है। राष्ट्रीय महिला नीति- महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण एवं विकास पर बल न कि कल्याण पर सामाजिक सोच में बदलाव लाने का प्रयास। महिलाओं और पुरुषों के संयुक्त प्रयास से समाज में सम्मान और आगे बढ़ने का वातावरण विकसित करना आयोग की समस्या और समाधान: आयोग में विशेषज्ञता और व्यापकता का अभाव एवं राजनैतिक हस्तक्षेप (प्रस्तावना की भावना के अनुसार व्यापक आधार प्रदान करना और राजनैतिक हस्तक्षेप को कम करने के लिए मनोनयन के स्थान पर नियुक्ति करना)। आयोग प्रतिक्रियात्मक दृष्टिकोण का शिकार है (पूर्वक्रियात्मक, अग्रसोची दृष्टिकोण का पालन करना और रचनात्मक प्रयास करना) कल्याण और संरक्षण पर ध्यान केंद्रित (सशक्तिकरण एवं स्व-सशक्तिकरण पर बल देना और 10 वीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के तहत लाए गए स्वयंसिद्ध योजना को प्रभावशाली तरीके से लागू करना)। दुर्भाग्यवश आयोग अपेक्षित सफलता प्राप्त नहीं कर सका है और इन्ही कारणों से सागरिका घोष और मेनका गांधी ने आयोग की आलोचना की। सागरिका घोष ने कहा कि राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग को समाप्त कर देना चाहिए, क्योंकि इसने महिलाओं को असफल बनाया है। अतः आवश्यकता है कि राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग में आवश्यकता अनुसार सुधार कर इसे प्रभावी बनाया जाना चाहिए।
74,725
What are the key aspects of the Teesta Water issue between India and Bangladesh? Also, identify the ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce with background about Teesta river and key issues that exist between India and Bangladesh regarding it. Body - Solutions and the ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved Conclusion - Significance with the way forward Answer : Teesta river originates in the Himalayas near Chunthang, Sikkim, and flows to the south through West Bengal before entering Bangladesh. It is a tributary of the Brahmaputra (known as Jamuna in Bangladesh), flowing through India and Bangladesh. The Teesta Barrage dam helps to provide irrigation for the plains between the upper Padma and the Jamuna. This is perhaps the most contentious issue between two friendly neighbours that is going through a phase of the "Golden Chapter" in their relations. Key issues that exist between India and Bangladesh with respect to the Teesta River: The point of contention between India and Bangladesh is mainly the lean season flow in the Teesta draining into Bangladesh. One major issue is due to global warming due to which many of the glaciers on the Teesta basin have retreated. Importance for Bangladesh: Its flood plain covers about 14% of the total cropped area of Bangladesh and provides direct livelihood opportunities to approximately 73% of its population. Over 1 lakh hectares of land in Rangpur – its rice bowl cannot be cultivated for winter crops due to excessive withdrawal of water by India. Importance for India (West Bengal): Teesta is the lifeline of North Bengal and almost half a dozen of districts of West Bengal are dependent on the waters of Teesta. There is another matter of the Kolkata port drying up due to silting which requires more water, especially during the lean season. Bangladesh has sought an “equitable” distribution of Teesta waters from India, on the lines of the Ganga Water Treaty of 1996 (an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border). The treaty is an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border. In India, individual states have significant influence over transboundary agreements. This arrangement sometimes impedes the policymaking process. For example, one of the key stakeholders of the Teesta agreement, West Bengal is yet to endorse the deal. Bangladesh is now discussing an almost $1 billion loan from China for a comprehensive management and restoration project on the Teesta river. The management and restoration project is aimed at managing the river basin efficiently, controlling floods, and tackling the water crisis in Bangladesh in the summers. Ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved: Given commonalities on both sides in terms of a largely agrarian economy along the Teesta basin, there are some common solutions that both countries could explore to deal with an evolving reality of a water-stressed future The major crop produced in the Teesta basin on both sides is rice, a highly water-intensive crop. Both governments should encourage and incentivise practices like shifting to less water-intensive crops by way of subsidies as well as using modern irrigation techniques like drip irrigation to reduce water dependence In the long run, the two sides will have to look at the economic restructuring of the regions around Teesta to shift some of the population engaged in agriculture activities towards service and manufacturing sectors. Both the government needs to break from traditional, statist methods of conducting water diplomacy and distinguish itself by including basin-wide management concerns or the concerns of basin inhabitants on both sides i.e. farmers and fishermen who are directly affected by the outcome on the Teesta Negotiations on how to share the water have been going on since 1983. A 2011 interim deal – that was supposed to last 15 years – gave India 42.5% of the Teesta’s waters and gave Bangladesh 37.5%. All stakeholders should meet and discuss on some similar lines. India proposed sharing of rivers like the Torsa, which are closer to the border of Sikkim and Bangladesh. The Torsa, in fact, has connectivity with Bangladesh’s Padma. It proposed that the two countries set up a commission to ascertain the level of water flowing through the Torsa and the quantum of water that can be shared, etc For India, Bangladesh has been a key partner in the Neighbourhood First Policy. India has to implement all its assurances in a time-bound manner which seems to impact the friendly ties. The Teesta project is important and urgent from India’s point of view, so it is crucial to solve it as soon as possible with all the available options. Given commonalities on both sides in terms of a largely agrarian economy along the Teesta basin, there are some common solutions that both countries could explore to deal with an evolving reality of a water-stressed future. At present, an agreement to the dispute is certainly required in a timely manner to retain the progress made in the bilateral relations whether it’s the security cooperation, improving trade or India’s connectivity initiatives towards the east, including its own northeast, and to prevent Bangladesh from being completely subsumed in the Chinese sphere of influence.
##Question:What are the key aspects of the Teesta Water issue between India and Bangladesh? Also, identify the ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce with background about Teesta river and key issues that exist between India and Bangladesh regarding it. Body - Solutions and the ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved Conclusion - Significance with the way forward Answer : Teesta river originates in the Himalayas near Chunthang, Sikkim, and flows to the south through West Bengal before entering Bangladesh. It is a tributary of the Brahmaputra (known as Jamuna in Bangladesh), flowing through India and Bangladesh. The Teesta Barrage dam helps to provide irrigation for the plains between the upper Padma and the Jamuna. This is perhaps the most contentious issue between two friendly neighbours that is going through a phase of the "Golden Chapter" in their relations. Key issues that exist between India and Bangladesh with respect to the Teesta River: The point of contention between India and Bangladesh is mainly the lean season flow in the Teesta draining into Bangladesh. One major issue is due to global warming due to which many of the glaciers on the Teesta basin have retreated. Importance for Bangladesh: Its flood plain covers about 14% of the total cropped area of Bangladesh and provides direct livelihood opportunities to approximately 73% of its population. Over 1 lakh hectares of land in Rangpur – its rice bowl cannot be cultivated for winter crops due to excessive withdrawal of water by India. Importance for India (West Bengal): Teesta is the lifeline of North Bengal and almost half a dozen of districts of West Bengal are dependent on the waters of Teesta. There is another matter of the Kolkata port drying up due to silting which requires more water, especially during the lean season. Bangladesh has sought an “equitable” distribution of Teesta waters from India, on the lines of the Ganga Water Treaty of 1996 (an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border). The treaty is an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border. In India, individual states have significant influence over transboundary agreements. This arrangement sometimes impedes the policymaking process. For example, one of the key stakeholders of the Teesta agreement, West Bengal is yet to endorse the deal. Bangladesh is now discussing an almost $1 billion loan from China for a comprehensive management and restoration project on the Teesta river. The management and restoration project is aimed at managing the river basin efficiently, controlling floods, and tackling the water crisis in Bangladesh in the summers. Ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved: Given commonalities on both sides in terms of a largely agrarian economy along the Teesta basin, there are some common solutions that both countries could explore to deal with an evolving reality of a water-stressed future The major crop produced in the Teesta basin on both sides is rice, a highly water-intensive crop. Both governments should encourage and incentivise practices like shifting to less water-intensive crops by way of subsidies as well as using modern irrigation techniques like drip irrigation to reduce water dependence In the long run, the two sides will have to look at the economic restructuring of the regions around Teesta to shift some of the population engaged in agriculture activities towards service and manufacturing sectors. Both the government needs to break from traditional, statist methods of conducting water diplomacy and distinguish itself by including basin-wide management concerns or the concerns of basin inhabitants on both sides i.e. farmers and fishermen who are directly affected by the outcome on the Teesta Negotiations on how to share the water have been going on since 1983. A 2011 interim deal – that was supposed to last 15 years – gave India 42.5% of the Teesta’s waters and gave Bangladesh 37.5%. All stakeholders should meet and discuss on some similar lines. India proposed sharing of rivers like the Torsa, which are closer to the border of Sikkim and Bangladesh. The Torsa, in fact, has connectivity with Bangladesh’s Padma. It proposed that the two countries set up a commission to ascertain the level of water flowing through the Torsa and the quantum of water that can be shared, etc For India, Bangladesh has been a key partner in the Neighbourhood First Policy. India has to implement all its assurances in a time-bound manner which seems to impact the friendly ties. The Teesta project is important and urgent from India’s point of view, so it is crucial to solve it as soon as possible with all the available options. Given commonalities on both sides in terms of a largely agrarian economy along the Teesta basin, there are some common solutions that both countries could explore to deal with an evolving reality of a water-stressed future. At present, an agreement to the dispute is certainly required in a timely manner to retain the progress made in the bilateral relations whether it’s the security cooperation, improving trade or India’s connectivity initiatives towards the east, including its own northeast, and to prevent Bangladesh from being completely subsumed in the Chinese sphere of influence.
74,737
What are the key aspects of the Teesta Water issue between India and Bangladesh? Also, identify the ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce with background about Teesta river and key issues that exist between India and Bangladesh regarding it. Body - Solutions and the ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved Conclusion - Significance with the way forward Answer : Teesta river originates in the Himalayas near Chunthang, Sikkim, and flows to the south through West Bengal before entering Bangladesh. It is a tributary of the Brahmaputra (known as Jamuna in Bangladesh), flowing through India and Bangladesh. The Teesta Barrage dam helps to provide irrigation for the plains between the upper Padma and the Jamuna. This is perhaps the most contentious issue between two friendly neighbours that is going through a phase of the "Golden Chapter" in their relations. Key issues that exist between India and Bangladesh with respect to the Teesta River: The point of contention between India and Bangladesh is mainly the lean season flow in the Teesta draining into Bangladesh. One major issue is due to global warming due to which many of the glaciers on the Teesta basin have retreated. Importance for Bangladesh: Its flood plain covers about 14% of the total cropped area of Bangladesh and provides direct livelihood opportunities to approximately 73% of its population. Over 1 lakh hectares of land in Rangpur – its rice bowl cannot be cultivated for winter crops due to excessive withdrawal of water by India. Importance for India (West Bengal): Teesta is the lifeline of North Bengal and almost half a dozen of districts of West Bengal are dependent on the waters of Teesta. There is another matter of the Kolkata port drying up due to silting which requires more water, especially during the lean season. Bangladesh has sought an “equitable” distribution of Teesta waters from India, on the lines of the Ganga Water Treaty of 1996 (an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border). The treaty is an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border. In India, individual states have significant influence over transboundary agreements. This arrangement sometimes impedes the policymaking process. For example, one of the key stakeholders of the Teesta agreement, West Bengal is yet to endorse the deal. Bangladesh is now discussing an almost $1 billion loan from China for a comprehensive management and restoration project on the Teesta river. The management and restoration project is aimed at managing the river basin efficiently, controlling floods, and tackling the water crisis in Bangladesh in the summers. Ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved: Given commonalities on both sides in terms of a largely agrarian economy along the Teesta basin, there are some common solutions that both countries could explore to deal with an evolving reality of a water-stressed future The major crop produced in the Teesta basin on both sides is rice, a highly water-intensive crop. Both governments should encourage and incentivise practices like shifting to less water-intensive crops by way of subsidies as well as using modern irrigation techniques like drip irrigation to reduce water dependence In the long run, the two sides will have to look at the economic restructuring of the regions around Teesta to shift some of the population engaged in agriculture activities towards service and manufacturing sectors. Both the government needs to break from traditional, statist methods of conducting water diplomacy and distinguish itself by including basin-wide management concerns or the concerns of basin inhabitants on both sides i.e. farmers and fishermen who are directly affected by the outcome on the Teesta Negotiations on how to share the water have been going on since 1983. A 2011 interim deal – that was supposed to last 15 years – gave India 42.5% of the Teesta’s waters and gave Bangladesh 37.5%. All stakeholders should meet and discuss on some similar lines. India proposed sharing of rivers like the Torsa, which are closer to the border of Sikkim and Bangladesh. The Torsa, in fact, has connectivity with Bangladesh’s Padma. It proposed that the two countries set up a commission to ascertain the level of water flowing through the Torsa and the quantum of water that can be shared, etc For India, Bangladesh has been a key partner in the Neighbourhood First Policy. India has to implement all its assurances in a time-bound manner which seems to impact the friendly ties. The Teesta project is important and urgent from India’s point of view, so it is crucial to solve it as soon as possible with all the available options. Given commonalities on both sides in terms of a largely agrarian economy along the Teesta basin, there are some common solutions that both countries could explore to deal with an evolving reality of a water-stressed future. At present, an agreement to the dispute is certainly required in a timely manner to retain the progress made in the bilateral relations whether it’s the security cooperation, improving trade or India’s connectivity initiatives towards the east, including its own northeast, and to prevent Bangladesh from being completely subsumed in the Chinese sphere of influence.
##Question:What are the key aspects of the Teesta Water issue between India and Bangladesh? Also, identify the ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Briefly introduce with background about Teesta river and key issues that exist between India and Bangladesh regarding it. Body - Solutions and the ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved Conclusion - Significance with the way forward Answer : Teesta river originates in the Himalayas near Chunthang, Sikkim, and flows to the south through West Bengal before entering Bangladesh. It is a tributary of the Brahmaputra (known as Jamuna in Bangladesh), flowing through India and Bangladesh. The Teesta Barrage dam helps to provide irrigation for the plains between the upper Padma and the Jamuna. This is perhaps the most contentious issue between two friendly neighbours that is going through a phase of the "Golden Chapter" in their relations. Key issues that exist between India and Bangladesh with respect to the Teesta River: The point of contention between India and Bangladesh is mainly the lean season flow in the Teesta draining into Bangladesh. One major issue is due to global warming due to which many of the glaciers on the Teesta basin have retreated. Importance for Bangladesh: Its flood plain covers about 14% of the total cropped area of Bangladesh and provides direct livelihood opportunities to approximately 73% of its population. Over 1 lakh hectares of land in Rangpur – its rice bowl cannot be cultivated for winter crops due to excessive withdrawal of water by India. Importance for India (West Bengal): Teesta is the lifeline of North Bengal and almost half a dozen of districts of West Bengal are dependent on the waters of Teesta. There is another matter of the Kolkata port drying up due to silting which requires more water, especially during the lean season. Bangladesh has sought an “equitable” distribution of Teesta waters from India, on the lines of the Ganga Water Treaty of 1996 (an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border). The treaty is an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border. In India, individual states have significant influence over transboundary agreements. This arrangement sometimes impedes the policymaking process. For example, one of the key stakeholders of the Teesta agreement, West Bengal is yet to endorse the deal. Bangladesh is now discussing an almost $1 billion loan from China for a comprehensive management and restoration project on the Teesta river. The management and restoration project is aimed at managing the river basin efficiently, controlling floods, and tackling the water crisis in Bangladesh in the summers. Ways in which the issue can be managed and resolved: Given commonalities on both sides in terms of a largely agrarian economy along the Teesta basin, there are some common solutions that both countries could explore to deal with an evolving reality of a water-stressed future The major crop produced in the Teesta basin on both sides is rice, a highly water-intensive crop. Both governments should encourage and incentivise practices like shifting to less water-intensive crops by way of subsidies as well as using modern irrigation techniques like drip irrigation to reduce water dependence In the long run, the two sides will have to look at the economic restructuring of the regions around Teesta to shift some of the population engaged in agriculture activities towards service and manufacturing sectors. Both the government needs to break from traditional, statist methods of conducting water diplomacy and distinguish itself by including basin-wide management concerns or the concerns of basin inhabitants on both sides i.e. farmers and fishermen who are directly affected by the outcome on the Teesta Negotiations on how to share the water have been going on since 1983. A 2011 interim deal – that was supposed to last 15 years – gave India 42.5% of the Teesta’s waters and gave Bangladesh 37.5%. All stakeholders should meet and discuss on some similar lines. India proposed sharing of rivers like the Torsa, which are closer to the border of Sikkim and Bangladesh. The Torsa, in fact, has connectivity with Bangladesh’s Padma. It proposed that the two countries set up a commission to ascertain the level of water flowing through the Torsa and the quantum of water that can be shared, etc For India, Bangladesh has been a key partner in the Neighbourhood First Policy. India has to implement all its assurances in a time-bound manner which seems to impact the friendly ties. The Teesta project is important and urgent from India’s point of view, so it is crucial to solve it as soon as possible with all the available options. Given commonalities on both sides in terms of a largely agrarian economy along the Teesta basin, there are some common solutions that both countries could explore to deal with an evolving reality of a water-stressed future. At present, an agreement to the dispute is certainly required in a timely manner to retain the progress made in the bilateral relations whether it’s the security cooperation, improving trade or India’s connectivity initiatives towards the east, including its own northeast, and to prevent Bangladesh from being completely subsumed in the Chinese sphere of influence.
74,738
The growth of feeling of nationalism in modern times has been a product of objective and subjective conditions.Discuss (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Write a brief about Nationalism Main Body: write and elaborate factors leading to rise of nationalism Conclusion: give a brief ending overall remark Answer: By the beginning of the 19th century, we notice the emergence and consolidation of some historical forces like liberalism, nationalism, democracy, and socialism These forces came to shape the course of history and day to day life experience not only in the 19th century but also in subsequent times including the present These ideas and tendencies are important aspects of modern transformations defining modernity to a large extent and also highlighting limitations and contradictions associated with the transformations. The modern age is the age of nation-states formed on the principles of nationalism A nation can be identified with a people who perceive themselves as one in relation to others (distinct or distinguishable group) The growth of feeling of nationalism in modern times has been a product of objective and subjective conditions and some of them are mentioned below which can be accepted as factors behind rising of nationalism- i) Geographical units- Geographical units refer to postal codes, cities, streets or street sections. ... Geographical units can also be used in other contexts, for example, to define the geographical area for which the organizational structure is responsible. They can also be used in several different contexts simultaneously. ii) Sense of Territoriality- Group politico-territorial identities are potent realities in our fragile world, yet geographers have all but ignored them. Elements and processes involved in recognizing such territorially bound identities are discussed, with stress on questions of scale and perception. The "legitimacy" of a group"s politico-territorial identity depends upon the scale of abstraction and upon the definer"s perspective. The main problem lies in defining a nation. At one level of abstraction, a nation is only a regionalism, yet many groups accept the concept of the nation as fact. iii) Racial identities and Cultural identities- Racial identity is a multidimensional construct that includes the strength of one"s identification with one"s racial group, a sense of attachment to other group members, an evaluation of group membership iv) Political unity, administrative and legal unity- One of the significant results of the British conquest of India was the establishment of a centralized state. It brought about a political and administrative unification of the country. Pre- British India was divided into numerous feudal states frequently struggling among themselves to extend their boundaries. The British authority established a centralized state structure in India with a uniform reign of law v) Common economic interests and integration of economic life mainly due to modern means of transport and communication do shape the rise of nationalism vi) Shared past and Common aspirations, Common enemies/threats steers the feeling of unity Nationalism is an idea that nurtures the needs of a certain nation with the intention of attaining and sustaining the nation"s sovereignty (self-governance) over its motherland. Indian nationalism evolved as a notion during the Indian independence movement which pushed for independence from British rule. Indian nationalism is an example of territorial nationalism, which is comprehensive of all of the people of India, despite their diverse cultural, rhetorical and religious backgrounds
##Question:The growth of feeling of nationalism in modern times has been a product of objective and subjective conditions.Discuss (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Write a brief about Nationalism Main Body: write and elaborate factors leading to rise of nationalism Conclusion: give a brief ending overall remark Answer: By the beginning of the 19th century, we notice the emergence and consolidation of some historical forces like liberalism, nationalism, democracy, and socialism These forces came to shape the course of history and day to day life experience not only in the 19th century but also in subsequent times including the present These ideas and tendencies are important aspects of modern transformations defining modernity to a large extent and also highlighting limitations and contradictions associated with the transformations. The modern age is the age of nation-states formed on the principles of nationalism A nation can be identified with a people who perceive themselves as one in relation to others (distinct or distinguishable group) The growth of feeling of nationalism in modern times has been a product of objective and subjective conditions and some of them are mentioned below which can be accepted as factors behind rising of nationalism- i) Geographical units- Geographical units refer to postal codes, cities, streets or street sections. ... Geographical units can also be used in other contexts, for example, to define the geographical area for which the organizational structure is responsible. They can also be used in several different contexts simultaneously. ii) Sense of Territoriality- Group politico-territorial identities are potent realities in our fragile world, yet geographers have all but ignored them. Elements and processes involved in recognizing such territorially bound identities are discussed, with stress on questions of scale and perception. The "legitimacy" of a group"s politico-territorial identity depends upon the scale of abstraction and upon the definer"s perspective. The main problem lies in defining a nation. At one level of abstraction, a nation is only a regionalism, yet many groups accept the concept of the nation as fact. iii) Racial identities and Cultural identities- Racial identity is a multidimensional construct that includes the strength of one"s identification with one"s racial group, a sense of attachment to other group members, an evaluation of group membership iv) Political unity, administrative and legal unity- One of the significant results of the British conquest of India was the establishment of a centralized state. It brought about a political and administrative unification of the country. Pre- British India was divided into numerous feudal states frequently struggling among themselves to extend their boundaries. The British authority established a centralized state structure in India with a uniform reign of law v) Common economic interests and integration of economic life mainly due to modern means of transport and communication do shape the rise of nationalism vi) Shared past and Common aspirations, Common enemies/threats steers the feeling of unity Nationalism is an idea that nurtures the needs of a certain nation with the intention of attaining and sustaining the nation"s sovereignty (self-governance) over its motherland. Indian nationalism evolved as a notion during the Indian independence movement which pushed for independence from British rule. Indian nationalism is an example of territorial nationalism, which is comprehensive of all of the people of India, despite their diverse cultural, rhetorical and religious backgrounds
74,742
Briefly discuss the contribution of women in Indian National movement.(150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the significance of women in the Indian National Movement, Body: Briefly highlight some of the notable women personalities indicating their participation in the National Movement. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion reiterating the contribution made by women in National Movement. Model Answer: The history of the Indian Freedom Struggle would be incomplete without mentioning the contributions of women. The sacrifice made by the women of India will occupy the foremost place. They fought with true spirit and undaunted courage and faced various tortures, exploitations, and hardships to earn us freedom. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi whose heroism and superb leadership laid an outstanding example of real patriotism. Indian women who joined the national movement belonged to educated and liberal families, as well as those from the rural areas and from all walks of life, all castes, religions, and communities. Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Vijayalakmi Pundit, and Annie Besant in the 20th century are the names that are remembered even today for their singular contribution both on the battlefield and in the political field. Some of the other notable examples include: Matangi Hazra: She was also known as Old Gandhi Lady/Gandhi Burrhi. She was an old lady who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement and was jailed for breaking the salt law. During the Quit India movement, she led a procession of 6000 people towards the Tamluk police station, but unfortunately, she was shot dead by the British. She was an inspiration to the Tamluk parallel government. Kanak Latha Baruah: She was a 17 year old lady from Gompur, Assam.She organized a very powerful procession during the Quit India movement in Gaumpur, but she was shot dead by the British authority. Captain Laxmi Sehgal: She was the captain of the Rani Laxmi regiment of Azad Hind Fauz. She was imprisoned in INA trials and later to be released after independence. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay : She was a social reformer, educator, and cultural activist. She participated in the civil disobedience movement and the Quit India movement. She was awarded Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan after independence. Aruna Asaf Ali: She was born as Aruna Gaangula and got married to Asaf Ali in 1928. She was an educator and politician. She taught at Gokhle memorial school at Calcutta. She was arrested during Salt Satya Graha and she was the one who hoisted the Indian Flag at Gwalior Cantt. on 9th August 1942 to mark the beginning of the Quit India movement. She was also an important member of Underground activity and Congress Radio. Sucheta Kripalani: She was one of the important organizers of underground activity and Congress radio during the Quit India phase. She was a member of the Constituent Assembly and after independence, she became the first women chief minister of any Indian state ie. in UP(1963-67). Apart from the notable names, equally forceful was the participation of hundreds of women at the local level-out in the streets as well as inside their homes making the national movement successful. When most of the men freedom fighters were in prison the women came forward and took charge of the struggle. The list of great women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and undying devotion to the service of India is a long one. This indicates the immense contribution made by women to India"s freedom struggle.
##Question:Briefly discuss the contribution of women in Indian National movement.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the significance of women in the Indian National Movement, Body: Briefly highlight some of the notable women personalities indicating their participation in the National Movement. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion reiterating the contribution made by women in National Movement. Model Answer: The history of the Indian Freedom Struggle would be incomplete without mentioning the contributions of women. The sacrifice made by the women of India will occupy the foremost place. They fought with true spirit and undaunted courage and faced various tortures, exploitations, and hardships to earn us freedom. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi whose heroism and superb leadership laid an outstanding example of real patriotism. Indian women who joined the national movement belonged to educated and liberal families, as well as those from the rural areas and from all walks of life, all castes, religions, and communities. Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Vijayalakmi Pundit, and Annie Besant in the 20th century are the names that are remembered even today for their singular contribution both on the battlefield and in the political field. Some of the other notable examples include: Matangi Hazra: She was also known as Old Gandhi Lady/Gandhi Burrhi. She was an old lady who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement and was jailed for breaking the salt law. During the Quit India movement, she led a procession of 6000 people towards the Tamluk police station, but unfortunately, she was shot dead by the British. She was an inspiration to the Tamluk parallel government. Kanak Latha Baruah: She was a 17 year old lady from Gompur, Assam.She organized a very powerful procession during the Quit India movement in Gaumpur, but she was shot dead by the British authority. Captain Laxmi Sehgal: She was the captain of the Rani Laxmi regiment of Azad Hind Fauz. She was imprisoned in INA trials and later to be released after independence. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay : She was a social reformer, educator, and cultural activist. She participated in the civil disobedience movement and the Quit India movement. She was awarded Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan after independence. Aruna Asaf Ali: She was born as Aruna Gaangula and got married to Asaf Ali in 1928. She was an educator and politician. She taught at Gokhle memorial school at Calcutta. She was arrested during Salt Satya Graha and she was the one who hoisted the Indian Flag at Gwalior Cantt. on 9th August 1942 to mark the beginning of the Quit India movement. She was also an important member of Underground activity and Congress Radio. Sucheta Kripalani: She was one of the important organizers of underground activity and Congress radio during the Quit India phase. She was a member of the Constituent Assembly and after independence, she became the first women chief minister of any Indian state ie. in UP(1963-67). Apart from the notable names, equally forceful was the participation of hundreds of women at the local level-out in the streets as well as inside their homes making the national movement successful. When most of the men freedom fighters were in prison the women came forward and took charge of the struggle. The list of great women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and undying devotion to the service of India is a long one. This indicates the immense contribution made by women to India"s freedom struggle.
74,757
The Indian Constitution has created a system of “Federation with a centralised tendency”. Comment. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce the answer with the debate around the federal nature of the Indian State. Bring the points to support the argument that the Indian Constitution has federal features. Discuss the reasons that bring centralised tendency in the Indian Constitution. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The debate on the nature of the Indian state has been persisting since the debate of the Constitution Assembly itself. As per the S. Bommai Case, 1994 the Indian Constitution has provided that India federal and Federalism is the basic structure of the Constitution. Following are the feature that makes Indian Constitution as Federal in its nature: Written Constitution and Supremacy of the Constitution: Written Constitution ensures that there is a clear division of power and both the Center and States have to abide by the Indian Constitution. Thus it brings the supremacy of the constitution. Division of Powers: The Seventh Schedule divides the subjects of administration into Union, State and Concurrent lists. Rigid Constitution: All the provisions of the Constitution concerning Union-State relation can be amended only by the joint actions of the State Legislature and the Union Parliament. Independent Judiciary: The Indian Constitution has provided for the independent judiciary and provided the Supreme Court of India to resolve the disputes between Union and State. Dual Government Polity: Indian Constitution has provided for the two-level of the government, one at the Union and the other at the state level. The Supreme Court of India has declared that both entities are independent of each other and no one is subservient to the other. The power flows from the constitution for both entities. Bicameralism: The Indian Constitution provides for a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Rajya Sabha) and a Lower House (Lok Sabha). The Rajya Sabha represents the states of the Indian Federation that maintain the federal equilibrium by protecting the interests of the states against the undue interference of the Centre. However, the Indian constitution also has the centralising tendencies that could be found in the following provision of the Indian Constitution: Strong Centre: Power divided under the Seventh Schedule is biased towards the Union as the Union list contain important subjects and the number of items is large as compared to the State List. Emergency Provisions: Indian Constitution provided for the Emergency Provisions. During an emergency, the Central government becomes all-powerful and the states go into total control of the Centre. It converts the federal structure into a unitary one without a formal amendment of the Constitution. Special power: The Parliament can make laws on subjects of state list under certain circumstances. For example, the Parliament is empowered to legislate on any subject of the State List if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution under Article 249 to that effect in the national interest. Role and appointment of Governor: The governor, who is the head of the state, is appointed by the President. He exercises different powers with respect to the State government however the office is accused to function as the agent of the central government as Constitution provide that he remains in the office as per the pleasure of the President. States are not Indestructible: The Constitution of India has provided Parliament with the power under that it can change the area, boundaries or name of any state by unilateral action. Financial Power: The Constitution has provided for the concentration of the financial power in the hands of the union as more revenue-generating items are under the control of the Union government. Besides that, the union government also uses its discretion to give grants and loans to the states. Thus from the above, it is clear that despite the Constitution of India has provided for the federal features, however, it has deviated from the traditional federal systems like US, Switzerland and Australia and incorporated a large number of unitary features, tilting the balance of power in favour of the Centre. This has promoted the Constitutional experts like Ivor Jennings to describe Indian Constitution as a system of “Federation with a centralised tendency”.
##Question:The Indian Constitution has created a system of “Federation with a centralised tendency”. Comment. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the answer with the debate around the federal nature of the Indian State. Bring the points to support the argument that the Indian Constitution has federal features. Discuss the reasons that bring centralised tendency in the Indian Constitution. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The debate on the nature of the Indian state has been persisting since the debate of the Constitution Assembly itself. As per the S. Bommai Case, 1994 the Indian Constitution has provided that India federal and Federalism is the basic structure of the Constitution. Following are the feature that makes Indian Constitution as Federal in its nature: Written Constitution and Supremacy of the Constitution: Written Constitution ensures that there is a clear division of power and both the Center and States have to abide by the Indian Constitution. Thus it brings the supremacy of the constitution. Division of Powers: The Seventh Schedule divides the subjects of administration into Union, State and Concurrent lists. Rigid Constitution: All the provisions of the Constitution concerning Union-State relation can be amended only by the joint actions of the State Legislature and the Union Parliament. Independent Judiciary: The Indian Constitution has provided for the independent judiciary and provided the Supreme Court of India to resolve the disputes between Union and State. Dual Government Polity: Indian Constitution has provided for the two-level of the government, one at the Union and the other at the state level. The Supreme Court of India has declared that both entities are independent of each other and no one is subservient to the other. The power flows from the constitution for both entities. Bicameralism: The Indian Constitution provides for a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Rajya Sabha) and a Lower House (Lok Sabha). The Rajya Sabha represents the states of the Indian Federation that maintain the federal equilibrium by protecting the interests of the states against the undue interference of the Centre. However, the Indian constitution also has the centralising tendencies that could be found in the following provision of the Indian Constitution: Strong Centre: Power divided under the Seventh Schedule is biased towards the Union as the Union list contain important subjects and the number of items is large as compared to the State List. Emergency Provisions: Indian Constitution provided for the Emergency Provisions. During an emergency, the Central government becomes all-powerful and the states go into total control of the Centre. It converts the federal structure into a unitary one without a formal amendment of the Constitution. Special power: The Parliament can make laws on subjects of state list under certain circumstances. For example, the Parliament is empowered to legislate on any subject of the State List if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution under Article 249 to that effect in the national interest. Role and appointment of Governor: The governor, who is the head of the state, is appointed by the President. He exercises different powers with respect to the State government however the office is accused to function as the agent of the central government as Constitution provide that he remains in the office as per the pleasure of the President. States are not Indestructible: The Constitution of India has provided Parliament with the power under that it can change the area, boundaries or name of any state by unilateral action. Financial Power: The Constitution has provided for the concentration of the financial power in the hands of the union as more revenue-generating items are under the control of the Union government. Besides that, the union government also uses its discretion to give grants and loans to the states. Thus from the above, it is clear that despite the Constitution of India has provided for the federal features, however, it has deviated from the traditional federal systems like US, Switzerland and Australia and incorporated a large number of unitary features, tilting the balance of power in favour of the Centre. This has promoted the Constitutional experts like Ivor Jennings to describe Indian Constitution as a system of “Federation with a centralised tendency”.
74,758
How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? (10 Marks/150 Words)
How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : Try to give a brief introduction by highlighting the sex ratio among Tribes. Mention the reasons for this favourable sex ratio among tribes. Conclude your answer highlighting tribals have never discriminated against between a boy and girl Answer : As per the Socio-economic caste census (SECC 2011) sex ratio among tribals is 990 females per 1000 males whereas among the overall population it is 940 females per 1000 males and among the scheduled castes it is 943/1000 females. Reasons for favourable sex ratio among scheduled tribes in comparison to scheduled castes: There is a lack of biasedness among tribals on the basis of sex. For ages, tribal society is a matriarchal society, hardly there is any difference on the basis of sex. Data shows a better sex ratio among Scheduled tribes in comparison to Scheduled castes which in turn demonstrates the paternal structure of the Schedule caste communities. There is a lack of biasedness among the minds of tribals in comparison to the dominant schedule castes especially the ones with major landholdings. Lack of awareness/access of Prenatal or sex determination practices among tribals, such practices are being observed among educated scheduled castes. However, the same practices are prevalent among those Tribals who are mainstreamed and migrated to urban areas. Child sex ratio is less among Schedules caste in states with low sex ratio like Haryana and Punjab. however, the trend is not similar among Tribals. Son meta preferences, female foeticide, daughter dislike etc is less prevalent among tribals in comparison to the scheduled castes. Concepts like dowry are less prevalent among the scheduled tribes and in turn money being given to girl"s families is prevalent, whereas, among the educated, people with landholding in Schedules castes dowry is still being practised. Neglect of girl child leads to child mortality is less prevalent among tribals in comparison to scheduled. Conclusion : Patriarchal nature of society, high costs of expenditures by parents of girls among at time of marriage in terms of dowry, daughter dislike, son meta preference, kinship structure of the society wherein male members are considered the heir of the family and old age security lies with the son"s mindset are the cause of the prevalence of low sex ratio not only among schedule tribe in comparison to schedule caste but among other communities also.
##Question:How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? (10 Marks/150 Words) Approach : Try to give a brief introduction by highlighting the sex ratio among Tribes. Mention the reasons for this favourable sex ratio among tribes. Conclude your answer highlighting tribals have never discriminated against between a boy and girl Answer : As per the Socio-economic caste census (SECC 2011) sex ratio among tribals is 990 females per 1000 males whereas among the overall population it is 940 females per 1000 males and among the scheduled castes it is 943/1000 females. Reasons for favourable sex ratio among scheduled tribes in comparison to scheduled castes: There is a lack of biasedness among tribals on the basis of sex. For ages, tribal society is a matriarchal society, hardly there is any difference on the basis of sex. Data shows a better sex ratio among Scheduled tribes in comparison to Scheduled castes which in turn demonstrates the paternal structure of the Schedule caste communities. There is a lack of biasedness among the minds of tribals in comparison to the dominant schedule castes especially the ones with major landholdings. Lack of awareness/access of Prenatal or sex determination practices among tribals, such practices are being observed among educated scheduled castes. However, the same practices are prevalent among those Tribals who are mainstreamed and migrated to urban areas. Child sex ratio is less among Schedules caste in states with low sex ratio like Haryana and Punjab. however, the trend is not similar among Tribals. Son meta preferences, female foeticide, daughter dislike etc is less prevalent among tribals in comparison to the scheduled castes. Concepts like dowry are less prevalent among the scheduled tribes and in turn money being given to girl"s families is prevalent, whereas, among the educated, people with landholding in Schedules castes dowry is still being practised. Neglect of girl child leads to child mortality is less prevalent among tribals in comparison to scheduled. Conclusion : Patriarchal nature of society, high costs of expenditures by parents of girls among at time of marriage in terms of dowry, daughter dislike, son meta preference, kinship structure of the society wherein male members are considered the heir of the family and old age security lies with the son"s mindset are the cause of the prevalence of low sex ratio not only among schedule tribe in comparison to schedule caste but among other communities also.
74,761
How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Try to give a brief introduction by highlighting the sex ratio among Tribes. Mention the reasons for this favourable sex ratio among tribes. Conclude your answer highlighting tribals have never discriminated against between a boy and girl Answer: As per the Socio-economic caste census (SECC 2011) sex ratio among tribals is 990 females per 1000 males whereas among the overall population it is 940 females per 1000 males and among the scheduled castes it is 943/1000 females. Reasons for favourable sex ratio among scheduled tribes in comparison to scheduled castes: There is a lack of biasedness among tribals on the basis of sex. For ages, tribal society is a matriarchal society, hardly there is any difference on the basis of sex. Data shows a better sex ratio among Scheduled tribes in comparison to Scheduled castes which in turn demonstrates the paternal structure of the Schedule caste communities. There is a lack of biasedness among the minds of tribals in comparison to the dominant schedule castes especially the ones with major landholdings. Lack of awareness/access of Prenatal or sex determination practices among tribals, such practices are being observed among educated scheduled castes. However, the same practices are prevalent among those Tribals who are mainstreamed and migrated to urban areas. Child sex ratio is less among Schedules caste in states with low sex ratio like Haryana and Punjab. however, the trend is not similar among Tribals. Son meta preferences, female foeticide, daughter dislike etc is less prevalent among tribals in comparison to the scheduled castes. Concepts like dowry are less prevalent among the scheduled tribes and in turn money being given to girl"s families is prevalent, whereas, among the educated, people with landholding in Schedules castes dowry is still being practised. Neglect of girl child leads to child mortality is less prevalent among tribals in comparison to scheduled. Conclusion : Patriarchal nature of society, high costs of expenditures by parents of girls among at time of marriage in terms of dowry, daughter dislike, son meta preference, kinship structure of the society wherein male members are considered the heir of the family and old age security lies with the son"s mindset are the cause of the prevalence of low sex ratio not only among schedule tribe in comparison to schedule caste but among other communities also.
##Question:How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Try to give a brief introduction by highlighting the sex ratio among Tribes. Mention the reasons for this favourable sex ratio among tribes. Conclude your answer highlighting tribals have never discriminated against between a boy and girl Answer: As per the Socio-economic caste census (SECC 2011) sex ratio among tribals is 990 females per 1000 males whereas among the overall population it is 940 females per 1000 males and among the scheduled castes it is 943/1000 females. Reasons for favourable sex ratio among scheduled tribes in comparison to scheduled castes: There is a lack of biasedness among tribals on the basis of sex. For ages, tribal society is a matriarchal society, hardly there is any difference on the basis of sex. Data shows a better sex ratio among Scheduled tribes in comparison to Scheduled castes which in turn demonstrates the paternal structure of the Schedule caste communities. There is a lack of biasedness among the minds of tribals in comparison to the dominant schedule castes especially the ones with major landholdings. Lack of awareness/access of Prenatal or sex determination practices among tribals, such practices are being observed among educated scheduled castes. However, the same practices are prevalent among those Tribals who are mainstreamed and migrated to urban areas. Child sex ratio is less among Schedules caste in states with low sex ratio like Haryana and Punjab. however, the trend is not similar among Tribals. Son meta preferences, female foeticide, daughter dislike etc is less prevalent among tribals in comparison to the scheduled castes. Concepts like dowry are less prevalent among the scheduled tribes and in turn money being given to girl"s families is prevalent, whereas, among the educated, people with landholding in Schedules castes dowry is still being practised. Neglect of girl child leads to child mortality is less prevalent among tribals in comparison to scheduled. Conclusion : Patriarchal nature of society, high costs of expenditures by parents of girls among at time of marriage in terms of dowry, daughter dislike, son meta preference, kinship structure of the society wherein male members are considered the heir of the family and old age security lies with the son"s mindset are the cause of the prevalence of low sex ratio not only among schedule tribe in comparison to schedule caste but among other communities also.
74,762
Explaining the concept of state, briefly discuss the functions of the constitution.(10 Marks/150 words)
Approach: Introduction: Give the definition/concept of State. Body : Briefly mention the concept of the Constitution and discuss the function of the constitution. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion mentioning some of the conditions required for the success of the constitution. Model Answer: A state is an entity that is created to exercise power to govern a country on behalf of the people but there is an inherent danger in giving powers to the state as it may misuse the same. Therefore powers of the state are limited by the rule book of the nation according to which it is supposed to function. This basic rule book apart from defining the powers and limitations on the state also define the rights of citizens of the nation. Such a basic rule book is referred to as CONSTITUTION which is nothing but a legal document that can also be termed as the fundamental law of the country. Functions of Constitution: To provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of society and To define who has powers to make laws and enforce them i.e organizational framework.: For example, the constitution of India provides the basic framework and core principles for the functioning of various organs of the state namely Executive (Enforces laws), Legislature(Makes the laws), and Judiciary(Interprets the laws and decides the disputes). To set some limits on what the State can impose on its citizens : For example, Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution enlists the rights of citizens and thus sets limits on what the State can impose on its citizens Reflects ideology and philosophy of a Nation: Preamble and other provisions like Directive Principles of State Policy of Indian Constitution reflects the ideology and philosophy of India as a nation, Provide for its own amendment provisions- Constitution of any country should not be static rather organic to suit the changing conditions. Article 368 in the Indian Constitution provides for the amendment procedure in the Indian Constitution and the Indian constitution has been amended more than 100 times. Thus, Constitution is crucial for the proper functioning of the state. However, for a constitution to be successful, it should be drawn by those people who have credibility, are popular, and represent various sections of society; should have constitutionalism and should be followed and respected by everyone.
##Question:Explaining the concept of state, briefly discuss the functions of the constitution.(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Give the definition/concept of State. Body : Briefly mention the concept of the Constitution and discuss the function of the constitution. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion mentioning some of the conditions required for the success of the constitution. Model Answer: A state is an entity that is created to exercise power to govern a country on behalf of the people but there is an inherent danger in giving powers to the state as it may misuse the same. Therefore powers of the state are limited by the rule book of the nation according to which it is supposed to function. This basic rule book apart from defining the powers and limitations on the state also define the rights of citizens of the nation. Such a basic rule book is referred to as CONSTITUTION which is nothing but a legal document that can also be termed as the fundamental law of the country. Functions of Constitution: To provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of society and To define who has powers to make laws and enforce them i.e organizational framework.: For example, the constitution of India provides the basic framework and core principles for the functioning of various organs of the state namely Executive (Enforces laws), Legislature(Makes the laws), and Judiciary(Interprets the laws and decides the disputes). To set some limits on what the State can impose on its citizens : For example, Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution enlists the rights of citizens and thus sets limits on what the State can impose on its citizens Reflects ideology and philosophy of a Nation: Preamble and other provisions like Directive Principles of State Policy of Indian Constitution reflects the ideology and philosophy of India as a nation, Provide for its own amendment provisions- Constitution of any country should not be static rather organic to suit the changing conditions. Article 368 in the Indian Constitution provides for the amendment procedure in the Indian Constitution and the Indian constitution has been amended more than 100 times. Thus, Constitution is crucial for the proper functioning of the state. However, for a constitution to be successful, it should be drawn by those people who have credibility, are popular, and represent various sections of society; should have constitutionalism and should be followed and respected by everyone.
74,777