title stringlengths 0 901 | abstract stringlengths 3 9.89k | PMID int64 22 25.3M | embedding listlengths 768 768 |
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A light microscopic study of the effects of testicular hyaluronidase on the outflow system of a baboon (Papio cynocephalus). | An attempt was made to investigate the effects of hyaluronidase on the morphology of the baboon outflow system. The eyes of six adult baboons provided the material for this histological study. For each animal the IOP in both eyes was maintained at 18 mm Hg, and 150 IU of testicular hyaluronidase were introduced into one eye and a control solution into the other. It was observed by light microscopy that the outer meshwork was more distended in the hyaluronidase-treated outflow system than in the corresponding controls. Further, it was found from a quantitative analysis that the incidence of giant vacuoles in the endothelium of Schlemm's canal was greater in the experimental than the control eye of each animal. The difference between the vacuole counts in the experimental and control eyes was significant in five of the six animals. These preliminary findings provide morphological evidence which indicates that there is a hyaluronidase-sensitive barrier to aqueous outflow in the baboon drainage system. | 107,142 | [
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Purine nucleoside phosphorylase cleaves the C--O bond of ribose 1-phosphate. Evidence from the 18O shift in 31P NMR. | An equilibrium mixture of highly enriched [18(O)]Pi (represents the mixture of [[18(O)4]Pi, [[18(O)3]Pi, [18(O)2]Pi as represented in the figures, unless otherwise specified), alpha-D-ribose 1-[16(O)]phosphate, and hypoxanthine plus inosine was equilibrated with calf spleen purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1). The 31P NMR spectrum clearly indicated the formation of alpha-D-ribose 1-[18(O)4]-phosphate and of [16(O)]Pi. Incubation for the same time span in the absence of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate left the [18(O)4]Pi isotopic distribution unchanged. The results clearly demonstrated that the C--O bond of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate is cleaved in the enzymatic reaction. It is unlikely that the enzyme catalyzes the exchange of oxygen between Pi and H2O. Several possible mechanistic pathways are ruled out by the results, which demand attack by a phosphate oxygen at the anomeric C-1' atom. | 107,157 | [
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Microtubules and the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. | Cultured C-6 glial cells were utilized to evaluate the effect of antimicrotubular drugs on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and cholesterol synthesis. Colchicine, Colcemid, and vinblastine (1.0 muM) caused a marked reduction in HMG-CoA reductase activity and, as a consequence, the rate of cholesterol synthesis in these cells. No effect was observed with lumicolchicine, a mixture of colchicine isomers with no effect on microtubules. The effect of colchicine was apparent within 1 h after addition to the culture medium, and, after 6 h, HMG-CoA reductase activity in treated cells was only approximately 15 to 30% of that in untreated cells. Reductase activity was very sensitive to the concentration of drug added, i.e. cells treated with just 0.1 muM colchicine for 6 h exhibited a 50% lower enzymatic activity than did untreated cells. The lack of a generalized, nonspecific toxic effect on the cells was indicated by the finding of no change in the activities of fatty acid synthetase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and the rate of total protein synthesis in cells treated with colchicine (1 muM) for 6 h. A close temporal and quantitative correlation was observed between the effects of colchicine on HMG-CoA reductase and on a parameter of microtubular function, i.e. maintenance of glial cell shape. The data suggest that microtubules are involved in the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis in C-6 glial cells. | 107,160 | [
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Biological properties of antibodies against rat adipocyte intrinsic membrane proteins. Dependence on multivalency for insulin-like activity. | Antisera from rabbits injected with rat adipocyte plasma membranes or intrinsic proteins from such membranes, obtained by a dimethylmaleic anhydride extraction step, mimicked the action of insulin on both glucose transport and lipolysis in intact adipocytes. Biological activity in both types of antisera was mediated by immunoglobulin binding to one or more intrinsic proteins of the adipocyte plasma membrane since fat cells were unresponsive to all antisera absorbed with dimethylmaleic anhydride-extracted membranes. Acid treatment of immunoprecipitates released antibodies which activated glucose uptake and reacted with solubilized adipocyte membranes on immunodiffusion plates. The biologically active immunoglobulin preparations failed to form immunoprecipitin lines when tested against membranes from brain, liver, lung, muscle, kidney, and spleen. Insulin-sensitive glucose uptake in rat soleus muscle did not respond to the antisera. The antibodies activated hexose uptake into fat cells and reacted with solubilized adipocyte membranes on immunodiffusion plates when rat or mouse adipocytes were studied, but not when monkey fat cells were used. The anti-membrane antibody preparations readily activated hexose uptake in trypsinized fat cells which had lost the capacity to bind or respond to insulin. These data are consistent with the concept previously proposed (Pillion, D.J., and Czech, M.P. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 3761-3764) that the anti-membrane immunoglobulins do not interact with the insulin binding site of the insulin receptor. Monovalent Fab fragments of the biologically active antisera, prepared by papain digestion of the native anti-membrane immunoglobulins, were ineffective in enhancing glucose uptake in adipocytes. However, biological activity of the anti-membrane Fab fragments was restored by the addition of goat anti-rabbit Fab antisera to cells treated with the Fab fraction. Anti-rabbit Fab antisera alone or in combination with Fab fragments prepared from control rabbit sera exhibited no biological activity. These results demonstrate that the ability of anti-membrane antisera to mimic the biological activity of insulin on isolated fat cells is critically dependent on immunoglobulin binding to one or more intrinsic plasma membrane proteins and the multivalent nature of immunoglobulin structure. | 107,169 | [
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Thyrotropin suppression by 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine in man. | The thyromimetic activity of 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine (DIMIT), a nonhalogenated thyroid analog, was studied in adult men using suppression of TRH-induced TSH release to assess this activity. In nine men, aged 30-58 yr, the TSH increment after 500 microgram TRH iv was compared to the TSH response to TRH 24 h after oral administration of 1 mg DIMIT. Eight euthyroid subjects had normal baseline TSH levels of 1.5 +/- 0.2 (SE) microunit/ml that fell significantly to 0.7 +/- 0.2 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT (P less than 0.005). Their TSH increments after TRH fell from 15.3 +/- 2.8 to 6.7 +/- 1.6 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT (P less than 0.001). One subject with probable Hashimoto's thyroditis had an elevated TSH of 18 microunit/ml, with an exaggerated TSH response to TRH of 72 microunit/ml. His basal TSH fell to 7.6 and his TSH increment fell to 14.3 microunit/ml 24 h after DIMIT. The suppression of TSH was relatively prolonged. In four subjects, the TSH response to TRH was still blunted from 5-12 days after DIMIT. In one subject, the TSH increment returned to normal 15 days after DIMIT. DIMIT had no significant effect on PRL secretion. There was no evidence of toxicity in patients receiving DIMIT. DIMIT has effective thyromimetic activity in man, as shown by its significant and prolonged suppression of TSH secretion. | 107,177 | [
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Halophilic, lactose-positive Vibrio in a case of fatal septicemia. | A halophilic Vibrio species was isolated from blood cultures from a 59-year-old male with enteritis. The strain differed from Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus by its ability to ferment lactose, its production of beta-galactosidase, and its lower NaCl tolerance. A report of this infection and a description of the isolate is presented. | 107,189 | [
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Connections of areas 3b and 1 of the parietal somatosensory strip with the ventroposterior nucleus in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). | Anatomical tracers were injected into electrophysiologically defined sites in somatosensory cortical Area 3b (SI proper) and Area I (posterior cutaneous field) of owl monkeys after these cortical subdivisions had been extensively explored in microelectrode mapping experiments. These mapping experiments revealed that both Areas 3b and 1 contain complete and separate representations of the body surface (Merzenich et al., '78). Restricted injections of the retrograde tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), into either Area 3b or Area 1 labeled neurons within a band of cells in the ventroposterior nucleus (VP). The location of the labeled band in VP varied with the location of the injection site in both representations, and the labeled region of VP was overlapping for injections in corresponding body parts in the two representations. Neurons projecting to the hand and foot cortical representations were in architectonically identified subnuclei. Because injections into either Area 3b or Area 1 labeled over half of the neurons in the appropriate regions of VP, it appears that some neurons in VP project to both cortical representations. Finally, injections of HRP combined with the anterograde tracer, 3H-proline, indicate that VP neurons are reciprocally interconnected with both Areas 3b and 1. | 107,204 | [
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Auditing the process of care in a new geriatric unit. | To assess whether the objectives of a new Extended Care Unit were reflected in the care of the patients and in the outcome of that care, an audit of the patients' records was performed. The audit sample involved 101 geriatric patients who had been admitted to the Unit for rehabilitation therapy, and then discharged. The study included assessment of the records for compliance with individual audit criteria, examination of the records in terms of a composite audit score, and analysis of the relationship between these scores and three outcome indices. Although the audit did not show a significant correlation between recorded care processes and treatment outcomes, it did reveal the extent to which the Unit's goals were reflected in the care process. | 107,211 | [
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Hyperthyroidism in the elderly. | In 65 elderly hyperthyroid patients (age range 50-78 years), sex differences, signs and symptoms and thyroid function were studied and the data were compared with those on 48 young hyperthyroid patients (age range 20-29 years). The incidence of hyperthyroidism was 3.5 times higher in females than in males among the young patients, whereas it was approximately equal in males and females among the elderly patients. Signs and symptoms conformed with the textbook description in the young subjects but not in the elderly ones. Measurements of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) proved useful in preventing false diagnoses in elderly patients with atypical symptoms. In some elderly subjects with marginal increases of serum T3 and T4 concentrations, measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) after administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was required to achieve an accurate diagnosis. Serum T3 and T4 levels and the thyroidal uptake of radioiodine were slightly but not significantly lower in the elderly than in the young patients. A high titer of circulating thyroid auto-antibody in the elderly may be related to this slight decrease in thyroid function. Serum T3 levels were significantly lower in the elderly than in the young subjects; this suggests impairment of peripheral monodeiodination of T4. Any abnormal serum levels of T4, T3, and TSH before and after administration of TRH could easily be restored to normal by treatment with antithyroid drugs in the elderly patients. | 107,212 | [
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Effectiveness of hypertension screening in an urban optometric clinic. | 461 randomly selected eyecare patients were screened for systemic hypertension at the clinic of the University Optometric Center, State College of Optometry, State University of New York. The results of this survey showed 52 screening failures, 30 of whom had previously been identified as having hypertension. The study showed that the screening and follow-up added $2.00 per patient to the chair cost. The authors concluded that the information provided to our patients, students and practitioners warrants this cost. | 107,214 | [
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Ultrastructural localisation of lipopolysaccharide-binding sites with peroxidase-conjugated lipopolysaccharides. | The localisation of lipopolysaccharide-binding sites on erythrocytes with peroxidase-coupled LPS is described. LPS was isolated from Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fus MC-8) by phenol-water extraction. The LPS was coupled to horseradish peroxidase by the two-step method of Avrameas and Ternynck (1971). The biological and serological activities of the conjugated LPS were compared with those of the native material. Peroxidase could be coupled to LPS without significant loss of endotoxic or serological activity. The LPS-peroxidase conjugate could be demonstrated on erythrocytes by light and electron microscopy. | 107,240 | [
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Radioimmunoassay of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg): identification of HBeAg not associated with immunoglobulins. | A radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) is described. Polystyrene beads coated with IgG prepared from a human serum containing antibodies to HBeAg (anti-HBe) and anti-HBe IgG labelled with 125I-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester were used in the test. The radioimmunoassay was approximately 1,000-fold more sensitive than immunodiffusion. At least a transient presence of HBeAg in serum appears to be a common feature of infections by hepatitis B virus. The radioimmunoassay was instrumental in establishing conditions for identification of apparently free monomeric HBeAg. The HBeAg has an approximate mol. wt.of 35,000 and was recovered after isoelectric focusing in fractions with a pH between 4.25 and 4.8. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence in HBeAg of a polypeptide with an apparent mol. wt. of 17,000. | 107,272 | [
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Two cases of mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo). A biochemical study. | The mucopolysaccharide and lipid composition of human nervous tissue and viscera from one case of Sanfilippo disease type A and one case of Sanfilippo disease type C, were investigated. In the brain a moderate increase of acid glycosaminoglycans occurred. This phenomenon was much more pronounced in the viscera, especially in the liver. In all tissues this increase was mainly due to an accumulation of heparan sulphate. Changes in lipid composition were noted, but can be regarded as secondary effects. The biochemical results reported also suggest some general conclusions. (a) AGAG and lipid analyses do not permit differentiation between the subtypes of Sanfilippo disease. (b) The differences in lipid composition can probably be considered as consequences of variation in secondary effects. (c) The severe demyelination in brain correlates well with the biochemical lipid analysis. However, in other instances it remains difficult to bridge the gap still existing between some morphological and biochemical data. | 107,278 | [
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Photoreceptor coupling in retina of the toad, Bufo marinus. I. Anatomy. | 1. Red rod photoreceptors in the toad retina, which are known to be physiologically coupled, were examined for interreceptor contacts. 2. A dense network of large gap junctions was found between the inner segments of red rods, this being the only specialized site of contact that was observed between rods. Each red rod contacts an average of about four neighboring red rods with a junctional area of approximately 0.75 micrometer2. From freeze-fracture micrographs, the density of junctional particles was found to be 5 X 10(3)/micrometer2. 3. The large gap junctions were found only to connect red rods to each other in agreement with physiological data. Only small focal gap junctions were seen between red rods and cones and no junctions were observed between red and green rods. 4. It is concluded that these gap junctions are the site of coupling between the red rods and that the coupling is electrical. | 107,280 | [
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The effects of ischemia on long-tract neural conduction in the spinal cord. | In this experiment, the effects of ischemia on neural conduction in the monkey spinal cord were studied. In six monkeys generalized ischemia of the spinal cord was created by bleeding the animals to a hypotensive level below the lower limits of autoregulation in the spinal cord. The progressive development of spinal cord ischemia was documented by blood-flow measurement using the hydrogen clearance method. Physiological integrity of the spinal cord was monitored and recorded by the spinal evoked response. The spinal evoked response did not disappear until at least 10 minutes of profound ischemia. At levels of ischemia 20% to 25% of normal blood flow, the spinal evoked response was unchanged. It is concluded that long-tract neural conduction in the spinal cord is relatively resistant to the effects of ischemia. | 107,290 | [
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Tables to estimate total binding capacity of thyroxine-binding globulin from the in vitro thyroid function tests. | Equations for an estimate of the total binding capacity of serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG-TC) were developed relating this parameter to serum thyroxine concentration (T4) and in vitro uptake (T3U). This extimate demonstrated a highly significant, positive correlation with TBG-TC as measured by electrophoresis in ten normal subjectdividuals with altered TBG-TC but without thyroid dysfunction (ten normal pregnant women, ten healthy women receiving anovulatories, ten nephrotics, and ten patients with severe malnutrition). True-positive (sensitivity) and true-negative (specificity) ratios were calculated for total and free T4 in serum, T3U, Free T4 Index, and both measured and calculated TBG-TC. False-positive results for free T4 index (12%) were due to altered TBG-TC. In such cases, 93% were recognized by the calculated TBG-TC from the calues of the invitro tests. It is concluded that this estimates should be added to the in vitro thyroid tests for their proper interpretation in cases where altered TBG-TC could be misleading. This estimate applies only to the particular in vitro testing system used herein. | 107,292 | [
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Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption in rats. | Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption was studied in shaved rats by monitoring unchanged plasma drug concentrations for up to 4 hr. Drug absorption from the neat liquid state or from an alcoholic solution was considerably poorer than that from a commercial ointment. This observation was unanticipated since the driving force for percutaneous drug absorption was assumed to be drug thermodynamics. Potential artifacts such as drug volatilization from the skin, reduction of surface area through droplet formation, and vehicle occlusion were investigated, but they did not appear to be responsible for the observed results. Two experimental aqueous nitroglycerin gels were prepared with polyethylene glycol 400. One gel contained just sufficient polyethylene glycol to solubilize the nitroglycerin; the other had excess polyethylene glycol to solubilize nitroglycerin far below saturation. Both gels gave extremely low plasma nitroglycerin levels. The composite data suggested that percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption is highly vehicle dependent and that this dependency cannot be explained by simple consideration of drug thermodynamic activity. | 107,313 | [
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Vaccinia virus replication. I. Requirement for the host-cell nucleus. | Using cytochalasin B-induced enucleation techniques, we examined the ability of vaccinia virus to replicate in the absence of the host-cell nucleus in several mammalian cell lines. It was found that virus-infected enucleated cells (cytoplasts) prepared from BSC-40, CVC, and L cells were incapable of producing infectious progeny virus. The nature of this apparent nuclear involvement was studied in detail in BSC-40 cells. Modulations designed to maximize cytoplast integrity and longevity, such as reduction of the growth temperature and initial multiplicity of infection, did not improve virus growth in cytoplasts. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the [(35)S]methionine pulse-labeled proteins synthesized in vaccinia virus-infected cytoplasts demonstrated that both early and late viral gene products were being expressed at high levels and with the proper temporal sequence. Vaccinia virus cytoplasmic DNA synthesis, as measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, peaked at 3 h postinfection and was 70 to 90% of control levels in cytoplasts. However, in the cytoplasts this DNA was not converted to a DNase-resistant form late in infection, which was consistent with the failure to isolate physical particles from infected cytoplasts. Treatment of vaccinia virus-infected cells with 100 mug of rifampin/ml from 0 to 8 h to increase the pools of viral precursors, followed by subsequent removal of the drug, resulted in a threefold increase virus yield. This treatment had no effect on virus-infected cytoplasts. Finally, vaccinia virus morphogenesis was studied under an electron microscope in thin sections of virus-infected cells and cytoplasts which had been prepared at various times during a single-step growth cycle. It was apparent that, although early virus morphogenetic forms appeared, there was no subsequent DNA condensation or particle maturation in the cytoplasts. These results suggest that vaccinia virus requires some factor or function from the host-cell nucleus in order to mature properly and produce infectious progeny virus. | 107,327 | [
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A novel Tetrahymena sp. with unusual membrane lipid composition, with special reference to iso fatty acyl chains. | A novel Tetrahymena sp. is similar in appearance to four classical strains (WH-14, GL, W, NT-1) of T. pyriformis except for a larger width. The phospholipid and acyl chain compositions of membranes of this novel species are significantly different from those of other strains. The Tetrahymena sp. has a much higher content of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride and a lower level of glyceroaminoethyl phosphonate. Major fatty acids of this strain are iso 15:0 and iso 17:1, which are, if present, usually minor components in the classical strains of T. pyriformis. | 107,352 | [
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[Suicide in schoolchildren (author's transl)]. | Suicides by 66 children aged from 9 to 16 years (47 boys, 19 girls) and attempted suicides by 22 children (8 boys, 14 girls) are reported. Poisoning by mouth and hanging are the most common forms of suicide. The provocation for suicide may be trifling whereas the motivation, not always explicable even in children, is a multifactorial problem. 12 children wrote farewell letters, 5 announced their intention of suicide but were not taken seriously and 9 had already attempted suicide before succeeding. Most of the children (56 = 70%) lived with their parents at the time of the act, 14 (10%) had already shown behavior disorders before the act. Announcements of suicide should be taken seriously, even with children; they could perhaps be prevented by correct adult behavior. | 107,437 | [
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Immunologic functions and in vitro activation of cultured macrophage tumor lines. | Five murine monocyte of macrophage tumor lines adapted to culture were characterized for differentiated properties. They ingested zymosan and latex beads, bore receptors for immunoglobulin and complement, synthesized lysozyme (most of which was secreted), and produced granulocyte colony-stimulating activity, either spontaneously or inducibly. Some of the lines also mediated phagocytosis and exocytosis of red blood cells (RBC) and lysis of tumor targets, dependent on the presence of specific antitarget sera. All the lines were growth inhibited by zymosan and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, but not by latex beads. Other macrophage-activating agents, dextran sulfate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), inhibited most of the lines. Except for Fc and C receptors, most of the above properties were not found with other types of hematopoietic tumors in culture. In attempts to activate the macrophage lines in vitro to the "angry" state, we found that preincubation with concentrations of LPS and PPD cytostatic to the cells stimulated antibody-dependent RBC lysis, but not antibody-independent or tumor cytolysis. A classification of monocyte-related tumors and normal cells is proposed based on functional activities and differential sensitivity to immunostimulating agents. | 107,454 | [
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Association of tritium-labelled estradiol, progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone with the proteins of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in the rhesus monkey. | The electrophoretic profiles of the proteins in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the rhesus monkey were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The association of tritium labelled estradiol (3H-E), progesterone (3H-P) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (3H-17OHP) with these proteins was studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The CSF was found to contain, besides albumin, at least 4 globulins with similar electrophoretic mobilities as those found in the serum. The electrophoretic mobilities of these globulins were Ralb 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 0.9. The electrophoretic profiles of the monkey serum and CSF proteins were found to be similar to those described for human serum and CSF. 3H-E and 3H-P were respectively associated with serum globulins of Ralb 0.4 and 0.8 both in the in vitro and in vivo studies. The respective Ralb of these 2 globulins were similar to the testosterone-estradiol binding globulin and cortisol binding globulin in human serum. 3H-17OHP was found to be associated with several globulins under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In marked contrast to the in vitro studies, radioactive products were found to be associated with albumin in vivo. It is presumed that these products may be steroidal conjugates derived from the systemic metabolism of the administered steroids. No radioactivity was associated with the CSF protein after in vitro incubation with any of the three 3H-steroids. In the in vivo studies, however, radioactivity was associated with such of the CSF proteins that were similar to those found in the serum and with which the administered steroids were associated. | 107,466 | [
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Ultrastructural alterations in experimental lingual leukoplakia and carcinoma. | Epidermoid carcinomas, preceded by dysplastic leukoplakic lesions, were produced on the right lateral borders of the tongues of Syrian hamsters by the application, three times per week, of DMBA in acetone after the area had been scratched with a root canal broach. Animals were killed at 12 to 13 weeks and 15 to 16 weeks. Electron microscopic studies of both the dysplastic leukoplakic lesions and the well-differentiated epidermoid carcinomas revealed clumping of tonofilaments and widening of intercellular spaces, in addition to the cellular pleomorphism, altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and prominent nucleoli observed with the light microscope. In the carcinomas, there were variations in the morphology of mitochondria, with tubular forms in evidence. The basal lamina in the carcinomas was discontinuous. Pseudopodia arising from basal cells were seen in areas of basal lamina discontinuity. | 107,501 | [
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[Anabolic effects of steroid hormones in rabbits (author's transl)]. | The anabolic effect of steroid hormones was investigated in rabbits by measuring the skeletal accumulation rate of 85Sr following the continuous administration of estrogens, androgens and corticosteroids over a period of eight weeks. Androgenic hormones did not influence the accumulation rate of 85Sr, whereas following castration and prolonged administration of estrogens an increase of 85Sr accumulation was found. There was no correlation of the changes observed with serum calcium levels, since the latter remained stable throughout the observation period during long-term administration of various hormones. | 107,513 | [
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Fat-induced jejunal inhibition of gastric acid secretion and release of pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in man. | The effect of intrajejunal (i.j.) infusion of fat on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and release of pancreatic glucagon (PG), enteroglucagon (EG), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was studied in seven healthy volunteers. I.j. fat markedly inhibited meal-stimulated acid secretion as compared to a control study with i.j. saline infusion. The acid inhibition was accompanied by augmental plasma concentrations of EG, GIP, and VIP but not of PG, suggesting that EG, GIP, and VIP may be among mediators of fat-induced jejunal inhibition of acid secretion. Concentration-time relationship makes it unlikely that the observed inhibition could be ascribed to any single peptide studied. | 107,575 | [
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Enteric infections in Singapore with special reference to typhoid. | A review of the epidemiological features of the more important enteric infections in Singapore was given. Enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid), Salmonella gastroenteritis and Shigellosis remained endemic at a rather constant level in spite of vast improvement in environmental sanitation, but amoebic dysentery showed marked decline. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important cause of food poisoning since it was first reported in 1973. El tor cholera is believed to be introduced through regional trade and travel. Control measures directed mainly at typhoid include detection of typhoid carriers in the community responsible for transmission of infection, control and licensing of public food handlers and health education. | 107,597 | [
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A vest for ambulatory patients receiving hyperalimentation. | There have been no significant complications related to the use of this ambulatory hyperalimentation vest. The potential positive impact that increased use of this vest at home might have upon hospital stay and cost containment is obvious. It is further anticipated that, as advances are made in the technology of plastic bags, tubing, miniature pumps and microprocessors, ambulatory or home hyperalimentation delivery systems exemplified by this vest will achieve a much higher degree of sophistication, practical application, economy and favorable clinical results. | 107,602 | [
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[Action of secretin on the gastric secretion induced by food stimuli, pentagastrin, histamine and the parenteral administration of casein hydrolysate]. | In tests on dogs with innervated and vagus denervated miniature stomaches and gastric fistula the action of secretin on the gastric secretion provoked by food stimulants-pentagastrin, histamine and parenteral introduction of casein hydrolysate was studied. Experiments showed the secretin to produce an inhibiting action only on the 2nd phase of the gastric secretion after feeding on 100 g of meat, depresses secretion, called forth with pentagastrin, but it does not affect the secretion induced by sham feeding, histamine and intravenous administration of casein hydrolysate. Hence, secretin displays specific properties, by arresting only the action of gastrin on the gastric glands. | 107,652 | [
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Anatomical basis of variability in injuries of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament. I. Anatomical studies. | An anatomical study of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament of the ankle on fresh and formalin preserved legs of cadavera and amputation specimens has been carried out. The anterior and posterior colliculi, and the intercollicular groove of the medial malleolus were described. The deltoid ligament was found to have two layers: the superficial, attached primarily to the anterior colliculus, consisted of the naviculotibial, calcaneotibial, and superficial talotibial ligaments; the deep layer consisted of the deep anterior and posterior talotibial ligaments and was attached primarily to the posterior colliculus and the intercollicular groove. These findings are at variance with previous descriptions of the deltoid ligament. | 107,719 | [
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Nonvisualized gallbladder by cholecystosonography. | To further define the significance of gallbladder nonvisualization by cholecystosonography, we studied follow-up data on 25 consecutive patients in whom the gallbladder could not be identified despite adequate fasting. In one patient, intravenous cholangiography demonstrated a large gallbladder but no gallstones. In the 24 cases for which a pathoanatomic diagnosis was established, all but two had diseased gallbladders with obliteration of the lumen. This 88% accuracy for positive prediction confirms results of previous sonographic studies and matches the diagnostic significance of nonvisualization at oral cholecystography. We recommend oral cholecystography for all ultrasonic nonvisualized gallbladders for greater diagnostic accuracy when surgery is contemplated. | 107,735 | [
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Breast cancer missed by mammography. | Because a "negative" mammogram that is followed by a biopsy diagnostic of cancer is a matter of deep concern, a retrospective review was conducted of 48 such missed diagnoses at four Breast Cancer Detection Centers. The study group comprised 40,000 women participating in breast cancer screening examinations. From 3,271 biopsies during screening, 499 cancers had been found. Biopsies in the interval between screening examinations totaled 630 and yielded 48 malignancies. These 48 interval cancers were studied in an attempt to discover why they were not found on the preceding mammographic examination. Three major categories of error were disclosed and each is discussed: (1) poor radiographic technique; (2) absence of radiographic criteria of cancer; (3a) obvious oversight by the radiologist; and (3b) lack of recognition of subtle radiographic signs. This last reason is discussed in detail in the belief that better recognition of these indirect radiographic signs will lead to more accurate diagnoses, particularly in early cancers. | 107,737 | [
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Arterial impressions on the stomach. | The splenic artery frequently produces a contour defect on the posteromedial aspect of the stomach, particularly in elderly individuals. When the artery is tortuous or aneurysmal, the impression is prominent and may simulate a neoplasm. Similarly, the aorta can produce a gastric impression. Recognition of these impressions on the stomach wall avoids erroneous diagnosis and unnecessary exploratory surgery. | 107,743 | [
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Visual compatibility of 30 additives with a parenteral nutrient solution. | The visual compatibility of 30 drug additives with total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions (4.25% amino acids, 25% dextrose injection) was studied. For each drug additive, three TPN solutions were mixed; two were stored for 22 hours at 4 C then allowed to equilibrate to room temperature for two hours. Two 25-ml samples from each TPN solution were examined immediately or after 25 hours for visual appearance, particulate matter levels and pH. A microscope was used to count and measure particles filtered from samples on a 0.8-micrometer filter. Only the TPN solutions containing amphotericin B showed any visual discoloration or precipitation. All amphotericin B samples and the 25-hour ampicillin sodium samples exceeded USP particulate matter specifications. Individual particulate matter levels of the other TPN solutions varied but met USP specifications. With the exception of tetracycline hydrochloride, which dropped the TPN solution's pH 0.9 units, the additives had little effect on pH of the TPN solutions (pH 6.45). Amphotericin B and ampicillin sodium were considered visually incompatible with TPN solutions. All other drug additives tested were visually compatible with TPN solutions. | 107,797 | [
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Carbonic anhydrase-dependent bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat proximal tubule. | The extent to which bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat proximal convoluted tubule depends on carbonic anhydrase has been examined by in vivo microperfusion and the measurement of total CO2 concentration by microcalorimetry. Tubules were perfused with an ultrafiltrate-like solution at 13 nl/min, and volume reabsorptive rate (JV) was measured using [14C]inulin. Addition of either 800 or 100 microM acetazolamide to the perfusion solution completely inhibited the reabsorption of total CO2. The control total CO2 reabsorptive rate (JtCO2) was 147 +/- 23 pmol/mm.min, and acetazolamide reduced JtCO2 to -3 +/- 5 pmol/mm.min. Acetazolamide reduced JV by 65% from a control of 2.3 +/- 0.4 to 0.8 +/- 0.1 nl/mm.min. The dose-response curve for acetazolamide showed that the I50 for inhibition of JtCO2 was 4 microM. The inactive congener of acetazolamide, t-butyl acetazolamide, did not reduce JV or inhibit bicarbonate reabsorption, indicating that the effect of acetazolamide on JtCO2 was specific for carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Since bicarbonate reabsorption was completely blocked by carbonic anhydrase inhibition, there is no need to postulate either carbonic acid recycling or carbonic anhydrase-independent bicarbonate reabsorption. | 107,811 | [
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Stapedectomy. Postmortem findings. | Histological studies were made of 16 temporal bones of 13 subjects who had stapedectomy operations. Photographs of the prostheses in situ are a special feature of the studies. It was found that prostheses which overlap the margins of the oval window cause incomplete closure of the air-bone gaps. Fibrous adhesions were a common consequence of trauma to the mucous membrane of the middle ear. Gelfoam implantation promotes the formation of thin oval window membranes which tend to bulge out of the oval window. Most incudes show small areas of cortical bone resorption. In at least half the cases the surgical technique of stapedectomy, as judged from these studies, was less than ideal. Surgeons who perform stapedectomy should be cognizant of the relevant surgical pathology and adopt methods which will optimize functional results and minimize complications. | 107,843 | [
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Prognosis in Rh incompatibility. | The study was done on a material of 300 cases of Rh incompatibility. A relative correlation was found between fetal damage and newborn damage and the titer of antibodies. It was shown that production of anti-Rh antibodies was lower in feto-maternal ABO incompatibility. Coexistence of anti-Rh D antibody with other antibodies of the Rh system worsened the prognosis. Two prognostic tables are presented: one based on a comparison of antibody titers with history data, and the other which was a modification of Liley's method, containing additionally determination of antibodies, which increased the accuracy of prognosis. The best prognosis of fetal damage was obtained using the new pregnostic table and assessing the successive spectrophotometric investigations in the risk zone IIB. | 107,914 | [
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Indium 111 autologous tagged leukocytes in the diagnosis of intraperitoneal sepsis. | We report the results of a new test, indium oxine in 111 scanning, in the diagnosis of postoperative infection. Indium 111 was used to label autologous polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which when reinjected migrate to sites of infection, inflammation, or both. Standard scintigraphy localizes the labeled inflammatory cells at these sites. Sixty-six scans were performed in 43 surgical patients. Thirty-seven scans were categorized as true-positive; 19 scans were categorized as true-negative. Therefore, the accuracy rate was 85%. Two scans (3%) in one patient represented false-positive results. Two scans (3%) were positive for inflammation but there was no infection present; this group was denoted as equivocal. Six scans (9%) were false-negative; false-negative scans are more likely in old lesions with poor blood supply and in areas that overlap regions of normal uptake. The noninvasive nature of the test, high accuracy rate, and ease of administration make it a potentially useful tool in the diagnosis of postoperative infection. | 107,925 | [
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The application of immobilized enzymes in an artificial liver support system. | A novel method of extracorporeal support for fulminant liver failure is reported whereby the most important detoxification processes of the liver are reproduced in an enzyme reactor. Most of the endogenous toxins involved in hepatic coma can be deactivated directly by conjugation with a hydrophilic residue such as glucuronic acid or glutathione, or by the neutralization of active groups through structural modification by methyl transfer. The enzymes responsible for these processes have been isolated and purified from rabbit liver, and covalently bound onto a hemocompatible form of agarose matrix. This system has been shown to be capable of catalyzing the desired reactions with endogenous toxins such as phenols and mercaptans in vitro, and phenols in rabbits in vivo. | 107,930 | [
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Impedance audiometry in the squirrel monkey. Effect of transection of crossed olivocochlear bundle. | Acoustic reflex thresholds in squirrel monkeys did not show any statistically significant change following midline section of the crossed olivocochlear bundle. Lack of agreement with the results reported by Borg in rabbits is most probably due to the species difference. | 107,934 | [
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Purification and some physicochemical properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin D. | A method was developed for the isolation of staphylococcal enterotoxin D in highly purified form from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus strain 1151m. The method involves removal of the toxin from the culture supernatant fluid with the ion-exchange resin CG-50 followed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose (twice) and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 (twice). The purified toxin is homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and double gel diffusion tests. It is a simple, colorless, antigenic protein with an isoelectric point of 7.4 as determined by isoelectric focusing. Its molecular weight was determined to be 27 300 +/- 700 by molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its serological activity is stable over a wide range of pH values (1.2--10.7). The enterotoxin consists of 236 amino acid residues and contains no free sulfhydryl groups. End-group analysis showed serine to be the NH2-terminal amino acid and lysine to be the COOH-terminal amino acid. | 107,962 | [
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Isolation of Euglena gracilis chloroplast 5S ribosomal RNA and mapping the 5S rRNA gene on chloroplast DNA. | Ribosomal RNA (5S) from Euglena gracilis chloroplasts was isolated by preparative electrophoresis, labeled in vitro with 125I, and hybridized to restriction nuclease fragments from chloroplast DNA or cloned chloroplast DNA segments. Euglena chloroplast 5S rRNA is encoded in the chloroplast genome. The coding region of 5S rRNA has been positioned within the 5.6 kilobase pair (kbp) repeat which also codes for 16S and 23S rRNA. There are three 5S rRNA genes on the 130-kbp genome. The order of RNAs within a single repeat is 16S-23S-5S. The organization and size of the Euglena chloroplast ribosomal repeat is very similar to the ribosomal RNA operons of Escherichia coli. | 107,968 | [
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Effects of tetracyclines on aldosterone- and insulin-mediated Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder. | The effect of oxytetracycline and demethylchlortetracycline on aldosterone- and insulin-mediated Na+ transport (short-circuit current) were examined in toad urinary bladders mounted in modified Ussing chambers. Oxytetracycline had little or no effect on either basal or aldosterone-mediated Na+ transport. In contrast, demethylchlortetracycline markedly inhibited both basal and aldosterone-mediated Na+ transport. Furthermore, demethylchlortetracycline inhibited the aldosterone response significantly out of proportion to its effects on basal Na+ transport. Neither of the drugs had an effect on insulin-mediated Na+ transport. Consequently, the natriuresis observed in certain patients treated with demethylchlortetracyline may be related to drug-induced renal resistance to the effects of aldosterone. | 107,969 | [
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Enzymes involved in the degradation of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in bovine brain. | As part of an investigation of neuropeptide inactivation mechanisms, we have resolved an enzymatic activity in bovine brain which catalyzes the deamidation of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and the hydrolysis of the Pro9--Gly10--NH2 bond of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) from a second LH-RH degrading activity which does not degrade TRH. The former activity is similar, if not identical to, the post-proline cleaving enzyme in kidney as it is active toward the post-proline cleaving enzyme substrate CbzGly--Pro--Leu--Gly and inhibited by CbzPro--Phe and diisopropylfluorophosphate. In addition, products derived from the degradation of TRH and LH-RH by this activity show a specific cleavage on the carboxyl side of a proline residue. The latter activity has not yet been characterized with respect to its site of cleavage of the LH-RH molecule due to the presence of other contaminating peptidases. | 107,998 | [
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[Retrograde inhibitory effect of continuous reinstillation of digestive juice in temporary artificial and pathological enterostomies on the secretory digestive flow]. | The reinstillation of the digestive juice in the lower end of an enterostomy has a retrograde inhibitory effect on the upper digestive secretions (average inhibition of 30,2%) particularly on the intestinal juice during the digestive syndromes associated with one or several interruptions of the continuity of the bovel. It should be noted, however, that the observation has not been made on normal men, but rather on severely ill patients treated in the intensive care unit of a gastro-intestinal disease department. | 108,018 | [
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[Lipid thesaurismosis rheumatism. Arthropathies in alpha galactosidase A deficiency (Fabry's disease). Ultrastructural study of the synovial membrane demonstrating microcrystals in the mitochondria of synoviocytes]. | Articular manifestations may be the onset of genetic alpha galactosidase deficiency (Fabry's disease). Ultrastructural study shows typical osmiophilic lamellar inclusions of trihexosylceramides in synoviocytes, capillaries and adipocytes. Furthermore microcrystals identical to those seen in Gaucher's disease and type II hyperlipoproteinemia were observed in mitochondria and free in cytoplasm. These data suggest a microcrystalline pathogenesis of these arthropathies, as in gout and chondrocalcinosis, and what we have generally called crystallopathic arthropathies. | 108,031 | [
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Biochemical and clinical effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate in calcium nephrolithiasis. | 1. The short- and longer-term effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), an inhibitor of crystal growth and potential preventive agent against urinary tract stones in man, have been studied. 2. Measurement of urinary excretion of EHDP was used to define the best dosage regimen. When 4.4 mmol of EHDP mmol of EHDP was given in four divided doses the murinary concentration of EHDP achieved was high enough (10-5 mol/1) to inhibit the crystallization of calcium crystals throughout the day. 3. Nine patients with recurrent calcium stones were given this dose of EHDP daily for 12 months and seven were then studied for a further 12 months under placebo. During treatment with EHDP, inhibitory activity in urine towards precipitation of calcium phosphate was restored from low values to greatly above normal. This could be accounted for by the inhibitory effect of EHDP itself, coupled with an increase in urinary inorganic pyrophosphate. After stopping EHDP the excretion of EHDP rapidly fell to undetectable levels but the excretion of pryophosphate remained elevated throughout the 12 months of placebo treatment. EHDP also induced a rise in plasma phosphate and an increase in the urinary excretion of oxalic acid and uric acid, but these changes were all fully reversible when EHDP was stopped. 4. The average rate of stone formation per patient per year decreased from 2.4 to 0.2 during treatment with EHDP and remained low during the following 24 months. However, the dose needed for this effect is known to affect bone turnover and mineralization. | 108,043 | [
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Evoked potential studies in petit mal epilepsy. Visual information processing in relation to spike and wave discharges. | The evoked potential has been useful in studying characteristics of the epileptic nervous system. To investigate whether an alteration in sensory processing is possibly related to behavioral unresponsiveness observed to precede spike and wave bursts, average visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were studied during a 4.0 sec preburst interval in 6 patients with petit mal epilepsy. Individual responses, evoked by photic flashes, were averaged as a function of flash-to-burst interval. In 3 subjects with classical bursts of spike and wave, the average VEP was degraded 0.5 sec or less before burst onset. In 3 subjects with atypical electroencephalographic seizure discharge, VEP degradation was not seen. Some possible interpretations concerning the significance of the VEP alterations were discussed. | 108,074 | [
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Involvement of the cerebellum in the initiation of fast ballistic movement in the monkey. | Monkeys were trained to perform a fast ballistic flexion or extension of the elbow in response to a sound cue. The reaction time was about 250 msec in the normal monkey and remained so after deafferentation of the operant arm. In a cerebellectomized animal, the reaction time was consistently longer, being, on the average, 400 msec. This was associated with an equal retardation in the onset of neural changes in the motor cortex. These results are interpreted as evidence for the involvement of the cerebellum in the initiation of some fast ballistic movements. | 108,081 | [
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Cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum in motor control. | For voluntary movement, function generators are necessary that are located in the brain-stem, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Following lesions of these generators, voluntary movements are impaired while stimulus-dependent movements are still possible. This discussion also applies to speech production. The motor function generators cooperate with the whole cerebral cortex since both tactical adaptation to the environment and strategic guidance by the motivation system contribute to voluntary action. The motor cortex plays an epicritical role, adding advanced tactile and proprioceptive guidance for those movements that need this kind of regulation, especially the fine finger movements which depend entirely on the motor cortex. The complexity of the cerebral potentials preceding voluntary movement corresponds to the activity of several motor subsystems acting in concert. | 108,082 | [
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0.02623866,... |
Serologic distinction between the rabbit kappa L chain allotype b4 and an allele b4. | Rabbit kappa light (L) chain allotypes are controlled by the allelic genes b4, b5, b6, b9 and a recently described allele b4v. The product of the b4v gene differs from that of b4 by at least two amino acid substitutions in the constant region. A serologic distinction between the b4 and b4v allotyes has now been detected by a radioimmune assay using one of six anti-b4 sera tested. The distinction was enhanced by fractionation of this antiserum on an immunoadsorbent containing cottontail rabbit IgG. IgG with L chains of the b4v type are deficient in their ability to inhibit binding of b4 IgG to the antibody preparation. L chains isolated from b4 and b4v IgG samples could not be distinguished by this assay indicating that interaction with an H chain is required for expression of the L chain determinants that differentiate b4 from b4v. | 108,110 | [
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Effects of increasing Mg++ ion concentration on the PKU monitoring assay. | Inaccuracies in a commonly used bacterial inhibition assay for blood phenylalanine levels arise when the Mg++ ion concentration in the assay medium is increased. This has practical implications in the diagnosis and management of phenylketonuria. | 108,130 | [
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Effect of selective proximal vagotomy on food-stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in patients with duodenal ulcer. | We studied effects of selective proximal vagotomy on food-stimulated acid secretion and gastrin release in 7 duodenal ulcer patients. Food-stimulated acid secretion was evaluated by sham feeding patients and by infusing food directly into their stomachs. Vagotomy reduced sham feeding-stimulated acid secretion from 28.2 +/- 4.6 to 1.2 +/- 0.7 meq/hr (95% reduction) whereas infused food-stimulated secretion was decreased from 36.1 +/- 4.6 to 17.9 +/- 5.5 meq/hr (50% reduction). In contrast to the reductions in acid secretion, the gastrin response to infused food doubled after surgery. Although selective proximal vagotomy reduced the rate of acid secretion in response to infused food and also reduced by 64% the peak secretory capacity (peak acid output to pentagastrin), fractional secretion (i.e., the secretion rate in response to infused food expressed as a percentage of the peak secretory capacity) increased significantly after vagotomy from 63 +/- 7% to 91 +/- 11%. This increased fractional secretion in response to infused food was probably a result of exaggerated gastrin release after vagotomy. | 108,176 | [
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HLA AW19, B12 in immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. | A group of 21 patients with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID), 10 with alpha heavy chain paraproteinaemia and 11 without it, were HLA typed. The results were compared with 35 disease controls and 120 normal controls. A significant increase of Aw19 and B12 antigens was noted among the patients compared with the control subjects. The high rate of association of both AW19 and B12 antigens in patients as compared with controls suggests a possible haplotype (Aw19, B12) association with IPSID. | 108,183 | [
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Basic findings and current developments in sphingolipidoses. | Sphingolipidoses are caused by recessively inherited deficiencies of lysosomal hydrolases. The clinical backgrounds of and current biochemical and genetic approaches to the different forms and variants of gangliosidoses, trihexosylceramidosis (Fabry's disease), galactosylceramidosis (Krabbe's disease), sulfatidoses (metachromatic leukodystrophies), glucosylceramidosis (Gaucher's disease), sphingomyelinoses (Niemann-Pick disease) and ceramidosis (Farber's disease) are presented. | 108,196 | [
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Serum factors influencing antibody-directed cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and their effects on the detection of immune complexes by inhibition of ADCC. | An imporved assay system, using inhibition of ADCC, for the detection of 0.6 microgram/ml. of aggregated IgG in medium is described. Under these conditions, normal human serum is extremely inhibitory, this effect being attributed mainly to the weak binding of monomeric IgG. Enhancement of ADCC by albumin was also observed. Using this assay system without further modification, immune complexes may be detected in gel-fractionated sera by the distribution of the inhibitory material relative to the IgG peak. However, for routine use in the assay of untreated sera, a modification of the method is required. Preincubation of the spleen cells with the serum in the presence of EDTA, followed by a washing stage, reduces the background inhibition by normal sera to a low level. Effects of serum factors in producing variable amounts of background inhibition or stimulation are also avoided. The modified assay is sensitive to 6 microgram/ml of aggregated IgG in neat serum. | 108,202 | [
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Thrombocyte migration and the release of thrombocyte inhibitory factor (ThrIF) by T and B cells in the chicken. | The elaboration of various inhibitory factors by sensitized lymphocytes has been reported for both mammals and birds. Until recently, the ability of the B cell to elaborate these had been questioned by a number of investigators. We have demonstrated the release of a lymphocyte inhibitory factor from the avian thymus and bursal lymphocyte. The avian thrombocyte is active in haemostasis as well as being a phagocytic cell. We have demonstrated that the ability of the thrombocyte to migrate, significantly exceeded that of thymic lymphocytes. Sensitized T and B cells, as well as activated supernatants from these cells, were capable of inhibiting thrombocyte migration. Treatment of sensitized B cells with anti-T-cell serum plus complement failed to eliminate this cell's ability to block thrombocyte migration. These data attribute the capability of elaborating a thrombocyte migration inhibitory factor to both the avian thymic and bursal lymphocyte, and attribute a degree of maturity to these cells not previously demonstrated. | 108,206 | [
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Comparative antibacterial activity of azlocillin, mezlocillin, carbenicillin and ticarcillin and relative stability to beta-lactamases of pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella aerogenes. | The antibacterial activities of two ureidopenicillins, azlocillin and mezlocillin, were compared with those of the alpha-carboxypenicillins, carbenicillin and ticarcillin, against a large number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All four penicillins were active against a wide range of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but there were differences in the antibacterial spectra and in the antibacterial effects demonstrated by the two classes of penicillins. In particular, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of azlocillin and mezlocillin against Klebsiella aerogenes and against P. aeruginosa were greatly influenced by the size of bacterial inoculum tested whereas there was no significant inoculum effect with carbenicillin and ticarcillin. In stability tests, the ureidopenicillins were inactivated rapidly by the beta-lactamases of K. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa whereas the alpha-carboxypenicillins were stable. It seems probable that the inoculum effect seen with azlocillin and mezlocillin in antibacterial tests with K. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa is associated with the instability of the compounds to the beta-lactamases of these bacteria. | 108,220 | [
0.08898146,
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0.1706683,
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0.1982353,
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0.2919261,... |
[Outbreaks and sporadic cases of enteritis due to pseudomonas aeruginosa in premature babies and infants (author's transl)]. | In 1960 there were two outbreaks of mostly severe diarrhoea due to pseudomonas aeruginosa in the special nursery for premature infants and sick newborns of the Universitäts-Kinderklinik Münster/Westf. resp. Kinderklinik Offenbach/Main. In both cases a single strain of Ps. aeruginosa was isolated from patients with diarrhoea and symptom-free children. The clinical picture ranges from mild diarrhoea to severe enteritis with septicemia. The source of the strain found in the first outbreak was not identified. In the second case the causative strain could be isolated from the faeces of two nurses and also from various objects in the environment. Systemic antibiotic treatment is necessary in all cases, especially in premature infants, which were much more susceptible to serious infection than normal infants. Symptom-free children may be a potential danger because they can become carriers of the pathogenic organism in the nursery. After antibiotic treatment superinfections with Ps. aeruginosa should be recognised as a danger of faecal carriage. The problem of enteritis due to the so called facultative-pathogenic bacteria will be discussed. The best way to get clear information seemed to be by using the quantitative bacteriological analysis of faeces. In all cases of diarrhoea due to Ps. aeruginosa, systemic antibiotic therapy is indicated without any exception in spite of the potential danger of septicemia. | 108,223 | [
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Electron microscope study of the rod-to-coccus shape change in a temperature-sensitive rod- mutant of Bacillus subtilis. | The changes in cell morphology of Bacillus subtilis rodB during a temperature shift from 20 to 42 degrees C, in the absence of added anions, are described. At 20 degrees C the organisms grow as rods but gradually become spherical in shape when placed at 42 degrees C. The shape change is initiated by an increase in diameter at the cell equator, resulting in a bulged morphology, which is further modified to the morphology of a coccus. This change may involve a modification of the pattern of normal cylindrical extension such that incorporation of newly synthesized wall leads only to increase in diameter, perhaps from a growth zone of limited extent. The pattern of surface growth was followed by reconstructing the sequence of cross wall formation and pole construction in rods grown at 20 degrees C and in organisms incubated at 42 degrees C for 75 and 150 min. In thin section, wall forming the septum and nascent poles can be distinguished from the surface distal to the division site by the presence of raised tears, perhaps analogous to the wall bands of streptococci. By using an analog rotation technique involving the three-dimensional reconstruction of cells by mathematical rotation of axial thin sections about their longitudinal axis, it is shown that the proportion of septal wall increases during the shape change. In the coccal forms, all surface growth may arise from septal growth sites. | 108,248 | [
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Detection of FP plasmids in hospital isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | A simple method of detection of FP plasmids with chromosome-mobilizing ability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been developed. | 108,252 | [
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Characterization of a mutant form of ribosomal protein S1 from Escherichia coli. | An altered form of ribosomal protein S1 from a mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated and characterized. The mutant protein (denoted m1-S1) has a molecular weight of 57,000 as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and the same NH2-terminal sequence as wild type S1. Protein m1-S1 binds poly(U) in the same manner as protein S1 and is active in protein synthesis with either synthetic or natural mRNA. Thus, about 75% of the sequence of protein S1 (which includes the NH2-terminal region) contains essentially all the functional domains of this protein involved in protein biosynthesis. | 108,276 | [
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Ultrasonic visualization of Wirsung's duct: dream or reality? | Ultrasonic visualization of normal and pathological Wirsung's ducts has become quite common, especially with the newest gray scale units. Ductal images were studied in 17 cases of quiescent chronic pancreatitis. Duct dilatation could be identified in the majority | 108,297 | [
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Hepatitis Be antigen and antibody in hepatitis B surface antigen positive blood donors. | In a study of 105 asymptomatic HBsAg positive blood donors, 9 (8.6%) were found to have HBeAg, 38 (36.2%) anti-HBe, and the remaining 58 (55.2%) neither marker detectable by gel diffusion. There was no correlation between HBeAg/anti-HBe status and HBsAg sub-types, Glm allotypes, the presence of anti-Gm, red cell antibodies, or rheumatoid factor. Rheumatoid factor activity could be removed from anti-HBe positive sera without removing anti-HBe activity, indicating that separate entities were involved. HBeAg was found only in donors under the age of 30 (P less than 0.005), while anti-HBe did not show an age-related trend. HBeAg was also found less commonly in donors of blood group A than in the total carrier population (P less than 0.05), indicating an apparent protection in carriers of group A. The blood group distribution for the 105 HBsAg positive donors was similar to that of the general population. | 108,319 | [
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Aging in the rhesus monkey: effects on visual discrimination learning and reversal learning. | The behavior of aged rhesus monkeys (18 years and older) was compared to that of young monkeys (3 to 6 years old) to evaluate their relative abilities to learn a series of visual discrimination and discrimination reversal problems. Using a subject-paced, automated experimental procedure designed to optimize stimulus control and facilitate execution of choice responses, no consistent age-related differences were observed in the ability to learn new color and pattern discrimination problems of varying difficulty. However, a severe and consistent deficity on reversal learning did occur. A detailed analysis of this deficit revealed that not only did the aged monkeys take longer to extinguish the old habit and return to chance performance, but they continued to display a deficit in establishing accurate performance at above-chance levels as well. Since no reliable age differences were observed on the original discrimination learning problems, these data suggest that aging impairs mechanisms involved with response rigidity and/or susceptibility to intertrial proactive interference, more severely than those involved with the simple formation of new associations. | 108,323 | [
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The effect of dietary sulfur-containing amino acids on the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat-liver microsomes. | Male Wistar rats were fed either a balanced diet whose protein source was a mixture of amino acids (diet 1), or a similar diet which differed only in having 48% less the quantity of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine (diet 2). The diets were given either continuously for 1 month or for 15 days after a protein-free diet. Both diets 1 and 2 permitted good growth of rats and relatively stable microsomal protein content. Protein depletion decreased the total proteins, total phospholipids, and cytochrome P-450 content, and it strongly increased UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in rat-liver microsomes. Repletion with diet 1 restored those values, to the level found in control rats. However, diet 2, given continuously induced an increase in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity and in the cytochrome P-450 concentration. Since high UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was related to lessened amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids in the diet, we discuss the possible effect of methionine and cystine on the regulation of glucuronoconjugation in relation to sulfoconjugation. | 108,366 | [
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Advances in epithelial kinetics--an oral view. | There is growing evidence that the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelia consists of cells of differing proliferative capacities and behaviour. These can be classified as stem cells, transient amplifying cells and post-mitotic maturing cells, the most important of which appear to be the stem cells which may be present throughout life and are responsible for all cell production under steady-state conditions. Recent stem cell concepts are reviewed for epidermis, intestinal crypt and oral mucosa and are compared with tissues such as bone marrow and testes which have for some time been thought to operate in a similar manner. These concepts are applied to several pathological conditions of oral epithelia in an attempt to explain some of the changes observed. | 108,372 | [
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Plasma naltrexone kinetics after intravenous bolus administration in dogs and monkeys. | This investigation generated data characterize a specific electron-capture GLC assay reported previously for naltrexone and applied the method to a determination of naltrexone pharmacokinetics. Extraction efficiencies are reported for the assay, and mass spectral evidence indicates that naltrexone forms a triester when derivatized for electron-capture GLC with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and a base catalyst. Plasma level-time data for intravenous naltrexone at two dose levels in monkeys yielded no evidence of dose-dependent kinetics. A two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model was fitted to plasma level-time data for naltrexone in two dogs and yielded a total body clearance of 51-55 ml/min/kg. Urine collected for 0-24 hr contained 36% of the dose as naltrexone conjugates with less than 1% as unchanged naltrexone. Plasma level-time data for intravenous naltrexone in six monkeys yielded an average terminal half-life of 7.8 hr and a total body clearance of 64 ml/min/kg. The total body clearance for naltrexone was greater than the hepatic plasma or blood flow in both dogs and monkeys. This finding, together with the extremely low renal excretion of naltrexone, suggests the existence of elimination mechanisms besides liver metabolism and renal excretion. | 108,382 | [
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Effect of N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs on microbial antitumor screen. | Eighteen trifluoroacetyl derivatives of amino acids and of amino acid analogs were prepared and tested for growth-inhibitory activity using a Lactobacillus casei system as a prescreen for antitumor activity. Of the compounds tested, the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of o-, m-, and p-fluorophenylalanine and of beta-3-thienylalanine showed modest activity; trifluoroacetyl derivatives of phenylalanine and of beta-2-thienylalanine showed marginal activity. The activity exhibited by the active trifluoroacetyl compounds was equal to that noted for most active chloroacetyl derivatives reported previously, as judged by comparison of their activity with that of chloroacetyl-m-fluorophenylalanine. No reversal of inhibition was noted when a representative of these inhibitors was challenged with a corresponding natural metabolite, both as a free amino acid and as a noninhibitory acylated compound. | 108,385 | [
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Effects of morphine, diazepam and chlorpromazine on discrimination of electric shock. | The effects of morphine, diazepam and chlorpromazine were examined on the discrimination of electric shock in squirrel monkeys. Two discrete responses measured discrimination of the presence or absence of shock at two different intensities, either at 0.35 mA or at an intensity determined to be close to each monkey's threshold (0.05 or 0.15 mA). The percentage of responses which were correct in the presence and the absence of shock were determined separately. Time to respond to the presence or the absence of shock was also determined. Morphine decreased the percentage of correct responses at both the lower (0.05--0.15 mA) and the higher (0.35 mA) shock intensities, although effects at the higher intensity were very slight. Morphine had little effect on correct responses in the absence of shock. In contrast, diazepam decreased the percentage of correct responses in the absence of shock without affecting correct responses in the presence of shock, and chlorpromazine decreased the percentage of correct responses both in the presence and absence of shock. All three drugs increased time to respond both to the presence of shock and to the absence of shock with chlorpromazine producing the largest increase. Only morphine increased time to respond in the absence of shock more than in the presence of shock. | 108,386 | [
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Plasma cell dyscrasia. Analysis of 423 patients. | Present clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria permit a more accurate diagnosis and closer follow-up of patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. A ten-year follow-up of a group of 423 patients showed that the indications for and the adjustment of treatment are more precise when these criteria are summarized into profiles based on each diagnostic category. M components may be an indication of the presence of another sometimes nonreticular malignant neoplasm. The improvement of the specificity and sensitivity of immunologic methods sheds additional light on mechanisms controlling the synthesis of homogeneous antibodies such as prevalence of IgM-K in mixed cryoglobulinemia and lambda-light chains in IgD myeloma, excretion of lambda-Bence Jones proteins in amyloidosis, and greater IgG-subclass restriction in multiple myeloma as compared with benign monoclonal gammopathy. The activation of additional clones (biclonal gammopathies) was found in 3% of our patients. | 108,408 | [
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[Fundamental studies and clinical evaluation of PC-904 in urinary tract infection (author's transl)]. | Measurement of MICs of PC-904, CBPC and GM against 135 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with urinary tract infections was performed. Susceptibility to PC-904 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be 3 approximately 7 times more sensitive than that to CBPC and as same as that to GM with inoculum size of 10(8)/ml and 10(6)/ml. Serum level of PC-904 reached a peak of 38.5 microgram/ml 15 minutes after 0.5 g intravenous administration. Urinary recovery rate unit 6 hours after the administration was 12.5%. Overall clinical efficacy of 6 cases of acute simple cystitis and 3 cases of chronic complicated cystitis was judged to be 83.3% and 33.3% respectively by a criterion proposed by the UTI Committee in Japan. | 108,428 | [
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Galvanized caging as a potential factor in the development of the "fading infant" or "white monkey" syndrome. | Four rhesus females and their infants were kept in galvanized enclosures, and three were kept in stainless steel caging. All four offspring in the galvanized enclosures developed achromotrichia, alopecia, and weakness that varied from modererate to severe while the three infants in stainless steel cages were clinically normal. Plasma copper, zinc, and iron values as well as liver copper and zinc values of the infants were compared for the two types of caging. Plasma copper values were significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in the animals housed in galvanized cages. Plasma zinc and liver zinc levels were significantly elevated in these same animals (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively). Significant differences were not detected in liver copper values in the two groups of infants. Copper and zinc levels in the dams' plasma and milk were not statistically different between the two groups. | 108,464 | [
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A versatile primate cage for a multiple use facility. | A mobile-transport-squeeze cage for primates was constructed. The cage contained a clear plastic guillotine door, squeeze apparatus, ventilation holes and locking casters. The squeeze apparatus could be operated by one person. | 108,471 | [
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Role of physiologic autoantibody in the removal of senescent human red cells. | The mechanism by which mononuclear phagocytes distinguish mature "self" from senescent "self" was investigated. Evidence is presented indicating that human mononuclear phagocytes distinguish senescent RBC from mature RBC on the basis of selective Ig attachment to the membranes of senescent cells. This Ig, eluted from senescent human RBC, was shown to be IgG and free of other Igs by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The IgG was polyclonal with respect to light chains. The eluted IgG reattaches to homologous stored RBC, but not to mature autologous or allogeneic RBC, via the Fab region. It then initiates phagocytosis of these stored RBC by mononuclear phagocytes. Evidence suggests that the IgG is directed against altered membrane receptors. Thus, this IgG may be a "physiologic" autoantibody and contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis by performing regulatory function. | 108,480 | [
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Neurofibrillary pathology: current status and research perspectives. | The neurofibrils seen in the light microscope are shown, by electron microscopy, to be heterogeneous structures, formed of neurotubules and neurofilaments. A variety of pathological conditions (especially, presenile and senile dementia (are characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, formed either of paired helical filaments or of single filaments. The morphology, distribution and biochemistry of these various fibrillary structures is reviewed. Particular attention is devoted to the assembly of neurotubules, to the mechanism of action of drugs which prevent assembly, and to possible implications for the experimental induction of neurofibrillary pathology. Of central importance in the arguments is the emphasis on the normal neurofibrillary structures being single forms of pleomorphic proteins. The healthy neuron assembles these proteins into the required form as is necessary for the needs of that neuron. Interference with this process in neuronal cell biology may lead to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles. On the basis of the morphological and biochemical evidence, several approaches to the experimental study of neurofibrillary pathology are proposed. | 108,483 | [
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Identification of 15-keto-9, 11-peroxidoprosta-5, 13- dienoic acid as a hematin-catalyzed decomposition product of 15-hydroperoxy-9, 11-peroxidoprosta-5, 13-dienoic acid. | A labile prostaglandin was isolated as one of the products generated from [1-14C] eicosatetraenoic acid incubated with sheep vesicular gland microsomes. The eicosatetraenoic acid metabolite amounted to ca. 16% of the total radiolabeled products. Formation of this new prostaglandin was prevented when heat-denatured microsomes were employed or when incubation mixtures were supplemented with indomethacin or phenol. However, incubation of prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) with hematin in the presence or absence of catalytically active or heat-inactivated microsomes led to production of approximately the same quantity of the new prostaglandin. These results indicated that the new prostaglandin can be formed nonenzymically. The new prostaglandin was conclusively identified by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as 15-keto-9,11-peroxidoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid (15-keto-PGG2) after chemical conversion to known prostaglandins. The effects of 15-keto-PGG2 and PGG2 were similar on canine lateral saphenous vein; both promoted contraction followed by prolonged relaxation, but 15-keto-PGG2 appeared to be 1/50 as potent as PGG2. | 108,495 | [
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[Determination of the limits of the physiological action of mineral elements in hydrogen bacteria]. | The growth of the hydrogen bacterium Hydrogenomonas eutropha Z-1 was studied in the conditions of continuous cultivation at different content of mineral elements in the medium. The physiological action of phosphorus, sulfur, potassium and magnesium in the bacterium was found to be displayed within a wide range of concentrations (mg/ml): P, 18-1400; S, 5.5-350; K, 4-550; Mg, 4.8-430. If the control of mineral elements was above or below these values, the specific growth rate of the cells decreased and their intracellular chemical composition changed. | 108,530 | [
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[Carcinoid of the digestive tract. Diagnostic possibilities (author's transl)]. | Special features which enable preoperative differential diagnosis are dealt with in detail with reference to 44 patient with carcinoid of the digestive tract. Carcinoid of the appendix becomes noticable early with signs of acute or chronic appendicitis and in 94% of cases is operated on in good time. Angiography of the superior mesenteric artery shows a characteristic stellate figure in the mesenterium in carcinoid of the small intestine. In contrast to the primary tumor, liver metastases show intense vascularization in the angiogram. A rise in urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid is pathognomonic for carcinoid, its determination permits the checking of operative radicality and shows the appearance of metastases early. | 108,577 | [
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X-ray quality and the induction of meiotic recombination in Drosophila melanogaster males. | This paper reports a set of experiments designed to determine whether the radiation-quality effect, reported for the induction of somatic recombination, could be also demonstrated for meiotic recombination. Males heterozygous for markers on the 2nd chromosome were given an exposure of 600 R with either 55 kV or 100 kV X-irradiation. Treated spermatocytes were sampled by irradiating young pupae and then taking the first day sperm from the emergent adult males. When 2-h old pupae were irradiated there were significantly fewer centric and more non-centric recombinants, than when 4--6 h old pupae were irradiated. No radiation-quality effect was found. | 108,594 | [
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Videotaping epileptic attacks during stereoelectroencephalography. | Relating the onset of clinical attacks as recorded on a videotape to surface and depth electrographic events improves our ability to define the local or diffuse origin of seizures. In two patients with complex partial seizures, all 14 attacks appeared 3 to 6 seconds after focal discharges began in the amygdala or hippocampus. This meant that the spread of focal electroencephalographic (EEG) paroxysms caused the eventual clinical seizure. In two other patients with 392 generalized seizures and secondary bilateral synchronous paroxysms, a significant number of clinical attacks preceded the first depth or surface electrographic event. This suggested that the attacks originated from brain regions remote from the recording electrodes. | 108,610 | [
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[Visual future of prematures]. | The retinal periphery of 60 premature children now between 5 and 8 years of age and with a weight at birth equal or less than 1,500 g has been investigated. In 20% of these children, pigmentary modifications were noted which were often associated with chorioretinal atrophy. Polymorphic vascular abnormalities were seen in 14% of the cases, i.e. sinuous vessels of irregular caliber or neovascularization. Abnormalities of the vitreous body were also noted in 12% of the patients with glial bags on the periphery and sometimes potentially dangerous tractions folds (4%). All these abnormalities could cause complications such as retinal tear, retinoschisis or retinal detachment. Even if these signs are discrete, they can later on be the source of complications. Refraction studies revealed 30% of myopic children. The most important group had myopias equal or higher than 8 d. The characteristics of the myopia of premature children are its constancy (all premature children are myopic at birth); its importance (it depends on birth weight and on the severity of the retinopathy), and its evolution (the myopia of premature children does not evolve or evolves very slightly). | 108,644 | [
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Albinism. | There are seven forms of oculo-cutaneous albinism, which are all autosomal recessive: three are tyrosinase-negative (complete oculo-cutaneous albinism, Amish albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome) and four are tyrosinase-positive (incomplete oculo-cutaneous albinism, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Cross syndrome, Bergsma's albinism). There are three forms of sex-linked albinism: ocular albinism, which is intermediary sex-linked, François-De Rouck syndrome and Ziprkowski syndrome, which show a generalized albinism and are recessive sex-linked. There are two principal forms of cutaneous albinism, one without deafness and the other with deafness (Waardenburg-Klein syndrome). | 108,645 | [
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Isolation and characterization of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient T-lymphoma cells and secondary mutants with altered ribonucleotide reductase: genetic model for immunodeficiency disease. | The inherited deficiency of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase; purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) in humans is associated with a severe deficiency of the T lymphocytes of the immune system. Because of the unsatisfactory nature of previously described model systems, we have selected, cloned, and characterized a mutant mouse T cell lymphoma (S49) completely deficient in PNPase. Of the four substrates of PNPase, only deoxyguanosine at low concentrations is toxic to the PNPase-deficient (NSU-1) cells. In order to delineate the biochemical processes necessary for the sensitivity of the NSU-1 cells to deoxyguanosine, we have isolated a series of secondary mutants resistant to deoxyguanosine from the PNPase-deficient line. One of these mutants is defective in its ability to transport deoxyguanosine into the cell. A second type of mutant cannot phosphorylate the deoxyguanosine and is totally deficient in deoxycytidine kinase activity. A third type of mutant (NSU-1-dGuo-L) can both transport and phosphorylate deoxyguanosine and accumulates dGTP. However, unlike its parent, NSU-1-dGuo-L does not become depleted of dCTP and TTP when exposed to exogenous deoxyguanosine. This observation is accounted for by the fact that the reduction of CDP to dCDP by the ribonucleotide reductase (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1) of NSU-1-dGuo-L cells is not normally sensitive to feedback inhibition by dGTP.Thus, in order to exert its toxicity deoxyguanosine must be transported into the cell, be phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase, and be accumulated as dGTP. By inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase, dGTP depletes the cell of dCTP and to some extent TTP, thus preventing the synthesis of DNA, a process necessary for any proliferation-dependent function of T cells. | 108,675 | [
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Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase complex: regulation by the proton electrochemical gradient. | Sugars such as glucose are transported into Escherichia coli by a coupled phosphorylation mechanism (the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system, PTS). Transport of sugars through the PTS results in inhibition of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] activity by a mechanism involving a change in the state of phosphorylation of PTS proteins. Other sugars (e.g., lactose) are transported without modification by a mechanism involving proton cotransport, which requires a proton motive force across the cell membrane. We show here that uptake of sugars through the lactose transport system results in inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity if the proton symport mechanism is also active. The protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone also inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. These data suggest that the steady-state electrochemical proton gradient regulates the activity of adenylate cyclase. We propose that sugar-dependent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity may occur by either of two mechanisms. Sugars transported by the PTS inhibited adenylate cyclase activity by dephosphorylation of a regulatory protein, while sugars transported by the proton motive force system inhibit adenylate cyclase activity as a result of collapse of the proton electrochemical gradient. | 108,676 | [
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Effects of physostigmine, scopolamine, and mecamylamine on the sleeping time induced by ketamine in the rat. | Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 116--241 g were injected i.p. with ketamine hydrochloride, 80 mg per kilo of body weight. Immediately after loss of righting reflex, scopolamine, physostigmine, and mecamylamine were administered i.p. to different groups of rats. Control animals received sterile saline by the same route. The ketamine-induced sleeping time was significantly prolonged by physostigmine and scopolamine, but not by mecamylamine. After the delayed injection of physostigmine, the ketamine sleeping time was longer. These results, although too preliminary for a mechanistic interpretation, suggest that multiple neurotransmitter systems, probably including the cholinergic system, are involved in the mechanism of action of ketamine-induced narcosis. | 108,720 | [
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Piracetam facilitates retrieval but does not impair extinction of bar-pressing in rats. | Rats were trained on a continuously reinforced bar-press response for water reward. Seven days later they were retested for retention, with or without pretest injection of the nootropic drug, piracetam. Drug-treated animals had significantly shorter response latencies than saline-treated animals. The results are interpreted as a facilitation of retrieval processes after forgetting. The experiment was extended under extinction conditions and it was found that after three sessions there was a tendency to facilitate extinction when response latency is used as the extinction index. The clinical interest of a drug which facilitates the retrieval aspect of the memory process without impairing extinction is discussed. | 108,722 | [
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The antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on morphine withdrawal and levallorphan-precipitated abstinence syndrome signs and on associated changes in brain levels of free amino acids in the rat. | We have previously demonstrated the antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on some effects of morphine and on the development of physical dependence on, and tolerance to, morphine. In the present study, we have withdrawal from morphine or administration of a morphine antagonist. For this purpose sixty five white rats were given morphine and aspartic acid separately and in combination in a 5% saccharose solution instead of drinking water for 30 days. Some of the dependent rats were then withdrawn and others were injected with levallorphan. Flying, jumping, wet-dog shaking, body weight loss and motor activity were estimated and free amino acid levels in the brain were determined. Aspartic acid was found to prevent or antagonize the behavioural signs and the changes in the free amino acid levels in the brain. The results are discussed in the light of the previous data. | 108,753 | [
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Treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours in young women by needle implantation of radioactive yttrium. | Twenty-one young female patients are described who presented with amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea or infertility, and were treated by 90Y pituitary implantation of 20,000 rads. There was no morbidity. In all patients serum prolactin values were elevated and radiographs of the pituitary fossa were abnormal. Observations are available for 1--76 months (mean 27) after implantation. The median fall in prolactin values was 60 per cent while there was no deterioration in pituitary function if normal pre-operatively. Luteinizing hormone values, both basally and following gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, rose to normal after operation; several instances of sellar remodelling were observed radiologically, and no instance of relapse was found radiologically, biochemically or clinically. Thirteen patients desiring fertility have been observed since implantation; so far nine have become pregnant, in three instances without any additional therapy; since four patients became pregnant twice, a total of 13 pregnancies have occurred. No case of tumour expansion was observed during pregnancy. 90Y implantation can be considered as a therapeutic procedure in young female patients requiring fertility which is competitive with surgical methods, and together with a short course of bromocriptine if needed, could prove to be the treatment of choice. | 108,759 | [
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Long-term curative results of radiotherapy of patients with inoperable prostatic carcinoma. Erskine Memorial Lecture, 1978. | A series of 59 consecutive patients with inoperable carcinoma of the prostate were entered into a national cooperative study and treated under the tenets of a strict protocol with competent dosimetric control. Twenty-one of these men are living and well 5--10 years after treatment; nine others who lived without cancer from 5 to 10 years died of other diseases. Local recurrences were not demonstrated in several cases which came to autopsy. Failures are often due to the development of osseous metastases outside of the effective area of radiotherapy. Untoward effects are the exception and may be minimized by fractionation. | 108,762 | [
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Quality Assurance in diagnostic radiology: an irreverent view of a sacred cow: annual oration in honor of Albert Soiland, M.D. | The problem of federal regulation of radiologic practice is examined via an in-depth analysis of the Proposed Recommendations for Diagnostic Radiology Facility Quality Assurance Programs as published in the Federal Register by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs. It is shown that the need for such recommendations is not established, that the program proposed by the Commissioner is potentially burdensome for the radiologist, that it does not address the most significant causes of unnecessary patient irradiation, and that the benefits expected to derive from it are, in fact, negligible. This is not to denigrate the value of well-conceived quality assurance efforts, and measures are suggested that might more reasonably be expected to reduce the radiation exposure of the public. The radiologist is urged to 1) conduct his practice in as faultless a manner as possible; and 2) exercise his right to respond to proposals of the federal regulatory agencies. | 108,765 | [
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Antibodies against neurons in chronic Chagas' disease. | Severe qualitative and quantitative alterations of the autonomic system inervating the heart and other organs have been demonstrated in experimental and natural Chagas' disease. These facts led us to search for the presence of antibody to neurons in 230 chagasic sera by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Our results indicated that 83% of the chagasic patients presented IgG antibodies and 7% IgM antibodies to neurons. All control sera were negative. The demonstrated antibody to neurons presented cross-reaction against neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and also against neurons of different species. | 108,824 | [
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[Importance of subclavian vein catheterization in the treatment of surgical diseases of the gastrointestinal tract]. | On the grounds of an analysis of 1095 catheterizations carried out upon patients with gastrointestinal diseases the authors have shown that the use of the subclavian vein for the infusion therapy is a method of choice for such patients. To prevent the complications the authors consider it imperiable to improve training of subclavian vein catheterization and puncture methods and to improve the organization of carrying out the infusion into the main veins. | 108,834 | [
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[New data on the tachyphylactic properties of sodium nucleinate]. | Sodium nucleinate, when injected into mice in combination with killed E. coli or prodigiozan, caused a decrease in side effects produced by the vaccine or polysaccharide. The combined injection of sodium nucleinate and prodigiozan in doses, ineffective if introduced separately, was accompanied by the potentiation of their tachyphylactic action. The use of sodium nucleinate in combination with polyvinylprrolidone (hemodez) prolonged the tachyphylactic action of sodium nucleinate and increased its effectiveness. The proposed principle is supposed to be suitable for decreasing the reactogenicity of bacterial vaccines and polysaccharides. | 108,882 | [
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Duodenal plasmacytoma. A rare primary extramedullary localization simulating a carcinoma. | A patient with duodenal plasmacytoma is described. The extramedullary localization preceded the complete humoural picture of multiple myeloma by 15 months. The previously reported cases of myeloma of primary gastrointestinal localization are reviewed. | 108,892 | [
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Use of specific antisera against leukemia-associated antigens in the diagnosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | A series of 66 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at diagnosis were investigated (simultaneously) for various surface markers. For this purpose the reaction of specific antisera against ALL antigens and T cell antigens was analysed in every case by several test systems, namely immunofluorescence, microcytotoxicity and complement fixation. A clearly defined classification in 6 subgroups of ALL emerged. The clinical data at presentation and possible correlations with the immunological subgroups were demonstrated. | 108,896 | [
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Structural and functional characteristics of hairy cells. | Morphological, cytochemical, immunological and ultrastructural studies were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with hairy-cell leukemia. Immunofluorescence studies showed a very strong intensity of fluorescence and indicated that hairy cells had monoclonal surface-membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg) actively produced by the cells. An unusual spontaneous SmIg redistribution induced by antibodies was also noted. Immunoultrastructural studies demonstrated that antibody-induced redistribution of SmIg on hairy cells is in form of a singular polar cap and that the cell membrane is rapidly cleaned of the complexes by endocytosis. The behavior of hairy cells regarding several membrane markers, mitogen stimulation and antibody-induced cytotoxicity suggests that hairy projections could represent the expression of a functional stage common to different lymphocyte subpopulations, or alternatively, a marker of a peculiar subset of B lymphocytes. | 108,897 | [
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Bowel habit in a Yoruba rural community: preliminary report. | The bowel habit of a rural population 80 kilometres outside Ibadan was examined. Based on the pattern of the diet there, 91% of the apparently healthy subjects have daily bowel actions, 60% have two or more motions a day and the stool was soft in 51% of them. There was no alteration in the frequency and consistency of the stool with advancing age. The range of bowel actions was two to three soft motions per day. Recognizable dietary factors producing this pattern include not only the bulky carbohydrate diet but also the vegetables, pepper, fruits and traditional as well as proprietary laxative products commonly taken by these subjects. The implication of the bowel habit on the prevalence of certain gastrointestinal disease on the basis of Burkitt's hypothesis was examined. Measurements of food transit time and stool weights will form the basis of subsequent studies. | 108,935 | [
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0.1066201,
0.4305363,
-0.1623061... |
Gastric volvulus in childhood. | Gastric volvulus, organoaxial or mesenteroaxial, is an uncommon cause of upper gastrointestinal obstruction in childhood. It may be suspected on plain radiographic examination of the abdomen and confirmed by upper gastrointestinal series. Seven affected children are described. In childhood, gastric volvulus often coexists with mesenteric abnormalities or with lesions that lead to distention of the gastrointestinal tract. | 108,970 | [
-0.108091,
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0.03108597,
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Osteoblastic response to successful treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate. | Increasing sclerosis of bone in patients with prostatic cancer most commonly is associated with disease progression. In a study of serial radiographs in a group of 18 patients who experienced objective clinical remission after treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate, eight (44%) showed an osteoblastic response as part of their healing reaction to successful therapy. The importance of a blastic response as a possible sign of clinical improvement is emphasized. Clinical, biochemical, and bone scan correlations are discussed as they apply to patients who respond favorably to treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate. | 108,971 | [
0.1882316,
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Finger joint swelling: correlation with age, gender, and manual labor. | A soft tissue immersion radiography technique was used to study changes in 4,648 finger joints of 166 patients free from signs of inflammatory joint disease. An age-specific correlation was found for joint swelling, joint space narrowing, joint margin spurs, and intraarticular loose bodies. The distal interphalangeal joints were more commonly swollen in women, and the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints more commonly swollen in manual laborers. Both correlations are highly significant (P less than 0.001). The second and third digits showed a definite predilection for joint swelling. Swelling of finger joints is closely correlated with age and degenerative disease, and its occurrence in older patients is associated with degenerative changes. In manual laborers it should not be interpreted as evidence for inflammatory joint disease. | 108,973 | [
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0.3187478,
0.1545461,
-0.2067808,
... |
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