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the plague () is a 1947 absurdist novel by albert camus. it tells the story from the point of view of a narrator in the midst of a plague sweeping the french algerian city of oran. the narrator remains unknown until the start of the last chapter. the novel presents a snapshot of life in oran as seen through the author'... |
applied ethics is the practical aspect of moral considerations. it is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. for example, bioethics is concerned with identifying the best approach to moral issues in t... |
in mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number , is the non-negative value without regard to its sign. namely, if is a positive number, and if is negative (in which case negating makes positive), and for example, the absolute value of 3 and the absolute value of −3 is the absolute value of a number may ... |
an analog signal is any continuous-time signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. for example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. in contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quan... |
arecales is an order of flowering plants. the order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was principes. taxonomy the apg iv system of 2016 places dasypogonaceae in this order, after studies showing dasypogonaceae as sister to arecac... |
hercule poirot (, ) is a fictional belgian detective created by british writer agatha christie. poirot is one of christie's most famous and long-running characters, appearing in 33 novels, two plays (black coffee and alibi), and 51 short stories published between 1920 and 1975. poirot has been portrayed on radio, in fi... |
miss jane marple is a fictional character in agatha christie's crime novels and short stories. miss marple lives in the village of st. mary mead and acts as an amateur consulting detective. often characterized as an elderly spinster, she is one of christie's best-known characters and has been portrayed numerous times o... |
april is the fourth month of the year in the gregorian and julian calendars. it is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. april is commonly associated with the season of spring in the northern hemisphere, and autumn in the southern hemi... |
august is the eighth month of the year in the julian and gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. in the southern hemisphere, august is the seasonal equivalent of february in the northern hemisphere. in the northern hemisphere, august falls in the season of summer. in the southern... |
according to abrahamic religions, aaron ( or ) was a prophet, a high priest, and the elder brother of moses. information about aaron comes exclusively from religious texts such as the hebrew bible, the new testament (luke, acts, and hebrews), and the quran. the hebrew bible relates that, unlike moses, who grew up in th... |
events pre–1600 46 bc – julius caesar defeats caecilius metellus scipio and marcus porcius cato (cato the younger) at the battle of thapsus. 402 – stilicho defeats the visigoths under alaric in the battle of pollentia. 1320 – the scots reaffirm their independence by signing the declaration of arbroath. 1453 – mehmed ii... |
events pre-1600 240 – shapur i becomes co-emperor of the sasanian empire with his father ardashir i. 467 – anthemius is elevated to emperor of the western roman empire. 627 – king edwin of northumbria is converted to christianity by paulinus, bishop of york. 1012 – duke oldřich of bohemia deposes and blinds his brother... |
events pre-1600 769 – the lateran council ends by condemning the council of hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings. 1071 – bari, the last byzantine possession in southern italy, is surrendered to robert guiscard. 1450 – battle of formigny: toward the end of the hundred years' war, the french attack and near... |
events pre-1600 311 – the diocletianic persecution of christians in the roman empire ends. 1315 – enguerrand de marigny is hanged at the instigation of charles, count of valois. 1492 – spain gives christopher columbus his commission of exploration. he is named admiral of the ocean sea, viceroy and governor of any terri... |
events pre-1600 392 – arbogast has eugenius elected western roman emperor. 851 – battle of jengland: erispoe defeats charles the bald near the breton town of jengland. 1138 – battle of the standard between scotland and england. 1485 – the battle of bosworth field occurs; richard iii dies, marking the end of the house o... |
events pre-1600 410 – the sacking of rome by the visigoths ends after three days. 1172 – henry the young king and margaret of france are crowned junior king and queen of england. 1232 – shikken hojo yasutoki of the kamakura shogunate promulgates the goseibai shikimoku, the first japanese legal code governing the samura... |
in chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sucrose and cholesterol. the presence of an oh group strongly modifies the properties of hydrocarbon... |
achill island (; ) is the largest of the irish isles and lies off the west coast of ireland in county mayo. it has a population of 2,345. its area is . achill is attached to the mainland by michael davitt bridge, between the villages of achill sound and polranny. a bridge was first completed here in 1887. other centres... |
irwin allen ginsberg (; june 3, 1926 – april 5, 1997) was an american poet and writer. as a student at columbia university in the 1940s, he began friendships with lucien carr, william s. burroughs and jack kerouac, forming the core of the beat generation. he vigorously opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexu... |
in mathematics, a field is algebraically closed if every non-constant polynomial in (the univariate polynomial ring with coefficients in ) has a root in . examples as an example, the field of real numbers is not algebraically closed, because the polynomial equation has no solution in real numbers, even though all its c... |
events pre-1600 1284 – the republic of pisa is defeated in the battle of meloria by the republic of genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the mediterranean. 1538 – bogotá, colombia, is founded by gonzalo jiménez de quesada. 1601–1900 1661 – the treaty of the hague is signed by portugal and the dutch republic. 1777 ... |
anatoly yevgenyevich karpov (; born may 23, 1951) is a russian and former soviet chess grandmaster, former world chess champion, and politician. he was the 12th world chess champion from 1975 to 1985, a three-time fide world champion (1993, 1996, 1998), twice world chess champion as a member of the ussr team (1985, 19... |
the aspect ratio of a geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. for example, the aspect ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter side—the ratio of width to height, when the rectangle is oriented as a "landscape". the aspect ratio is most often expressed as two integer... |
auto racing (also known as car racing, motor racing, or automobile racing) is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. auto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile. races of various sorts were organised, with the first recorded as early as 1867. many of the earliest events were... |
anarcho-capitalism (colloquially: ancap or '"an-cap"') is an anti-statist, libertarian political philosophy and economic theory that seeks to abolish centralized states in favor of stateless societies with systems of private property enforced by private agencies, the non-aggression principle, free markets and self-owne... |
events pre-1600 48 bc – caesar's civil war: battle of pharsalus: julius caesar decisively defeats pompey at pharsalus and pompey flees to egypt. 378 – gothic war: battle of adrianople: a large roman army led by emperor valens is defeated by the visigoths. valens is killed along with over half of his army. 1173 – constr... |
aristophanes (; , ; c. 446 – c. 386 bc), son of philippus, of the deme kydathenaion (), was a comic playwright or comedy-writer of ancient athens and a poet of old attic comedy. eleven of his forty plays survive virtually complete. these provide the most valuable examples of a genre of comic drama known as old comedy a... |
ludwig philipp albert schweitzer (; 14 january 1875 – 4 september 1965) was an alsatian polymath. he was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and physician. a lutheran minister, schweitzer challenged both the secular view of jesus as depicted by the historical-critical method current... |
the austrian school is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result exclusively from the motivations and actions of individuals. austrian school theorists hold that economic theory should be exclusively derived from basi... |
an abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body. signs and symptoms of abscesses include redness, pain, warmth, and swelling. the swelling may feel fluid-filled when pressed. the area of redness often extends beyond the swelling. carbuncles and boils are types of abscess that often inv... |
aalborg municipality () is a municipality in north jutland region on the jutland peninsula in northern denmark. the municipality straddles the limfjord, the waterway which connects the north sea and the kattegat east-to-west, and which separates the main body of the jutland peninsula from the island of vendsyssel-thy n... |
aarhus (, , ; officially spelled århus from 1948 until 1 january 2011) is the second-largest city in denmark and the seat of aarhus municipality. it is located on the eastern shore of jutland in the kattegat sea and approximately northwest of copenhagen. dating back to the late 8th century, aarhus was founded as a harb... |
the northern cavefish or northern blindfish (amblyopsis spelaea) is found in caves through kentucky and southern indiana. it is under review for possible listing under the endangered species act of 1973 in the united states as of 2023, and the iucn lists the species as near threatened. during a 2013 study of amblyopsis... |
abatement refers generally to a lessening, diminution, reduction, or moderation; specifically, it may refer to: 421-a tax abatement, property tax exemption in the u.s. state of new york abatement of debts and legacies, a common law doctrine of wills abatement in pleading, a legal defense to civil and criminal actions a... |
an amateur () is generally considered a person who pursues an avocation independent from their source of income. amateurs and their pursuits are also described as popular, informal, self-taught, user-generated, diy, and hobbyist. history historically, the amateur was considered to be the ideal balance between pure inte... |
alexis carrel (; 28 june 1873 – 5 november 1944) was a french surgeon and biologist who was awarded the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques. he invented the first perfusion pump with charles lindbergh opening the way to organ transplantation. carrel was also a pione... |
all souls' day, also called the commemoration of all the faithful departed, is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed, observed by certain christian denominations on 2 november. through prayer, intercessions, alms and visits to cemeteries, people commemorate the poor souls in purgatory and gain them ... |
(; born , ; 16 april 1844 – 12 october 1924) was a french poet, journalist, and novelist with several best-sellers. ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal french man of letters. he was a member of the académie française, and won the 1921 nobel prize in literature "in recognition of his brilliant l... |
andré paul guillaume gide (; 22 november 1869 – 19 february 1951) was a french author whose writings spanned a wide variety of styles and topics. he was awarded the 1947 nobel prize in literature. gide's career ranged from his beginnings in the symbolist movement, to criticising imperialism between the two world wars. ... |
algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics. a key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values. n... |
the almond (prunus amygdalus, syn. prunus dulcis) is a species of small tree from the genus prunus, cultivated worldwide for its seed, a culinary nut. along with the peach, it is classified in the subgenus amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed. th... |
this article is a demography of the population of antigua and barbuda including population density, ethnicity, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. population according to the 2011 census the estimated resident population of antigua and barbuda was 86,295. the estimated population of is (). vital... |
the politics of antigua and barbuda takes place in a framework of a unitary parliamentary representative democratic monarchy, wherein the sovereign of antigua and barbuda is the head of state, appointing a governor-general to act as vice-regal representative in the nation. a prime minister is appointed by the governor-... |
telecommunications in antigua and barbuda are via media in the telecommunications industry. telephone telephones – main lines in use: 37,500 (2006) country comparison to the world: 168 telephones – mobile cellular: 110,200 (2006) (apua pcs, cable & wireless, digicel) country comparison to the world: 177 telephone syste... |
the antigua and barbuda defence force (abdf) is the armed forces of antigua and barbuda. the abdf has responsibility for several different roles: internal security, prevention of drug smuggling, the protection and support of fishing rights, prevention of marine pollution, search and rescue, ceremonial duties, assistanc... |
antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against jews. this sentiment is a form of racism, and a person who harbours it is called an antisemite. though antisemitism is overwhelmingly perpetrated by non-jews, it may occasionally be perpetrated by je... |
the economy of azerbaijan has completed its post-soviet transition into a major oil-based economy (with the completion of the baku-tbilisi-ceyhan pipeline), from one where the state played the major role. the transition to oil production led to remarkable growth figures as projects came online; reaching 26.4% in 2005 (... |
azerbaijan is a country in the caucasus region, situated at the juncture of eastern europe and west asia. three physical features dominate azerbaijan: the caspian sea, whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east; the greater caucasus mountain range to the north; and the extensive flatlands at the country's cen... |
the republic of azerbaijan is a member of the united nations, the non-aligned movement, the organization for security and cooperation in europe, nato's partnership for peace, the euro-atlantic partnership council, the world health organization, the european bank for reconstruction and development; the council of europe... |
the azerbaijani armed forces () is the military of the republic of azerbaijan. it was re-established according to the country’s law of the armed forces on 9 october 1991. the original azerbaijan democratic republic's armed forces were dissolved after azerbaijan was absorbed into the soviet union as the azerbaijan sovie... |
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