title stringlengths 0 901 | abstract stringlengths 3 9.89k | PMID int64 22 25.3M | embedding listlengths 768 768 |
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Doppler evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. | The carotid Doppler examination is an accurate means of screening the extracranial carotid system for stenotic lesions. Comparison of 100 patients (200 vessels) examined by the Doppler method and arteriography showed agreement in 90% of the vessels and a significant error rate in only 3.5%. | 103,412 | [
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Acute coronary occlusion in the pig: effect of nitroglycerin on regional myocardial blood flow. | Myocardial blood flow was studied in 10 closed chest, anesthetized pigs after an acute balloon catheter occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. With use of radioactive microspheres (15 mu), myocardial blood flow was measured before and during an intravenous nitroglycerin infusion and during a combined nitroglycerin-phenylephrine infusion. A significant zone of ischemis (myocardial blood flow less than 50 percent of normal zone flow) was produced by the occlusion and involved 15 percent of the combined left ventricular and interventricular septal mass. More than 50 percent of this ischemic zone was intensely ischemic (myocardial blood flow 0 to 3 percent of normal). Nitroglycerin resulted in a 20 to 30 mm Hg decrease in systolic blood pressure. Myocardial blood flow was unchanged in intensely ischemic areas but varied directly with the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure in the moderately ischemic area (myocardial blood flow 26 to 50 percent of normal). S-T segment elevation was significantly increased during nitroglycerin infusion and returned to control level with the added infusion of phenylephrine sufficient to restore the systemic blood pressure to prenitroglycerin values. No improvement in ischemic zone perfusion could be demonstrated during the infusion of nitroglycerin alone or with phenylephrine. The endocardial-epicardial flow ratio in moderately ischemic areas was slightly lower than the normal zone flow ratio and decreased slightly during infusion of nitroglycerin. With the addition of phenylephrine, the ratios rose slightly and no longer differed from prenitroglycerin values. Blood flow distribution in acutely ischemic pig myocardium differs considerably from that observed in the dog. Nitroglycerin was not shown to have any beneficial effects with or without its relative hypotensive effect. More extensive study in animal models other than the dog is needed. | 103,419 | [
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The effect of nitroglycerin on gas exchange, hemodynamics, and oxygen transport in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | The present study was designed to investigate pharmacological vasodilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This may have long-term therapeutic implications. Sublingual nitroglycerin (GTN) was administered to 16 patients with COPD and no evidence of organic heart disease (except one patient) in an attempt to determine severity of the decrease in arterial oxygenation. Gas exchange and hemodynamic studies were performed before and after GTN. Alverolar-arterial O2 tension gradient increased 5 mm Hg, arterial PO2 decreased 2 mm Hg, and cardiac output decreased from 4.36 to 3.85 liters/min. There was a decrease in pulmonary artery pressures, but pulmonary vascular resistance did not change. Total O2 transport (the product of cardiac output and arterial O2 content) decreased, due mainly to a decrease in cardiac output. From these studies we conclude that GTN significantly decreases O2 transport in patients with COPD and normal left ventricular function; this decrease is due mainly to a reduction in cardiac output. Impairment of gas exchange is slight. Based on these considerations pharmacological vasodilation with nitroglycerine in COPD is probably not warranted. | 103,435 | [
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Dual effects of amphotericin B on ion permeation in toad urinary bladder epithelium. | The mechanisms of action of amphotericin B on the electrical properties of the toad urinary bladder epithelium were studied with microelectrode techniques. Cell membrane and transepithelial electrical potentials and resistances were measured in the absence and in the presence of the drug during exposure to bathing mediums of different ionic compositions. As observed previously by other investigators, amphotericin B produces a dramatic decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance (Rt) and an increase of the rate of sodium transport. Our results indicate that the effect of the drug on Rt depends in part on an increase in Na conductance across the luminal cell membrane (amiloride-insensitive), but is caused mainly by an increase of ionic conductances (with the sequence GK greater than GNa greater than G choline greater than GCI) at a site in parallel with the impaled cells (i.e., across a cell type not investigated by the microelectrode measurements or across the paracellular pathway. | 103,440 | [
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Wegener's granulomatosis causing laryngeal and tracheobronchial obstruction in an adolescent girl. | A 12-year-old girl presenting with a painful neck mass and ulcerated gingival lesions was found to have Wegener's granulomatosis involving the gingivae, paranasal sinuses, ears, mastoids, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, kidneys and joints. The initial illness and two subsequent exacerbations were treated with intravenous and oral cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Secondary infections have been managed with establishment of good drainage and use of appropriate antibiotics. The patient is well with a normal sedimentation rate 4 1/2 years after the onset of her disease. | 103,476 | [
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Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol [Suppl]. | Mandibular replacement subsequent to major extirpative head and neck surgery is predisposed to complications in the best of hands. The most suitable prosthesis appears to be the previously resected mandible, both from the standpoint of antigenicity and configuration. This study establishes that in the canine mandible a healthy, revitalized osseous network is reestablished subsequent to resection, freezing and replacement of the mandibular body when the graft is immobilized. The neoosteogenesis is borne out by in vivo (technetium 99, methylene diphosphonate scanning) and histopathological (tetracycline fluorescence and polarizing microscopy) studies. This early work in the canine suggests the potential for application in the human when the procedure is further refined and perfected. | 103,481 | [
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Antimalarial activities of WR-194,965, an alpha-amino-o-cresol derivative. | Pilot appraisals of the activities of WR-194,965 and WR-204,165, two closely related o-cresol derivatives (both Mannich bases), in owl monkeys infected with the multidrug-resistant Vietnam Smith strain of Plasmodium falciparum showed that these compounds had similar levels of efficacy. Total course doses effecting 90% cures (CD(90)s) were 27 and 37 mg/kg of body weight for the respective compounds, values almost identical to the CD(90) of mefloquine (a highly promising 4-quinolinemethanol) against infections with the same strain, and the CD(90)s of chloroquine against infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains. Expanded studies of the activities of WR-194,965 against infections with the Smith strain of P. falciparum and Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, designed to guide projected evaluations in human volunteers, showed: (i) that the activity of this compound was a function of total dose administered, with single doses as effective as the same amount delivered in three or seven successive daily fractions; (ii) that all regimens effected rapid clearance of parasitemia; and (iii) that based on CD(90)s, this agent was twice as active against infections with the Palo Alto strain of P. vivax as against the Smith strain of P. falciparum. These findings, together with results of preclinical pharmacological studies pursued elsewhere, provided support for studies in human volunteers now underway. | 103,492 | [
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Antimalarial activities of the 4-quinolinemethanols WR-184,806 and WR-226,253. | WR-184,806 and WR-226,253, two 4-quinolinemethanols structurally similar to WR-142,490 (mefloquine), have been studied in depth in owl monkeys infected with various drug-resistant and drug-susceptible strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in an effort to provide support and guidance for projected evaluations in human volunteers. The results of these studies, confirmatory of preliminary appraisals, showed that WR-184,806 was approximately one-third as active as WR-142,490 against infections with a multidrug-resistant strain of P. falciparum, whereas WR-226,253 was twice as active. Additionally, the current studies showed: (i) that both WR-184,806 and WR-226,253 were significantly more active against infections with blood schizonts of P. vivax than against those of P. falciparum; (ii) that their activities against established infections with either Plasmodium species were functions of the total doses delivered, single doses being as effective as three or seven fractional doses given on successive days; (iii) that WR-184,806 could be administered intravenously as the phosphate salt and was curative via this route in single doses; and (iv) that based on comparative curative doses, WR-184,806 was slightly more active and WR-226,253 was seven times more active against infections with a multidrug-resistant strain of P. falciparum than was chloroquine against infections with a 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strain. | 103,493 | [
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Effect of two cancer chemotherapeutic agents on the antibacterial activity of three antimicrobial agents. | Cancer chemotherapeutic agents and antibacterial antibiotics are often given concomitantly. Daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and three antibiotics (gentamicin, amikacin, and ticarcillin) were tested individually and in combinations to determine their antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. These cytotoxic agents are commonly employed in the therapy of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia for remission induction therapy, and these antimicrobial agents are used in infection therapy. The maximum concentrations of the two cytotoxic drugs were chosen to be twice the known peak plasma levels of commonly employed dosage schedules. Neither of the cancer chemotherapeutic agents, alone or in combination, demonstrated bactericidal activity at the levels tested. However, in the presence of these agents, the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin and amikacin, although not that of ticarcillin, was depressed for 11 of 15 K. pneumoniae strains and 8 of 15 P. aeruginosa strains, but for none of the strains of E. coli. This level of decreased activity occasionally resulted in a minimal inhibitory concentration of the tested aminoglycoside well above the standard serum levels. Daunorubicin was more likely to antagonize gentamicin than was cytosine arabinoside. | 103,494 | [
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Discussion on the causes of failure of surgical treatment of partial epilepsies. | Despite continuous improvement in diagnosis and surgery, persistence of seizures following surgical treatment of partial epilepsies still occurs in a relevant number of cases (30--40%). The analysis of personal material and of data from the literature appears to indicate that relevant causes of surgical failure are difficulties in delimitation of the epileptogenic zone and therefore of complete surgical removal. These difficulties are illustrated and discussed. | 103,498 | [
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Microbial degradation of glycerol nitrates. | The fate of glycerol trinitrate when exposed to microbial attack has been investigated. Contrary to some earlier reports, this compound was readily biodegraded by employing batch or continuous techniques under a variety of cultural conditions. Breakdown of glycerol trinitrate took place stepwise via the dinitrate and mononitrate isomers, with each succeeding step proceeding at a slower rate. After a residence time of 8 to 15 h, none of the glycerol nitrates could be detected in the effluent from a continuous-culture apparatus (chemostat) supplied with an influent containing 30 mg of glycerol trinitrate per liter. | 103,501 | [
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Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from a Microcystis aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea) bloom. | The nature of the toxicity of a bloom of blue-green alga, M. aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea), that occurred in a man-made lake was investigated. Crude algal bloom extracts were toxic to laboratory mice when injected intraperitoneally. The lethal dose (LD100) of these extracts was 15-30 mg of lyophilized algal bloom per kilogram body weight. The toxin was purified by a procedure that included ammonium sulphate fractionation, solvent extraction, acid precipitation, Sephadex G25 and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and high-voltage electrophoresis at pH 6.5. The preparation gave a single spot on high-voltage electrophoresis at pH 9.0, had no free amino group, and was characterized by a simple amino acid composition of equimolar quantities of L-methionine, L-tyrosine, D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, erythro beta-methyl aspartic acid and methylamine. The LD50 for the purified toxin was estimated to be 0.056 mg/kg of mice, and the approximate LD100 is 0.070 mg/kg, based on the total material found from amino acid analysis. Parenteral administration of the purified toxin to mice produced extensive liver lobular haemorrhage and death within 1-3 h. Repeated inoculation of sublethal doses daily over some weeks produced progressive hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis and the development of fine hepatic fibrosis. | 103,520 | [
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Probe of beta-galactosidase structure with iodoacetate. Differential reactivity of thiol groups in wild-type and mutant forms of beta-galactosidase. | Carboxymethylation with 14 C-labeled iodoacetate of cysteine residues in wild-type beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli and in a defective beta-galactosidase from deletion mutant strain M15 was investigated in order to determine accessible positions in the tetrameric wild-type form and the dimeric mutant M15 protein. The extent of carboxymethylation, the effects on biological activity, antibody activation, physical stability, and the labeling of particular residues were studied. The results distinguish three groups of spatial relationships for cysteine residues in the protein, define possible regions for subunit interactions, and confirm that no cysteine residue is specifically involved in catalysis. Residue 1019 and to a lesser extent 498 are accessible in the tetrameric protein and probably represent exposed areas. In the M15 protein, these two, and three additional residues, at 76,387 and 600, were found to react significantly with reagent. One or more of the latter are suggested to be in the dimer-dimer interface. Complementation and activation by antibody are inhibited by carboxymethylation of M15 protein. | 103,570 | [
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Effects of lipid-phase separation on the filipin action on membranes of ergosterol-replaced Tetrahymena cells, as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. | The effects of lipid-phase separation on the filipin action on pellicle membranes of ergosterol-replaced Tetrahymena pyriformis cells were studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The pellicle membranes with phase separations induced by chilling from 34 degrees C (growth temperature) to lower temperatures (30, 22 and 15 degrees C) were treated with filipin. This produced filipin-induced lesions ("pits") only in the particulated (liquid) regions along the margin between solid and liquid domains, while they were produced in the particle-free (solid) areas when membranes were chilled to 15 degrees C. The pellicle membranes with lesions induced by filipin at 34 degrees C were chilled to 22 degrees C. This chilling raised larger particle-free areas and more condensed particle-aggregations on the membranes than on the membranes without the filipin treatment. These results suggest that the membrane fluidity affects induction and development of the ergosterol-filipin complex in the membrane. | 103,584 | [
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Restricted posterior parietal lesions in the rhesus monkey and performance on visuospatial tasks. | Monkeys with lesions restricted to the inferior parietal lobule or the banks and depths of the superior temporal sulcus were tested on a route-following task. These areas are considered on neuroanatomical grounds to be homologous to parts of the human posterior parietal cortex, where lesions produce profound spatial disorientation. The operated monkeys were impaired on the route task, thus confirming at the behavioural level the anatomical predictions of comparability between parietal cortex in monkey and that in man. The monkeys were not impaired, however, on a visual pattern discrimination or on a visual-spatial task with cue and response separation, a task that was considered on the basis of previous investigations with extensive posterior lesions in the monkey to be sensitive to parietal lesions. | 103,604 | [
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Response of human lymphocytes to mitogen: at what stage is there a requirement for Ca2+? | In order for significant DNA synthesis to be observed in the case of human lymphocytes stimulated for 36 h in presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Ca2+ must be present in the medium continuously for at least 20 h; access to Ca2+ for 10-h periods during the first 30 h was not sufficient to permit DNA synthesis to occur. Addition of the chelator EGTA from 0 to 60 h after stimulation caused severe inhibition of incorporation of labelled thymidine when this was measured after 36 to 144 h of culture. Equimolar calcium reversed the inhibition caused by EGTA. Incorporation of labelled uridine and leucine showed a temporal pattern of dependence on the presence of Ca2+ in the medium similar to that of thymidine. Ca2+ appears not to be required in the medium during the last half (i.e., 20-36 h) of the presynthetic G1 phase nor during S phase since removal of Ca2+ from the medium after 20 h did not prevent a subpopulation of lymphocytes from entering S phase 16 h later. | 103,606 | [
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Effect of levamisole on metabolism of phagocytic cells. | The effect of levamisole (LMS) on glucose metabolism was studied using a protozoan phagocytic model and human leukocytes. At concentrations of greater than 10 microgram/ml, LMS inhibited glucose metabolism in the protozoan phagocytic model. Glucose metabolism in both the phagocytic model and normal peripheral blood leukocytes was, however, minimally altered when exposed to levels of LMS of less than 10 microgram/ml. In contrast, myeloblasts from a child with leukemia seemed to have increased metabolic activity and 5 microgram/ml of LMS markedly reduced the glucose metabolism. These preliminary studies suggest that LMS can alter glucose metabolism of certain cells and that some malignant cells may be directly inhibited metabolically by LMS. | 103,617 | [
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Organization of the sympathetic innervation in liver tissue from monkey and man. | The sympathetic innervation of the liver of monkey and man has been investigated in a combined fluorescence histochemical, chemical and electron microscopical study. By means of the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence method a dense network of monoamine-containing nerve fibers was visualized in liver tissue of monkey and man. The nerve fibers ran in close contact to both hepatocytes and blood vessels. Chemical quantitations showed high concentrations of noradrenaline in both human and monkey liver. Microspectrofluorometry of the intraneuronal monoamine resulted in spectra characteristic of a catecholamine. For the electron microscopical study the dopamine analogue, 5-hydroxydopamine, was used to "label" the catecholamine terminals in both human and monkey liver. The nerve profiles, identified as catecholamine-containing, were demonstrated in a perivascular location and in close contact to hepatocytes. No synaptic membrane specializations were present between nerve fibers and hepatocytes. The general ultramorphology and intralobular distribution pattern of nerves in the liver of monkey and man were similar. The present results prove the existence of a sympathetic innervation of hepatocytes and blood vessels in the liver of man and monkey. | 103,622 | [
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The innervation and fine structure of paraneuronic cells in an amphibian pulmonary artery. | The pulmonary artery of Bufo marinus contains large numbers of bipolar cells situated in the tunica adventitia and in the outer layers of the media. These cells show a bright green-yellow fluorescence (emission spectra 485 nm) after formaldehyde pre-treatment suggesting that they contain a primary monoamine. The most characteristic fine-structural feature of these cells is the presence of numerous dense-cored vesicles (80--300 nm diameter) in their cytopalsm. The cells are in close contact (20 nm gap) with both agranular and granular nerve fibres. Both EM-cytochemical and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence tests indicate that the granule-containing nerve fibres are adrenergic. The agranular nerve fibres form discrete synaptic contacts with pre and post-synaptic membrane thickenings on the cells. This was never observed with respect to the adrenergic fibres. Each process of the cells is about 45 micrometer long. The processes do not bear any special relationship to either vessels of the arterial vasa vasorum or medial smooth muscle cells. Their location in the wall of the artery suggests that they are functionally significant with respect to activity of the arterial media. | 103,624 | [
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Genetic and molecular organization of the 5S locus and mutants in D. melanogaster. | The topography of an entire redundant locus was analyzed by both genetic and molecular means. Three mutants (min0, min1, min2) allelic to the 5S rRNA genetic locus on chromosome 2 of D. melanogaster were isolated. Flies exhibit a mutant phenotype when hemizygous for a min allele, but flies having two doses are wild-type. Saturation hybridization experiments show that the alleles are gross defieciencies each deleting an equal amount of 5S DNA. Each of the three mutant min alleles produces a distinct temperature-sensitive viability phene, and thus they are suggested to be pseudoalleles within the same redundant locus. Using the segmental aneuploid method (Lindsley et al., 1972), the 5S gene cluster was subdivided into proximal and distal halves. Both saturation hybridization experiments and genetic tests show that each half contains about eighty 5S genes. The complementation of the min alleles with the proximal and distal halves of the cluster indicates that both halves function independently. We present evidence which supports the model that all of the 160 5S genes are arranged as a single continuous cluster of tandem repeats with no large interdispersive DNA segments not complementary to 5S rRNA. | 103,626 | [
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Endocrine effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in rhesus monkeys. | After the rhesus monkey was demonstrated to be a suitable model for man in both metabolic and endocrinological studies, effects of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) on the pattern of sexual hormones in cycling female rhesus monkeys were investigated. After confirmed ovulation, four adult female rhesus monkeys were treated during the following cycle with 4 mg/kg/day of HCB, and four other monkeys were treated with the same dose of Clophen A 30. Ovulation was blocked in three PCB-treated and one HCB-treated monkeys. Whereas the levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone did not seem to be changed directly by the treatment, low estrogen levels were found during the anovulatory cycles. Studies with PCB- and HCB-treated superovulated rats indicated interaction of the chemicals with ovarian steroidogenesis. Altered hepatic steroid metabolism may also cause low estrogen levels in treated animals. | 103,705 | [
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Environmental chemical-induced immune dysfunction. | Antibody formation, endotoxin sensitivity, and resistance to a challenge malarial infection were evaluated in mice fed a diet containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (Aroclor 1242) or hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Antibody synthesis to the antigen sheep RBC (SRBC) was significantly depressed in the PCB- and HCB-treated (167 ppm) animals as evidenced by the fact that control mice elicited an approximate twofold increase in antibody formation over the chemical-treated mice. Serum IgA concentrations in the PCB- and HCB-treated mice were consistently 40--80 mg/dl lower than control values. Gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa) sensitivity in PCB- and HCB-treated mice was increased 5.2- and 32-fold, respectively, following the dietary administration of 167 ppm of Aroclor 1242 or HCB for 6 weeks. An endotoxin hypersusceptibility was also noted at 3 weeks after dietary administration. Decreased resistance to a malaria challenge was also demonstrated in the xenobiotic-treated mice. A 20% decrease in mean survival time of mice fed Aroclor 1242 for 3 to 6 weeks and inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (NYU-2) was observed. Infected mice which had received HCB for 3 or 6 weeks manifested reductions in mean survival time of 24 and 31%, respectively. The data indicated that environmental chemical contaminants impair host resistance and, since no concomitant histopathological alterations were observed in the treated mice, the evaluation of immune parameters may possibly be a sensitive indicator of toxicity. | 103,706 | [
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Influence of chenodeoxycholic acid on the kinetics of endogenous triglyceride transport in man. | Plasma lipids and triglycerides kinetics were studied in ten subjects before and after 6-8 weeks treatment with 1 g/day chenodeoxycholic acid for radiolucent gallstones. Plasma triglyceride concentration fell by 20% and phospholipid concentration rose by 5% on average; there was no change in cholesterol or free fatty acids. Body weight remained constant. Triglyceride kinetics, studied by a precursor-labelling technique, revealed a reduction both of triglyceride plasma pool and turnover rate, accompanied by a decline of more than 35% both of plasma triglyceride precursor pool and of incorporation of plasma free fatty acids into newly synthesized plasma triglycerides. Fractional turnover rates in both pools remained unaltered. The appearance-time for newly synthesized plasma triglycerides after injection of label did not change. These results indicate that chenodeoxycholic acid lowers plasma triglyceride by reducing its synthesis, thereby precluding alternative, and possibly undesired, modes of action, such as impaired secretion or increased peripheral catabolism of endogenous triglyceride. Several biochemical mechanisms may be responsible for this effect, among which stimulation of phospholipid synthesis by bile acids could play a role. | 103,719 | [
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A study of the changes in motor behaviour caused by TRH on intracerebral injection. | 20 microgram TRH injected bilaterally into the caudate-putamen, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, lateral ventricles, midbrain or cerebral cortex failed to induce any increase in locomotor activity (measured using photocells), although other behavioural changes were observed after each injection, and included body shakes, limb tremor, repetitive head and limb movements, biting, scratching and an alert appearance. These behavioural changes could result in positive readings from equipment used to measure locomotor activity, but careful investigations focussing on the nucleus accumbens used photocell boxes, activity wheels and Animex recorders to emphasise the inability of intracerebral TRH (10--40 microgram) to enhance locomotor activity. Intraaccumbens TRH also failed to enhance amphetamine hyperactivity or reduce the motor depression caused by haloperidol and analeptic drugs. The data do not support a central locomotor stimulant action of TRH. | 103,733 | [
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The retino-geniculo-cortical pathway in Callithrix. I. Intraspecific variations in the lamination pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus. | Injections of tritiated tracer precursors into one eye revealed a highly variable lamination pattern of the LGN in the marmoset Callithrix. In one specimen, only four cell layers were apparent with some indication of further differentiation. In a second specimen, six almost complete relay layers were found in the occipital portion of the LGN. Three other animals showed stages between these two extremes. The lamination pattern of Callithrix thun represents an intermediate stage between a four-layered LGN suggested as the basic primate pattern, and the advanced six-layered LGN of most other anthropoid monkeys. In addition, bilateral retinal terminations were found consistently in layer 0, and contralateral terminations in a narrow band between the magnocellular and parvocellular portions of the nucleus, and within the interlaminar zone which separates the two magnocellular layers. | 103,740 | [
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Compartmentalization of prostaglandins and prostacyclin within the kidney: implications for renal function. | When renal function is compromised, the circulation to the kidney is sustained by a major prostaglandin component, withdrawal of which results in significant hemodynamic effects, particularly reduction in blood flow to the inner cortex and medulla. Prostaglandins modulate the effects of vasoactive hormones by attenuating the renal actions of the renin-angiotensin system and contributing to and, perhaps, mediating some of those of the kallikreinkinin system. In addition, a prostaglandin mechanism, presumably located in the renal arterioles, participates in the regulation of renin release. Although cyclooxygenase is present in several renal tissues, the major products of arachidonic acid metabolism may be tissue specific and, consequently, their effects may be primarily restricted to one compartment, e.g., the proposed interaction of prostacyclin and renin within the vascular pole of the glomerulus; and PGE2/PGF2a with the kallikrein-kinin system within the urinary compartment. The former is related to the regulation of renin release and renal vascular resistance and the latter to the excretion of water and perhaps salt. | 103,756 | [
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Atypical esophageal diverticula associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. | Five cases of unusual esophageal diverticula associated with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) or collagen vascular disease are presented. These wide-mouthed saccular diverticula were infrequently seen in a group of PSS patients with the typical motility disturbance of esophageal involvement and are reminiscent of the diverticula of the colon involved by PSS. | 103,770 | [
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Contact sensitivity responses in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. | Mechanisms of depression of contact sensitivity responses in C57BL/10 mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were studied. Cellular involvement during sensitization with oxazolone was investigated in mice acutely infected with T. cruzi. Contact sensitivity was not expressed in mice during the latter stages of the acute infection. Spleen cells from sensitized, infected mice which were unable to respond to oxazolone could confer contact sensitivity upon normal syngenic mice as effectively as spleen cells from uninfected, sensitized donors. The ability of mice infected with T. cruzi to respond to an eliciting dose of oxazolone was significantly improved when macrophages from normal syngenic donors were administered to them at the time of skin test. When either normal or infected mice were used as recipients of lymphocytes from sensitized donors, the normal mice responded significantly better than did infected mice after administration of an eliciting dose of oxazolone. An increase in pyroninophilic cells was observed in draining lymph nodes after application of a sensitizing dose of oxaxolone to the ears of either normal or acutely infected mice. These results indicate that suppression of contact sensitivity during acute T. cruzi infection is directed toward the efferent arm rather than the afferent arm of the response. | 103,835 | [
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A histochemical study about the influence of lytic enzymes on plasma membrane enzyme activities in rat liver and kidney. | 1. The effect of lipolytic, glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes on the activities of plasma membrane enzyme activities in rat liver and kidney has been investigated by a pretreatment of tissue sections with the lytic enzymes. 2. The action of the proteolytic enzymes causes a very strong decrease of leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase activity, whereas the activities of ATP-ase, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase show a lesser decrease. This indicates a different membrane anchorage of leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase as compared to that of the phosphatases. 3. Treatment with glycolytic enzymes results in a decrease of 5'-nucleotidase and ATP-ase activity, whereas liver alkaline phosphatase and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase show an increase in activity. 4. Treatment with phospholipase C gives about the same results. The very strong decrease of 5'-nucleotidase activity indicates a great dependence on phospholipids. | 103,867 | [
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Isolation of 57Co-cobalamin coenzymes at high specific activity from Streptomyces griseus. | The distribution of radio-labelled cobalamins in Streptomyces griseus grown in medium containing 57Co-cobalt chloride has been estimated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and bioautography. 57Co-Methylocobalamin (Me[57Co]Cbl) was the major form in the mycelium together with smaller amounts of 57Co-adenosylcobalamin (Ado[57Co]Cbl) and 57Co-hydroxocobalamin (OH[57Co]Cbl). The OH[57Co]Cbl was detected in three forms having, respectively, anionic, cationic and neutral properties. A simple technique has been developed to isolate and purify Me[57Co]Cbl and Ado[57Co]Cbl from the mycelium using column chromatography on ion-exchange celluloses. Small quantities of each cobalamin coenzyme have been obtained at 90--96% purity and specific activities of 190--230 muCi/microgram. | 103,886 | [
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Immunodiagnosis of histoplasmosis in a compromised host. | Three serological tests for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis were compared for sensitivity and specificity in serum from blood bank donors, patients with histoplasmosis, and infected or noninfected immunosuppressed patients. The histoplasmin latex agglutination test was positive in 9% of the normal patients, 33% of the histoplasmosis patients, and 61% of the noninfected immunosuppressed patients. Since the test is prone to many false-positive results in patients with inflammatory diseases or non-Histoplasma infections, it has limited potential as a screening test among compromised patients. Immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis using a mycelial antigen were found to be more sensitive than either test using a combined yeast and mycelial antigen or a pure yeast phase antigen. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis at pH 7.2 proved to be the test of choice for serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis, resolving 85% of the immunocompetent infected patients and 100% of the infected immunosuppressed patients. Results indicated that counterimmunoelectrophoresis in conjunction with immunodiffusion could be used as a screening protocol to determine infection in incoming patients in a cancer hospital. | 103,889 | [
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Counterimmunoelectrophoretic detection of a high incidence of precipitin reactions in normal human sera against staphylococcal teichoic acids and protein A. | The use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for detection of serum antibodies to staphylococcal teichoic acids was evaluated against teichoic acids prepared by sonic treatment or lysostaphin extraction of Staphylococcus aureus (Lafferty strain). Of 54 patient sera from suspected cases of staphylococcal endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or septicemia, 33 (61.1%) were positive by CIE analysis; however, 128 of 291 sera (44.0%) from normal adult donors were also positive. Selected CIE-positive sera from patient and control groups were titered by Ouchterlony gel diffusion. In the control group of normal sera, 65% were also positive by gel diffusion, but only 15% had titers of >/=1:2. Of the patient sera, 44.4% had gel diffusion titers of >/=1:2. In addition to the specific teichoic acid band, a second precipitation band could be demonstrated with both patient or normal sera by CIE or gel diffusion. This second precipitin band was shown to involve interactions of test sera with staphylococcal protein A present in the teichoic acid extracts. The protein A precipitins were detected at high concentrations of the antigen extracts, whereas the anti-teichoic acid precipitins were optimally detected at lower antigen concentrations. The formation of protein A precipitin bands did not correlate with the presence of anti-teichoic acid antibodies, as most sera tested were positive for protein A regardless of anti-teichoic acid activity. This study suggests that a high incidence of normal people have levels of antibodies to teichoic acids which are detectable by the highly sensitive, but nonspecific, technique of CIE. | 103,890 | [
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Ultrasonography in renal lymphoma. | Ultrasonographic findings in malignant lymphoma of the kidneys in four patients are described. In three patients the kidneys were diffusely infiltrated by anechoic masses showing good acoustic transmission. One solitary lymphoma had the ultrasonographic characteristics of any other kidney tumor. Ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of renal masses should include malignant lymphoma. | 103,896 | [
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Neonatal detection and evaluation of infantile polycystic disease by gray scale echography. | Infantile polycystic disease (IPCD) is an uncommon pathologic entity involving the kidneys and liver. Gray scale echography can detect this pathologic process within the kidneys, despite the presence of renal failure. In addition, the sonic study may detect associated hepatic abnormalities even though isotopic liver scan is normal. These capabilities make the ultrasonic examination uniquely suited for evaluating patients with IPCD. | 103,904 | [
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The complete echographic evaluation of solid renal masses. | In the presence of a solid intrarenal mass, ultrasound scans should not be limited to the mass itself. Modern commercial gray scale equipment is capable of demonstrating both tumor extension into the inferior vena cava and the metastatic disease to the liver. The presence of multiple solid intrarenal masses favors the diagnosis of metastatic disease to the kidney or multiple angiomyolipomas. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy or an adrenal mass coincidental with an intrarenal mass suggests metastatic disease. These possibilities can be detected by echography if prone scans are performed over the suprarenal region and the contralateral kidney, and supine scans are performed for evaluation of the inferior vena cava, liver, and retroperitoneum. | 103,919 | [
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A preliminary scanning electron microscope examination of wear striation direction on primate teeth. | Wear striations experimentally produced on initially unworn teeth were examined at high magnification using a scanning electron microscope. Certain characteristics of individual wear striations on these teeth indicate the direction of motion that produced them. Other striations on worn teeth of American Indians and the Paleocene primate Phenocolemur show similar characteristics and correspond to mandibular movement during mastication. | 103,950 | [
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Quantitative decision techniques for the health/public sector policy-maker: an analysis and classification of resources. | Policy problems in the health and public sectors are quickly assuming a new level of complexity. Thus, the health/public sector analyst is being confronted with the task of identifying, formulating, evaluating, and making choices among larger and more complicated sets of decision alternatives. Given the context of such decisions, less-than-effective choices could adversely affect the health and social well-being of whole sections of a population. What seems to be needed, therefore, is an approach that would provide system and objectivity to the policy-making process. The use of quantitative techniques, so long applied to problems in the private and industrial sectors, would be the mainstay of such an approach. It is the goal of this article, therefore, to identify, classify, and briefly describe elements of the emerging set of materials (texts, edited readings, and monographs) which offer discussions of these techniques as they apply to problems in the health and public sectors. It is hoped that such a presentation will hasten the application of available analytic decision tools to the policy/decision problems of the public sector. | 103,955 | [
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A sex-transformation gene in Drosophila melanogaster. | A sex-transformation gene, tra-2OTF, of Drosophila melanogaster is described. The gene is an allele of tra-2 (transformer-2, 7--70+/-), acts only on XX individuals and transforms them into morphologically nearly normal but sterile males. Neither a male-specific lethal gene mle nor the male-killing maternally transmitted infectious SR-agent have any effect on the tra-2OTF transformed flies. External as well as internal reproductive organs of tra-2OTF transformed flies, except for the gonads, are male. The gonads, which are yellowish-colored rudimentary testis-like structures in tra-2 transformed flies, are rudimentary ovaries without yellowish coloration that sometimes develop to near maturity. Numbers of bristles in each of the female pattern in tra-2OTF and tra-2OTF/tra-2 transformed flies, while these bristles are of the male pattern in tra-2 transformed flies. Furthermore, the sixth abdominal sternite, which in normal males as well as in tra-2 transformed males lacks bristles, bears numbers of bristles in tra-2OTF and tra-2OTF/tra-2 transformed flies. | 103,957 | [
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... |
Evaluation of five temperature-sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus in primates: II. Genetic analysis of virus recovered during infection. | Five temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus (ts-1, ts-1 NG-1, ts-1 NG-16, ts-2, and ts-7), previously evaluated forinfectivity and virulence in chimpanzees and owl monkeys, were also assayed for in vivo genetic stability. None of the five mutants tested was completely stable genetically. Thus, virus which had lost some or all of the ts property was recovered from each infected chimpanzee. Significantly, each ts-1 NG-1 isolate retained some degree of temperature sensitivity and hence was not true wild-type virus. Clonal analysis of viruses shed by ts-1, ts-1 NG-1, ts-1 NG-16, or ts-7 infected chimpanzees indicated that in most instances only a minority of the virus shed was altered genetically. Of five chimpanzees infected with the ts-2 mutant, three shed only ts virus, and the remaining two chimpanzees shed only ts+ virus. Such ts+ virus proved to be avirulent when evaluated in chimpanzees or owl monkeys, indicating that loss of the ts property did not restore virulence. Based upon these findings, the ts-2 mutant appears to be a suitable candidate for clinical trials in man. | 104,003 | [
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Center and surround mechanisms of opponent-color X and Y ganglion cells of retina of macaques. | 1. Opponent-color ganglion cells of macaques can be classed as X or Y. Cells with a cone-specific receptive-field organization (center and surround receiving input from spectrally different cone types) have a linear summation, whereas cells with a cone-mixed organization (center and surround partly mediated by input from the same cone type) have a nonlinear summation. 2. Pure center and pure surround responses of Y-cells have a fast decay and show conspicuous transients at stimulus offset and onset; pure responses of X-cells have a slow decay and show fewer transients, especially at stimulus offset. 3. Sensitivity profiles based on pure responses elicited in conditions of chromatic adaptation of the opponent responses show that Y-cells have unimodal center and unimodal surround profiles, whereas X-cells have unimodal center and bimodal surround profiles. 4. Responses receiving contribution from both opponent mechanisms (mixed) have different time course and pattern in X- and Y-cells. Mixed response of Y-cells show a discontinuity in cell firing during the transient (on) component of cell activity, which has a higher sensitivity than other waveform changes produced by concurrent stimulation of the opponent mechanism. This discontinuity occurs with stimulus conditions that also elicit proximal negative responses in the local electroretinogram and appears to be due to a centrally located process having some degree of rectification. | 104,013 | [
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Evidence for a transcellular component to the transepithelial sodium efflux in toad skin. | The transepithelial efflux of sodium, from the inner to the outer surface was measured across the isolated toad skin, mostly after abolition of the electrochemical gradient. The effects on this efflux of several agents and manipulations were studied in order to make a distinction between the paracellular component and a hypothetical transcellular one. Amiloride decreased the transepithelial efflux, while ouabain and cyanide increased it. From the known mode of action of those agents, it was inferred that part of the efflux occurred across the cell. Removal of sodium from the external solution interfered apparently with both components of the transepithelial efflux, while the action of external hypertonicity seemed to be restricted to the paracellular shunt pathway. Access of sodium from the internal solution to the active transport pool is thus suggested, with consequent increase in metabolic cost of transport. Yet, compared with the net influx, the amounts involved are very small; consequently, they escape detection by oxygen consumption measurements. | 104,040 | [
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Vasopressin-like effects of psychotropic drugs in amphibian epithelia. | Amphibian epithelia have been used as models for studying the effects of psychotropic drugs on membrane transport. Several of these agents added to the internal or to the external media, at concentrations greater than 10(-3) M, had inhibitory, "ouabain-like" effects on Na transport. In contrast, stimulatory, "vasopressin-like" effects were seen at lower concentrations. The stimulation was additive to that of oxytocin if the drug was present in the external solution but nonadditive if in the internal solution. On water transport, harmala alkaloids had a vasopressinomimetic action in toad skin, while inhibition was seen with Li and amitriptyline. To account for these multiple effects, it is hypothesized that psychotropic drugs act on the following cell targets: the Na pump, the cyclic nucleotide system, microtubules, and membrane calcium sites at the outer barrier of the epithelium. Direct, biochemical evidence is needed to substantiate this hypothesis. | 104,041 | [
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Neurofibromatous ureteral obstruction relieved by sigmoid conduit cystoplasty. | Neurofibromatosis is a neural disease of hereditary nature affecting both sexes of all races. Visceral and central nervous system involvement can cause serious interference with normal function of affected structures. Under these circumstances, lifelong observation and individualized treatment of the patient are essential to proper management. This report is an account of nearly 2 decades of conservative management of neurofibromatosis of the pelvis in a young woman. Progressive, bilateral ureteral obstruction developed but normal function of the urinary tract has been maintained for the last 10 years with a sigmoid conduit cystoplasty. It is anticipated that continued progression of the disease will require cutaneous transfer of the sigmoid conduit. Also, a colostomy might become necessary because of recent evidence of rectal obstruction noted on computed tomography. | 104,056 | [
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Long term fixation for histological studies. | It was found that a glutaraldehyde-formalin-phosphate buffered fixative could preserve retinal tissue for light microscopy, even if the tissue remained in the fixative for a month. Retinal tissue that previously was difficult and expensive to procure could now be obtained. | 104,129 | [
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[Inclusion of clinical-dermatological therapy into general practice? (author's transl)]. | The ever increasing expenditures in health service urgently call for a critical revision of the therapy habitually practiced so far. This also includes the complete utilization of ambulatory therapeutic approaches. Moreover, after many years of clinical practice, the dermatologist in general practice should not forego the manifold therapeutic methods in which he had been trained and by the application of which he has gained particular experience. The dermatologist's small office consisting of a desk and couch must be a matter of the past once and for all. It is just the dermatologist who has the opportunity to try many forms of clinical treatment in general practice. | 104,162 | [
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Pituitary and ovarian function in women with congenitally absent uterus. | Pituitary-ovarian function was studied in 2 women with congenital absence of the uterus and the vagina. Daily serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol-17beta, and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay for 1 month. Gonadotropins and ovarian steroids showed normal cyclic variations in both patients. Prolactin was persistently elevated in one of them, who also demonstrated 2 abnormally high testosterone values among 6 determinations. The pituitary gland was stimulated by intravenous leasing hormone (LRH-TRY). Gonadotropin and prolactin responses to LRH-TRH were normal. The lifelong absence of the uterus does not alter the function of the pituitary-ovarian axis. The relation of hyperprolactinemia to this syndrome must be ascertained in a greater number of patients. | 104,214 | [
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Blurred vision: problems of auditing elective surgery, as seen in an audit of lens extraction for cataract. | Failure to limit the topic can complicate the audit process by producing too many variations and data not relevant to all patients in the study. Because assessment of the need for lens extraction is subjective, formulating justification criteria is difficult; objective evidence that the patient actually needed the surgery may be lacking. Outpatient records showing the results of surgery, ie, whether a patient's vision has been improved, are usually not available to the audit committee. Consequently, the patient's true outcome after surgery cannot be properly evaluated unless specific follow-up criteria are developed and outpatient records are available to the audit committee. An ideal audit of lens extraction for cataract might combine outpatient records noting results of preoperative workup, the hospital chart, and the clinic record of postoperative care and results. Only with all pertinent information can a complete assessment of the quality of care be made. Because audits rely heavily on the use of data from inpatient records, other methodologies may be more appropriate for review of elective procedures. Audit committees should consider this possibility and beware. | 104,233 | [
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Hematologic toxicity of drugs used in cardiovascular disease. | Many diuretic, antiarrhythmic, and antihypertensive drugs have potential hematologic toxicity. Any patient with cardiovascular disease receiving long-term drug therapy or massive doses of a drug should be watched carefully for early detection of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or other toxic effects. | 104,288 | [
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Isolation and characterization of ColE1-derived plasmid copy-number mutant. | The plasmid pBGP120 is a ColE1 derivative that contains elements of the Escherichia coli lac operon and the Tn3 transposon. We have selected and isolated a copy-number mutant of pBGP120. In exponentially growing cultures, the copy-number mutant, pOP1, represents approximately 30% of total intracellular DNA compared to about 5% for pBGP120. Plasmid-encoded beta-galactosidase monomer can represent 50% of newly synthesized protein in cells carrying pOP1. pOP1 is structurally unstable in certain genetic backgrounds and under certain growth conditions, breaking down to a smaller sized plasmid that retains the DNA overproducer phenotype and the Tn3 transposon. The smaller overproducer plasmid, pOP1delta6, is generated by a continuous deletion of sequences located between one end of the Tn3 transposon and a site about 630 nucleotides from the EcoRI site in the beta-galactosidase structural gene of pOP1. pOP1delta6 retains the ColE1 origin of replication but has lost the lac promotor and operator and most of the beta-galactosidase structural gene. pOP1delta6 exists at approximately 210 copies per chromosome in exponentially growing cells. | 104,293 | [
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Anticonvulsant action of cannabis in the rat: role of brain monoamines. | The role of brain monoamines in the anticonvulsant action of Cannabis indica resin (CI), against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in albino rats, was investigated by using pharmacologic agents that influence brain monoamine activity. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis resin was estimated to be 17%. The anticonvulsant action of CI (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was significantly inhibited after pretreatment with drugs that reduce brain serotonin activity but not by drugs that reduce brain catecholamine activity. Similarly, the anticonvulsant action of a subanticonvulsant dose (50 mg/kg, i.p.) of CI was potentiated by serotonin precursors but not by catecholamine precursors. Potentiation of the anticonvulsant action of CI by nialamide or by imipramine was inhibited after pretreatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. The results suggest that the anticonvulsant action of CI in the rat is serotonin- and not catecholamine-mediated. | 104,333 | [
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Toward the development of a potent, nonsedating, oral analgesic. | The separate and combined analgesic effects of 10 mg of oral amphetamine sulfate and 25 mg of oral anileridine dihydrochloride were studied in 24 healthy, adult, male volunteers. Tolerance of progressively increasing pain produced by the Submaximum Effort Tourniquet Technique was tested four times in each subject: after amphetamine, after anileridine, after the combination, and after a matching placebo. Treatments were administered double blind and in counterbalanced order. Elapsed time to report of slight, moderately distressing, very distressing, and unbearable pain was recorded on each trial. The four oral treatments differed significantly for very distressing and for unbearable pain. At each of the three upper pain levels, the mean tolerance times for anileridine and amphetamine were similar; each was longer than placebo but shorter than the combination; and the effect of the combination was approximately the sum of the effects of the two components. | 104,342 | [
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The effect of gamma-butyrolactone on locomotor activity in the rat. | The effect of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) on locomotor activity in the rat was studied. Low doses of GBL (100 and 200 mg/kg) had a biphasic effect on activity. Initially, the activity of the rats was reduced, and this reduction was then followed by a period of hyperactivity. The effect of alpha-flupenthixol (50 microgram/kg alpha-FPT), atropine (10 mg/kg), benztroine (25 mg/kg), protriptyline (15 mg/kg), and clomipramine (25 mg/kg) was investigated on this biphasic effect. alpha-FPT reduced the hyperactivity while benztropine potentiated it; atropine, clomipramine, and protriptyline had little effect. It is concluded that the increase in activity could be due to a release of dopamine. | 104,348 | [
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Assessment of renal function following irradiation of the intact spleen for Hodgkin disease. | Twenty-three patients with clinical Stage IA-IIIB Hodgkin disease underwent extended-field radiotherapy, including the intact spleen. In 17 of those patients, there was little evidence of renal dysfunction resulting from partial irradiation of the left kidney, which is inherent in such treatment. While isotopic images revealed an anatomic defect in the upper pole of the left kidney in one-third of the patients, dynamic studies showed that this anatomic alteration was not accompanied by any demonstrable dysfunction. Consistently normal serum BUN and creatinine levels in all patients tended to affirm that conclusion. | 104,362 | [
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Enteric fever caused by Salmonella paratyphi C in South and South West Africa. | This article documents 53 cases of Salmonella paratyphi C infections in humans in the Eastern Transvaal (47 cases) and South West Africa (6 cases). Ninety-two percent of patients (49 cases) had enteric fever, 1 patient was asymptomatic, and 3 had localized urinary infections or were carriers. Most patients were successfully treated with chloramphenicol and only 1 relapsed. The South West African strains were identified as S. paratyphi C var. east africa. The organism is probably spread by water, and 70% of patients who had enteric fever were under the age of 20 years. | 104,399 | [
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Nutritional support of the burned patient. | Patients with major thermal injury exhibit hypermetabolism as a result of neurohormonal alterations. Thus caloric requirements are exaggerated. Failure to provide supranormal caloric intake by both enteral and parenteral routes is associated with pronounced weight loss, delayed wound healing, decreased host resistance, and cellular dysfunction. Special dietary programs delivered early in the course of treatment must be utilized to prevent these complications of acute postburn malnutrition. | 104,400 | [
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The course of infection of trypanosoma cruzi in gamma-irradiated rats. | The course of infection of both blood and tissues by the Sonya strain of Trypanosoma cruzi in gamma-irradiated rats has been investigated. The blood infection was dimorphic; slender and broad forms were present throughout, though broad forms predominated at high parasitaemias. Both total blood parasitaemia and numbers of slender forms increased progressively in a series of waves with a periodicity of about four days. The rate of increase in the numbers of intracellular parasites corresponded with this, suggesting that the intracellular development cycle is also about four days. Tissue infection appeared to originate at the site of subcutaneous infection but subsequently occurred in the heart, and then later in the muscle of the hind limbs and alimentary tract. | 104,411 | [
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Studies of erythrocyte sequestration. II. Liver homing. | Xenogeneic and enzyme-treated erythrocytes rapidly home to the rat liver as measured by scintigraphic procedures. Histology and scanning electron microscopy revealed that pronase digested erythrocytes are taken up as whole cells by liver histiocytes. | 104,429 | [
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Failure of the TRH test to predict the clinical course of patients in remission after antithyroid drug therapy for Graves' disease. | In an attempt to assess the predictive value of the TRH test in patients in remission after stopping antithyroid drugs for thyrotoxicosis, 11 euthyroid patients with a subnormal (group I) and 23 euthyroid patients with a normal serum TSH response to TRH (group II) were followed-up for one year. The mean +/- SE intervals since the withdrawal of drug therapy were 23.2 +/- 1.6 and 20.4 +/- 0.7 months, respectively, at the outset of the study. Five patients (45%) from group I and 7 patients (30%) from group II relapsed during the period of observation. In addition, a change from a subnormal TSH response to TRH and vice versa occurred in some patients. It is not possible to predict by means of the TRH test the subsequent clinical course of patients in remission following antithyroid drug therapy. | 104,514 | [
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DNA content of cells in human buccal smears. A preliminary study. | The DNA content of the cells from human buccal smears, stained by the Feulgen method, was estimated by absorbtion microdensitometry using a Quantimet 720 D image analyser. It was concluded from measurements that most of the cells in buccal smears contained 2C DNA; however, among the cells from male donors a substantial proportion of cells (about 17%) contained less than 2C DNA. This difference between population of male cells versus female cells was statistically significant. The mean value of DNA content was estimated to be 7.7% lower for male cells than for female cells. The conclusions are preliminary because relatively small samples of cells have been measured. | 104,530 | [
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0.1262735,
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0.0460715,
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0.2619894,
0.5740734,
0.3637816,
0.03408004,
-0... |
The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal function. | Serum creatinine, endogenous creatinine clearance, (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance and the concentration of beta2-microglobulin in serum and urine were determined in 19 patients before and during treatment with cimetidine for peptic ulcer disease. The mean concentrations of creatinine and beta2-microglobulin in serum increased significantly within normal limits after 2 and 6 weeks' treatment. However, creatinine clearance and (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance were unchanged during the treatment. Thus, the observed increases in serum creatinine and beta2-microglobulin could not be explained by a diminished glomerular filtration rate. Inhibited tubular secretion of creatinine may explain the observed increase in serum creatinine during cimetidine treatment. Another hypothetical possibility is that a small increase in tubular reabsorption of both creatinine and beta2-microglobulin would account for the observed increases in creatinine and beta2-microglobulin in serum. It is concluded that, although statistically significant, the increases in serum creatinine and beta2-microglobulin are small and therefore of little relevance for the patient's treatment with cimetidine. | 104,553 | [
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... |
Intermittent bleeding from minute to minute in acute massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage: arteriographic demonstration. | Acute massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage can be intermittent from minute to minute. This phenomenon is documented by arteriography in three patients. Failure to demonstrate active bleeding by angiography therefore may not prove cessation of bleeding or indicate an inadequate examination. | 104,564 | [
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Mammographic parenchymal patterns as risk indicators for incident cancer in a screening program: an extended analysis. | In a screening program of self-referred women, different mammographic parenchymal patterns were related to significantly different rates for developing breast cancer. The risk of cancer detection subsequent to a negative mammographic examination was 7.6 times greater for women in the highest parenchymal risk class compared with the lowest, an increase in risk comparable to that of a personal history of breast cancer and greater than that reported for any other combination of historical risk factors. These differences are qualitatively similar to, but of a lesser magnitude than, those in previous reports which were based on symptomatic women with previous negative mammograms. Data suggest this difference in risk is inherent between parenchymal patterns, rather than indicating difficulty in identifying small cancers in dense breasts. Findings of differential parenchymal risk, coupled with other risk factors, may lead to concentrating mammographic screening on a smaller segment of the population, thus improving the benefit-to-cost ratio. | 104,567 | [
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The fate of transplanted pancreatic islets in the rat. | Syngeneic pancreatic islets transplanted into the liver or the spleen reverse streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat, but allogeneic islets function only briefly and are rejected. Shortly after transplantation, thrombi often form around transplanted tissue, particularly around nonislet tissue that contaminates islet preparations. These thrombi are a source of transient liver injury in recipients of intrahepatic grafts. A few days after transplantation, syngeneic islets injected into the portal vein are found at the periphery of portal tracts in direct contact with periportal hepatocytes, some of which become hypertrophied. Isografts remain situated in the portal tracts for prolonged periods without adverse effect on the surrounding liver. In contrast, allogeneic islets injected into the portal vein are infiltrated by small lymphocytes within 2 days of transplantation and are rapidly destroyed by the host. Syngeneic islets injected into the splenic pulp localize in the sinusoids and, 1 month or more after transplantation, are often surrounded by connective tissue or local collections of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Allogeneic islets injected into the spleen are rejected with the same intensity and at approximately the same rate as allogeneic islets injected into the portal vein. Transplant rejection leaves no significant lasting morphologic effect on the host liver or spleen. | 104,625 | [
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An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. II. Relations between dental dimorphism, body size dimorphism and diet. | Odontometric, dietary, and body weight data were collected for a sample of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (frugivore, folivore, and omnivore) , and indices were constructed to estimate the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, postcanine area and incisor width in each of the species. Analysis proceeded by means of the analysis of covariance with the dental dimorphism indices as the dependent variables. Body weight dimorphism was not significantly related to either measure of dental dimorphism across the sample, and an analysis by diet alone revealed that omnivores show significantly higher dental dimorphism than do either of the other two diet classes. The relationship between this result and theories of sexual subniche differentiation is discussed. | 104,629 | [
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Assessment of adrenocortical function in asthmatic patients on long-term triamcinolone acetonide treatment. | The adrenocortical function of 48 adult asthmatic patients on long-term corticoid therapy was studied. All were treated with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for from two to six (average 3.5 years). The adrenocortical function was assessed using a short Synacthen test as a screening procedure and a five-hour Synacthen test for TA exclusively treated patients with abnormal response in the short test. Among patients on long-term TA were nine with abnormally short Synacthen tests. The five-hour test revealed six abnormal responses (12% of the entire group of TA treated patients). Contrary to previously expressed opinions the authors feel that TA long-term treatment only occasionally causes steady adrenal suppression. | 104,641 | [
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Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of cattle to Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium bovis, and tetanus toxoid: evaluation of immunization and assay techniques. | A concentration of 2.5 X 10(-5) M 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) added to the medium in lymphocyte blastogenesis assays increased both the uptake of [3H]thymidine in unstimulated lymphocyte cultures and the probability of detecting antigen-sensitized cattle. The use of 2-ME did not cause lymphocytes from unsensitized cattle to react positively in blastogenesis assays. A crude brucella lysate prepared from Brucella abortus strain 19 was compared with a well-characterized brucella protein allergen prepared from B melitensis and was found to be equally suitable for use in blastogenesis assays. Cell-mediated immunity was produced most effectively in 4-month-old calves by tetanus toxoid, then by Mycobacterium bovis, and least effectively by B abortus. | 104,645 | [
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[The fate of patients with stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery]. | We have studied the fate of 49 patients with stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery of more than 50%. The follow-up period extends from 1,5 years to 5 years (with a mean of 33.83 +/- 13.55 months). The clinical picture was not characteristic. Unstable angina was found in 59% of cases. The exercice test (29 patients) was positive in 100%, with a mean depression of 3.3 mm. Stenosis of the trunk, which is rarely an isolated condition (8% of cases), is usually associated with disorders of the other main coronary vessels. Twenty six patients underwent surgery. Thirteen patients who were operable were treated medically. The performance of the left ventricle and the degree of involvement of the coronary arteries were comparable in these two groups. Seven inoperable patients were treated medically. Actuarial survival curves show a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in survival after two years between the operated cases (88%), the operable cases treated medically (60%), and the inoperable cases (57%). The decreased mortality of the operated cases corresponds also with a greater functional capacity in the survivors compared with that of the cases treated medically. | 104,683 | [
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[Evaluation of cardiac performance in the hypertensive patient. Effect of a beta-blocking agent: atenolol]. | Cardiac output (isotopic dilution method) and systolic time intervals were studied in 11 sustained and 8 borderline essential hypertensive patients, before and after intravenous administration of atenolol, a potent beta-blocking agent. Atenolol decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) cardiac output and heart rate. In borderline hypertensives, the preejection periods were significantly reduced. Atenolol prolonged the preejection periods more significantly (p less than 0.01) in borderline than in permanent hypertensives. Non invasive hemodynamic technics enabled the cardiac performance to be evaluated in hypertensives and the contribution of neurogenic factors in borderline hypertension to be estimated. | 104,684 | [
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Purification and effects of fulvocin C, a bacteriocin from Myxococcus fulvus Mx f16. | Fulvocin C is a bacteriocin from Myxococcus fulvus Mx f16. It has a molecular weight of 4672 and is one of the smallest bacteriocins known. Four disulfide bonds give the molecule a tight structure, so that its native form was not attacked by chymotrypsin or pronase. Fulvocin C was stable in various organic solvents and could tolerate 80 degrees C in aqueous solution without loss of activity. The killing effect of fulvocin C was observed only at concentrations higher than 0.25 mumol/1. Macromolecular synthesis (DNA, RNA, protein) was affected very gradually. Viability in growing cultures decreased slowly from 100 to 25% during one generation (8 h). Cell division was affected early. After one generation v-shaped cell pairs had accumulated in the culture. Electron microscopic pictures revealed extended membrane systems connected with the inner membrane. The most striking effect was that often the outer membranes of neighbouring cells seemed to have fused laterally. With further incubation many cells lost their rod shape and empty bags became predominant. | 104,692 | [
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Neurofibromatosis in childhood. | A study of 78 children with neurofibromatosis showed that 40% had an autosomal dominant form of inheritence and a wide variety of manifestations which developed at varying stages during childhood. The pattern of these manifestations differed in many respects from the pattern seen in adults with neurofibromatosis. As a result of our inability to predict the future appearance of these manifestations and the difficulty encountered in treating advanced lesions, it is suggested that a policy of early detection and treatment is advisable. This applies particularly to intrathoracic neurofibromas, tumours of the optic nerves, spinal cord and brain, and kyphoscoliosis. | 104,700 | [
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Prematurity and perinatal mortality in the Rhesus (Macaca mulatta): relationship to birth weight and gestational age. | While the relative influence of birth weight and gestational age in determining perinatal mortality has not been definitively established, it has been assumed that birth weight makes the predominant contribution to perinatal mortality. The joint effects of birth weight and gestational age were examined by analyzing approximately 2,500 births from timed pregnancies in two rhesus (Macaca mulatta) breeding colonies. Perinatal events in the rhesus are described and shown to be similar to the human. The results demonstrate that gestational age is as important as birth weight in determining perinatal mortality. Since the degree of accuracy in the estimation of rhesus gestational age was much greater than is usually attained in human studies, the estimation of gestational age from the last menses may be too crude to determine the importance of this variable in human perinatal mortality. | 104,745 | [
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Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from Bartholin's ducts. | Exudate from Bartholin's ducts from 30 selected patients was investigated for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from the duct exudate in 24 patients and C. trachomatis in nine. Concurrent infection of the ducts was present in seven (29.2%); the remaining two patients were sexual contacts of men with non-specific urethritis. The duct exudate was mucopus in seven patients, cloudy mucus in one, and clear mucus in the other. Although contamination of the vulva by C. trachomatis derived from cervical or urethral infection cannot be excluded, three cases are described which suggest that a true infection of the duct occurs and may persist after gonococcal infection has been cured. | 104,771 | [
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0.3484663... |
Effects of Ca, Mg, and EDTA on creatine kinase activity in cerebrospinal fluid. | For one to obtain a precise estimate of creatine kinase (CK) activity in cerebrospinal fluid, the sample fraction is increased by about 10-fold over that used for serum. This increases the concentration of interfering substances, Ca being especially important. Therefore, the relationship between Ca, Mg, and EDTA was examined. Enzyme activity was maximal with 15 mmol of Mg per liter in the presence of 3 mmol of EDTA per liter, otherwise according to the (Scandinavian) recommended conditions for determination of CK activity in serum. These modifications increased the activity of CK by 35% for CK-MM and by 60% for CK-BB. Counteraction of Ca-induced inhibition was the main reason to this increase. We describe a practical and sensitive method for determining CK in cerebrospinal fluid. | 104,806 | [
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Evaluation of two commercially available laser nephelometers and their recommended methods for measurement of serum immunoglobulin G. | The Hyland and Behring laser nephelometer systems for assay of specific proteins are described. Immunoglobulin G was measured to assess the overall performance of the two systems. Intra-batch precision figures were comparable to those for the radial immunodiffusion method run routinely in our laboratory. There was no significant interference from turbid or lipemic specimens. Accuracy, ease of instrument operation, standard curve stability, linearity, and accessory equipment are discussed. Immunoglobulin G is measured rapidly, accurately, and precisely by either system. | 104,807 | [
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Lateralized preferences and right-left discrimination in the monkey: choice of mirror-image shape, position of recovered food and hand usage. | Rhesus monkeys were tested for lateral preferences during mirror-image shape discrimination and food recovery from a row of pellets. Position of recovered food was unrelated to hand preference or mirror-image preference. There was no significant difference in the number of individuals preferring right and left lateral mirror-image shapes. Individuals tended to retain the same mirror-image preference to the same degree upon repeated testing. Animals of greater weight had stronger preferences. In all these respects, the features of mirror-image preference resembled those previously described for hand preference during a simple reaching task. The strength of different lateral preferences expressed by each animal were not significantly related thus failing to support the concept that asymmetric bodily responses can serve as cues for right-left discrimination in the environment. However, when the direction as well as strength of preference was considered, there appeared to be a tendency for animals to prefer the mirror-image shape whose reward bias was opposite to that of the preferred hand. This finding might have been due to a positional bias though there was evidence against this possibility. | 104,822 | [
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The inverse relationship between cost and survival in the critically ill cancer patient. | The enormous cost of intensive multiple organ system support is apparent from patient or third party charges of $1500--$2000 per day exclusive of physician fees sampled during a retrospective review of 700 consecutive recent admissions to the Critical Care Facility of Memorial Cancer Center. Mortality rates of 49% for general medical, 54% for lymphoma or leukemia, and 20% for surgery patients suggest the need for a selective admission and discharge policy which concentrates financial and personnel resources on those for whom there remains a reasonable chance of worthwhile palliation, if not cure, of their malignancy. An informal policy of this kind may have contributed to a 10% increase in hospital discharges and a reduction of in-unit mortality from 22--18% when compared to 1035 earlier unselected admissions. A modified version of the classification suggested by the Critical Care Committee of the Massachusetts General Hospital has been adopted for use at this institution. A similar approach by other cancer centers is urged so that predictive indices based on prognosis of the underlying disease as well as physiological status may be developed. Otherwise, cost-benefit analysis by third party payers or government will become an unavoidable, and less satisfactory, alternative. | 104,824 | [
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Induced varicoceles in rhesus monkeys. | Varicoceles were surgically induced unilaterally in seveh rhesus monkeys. Effects of the varicoceles were documented by quantitative and qualitative changes in the semen analysis and testicular biopsies. Testicular temperatures appeared to be higher bilaterally in animals with varicoceles. Testosterone and estradiol levels in the testicular vein were somewhat higher on the experimental side. We found no evidence for adrenal retrograde flow. | 104,889 | [
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Effect of auranofin, a new antiarthritic agent, on immune complex-induced release of lysosomal enzymes from human leukocytes. | Auranofin, an oral chrysotherapeutic agent effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was found to be a potent, noncytotoxic inhibitor of IgG-RF immune complex-induced lysosomal enzyme release (LER) from human leukocytes. At a concentration of 1 microg Au/ml (5 microM), auranofin produced a marked reduction in beta-glucuronidase (100%), acid phosphatase (88%), and lysozyme (72%) release. In contrast, gold sodium thiosulfate (GST, an injectable gold compound) had no inhibitory activity on LER at equivalent gold concentrations (i.e., 1 microg Au/ml) and only modest activity (less than 36% inhibition) at concentrations as high as 40 microg Au/ml. The 50% inhibitory dose (LD50) of auranofin on LER was calculated to be 3-4 microM (0.6-0.8 microg Au/ml). Blood gold levels in auranofin-treated RA patients were found to be within the range required for in vitro inhibition of LER, and correlated with decreases in IgG, RF titers, and IgG-RF immune-complex formation in vitro. These results suggest that the therapeutic action of auranofin may be caused, at least in part, by inhibition of LER and/or decreases in immune-complex formation. | 104,928 | [
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The effect of dopamine on renal cortical blood flow in baboons with experimentally induced obstructive jaundice. | The effect of dopamine hydrochloride on renal blood flow in bile duct ligated baboons was assessed using the 133Xe washout technique. Intrarenal infusions of dopamine in different concentrations did not significantly increase renal cortical blood flow. On the contrary, over the lower dose range, the normal dopamine-induced renal vasodilatation was abolished in the jaundiced state. An in vitro experiment that measured the perfusion pressure of an isolated rabbit kidney perfused with normal and jaundiced baboon plasma confirmed the in vivo results. These observations suggest that dopamine would not be of value in treating the renal failure that may develop in patients with obstructive jaundice. | 104,935 | [
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0... |
Rifampin-resistant mutants of Myxococcus xanthus defective in development. | Rifampin, an antibiotic which is known to bind to and inhibit RNA polymerase, was used to probe the molecular regulation of development in Myxococcus xanthus. Rifampin-resistant mutants were screened for defects in fruiting-body formation. About 20% of the isolates in the initial screenings showed major defects in developmental aggregation or sporulation. Eleven independent mutants with wild-type growth rates and stable phenotypes were analyzed by transduction. In these strains, the rifampin-resistant and nonfruiting phenotypes showed cotransduction frequencies equal to or greater than 99.0 to 99.9%. The RNA polymerase activities were resistant to rifampin in vitro, indicating that the RNA polymerase is altered in these strains. Although their fruiting phenotypes are heterogeneous, these strains can be divided into two classes based on the level of aggregation. The results suggest that RNA polymerase plays a significant role in the regulation of development in M. xanthus since mutations which cause no apparent changes in vegetative growth result in striking defects in fruiting-body formation. | 104,962 | [
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Homology of the gene coding for outer membrane lipoprotein within various Gram-negative bacteria. | The mRNA for a major outer membrane lipoprotein from Escherichia coli was found to hybridize specifically with one of the EcoRI and one of the HindIII restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of total DNA from nine bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae: E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter aerogenes, Edwardsiella tarda, Serratia marcescens, and Erwinia amylovora. However, among the Enterobacteriaceae, DNA from two species of Proteus (P. mirabilis and P. morganii) did not contain any restriction endonuclease fragments that hybridized with the E. coli lipoprotein mRNA. Furthermore, no hybrid bands were detected in four other gram-negative bacteria outside the family Enterobacteriaceae: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N, Caulobacter crescentus, and Myxococcus xanthus. Envelope fractions from all bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae tested above cross-reacted with antiserum against the purified E. coli free-form lipoprotein in the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test. Both species of Proteus, however, gave considerably weaker precipitation lines, in comparison with the intense lines produced by the other members of the family. All of the above four bacteria outside the family Enterobacteriaceae did not cross-react with anti-E. coli lipoprotein serum. From these results, the rate of evolutionary changes in the lipoprotein gene seems to be closely related to that observed for various soluble enzymes of the Enterobacteriaceae. | 104,972 | [
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Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on phospholipids and outer membrane function in Escherichia coli. | Treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 strain S15, containing a normal amount of phospholipase A, with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) resulted in an increase in sensitivity of the organism to actinomycin D. Strain S17, a mutant deficient in both detergent-resistant phospholipase A and detergent-sensitive phospholipase A, was considerably less sensitive to the antibiotic after the treatment. Both strains released lipopolysaccharide after EDTA treatment, indicating that this outer membrane component alone is not the barrier to actinomycin in these organisms. The phospholipase A-deficient strain released less alkaline phosphatase, a periplasmic enzyme. EDTA treatment of S15 resulted in the accumulation of free fatty acids, indicative of phospholipase A activation. Cells briefly treated with EDTA regained the barrier to actinomycin when incubated in growth media, and the cessation of the accumulation of free fatty acids was in approximate temporal agreement with restoration of the barrier. Cells in which phospholipase A was activated by brief exposure to EDTA synthesized relatively more phosphatidylethanolamine than did untreated cells in the initial period after dilution into growth media. These experiments suggest that the EDTA-induced loss of outer membrane barrier function of E. coli K-12 is mediated through the activation of phospholipase A. | 104,974 | [
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Purification and partial characterization of three forms of alpha-glucosidase from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. | Three forms of alpha-glucosidase, I, II, and III, have been purified from the whole body extract of adult flies of Drosophila melanogaster in yields of 2.1, 5.3, and 6.7%, respectively. The purification procedures involved ammonium sulfate fractionation, Con A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography, Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and preparative gel electrophoresis. Each purified enzyme showed a single band on polyacrylamide gel on both protein and enzyme activity staining. The molecular weights of alpha-glucosidases I, II, and III were estimated to be 200,000, 56,000, and 76,000, respectively, by gel filtration. SDS gels indicated that alpha-glucosidases II and III were each composed of a single polypeptide chain, whereas alpha-glucosidase I was composed of two identical subunits. Both alpha-glucosidases II and III hydrolyzed sucrose and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucoside (PNPG), but alpha-glucosidase I hydrolyzed PNPG to a much lesser extent than sucrose. For sucrose the pH optima of alpha-glucosidases I, II, and III were pH 6.0, 5.0, and 6.0 and the Km values were 13.1, 8.9, and 10 mM, respectively. For PNPG the pH optima of alpha-glucosidases II and III were pH 5.5 and 6.5 and the Km values were 0.77 and 0.21 mM, respectively. | 104,985 | [
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Studies on human kininogens. I. Isolation, characterization, and cleavage by plasma kallikrein of high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen. | 1. Human high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen was highly purified from human plasma by chromatographies on QAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-Sephadex C-50. Human HMW-kininogen thus purified was a mixture of a single chain and a disulfide-linked pair of chains. Human HMW-kininogen is an acidic glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 120,000. The amino acid composition of human HMW-kininogen is quite similar to that of bovine HMW-kininogen. 2. We investigated whether the liberation of kinin from human HMW-kininogen by human plasma kallikrein was accompanied by liberation of histidine-rich fragments, as observed with bovine HMW-kininogen (Han et al. (1975) J. Biochem. 77, 55--68). After prolonged incubation of human HMW-kininogen and human plasma kallikrein followed by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-50, a fragment of molecular weight 8,000 was isolated together with bradykinin. However, the histidine content of the fragment was not as high as that in the bovine fragments. Most of the histidine in human HMW-kininogen was recovered in the kinin-free protein, and the light chain of kinin-free protein was found to be rich in histidine compared with the heavy chain. These results suggest that the histidine-rich sequence in human HMW-kininogen is not released by the action of human plasma kallikrein, but remains bound to the light chain of kinin-free protein. | 104,988 | [
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Effects of alpha- and beta-D-glucose on germination of spores of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551. | The effects of D-glucose anomers on the germination of dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 were studied, alpha-D-Glucose (1 mM) slightly initiated the germination of the dormant spores during 10 min incubation at 37 degrees C, while about 60% of the dormant spores became germinated with beta-D-glucose (1 mM) in the same conditions. From the above observations and the finding that only a trace amount of alpha- or beta-D-glucose may bind with the dormant spores, it is speculated that the beta-D-glucose-stereospecific receptor site for the germination exists on the surface of the dormant spores of the bacillus. | 104,990 | [
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The polysaccharides from heterocyst and spore envelopes of a blue-green alga. Structure of the basic repeating unit. | The polysaccharides from the envelopes of heterocysts and spores of Anabaena cylindrica consist of repeating units containing 1 mannosyl and 3 glucosyl residues, all linked by beta(1 yields 3) glycosidic bonds, with glycosidic bonds, with glucose, xylose, galactose, and mannose present in side branches. Degradation of the polysaccharides with specific glycosidases has permitted identification of the linkages to almost all of the branches. When the polysaccharides, from which all but two types of side branches had been cleaved, were digested with a beta(1 yields 3) endoglucanase, glucose, a tri-, and a pentasaccharide were produced. The oligosaccharide products were identified as (see article of journal). The backbones of the polysaccharides were sequenced from the reducing terminus by a modified Smith degradation. Analysis with NaB3H4 at each stage of the degradation showed that the backbones terminate in the sequence Man-Glc-Glc-Glc and are therefore presumed to have the structure (Man-Glc-Glc-Glc)n, and that they contain an average of from 128 to 150 sugar residues. From the information obtained, the repeating sequences of the original polysaccharides from the two types of differentiated cells of A. cylindrica could be largely deduced and appeared to be identical. | 104,995 | [
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Enzyme replacement therapy by fibroblast transplantation: long-term biochemical study in three cases of Hunter's syndrome. | We have assessed the effectiveness of transplanted histocompatible fibroblasts as a long-lived source of lysosomal enzymes for replacement therapy in three patients with Hunter's syndrome, over periods ranging from 2.5 to 3.75 yr. The level of Hunter corrective factor excreted by all three patients increased after transplantation, as did the activity of alpha-L-idurono-2-sulfate sulfatase in serum, when measured directly with a radioactive disulfated disaccharide substrate. Sulfatase activity was also raised in leukocyte homogenates from the two patients that we were able to assess. These increases in enzyme activity were accompanied by corresponding increases in catabolism of heparan and dermatan sulfates, as shown by (a) a decrease in sulfate:uronic ratios of urinary oligosaccharides, (b) an increase in iduronic acid monosaccharide, and (c) a normalization of Bio-Gel P-2 gel filtration profiles. Both the increase in enzyme activity and increased catabolism were maintained during the period of study and were not affected by either a gradual decrease or total withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy. | 105,013 | [
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Aspirin inhibits development of coronary atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) fed an atherogenic diet. | The effect of aspirin in the primary prevention of diet-induced atherogenesis in cynomolgus monkeys was studied. The diet consisted of 2% cholesterol and 10% butter by weight for 24 wk. Six monkeys received only the atherogenic diet and five monkeys received the diet plus aspirin, 81 mg/monkey per day. Aspirin did not affect plasma cholesterol levels or aortic atherosclerosis. Platelet aggregation to arachidonic acid was almost completely suppressed. Aspirin decreased significantly the number of coronary vessels with atherosclerotic involvement, and the number of coronary vessels narrowed by 20% or more. Thus, aspirin appears to exert a protective effect in the primary prevention of diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis in a primate model. | 105,014 | [
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The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response induced in man by inactivated influenza vaccines and by natural infection. | The anti-haemagglutinin antibody response in adult human volunteers to inactivated whole virus or tween ether split influenza A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) and A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccines was investigated using antibody absorption and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) techniques. The concentrations of haemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) antigens measured by single radial diffusion (SRD) and rocket immunoelectrophoresis were similar for both the whole virus and split vaccines. Whole virus and split vaccines induced crossreactive (CR) antibody in 87% of vaccinees. Strain specific (SS) antibody to A/Hong Kong/1/68 of the homologous virus was induced less frequently than CR antibody. Higher anti-haemagglutinin antibody titres were detected in persons receiving the split virus vaccines than in those receiving the whole virus vaccines. No antibody to the type-specific matrix protein was detectable, but 33% of volunteers developed an antibody rise to type-specific nucleoprotein antigen. The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response in human adults to natural infection with A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2) virus was similar to that induced by inactivated vaccines in that a high proportion of subjects developed CR anti-haemagglutinin antibody, which reacted with A/Hong Kong/68 virus and the homologous A/Port Chalmers/73 virus, and SS antibody for A/Hong Kong/68 virus but SS antibody for A/Port Chalmers/73 virus was infrequently stimulated by natural infection. | 105,040 | [
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Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae. | A series of 330 patients with recurrent aphthae was screened for deficiencies of iron, folate and vitamin B12. In 47 patients (14.2%) such deficiencies were found; 23 were deficient in iron, seven in folic acid, six in vitamin B12 and in addition 11 patients had combined deficiencies. Clinical examination of the aphthae was not helpful in identifying individual patients with a nutritional deficiency although patients with an associated glossitis or angular cheilitis were more likely to suffer from such deficiencies. Screening of the patients by examination of their peripheral blood alone (estimation of haemoglobin and absolute values, and blood film examination) detected only a proportion of those with deficiencies of iron or folic acid, although in this series such screening was able to identify the small number of cases with vitamin B12 deficiency. The 33 patients with a proven nutritional deficiency who were available for follow-up showed a favourable response to corrective therapy; 23 showed a complete remission of ulcers, 11 were improved and five were not helped. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the results indicate the need for full haematological screening of all patients with recurrent aphthae. | 105,102 | [
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Vascular changes in the pterygopalatine fossa after craniofacial dysjunction surgery. | A study was undertaken to determine vascular changes and the timing of these changes after craniofacial dysjunction surgery. Ten adult male Macaca cynomulgus monkeys were studied with techniques using angiograms and vascular vinyl cast preparations before and after unilateral Le Fort III osteotomy. After surgical disruption of the maxillary artery, the flow of blood was initially maintained by anastomotic branches of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. Stepwise reconstruction of the disrupted maxillary artery took place via numerous collateral vessels that bridged the site of disruption; continuity of the artery was nearly normal by five weeks. | 105,108 | [
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The fine structure of elongate gametocytes of Leucocytozoon ziemanni (Laveran). | In an effort to establish comparative data within the genus Leucocytozoon, elongate gametocytes of L. ziemanni from naturally infected great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) were examined by electron microscopy. Micro- and macrogametocytes proved to be easily distinguishable at the electron microscopic level due to dramatic dimorphism at maturity and cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology. The parasite membrane architecture, number and type of cytoplasmic ribosomes of both micro- and macrogametocytes, presence and arrangement of osmiophilic bodies and electron dense spheres, mitochondrial morphology, endoplasmic reticulum cisternae morphology, mitochondria containing pocket infoldings of the nuclear membrane of the microgametocytes, and cytostome and food vacuole formation compare favorably with available information on L. simondi and L. smithi. Comparative variations exist only in that L. ziemanni gametocytes apparently lack compartmentalization of the cytoplasm by aligned unit membranes and parasite induced separations of the host cell nucleus as reported for L. simondi. | 105,117 | [
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Ophthalmological findings in 34 patients with Waardenburg syndrome. | In the Netherlands five families with 34 previously unreported patients with Waardenburg syndrome were traced. Twenty-three patients with the syndrome including dystopia canthorum (Type I) were ophthalmologically examined and three patients with the syndrome without dystopia canthorum (Type II) were also examined. Ten of the 15 patients with pigmentary disorders of the iris also showed a shortage of pigment in the retina. Convergent strabismus occurred in an higher percentage of the examined patients (19%) than in the normal population (4-5%). | 105,123 | [
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Muscle responses and monosynaptic reflexes in falling monkey. Role of the vestibular system. | The free fall has been used in our laboratory as a way to test vestibular function in baboons in order to quantify vestibular compensation in the hemilabyrinthectomized animal. This study presents only those results that concern the contribution of the vestibular system to muscle responses due to sudden fall. EMG activity was recorded from the fully conscious animal using chronic electrodes implanted in various muscles. Spinal monosynaptic reflexes (Hoffmann's and tendon reflexes) were studied in the soleus muscle. Baboons were seated in a special chair suspended from an electromagnet and unexpectedly dropped 90 cm. Experiments were performed in normal, unilateral and bilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons. 1. In normal baboons, results showed a first short-latency response in all tested muscles, followed by a second peak of EMG activity in these muscles. Comparison with data from bilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons demonstrates that normal vestibular function is essential for the appearance of the first peak; the second peak rapidly disappears in our experimental situation where the animal's fall is mechanically braked and interrupted, so the animal does not have to make the postural adjustments necessary for landing, It is suggested that the first peak is concerned with the automatic and reflex control of landing, the second with the voluntary breaking of landing. 2. The modulation of monosynaptic spinal reflexes is closely related to the EMG response in soleus muscle. Facilitation of the H-reflex begins just prior to the onset of the EMG activity and continues as long as the baboon is falling. The T-reflex modulation presents a similar time course except in its early phase where it is depressed. Decrease in T and increase in H-reflexes suggest that the EMG response is most likely due to direct activation of alpha-motoneurons and not by means of the gamma-loop. 3. In unilateral vestibular neurectomized baboons, EMG and reflexological data show the classical asymmetry characterized by a strong decrease of the responses on the side of the lesion, and by a pronounced increase on the contralateral side. It is concluded that this represents the imbalance between the resting discharge of the vestibular neurons, and discloses the influence of labyrinthine afferences at the spinal level. We suggest consequently the use of EMG responses and modulation of spinal reflexes to fall in order to quantify vestibular compensation. | 105,128 | [
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Persistent cloaca in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). | A persistent cloaca was found to occur in a 15-year-old female cynomolgus monkey. This is the first case reported in a nonhuman primate. The embryological basis of this anomaly is discussed, and pertinent anatomical findings in this animal are reported which demonstrate the embryologic defect. | 105,140 | [
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A serologic survey of mule deer and elk in Utah. | Sera from mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus canadensis) in central and northern Utah were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to 11 diseases communicable to man or domestic livestock. Antibodies to Francisella tularensis (at 1:20) were found in 47 of 88 (53.4%) elk and 1 of 89 (1.1%) deer. A screening slide agglutination test for titers to Brucella (at 1:20) showed two reactors in elk but none in deer sera. No positive antibody titers were obtained in tests for anaplasmosis, Colorado tick fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q-fever, psittacosis, Powassan, western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and California encephalitis. | 105,153 | [
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Tryptophan genes in Rhizobium--their organization and their transfer to other bacterial genera. | R. leguminosarum trp alleles mapped by R68.45-mediated recombination were located in three distinct chromosomal regions. We isolated three derivatives of R68.45 that carried different trp genes of R. meliloti. Each of the plasmids suppressed all of the R. leguminosarum trp alleles in a particular region. The R-primes were transferred to strains of P. aeruginosa carrying mutations in different trp genes. The plasmid pAJ24JI suppressed trpA, B and F mutants, pAJ73JI suppressed trpC and D and pAJ88JI suppressed a trpE mutant. When the R-primes were transferred to E. coli trp strains they failed to suppress any trp mutants. A derivative of pAJ24JI was isolated which was able to suppress trpA and F mutants of E. coli. | 105,238 | [
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Murein-lipoprotein of Escherichia coli: a protein involved in the stabilization of bacterial cell envelope. | Two independent mutants of Escherichia coli lacking murein-lipoprotein have been found. One mutant whose mutation was named lpo was subjected to detailed analyses. The absence of both bound and unbound lipoproteins was shown by electrophoretic analysis of 14C-arginine labelled membrane proteins of the mutant. Nor was serologically cross-reacting material detected in the mutant by the Ouchterlony-method. Sequestering magnesium from mutant cell suspensions by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid caused cell lysis, which was prevented in the presence of 0.5 M sucrose. Incubation in culture media at a very low level of magnesium resulted in the formation of blebs in the mutant. Examination of mutant cells by electron microscopy showed that the outer membrane of the mutant was uneven with small irregular protuberances, some of which pinched off forming vesicles of various sizes. Phosphotungstate used for negative-staining penetrated into the periplasmic space of the mutant cells. The mutants leaked a considerable fraction of their periplasmic enzymes. These physiological and morphological alterations in the lipoproteinless mutant suggest that murein-lipoprotein helps to maintain the outer envelope structure by connecting the outer membrane with murein so that the outer membrane may fulfil its physiological functions as a barrier to the environment. | 105,245 | [
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rDNA magnification in D. melanogaster: state of rDNA copies following the first step. | D. melanogaster males of XYbb/O genetic constitution undergoing rDNA magnification were mated singly to XXbb+/O females, yielding XYbb/O male progeny, and to XNO- w sn bb+ females, yielding XYbb/XNO- females. The male and female offspring were scored for the bb+ phenotype. Results show that there is a higher percentage of bb+ flies in the XYbb/O male progeny than in XYbb/XNO- female progeny, in single crosses as well as in the combined data. rRNA/DNA hybridization experiments agree with this observation, by showing that the rDNA content in the progeny of premagnified flies was higher in the sons than in the daughters. These data indicate that the increase of ribosomal RNA genes is not due to a stable event such as an unequal mitotic sister exchange, whereas they do not contrast with the extracopy model. | 105,247 | [
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[Iron substitution in postoperative anemia during thromboembolic prophylaxis (author's transl)]. | After major operations in 246 patients it was shown that there was no greater blood loss with thromboembolic prophylaxis with heparin and acetylsalicylic acid and healing proceeded undisturbed in view of the demonstrated reductions of hemoglobin and hematocrit which correspond to those of the gynecological operations without thromboembolic prophylaxis, these patients also must be given longterm iron substitution. | 105,270 | [
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