title stringlengths 0 901 | abstract stringlengths 3 9.89k | PMID int64 22 25.3M | embedding listlengths 768 768 |
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Temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40 selected by transforming ability. | Eight temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40 which transform rat cells at 32.5 C but not at 38.5 C have been isolated. All the mutants were also temperature sensitive for replication in African green monkey kidney cells and five of them were classified into a single complementation group. No mutant incapable of transforming rat cells at either temperature was isolated. | 167,187 | [
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Fatal pox infection in a rough-legged hawk. | Natural pox infection occurred in a free-living rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) in northeastern North Dakota. Gross, histological and electron microscopic findings were typical of pox infection, and characteristic lesions developed in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) but not in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) following inoculation with case material. Death of the rough-legged hawk was attributed to starvation rsulting from inability to capture prey and to blood loss from foot lesions. | 167,207 | [
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Phospholipase C catalyzed formation of sphinogomyelin--14C from lecithin and N-(-14C)-oleoyl-sphingosine. | Commercial preparations of Clostreidium perfringens were incubated with phosphatidyl choline and N-1-(-14C) oleoylsphingosine. A radioactive product was formed which cochromatogramed with spingomyelin standard in three different solvent systems. Several other phospholipases and phosphatases were unable to catalyze this reaction. Neither choline, phosphoryl choline, cytidine diphosphate choline nor p-nitrophenyl phosphoryl choline were acitve donors. Sphingomyelin was only slightly active as a phosphoryl choline donor. | 167,259 | [
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Structural and compositional changes attending the ultracentrifugation of very low density lipoproteins. | The effects of repetitive ultracentrifugation on the physical and chemical properties of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were investigated. VLDL recentrifuged one to seven times were characterized by chemical analyses, analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. The VLDL content of triglyceride was increased and the proportion of phospholipid decreased by ultracentrifugation. Recentrifugation of VLDL decreased the number of Sf-o 20-100 particles and generated particles of Sf-o greater than 400. The bulk of the material removed from VLDL by ultracentrifugation was lipoprotein having pre-beta mobility on paper electrophoresis, flotation rates of Sf-o 10-100 and a particle size of 300-400 A-O. Two ultracentrifugations separated an average of 14% of the starting VLDL protein. Characterization of the apoproteins in this material by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel chromatography, immunoprecipitation and amino acid analysis demonstrated a relatively high proportion of beta-apoprotein and relatively little C-apoproteins. | 167,365 | [
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Follicle stimulating hormone stimulation of 125-I-human chorionic gonadotropin binding in porcine granulosa cell cultures. | In order to see if FSH acts directly upon the granulosa cell to stimulate hCG binding, granulosa cells harvested from small 1-2 mm porcine follicles were grown in 250 ml flasks in chemically defined media containing 0.05 mug/ml highly purified human FSH for 2, 4, and 6 days. The defined medium consisted of culture medium 199 plus 0.4% bovine serum albumin, 0.2% lactalbumin hydrolysate and 10 munit/ml insulin. The cultures were harvested by scraping with a rubber policeman and incubated with 0.1 mug/ml 131-I- or 125-I-hCG. Binding expressed as cpm/culture or per mg protein yielded similar results. In five separate experiments addition of FSH stimulated hCG binding two- to fourfold above control cultures. In a typical experiment after 2 days of culture, the specific binding of control cultures to hCG was 962 plus or minus 45 cpm/culture (-x plus or minus SE; n = 3) and the binding in cultures grown in the presence of 0.05 mug/ml FSH was 3933 plus or minus 1787 (n = 3; P less than 0.01). Granulosa cells harvested from large (8-12 mm) follicles grown under similar conditions bound 29,669 plus or minus 948 cpm/culture (n = 4). These data demonstrate that FSH may have a direct stimulatory role upon induction of granulosa cell LH-hCG receptors in vitro. | 167,375 | [
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[Reactivity of the adrenals to ACTH in rats with alloxan diabetes]. | Experiments were conducted on rats. A study was made of the adrenal gland ACTH reactivity under conditions of alloxan diabetes. The function of the adrenal gland increased one month after the administration of alloxan; this was indicated by an increase of their absolute and relative weight, by an elevation of the corticosterone content in the peripheral blood and the glands proper. ACTH stimulated the adrenal gland function in rats with an intact pancreas, increasing the weight of the adrenal glands, the level of corticosterones in the blood and the adrenal glands. ACTH reactivity proved to be lowered in rats with alloxan diabetes. The blood corticosterone level increased in them less and changes in the weight of the glands and of the hormone concentration in them proved to be statistically insignificant. | 167,371 | [
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[Effect of ACTH, TTH, and STH on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the liver of hypophysectomized rats]. | An experimental study was make of the changes in respiration and of the oxidative phosphorylation in the hepatic mitochondria of the hypophysectomized albino rats, with consideration to the regulatory effects of the ACTH, TTH, and STH. There was an intensification of the conjugation of the oxidative and of the phosphorylation processes in the mitochondria of the liver of hypophysectomized albino rats as a result of ACTH replacement therapy in a dose of 3 Units per 100 g of weight. TTH given in a dose of 0.03 IU per 100 g of weight under conditions of hypophysectomy stimulated oxidation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid in the mitochondria of the liver of albino rats; phosphorylation remained reduced, i.e. there was seen a dissociation of the process of oxidative phosphorylation. As a result of replacement therapy with the STH given in a dose of 10 gamma per 100 g of weight the energy metabolism in the liver of hypophysectomized albino rats changed in the direction of an increase in the P/O coefficient of the hepatic mitochondria. ACTH, TTH, and STH were given from the 15th to the 21st days after hypophysectomy, twice a day, subcutaneously. | 167,370 | [
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Rubella and rheumatoid arthritis: hyaluronic acid and susceptibility of cultured rheumatoid synovial cells to viruses. | Synovial cell lines were established from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from normal human embryos. High levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) were produced by some RA cell lines, some of which were partially or completely resistant to infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and rubella virus (RV). Normal fetal synovial cells lines were susceptible to NDV, VSV, and RV. Infection with virus became possible after treatment of RA cells with hyaluronidase to depolymerize HA, and HA prevented infection of normal synovial cells with VSV. These results provide evidence that HA and not chronic or latent viral infection is responsible for the lack of susceptibility of RA synovial cells to certain viruses. | 167,379 | [
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Differences and similarities between guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase activities in neuroblastoma cells in culture. | There are phosphodiesterase activities in both particulate and supernatant fractions which hydrolyze guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) with an apparent Km of 2-8 muM and with an apparent Km of 44-222 muM. 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl-2-imidazolidinone (RO20-1724) did not inhibit cGMP phosphodiesterase activity in homogenates of mouse neuroblastoma cells, but markedly inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. Papaverine and theophylline inhibited both cGMP and cAMP phosphodiesterase activities to about the same extent. The former was more potent than the latter. The specific activity of cGMP phosphodiesterase as a function of protein concentrations first increased and then decreased. The specific activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase decreased under a similar experimental condition. | 167,381 | [
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Concerning the relationship between protein synthesis and adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphate-stimulated steroidogenesis in isolated rat adrenal cells. | Inhibitors of protein synthesis decrease protein synthesis in isolated rat adrenal cells to a greater extent than they decrease adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphate (cyclic AMP)-stimulated steroidogenesis. At low concentrations of the inhibitors, varying degrees of recovery of the rate of steroidogenesis occurs with increasing time of incubation. As the concentration is increased, the time required to achieve any recovery of the rate of steroidogenesis increases and the extent of recovery decreases. The recovery also depends on the amount of cyclic AMP present. During the process of recovery the inhibition of protein synthesis continues in a linear manner. An explanation consistent with these data involves a rapidly turningover protein, the concentration of which is independent of the level of cyclic AMP present. However, the extent of transformation of this protein to an active form depends on the concentration of cyclic AMP. | 167,383 | [
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Molecur mechanism of action of the radioprotective substance WR 2721. | The radioprotective effect of WR 2721 on catalase and the type and loci of its interaction with the enzyme have been investigated by means of spectrophotometric and electron spin resonance, (ESR) methods. The radiation damage, indicated by a change in enzymatic activity and in the Soret absorption band, has been the less the larger the WR 2721 concentration. In the case of ESR investigations, addition of WR 2721 has resulted in a reduction of the spin concentration of Cu-2+. Since cysteamine has exhibited similar results, however, to a lesser extent, it can be assumed that the RS-ions are responsible for the protective effect. From the results obtained it can be concluded that (the dephosphorilized) WR 2721 forms a complex with the enzyme and acts as an electron donor. | 167,397 | [
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The demonstration by interference tests of an infective agent in fetuses from ewes inoculated with Border disease tissue. | Fetuses and placental tissues were taken from pregnant ewes at intervals varying between eight and 21 days after inoculation with tissue suspensions from cases of Border disease. Virus isolation procedures involving the detection of a cytopathic effect in tissue cultures with or without interference tests produced universally negative results but interference tests, using a plaque technique with the NADL strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus as a challenge virus, detected the presence of an agent in tissues from six out of 10 fetuses. Inoculated ewes allowed to proceed to term showed a serological response characteristic of Border disease infection, as measured by four different tests. Although hairy shaker lambs were not seen, the occurence of abortion and stillbirth due to causes other than bacterial agents, was an indication that the Border disease agent was present. Electron microscopy of fetal fluids failed to detect viral particles. | 167,408 | [
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Herpesvirus hominis infections in renal transplant recipients. | A longitudinal, prospective study of herpesvirus hominis (HVH, herpes simplex virus) was carried out in immunosuppressed renal allograft recipients using serologic, virologic and clinical techniques. The final study group consisted of 37 patients of which 31 were followed for at least 2 months and 26 for more than 1 year. A 4-fold rise or more in HVH complement-fixing antibody in relation to titers measured at the time of transplantation was found in 11 patients. Eight of these 11 patients had clinically recognizable herpetic lesions. An additional 9 patients had lesions without titer rise being demonstrable. The 20 of the 37 patients studied (54%) had evidence of active infection with HVH. Because of pain and discomfort herpetic sores were of clinical importance in 11 patients and lasted for 1 month or more in 9. Herpetic keratitis was seen in 3 and left permanent damage to sight in 2. Multiple, extensive, prolonged and sometimes destructive herpetic lesions affected 5 (16%) of all patients studied. | 167,430 | [
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Immunofluorescent localization of cyclic AMP in toad urinary bladder: possible intercellular transfer. | By use of an immunofluorescent cytochemical staining technique, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) has been localized in toad bladder epithelial cells. Within 2 minutes after addition of vasopressin, staining intensity increases in both mitochondria-rich and granular cells. This finding, taken together with the precise anatomical relation between these two epithelial cell types and the observation that after separation of the two cell types vasopressin stimulates cyclic AMP accumulation in only mitochondria-rich cells, suggests that cyclic AMP may be transferred from mitochrondria-rich to granular cells as part of the response of the toad urinary bladder to vasopressin. | 167,437 | [
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Parasitology survey and seroepidemiology of amoebiasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. | A parasitology surevy was conducted among inhabitants of 7 villages in 3 regencies in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. A total of 2,169 stool specimens, 2,756 blood smears and 1,027 serum specimens were obtained, representing samples from approximately 10%, 12% and 5% of the population, respectively. One to 8 different intestinal parasitic infections were detected in 97% of the people. Those parasites most frequently found were Trichuris trichiura (83%), Ascaris lumbricoides (79%), and hookworm (65%), followed by Entamoeba coli (37%), Endolimaxnana (12%), Entamoeba histolytica (12%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (11%), Giardia lamblia (5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2%), Chilomastix mesnili (2%). Other parasites found were Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria sp., Echinostoma sp., Hymenolepis diminuta, and Trichomonas hominis. Giardia lamblia was found more often in younger people and Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bütschlii and hookworm in the older age group. Ascaris lumbricoides occurred more frequently in females, and hookworm in males. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were found in the blood smears of 4.4% of the people, mostly in the younger age groups. Seroepidemiological studies on amoebiasis were done by use of the indirect hemagglutination test with antigens prepared from the HK9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica maintained in axenic cultures. The frequency distribution of the reciprocal antibody titers showed a bimodal distribution with 34% of the population demonstrating positive reactions at titers of 1:128 or greater. | 167,454 | [
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Ultrastructural pathology of leaf cells of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) infected with ryegrass mosaic virus. | Ryegrass mosaic virus particles and virus induced lamellar inclusions were found in mesophyll and epidermal cells of virus infected ryegrass leaves. The lamellar inclusions were occasionally found in phloem cells also. Virus particles occurred in cytoplasm, inside plasmodesmata and often in membrane bound sacs embedded in a matrix between plasmalemma and cell wall at or near plasmodesmata. Electron dense plugs protruding from plasmodesmata, finger-like cell wall outgrowths and cell wall deposits usually at plasmodesmata were also observed. Cytopathological changes in organelles in infected cells included dense deposits in the cisternae of endosplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, mitochondria with electron-dense or opaque matrix, proliferating cristae and deteriorating unit membrane; and disintegrating chloroplasts. | 167,468 | [
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[Comparison of the sensitivity of laboratory animals and tissue cultures to infection with Aujeszky's disease virus]. | In mice and guinea-pigs high susceptibility was demonstrated following i. c. administration of the virus, approximately equalling to that of rabbits and tissue cultures. Also a relatively high susceptibility of guinea-pigs was demonstrated, with very distinct clinical symptoms of the disease, as compared with mice and rats after the other manners of infection. On the basis of the results obtained white mice were utilized for routine diagnostic of Aujeszky disease. After i. c. administration of positive, virus-containing material encephalitis develops with a rapid exitus occurring 12-24 hours earlier than in the rabbits. In brain tissue antigen was always demonstrated by immunofluorescence examination. Along with the biological experiment replicas of pig organs were examined by immunofluorescence method. Maximum of positive yellow-green fluorescence is found in the cytoplasma of epithelial tonsillar cells, sporadically in the cell nuclei. Epithelial cells are deformed according to the infection degree. The amount of antigen in the brain tissue is not so pronounced as in the tonsillar tissue, yet in animals with clinical pathological symptoms the antigen was always demonstrated. | 167,500 | [
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Cytologic detection of early Paget's disease of breast with improved cellular collection method. | Improved cellular collection method and cytologic criteria for diagnosis of Paget's disease of the breast are presented. When indicated, the cytologic test is highly recommended for the early detection and pre-operative diagnosis of the minimal breast cancer10. | 167,540 | [
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Interactions of ethanol with cyclic AMP. | Ethanol and other alcohols stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in various tissues and potentiate its stimulation by some hormones. This effect, however, usually requires a high alcohol concentration. In some cases, an unknown substance, different from cyclic AMP, was formed from ATP in the presence of an alcohol and mimicked stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Ethanol inhibits phosphodiesterase activity in some tissues. In the brain, only the low affinity enzyme of pons-medulla region is inhibited. ATP levels and ATPase activities are affected by ethanol treatment and this can lead to secondary changes of the cyclic AMP levels. Cyclic AMP levels in the brain and liver are decreased by acute ethanol administration while levels in other organs are unchanged. High doses of ethanol inhibit the postdecapitation-induced rise of cyclic AMP level in the brain while low ethanol doses potentiate the postdecapitation rise of cyclic AMP in the lower brain stem. Chronic ethanol administration increases basal adenylate cyclase activity and cyclic AMP levels, and decreases stimulation of adenylate cyclase by norepinephrine in the brain. In contrast, the stimulation of cyclic AMP formation by norepinephrine and other biogenic amines is increased in the brain of ethanol-withdrawn animals. Chronic administration of ethanol affects also cyclic AMP levels and cyclic AMP formation in some peripheral organs. Cyclic AMP might be involved in ethanol-induced fatty liver, since it activates hepatic lipase and might also participate in the fatty acid oxidation. | 167,556 | [
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Impaired renal response to parathyroid hormone in potassium depletion. | In potassium depletion, a possible alteration of the proximal tubular response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) was evaluated in rat kidney. 1) There were impairments of both phosphaturic and urinary cyclic AMP responses to PTH. The site of the impairment was further investigated by studying the PTH-dependent cycle AMP system in renal cortex. 2) There was a lesser increase of cyclic AMP concentration by PTH in potassium-depleted slices, indicating the lesser urinary cyclic AMP was due to the specific impairment of PTH-dependent cyclic AMP in the kidney. 3). The activation of adenylate cyclase by PTH was impaired , but phosphodiesterase activity was not affected by potassium depletion, indicating the impairment of cyclic AMP generation was due to inhibition of adenylate cyclase. 4) The phosphaturic response to dibutyryl cyclic AMP infusion was also significantly less in the potassium-depleted animals, indicating the step subsquent to the cyclic AMP generation is also impaired. All above results indicate that, in potassium depletion, the renal response to PTH is impaired, and the impairment is both within the step of cyclic AMP generation and after the cyclic AMP generation. | 167,590 | [
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A phylogenetic study of the role of cyclic AMP in lipid synthesis in vertebrates. | The effect of cyclic AMP on the incorporation of acetate-2-14C into sterols and fatty acid in vitro in slices of liver and intestine was examined in various representatives of the vertebrate group. In no instance was an effect on lipid synthesis noted in intestine. Cyclic AMP exerted no significant effects on hepatic lipogenesis in lower vertebrates, including the nurse shark, catfish, toad, or iguana. However, the nucleotide strongly inhibited the incorporation of acetate-2-14C into fatty acid by the chicken liver. Similar inhibition of fatty acid synthesis was also noted in rat liver, but in this mammalian species hepatic sterol synthesis was also strikingly suppressed by cyclic AMP. Interruption of the enterohepatic circuit in the rat, while enhancing rates of sterol synthesis in both liver and intestine, neither enhanced nor diminished hepatic susceptibility to suppressed sterologenesis by cyclic AMP, nor did it confer on the intestine any newfound capacity for cyclic AMP-regulated lipid synthesis. | 167,595 | [
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Acute effects of ACTH on dissociated adrenocortical cells: quantitative changes in mitochondria and lipid droplets. | To study the role of certain organelles in steroidogenesis, dissociated rat adrenocortical cells were incubated for two hours with ACTH at a concentration that induces a high level of steroid production. Sections of ACTH treated and untreated cells were photographed in the electron microscope, and morphometric analysis was undertaken to assess possible ACTH-induced changes in total cell volume, volume density and numerical denisty of lipid droplets and mitochondria. There was no change in total cell volume. Lipid droplet volume density and numerical density decreased. Mitochondrial volume density did not change, but numerical density increased. The decrease in lipid droplet volume density indicates a rapid depletion of cholesterol for steroid production. This depletion is almost entirely due to the disappearance of lipid droplets, rather than to an overall diminution in their size, as shown by the decrease in lipid droplet numerical density. The mitochondrial data suggest that the adrenocortical cell has an adedquate mitochondrial apparatus to respond to acute ACTH stimulation with increased steroid output without an increase inmitochondrial volume. | 167,616 | [
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Comparison of the characteristics of avian reoviruses isolated from the digestive and respiratory tract, with viruses isolated from the synovia. | Two-week-old gnotobiotic chicks were inoculated in the foot pad with viruses isolated from synovia and synovial membrane-WVU 1464-29H, WVU 1675, WVU 2937, WVU 2986, and WVU 71-212; from digestive tract-reoviruses 24, 25, and 59; or from respiratory tract-reovirus Fahey-Crawley (FC). All viruses induced swelling of the foot pad and inflammatory changes of synovial membrane. Serum from virus-infected chicks had a common agar gel precipitin (AGP) line. On the basis of the plaque-reduction test in primary chicken kidney (PCK) cells, the viruses were classified into 4 major serotypes. All viruses produced cytopathic effects (CPE) in primary chicken tissue cultures. Other than reovirus FC and WVU 1464-29H, all viruses produced CPE in the Vero cell line. | 167,621 | [
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Growth curves of anaerobic bacteria in solid media. | Simple pour plate and spectrophotometric techniques for the evaluation of growth curves of several anaerobic bacteria on solid media are described. Three basic patterns of anaerobic growth were observed. The curves obtained were very reproducible when studied on separate occasions. The curves obtained by spectrophotometric measurement were comparable to those obtained by the pour plate method, especially when a large bacterial inoculum was used. Limitations in the interpretation of the results are discussed. The methods and principles reported could provide the basis for the determination of bacterial growth on solid media using other organisms and different experimental conditions. | 167,660 | [
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Effects of lead on the lipid composition of Micrococcus luteus cells. | Micrococcus luteus cells cultivated in medium containing lead salts exhibited a sequence of changes in the quantity of total cellular lipids with essentially no changes from normal cellular yields. The lipid composition of cells cultivated one to four times was moderately decreased (phase I) whereas that of cells cultivated five to six times was reduced by as much as 50% (phase II). Cells cultivated more than six times in lead-containing media had progressively greater quantities of lipid (phase III) approaching that found in control cells. These cells with reestablished lipid contents showed no further effects from more prolonged exposure to lead salts. Chromatographic studies of total lipids of cells of each lipid phase revealed relatively complete lipid compositions. These results indicated that lead is apparently affecting a common biochemical parameter in the biosynthesis of lipids of lipid phase II cells. Changes in the relative quantities of individual components were observed in both the nonpolar and polar lipids in each lipid phase. The most notable changes were the decrease in aliphatic hydrocarbons with concomitant increases in the diglycerides and components identified as a complex family of ketones. Microscopy examinations of control and lead-treated cells revealed electron dense inclusion bodies in membrane fragments in only lead-treated cells. | 167,661 | [
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Wound infection during the Yom Kippur war: observations concerning antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy. | Eighty-eight episodes of wound associated infection were identified among 624 consecutively admitted battlefield casualties. Ninety-one per cent of infections occurred during the administration of antibiotic therapy or prophylaxis and 65% were associated with the use of multiple antibacterial agents. Gram negative bacillary and mixed microbial infection predominated and were found to increase in relative incidence after the second day of hospitalization. Appropriate therapy, based on disc sensitivity testing, was administered in only 33% of infectious episodes. The practice of antibiotic wound prophylaxis may contribute to the incidence and nature of infection in battlefield wounds. Problems unique to the handling of battlefield wounded are discussed in comparing the present data with those of other war associated and civilian studies. | 167,666 | [
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Training examiners to administer a quantitative neurological examination for a multicenter clinical trial. | A battery of quantitative neurological tests was used in a multicenter clinical trial to compare ACTH with placebo for the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis in acute exacerbation. Since the battery of tests was administered in ten centers by physical therapists, it was critical that the examiners were well trained and remained so. Results of experiments showed that physical therapists could be successfully trained to administer the tests in a uniform fashion and remained trained for three years, the duration of the clinical trial. The fact that physical therapists are not taught tell-tale side effects of a treatment, and hence do not perceive these as do the physician examiners, introduces another level of objectivity into neurological clinical trials. | 167,673 | [
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Exacerbation and reactivation of Herpesvirus hominis infection in mice by cyclophosphamide. | Cyclophosphamide has been shown to potentiate the growth of Herpesvirus hominis in the skin of Webster Schneider mice. Higher skin yields of virus were obtained, marked dissemination of virus to the brain was produced and mortality in mice was increased. Serum neutralizing antibody titres were suppressed. The system may serve as a good model for the study of specific antiherpes drugs. | 167,686 | [
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The effect of arginine deprivation on the cytopathogenic effect and replication of human cytomegalovirus. | Arginine is necessary for the development of the cytopathogenic effect of human cytomegalovirus in human embryonic fibroblasts. It is also required, though in greater concentrations, for the production of infective virions, the requirement being at an early stage of replication. Inhibitor studies suggested that this block in replication caused by arginine deficiency was prior to the formation of viral DNA. Withdrawal of arginine from the medium 24 or 48 hours after infection resulted in a decline in virus production indicating that the continued presence of the amino acid is necessary for constant virus production. Infected cultures deprived of arginine could be stimulated to produce cytopathic effects and infective virions by replacement of the amino acid even eight days after inoculation, demonstrating that the information for cytomegalovirus replication remains intact within the cell. This establishment of latency in vitro may be related to the ability of the virus to establish a similar state in vivo. | 167,690 | [
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Characteristics of the sleep of men in simulated space flights. | A study of the sleep of men in simulated space flight has shown that, during different effects (diminished motor activity, noise, rotation), monotony and time of the exposure is the general pathogenetic factor producing sleep disturbances. The monotony factor was responsible for typical changes in sleep function (difficulty involved in falling asleep, disturbed continuity of sleep as a process, decline in the depth, etc.), whose degree was related not only to the professional importance of the experiment but also to the individual intolerance to the main exposure. In these cases, the action of somnogenic mechanisms developed against the background of the action of analyzers (vestibular, accoustic, proprioceptive) that were under load and whose excitation during hypokinesia, noise, and rotation, especially in poorly adapted people, led to cumulation and was expressed in the phenomenon of spontaneous awakening. In addition to that, the genesis of dyssomnia, particularly during bedrest and water immersion, included hemodynamic disturbances induced by blood redistribution due to the recumbent position and monotonous motor activity. The psychosomatic feelings (congestion, edema, irresistible desire to stand up and stretch) brought about emotional strain which was later enhanced by the duration of the exposure. | 167,706 | [
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Lack of relationship between activity of chromatin-bound proteinase and cell growth rates. | Proteinase associated with chromatin isolated from liver and hepatoma of rat is stimulated by salt, and, of the histone fractions, lysine-rich (F1) histone is preferentially degraded by this enzyme at an ionic strength comparable with that found in the nucleus. However, there appears to be no strict relationship between the activity of the proteinase and growth rates of hepatomas. Chromatin isolated from a fast-growing tumour, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, shows no apparent proteinase activity in the presence of salt. | 167,717 | [
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Molecular weights of estrogen and androgen binding proteins in the liver of Xenopus laevis. | [3-H]Estradiol-17beta and [3-H]dihydrotestosterone binding proteins in the cytosol fraction of liver from both male and female Xenopus laevis were characterized by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. These binding proteins, which were indistinguishable based upon their mobilities on gels of different acrylamide concentrations, migrated as single components with a molecular weight of 2.0 x 10-4. Separation of native or sodium dodecyl sulfate denatured specific estrogen-binding components on dodecyl sulfate free acrylamide gels gave similar results, i.e., a single species of molecular weight 2.0-2.5 x 10-4. The same molecular weight also was obtained when cytosol was prepared in the presence of either diisopropyl fluorophosphate or phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, protease inhibitors. Evidence that the liver components binding either [3-H]estradiol-17-beta or [3-H]dihydrotestosterone were not plasma contaminants was provided by the observation that the plasma sex-steroid binding globulin of Xenopus had a different mobility when separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | 167,818 | [
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Actions of insulin, epinephrine, and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate on fat cell protein phosphorylations. Cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate dependent and independent mechanisms. | Endogenous and hormone-induced protein (polypeptide) phosphorylations were studied in isolated rat fat cells, in fat pads, and in subcellular fractions obtained from fat tissue under different physiological conditions. Insulin (25-100 muU/ml) increased the incorporation of 32P into two proteins: insulin-phosphorylated proteins (IPP 140 and IPP 50; similar to 140,000 and 50,000 daltons, respectively). Epinephrine (10(-7)-10(-6) M) increased the incorporation of 32P into another protein: epinephrine-phosphorylated protein (EPP 60-65; similar to 60,000-65,000 daltons). Endogenous IPP 140 phosphorylation in fat cells obtained from fasted and refed rats was similar to that of insulin in normal cells. Studies of insulin and epinephrine interactions showed that insulin increased IPP 140 phosphorylation even in the presence of epinephrine or lithium (25 mM times 10(-3) M). dibutyryl cyclic AMP (5 times 10(-4) M) markedly stimulated EPP 60-65 phosphorylation, but neither epinephrine (10(-7)-10(-6) M) nor dibutyryl cyclic AMP reproduced insulin's phosphorylation of APP 140. Lithium inhibited both endogenous and epinephrine-stimulate EPP 60-65 phosphorylation, but did not inhibit that induced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. These findings suggest that insulin stimulated a specific, cyclic AMP independent protein kinase for IPP 140 phosphorylation. Cell-free extracts from insulin-treated fat tissue catalyzed the specific transfer of 32P from ATP to IPP 140 more rapidly than control extracts. No differences in the total receptor protein or total protein kinase activity using [gamma(-32P]ATP were noted between insulin-treated and control preparations. IPP 140 may be either (a) an insulin-sensitive protein kinase (phosphotransferase) or (b) a protein whose function is regulated by an insulin-sensitive protein kinase or phosphatase. | 167,823 | [
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2-substituted derivatives of adenosine and inosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate. Synthesis, enzymic activity, and analysis of the structural requirements of the binding locale of the 2-substituent on bovine brain protein kinase. | A number of 2-substituted cyclic nucleotide derivatives were synthesized and investigated as activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and as substrates for and inhibitors of cAMP phosphodiesterase. Ring closure of 5-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazol-4-carboxamide cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (1) with various aldehydes according to a new procedure (Meyer, R. B., Jr., Shuman, D.A., and Robins, R. K. (1974), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 4962) gave new derivatives of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate with the following 2-substituents: n-propyl, n-hexl, n-octyl, n-decyl, styryl, o-methoxyphenyl, and 2-thienyl. Alkylation of 2-mercaptoadenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (20, Meyer et al., 1974) gave new cAMP derivatives with the following 2-substituent: ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, allylthio, n-decylthio, and benzylthio. Deamination of 2-methyl-,2-n-butyl-, and 2-ethylthioadenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate. Using multiple regression analysis, a striking relationship was found between the relative potency of the compounds as activators of bovine brain cAMP-dependent protein kinase and parameters describing the hydrophobic, steric, and electronic character of the substituents on these compounds. All compounds were substrates for a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase preparation from rabbit kidney. Additionally, the compounds were as a group, good inhibitors of the hydrolysis of cAMP by phosphodiesterase preparations from rabbit lung, beef heart, and dog heart. | 167,824 | [
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EPR studies on compound I of horseradish peroxidase. | Compound I of horseradish peroxidase (donor: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase EC 1.11.1.7) was studied by EPR at low temperatures. An asymmetric signal was found, about 15 Gauss wide and with a g-value of 1.995, which could be detected only at temperatures below 20 K and which had an intensity corresponding to about 1% of the heme content. In a titration with H2O2, the signal intensity was proportional to the concentration of Compound I, reaching a maximum when equivalent amounts of H2O2 were added. This indicates that the signal is not due to an impurity, and it is suggested that a free radical is formed, relaxed by a near-by fast-relaxing iron. | 167,831 | [
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Self-association of the major protein component of bovine serum high density lipoprotein. | The major protein component of bovine high density lipoprotein was investigated in solution by fluorescence polarization and ultracentrifugal techniques. A fluorescent derivative of this protein with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride was employed in the fluorescence experiments. Over the concentration range from 5-10(-7) M to 5-10(-4) M of the protein monomer at pH values from 2 to 11 and ionic strengths from 0.03 to 2.0, at 23 degrees C, the major protein of bovine high density lipoproteinapoprotein (Apo-HOL-I) was found to exist in a stable aggregated form. The aggregate was not affected by dioxane additions of up to 20% nor by Triton X-100 to 0.2%, but dissociated readily in the presence of 0.07% sodium dodecylsulfate or 6 M urea. At concentrations below 5-10(-7) M, dissociation of the protein aggregate started spontaneously and continued down to 10(-8) M, the lowest measurable concentration. Several physiocochemical properties of the major protein of bovine high density lipoprotein were determined in the stable aggregate form. Molecular weight was 104 000 from ultracentrifugal analysis and 80 000 from gel-filtration. Rotational relaxation time was 115 ns at 25 degrees C, and s-0 20,w was 4.78 s. The results suggest very strong protein-protein interactions (Kd less than 10(-7) M) that are not electrostatic in nature. Hydrophobic interactions of a magnitude that could be affected by 20% dioxane or 0.2% Triton X-100 detergent are also excluded. There is saturation of the interaction sites by the aggregation of a few protein monomer units possibly to form a tetramer which is moderately asymmetric (1:4 axial ratio, assuming an ellipsoid of revolution) and relatively rigid. The strong protein-protein interactions in this pure apolipoprotein suggest the possibility of competition of inter-protein associations with protein-lipid interactions in in vitro lipid binding or lipoprotein reconstitution experiments. | 167,838 | [
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Bile salt alteration of ion transport across jejunal mucosa. | The effect of conjugated dihydroxy and trihydroxy bile salts on electrolyte transport across isolated rabbit jejunal mucosa was studied. Both taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid increased the short-circuit current (Isc) in bicarbonate-Ringer solution but not in a bicarbonate-free, chloride-free solution. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid was significantly more effective than taurocholic acid in increasing Isc. The presence of theophylline prevented the taurochenodeoxycholic acid- and taurocholic acid-induced increase in Isc. Transmural ion fluxes across jejunal mucosa demonstrated that 2 mM taurochenodeoxycholic acid decreased net Na+ absorption, increased net Cl- secretion and increased the residual flux (which probably represents HCO3- secretion). These studies support the hypothesis that cyclic AMP may be a mediator of intestinal electrolyte secretion. | 167,840 | [
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Differentiation of fluorides-stimulated and non-fluoride-stimulated components of beef brain cortex adenylate cyclase cy calcium ions, ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid and Triton X-100. | Beef brain cortex adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) EC 4.6.1.1) activity is 84--88% inhibited by 5 - 10(-5) M ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid in the absence of F- but only 50--60% inhibited by 5 - 10(-5) M ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid in the presence of F-. In either case, further increase in EGTA concentration did not alter the degree of inhibition. The inhibition can be completely reversed in both cases by addition of 3 - 10(-5) M Ca2+, (yielding a [free Ca2+] of approximately 2 - 10(-6) M) and 5 - 10(-5) M Mn2+ or Co2+ and partially by 5 - 10(-5) M Sr2+ but not by addition of 5 - 10(-5) M Ba2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ or Fe2+. A [free Ca2+] of 7.2 - 10(-5) M markedly inhibited cyclase activity in the presence of F-. Solubilization by 1.8% Triton X-100 resulted in an enzyme preparation no longer stimulated by NaF and 100% inhibited by the addition of 5 - 10(-5) M ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid either in the absence or presence of NaF. However, in contrast to ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-TETRAACETIC ACID, EDTA had no measurable effect on adenylate cyclase either in the presence or absence of NaF and ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid did not affect ATPase or phosphodiesterase activities. The data is rationalized by the postulation of two independent enzyme components in brain cortex: one component is about six-fold activated by NaF and the NaF effect is enhanced by low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+. A second component is totally Ca2+ dependent and inhibited by high concentrations of F-. Mn2+, Co2+ and Sr2+ appear to be in vitro Ca2+ substitutes for both enzyme systems. On this basis, Triton X-100 treatment results in about a three-fold increase in specific activity of the Ca2+ dependent cyclase component but a complete abolition of the NaF stimulated component. | 167,852 | [
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[IR-spectroscopic study of cytochrome C-phospholipid lipoprotein and proteolipid model membranes]. | It is shown by the methods of IR-spectroscopy and peptide hydrogen-deuterium exchange that a) considerable changes in the protein spectra occur (beta-conformation in the protein structure appears) during the interaction in water of cytochrome c molecules with lipid membranes containing negatively charged polar groups; b) further significant changes of the protein spectrum occur under the action of 1% OsO4 and heating up to n plus 95 degrees C; c) the conformational state of the pure protein in water; after the treatments of the proteolipid memebranes with 1% OsO4 and heating up to n degrees C no significant changes of protein spectrum occur, that may suggest hydrophobic interactions between the protein and lipids; d) the treatment of both pure cytichrome c and the model membranes with 1% glutaraldehyde, 30, 60% ethanol and acetone solutions in water does not reveal substantial changes in IR-spectra of the protein moiety. | 167,868 | [
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Iontophoresis of cyclic AMP. | The design, calibration, and operation of a source of controlled amounts of cyclic AMP (c-AMP) are described. Typically, 1.5 s pulses containing 10(10)-10(-12) molecules of c-AMP can be delivered to a region about 10 mum in diameter on an agar plate. The resulting concentration profiles are given as functions of distance and time. The diffusion coefficient of c-AMP in agar was measured to be 0.97 times 10(-5) cm2-s-1 at 21 degrees C. | 167,878 | [
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The effects of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate on transmission at the rat and frog neuromuscular junctions. | 1 The effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were investigated on evoked end-plate potentials (e.p.ps) and on miniature end-plate potentials (min. e.p.ps) recorded from muscle fibres of the rat diaphragm and the frog sartorius.2 ATP and ADP decreased the quantum content of the e.p.ps and the frequency of the min. e.p.ps. The maximum effects produced by the two substances were similar.3 The potency of ATP was found to be similar to that of adenosine. In the presence of adenosine, in a concentration producing its maximum effect, the addition of ATP had no further effect. This is compatible with the idea that ATP acts in the same way as adenosine. | 167,894 | [
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Effect of immunization with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) on experimental herpetic keratitis. | Mycobacterium bovis (BCG, Pasteur strain) was injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs and rabbits on the 19th and 5th days prior to the intracorneal inoculation of Herpesvirus hominis. During a three-day and nine-day observation period, respectively, the BCG had no significant effect on the clinical course of the herpetic keratitis and no effect on the titer of virus present in the infected corneas. | 167,922 | [
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The effect of caesium on adrenergic transmission in rabbit vas deferens. | The effect of caesium on the responses of rabbit vas deferens to transmural stimulation was investigated. The tissue responded to transmural stimulation with a phasic spike contraction followed bya sustained contractile response. The sustained response was inhibited by phentolamine and guanethidine and thus apparently results from noradrenaline release from adrenergic nerves. Addition of 2-5mM Cs+ greatly potentiated this secondary response without altering the sensitivity of the tissue to added (minus)-noradrenaline. This potentiation was not due to Cs+ decreasing the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline, or by Cs+ altering prostaglandin synthesis. Addition of 2mM Cs+ significantly increased the amount of (plus or minus)-[3-H] metaraminol released from tissues in response to transmural stimulation (5 Hz). It is suggested that caesium potentiated responses of rabbit vas deferens to transmural stimulation by increasing the amount of transmitter released per nerve impulse, possibly as a result of prolongation of the action potential. | 167,923 | [
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The demonstration of transmissible gastroenteritis viral antigens by immunoelectrophoresis and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | Immunoelectrophoresis of alkaline intestinal extracts, or the supernatants after precipitation of these extracts with 60% ammonium sulfate, prepared from piglets experimentally infected with the DL or Purdue strains of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, revealed up to three antigens. Two antigens migrated towards the anode, and the third migrated towards the cathode. Antigens with anodal or cathodal mobility were also demonstrated in the same materials by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and the procedure for counterimmunoelectrophoresis was modified to detect both antigens in a single test. | 167,926 | [
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Virus survival on inanimate surfaces. | The persistence of several types of viruses on hard, inanimate surfaces under different relative humidities, temperatures, and types of surfaces was investigated. No differences in survival on glass, vinyl asbestos tile, ceramic tile, and stainless steel were found. Under conditions of low humidity and room temperature, adenovirus, poliovirus, and herpes simplex virus survived for at least 8 weeks. Vaccinia and coxsackie viruses survived for at least 2 weeks but differences due to surfaces found in many environments, in addition to the laboratory, emphasizes the possible role of hard surfaces in the transmission of viruses. | 167,927 | [
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Changes in lactate dehydrogenase enzyme pattern in Chinese hamster cells infected and transformed with Simian virus 40. | The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme patterns of consecutive passages of Chinese hamster embryo cultures were monitored. At early passages the population displayed two LDH bands, M4 and M3H; however, at higher passages the cultures exhibited M2H2, M2H, and M4. When primary cultures of Chinese hamster embryo cells were infected with simian virus 40 (SV40), no change in the LDH pattern was observed; however, the total activity of LDH increased. Twenty-three of 25 transformed colonies isolated from SV40-infected primary cells by their ability to grow in methyl cellulose produced only M4 or M4-M3H isozymes bands. Four of the SV40-transformed clones that produced only the M4 isozyme were tested for LDH activity and found to have activities 2.5 to 3 times greater than the control cells. Chinese hamster kidney epithelial cells transformed with SV40 virus had a decrease in the H subunit production, from 57 to 31%, compared with normal kidney epithelial cells. This decrease in H subunit production led to an increase in the cathode-migrating isozymes. Therefore, a shift to the cathode-migrating isozyme was observed in SV40-transformed cells. This change in LDH pattern might represent a reversion to the enzyme pattern present in fetal cells. | 167,939 | [
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Chemotherapeutic management of bronchogenic carcinoma: trials with NSC-140117, a new methanesulfonic acid ester of aminoglycol. | A new drug, NSC-140117, was used in the management of 15 patients who had late bronchogenic carcinoma and were unable to receive surgical or radiotherapeutic treatment. Good responses in the form of 90% shrinkage in the size of the lesionswere encountered in nine patients (60%). Response is still being maintained from 6 months to 1.5 years after the start of therapy. No toxic effects, including hematopoietic toxicity, were encountered. | 167,937 | [
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Cell types in the adenohypophysis of the Japanese quail and effects of injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. | The cells of the adenohypophysis of the Japanese quail were studied by both light and electron microscopy after exposure to long photoperiods or injection of lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH). Six cell types were identified in the adenohypophysis by examining alternate thick and thin sections by light and electron microscopy. In the cephalic lobe, there are four types of glandular cells. They are the prolactin cells, ACTH cells, TSH cells, and gonadotropic cells (FSH?). In the caudal lobe, there are two types of cells, STH cells and gonadotropic cells (LH?). After exposure to long daily photoperiods, gonadotropic cells in both lobes were strongly activated. They became larger and accumulated many granules. ACTH cells became vacuolated; granules were sparse. Synthetic LRH injection (10 mug/0.2 ml/day) for 10 days to the non-photostimulated quail stimulated certain numbers of the gonadotropic cells in the both lobes, although the response of the cells was less than that induced by photostimulation. No response was seen in the other cell types. | 167,971 | [
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Effects of cycloheximide on virus RNA replication in an inducible line of polyoma-transformed rat cells. | In this article, we describe two distinct effects of cycloheximide (CH), a potent inhibitior of protein synthesis, on the replication of polyoma virus (PV) DNA in an inducible line of PV-transformed rat cells (LPT cells). Exposure of LPT cells to CH causes up to an 8 fold increase in the cellular concentration of PV DNA determined by molecular hybridization. The same treatment inhibits cell division and chromosomal DNA replication. However, the amount of chromosomal DNA per cell is not affected by the drug. In LPT cells treated with mitomycin C (MMC), PV DNA replication is enhanced after 7 hr. During the period extending from 7 hr to 24 hr, the concentration of virus DNA increases at least 100 fold. CH added to the cells 0-7 hr after treatment with MMC inhibits the replication of PV DNA by 90-100%. The inhibition is less effective in cells exposed to CH from 7 hr and on. The inhibitory effect is reversible: virus DNA synthesis is resumed after removal of CH from the growth medium. Thus CH acts as an inducer of virus DNA synthesis in cells whose resident viral genome is repressed, but inhibits the autonomous replication of the activated genome following induction with MMC. | 167,983 | [
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Fibrin overlay methods for the detection of single transformed cells and colonies of transformed cells. | Fibrin overlay methods are described which can detect the plasminogen activator produced by single transformed cells or small colonies of transformed cells. These methods were applied to malignant cells derived from humans, mice, hamsters, rats, and chicks. The lysis observed was plasminogen dependent. Transformation of chicken cells by Rous sarcoma virus was detected 4 days after infection. The number of lysis zones produced was proportional to the virus inoculum and was identical to the number of morphologically determined foci. These methods may also have application in model systems for scoring transformation by chemicals. Transformed mouse and chicken cells were detected at the single cell level and the number of lysis zones produced was dependent on the number of cells present, the time of incubation, and the concentration of plasminogen. | 167,984 | [
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The inhibitory effect of glucose on the differentiation of trophic Hartmannella culbertsoni into viable cysts. | During encystation of Hartmannella culbertsoni induced by taurine or epinephrine, 60-70% of the reserve glycogen is degraded. Glycogen phosphorylase is activated and glycogen synthetase is inhibited after 6-8 hr of exposure to the encystation medium. The carbon skeleton of glycogen but not that of protein is utilised in the synthesis of cyst wall cellulose. Exogenously added glucose (225 and 550 mM) blocks encystation, degradation of glycogen and synthesis of cellulose. Cyclic AMP synthesis is also very much reduced in cells exposed to glucose. | 167,987 | [
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Biochemical anomalies of the nephrotic syndrome. | The nephrotic syndrome is the only hypoalbuminaemic state frequently associated with hyperlipidaemia. In the presence of a negative nitrogen balance, hyperlipidaemia is metabolically inappropriate and reflects the result of persistent breakaway from free fatty acid control. This lipid abnormality may result in the premature development of ischaemic heart disease in patients in whom it is not possible to control the primary renal abnormality. The authors suggest that future work should be directed towards thyroxine and insulin metabolism in nephrotic states. | 168,035 | [
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Adrenal cells in tissue culture the effects of choleragen and ACTH on steroid and cyclic-AMP metabolism. | Primary cultures of mouse adrenocortical tumors provide a sensitive system for investigating the effects of the enterotoxin of the V. cholerae (choleragen) on cyclic-AMP metabolism in the intact cell. Like ACTH, the toxin stimulates the synthesis and release of steroids from these cells but its mode of action differs from that of ACTH. The steroidogenic response to ACTH is immediate and of limited duration. The initial rate of steroidogenesis is the highest. In contrast, the steroidogenic response to choleragen is preceded by a 30-240 minute lag period which is inversely related to the concentration of the toxin. Whereas prolongation of the response to a single dose of ACTH requires hormone concentrations above those producing maximal initial steroidogenic activity, persistent steroidogenesis is induced at all levels of the toxin. Steroidogenic responses are detectable with 10 pg/ml of choleragen or less. The respective effects of ACTH and choleragen on cyclic-AMP synthesis and release into the medium parallel those on steroidogenesis. Intracellular cyclic-AMP levels in ACTH-treated cells reach a peak within 20-30 minutes and decline to normal levels within 2-4 hours. In choleragen-treated cells, after the lage period, the levels of intracellular cyclic-AMP remain above control levels indefinitely. The effects of ACTH and choleragen on cyclic-AMP biosynthesis are additive at all levels of the two compounds. The effects of choleragen are blocked by prior treatment of the toxin with a five-fold molar excess of ganglioside GM1, a presumed constituent of the toxin-binding site. | 168,056 | [
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Qualitative abnormality of insulin secretion in a case with insulinoma. | We have presented here a case of atypical insulinoma. Despite the recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic symptoms, the plasma level of insulin has never been excessive at fasting or by regular provocative tests. Detailed examination had demonstrated qualitative abnormality of insulin secretion. Hyposuppressibility of insulin secretion by hypoglycemia, borderline diabetic curve of glucose tolerance test, blunted response ot insulin to glucagon and leucine were the principle characteristics of these abnormalities. After removal of adenoma, insulin response to glucose, glucagon and leucine was improved. Only secretion provoked a high level of insulin and this abnormal elevation was no longer seen after the removal of adenoma. A removed elevation was no longer seen after the removal of adenoma. A removed insulinoma contained 25 U of immunoreactive insulin per gram tissue, but was negative for aldehyde-fuchsin staining. On electromicroscopy only atypical beta-cell granules were seen. | 168,060 | [
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Effects of temperature on interictal discharge at penicillin epileptogenic foci. | The effects of local brain temperature on acute focal penicillin epilepsy in the exposed hippocampus of cat were studied. Results from anesthetized and from immobilized, unanesthetized animals were compared. Over the temperature range 26 to 43 degrees C (at the alveus), the interictal spike interval and duration of the spike discharge varied inversely with temperature. The former showed a Q10 of 2.4 and the latter a Q10 of 1.5, with no difference due to type of preparation. A significant trans-hippocampal thermal gradient may imply that these values are underestimates by 20% or more. The low Q10 of duration of the paroxysmal discharge was consistent with the known temperature dependence of impulse conduction velocity of intracortical neural networks. The high Q10 of the interictal interval, on the other hand, was consistent with the view that some slow endogenous, perhaps metabolic factor such as a NA,K-ATPase modulated excitability at the focus of penicillin spikes. | 168,063 | [
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Deterioration of rat-liver mitochondria during isopycnic centrifugation in an isoosmotic medium. | We have investigated the effect of the centrifugation speed on the behavior of rat-liver mitochondria during isopycnic centrifugation in an isoosmotic medium. The gradient was made with a macromolecular compound, glycogen dissolved in 0.25 M aqueous sucrose. The distribution curves of several mitochondrial enzymes change when the centrifugation reaches a certain speed: they are shifted toward regions of lower density. The results are plausibly explained by supposing that the inner mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to sucrose at high centrifugation speeds, and that the granules swell. The main causal agent of the phenomenon is the hydrostatic pressure the mitochondria are subjected to during centrifugation. Morphological observations show that mitochondria are markedly deteriorated when centrifuged at high speed in the glycogen gradient; they are swollen and the outer membrane is broken; also frequently, a large electron-dense granule is seen in the matrix near the inner mambrane. | 168,073 | [
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0.0958688... |
Blocks in elongation and initiation of protein synthesis induced by interferon treatment in mouse L cells. | Synthesis of polypeptide chains coded by exogenous messenger RNAs is inhibited in cell-free extracts from interferon-treated mouse L cells, due to a "deficiency" in some specific tRNA species. A detailed analysis shows that polypeptide chain elongation is blocked and incomplete chains are formed. After a few minutes, however, initiation of new polypeptide chains is also blocked. Messenger RNA still binds to ribosomes but initiator Met-tRNA(FMET) binding is inhibited. The block in initiation appears to be secondary to the block in elongation. | 168,074 | [
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Regional and systemic haemodynamic effects of some vasopressins: structural features of the hormone which prolong activity. | Cardiac output and regional blood flows to myocardium, gut, uterus and kidney were determined in anaesthetised female rats by a single injection of 86RbCl. The haemodynamic responses were measured at various time intervals up to 2 h after single I.V. injections of lysine-vasopressin and the following of its analogues: a) with extended peptide chains at the N-terminal (including "hormonogens") Nalpha-glycyl-glycyl-lysine-vasopressin, Nalpha-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-arginine-vasopressin and Nalpha-D-valyl-lysine-vasopressin, b) "carba" modifications desamino-carba6-arginine-vasopressin, desamino-carba6-D-arginine8-vasopressin, desamino-carba6-ornithine8-vasopressin, desamino-dicarba-arginine-vasopressin and c) other steric alterations - desamino-D-arginine8-vasopressin and desamino-N-methylarginine8-vasopressin. Sub-pressor doses of lysine-vasopressin were followed by marked reductions in gut and uterus blood flows which reached a peak at 10 min. and had completely receded by 60 min. The presence of steric alterations in the C-terminal tripeptide of the molecule- D-arginine or N-methylarginine in sequence position 8 - practically completely eliminated vascular activity. The same was true for Nalpha-D-valyl-lysine-vasopressin. None of the latter three analogues showed any inhibitor properties to the action of lysine-vasopressin. The two hormonogens (triglycyl N-terminal extensions) had to be given in doses 10 times greater to obtain a vasoconstrictor effect in gut and uterus equivalent in amplitude to that of a lysine-vasopressin, but this effect was still present to the same degree 2 h later with the hormonogen of lysine-vasopressin, and was only starting to return to baseline values at the same time with the arginine-vasopressin hormonogen. The vascular potency of both mono-carba L-analogues was higher than that of lysine-vasopressin, and the effect was as prolonged as with the hormonogens. The dicarba analogue also showed a prolonged action, but with much reduced potency. No significant changes in renal or myocardial blood flows were observed at all. Molecular features of vasopressin smooth muscle activity were discussed, and a receptor model was proposed. It was suggested that the -S-S-, -CH2CH2-bridges in the above analogues are not directly bound in the peptide-receptor complex and constitute the limiting factor determining complex duration, or persistence of the active peptide in the "receptor compartment". These results provide an experimental basis for possible clinical application of triglycyl-vasopressin and carba-vasopressin in bleeding from both gut and uterus and for induction of menstruation. | 168,085 | [
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Influence of atropine, metiamide and vagotomy on cAMP of resting and stimulated gastric mucosa. | In normal rats the effect of atropine and metiamide was studied on cAMP levels of resting and histamine-, pentagastrin-, carbachol- and insulin-stimulated gastric mucosa. In vagotomized rats gastric mucosal cAMP levels were investigated under basal conditions and after insulin. Atropine and metiamide did not alter cAMP levels of resting gastric mucosa. Truncal vagotomy caused an increase in gastric mucosal cAMP, which was not affected by insulin. All gastric secretagogues caused a significant rise in gastric mucosal cAMP levels, which was not antagonized by atropine. Metiamide effectively blocked the rise in cAMP concentration after histamine and pentagastrin, but not that evoked by cholinergic stimulation. The results are consistent with the view that the in vivo rise of gastric mucosal cAMP after carbachol or insulin is not due to a direct cholinergic action. From the spectrum of inhibitory actions of metiamide it looks as if the increase in rat gastric mucosal cAMP concentration after histamine and pentagastrin administration is mediated by H2-receptor stimulation. | 168,089 | [
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ACTH-secreting 'apudoma' of gallbladder. | The case of a 44-year-old woman is reported. The diagnosis after the appropriate tests and laparotomy was ACTH-secreting 'apudoma' of the gallbladder. This is a rare tumour and this case is believed to be the first reported of an ectopic hormone producing tumour from this side. | 168,130 | [
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Adopting new models for continuity of care: the ward as mini-mental-health-center. | Several years ago the staff of a traditional psychiatric ward in a Veterans Administration hospital began trying to provide continual care for their former inpatients after they left the hospital. Nursing assistants conducted basic-skills groups and other groups in board-and-care homes; staff members made themselves available to former inpatients and theri families, roommates, or board-and-care sponsors through a 24-hour telephone service and home visits; and a day-care program and follow-up groups for the ward's outpatients were set up. Later the staff establiched additional day-care and follow-up programs in a downtown satellite unit. In a recent three month period, patients made a total of 4488 visits to the satellite and hospital programs. The preceding paper discusses some of the theoretical considerations on which this program and other alternatives to traditional care are based. | 168,144 | [
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Enzyme polymorphisms and haemoglobin variants in Greeks. | Several enzyme polymorphisms and hemoglobin variants were typed in a sample of n = 219 non-related Greek blood-donors. The following gene frequencies were observed: pa = 0.201, pb = 0.701, pc = 0.098;PGDA = 0.985, PGDc = 0.015; AK1 = 0.942, AK2 = 0.058; HbA = 0.988, HbS = 0.012. No polymorphic variation was seen in LDH, s-MDH, PHI, or SOD. The population genetical aspects of these results are discussed. | 168,147 | [
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Heterokaryons in the analysis of genes and gene regulation. | Cytological and chemical analysis of heterokaryons, the immediate product of cell fusion, offer new possibilities for studying the factors responsible for genetic regulation in eukaryotic cells. In comparison with proliferating cell hybrids the heterokaryon state offers the important advantage that a heterokaryon contains two complete genomes since chromosome loss does not occur, but since segregation and recombination are absent, heterokaryons cannot be used for gene mapping in the same way as proliferating cell hybrids. However, if two cell types carrying different genetic defects are fused the analysis can be used for studies of gene complementation. The biological information obtained with heterokaryons has emphasized the role of the cytoplasm in the control of nuclear activity. When a G1 nucleus is brought into contact with the cytoplasm of an S phase cell the G1 nucleus is stimulated to synthesize DNA. If the nucleus is brought into a mitotic cell, the chromatin of the G1 nucleus is forced to condense into prematurely condensed chromosomes. Inactive nuclei such as the dormant chick erythrocyte nucleus will be stimulated to initiate RNA and DNA synthesis when brought into contact with an active cytoplasm by cell fusion. Specific nuclear proteins have been shown to be responsible for this process of reactivation. Other inactive nuclei such as the nuclei of macrophages and spermatozoa have likewise been shown to be reactivated by fusion with active cells. The degree of activation in all of these cases appears to be determined by the state of the active cell. Inactive nuclei are activated to the same level as the active nucleus but seldom beyond this level. If differentiated cells are fused with undifferentiated cells, usually the differentiated character is lost rapidly after fusion. This observation is in agreement with several studies on proliferating cell hybrids indicating some type of negative control of differentiated properties. In heterokaryons obtained by fusion of cells of a similar type of histotypic differentiation usually coexpression of the differentiated markers is observed. | 168,148 | [
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[Virus propagation, virus replication and virus elimination in the human skin in zoster]. | The purpose of this study was to investigate the spreading, the replication and the elimination of Varicella-Zoster-Virus (ZV) in human skin. Typical skin lesions of thoracic zoster in different stages of development and of exanthematic vesicles in ophthalmic zoster were examined under the electron microscope. We found that ZV may be detected in fully developed vesicular skin lesions only, whereas in immature lesions and in the surrounding non involved skin axonal alterations may be seen, with no ZV present. The replication of the virus in the skin takes place almost exclusively in the malpighian keratinocytes of the involved epidermis. Blister formation in zoster is basically a result of the acantholysis of the infected epidermal cells. Mature ZV are then extruded into the intercellar space and become phagocytised by mononuclear cells which infiltrate the epidermis and eliminate the virus in large phagolysosomes. Only few virions were found in the dermis extracellularly or in dermal macrophages. In some of these cells stages of ZV-replication were also seen. Other cell types (i.e. Langerhans cells) were rarely infected. The application of the periodic acid-silver methenamine technique (PASM) in zoster revealed that a glycoprotein-rich coat surrounds each mature virion, obviously originating from the plasma membrane of the infected keratinocytes. This coat may be reason for the ability of the ZV to adhere on the cell surface and to infect the cell. | 168,168 | [
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On the effect of N-methyl-bis (3-mesyloxypropyl) amine hydroxychloride on Bacillus subtilis cells. | N-Methyl-bis (3-mesyloxypropyl)amine hydrochloride is now in use as an antitumer drug. In view of its activity against some bacteria the present work was conducted to study its mode of action of Bacillus subtilis. The compound was found to induce irreversible damage to bacterial DNA whereas its effect on RNA was temporary and depending on maintenance of effective concentrations of the compound. | 168,172 | [
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Fluorometric measurement of aflatoxin adsorbed on florisil in minicolumns. | Filter fluorometers have been adapted to measure the fluorescence intensity of aflatoxin absorbed on a Florisil layer in minicolumns. The relationship between concentration and intensity is near linear in the aflatoxin range from 10 to 100 ng. Although individual aflatoxin fractions cannot be resolved, since the measure is one of total intensity, fluorometric measurements advance the minicolumn screening procedure to a semiquantitative level. The detection of 1 ng aflatoxin B1 is well within the limits of a filter fluorometer with a photomultiplier detector. A precision, expressed as per cent coefficient of variation, ranging from 1.2 to 4.2%, was obtained for standard B1 columns. | 168,177 | [
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Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system: isolation of nuclear and cytoplasmic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with specific defects in mitochondrial functions. | A selection procedure is described which permits a large number of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants to be screened for specific lesions in mitochondrial respiratory enzymes and the adenosine triphosphatase. The method has been used to isolate nuclear mutant strains with specific lesions in coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxidase, and adenosine triphosphatase. In addition, two cytoplasmic mutants have been found whose primary defect is in cytochrome oxidase, and others have been found that show variable degrees of abnormalities in their mitochondrial translation products. | 168,180 | [
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Regulation of mitochondrial membrane assembly in Neurospora crassa. Transient expression of a respiratory mutant phenotype. | Cultures of mutant cni-1, a chromosomal mutant of Neurospora crassa, undergo a marked change in respiratory properties as the age of the culture increases. Early log phase cultures have a high level of respiration that is insensitive to inhibition by cyanide or antimycin A. Late log and stationary phase cultures have reduced rates of respiration. A high percentage of this respiration is inhibited by cyanide. Mitochondria from early log phase cni-1 have an excess of cytochrome c and little or no detectable cytochrome aa3. Mitochondria from late log and stationary phase cultures have levels of c-, b-, and a-type cytochromes that are not significantly different in concentration from those found in wild type cells. The cytochrome aa3 content and the cytochrome oxidase activity of cni-1 mitochondria increase 5- to 10-fold as the age of the culture increases. Mitochondria from early log phase cells of cni-1 synthesize only polypeptides of apparent molecular weights 7,000 to 10,000 and donot synthesize any of the mitochondrial components of cytochrome oxidase. Mitochondria from late log and stationary phase cells synthesize the normal complement of mitochondrial translation products including the mitochondrial components of cytochrome oxidase. The assembly of cytochrome oxidase is likely due to the availability of the mitochondrially synthesized components of the enzyme. The regulation of mitochondrial translation in the cni-1 mutant is independent of the nutrient content of the growth medium and is due to the accumulation or depletion of some component within the cell. | 168,205 | [
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A specific cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-binding protein in Caulobacter crescentus. | A binding protein specific for cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) has been partially purified from extracts of the eubacterium Caulobacter crescentus and resolved from cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-binding activity. Binding of cyclic GMP is not affected by the addition of cyclic AMP or 5'-GMP, but is inhibited about 50 percent by a 50-fold molar excess of dibutyryl cyclic GMP or cyclic hypoxanthine 3':5'-monophosphate. The apparent dissociation constant for the cyclic GMP-binding protein complex is 1.1 X 10(-6) M. | 168,209 | [
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Enhanced destruction of lymphoid cell lines by peripheral blood leukocytes taken from patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. | The cytotoxicity of peripheral blood leukocytes from normal human donors and from patients with EBV-associated infectious nomonucleosis (IM) has been determined for human lymphoid cell lines (LCL) containing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA. In a 51Cr release assay, mononuclear leukocytes from all donors are spontaneously cytotoxic. Leukocytes taken from patients within the first 2 weeks of overt IM are significantly more cytotoxic. This increased cytotoxicity declines to the spontaneous level as the disease progesses. The increase shows no correlation with the degree of lymphocytosis but a positive correlation with numbers of circulating atypical cells. The reaction is apparently not directed against histocompatability antigens, known EBV membrane antigens, or other characteristics of fresh human lymphoid cells. Susceptibility to damage is shared by bone marrow-derived (B) cell lines but not thymus derived (T) cell lines. EBV-gene products cannot be soley responsible for expression of the unknown characteristic. Transformation of B cells with EBV in vivo or in vitro, however, may trigger its expression | 168,255 | [
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Establishment of replicating long-term lines of rabbit macrophages and lymphocytes. | Macrophages (monocyte derived) and lymphocytes have been successfully cultured from rabbit peripheral blood so that replicating long-term cultures are maintained both in media and in the viable, frozen state. The macrophages are considered as such on the basis of phagocytic capabilities, gamma-globulin receptor sites as evidenced by rosette formation with sensitized red cells and disparate enzyme content from the lymphocytes. | 168,268 | [
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Taxonomy of the Clostridia: ribosomal ribonucleic acid homologies among the species. | rRNA homologies have been determined on reference strains representing 56 species of Clostridium. Competition experiments using tritium-labelled 23S rRNA were employed. The majority of the species had DNA with 27 to 28% guanine plus cytosine (%GC). These fell into rRNA homology groups I and II, which were well defined, and a third group which consisted of species which did not belong in groups I and II. Species whose DNA was 41 to 45% GC comprised a fourth group. Thirty species were placed into rRNA homology group I on the basis of having 50% or greater homology with Clostridium butyricum, C. perfringens, C. carnis, C. sporogenes, C. novyi or C. pasteurianum. Ten subgroups were delineated in homology group I. Species in each subgroup either had high homology with a particular reference species or a similar pattern of homologies to all of the reference organisms. The eleven species in rRNA homology group II had 69% or greater homology to C. lituseburense. Species in groups I and II had intergroup homologies of 20 to 40%. The six species in group II had very low homologies with groups I and II. Negligible homology also resulted when five of the species were tested against the sixth, C. ramosum. The five species having DNA with 41 to 45% GC were C. innocuum, C. sphenoides, C. indolis, C. barkeri and C. orotic um. Little rRNA homology was apparent between C. innocuum and the other high % GC species or with several Bacillus species having similar %GC DNA. Correlations between homology results and phenotypic characteristics are discussed. | 168,308 | [
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The terminal autonomic nervous system in the pancreas of newts. Electron microscopic investigations using acetylcholinesterase and zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide reactions. | The intrinsic innervation in the pancreas of newts Triturus vulgaris, Tr. montandoni and Notophthalmus. All the investigated species display: cholinergic innervation better developed than adrenergic, no qualitative differences regarding the fine structure of nerve fibers and terminals as compared to that previously described in the pancreas or in other glands, axo-axonal contacts. Their functional signification as peripheric synapses is suggested. Frequently neuro-glandular junctions with or without membrane specializations. The occurrence of the latter is discussed in connection with peripheral transmission of nervous impulse. | 168,313 | [
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Five seasons of sadness. | In response to her grandmother's death, moving back to her family, and beginning kindergarten, Bridget experienced a very difficult adjustment. During the period of play therapy, she began grief work: "Emancipation from bondage to the deceased, readjustment ot the environment in which the deceased is missing, and formation of new relationships."15 Bridget, at the age of five, has experienced five seasons of sadness. Yet her quiet and determined strength has enabled her to readjust to her once threatening environment. The therapist suggested continued therapy in the school environment to aid Bridget in formation of new relationships. The shadow of Bridget's five seasons of sadness seems to have lifted. Her bright affect and look of expectancy seem to be asking of the other children: "Will you be my friend? For no reason that I know Except I want you so."16 | 168,366 | [
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[A case of carcinoma of the stomach with calcification (author's transl)]. | The authors found only 25 cases of calcified carcinoma of the stomach in the literature. The course in this case was rapidly fatal. Calcification within the tumour infiltrates the gastric wall and has a very characteristic miliary appearance, permitting one to make the diagnosis on a straight X-Ray of the abdomen. The mechanism of precipitation of calcium within certain mucus-secreting carcinomas has not been determined. Various theories are suggested. | 168,375 | [
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Synthesis and biological activity of 4-beta-Iribofuranosyl-1,3-dihydroxybenzene ("1,3-dideazauridine"). | In view of the marked antitumor activity of 3-deazauridine, the synthesis of 4-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,3-dihydroxybenzene (1,3-dideazauridine) and its dibenzyl derivative was carried out. 4-Bromo-1,3-dihydroxybenzene was converted to its dibenzyl derivative, which, upon reaction with n-butyllithium followed by treatment with anhydrous cadmium chloride, gave bis(1,3-dibenzyloxyphenyl-4)cadmium. Condensation of this intermediate with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride in refluxing toluene, and subsequent removal of the protecting benzoyl groups, afforded 4-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,3-dibenzyloxybenzene which, upon catalytic hydrogenation over Pd/C, furnished the desired 4-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,3-dihydroxybenzene. The beta configuration at the anomeric center was established by NMR and hydrogen bonding studies. 4-(Beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,3-dibenzyloxybenzene inhibited the growth of leukemia L1210 cells by 50% at 7 x 10(-6) M, and that of mammary carcinoma TA3 cells at 5 x 10(-5) M. Dideazauridine itself was less active, inhibiting the leukemia L1210 but not the TA3 cells at 1 x 10(-4) M, but the compound was significantly active against herpes simplex (type I) virus in vitro. | 168,382 | [
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Association of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein with virion membrane: characterization of the lipophilic tail fragment. | The proteolytic enzyme, thermolysin, degraded the external segment of the membrane glycoprotein of intact vesicular stomatitis (VS) virions but left behind a small nonglycosylated fragment, presumably embedded in the virion membrane. Other proteases generated membrane-associated glycoprotein fragments differing somewhat in molecular weight. The thermolysin-resistant, virion-associated fragment, which can be selectively solubilized by either Triton X-100 or chloroform/methanol, has a molecular weight of 5,200. Amino acid analysis of the glycoprotein fragment reveals a preponderance of hydrophobic amino acids (64% of the residues); the amino-terminal amino acid is alanine as determined by dansylation. Cyanogen bromide digestion of the tail fragment generated two peptides, confirming the presence of one methionine residue per thermolysin-resistant glycoprotein fragment. The secondary structure of this glycoprotein tail peptide is maintained by at least one disulfide bridge. Thermolysin treatment is isolated VS viral glycoprotein in the presence of Triton X-100 also generated a hydrophobic peptide fragment which is very similar to the virion-associated glycoprotein fragment. The amino acid terminus of intact glycoprotein was also found to be alanine as was its dansylated Triton-micellar fragment that resisted thermolytic degradation; this finding suggests that the amino-terminal end of the VS viral glycoprotein is embedded in the virion membrane. These results suggest that the VS viral glycoprotein is an amphipathic molecule, the hydrophilic portion of which contains all the carbohydrate and a lipophilic tail segment which forms lipid or detergent micelles, thus rendering it resistant to proteolysis. | 168,400 | [
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Murine virus susceptibility of cell cultures of mouse, rat, hamster, monkey, and human origin. | Studies were initiated to determine the practicality of using various tissue cultures for the propagation of murine viruses isolated from laboratory animals. The cytopathogenic effects of 10 murine viruses known to cause disease in laboratory rodents were compared in monolayer cultures of L929, BHK-21, WI-38, BSC-1, and Vero cells. The susceptibility of primary hamster embryo, hamster kidney, mouse embryo, mouse kidney, and rat embryo cell cultures was also tested. Seven of the viruses produced effects in at least 1 of the cell substrates. The remaining 3 viruses, namely H-1, K, and mouse hepatitis, produced no effects in the cell cultures tested. | 168,428 | [
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The importance of geographical pathology. | Three different forms of cancer--the Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and skin cancer--are discussed in their relation to geographical distribution, the possible role of viruses, and genetic predisposition. Certain general conclusions in regard to cancer follow from these discussions. It is stated firmly that cancer is not a disease but a tissue manifestation which has not only many different presentations but also many different complex causes which consequently will need many different forms of treatment. A comparison of geographical differences is of immense value. | 168,477 | [
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Liver tumors in women on contraceptive steroids. | The possible association between oral contraceptives and benign liver tumors has recently been reported. To date the majority of cases have been diagnosed as benign hepatomas (liver cell adenomas). We have had the opportunity to study 13 such cases. Eight have been examples of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver; however, in addition, there were examples of hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cell adenoma, and possible liver cell hamartoma; all were in women on "the pill." Gynecologists are alerted to the fact that many of the patients present with symptoms of acute abdomen, syncope or shock, and intrahepatic or intraperitoneal bleeding. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may be lifesaving. | 168,523 | [
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Peritonsillolith. | Peritonsillolith appears to be an unknown entity. Two cases of lithiasis in the peritonsillar region following spontaneous rupture of peritonsillar abscesses have been reported. The authors have speculated concerning the cause of stone formation in the peritonsillar region, which has been designated "peritonsillolith," on the basis of lithiasis in other regions of the body, such as gallbladder, kidneys, and salivary glands. Peritonsilloliths most likely form as a result of incomplete evacuation of pus, the dead bacteria and the pus cells providing the nidus for their formation. The salts of these stones are undoubtedly derived from the inflammatory exudates and saliva. | 168,529 | [
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Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. | Glucose homeostasis is accomplished through two major hormones, glucagon and insulin. These hormones, of course, must work in concert with other permissive hormones such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines to bring about a multiplicity of physiological processes such as gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis that maintain the organism's biochemical integrity. | 168,543 | [
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The 5' end group of tobacco mosaic virus RNA is m7G5' ppp5' Gp. | RNA extracted from CsC1-purified virions of tobacco mosaic virus is shown to give rise to an unusual nucleotide on digestion which RNAase T2, in addition to the four major nucleotides. This minor component has the electrophoretic characteristics of a phosphorylated end group, but is partially resistant to bacterial alkaline phosphatase. It is, however, a substrate for venom phosphodiesterase or nucleotide pyrophosphatase, yielding products which imply the structure m7G5'ppp5'Gp. TMV RNA, like many animal cellular and viral mRNAs recently examined, therefore has a 5' terminus blocked by a methylated nucleotide inverted with respect to the rest of the chain. | 168,558 | [
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Anatomy of herpes simplex virus DNA: strain differences and heterogeneity in the locations of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites. | Digestion of herpes simplex virus DNA by the HinIII or Eco RI restriction endonucleases yielded 11 to 15 fragments with molecular weights between 1 x 10(6) and 28 x10(6). The electrophoretic profiles obtained in 0.3% agarose gels with DNA fragments from none different strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 could be readily differentiated from the patterns exhibited by the corresponding fragments from four separate strains of type 2 virus; however, with each serotype, the laboratory strains differed significantly among themselves and also from isolates passaged a minimum number of times outside the human host. Digestion of all DNAs of herpes simples virus with either enzyme reproducibly generated two classes of fragments (major and minor) which differed in molar ocncentration. Moreover, although the molecular weight of an intact herpes simplex 1(F1) DNA molecule is approximately 98 x 10(6), the summed molecular weights of all major and minor HinIII fragments totalled 160 x 10(6), and the seven major fragments alone accounted for only 60 x 10(6). These unusual features indicate the existence of limited heterogeneity in the positions of cleavage sitet along individual molecules. We have eliminated the possibility that minor fragments arose from contamination with the defective DNA of high byoyant density which appears on serial undiluted passage of the virus. In fact, this latter type of DNA was resistant to cleavage by HinIII and gave large amounts of only two species of EcoRI fragments; suggesting that the defective molecules consist of many tandem repeats of a small segment of viral DNA. The heterogeneity in the viral DNA of normal density appears to be related to the structural organization of the molecules and does not necessarily imply differences in genetic content. | 168,574 | [
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Interrelationship between poly (ADP-Rib) synthesis, intracellular NAD levels, and muscle or cartilage differentiation from mesodermal cells of embryonic chick limb. | Mesodermal cells of embryonic chick limbs have the capacity to differentiate into either muscle or cartilage. Previous reports from this laboratory show a correlation between pyridine nucleotide levels and this differentiation, and thus suggest that fluctuations in the cellular NAD levels play a role in the control of muscle versus cartilage development. Poly(ADP-Rib) is chromatin-associated and forms from the polymerization of NAD with the excision of nicotinamide. The studies reported here show that: (A) the rate of net synthesis of poly(ADP-Rib) is correlated with the differentiation of chondrogenic cells from stage 24 limb mesodermal cells grown in vitro; (B) inhibition of chondrogenic expression caused by exposure to nicotinamide or BrdUrd is correlated with maintenance of basal levels of poly(ADP-Rib) synthesis, and this inhibition is dependent on the concentration of nicotinamide or BrdUrd exogenously supplied; (C) potentiation of chondrogenic expression caused by exposure of limb mesodermal cells in vitro to 3-acetylpyridine is correlated with stimulation of the rate of poly(ADP-Rib) synthesis if corrected for the specific activity of the ATP pool or compared to untreated cultures on a per cell basis; (D) isolated chromatin from mesodermal cells has the enzymatic machinery for synthesizing poly(ADP-Rib); (E) this machinery is inhibited by nicotinamide, thymidine, and 3-acetylpyridine; and (F) newly synthesized poly(ADP-Rib) is either associated with a discrete fraction of chromatin or is completely extracted from chromatin by the high column salts, which result in an aggregation with eventual elution at the exclusion volume position of the agarose column. Taken together, these observations provide a possible explanation for how fluctuations in cellular NAD levels can communicate with or be "sensed" by genomic related machinery and eventually result in differtial phenotypic expression. | 168,579 | [
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Interaction of partially purified simian virus 40 T antigen with circular viral DNA molecules. | Mixing chromatographic fractions containing simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen with SV40 [3H]-DNA I (double-stranded, circular, supercoiled) results in the conversion of the nucleic acid to a form that will bind to a nitrocellulose filter. Unlabeled SV40 DNA I successfully competes with this reaction. Under the conditions employed, the antigen-containing fractions bind a variety of circular, viral DNA molecules. Chromatography of the antigen in three systems reveals that the T immunoreactivity migrates with DNA binding activity. In a kinetic heat inactivation experiment, the antigenic reactivity disappears simultaneously with the DNA binding activity. The data indicate the presence of a discernible DNA binding activity in fractions containing T antigen and suggest that the T antigen is the DNA binding protein being measured. | 168,585 | [
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DES-ASP1--angiotensin II: possible role in mediating responses of the renin-angiotensin system. | In dexamethasone-treated dogs, both antiogensin II and its heptapeptide fragment (des-asp1-angiotensin II) stimulated the secretion of the adrenal steroids aldosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol. Further, there was no statistically significant difference in the steroidogenic potency of the two peptides. An interesting incidental finding was the decrease in PRA with both peptides, again with no demonstrable difference in the magnitude of the responses. The present data are consistent with the hypothesis that the heptapeptide mediates responses produced by the renin-angiotensin system in both the adrenals and the kidneys. | 168,589 | [
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Noradrenergic role in the self-administration of morphine or amphetamine. | The role of brain noradrenergic neurons in mediating the reinforcing properties of small intravenous doses of morphine and d-amphetamine was investigated by pretreatment of rats with the norepinephrine-depleting agents diethyldithiocarbamate and U-14,624, inhibitors of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Such treatment prevented the reacquisition of a self-administration response (bar-press) for morphine (32 mug/kg/injection) or d-amphetamine (15 mug/kg/injection) made available on a CRF schedule. Pretreatment with a DBH inhibitor also prevented the development of a secondary (conditioned) reinforcer based on primary reinforcement assosiated with either drug. Observations indicating that the orienting reflex was intact are taken as evidence that depressant effects of the DBH inhibitors were not severe enough to disrupt the associative process. Therefore, any effect on learning does not seem sufficient to explain the present results. Thus, it is inferred that the mechanisms mediating reinforcement for both morphine and amphetamine were disrupted by the inhibition of central noradrenergic functions. | 168,592 | [
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Effect of ascorbic acid, sodium salicylate, and caffeine on the serum interferon level in response to viral infection. | The ability of ascorbic acid, sodium salicylate, and caffeine to alter the circulating serum level of interferon was investigated in mice. The animals were singly injected subcutaneously with one of the compounds, 4-8 h later again singly injected intraperitoneally with poly I:C, and bled 6-8 h afterward. The sera from the mice were assayed for interferon titer by the use of the plaque inhibition method utilizing vesicular stomatitis virus. Ascorbic acid, sodium salicylate, and caffeine increased the serum level of interferon; however, the increase produced by sodium salicylate was dose-dependent, i.e. low doses increased interferon titers, high doses decreased the titers. Caffeine produced minimal increases in the interferon titer. These observations suggest that a potential prophylactic result may occur in virus infections from administration of the three compounds either singly or in combination at the proper concentration. | 168,598 | [
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Reticuloendothelial system function test using 131I-labeled aggregated albumin. | The reticuloendothelial system function test using 131I-labeled aggregated human albumin (131IAA) as test particle is thought to be one of the best methods for the study of RES function of human beings. This method needs a large amount of 131IAA, but 131IAA has been used as a tracer of liver scintiscanning, and we tired to study RES function by using commercially available 131IAA specially made as tracer of liver scintiscanning. Because the amount of 131IAA used in this study was smaller than the critical dosis, our interest was focussed on the catabolic activity of 131IAA phagocytized by Kupffer's cells. The plasma obtained 60 min after 131IAA injection was fractionated into two distinct peaks by gel column chromatography; ionic 131I and protein-bound 131IAA. The ratio between ionic 131I and bound 131IAA (F/B ratio) was studied in various diseases. The F/B ratios of liver cirrhosis and hepatoma were significantly lower than that of the control. The lowered F/B ratio had no correlation with other liver function tests, data of hepatic scintiscanning, or with clinical findings. The F/B ratio was also not correlated with congo red index as RES function test. | 168,666 | [
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[Vacuolisation of odontoblasts and regressive metamorphoses from viewpoint of pulp-dentin system function]. | The authors, after presenting a critical definition of the problems dealt with in their present paper in addition to giving an evaluation there of from the point of view of a constant increase of knowledge, describe the biological functions of the cell with particular reference to the cell's vacuolar apparatus. They then characterize the pulpodentinal system, outlining the functional adaptation of the endodontal vascular apparatus in the light of intrascopic results, the clinical importance of which is discussed at length. | 168,700 | [
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[A new butyric acid-producing bacteroides species: B. splanchnicus n. sp. (author's transl)]. | Three butyric acid-producing saccharolytic Bacteroides cultures (1651/6, BM 158, and IPP 3751) were described by WERNER and REICHERTZ in 1971 (Zbl.Bakt.Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. A 217,206-216). Since then, 6 strains closely resembling 1651/6 were isolated from stool specimens and surgically removed appendices. In the present communication, strains 1651/6, S2/34, S3/38, S4/28, S6/6, A5/2 are described as members of a new species, Bacteroides splanchnicus n.sp. The strains were morphologically very similar (Gram negative non-sporing non-motile rods, 1-2.5 mu in length and 0.7 mu in width) and fermented glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, lactose, and arabinose (pH values of 4.6-5.4, moderate gas formation). Negative reactions (pH values of 5.8-7.2) were observed with 20 other carbohydrates. The strains were positive in the glutamic acid decarboxylase test and formed indole and H2S. In peptone-yeast extract broth and peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids were produced. Washed cells of strains 1651/6 and S4/28 incubated anaerobically in sterile solutions of single amino acids produced butyrate from lysine only. Abundant butyric acid was also produced from glucose. The in vitro activity of 15 antibiotics on 5 strains was studied by broth dilution tests. Uniformly, the strains showed resistance to aminoglycosides and polymyxins (MIC values, 60-500 mug/ml) and susceptibility to tetracyclines, lincomycin, clindamycin, rifampicin, and erythromycin (MIC values, 0.05-0.5 mug/ml). Chloramphenicol, penicillins, and cephalosporins showed bacteriostatic activity at concentrations of 5-40 mug/ml. The serological behaviour of 5 strains was studied in cross-agglutination and gel-diffusion experiments. Cross-reactivity was pronounced in gel-diffusion tests using rabbit antisera and autoclaved extracts and extracts prepared by repeated deep-freezing and thawing of whole cell suspensions as antigens. However, antisera against the B. splanchnicus strains did not react with antigens of B. fragilis 6869, B. thetaiotaomicron AS 126, B. vulgatus AM 45 a, B. distasonis AII 104 and butyric acid-producing strains BM 158 and IPP 3751 in agglutination and gel-diffusion experiments, and there were no cross-reactions between B. splanchnicus antigens and antisera against B. fragilis 6869 and the other aforementioned strains. The new species has been confirmed by members of the ICSB Taxonomic Subcommittee for Gram negative anaerobic rods. Strains 1651/6 and S4/28 have been deposited in The National Collection of Type Cultures, London (NCTC numbers 10825 and 10826). Strain NCTC 10825 (= 1651/6) is the type of the species, B. splanchnicus. | 168,701 | [
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Effect of beta-propiolactone on infectivity and haemagglutinin of the BK virus. | The effect of beta-propiolactone (BPL) on the infectivity and haemagglutinating properties of BK virus was studied. No virus multiplication was observed when Vero cell cultures were inoculated with virus treated with 0.1 per cent or higher concentration of BPL. On the other hand, treatment of BK virus with 0.1 per cent or lower concentration of BPL had no apparent effect on viral haemagglutinin. BPL at a concentration of 0.1 per cent could therefore be used to prepare BK virus haemagglutinin which contains little or no infectious virus. Inactivated haemagglutinin seems to be somewhat labile against freezing and thawing, but storage at 4 degrees C had no effect on it. Identical haemagglutination inhibiting antibody titres were obtained when human sera were tested with standard haemagglutinin or with haemagglutinin inactivated with BPL. | 168,727 | [
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0.1699514,
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A method fof production or antisera to hepatitis b antigen subtypes, and the distribution of subtypes d and y among norwegian hepatitis b patients. | A method for production of antisera to hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) subtypes D and Y is described. The method is based on the coupling of HBsAg to a colloidal silica gel (Aerosil), and the selective adsorption of unwanted antibodies from antisera with this preparation. Some results obtained with Norwegian hepatitis patient sera are included. | 168,728 | [
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Effect of arginine deficiency on the reproduction of human cytomegalovirus. | In arginine-deprived human embryonic fibroblasts the reproduction cycle of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is incomplete. Infectious virus cannot be demonstrated in cell disintergrates, and from among the CMV antigens only the diffuse cytoplasmic antigen is detectable by immunofluorescence. The antigens localized in the cell membrane and those appearing during the complete cycle as large granules or inclusion-like bodies in the nucleus do not appear in the absence of arginine. The CMV genome persists in the arginine-deprived culture; after re-feeding with arginine-containing medium, maturation of virions soon ensues. Maturation could be prevented by inhibitors of protein synthesis, but not by DNA inhibitors, added simultaneously with completion of the medium. | 168,739 | [
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Electroresponsive properties of dendrites in central neurons. | A brief sketch of the historic development of the concept of neuronal integration is given. Some of the properties of dendritic spikes in chromatolyzed motoneurons, alligator Purkinje cells, and fish oculomotor neurons are reviewed, as well as the various ways in which the generation of dendritic spikes has altered our basic concept of neuronal integration. The principles of dendritic inhibition are elaborated, both as a "tonic modulatory action" and as a "functional amputating system" for dendrites that generate spikes. | 168,752 | [
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0.21577... |
CNS regulation of metabolic rate in the kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens. | Water-perfused thermodes were chronically implanted around the preoptic nuclei and hypothalamus (POH) of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens). Responses in rate of metabolic heat production to manipulations of POH temperature (Thy) were measured in unanesthetized, unrestrained animals at ambient temperatures of 10, 20, 25, and 30 degreeC. The threshold Thy and the proportionally constant (alpha) for this response consistently decreased as ambient temperature increased, but alpha was not significantly different between any two Ta's. Average values of alpha for the three animals studied ranged between -.0024 W.g minus 1.degree C minus 1 and -.0034 W.g minus1.degree C minus 1. No influence of extrahypothalamic core temperature on the characteristics of the central nervous system regulatory mechanism was observed. Ahypothesis accounting for high POH and low peripheral thermosensitivities in small mammals is presented. An additional finding was that during sleep there is a profound depression or elimination of POH thermosensitivity in this species. | 168,786 | [
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The cost of schizophrenia. | The cost of schizophrenia has been estimated at $11.6 to $19.5 billion annually. About two-thirds of this cost is due to lack of productivity by schizophrenic patients and about one-fifth to treatment costs. The estimate might be considerably higher if better figures were available on the cost of maintaining patients in the community. In the absence of more effective treatment, the savings from the current trend toward shorter hospitalization cannot be expected to decrease-and may actually increase-the overall costs of schizophrenia to society. The authors make recommendations aimed at reducing the cost by helping schizophrenic patients to be more productive through a system of community alternative-care facilities, increased rehabilitation services, aftercare, and research. | 168,788 | [
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Canine adenovirus type 2-induced immunity to two canine adenoviruses in pups with maternal antibody. | Twenty-four Beagle pups with high levels of maternal antibody to canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) were oronasally inoculated with CAV-2 at 4 weeks of age. The CAV-2 was isolated from pharyngeal swabs on postinoculation days 2 through 6. In spite of the infection, maternal antibody continued to decrease for 4 to 8 postinoculation weeks, and then homologous CAV-2 neutralizing antibody and, to a lesser extent, CAV-1 neutralizing antibody began to increase. When these pups were challenge inoculated with CAV-1 and CAV-2 at a time when maternal antibody to CAV-1 would normally have disappeared, they were immune. In addition, 3 pups with maternal antibody to CAV-1 and CAV-2 were intramuscularly inoculated with CAV-2 at 3 weeks of age. Virus was not isolated from these pups, and maternal antibody decreased at a normal rate. These pups were not immune to challenge inoculation with CAV-1 and CAV-2. | 168,797 | [
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Variations in the activTY OF SOME BRAIN AND PLASMA ENZYMES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF +Gz acceleration. | The present paper refers to the activity of some enzymes associated with the cellular cytomembranes in the plasma and brain of guinea pigs exposed to the action of repeated +10Gz acceleration. Immediately after the last run, diminution of enzymatic activity in the brain supernate ran parralel to a rise in plasma enzymatic activity. Variations in enzymatic activity suggested the liberation of enzymes connected with the neuronal organelles, perhaps consequent to alterations in the permeability or structure of the neuronal cytomembranes. These alterations might also be interpreted as being accompanied by permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier, with release of enzymes from the neuronal structures into the plasma. Changes in the permeability of the neuronal membranes might be attributed to several factors: cerebral hypoxia following the hemodynamic and ventilation alterations induced by hypergravitation, the influence upon the membrane permeability of hormones released in excess under the stress of acceleration, and the strain to which the central nervous system neurones are subjected by the multitude of afferent impulses with a starting point in the various types of receptors stimulated by hypergravitation. | 168,856 | [
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... |
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