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motor neuron diseases or motor neurone diseases (mnds) are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells which control voluntary muscles of the body. they include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), progressive bulbar palsy (pbp), pseudobulbar palsy, progressive muscular ... |
an abjad (, ; also abgad) is a writing system in which only consonants are represented, leaving vowel sounds to be inferred by the reader. this contrasts with alphabets, which provide graphemes for both consonants and vowels. the term was introduced in 1990 by peter t. daniels. other terms for the same concept include:... |
an abugida (, from ge'ez: ), sometimes known as alphasyllabary, neosyllabary or pseudo-alphabet, is a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary, like a diacritical mark. this contrasts with a full alphabet,... |
abba ( , ; formerly named björn & benny, agnetha & anni-frid or björn & benny, agnetha & frida) are a swedish pop supergroup formed in stockholm in 1972 by agnetha fältskog, björn ulvaeus, benny andersson, and anni-frid lyngstad. the group's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names arranged as a pal... |
an allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed, or freely committed, by the people, subjects or citizens to their state or sovereign. etymology the word allegiance comes from middle english (see medieval latin , "a liegance"). the al- prefix was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance,... |
altenberg (german for "old mountain" or "mountain of the old") may refer to: places austria altenberg, a town in sankt andrä-wördern, tulln district altenberg bei linz, in upper austria altenberg an der rax, in styria germany altenberg (bergisches land), an area in odenthal, north rhine-westphalia altenberg abbey, cist... |
the messagepad is a discontinued series of personal digital assistant devices developed by apple computer for the newton platform in 1993. some electronic engineering and the manufacture of apple's messagepad devices was undertaken in japan by sharp. the devices are based on the arm 610 risc processor and all featured ... |
alfred elton van vogt ( ; april 26, 1912 – january 26, 2000) was a canadian-born american science fiction author. his fragmented, bizarre narrative style influenced later science fiction writers, notably philip k. dick. he was one of the most popular and influential practitioners of science fiction in the mid-twentieth... |
anna sergeyevna kournikova (; born 7 june 1981) is a russian former professional tennis player and american television personality. her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. at the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of kournikova made her name one of the most comm... |
alfons maria jakob (2 july 1884 – 17 october 1931) was a german neurologist who worked in the field of neuropathology. he was born in aschaffenburg, bavaria and educated in medicine at the universities of munich, berlin, and strasbourg, where he received his doctorate in 1908. during the following year, he began clinic... |
agnosticism is the view or belief that the existence of god, of the divine or the supernatural is unknown or unknowable. another definition provided is the view that "human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that god exists or the belief that god does not exist." t... |
argon is a chemical element with the symbol ar and atomic number 18. it is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. argon is the third-most abundant gas in earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). it is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 ti... |
arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol as and atomic number 33. arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal. arsenic is a metalloid. it has various allotropes, but only the grey form, which has a metallic appearance, is important to industr... |
antimony is a chemical element with the symbol sb () and atomic number 51. a lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (sb2s3). antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the arabic name kohl. the... |
actinium is a chemical element with the symbol ac and atomic number 89. it was first isolated by friedrich oskar giesel in 1902, who gave it the name emanium; the element got its name by being wrongly identified with a substance andré-louis debierne found in 1899 and called actinium. actinium gave the name to the actin... |
americium is a synthetic radioactive chemical element with the symbol am and atomic number 95. it is a transuranic member of the actinide series, in the periodic table located under the lanthanide element europium and was thus named after the united states by analogy. americium was first produced in 1944 by the group o... |
astatine is a chemical element with the symbol at and atomic number 85. it is the rarest naturally occurring element in the earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. all of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. conseque... |
an atom is a particle that consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by an electromagnetically-bound cloud of electrons. the atom is the basic particle of the chemical elements, and the chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms. for example, any ... |
arable land (from the , "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops. alternatively, for the purposes of agricultural statistics, the term often has a more precise definition: a more concise definition appearing in the eurostat glossary similarly refers to actual rather than poten... |
aluminium (aluminum in north american english) is a chemical element with the symbol al and atomic number 13. aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals; about one-third that of steel. it has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. al... |
advanced chemistry is a german hip hop group from heidelberg, a scenic city in baden-württemberg, south germany. advanced chemistry was founded in 1987 by toni l, linguist, gee-one, dj mike md (mike dippon) and mc torch. each member of the group holds german citizenship, and toni l, linguist, and torch are of italian, ... |
the anglican communion is the third largest christian communion after the roman catholic and eastern orthodox churches. founded in 1867 in london, the communion has more than 85 million members within the church of england and other autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion. the traditional origins... |
arne kaijser (born 1950) is a professor emeritus of history of technology at the kth royal institute of technology in stockholm, and a former president of the society for the history of technology. kaijser has published two books in swedish: stadens ljus. etableringen av de första svenska gasverken and i fädrens spår. ... |
an archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands. examples of archipelagos include: the indonesian archipelago, the andaman and nicobar islands, the lakshadweep islands, the galápagos is... |
in legal discourse, an author is the creator of an original work, whether that work is in written, graphic, or recorded medium. thus, a sculptor, painter, or composer, is an author of their respective sculptures, paintings, or compositions, even though in common parlance, an author is often thought of as the writer of ... |
andrey andreyevich markov (14 june 1856 – 20 july 1922) was a russian mathematician best known for his work on stochastic processes. a primary subject of his research later became known as the markov chain. he was also a strong, close to master-level chess player. markov and his younger brother vladimir andreevich mark... |
angst is fear or anxiety (anguish is its latinate equivalent, and the words anxious and anxiety are of similar origin). the dictionary definition for angst is a feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or insecurity. etymology the word angst was introduced into english from the danish, norwegian, and dutch word and the german... |
anxiety is an emotion which is characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a real threat, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future threat. it is often accompanied ... |
alan alexander milne (; 18 january 1882 – 31 january 1956) was an english writer best known for his books about the teddy bear winnie-the-pooh, as well as for children's poetry. milne was primarily a playwright before the huge success of winnie-the-pooh overshadowed all his previous work. milne served in both world war... |
asociación alumni, usually just alumni, is an argentine rugby union club located in tortuguitas, greater buenos aires. the senior squad currently competes at top 12, the first division of the unión de rugby de buenos aires league system. the club has ties with former football club alumni because both were established b... |
an axiom, postulate, or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. the word comes from the ancient greek word (), meaning 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident'. the precise definition varies ... |
alpha (uppercase , lowercase ; , , or ) is the first letter of the greek alphabet. in the system of greek numerals, it has a value of one. alpha is derived from the phoenician letter aleph , which is the west semitic word for "ox". letters that arose from alpha include the latin letter a and the cyrillic letter а. uses... |
alvin eugene toffler (october 4, 1928 – june 27, 2016) was an american writer, futurist, and businessman known for his works discussing modern technologies, including the digital revolution and the communication revolution, with emphasis on their effects on cultures worldwide. he is regarded as one of the world's outst... |
the amazing spider-man is an ongoing american superhero comic book series featuring the marvel comics superhero spider-man as its title character and main protagonist. being in the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it was the character's first title, launching seven months after his introduction in the final issu... |
am or am may refer to: arts and entertainment music a minor, a minor scale in music a.m. (chris young album) a.m. (wilco album) am (abraham mateo album) am (arctic monkeys album) am (musician), american musician am, the a minor chord symbol armeemarschsammlung (army march collection), catalog of german military march m... |
antigua and barbuda (, ) is a sovereign island country in the caribbean. it lies at the conjuncture of the caribbean sea and the atlantic ocean in the leeward islands part of the lesser antilles. the country consists of two major islands, antigua and barbuda, which are approximately apart, and several smaller islands, ... |
azincourt (), historically known in english as agincourt ( ), is a commune in the pas-de-calais department in northern france. it is situated north-west of saint-pol-sur-ternoise on the d71 road between hesdin and fruges. the late medieval battle of agincourt between the english and the french took place in the commune... |
berthold konrad hermann albert speer (; ; 19 march 1905 – 1 september 1981) was a german architect who served as the minister of armaments and war production in nazi germany during most of world war ii. a close ally of adolf hitler, he was convicted at the nuremberg trial and sentenced to 20 years in prison. an archite... |
the family asteraceae (), with the original name compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order asterales. commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, compositae were first described in the year 1740. the number of species in ast... |
apiaceae () or umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus apium and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. it is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-know... |
an axon (from greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences), is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body. the function of the axon is to transmit informa... |
the ancient aramaic alphabet was used to write the aramaic languages spoken by ancient aramean pre-christian tribes throughout the fertile crescent. it was also adopted by other peoples as their own alphabet when empires and their subjects underwent linguistic aramaization during a language shift for governing purposes... |
"american shot" or "cowboy shot" is a translation of a phrase from french film criticism, , and refers to a medium-long ("knee") film shot of a group of characters, who are arranged so that all are visible to the camera. the usual arrangement is for the actors to stand in an irregular line from one side of the screen t... |
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem), or acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, is a rare autoimmune disease marked by a sudden, widespread attack of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. as well as causing the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed, adem also attacks the nerves of the central nervous sys... |
ataxia (from greek α- [a negative prefix] + -τάξις [order] = "lack of order") is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that can include gait abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements, that indicates dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coor... |
augusta ada king, countess of lovelace (née byron; 10 december 1815 – 27 november 1852) was an english mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on charles babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. she was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pu... |
august william derleth (february 24, 1909 – july 4, 1971) was an american writer and anthologist. he was the first book publisher of the writings of h. p. lovecraft. he made contributions to the cthulhu mythos and the cosmic horror genre and helped found the publisher arkham house (which did much to bring supernatural ... |
the alps () are the highest and most extensive mountain range that is entirely in europe, stretching approximately across eight alpine countries (from west to east): monaco, france, switzerland, italy, liechtenstein, germany, austria and slovenia. the alpine arch extends from nice on the western mediterranean to triest... |
albert camus ( , ; ; 7 november 1913 – 4 january 1960) was an algerian-french philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, and political activist. he was the recipient of the 1957 nobel prize in literature at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in history. his works include the stranger, the plague, the myth of... |
dame agatha mary clarissa christie, lady mallowan, (; 15 september 1890 – 12 january 1976) was an english writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives hercule poirot and miss marple. she also wrote the world's longest-running play, the... |
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