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acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. a scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an... |
atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. it is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the proces... |
american sign language (asl) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of deaf communities in the united states of america and most of anglophone canada. asl is a complete and organized visual language that is expressed by employing both manual and nonmanual features. besides north america, dia... |
in computing, an applet is any small application that performs one specific task that runs within the scope of a dedicated widget engine or a larger program, often as a plug-in. the term is frequently used to refer to a java applet, a program written in the java programming language that is designed to be placed on a w... |
alternate history is a subgenre of speculative fiction in which one or more historical events have occurred but are resolved differently than in actual history. as conjecture based upon historical fact, alternate history stories propose what if? scenarios about crucial events in human history, and present outcomes very... |
in atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital () is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. this function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. the term atomic orbital may als... |
amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. only these 22 appear in the genetic code of all life. amino acids can be classified according to ... |
alan mathison turing (; 23 june 1912 – 7 june 1954) was an english mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist. turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation wi... |
area is the measure of a region's size on a surface. the area of a plane region or plane area refers to the area of a shape or planar lamina, while surface area refers to the area of an open surface or the boundary of a three-dimensional object. area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness th... |
the astronomical unit (symbol: au, or or au) is a unit of length, roughly the distance from earth to the sun and approximately equal to or 8.3 light-minutes. the actual distance from earth to the sun varies by about 3% as earth orbits the sun, from a maximum (aphelion) to a minimum (perihelion) and back again once each... |
an artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art. the common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse refers to a practitioner in the visual arts only. however, the term is also often used in the entertainment business, especially in a busine... |
actaeon (; aktaiōn), in greek mythology, was the son of the priestly herdsman aristaeus and autonoe in boeotia, and a famous theban hero. through his mother he was a member of the ruling house of cadmus. like achilles, in a later generation, he was trained by the centaur chiron. he fell to the fatal wrath of artemis (l... |
anglicanism is a western christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the church of england following the english reformation, in the context of the protestant reformation in europe. it is one of the largest branches of christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide . a... |
athens ( ; , ; , ) is a major coastal urban area in the mediterranean, and it is both the capital and the largest city of greece. with its urban area's population numbering over three million, it is also the eighth largest urban area in the european union. athens dominates and is the capital of the attica region and is... |
anguilla ( ) is a british overseas territory in the caribbean. it is one of the most northerly of the leeward islands in the lesser antilles, lying east of puerto rico and the virgin islands and directly north of saint martin. the territory consists of the main island of anguilla, approximately long by wide at its wide... |
this article is about communications systems in anguilla. telephone telephones – main lines in use: 6,200 (2002) country comparison to the world: 212 telephones – mobile cellular: 1,800 (2002) country comparison to the world: 211 telephone system: domestic: modern internal telephone system international: east caribbean... |
the territory of ashmore and cartier islands is an uninhabited australian external territory consisting of four low-lying tropical islands in two separate reefs (ashmore and cartier), as well as the territorial sea generated by the islands. the territory is located in the indian ocean situated on the edge of the contin... |
acoustic theory is a scientific field that relates to the description of sound waves. it derives from fluid dynamics. see acoustics for the engineering approach. for sound waves of any magnitude of a disturbance in velocity, pressure, and density we have in the case that the fluctuations in velocity, density, and press... |
alexander mackenzie (january 28, 1822 – april 17, 1892) was a canadian politician who served as the second prime minister of canada, in office from 1873 to 1878. mackenzie was born in logierait, perthshire, scotland. he left school at the age of 13, following his father's death, to help his widowed mother, and trained ... |
ashoka (, ; also asoka; – 232 bce), popularly known as ashoka the great, was the third mauryan emperor of magadha in the indian subcontinent during to 232 bce. his empire covered a large part of the indian subcontinent, stretching from present-day afghanistan in the west to present-day bangladesh in the east, with its ... |
the meaning of the word american in the english language varies according to the historical, geographical, and political context in which it is used. american is derived from america, a term originally denoting all of the americas (also called the western hemisphere). in some expressions, it retains this pan-american s... |
ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level programming language, inspired by pascal and other languages. it has built-in language support for design by contract (dbc), extremely strong typing, explicit concurrency, tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and non-det... |
alfonso cuarón orozco ( , ; born 28 november 1961) is a mexican filmmaker. he is known for directing films in a variety of genres, including the family drama a little princess (1995), the romantic drama great expectations (1998), the coming of age road film y tu mamá también (2001), the fantasy film harry potter and th... |
arianism (, ) is a christological doctrine first attributed to arius (), a christian presbyter who preached and studied in alexandria, egypt. arian theology holds that jesus christ is the son of god, who was begotten by god the father with the difference that the son of god did not always exist but was begotten/made be... |
events pre-1600 30 bc – octavian (later known as augustus) enters alexandria, egypt, bringing it under the control of the roman republic. ad 69 – batavian rebellion: the batavians in germania inferior (netherlands) revolt under the leadership of gaius julius civilis. 527 – justinian i becomes the sole ruler of the byza... |
titus aelius hadrianus antoninus pius (19 september 86 – 7 march 161) was roman emperor from 138 to 161. he was the fourth of the five good emperors from the nerva–antonine dynasty. born into a senatorial family, antoninus held various offices during the reign of emperor hadrian. he married hadrian's niece faustina, an... |
events pre-1600 8 – roman empire general tiberius defeats the dalmatae on the river bosna. 435 – deposed ecumenical patriarch of constantinople nestorius, considered the originator of nestorianism, is exiled by roman emperor theodosius ii to a monastery in egypt. 881 – battle of saucourt-en-vimeu: louis iii of france d... |
the advanced encryption standard (aes), also known by its original name rijndael (), is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the u.s. national institute of standards and technology (nist) in 2001. aes is a variant of the rijndael block cipher developed by two belgian cryptographers, joan... |
events pre-1600 1336 – francesco petrarca (petrarch) ascends mont ventoux. 1478 – the pazzi family attack on lorenzo de' medici in order to displace the ruiling medici family kills his brother giuliano during high mass in florence cathedral. 1564 – playwright william shakespeare is baptized in stratford-upon-avon, warw... |
anisotropy () is the structural property of non-uniformity in different directions, as opposed to isotropy. an anisotropic object or pattern has properties that differ according to direction of measurement. for example, many materials exhibit very different properties when measured along different axes: physical or mec... |
alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into a different atomic nucleus, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. an alpha particle is identical to the nucl... |
extreme poverty is the most severe type of poverty, defined by the united nations (un) as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. it depends not only on income but also on access to ser... |
the analytical engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by english mathematician and computer pioneer charles babbage. it was first described in 1837 as the successor to babbage's difference engine, which was a design for a simpler mechanical calculator. the analytical engine incorporated an a... |
caesar augustus (born gaius octavius; 23 september 63 bc – 19 august ad 14), also known as octavian, was the founder of the roman empire; he reigned as the first roman emperor from 27 bc until his death in ad 14. the reign of augustus initiated an imperial cult as well as an era associated with imperial peace, the pax ... |
the geography of antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and, thus, by ice. the antarctic continent, located in the earth's southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the south pole and largely south of the antarctic circle. it is washed by the southern (or antarctic) ocean or, depending on defi... |
transport in antarctica has transformed from explorers crossing the isolated remote area of antarctica by foot to a more open era due to human technologies enabling more convenient and faster transport, predominantly by air and water, but also by land as well. transportation technologies on a remote area like antarctic... |
the geography of alabama describes a state in the southeastern united states in north america. it extends from high mountains to low valleys and sandy beaches. alabama is 30th in size and borders four u.s. states: mississippi, tennessee, georgia, and florida. it also borders the gulf of mexico. physical features extend... |
the governor of alabama is the head of government of the u.s. state of alabama. the governor is the head of the executive branch of alabama's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. there have officially been 54 governors of the state of alabama; this official numbering skips acting and military gove... |
apocrypha is biblical or related writings not forming part of the accepted canon of scripture. while some might be of doubtful authorship or authenticity, in christianity, the word apocryphal (ἀπόκρυφος) was first applied to writings which were to be read privately rather than in the public context of church services. ... |
the antarctic treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the antarctic treaty system (ats), regulate international relations with respect to antarctica, earth's only continent without a native human population. it was the first arms control agreement established during the cold war, setting aside the continen... |
alfred william lawson (march 24, 1869 – november 29, 1954) was an english born professional baseball player, aviator and utopian philosopher. he was a baseball player, manager, and league promoter from 1887 through 1916 and went on to play a pioneering role in the u.s. aircraft industry. he published two early aviation... |
ames () is a city in story county, iowa, united states, located approximately north of des moines in central iowa. it is best known as the home of iowa state university (isu), with leading agriculture, design, engineering, and veterinary medicine colleges. a united states department of energy national laboratory, ames ... |
abalone ( or ; via spanish , from rumsen aulón) is a common name for any of a group of small to very large marine gastropod molluscs in the family haliotidae. other common names are ear shells, sea ears, and, rarely, muttonfish or muttonshells in parts of australia, ormer in the uk, perlemoen in south africa, and paua ... |
an abbess (latin: abbatissa), also known as a mother superior, is the female superior of a community of catholic nuns in an abbey. description in the catholic church (both the latin church and eastern catholic), eastern orthodox, coptic and anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an ab... |
the term abdominal surgery broadly covers surgical procedures that involve opening the abdomen (laparotomy). surgery of each abdominal organ is dealt with separately in connection with the description of that organ (see stomach, kidney, liver, etc.) diseases affecting the abdominal cavity are dealt with generally under... |
abduction may refer to: media film and television "abduction" (the outer limits), a 2001 television episode "abduction" (death note) a japanese animation television series "abductions" (totally spies!), a 2002 episode of an animated television series "the abduction" (alias), a 2002 television episode "the abduction" (d... |
abensberg () is a town in the lower bavarian district of kelheim, in bavaria, germany, lying around southwest of regensburg, east of ingolstadt, northwest of landshut and north of munich. it is situated on the river abens, a tributary of the danube. geography the town lies on the abens river, a tributary of the danube,... |
arminianism is a movement of protestantism initiated in the early 17th century, based on the theological ideas of the dutch reformed theologian jacobus arminius and his historic supporters known as remonstrants. dutch arminianism was originally articulated in the remonstrance (1610), a theological statement submitted t... |
the alan parsons project were a british rock band active between 1975 and 1990, whose core membership consisted of producer, audio engineer, musician and composer alan parsons and singer, songwriter and pianist eric woolfson. they were accompanied by varying session musicians and some relatively consistent session play... |
in mathematics, the term "almost all" means "all but a negligible quantity". more precisely, if is a set, "almost all elements of " means "all elements of but those in a negligible subset of ". the meaning of "negligible" depends on the mathematical context; for instance, it can mean finite, countable, or null. in cont... |
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