title stringlengths 0 901 | abstract stringlengths 3 9.89k | PMID int64 22 25.3M | embedding listlengths 768 768 |
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Dispersion and cultivation of renal cells after short-term storage of kidneys. | A new method for the preparation of cell suspensions from human newborn kidneys is described. It involves the use of a mixture of trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and collagenase. The cell yields obtained after tissue dispersion by this method were significantly greater than those obtained after dispersion with either trypsin or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid alone or in combination. When kidneys were removed 12 h or more postmortem from refrigerated cadavers, higher cell yields were obtained from renal tissue stored overnight at 4 to 6 C in CMRL ATM (Healy and Parker, 1966), as compared to cell yields obtained from kidneys processed immediately upon removal. This observation was confirmed by controlled experiments performed with rabbit kidneys. | 170,318 | [
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The requirement for macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in T lymphocyte proliferation induced by generation of aldehydes on cell membranes. | Guinea pig T lymphocyte proliferation induced by sodium periodate (NaIO4) or neuraminidase-galactose oxidase (NG) occurs when lymphocytes and macrophages are cultured together after treatment of either purified T lymphocytes or macrophages with these agents. Regardless of which cell initially bears the modified surface carbohydrate, lymphocyte proliferation requires the presence of viable homologous macrophages and fails to occur when they are replaced with fibroblasts, erythrocytes, L2C leukemia cells, thymocytes, PMN, line I hepatoma cells, or murine macrophages. Lymphocyte proliferation resulting from NaIO4 or NG treatment of lymphocytes is diminished when these cells are treated with proteolytic enzymes or aged in in vitro culture for 48 hr. By contrast, proteolytic enzyme treatment or in vitro aging has no effect on the ability of NaIO4 or NG-treated macrophages to induce lymphocyte proliferation. The requirement for macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in NaIO4 or NG-induced lymphocyte proliferation is indicative of a central role for the macrophage in the initiation of T lymphocyte proliferation. | 170,338 | [
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Cell-mediated immunity to Friend virus-induced leukemia. I. Modification of 125IUdR release cytotoxicity assay for use with suspension target cells. | Cell-mediated cytotoxic reactivity of C57BL/6 mice against syngeneic FBL-3 cells, a Friend virus-induced leukemia, was measured by the 125IUdR release assay with tumor target cells in suspension. The tests could be performed either with Linbro tissue culture plates(16-mm wells) or with Microtest II plates (6-mm wells). The former could only be harvested manually; the latter could be harvested mechanically by an automatic harvesting apparatus which permitted larger scale tests. With either plate, it was found that careful preparation of the target cells and of the attacker cells has important effects on the results obtained. When performed under optimal test conditions, the 125IUdR assay can be used as a very simple, objective, and reproducible assay for testing cell-mediated cytotoxicity. | 170,343 | [
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Enzymic activity of purified plasma membranes from the yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans. | Plasma membranes were isolated from the yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans as described previously (Marriott, 1975) and examined for the presence of several enzymes. Measurement of specific activities showed enrichment of Mg2+-dependent and Ma+/K+-stimulated Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase and mannan synthetase, in the plasma membrane fractions from both morphological forms of the organism. However, acid and alkaline phosphatase, NADH oxidase and 5'-nucleotidase showed no such specific location. | 170,363 | [
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Time-dependent image quality using 99mTc-pyrophosphate. | Technetium-99m-labeled pyrophosphate has proved to be a useful skeletal-imaging agent. In this study, specific areas of the skeleton were imaged at times ranging from 1/2 to 6 1/2 hr after injection of 99mTc-pyrophosphate. Count ratios between abnormal and normal bone with respect to adjacent soft tissue were obtained for selected regions of interest on computer-stored scintillation camera images. The results show that image quality improves most rapidly from 1/2 to 2 hr, but further modest gain in quality does occur on views recorded between 2 and 6 hr. All lesions detected on the later images were also observed on the early ones and the ratios of uptake between abnormal and normal bone from computer-processed scintillation camera images did not change appreciably with time after the 1/2-hr images. Our results confirm the clinical impression that overall image quality is better on views obtained at least 3 hr after injection. Further delays in imaging beyond 3-4 hr after injection probably will not result in any appreciable gain in diagnostic accuracy. | 170,380 | [
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Comparative ultrastructural study of four reticuloendothelias viruses. | The morphology and development of four members of the reticuloendotheliosis virus group were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Virions of duck spleen necrosis virus, duck infectious anemia virus, chicken syncytial virus, and reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T are sperical with a diameter of approximately 110 nm. They are covered with surface projections about 6 nm long and 10 nm in diameter. The center-to-center distance of surface projections is about 14 nm. The budding virions contain crescent-shaped electron-dense cores 73 nm in diameter with electron-lucent centers. After release of the virions the cores apparently become condensed to 67 nm in diameter. Virions were found budding at the plasma membrane and into smooth-walled, intracytoplasmic vesicles of productively infected cells. The distribution of budding reticuloendotheliosis viruses on cells appeared random over the cell surface, and occasionally aberrant multiple forms of budding virions were observed. The virions appear to resemble mammalian leukemia and sarcoma viruses more closely than avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. | 170,410 | [
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Synaptic organization in teleost spinal motoneurons. | Glass microelectrodes were inserted into motoneurons innervating pectoral fin muscles to record action and synaptic potentials, evoked by electrical stimulation of ventral and dorsal roots, and the medulla oblongata. Ventral root stimulation evoked a small depolarizing response which had properties compatible with those of the EPSP; its amplitude changes were graded, being increased by membrane hyperpolarization and decreased by high frequency repetitive stimulation. The latency of the response was sufficiently longer than that of the antidromic spike to allow for a monosynaptic delay. Stimulation of the dorsal root produced EPSPs with relatively long latencies, suggesting mediation by a polysynaptic pathway. EPSPs with short latencies were evoked by stimulation of the medulla oblongata, indicating the presence of a monosynaptic excitatory connection. Action potentials, recorded from peripheral nerve after stimulation of the medulla oblongata, were facilitated by conditioning volleys via ventral roots. This facilitation was blocked by dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide and atropine sulphate, indicating the cholinergic nature of the EPSP of ventral root origin. The conduction velocities of motor axons and of the ventral roots fibers responsible for production of EPSPs were about the same. The EPSP of ventral root origin had a slower rising time course and lesser sensitivity to shifts of membrane potential than the EPSP of medulla oblongata origin, suggesting that the sites of generation of the former EPSP were on the peripheral dendrites. From the above results, it was concluded that the EPSP of ventral root origin was mediated by recurrent axon collaterals of motoneurons. | 170,446 | [
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Failure of neutral-red photodynamic inactivation in recurrent herpes simplex virus infections. | Because photodynamic inactivation of herpes simplex virus infections may not be free of hazard, the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation with neutral red and light was evaluated in a placebo-controlled study of 170 episodes of recurrent herpes simplex virus infection in 96 patients. The preparation of neutral red that was used was shown to photoinactivate herpes simplex virus in vitro, but had no significant effect on the rate of resolution of herpetic lesions (P greater than 0.10) or on the frequency of subsequent recurrences (P greater than 0.10), except for orolabial lesions, in which an adverse effect on the rate of subsequent recurrences was observed (P less than 0.05). In the absence of demonstrated efficacy, the routine use of neutral red and light in patients with recurrent herpes simplex virus infections should be discontinued. Furthermore, other photoactive dyes should not be used until their efficacy has been demonstrated by suitably controlled clinical trials. | 170,521 | [
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Mode of action of sodium nitroprusside on vascular smooth muscle. | 1. Sodium nitroprusside is a potent relaxant of smooth muscles with a predominantly tonic response, e.g. rat aorta contracted by noradrenaline, angiotensin II, Phe2-Lys8-vasopressin, BaC1(2), or KC1, and guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle contracted by carbachol. 2. Smooth muscle preparations from the splanchnic region and with varying degrees of phasic contractility are less sensitive and develop tachyphylaxis (portal vein, duodenum of the rat) or are unresponsive to sodium nitroprusside (vas deferens, uterus of the rat). 3. Cardiac auricles of the guinea pig are not affected by sodium nitroprusside in either frequency or amplitude or spontaneous contractions. 4. Sdium nitroprusside causes a parallel shift of the dose-response curve of rat aorta to noradrenaline to the right and reduces the maximum response. 5. The drug has no blocking or stimulant effect on alpha- or beta-adrenoceptors, respectively. 6. Sodium nitroprusside inhibits the contractile response of calcium-depleted depolarized rat aorta to extra-cellular calcium. Like verapamil, it inhibits the increment in 45calcium uptake of rabbit aorta elicited by K+. Sodium nitroprusside significantly reduced 45calcium binding by microsomes prepared from rabbit aorta. 7. Rabbit aorta was incubated with lanthanum chloride to prevent calcium influx; sodium nitroprusside reduced the maintained rapid contraction phase in response to noradrenaline which is believed to be based on the intracellular activation of calcium. 8. In rat aorta, cellular cAMP and ATP levels were not found to be affected by the drug. 9. Rabbit aorta, "skinned" by glycerination is unresponsive to sdoium nitroprusside. 10. It is concluded that sodium nitropruside acts on exictation-contraction coupling predominantly in tonic smooth muscle by interfering with both the influx and the intracellular activation of calcium. | 170,545 | [
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Morphological changes of astrocyte-like cells induced by serum beta-lipoprotein in brain cell culture. | When added to brain cell cultures of newborn rats, serum and, in particular, its beta-lipoprotein fraction caused significant morphological transformations of astrocyte-like cells present in the culture. The changes were instantaneous as they appeared within 1 min after addition of beta-lipoprotein and they were characterized by swelling and loss of cellular processes of all astrocyte-like cells present. The lipoprotein effect was reversed after a period of about 7 h. Since the blood-brain and blood-spinal fluid barrier in multiple sclerosis is decreased towards serum macromolecules, i.e. the serum beta-lipoprotein, this protein may enter the central nervous system and thereby initiate a demyelinating process. | 170,552 | [
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Electron microscopic demonstration of hormone-producing metastatic carcinoma of the choroid from the bronchus. | Clinical, laboratory and pathological findings of a patient in bronchial carcinoma with choroidal metastasis were presented. X-ray examination of the chest suggested the tumor shadow in the posterior segmental bronchus of the right upper lobe of the lung (r-B2b), while funduscopy and fluorescein angiography revealed the presence of choroidal tumor. ACTH levels in tumor tissues at autopsy and in serum were measured and definitely demonstrated and elevated. Histopathologically, the primary lesion was r-B2b and diagnosed as a mucocellular type of adenocarcinoma. The choroidal lesion was metastatic carcinoma. Electron microscopic examination of the choroidal lesion reembedded for electron microscopy from celloidin-embedded materials for light microscopy could reveal the presence of characteristic cytoplasmic granules referred to as neurosecretory-type granules. It is extremely rare that a hormone-producing metastatic carcinoma of the choroid from the bronchus has been proved. | 170,572 | [
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[Concentration of 99mTc-tin-phosphate complexes in soft tissues]. | The concentration of 99mTc-pyrophosphate was determined in the lower extremities of rabbits (normal, abacterial and bacterial affected soft tissues), in osteoarthritis of the hip joint (capsule and muscle) as well as in knee joint effusions. Compared with the 85Sr-concentration, reflecting the calcification capacity, concentrations of 99mTc-pyrophosphate in soft tissues were found to be lower 2 hours p.i., but were up to elevenfold higher 24 hours p.i. These findings should be due to a fixation of 99mTc-pyrophosphate in collagen containing tissues as in the soft tissue tumors (myosarcoma, synvialioma, breast cancer) presented. A mechanism of delayed equilibration could explain augmented uptake in lymph-edema, ascites and effusions in florid osteoarthritis of the knee joint. The possible dependence of 99mTc-pyrophosphate concentration in bone and soft tissue on collagenous contents is discussed. | 170,592 | [
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Antibody titers by mixed agglutination to varicella-zoster, herpes simplex and vaccinia viruses in patients with multiple sclerosis. | Antibody titers to varicella-zoster (V-Z), herpes simplex (HSV) and vaccinia viruses were determined in sera collected in Buffalo, NY, from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), patients with other diseases, and normal individuals. The mixed agglutination test employing cell cultures infected with one of the above viruses as a source of antigen was used to determine antibody titers. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for V-Z in 59 MS cases was significantly higher than that observed in patients with other diseases and in normal individuals. The GMT for vaccinia was also higher in MS patients but the difference was not as great as for V-Z. No difference was observed in the titer of antibodies for HSV. Similar results were obtained for 51 MS patients compared to healthy controls matched for sex and age. Higher antibody titers for V-Z and HSV were observed in cerebrospinal fluids from MS cases than in those from non-MS CNS patients in Baltimore, MD. Antibodies to V-Z, HSV and vaccinia were detected in washing fluids from brain homogenates of MS cases. | 170,625 | [
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Growth inhibitory and arginase activities in liver and hepatoma extracts. | The growth-inhibitory activity against H.Ep. No 2 cells observed in phosphate buffer extracts of rat liver appears to be due to the enzyme, arginase. This conclusion is based on the findings that (1) extracts of hepatomas containing lower levels of the enzyme also contain less inhibitory activity; (2) partial purification of the inhibitory factor results in a similar purification of the enzyme; (3) molecular weights of the enzyme and of the inhibitory factor are similar; and (4) various treatments alter the enzyme and inhibitory activities similarly. | 170,626 | [
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Non-healing granuloma and the nervous system. | Three cases of non-healing granuloma with neurological complications are described. One case suffered from Stewart's form of the disease and two from Wegener's variety. The literature is extensively reviewed and the incidence and manner of neurological involvement in 374 cases is discussed. We suggest a classification to indicate four forms of nervous system involvement. First, granulomatous lesions of the central nervous system. Second, vasculitis of the central nervous system. Third, vasculitis of the peripheral nervous system and fourth, infection of the central nervous system. Of all cases 21 per cent had some form of neurological complication. Wegener's type showed more frequent neurological involvement that Stewart's, 26-5 and 12 per cent respectively. Infection of the central nervous system was limited to cases of the Stewart variety. | 170,638 | [
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Selective carotid angiography in the diagnosis of fibrous histiocytoma. A case report. | Selective carotid angiography is of value in the diagnosis of an orbital fibrous histiocytoma, an uncommon tumor with a high local recurrence rate and frequent distant metastases. The angiogram shows the physical extent of the tumor and also suggests its general microscopic anatomy. Comparison is made with similar angiographic presentations seen in cerebellar hemangioblastomas, glomus tumors, meningiomas, and hemangiopericytomas. | 170,643 | [
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Regression line analysis for five antibiotics with strains of Clostridium species. | The susceptibility of 90 strains of clostridia to 5 antibacterials was determined by the agar plate dilution method and the disc diffusion test. The correlations between minimum inhibitory concentration and inhibition zone were quite acceptable for lincomycin, clindamycin, tetracycline and doxycycline to calculate regression lines by the least square method. The strains showed comparatively wide ranges of susceptibility. For erythromycin, no regression line could be calculated, since all the strains tested were susceptible over a narrow range of concentrations. | 170,669 | [
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Bronchial cancer - a clinical and pathological study. I. Histopathology and metastases. | Among 16,394 necropsies during the 12-year period, 1958-1969 (representing about 60% of all persons who died in Malmö during this period, 747 cases of bronchial cancer were found in 744 individuals. There were considerable differences in frequency of different histologic types with regard to sex. Two main classes have therefore been distinguished: Group I, comprising squamous epithelial cancer and anaplastic cancer (including oat-cell cancer), which was predominant among men; and Group II, comprising adenocarcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, carcinoid and bronchial gland tumour, which was of more or less equal frequency in both sexes. Compared with other malignant tumours, bronchial carcinoma had a strong tendency to metastasise to the adrenals, brain, kidneys and skeleton. Bronchial cancer did not differ from other tumours with regard to lymphogenous spread but had a stronger tendency to spread via the blood stream. Squamous epithelial cancer showed the strongest tendency to remain confined to the thoracic cavity. | 170,673 | [
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Bronchial cancer - a clinical and pathological study. II. Frequency according to age and sex during a 12-year period. | A necropsy series of bronchial cancer combined with a retrospective clinical study comprising 747 cases of bronchial cancer from a defined population is described. A significant successive increase in the frequency of bronchial cancer during the 12-year period 1958-1969 was found. The increase during three successive 3-year periods will be as much as 45, 86 and 146%, respectively, if the 1958-1960 frequency is set to 100%. In contrast to many other investigations this increase was found in both women and men (the relative increase was exactly the same in both sexes) and for both Group I and Group II tumours. The ratios between men and women and between Group I and Group II tumours in the present material were thus constant throughout the investigation. This may be explained by the assumption that the female population today has smoked cigarettes for a sufficiently long period to stimulate the development of bronchial cancer and that there seems also to be a correlation between Group II tumours and cigarette smoking. | 170,674 | [
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[Hypolipidemias]. | Hypolipidemias can be divided in primary, familial and hereditary forms and symptomatic forms which may accompany other diseases. The primary hypolipidemias (abetalipoproteinemia, hypobetalipoproteinemia and analphalipoproteinemia) are very rare. Severe hypolipidemia can be found in some peoples (e.g. the Masai). This article is chiefly devoted to secondary hypolipidemias such as those associated with malabsorption, malnutrition and maldigestion including protein-losing gastroenteropathy, with liver diseases, endocrine diseases (hyperthyroidism, hirsutism) and anemia. Finally, the hypolipidemias secondary to the formation of autoantibodies against HDL and LDL in M-gradient, carcinoma and rheumatoid arthritis are briefly reviewed. | 170,675 | [
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0.1786822,
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0.06857352,
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0.1... |
Antibodies that impair insulin receptor binding in an unusual diabetic syndrome with severe insulin resistance. | Six patients with a unique form of diabetes associated with extreme insulin resistance have markedly reduced insulin binding to specific receptors on their circulating monocytes. When normal insulin receptors were exposed to serum or immunoglobulin fractions from three of these patients in vitro the specific binding defect was reproduced. | 170,678 | [
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Magnetotactic bacteria. | Bacteria with motility directed by the local geomagnetic field have been observed in marine sediments. These magnetotactic microorganisms possess flagella and contain novel structured particles, rich in iron, within intracytoplasmic membrane vesicles. Conceivably these particles impart to cells a magnetic moment. This could explain the observed migration of these organisms in fields as weak as 0.5 gauss. | 170,679 | [
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Biological behavior of the primitive neuroectodermal tumors: significant supratentorial childhood gliomas. | Supratentorial gliomas in the pediatric age group at the University of Kentucky Medical Center accounted for 20% of all childhood brain tumors. Seventeen of the 20 children with these tumors, regardless of histologic type, mode of therapy, or other parameters died within five years after tissue diagnosis, and most were dead within two years. Unlike the astrocytic gliomas, the poorly differentiated primitive neuroectodermal tumors tended to spread diffusely throughout the central nervous system and accounted for 35% of the supratentorial gliomas in children at our institution. Results of this study suggest that therapy for the primitive neuroectodermal tumor, unlike other childhood supratentorial gliomas, should be considered for the entire neuraxis. | 170,697 | [
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[Structure of Candida tropicalis K-41 thermotolerant yeasts at various growing temperatures on a mineral medium with hydrocarbons]. | In the C. tropicalis K-41 cells fixed by glutaraldehyde and osmium most membranes consisted of two electron-transparent and one electron-dense layer. Morphologo-structural peculiarities of the cell fraction grown at 39 degrees testify to a certain disconnection of energetic and constructive metabolism, inhibition of synthetic processes. Cell division was more active at 29 degrees. | 170,720 | [
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A study of the neurohumoral control of glycolysis in the mouse brain in vivo: role of noradrenaline and dopamine. | Intraventricularly injected noradrenaline, dopamine and isoprenaline increased glycolysis as shown by the decrease in the concentration of "free" glycogen and increase in the concentration of lactate. The effects of noradrenaline and isoprenaline were reduced in mice which had been pretreated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosin. DL-Propranolol blocked the increase in glycolysis caused by noradrenaline, isoprenaline, sodium fluoride and analogues of 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. It is suggested that the results of this investigation can be explained by the various drugs and neurohormones acting on the adenyl cyclase system in vivo, either by blocking the action of the neurohormone on the membrane bound enzyme or by antagonizing the effect of 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate on glycolysis. | 170,752 | [
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On the phospholipase activity in bovine seminal vesicles and its possible role in the regulation of the prostaglandin biosynthesis. | A phospholipid mixture was isolated from bovine vesicle tissue. This phospholipid preparation contained the following prostaglandin precursor fatty acids: 4.7 percent 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid, 9.1 percent 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid and 0.9% 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid. With this phospholipid preparation as substrate phospholipase activity could be detected in different fractions of bovine seminal vesicle cells. The highest phospholipase activity was found in the microsomal fraction, less in the mitochondria and essentially no activity in the cytosol. With a microsome preparation (acetone powder) of bovine seminal vesicles the influence of certain effectors on the phospholipase activity was investigated. Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha (10(-5) M) showed 19 and 41 percent inhibition, DB-c-AMP (2 times 10(-9) M) 54%, c-AMP (10(-9) M) 22%, epinephrine (10(-4) M) 60%, testosterone (10(-5) M) 25% inhibition of the phospholipase activity. Whereas ethanol exhibits also a strong inhibition on the phospholipase activity, it shows a pronounced activation of the prostaglandin synthetase. | 170,754 | [
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The possible utilization of nuclear pockets of lymphocytes in the diagnosis of enzootic bovine leucosis. | A comparative study of the presence of lymphocytosis and nuclear pockets in lymphocytes was carried out using blood samples from animals belonging to herds with bovine enzootic leucosis and from herds free from leucosis. It was found that there was a correlation between the presence of such nuclear projections in a certain percentage of the lymphocytes and a state of lymphocytosis. As this correlation seemed to be independent of the aetiology of the lymphocytosis, it was not considered possible to employ the demonstration of nuclear pockets as a more specific tool in the diagnosis of bovine enzootic leucosis than the lymphocyte counts in themselves. | 170,789 | [
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Studies in asymptomatic primary hyperlipidaemia. V. Peripheral circulation. | The occurrence of early signs of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) of the lower limbs has been studied with digital pulse plethysmography in 160 men and 123 women above the age of 35, who were all subjectively healthy but were found to have primary hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) at a health control centre. Quantitative analysis of serum lipoproteins with cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) determination of each of the very low (VLDL), low (LDL) and high (HDL) density lipoprotein clases together with lipoprotein paper electrophoresis was performed. Identical investigations were performed on control subjects with non-elevated serum lipids. Inclination time (IT) was substantially prolonged in 12% of HLP males and 7% of HLP females. The frequency of male subjects with prolonged IT was lower when only LDL was elevated (type IIA) than in the other types of HLP. The subjects with prolonged IT had three characteristic features. 1) Moderate elevations of both serum cholesterol and TG. These elevations occurred often in both VLDL and LDL lipoprotein classes. IT prolongations were not seen when VLDL or LDL lipoproteins were singly maredly elevated. 2) High frequency of smokers. 3) Most of the subjects were above the age of 50. The results suggest that the most atherogenic lipoprotein abnormalities to the arteries of the lower limb are on the one hand the relatively TG-rich part of the LDL (LDL1) fraction and on the other hand the relatively cholesterol-rich part of the VLDL fraction. Furthermore the results stress the deleterious influence of smoking even in the preclinical stage of PVD. | 170,797 | [
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Calcium pyrophosphate-induced pleurisy in rats: a new model of acute inflammation. | A model is described of acute inflammation in the pleural cavity of rats using calcium pyrophosphate as the irritant. This model would seem to simulate the pseudogout syndrome. It has been shown to be acute in onset, dominated by polymorphonuclear cells, complement independent. The advantage of the model is that volume of exudate, numbers and types of cells may be quantitated. Prostaglandins and cyclic AMP have been measured in the migrating cells. The significance of these findings has been discussed. | 170,810 | [
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Cytoplasmic inclusions of neurons in the monkey visual cortex (area 19). | Several unusual neuronal inclusions were found in certain cells of the rhesus monkey visual cortex (Area 19): 1. Filamentous bodies, present in the small stellate cells of layer IV, globoid, 0.3-0.6 mum in diameter, consisting of fine 50 A filaments in a hexagonal meshwork. These are often associated with the labyrinthine bodies. 2. Labyrinthine bodies found exclusively in the small stellate cells of layer IV, including certain neurons with dispersed ribosomes. These are 0.4-0.7 mum in diameter and consist of 900 A wide tubes which interconnect with one another. The walls of these tubes are continuous and made up of a sheet or honeycomb lacework of small hexagonal 150 A subunits. 3. This inclusion, an aggregate 0.3-0.7 mum in size, consists of small membrane-bounded vesicles with a single dense granule associated with other non-membrane bound small dense droplets. The inclusions are always associated with the maturing face of the Golgi complex of certain layer IV pyramidal cells; as such, they may be an unusual product of the Golgi apparatus. These observations were confirmed by examination of stereo pairs of electron micrographs. Speculations are made with regard to possible functions for these inclusions. | 170,843 | [
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Re-evaluation of dosage and duration of action of d-tubocurarine in the pediatric age group. | A cumulative dose-response curve for d-tubocurarine based on body weight was determined for 44 infants and children 1 day to 7 years of age during halothane, nitrous oxide and oxygen anesthesia. Depression of thumb adduction was measured. Age difference did not affect the mean dose-effect response. Infants less than 10 days old, however, showed the wideest deviation of responses. When the effect of d-tubocurarine is determined by twitch response, infants and children are more resistant to d-tubocurarine and recover faster than adults from similar levels of neuromuscular depression. Monitoring of neuromuscular function by train-of-four stimulation proved as useful as it is in adults. | 170,845 | [
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Detection of animal viruses in coastal seawater and sediments. | Animal viruses, predominantly enteroviruses, were detected in shallow water at bottom depths and in clastic marine sediments. Viruses accumulated in sandy and slimy deposits of the sea bottom near the shore and could be easily released into water by means of simple mechanical shaking. | 170,859 | [
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[Basophilic adenoma in combination with a prolapse of adenohypophyseal tissue through the capsule]. | During the post-mortem examination of a 15-year patient who had died after the operation connected with incision of commissures a distorted form of the hypophysis was noted. Histological, histochemical and morphometric investigations showed that there was basophilic adenoma of adenohypophysis and prolapse of the tissue (beyond the borders of the adenoma) through a fistula against the background of changes characteristic of chronic diseases in childhood. Oxyphilic shift, moreover, was noted not only in the first zone of the adenohypophysis, but in other zones, as well as with a simultaneous increase in number of basophiles in I--III zones. Prolapse of the tissue, the latter being normal as far as the tumours growth was concerned, through the fistula took place at a considerable distance from the adenoma, which justifies the consideration of this process as a result of hyperplasia not connected with adenoma. Edges of the fistula bordering the prolapse, haemorrhages were to be seen. | 170,895 | [
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Malignant lymphoma resembling Burkitt's tumour in rhesus monkeys: (light- and electron microscopic studies). | Spontaneous tumours of the haematopoetic system have been only rarely observed in nonhuman primates. We had the opportunity to carry out light and electron microscopic investigations of three lymphomas in immature rhesus monkeys from our colony. All animals had tumours of both retroperitoneum and lymph nodes. The relatively uniform lymphoblastic or lymphoreticular tumour cells as well as the massive occurence of the so-called "starry sky macrophages" were histologically characteristic. Histochemically, the marked pyroninophilia of these tumour cells was evident. The electron nicroscopy revealed the tumour cells as lymphoblasts of about 8 mu diameter with the following features: round or oval, occasionally deeply indented cell nuclei with relatively clear interchromatinic substance; mostly well developed nucleoli; sparsely, rough endoplasmatic reticulum; large numbers of free ribosomes and polyribosomes; a few large, bizzarre mitochondria, often situated at one pole; lipid vacuoles in some cells. These histological, cytological and electron microscopic characteristics correspond to those of the human Burkitt's Lymphoma. This tumour is classified as an undifferentiated malignant lymphoma. Tumours of this type are of particular interest on comparative and epidemiological reasons in light of the existence of morphologically similar experimental, virus induced lymphomas in monkeys. | 170,906 | [
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Thermography and rheumatic diseases. | The common factor in most of the rheumatic diseases is an arthritis. Radiometry and thermography have been shown to indicate and measure heat resulting from localised inflammation. In rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthrosis, gout and ankylosing spondylitis abnormal heat distribution has been recorded over affected joints. Experimental evidence has shown that temperature change reflects the inflammatory state of the joint, and that this may be used to measure the effect of therapy by oral, systemic and local drug therapy, and also surgery, i.e. synovectomy. | 170,907 | [
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Studies on sex-organ development. Isolation and characterization of an oestrogen receptor from chick Müllerian duct. | An oestradiol-binding macromolecule was observed in the left Müllerian duct of the 15-day female chick embryo. The embryonic receptor binds oestradiol with a high affinity and low capacity, having a Kd of 3.2 X 10(-9)M and a maximal number of sites of 5.45 fmol/10(6) cells in the left Müllerian duct. The receptor is protein in nature, as suggested by its susceptibility to proteolysis; in addition, it is organ- and steroid-specific. Judging by glycerol-gradient analysis, the hormone receptors in the cytosol are present in 8S and 4.5S forms, and the 8S form could be dissociated into a 4.5S form in the presence of 0.5M-KCl. A 4.5-6S receptor could be extracted from the nuclei. Under physiological salt conditions, the embryonic receptors bind to DNA-cellulose and can be eluted when the salt concentration is increased to 0.5M-KCl. Determination by isoelectric focusing indicates that the isoelectric point is 5.8 for the 8S and 6.9 for the 4.5S receptor. | 170,917 | [
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[The mechanism of action of bencyclane on smooth musculature]. | Bencyclane (N-[3-(1-benzyl-cycloheptyloxy)-propyl]-N,N-dimethyl-amine-hydrogenfumarate, Fludilat), inhibits phosphodiesterase(PDE)-activity in vitro similarly to several other smooth muscle relaxants. Compared with papaverine this inhibitory effect of bencyclane on PDE is weak despite of its strong relaxant effect on smooth muscle, which is about equal to that of papaverine. 14C-Bencyclane is accumulated 8-fold in the smooth muscle tissue of bovine coronary arteries, indicating that relaxation is caused by 8-fold higher concentrations in the tissue than in the organ bath. A comparison of (corrected) ED50-values for relaxation with Ki-values for PDE-inhibition obtained with several PDE-inhibitors, including bencyclane, yields a significant correlation between both parameters. Since in subsequent studies in isolated tracheal muscle strips bencyclane at maximum relaxing concentrations did not increase cAMP, which was in contrast to the actions of papaverine or aminophylline, it is likely that bencyclane-induced smooth muscle relaxation is unrelated to inhibition of PDE or cAMP. In the same dose range in which bencyclane relaxes smooth muscles it exerts a non-specific antiadrenergic inhibitory effect, possibly due to its local anesthetic action at the cell membrane. It is also possible that the myocardial inhibitory effect of bencyclane is caused by a direct Ca++-antagonistic mechanism (Fleckenstein et al. 1971). | 170,943 | [
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8-Substituted derivatives of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate require an unsubstituted 2'-hydroxyl group in the ribo configuration for biological activity. | Derivatives of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate (cAMP) with modifications in both the 2' and the 8 positions were synthesized and their enzymic activities as activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and as substrates for and inhibitors of cAMP phosphodiesterases were determined. Three types of derivatives were investigated: 8-substituted derivatives of O2'-Bt-cAMP, 8-substituted derivatives of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate (ara-cAMP), and 8-substituted derivatives of 8,2'-anhydro-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 3,'5'-cyclic phosphate (8,2'-anhydro-cAMP). The 8-substituted O2'-Bt-cAMP derivatives were synthesized by acylation of the preformed 8-substituted cAMP (8-HS-cAMP, 8-MeS-cAMP, and 8-PhCH2S-cAMP). 8-Br-O2'-tosyl-cAMP was sued as an intermediate for the preparation of 8,2'-anhydro-cAMP derivatives (8-HO-, 8-SH-, 8-H2N-, and 8-H3 CHN derivatives of 8,2'-anhydro-cAMP). 8-Substituted ara-cAMP derivatives were obtained by ring opening of 8-HO-8,2'-anhydro-cAMP with H+/H2O, NH3/MeOH, or MeONa/MeOH (to yield the 8-HO-, 8-H2N-, and 8-MeO-ara-cAMP derivatives). All of these doubly modified derivatives of cAMP are less than one-hundredth as active as cAMP at activating protein kinase and did not serve as substrates for the phosphodiesterase. These data show that the general inactivity of 2' derivatives of cAMP with kinase was not overcome by addition of an 8-substituent, even though many 8-substituted derivatives of cAMP activate the kinase more efficiently than does cAMP itself. In addition they show that while 2'-modification were tolerated by the phosphodiesterase, addition of an 8-substituent countermanded the allowable 2'-modification. The 8-substituted derivates of 02'-Bt-cAMP were found in general to be slightly better inhibitors of phosphodiesterase than the parent compounds containing no o2'-Bt substitution. As a group, the 8-substituted ara-cAMP derivatives were poorer inhibitors of phosphodiesterase than 8-substituted cAMP derivatives while the 8,2'-anhydro-cAMP derivatives were much poorer inhibitors than the 8-substituted ara-cAMP derivatives. | 170,958 | [
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31 P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes with dehydrogenases. | 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the pyrophosphate group in NAD+ and NADH were recorded in the presence of beef heart lactate dehydrogenase and rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. At high lactate dehydrogenase concentrations (60 mg/ml), two NADH resonances are observed: a slowly exchanging peak which is shifted to 1.9 ppm downfield (relative to free NADH) and a rapidly exchanging peak with a downfield shift of 0.5-0.6 ppm. At lover concentrations (15 mg/ml) only the rapidly exchanging peak is observed thus indicating that the peak observed at-1.9 ppm is due to coenzyme bound to an aggregated enzyme species. With NAD+, rapid exchange and downfield shifts are observed at both enzyme and concentrations, with shifts of about 1.5 ppm and 0.6 ppm at 60 and 15 mg/ml, respectively. In the presence of glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, the results are independent of enzyme concentration, and slow exchange and upfield shifts of 0.4-0.6 ppm occur with each coenzyme. These data indicate that the environment of the pyrophosphate group of oxidized and reduced coenzyme is the same for a given dehydrogenase, but is different in one enzyme from the other. The resonances observed with glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase are broader than those observed with lactate dehydrogenase. This is indicative of either shorter relaxation times with the former enzyme, or the presence of multiple, unresolved resonances. | 170,965 | [
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0.1270864,
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0.4428303,
0.3815737,
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Phosphonopyruvic acid: A probable precursor of phosphonic acids in cell-free preparation of Tetrahymena. | 1. In cell-free preparations of Tetrahymena, doubly labelled [32P]phosphoenol-[3-14C]pyruvate gives rise to 2-aminoethylphosphonate and 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate, labelled with the two isotopes in the same ratio as the starting compound. The result is consistent with an intra-molecular rearrangement of phosphoenolpyruvate in the biosynthetic sequence of carbon-phosphorus bond formation. 2. Incubation of [32P]phosphoenolpyruvate with the same preparation, followed by treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, yielded labelled hydrazones. When these were subjected to hydrogenolysis, the radioactivity was recovered in 2-aminoethylphosphonate and 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate, suggesting that 2-phosphonoacetaldehyde and 3-phosphonopyruvic acid were probable precursors of the aminoalkylphosphonic acids. 3. Radioactivity from 2-amino-3-phosphono-[3-14C]propionic acid was incorporated into 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, but incorporation of the radioactivity into lipids was negligible. | 170,979 | [
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A comparison of the interfacial interactions of the apoprotein from high density lipoprotein and beta-casein with phospholipids. | The conformations adopted by beta-casein and the total apoprotein from serum high density lipoprotein when spread at the air-water interface are compared; the monolayer data are consistent with the apoprotein being alpha-helical and the beta-casein being disordered with segments distributed in loops and trains. The penetration of these hydrophobic proteins into phosphatidylcholine monolayers in different physical states was investigated. More protein can penetrate into monolayers when they are in the liquid-expanded state; for penetration at constant total surface area the lateral compressibility of the lipid is an important factor. The charge and conformation of the polar group of the phospholipid does not have a major influence on the interaction. The mixed films of lipid and protein have a mosaic structure; probably the beta-casein is in a compressed state whereas the apoprotein is extended as alpha-helices in the plane of the interface. The chain-length depedences of the interaction of the apoprotein with phosphatidylcholine monolayers and bilayers are different; when the apoprotein binds to bilayers of shorter-chain phosphatidylcholines it alters the shape of the lipid-water interface whereas with monolayers the interface remains planar throughout. | 170,986 | [
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Synthesis of viral proteins by the avian myeloblastosis viral core component. | Avian Myeloblastosis Viral (AMV) core component was isolated and shown to synthesize AMV proteins in vitro. This reaction was linearly dependent on viral core concentration, proceeded linearly with time, and was inhibited by puromycin and aurintricarboxylic acid. The proteins synthesized in vitro co-electrophoresed and co-chromatographed with known proteins, and were immunoprecipitated by total and monospecific antibodies to known AMV proteins. | 170,991 | [
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Plasma lipoproteins in rats with experimental biliary obstruction. I. A chemical study. | Acute biliary obstruction in the rat is associated with striking alterations of the plasma level and the physico-chemical properties of plasma lipoproteins. 1. The level of very low density lipproteins (VLDL) in plasma increases from 2 to 3 fold. The chemical composition of VLDL is characterized by a high content of phospholipids and cholesterol and by a diminution of the relative content of triacylglycerols and protein. On cellulose acetate electrophoresis, VLDL show a beta-mobility. 2. The plasma concentration of low density lipoproteins (1.019--1.063 g/ml, LDL2) increases several fold above the control level. Phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol are the major components of this fraction which contains only a minute amount of cholesteryl ester (4%) and triacylglycerols (10%). LDL2 contain a component which migrates to the cathode in 1% agar gel electrophoresis. Separation of LDL2 by gel filtration on 2% agarose column results in the identification of three subfractions. Subfraction I contains a large proportion of cholesterol and triacylgylcerols, subfraction II is rich in unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids whereas subfraction III has a chemical composition fairly similar to that of the control LDL2. 3. The level of high density lipoproteins (HDL) also increases after bile duct ligation. The chemical composition of HDL2 (1.063-1.125 g/ml) is characterized by a high content of unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids and by a remarkable reduction in the content of cholesteryl esters and protein. | 170,992 | [
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[Effect of catecholaminergic substances on the proconvulsive properties of the caudate nucleus]. | In the freely moving rats stimulants of catecholaminergic tramission (DOPA, apomorphine, d,1-amphetamine, and also their combination with disulfiram) reduced the proconvulsive properties of the caudate nucleus. Under the effect of these substances there occurred a shortening of the cortical electroencephalographic response to a single stimulation of the nucleus in the animals given subconvulsive doses of pentaxylenetetrazol and a reduction of the extent of the spike-wave rhythm induced by the repeated caudate stimuli. On the contrary, inhibitors of catecholaminergic transmission (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, alpha-methyltyrosine and disulfiram) intensified the proconvulsive effect of the caudate nucleus. | 171,015 | [
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The nitrofurans as sperm immobilising agents: their tissue toxicity and their clinical application. | Nitrofurantoin sodium and nitrofurazone in certain critical concentrations have the ability to cause sperm immobilisation. Intraoperative vas irrigation with these solutions in 24 patients have produced sterility in the immediate postoperative period. | 171,024 | [
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[Role of ACTH in regulation of aldosterone secretion]. | During the nycthemeral cycle, ACTH modulated the aldosterone production and increases plasmatic level at the end of night. The chronic stimulant effect of angiotensin II is a permissive factor of ACTH influence on aldosterone formation. | 171,034 | [
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[Spike activity recorded at the level of optic tract in a primate, Papio papio]. | Spike activity has been recorded, in two young baboons, at the part of the optic tract (O.T.) localized between the chiasma and the lateral geniculate (L.G.) during REM and also slow wave sleep, preceding or not a REM period. These spikes, mono or biphasic, were of 60-200 ms duration and of 30-140 muV amplitude. They occurred generally in bursts (up to 50 spikes); 4 to 10 spikes bursts were the more frequent. These O.T. spikes were assimilated to the L.G. spikes. | 171,037 | [
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Preoperative irradiation of cancer of the lung: final report of a therapeutic trial. A collaborative study. | Between May, 1963 and December, 1966, 17 medical centers cooperated in two separate but integrated therapeutic trials of primary lung cancer. One study was of patients with lesions considered operable at the time of diagnosis, and the other of patients with initially inoperable cancer but who were considered potentially operable after radiotherapy. Patients operable at the time of diagnosis were randomly assigned to receive either immediate surgery (278 patients) or preoperative radiotherapy followed by surgery (290 patients). All but one were followed until death or 5 years survival. Survival to each anniversary after randomization was almost identical for the two groups. At 5 years the survival rate was 14% after preoperative radiotherapy and 16% after immediate surgery. On the basis of the small standard error of the difference between these survival rates, a large advantage or a large disadvantage for preoperative radiotherapy is unlikely. Recurrence of cancer either locally or as distant metastasis was also similar in the two groups. Postoperative mortality was estimated to be 11% in the immediate surgery group, but cannot be estimated in a comparable fashion for the irradiated group. Certain postoperative complications were more frequent in the irradiated group, but survival during the first was not affected. Out of 425 patients initially considered to be inoperable, 152 were considered resectable after radiotherapy. These patients were randomly assigned to have either a thoracotomy and resection of their cancer if possible (78 patients) or no surgery (74 patients). Survival to each anniversary after randomization was very similar. After 5 years the survival rate was 8% for the group assigned to surgery and 6% for the group assigned to no surgery. The difference has a standard error of 4%. | 171,057 | [
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Diminished binding of thyroid-stimulating hormone in a transplantable rat thyroid tumor as a possible cause of hormone unresponsiveness. | The adenylate cyclase activity and the binding of 125I-labeled thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of normal and tumor rat thyroid plasma membranes were compared. No significant difference in the basal and fluoride-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity between normal and tumor plasma membranes was observed. Thyroid plasma membranes responded to TSH, whereas the enzyme from the tumor plasma membranes was TSH insensitive. Thyroid plasma membranes boud 125I-TSH. Tumor plasma membranes bound 125I-TSH poorly. At the highest concentration of unlabeled TSH used, 80% of the 125I-TSH that was bound to thyroid plasma membranes was displaced, whereas only 10% of the 125I-TSH bound to tumor plasma membranes was displaced. Therefore, it seems likely that the failure of this tumor to respond to TSH is due to an alteration in the functional unit of membrane adenylate cyclase at the level of the receptor subunit. | 171,062 | [
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Some biochemical characteristics of rat liver and Morris hepatoma nuclei and nuclear membranes. | Nuclei prepared from host liver and from Morris hepatomas 7777 and 7800 have been compared with respect to some of their biochemical characteristics. Several criteria were used to ensure that liver and hepatoma nuclei were of equal purity. These criteria include equal specific activity ratios (homogenate nuclei) for several marker enzymes. Phospholipids, proteins, and sialic acid content were compared in liver and hepatoma sucrose nuclei and in membrane and chromatin fractions obtained from liver or hepatoma nuclei. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis, the only qualitative difference in protein that could detected was in 2 of the 4 nuclear fractions. There was an extra band in each of the 2 hepatoma fractions. Sialic acid was increased in hepatoma nuclei. In addition, a fraction containing most of the inner nuclear membrane from liver nuclei had no sialic acid, whereas the equivalent hepatoma fraction did have sialic acid. Total phospholipids were increased in hepatoma nuclei. This increased phospholipid concentration in hepatoma nuclei as compared to liver nuclei was apparent with sucrose nuclei, citric acid nuclei, membrane-denuded nuclei, chromatin, and nuclear fractions. Determination of the percentages of individual phospholipids making up the total phospholipids extracted revealed that the only significant change in the phospholipid composition of hepatoma nuclei was an increase in sphingomyelin. A large amount of this sphingomyelin was found to be associated with chromatin. The possible significance of chromatin-associated phospholipids is discussed. | 171,064 | [
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Nuclear secretory particles associated with the calyx cells of the ichneumonid parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron). | The present study is an ultrastructural investigation of the calyx region of the ichneumonid endoparasitoid Campoletis sonorensis. It appears that synthesis of electron-dense secretory particles occurs within nuclei of calyx cells. The particles consist of an ovocylindrical electron-dense inner core and a surrounding unit membrane. After their formation the particles pass from the nucleus by budding through both membranes of the nuclear envelope. The particles, along with fully developed parasitoid eggs concentrate within the lateral oviduct lumen. Feulgen histochemical studies suggest the presence of DNA within the calyxfluid. The possible function of the particles is discussed. | 171,071 | [
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Thymus transplantation. Reconstitution of cellular immunity in a four-year-old patient with T-cell deficiency. | The case is reported of a 4-year-old girl affected with recurrent infections; anaemia, thrombocytopenia, haemorrhages and hepatosplenomegaly. Immunological investigations revealed a defect in cellular immunity related to the thymus-dependent system, hypergammaglobulinaemia (especially of class IgE), and very high titres of antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). After foetal thymus transplantation, correction of the immunological defect and significant clinical improvement were noted, as well as a decrease of IgE and EBV antibody titres. | 171,111 | [
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Hormone receptors, 5. Binding of glucagon and insulin to human circulating mononuclear cells in diabetes mellitus. | Preparations of human peripheral mononuclear leukocytes, containing over 85% lymphocytes, specifically bound glucagon and insulin. Binding of physiological concentrations of both hormones was seen to be substantially diminished when cells were derived from either adult-type diabetics or individuals with a unilateral genetic history of diabetes. | 171,138 | [
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3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) in fetal and adult sheep: studies of metabolic clearance rates, production rates, serum binding, and thyroidal content relative to thyroxine. | To examine the mechanism(s) responsible for high serum concentration of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) and low serum concentration of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) in the fetus, we studied metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of rT3, T3, and thyroxine (T4) in adult nonpregnant sheep and sheep fetuses in utero. The mean fetal MCR-rT3 was significantly lower than that in adult sheep, and the mean fetal PR-rT3 significantly higher. The mean fetal MCR-T3 was higher than, and the mean fetal PR-T3 similar to that in adult sheep. The mean fetal MCR-T4 and PR-T4 were both significantly higher than the corresponding values in adult sheep. The ratios of mean PR-rT3 to PR-T4 (rT3/T4) were similar in fetal and adult sheep. However, the ratio of mean PR-T3 to PR-T4 (T3/T4) in the fetal sheep was much lower than that in the adult sheep. The low fetal MCR-rT3 was not attributable to high serum binding of rT3. On the basis of the thyroidal content and kinetics of iodothyronines, it was estimated that whereas thyroidal secretion may account for nearly all of serum T3 (or PR-T3) in the fetus and about 50% of serum T3 in adults, it accounts for only about 3% of the serum rT3 (or PR-rT3) in both fetal and adult sheep. The results suggest a) that elevated serum rT3 in the fetus is due to its decreased clearance and increased production by mono-deiodination of T4, and b) that low serum T3 in the fetus is due to its increased clearance and decreased production by mono-deiodination of T4. In addition, on the basis of discordant changes in the production of T3 and rT3 from T4, it appears that there may exist two separate, apparently specific, iodothyronine deiodinating activities--one cleaving the iodine atom at the 5'-position and the other acting in the iodine atom at the 5-position of the T4 molecule; 5'-iodothyronine deiodinating activity is apparently reduced in the fetus. | 171,141 | [
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Characterization of mouse ACTH in plasma and in extracts of pituitary and of adrenotropic pituitary tumor. | The predominant component of immunoreactive ACTH in the plasma of adrenalectomized normal mice and of mice bearing the adrenotropic mouse pituitary tumor, AtT-20, and in extracts of the normal mouse pituitary and pituitary tumor, has an elution volume on Sephadex G-50 gel filtration approximately midway between the void volume and the elution volume of human ACTH (1-39 peptide). The tumor extracts are shown to contain, in addition to this intermediate ACTH, 2 other components of immunoreactive ACTH, one which coelutes with 131I-labeled albumin (big ACTH) and the other with [125I]hACTH (little ACTH). Big and intermediate ACTH are urea-stable. Controlled tryptic digestion of mouse-tumor big ACTH results within 10 seconds in conversion to an intermediate component followed by continued loss of immunoreactivity. Under the same conditions of tryptic digestion of intermediate ACTH, there is only continuous loss of immuno-reactivity with no change of hormonal form. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that mouse intermediate ACTH is not a precursor for little ACTH. | 171,153 | [
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Epileptogenic effects of several penicillins and penicillin-related compounds in rat neocortex. | Several penicillins and penicillin-related compounds were tested for their ability to produce epileptiform activity in rat neocortex. (1) Alterations in the side chain of penicillin G decreased epileptogenic capability in all the compounds tested in this study: Phenoxymethylpenicillin produced a primary focus but no mirror focus, suggesting a dissociation of the mechanisms underlying these two processes. Ampicillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and potassium 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and potassium 6-aminopenicillanic acid produced little or no epileptiform activity. All these compounds have free amino grounds and are amphoteric. (2) Breaking the beta lactam ring of penicillin G (potassium penicillin G penicilloate) eliminated epileptogenic capability. (3) Potassium salts of penicillin or its derivatives (potassium penicillin G, propicillin, potassium 6-aminopenicillanic acid, potassium penicillin G penicilloate) consistently suppressed cortical activity, regardless of the ability of the compound to produce spike discharges. Thus, mechanisms underlying these two properties can be dissociated. (4) Antibiotic activity of penicillins bears no relationship to epileptogenic capability. | 171,154 | [
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Treatment of RSV-transformed "poorly" virogenic and non-virogenic mammalian cell lines with inhibitors of protein synthesis: failure to potentiate RSV rescue. | Treatment of the RSV-transformed "poorly" virogenic rat clones LW13-RsK4 and LW13-RsK4 R1 with cycloheximide or puromycin before fusion with chick embryo fibroblasts did not lead to RSV rescue. Neither was RSV rescued from the RSV-transformed non-virogenic mouse line RVP3 treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine and cycloheximide or puromycin before fusion. | 171,178 | [
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Changes of enzyme activities in spleen lymphocytes from tumor-bearing rats. | The induction of concomitant immunity was studied in Donryu strain rats with Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells. The changes of enzyme activity in spleen lymphocytes were also examined in normal and tumor-bearing rats. The concomitant immunity was detected 1 week after transplantation of tumor cells. Extended metastases were found 2 weeks after transplantation. The enzyme activities of ATPase and acid phosphatase were definitely higher than that of normal rat 1 week after the transplantation but decreased to lower level than normal 2 weeks later. On the other hand, alkaline phosphatase activity increased 3 times at 1 week after the transplantation and remained at the same level even at 2 weeks later. | 171,191 | [
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Age-dependent arginine phosphokinase activity changes in male vestigial and wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. | The activity of arginine phosphokinase, an important muscle enzyme in insects, was investigated with age in vestigial-winged and wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. Identical patterns of age-dependent activity changes were observed in the vestigial-winged flies as in the wild-type, even though vestigial-winged flies exhibit a 50% mortality approximately two thirds that of the wild-type as well as being incapable of flight. Results indicate that the age-dependent changes in arginine phosphokinase activity are intrinsically regulated within the cells of the flight muscle. | 171,197 | [
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In vitro studies of calcitonin release in man. | The influence of various agents on calcitonin release from human thyroid was studied in vitro. Under the condition of this investigation, calcium, magnesium and phosphate did not stimulate calcitonin release from short-term incubated slices of human thyroid. However, pentagastrin and USP glucagon were potent stimulators of calcitonin release. Theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP were also potent stimuli. A highly purified preparation of pancreatic glucagon was without an effect. Those agents which stimulated calcitonin release were associated with augmented cyclic AMP accumulation. Although maximal discharge of calcitonin required the presence of calcium, out in vitro experiments raise the question as to whether a gastrointestinal hormone, rather than calcium, might not be the principal agent affecting calcitonin release. | 171,204 | [
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Purification and characterization of neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. | Clostridium perfringens cells were cultivated on a large scale using an automatic system. Neuraminidase secreted by the cells into the culture medium was purified 380 000-fold by: precipitation with ammonium sulfate between 50 and 85% saturation, filtration on Sephadex G-75, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, and by isoelectric focusing. Three enzyme fractions with different migration rates were obtained by preparative disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, and five fractions with isoelectric points between pH 4.7 and 5.4 were observed after isoelectric focusing. This microheterogeneity disappeared after denaturation of the enzyme in 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate or 8M urea. The isoelectric point of the denatured enzyme corresponded to pH 4.3. All enzyme fractions were identical with regard to their immunological and kinetic properties; they had the same molecular weights. The origin of the different "conformers" of neuraminidase is discussed. The existence of genuine isoenzymes could largely be excluded. The yield of neuraminidase was 65%, which corresponded to about 10 mg of pure enzyme from 100 l of culture medium. The enzyme was free of protease and various other glycosidase activities. The neuraminidase preparation appeared not to be contaminated by other proteins as judged by electrophoretic analysis using either the native enzyme or the enzyme denatured by sodium dodecylsulfate or urea; ultracentrifugation; chromatography on Sephadex G-200; and immunological methods. The molecular weights of the native or denatured enzyme were found to be in the range between 60 000 and 69 000 (on an average 63 750) using four independent methods. The existence of subunits of neuraminidase was excluded. The neuraminidase exhibited a spec. act. of 580 or 615 U/mg protein with glycopeptides from edible birds' nests or sialyllactose, respectively, as substrates. Additional kinetic properties and the UV-absorption spectrum of the enzyme are described. | 171,212 | [
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Prenatal diagnosis of I-cell disease. | A pregnancy from a family in risk of I-cell disease was monitored. The fetus was diagnosed as having I-cell disease based on the findings that (1) lysosomal enzyme activities except for acid phosphatase and alpha glucosidase were clearly elevated in amniotic fluid and were reduced in cultivated amniotic fluid cells, and (2) cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in cultivated amniotic cells by phase contrast microscopy. The accuracy of prediction was confirmed by cultured skin fibroblast of the aborted fetus. | 171,215 | [
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Interactions between endogenous baboon type-C virus and oncogenic viruses. I. Syncytium induction and development of infectivity assay. | Cells releasing the endogenous baboon virus (BV) can interact with human KC cells containing the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) genome, resulting in cell fusion and syncytium formation. This interaction has been utilized in the development of a sensitive infectivity assay for BV. The titration pattern is of a one-hit type, demonstrating a linear relationship between virus concentration and number of syncytial plaques obtained in the KC co-cultivation assay. Endpoint titration comparisons indicate that the KC test is as sensitive as the immunofluorescence or the RNA-directed DNA-polymerase assays. Attempts to develop an XC test for BV failed, indicating that while BV can interact with the RSV genome it will do so in the human KC cells and not in the rat XC cells. Syncytia are also induced when KC cells are directly exposed to cell-free BV; however, a linear dose relationship is not obtained. When syncytium-positive KC cultures are passaged, the syncytia disappear and a chronic BV infection is established. These KC-BV cells then lose the ability to interact with either the endogenous cat RD-114 virus or the Mason-Pfizer virus which are known to form syncytia with KC cells. | 171,228 | [
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Studies in lipid histochemistry. XIII. The OPA (osmiumtetroxide-periodic acid-alpha-naphthylamine) method for the detection of apolar lipids. | A new procedure for the detection of apolar lipids is described. It is a modification of the OTAN method (Adams, 1959) using periodic acid which oxidatively removes lower osmium derivatives from polar sites only, leaving those in apolar lipids intact and demonstrable with alpha-naphthylamine. Control steps for the exclusion of the possible interference of some less polar complex lipids and of lipopigments are described. The described technic is superior to the conventionally used sudan dyes due partly to the fact that only aqueous solutions are employed thus excluding any extraction of lipids, partly to the more distinct coloration. | 171,245 | [
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Effect of bredinin and its aglycone on L5178Y cells. | The aglycone of the nucleoside antibiotic, bredinin, was as strongly cytotoxic to L5178Y cells as bredinin. The cytotoxic properties of the aglycone were very similar to those of bredinin and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of both were 10(-5)M. The growth inhibitory effects of both agents regardless of their concentrations, were reversed by guanylic acid, guanosine or guanine. However, on increasing the concentrations of these agents, the reversing effect of guanylic acid decreased gradually, the dose-response curves for the two agents being similar. Both agents inhibited the incorporation of thymidine and uridine, but not leucine into macromolecules in L5178Y cells and their inhibitory effects were reversed to similar extents by guanylic acid. On the other hand, the growth inhibitory effect of the aglycone on L5178Y cells was prevented by adenine only, though not be adenosine or adenylic acid while the effect of bredinin was not prevented by adenine. These results suggest that the aglycone itself does not inhibit growth, but that its effect is due to its conversion to bredinin by an enzyme such as adenine phosphoribosyl transferase. For recovery of growth, three moles of adenine were required per mole of the aglycone. When the aglycone was administered orally to rats, bredinin was administered orally to rats, bredinin was recovered in their serum and urine. | 171,246 | [
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Structural analyses of mammalian ribosomal ribonucleic acid and its precursors. Nucleotide sequence of ribosomal 5.8 S ribonucleic acid. | The nucleotide sequence of ribosomal 5.8 S RNA (also known as 7 S or 5.5 S rRNA) from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells has been determined to be (see article). Estimations of the secondary structure based upon maximized base pairing and the fragments of partial ribonuclease digestion indicate that there may be five base-paired regions in the molecule, three forming a folding of the termini and two forming secondary hairpin loops. The sequence of Novikoff hepatoma 5.8 S rRNA is about 75% homologous with that of yeast 5.8 S rRNA (Rubin, G.M. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3860-3875) and similar models for secondary structure are proposed. Both models contain a very stable G-C rich hairpin loop (residues 116 to 138), a less stable A-U-rich hairpin loop (residues 64 to 91) and two symmetrical bulges (residues 15 to 25 and 40 to 44). | 171,258 | [
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Identification of an essential lysine in porcine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. | The reversible inactivation of porcine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate yields an irreversible modification upon sodium borohydride reduction. A 200-fold molar excess of pyridoxal-5'-P over enzyme results in inactivation to the extent of 54%, and incorporation of 5.7 mol of inactivator per mol of enzyme. The same inactivation carried out in the presence of 80 mM coenzyme, NADH, produces malate dehydrogenase which is approximately 94% active and contains 4.6 mol of pyridoxal-5'-P per mol of enzyme. The incorporation difference between inactivated and protected samples suggests, for total inactivation, the modification of 2 residues per mol of enzyme (i.e. 1 residue per subunit, or 1 per enzymatic active site). This specificity was confirmed by the isolation of a single pyridoxyl-5'-P-labeled "difference peptide" obtained by comparison of the Dowex 1-X2 elution profiles of tryptic digests of protected and inactivated samples, respectively. Amino acid analysis of the peptide demonstrated the presence of N6-pyridoxyl-L-lysine (Lys(Pyx)), establishing the existence of an essential lysing residue in the active center of malate dehydrogenase. The amino acid sequence of the active center hexapeptide has been determined to be: H2NLys(Pyx)Pro-Gly-Met-Thr-Arg-COOH. | 171,264 | [
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Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen in lipid peroxidation by a xanthine oxidase system. | 1. Xanthine oxidase acting aerobically upon acetaldehyde was found to cause the peroxidation of linolenate. This was demonstrated by increased absorbance at 233 nm due to diene conjugation and by the detection of a lipid peroxide spot on the thin layer chromatograms. 2. Superoxide dismutase inhibited this lipid peroxidation, as did catalase, thus indicating that both O2- and H2O2 were essential intermediates. Scavengers of singlet oxygen also inhibited the peroxidation of linolenate, whereas scavengers of hydroxyl radical did not. These effects, which were observed in the absence of iron salts, led to the proposal that O2- and H2O2 can directly give rise to a singlet oxygen, as follows: O2- + H2O2 leads to OH- + OH. + O2. 3. This proposal was further supported through the use of 2,5-dimethylfuran, as an indicating scavenger of singlet oxygen. Thus, when this compound was exposed to a known source of singlet oxygen, it gave a product which was detectable by thin layer chromatography. This product was also observed when 2,5-dimethylfuran was exposed to the xanthine oxidase system, in which case its accumulation was prevented by superoxide dismutase or by catalase, but not by scavengers of hydroxyl radical. | 171,266 | [
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Membranes of mammary gland. XI. Marker enzyme distribution profiles for membranous components from bovine mammary gland. | Enzyme distribution profiles of clarified bovine mammary homogenates separated by equilibrium centrifugation on linear sucrose gradients suggested that several of the commonly utilized marker enzymes for rat liver are also valid markers for mammary cellular components. These marker enzymes include: Succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondria), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome c reductase and, to a lesser extent, retenone insensitive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cytochrome c reductase (endoplasmic reticulum), galactosyl transferase (Golgi apparatus), 5'-nucleotidase (plasma membranes), uric acid oxidase (microbodies), and acid phosphatase (lysosomes). Rotenone sensitive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cytochrome c reductase and sodium, potassium, magnesium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase were widely distributed among subcellular fractions and are not valid marker enzymes. The boyant densities determined for the above fractions should aid in design of methods to obtain enriched sources of these components for analysis. | 171,290 | [
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Direct visualization of enveloped Epstein-Barr Herpesvirus in throat washing with leukocyte-transforming activity. | Mature enveloped virions belonging to the herpes class were found in a concentrated, partially purified specimen of throat washings from a patient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for prevention of renal homograft rejection. This throat washing contained a high titer of biologically active Epstein-Barr virus and no other human herpesviruses. Epstein-Barr virions were not detected in throat washings from patients with mononucleosis that had only low titers of transforming activity. | 171,319 | [
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'Phagocytosis' of sendai virus by model membranes. | Sendai viruses were attached to liposomes (vesicular model membranes) at 0 to 4 degrees C, and were then incubated at 37 degrees C. Liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and gangliosides enveloped the viruses at 37 degrees C to give a picture that resembles the ingestion step of phagocytosis. Virus particles were enveloped only by liposomes that contained gangliosides which serve as Sendai virus receptors. | 171,337 | [
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Single fibre EMG findings in polyneuropathies of different aetiology. | Single fibre electromyography was carried out in patients with polyneuropathy due to uraemia, diabetes, and alcohol. In the two former groups the fibre density within the motor unit and the impulse transmission were mainly normal. In the latter group the fibre density was significantly increased as signs of reinnervation. Impulse transmission was impaired in a number of the action potential complexes, which is typical of active reinnervation. The results may indicate that the diabetic and uraemic polyneuropathies are characterized in the main by demyelination, whereas the alcoholic type is dominated by axonal lesion even at an early stage. | 171,347 | [
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Cerebral dynamic studies for early detection of recurrent anaplastic intracranial gliomas. | The authors compared radionuclide cerebral dynamic studies, brain scans, and clinical evaluation as indicators of recurrence of intracranial anaplastic gliomas and found cerebral dynamic studies more sensitive to tumor growth than static brain scans. The former may show changes prior to clinical evidence of tumor progression. | 171,351 | [
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The effects of stibophen on phosphofructokinases and aldolases of adult filariids. | Trivalent organic antimonials, such as stibophen, have been employed for the chemotherapy of schistosome and filariid infections. The effects of stibophen on adult Litomosoides carinii, Dipetalonema witei (= viteae), and Brugia pahangi were examined. In vitro, lactate accumulation was markedly inhibited by the antimonials as was phosphofructokinase activities in homogenates. Incubation of filariids with stibophen and determination of internal concentrations of hexose phosphate also indicated a decreased phosphofructokinase activity. In addition, a second inhibitory effect of stibophen on aldolase has been observed which appears to be specific for stibophen and is not displayed by potassium antimony tartrate. Both inhibitory activities may contribute to the chemotherapeutic effect of stibophen. In addition to the schistosomes and filariids, stibophen also inhibits Ascaris and Hymenolepis diminuta phosphofructokinases at low concentrations, where no inhibition of the corresponding mammalian liver enzyme was demonstrable. | 171,364 | [
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Metabolism of 8-(methylthio)cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate by rats and dogs after oral or intravenous dosing and in vitro by subcellular preparations of dog liver. | 8-(Methylthio-14C or -35S)cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (I) was given intravenously to rats (5 mg/kg) and orally and intravenously to dogs (0.25, 2.5, or 50 mg/kg). Oral doses were absorbed well but slowly. Plasma half-lives in dogs were about 3 hr after oral or intravenous doses of 0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg and ranged from 5 to 12 hr after oral or intravenous doseas of 50 mg/kg. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in dogs were increased by oral or intravenous doses of the compound. Regardless of the route, excretion of radioactivity by rats and dogs at all doses was chiefly in the urine (74-87% of the dose); the remainder was excreted in the feces or bile. Compound I was rapidly distributed to most tissues of dogs but entered the brain and certain portions of the eye slowly and to a limited extent. Urine and plasma of dogs and urine of rats contained I, 8-(methylthio)adenosine, and at least two other unidentified metabolites. Compound I and cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate were metabolized in vitro by the soluble fraction of dog liver to form 8-(methylthio)adenosine-5'-monophosphate and adenosine-5'-monophosphate, respectively. These compounds were further converted to 8-(methylthio)adenosine and adenosine, respectively. Compound I was metabolized in vitro more slowly than cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate. | 171,373 | [
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Disturbed wards--do we need them? | This is a study of forty-three female residents of a continued care state psychiatric facility who were transferred from a ward for highly disturbed persons to a ward based on a geographical unit system. One year after the transfer thirty-eight patients were improved, particularly in the area of behavior symptomatology. A change in perceived expectations of both patients and staff seemed to be primarily responsible for the positive change noted. | 171,385 | [
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Emergency discharges: their outcome. | This paper compares the short-term outcome of a group of seven patients released from an inpatient facility during an employee strike and a group of eight released at the optimal time according to the treating physicians. There was no difference in the outcome of the two groups, only two fifth of the entire cohort could be considered as doing well. The reasons for the findings are explored. | 171,392 | [
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Interrelationships between prostaglandins, cyclic AMP and steroids in ovulation. | Ovulation is a complex phenomenon, involving a series of biochemical events within the ovary, leading to the rupture of the follicle. This paper summarizes recent studies in our laboratory of some of these biochemical changes using the rabbit as an experimental model. It has been shown in our laboratory that isolated Graafian follicles obtained from oestrous rabbits synthesize steroids and cyclic AMP when incubated in vitro. Luteinizing hormone added to the incubation medium increased steroidogenesis and cyclic AMP synthesis many fold. When follicles were isolated from rabbits at different times following the ovulatory stimulus (mating or HCG injection) it was found that the in vitro response to LH in terms of steroidogenesis and cylcic AMP synthesis was lost as ovulation approached. In contrast, when prostaglandins (PGF and PGE) were measured in rabbit Graafian follicles it was found that the PGF and PGE levels increased as ovulation approached. From these data and from reports in the literature, we have developed a hypothetical model for ovulation in the rabbit which may help in a better understanding of the ovulatory process. | 171,405 | [
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... |
A phlogistic function of PGE1 in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal-induced inflammation. | Promotion of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CaPPD) crystal-induced inflammation by prostaglandin (PG) E1 has been demonstrated by two new techniques: (1) Rats deficient in essential fatty acids, biological precursors of PG, developed less footpad swelling than did normal rats following injections of unheated CaPPD. Addition of one ng of PGE1 to these crystals resulted in normal swelling. (2) This phlogistic effect of PGE1 was also demonstrated in normal rats fed a normal dietwho received injections of CaPPD crystals heated to 200 degrees C for three hours. The heated crystals induced less footpad swelling than did unheated crystals. When one ng of PGE1 was added to the suspensions of heated crystals the resultant swelling approximated that obtained by unheated crystals. The possible role of PGE1 in mediating CaPPD crystal-induced inflammation is suggested. An analysis of urate and CaPPD crytal-induced inflammation is presented with comments setting forth the concept that these metabolic crystal disorders are membrane diseases. | 171,406 | [
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Suppression of spontaneous in vitro transformation of autologous leukocytes by plasma from convalescent and postconvalescent infectious mononucleosis patients. | All 14 plasma samples from 13 convalescent and postconvalescent infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients suppressed the spontaneous in vitro transformation of autologous leukocytes. In contrast, only 2 of 8 plasma samples from patients with acute IM suppressed this transformation. All 7 patients whose blood was tested both in the acute and convalescent or postconvalescent phases of IM showed either a conversion in transformation suppression status from negative to positive or an increase in the strength of transformation suppression. Thus recovery from IM appeared to be associated with the ability of plasma to suppress the in vitro spontaneous transformation of autologous leukocytes. | 171,425 | [
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Histologic and electron microscopy observations on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatomas in small aquarium fish (Oryzias latipes). | Liver neoplasms were induced in medakas (Oryzias latipes) by the addition of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) to their aquarium water at levels of 15-135 ppm for 8 weeks. After 13 weeks, 21 to 32 fish had developed hepatomas. Medakas are useful for further studies because they are highly susceptible to the carcinogenic effect of DENA, and the time for tumor induction is relatively short. Histologic type differed in the lesions of different fish and also within individual tumors. Some were typical trabecular hepatomas, others were anaplastic hepatomas or cholangiomas, or mixtures of these. Electron microscopy revealed an extensive rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in a lamellar pattern, many mitochondria, and several round lysosomes in tumor cells. A few fat droplets with occasional crystalline ghosts were sometimes in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus was not conspicuous. Some cells had highly developed microvilli that showed differentiation toward structures resembling bile capillaries. | 171,429 | [
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Transcription of simian virus 40. V. Regulattion of simian virus 40 gene expression. | RNA "exhaustion type" hybridization was used to measure the complementarity of nuclear and cytoplasmic viral RNA to the early (E) and late (L) simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA strands. This type of hybridization measures the amount of labeled RNA complementary to each of the two DNA strands, rather than the fraction of each SV40 DNA strand that is homologous to SV40 RNA. At 48 h after infection, about 5% of the nuclear newly synthesized viral RNA was complementary to the E-strand (- strand) and 95% was complementary to the L-strand (+ strand). This proportion was independent of the labeling time, indicating similar accumulation of the E- and L-RNA transcripts in the nucleus. The nuclear E- and L-viral RNA transcripts sedimented in a similar manner on sucrose gradients. Of the cytoplasmic viral RNA only about 1% was complementary to the E-strand, these molecules sedimenting at 19S, whereas 99% were complementary to the L-strand and sedimented at 19S and 16S. The abundance of E-RNA transcripts in nuclei of cells infected with serially passaged virus was about four times higher than that in nuclei of cells infected with plaque-purified virus; however, the size and proportion of the corresponding cytoplasmic E- and L-RNA transcripts was independent of the type of virus used to infect the cells. According to these results at least two control mechanisms regulate viral gene expression in productively infected cells, one operates at the trnascriptional level and the second at the post-transcriptional level. | 171,448 | [
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The respiratory effects of chloromethyl methyl ether. | A prospective study of 125 chemical workers was carried out for ten years to investigate the incidence of lung cancer. Some of the men were exposed to chloromethyl methyl ether containing bis(chloromethyl) ether as an impurity. Bronchogenic carcinoma was markedly increased among them, with a strong dose-response relationship. An unexpected inverse relationship was noted between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer. The neoplasms (all small-cell carcinomas) occurred in relatively young men. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis were reported more often among men exposed to chloromethyl ether, and a dose-response relationship was apparent, with smoking a cofactor. Ventilatory function was not significantly affected by chemical exposure. Periodic screening over the first five years of the study showed a decrease in chronic coughing and an increase in dyspnea while chemical exposure was diminishing. | 171,460 | [
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Adenoid cystic carcinoma (cylindroma) of the trachea masquerading as asthma. | A 40-year-old woman was admitted with upper airway obstruction; chest roentgenogram with tomograms, laryngoscopy, and bronchoscopy verified the presence of a subglottic tumor. Spirometry disclosed a maximum inspiratory flow rate more reduced than in the maximum expiratory flow rate, suggestive of upper airway obstruction. The pathologic conditions were consistent with cystic adenoid carcinoma (cylindroma) of the trachea. The patient underwent tracheostomy and total laryngectomy with an uneventful recovery. No evidence of local extension or distant metastases were evident at time of surgery. | 171,462 | [
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[Investigation of cyclic renal adenosinmonophosphate (yamp)-excretion in pseudohypoparathyreoidism (author's transl)]. | Report on a boy aged 6-1/2 years with pseudohypoparathyroidism. This is due to a genetic lack of PTH inducible adenocyclase. Even during vitamin D treatment renal camp formation by giving PTH extract cannot be stimulated, while in this situation. PTH shows a clearly phosphaturic effect. Whether this is due to a PTH potentiated vitamin D effect is discussed. The assay of camp in urine before and after stimulation with PTH extract has proved the most certain diagnostic criterion. | 171,472 | [
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[Plasma ACTH and Nelson tumors in bilaterally adrenalectomized Cushing patients]. | Bilaterally adrenalectomized patients (18) because of Cushing's syndrome were studied. 16 of these 18 persons exhibited fairly high plasma ACTH levels. Distinctly elevated plasma ACTH levels were observed in 6 of them. 5 patients of this group showed an enlarged sella and deep pigmentation of the skin. 4 of the latter group had a mucoid cell adenoma which was removed selectively. After the surgery the ACTH values were found to be within normal range without any significant endocrine dysfunction of the pituitary. A long-term ACTH survey revealed that the ACTH levels remained within the ranges of bilaterally adrenalectomized Cushing patients without concomitant enlargement of the sella or pigmentation. | 171,474 | [
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Uremic neuropathy. III. Controlled study of restricted protein and fluid diet and infrequent hemodialysis versus conventional hemodialysis treatment. | The effect of a treatment schedule of restricted protein and fluid intake and of infrequent hemodialysis (schedule 1) as compared to a conventional hemodialysis treatment schedule (schedule 2) on the presence and severity of peripheral neuropathy has been studied in a small group of patients using a crossover design. Using the neurologic evaluation and quantitative assessment of cutaneous sensation and of nerve conduction as indices of peripheral nerve function, we have not demonstrated any worsening of peripheral nerve function from markedly curtailing the frequency of hemodialysis and modifying the diet. Because of the small size of the study, the preponderance of patients receiving the test treatment schedule first, and the possibility that nerve function slowly worsens with time, it is not possible to say with certainty that the test or the control treatment schedule might adversely affect peripheral nerve function. If such an effect is present it would appear to be small. | 171,524 | [
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Evidence for viral hepatitis other than type A or type B among persons in Costa Rica. | In studies of hepatitis in an endemic zone in Costa Rica, 103 patients were examined for antibodies against hepatitts A by the immune-adherence assay, for hepatitis B antigen and its antibody by radioimmunoassay and passive hemagglutination, respectively, and for antibodies against cytomegalovirus by complement fixation. Twelve cases were encountered in which both Type A and Type B hepatitis could be excluded on the basis of serologic testing. In all but one of these 12 patients, cytomegalovirus infection was also excluded. The patients had not had blood transfusions and available evidence pointed to person-to-person transmission. The illness in these patients was evidently neither hepatitis A nor hepatitis B and qualifies for consideration as the still hypothetical third type of hepatitis ("C"?). | 171,577 | [
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Synthesis of biological molecules on molecular sieves. | Catalytic properties of aluminosilicates may play a role in the synthesis of biological molecules from simple gaseous molecules commonly found in planetary atmospheres. Urea, amino acids and UV absorbing substances have been obtained by heating CO and NH3 with Linde molecular sieves saturated with Ca+2, NH4+ or Fe+3. The yields of amino acids produced have been determined by an amino acid analyzer. The quantity of urea produced largely depends on the nature of the saturating cation. Experiments using 14CO confirm that the amino acids are not due to contaminants adsorbed on the surface of the molecular sieves. | 171,609 | [
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The synthesis of the internucleotide (phosphodiester) bond by a base-catalysed reaction. | Potassium tert-butoxide in hexamethyl phosphoramide and dimethyl formamide provides an excellent catalyst for the reaction of a 3'-hydroxyl or a 5'-hydroxyl group of a nucleoside with an appropriate nucleoside phosphorofluoridate to yield the dinucleoside phosphate. This paper describes the experiments leading to the development of this reaction together with the synthesis of thymidylyl-(5' leads to 3')-thymidine (dT-dT). | 171,626 | [
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Interchain disulfide bonds in procollagen are located in a large nontriple-helical COOH-terminal domain. | Tadpole collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3) cleaved chick cranial bone procollagen into two triple-stranded fragments, PCA and PCB. Only PCB, with an estimated molecular weight of about 60,000 for each component chain after reduction, was found to contain interchain disulfide bonds. The analogous cleavage of collagen is known to produce a large NH2-terminal fragment with a molecular weight of 70,000 for each chain and a small COOH-terminal fragment containing chains of about 25,000 molecular weight. Since PCB was too small to represent the product NH2-terminal to the site of collagenase cleavage, localization of interchain disulfide bonds to a COOH-terminal domain in procollagen was indicated. This assignment was conformed by Dintzis-type short-term labeling experiments. Procollagen obtained by acid extraction of bone lacked the COOH-terminal disulfide-bonded domain. The findings support a model for procollagen consisting of three proalpha chains each containing nonhelical NH2-terminal extensions of 20,000 molecular weight and COOH-terminal extensions of about 35,000 molecular weight, the latter linked by interchani disulfide bonds. | 171,650 | [
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Chemotactic signals induce cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. | Experiments carried out with the aid of cellophane membranes demonstrate that the morphogenetic block of certain nonaggregating, "aggregateless," mutants may be overcome by diffusible factors excreted by aggregating wild-type cells. The same differentiation process into aggregation-competent cell is observed if mutant amoebae are subjected to external 3':5'-cAMP pulses imposed at 5 min intervals. Wild-type amoebae also respond to cAMP pulses, since the onset of differentiation is more precocious in pulsed than in unpulsed populations. These data suggest that chemotactic signals act as an inducer of cell differentiation. | 171,655 | [
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Periodate and concanavalin A induce blast transformation of rat lymphocytes by an indirect mechanism. | When rat lymph node cells, rendered incapable of division by treatment with mitomycin C, were then reacted with sodium metaperiodate (NaIO4), they stimulated the transformation of untreated, syngeneic lymph node cells in vitro. Unequivocal evidence that untreated lymph node cells responded in this situation was obtained by means of sex chromosome karyotype analysis. In experiments in which the ratio of responder to stimulator cells was varied between the limits of pure responder and pure stimulator cells at a constant cell density, [3H]thymidine incorporation increased linearly to a maximum at a ratio of 1:1, and then decreased linearly. These results suggest a predominantly bicellular reaction in which one periodate-treated cell stimulates only one responder cell. In experiments in which stimulator cells were reacted with periodate, but not treated with mitomycin C, and then mixed at a 1:1 ratio with untreated, syngeneic lymph node cells, karyotype analysis showed that both periodate-treated and untreated lymph node cells responded in significant numbers. Lymph node cells were cultured at various cell densities under three different conditions: one group was made up entirely of cells treated with periodate; a second group consisted of a 1:1 mixture of cells treated with periodate and untreated cells; the third group contained normal cells cultured in the presence of soluble concanavalin A. Expressed as [3H]thymidine incorporated per 10(6) cells, a progressive increase was found at the lower cell densities for all three groups, and identical slopes (about 2.5) were obtained when the results were plotted on a full logarithmic scale. Mitomycin C-treated lymph node cells incubated with concanavalin A and then thoroughly washed were found to be capable of transforming untreated, syngeneic lymph node cells. Maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation also occurred at a ratio of 1:1. These results show that, similarly to periodate stimulation, mitogenic stimulation by concanavalin A probably operates through an indirect mechanism, analogous to a mixed lymphocyte reaction. It is possible that other mitogenic agents also operate indirectly. | 171,668 | [
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Enhancement of immunity against murine syngeneic tumors by a fraction extracted from non-pathogenic mycobacteria. | The data reported here demonstrate that a preparation extracted from nonpathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium smegmatis and hereafter referred to as interphase material protected mice against Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma, L-1210 leukemia, and another syngeneic lymphoid leukemia. Furthermore, mice treated by this preparation were much less susceptible to endotoxins than when stimulated by BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) or M. smegmatis cells. Moreover, guinea pigs treated by interphase material administered in Freund's incomplete adjuvant showed an increased immune response, yet their sensitivity to tuberculin was much weaker than that of controls sensitized with Freund's complete adjuvant. Finally, resistance to Columbia SK virus infection could be demonstrated when interphase material was administered to mice prior to virus challenge. | 171,670 | [
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Relationship between A-type and C-type particles in cells infected by Rous sarcoma virus. | Chicken cells infected with avian RNA tumor virus often contain small cytoplasmic A-type particles which commonly exist as clusters of 50--100 particles when viewed in thin sections. These particles were found more consistently in Rous sarcoma virus-infected than Rous-associated virus-infected cultures, but were generally present in only a small fraction of the total infected cells. The results of the survey of cells infected with various strains of leukosis-sarcoma viruses led to the hypothesis that the A particles develop in cells undergoing cytopathological degeneration. The hypothesis explains also the evanescent nature of the appearance of these particles in infected cells. The application of immunoelectron microscopic methods using monospecific antisera against viral internal proteins revealed that the A particles contain components immunologically related to the proteins of C-type virus. | 171,672 | [
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Adenosine, AMP, cyclic AMP, theophylline and the action and production of erythropoietin. | Erythropoiesis, as measured by the uptake of 59Fe into plethoric mice, is stimulated by adenosine, AMP, cyclic AMP, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, but not by cytidine, its nucleotides or cyclic GMP. This stimulation is erythropoietin dependent, because it is prevented by anti-erythropoietin. Theophylline neither stimulates erythropoiesis nor potentiates the action of erythropoietin on bone marrow cells in plethoric mice. Theophylline does potentiate the production of erythropoietin in rats following a frief hypoxic exposure but does not cause a similar increase in mice. | 171,682 | [
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NMR in cancer. VII. Sodium-23 magnetic resonance of normal and cancerous tissues. | Sodium-23 magnetic resonance was performed on four types of cancers and six types of normal tissues of rats and mice. The spin-lattice relaxation time of the tumors was generally longer than that of the normal tissues, with the most marked difference occurring between rat liver (T1 = 6.5 msec) and Novikoff hepatoma (T1 =23.7 msec). Estimation of tissue sodium from the signal intensity of the resonance indicated that all four types of tumors contained more sodium than any of the normal tissues. | 171,689 | [
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Effects of promethazine on nocturnal sleep in normal man. | The effects of a phenothiazine, on sleep in ten healthy volunteers were investigated in two double blind polygraphic studies. The first part consisted of a single dose study with promethazine 50, 100, and 200 mg, using pentobarbital 100 mg as a reference substance. In the second part, four subjects spent 20 consecutive nights with nine drug nights (promethazine 100 mg), followed by a placebo withdrawal period of six nights, in the sleep laboratory. Promethazine showed a dose related REM-depressing effect with a greater decrease, the higher the dose. The placebo value was 20.7% REM of total sleep time and gave 16.3, 13.5 and 11.4 respectively, for promethazine 50, 100 and 200 mg. Pentobarbital gave 16.2% REM. There was also an increase of stage II and with the highest dose an increase of stage III + IV. An increase of REM-latency together with a decrease of REM-periods was also seen, and while pentobarbital gave a decrease in REM-density, promethazine did not cause any changes in the phasic REM-component. A REM-rebound was seen in the first night of withdrawal with an increase of per cent REM from 19.9%-25.1%. The mean for the whole withdrawal period was 23.1%. Promethazine in the highest dose, 200 mg, gave drowsiness and hangover effects in 14 nights out of 20. The REM-depressing effect of promethazine together with its relatively weak REM-rebound effect may explain its value in the treatment of withdrawal symptoms following abuse of alcohol and barbiturates. | 171,695 | [
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The relationship between adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels and systolic transmembrane calcium flux. | The effects of inotropic agents on systolic transmembrane Ca++ flux were studied in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts depolarized with 22 mM K+. After depolarization, inotropic agents were added to the perfusion medium in an attempt to resotre excitability and contractions to the heart. Electrophysiological studies have shown that if excitability can be restored to the heart under these conditions, Ca++ carries the inward current of the action potential. Agents which putatively act by increasing intracellular levels of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) (isoproterenol, histamine, theophylline, papaverine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP) and Ca++ were found to restore excitability and contractions to K+-depolarized hearts. Threshold concentration for restoration by isoproterenol was 2 nM, and the strength of contractions developed by the restored heart were directly related to the dose of catecholamine used. Ca++ restoration was abolished by Ca++ antagonists (D 600, verapamil) but unaffected by beta blockade, whereas isoproterenol restoration was abolished by both. Ouabain, glucagon, and the divalent cation ionophore, A32187, failed to restore excitability to depolarized hearts. Correlative studies of tissue cyclic AMP levels were done. These data suggest that cyclic AMP can activate action potential-dependent Ca++ influx channels in myocardial cells. | 171,711 | [
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[Some epidemiological indicators in bronchopulmonary cancer in Sector 5 of Bucharest (study of 525 cases)]. | The incidence was studied of broncho-pulmonary carcinoma, as well as of other epidemiological indicators in the 5th district of Bucharest over a period of 14 years (1960-1973) during which a total of 525 cases have occured. The incidence in this territory tends to become real from 1967 when the curve overtook the death-rate in the country. Following a continuous increase the number of cases reached 29 0/0000 in 1973 and it is presumed that it will attain 40 0/0000 in 1980. The increase in the morbidity is due to a higher number of cases noted in the extreme age groups (the increase was 2,5-fold in those under 40 years of age); the age group which was the most seriously involved was that between 60 and 69 years, in which the morbidity was of 111 0/0000. The proportion of women has also increased, from 1/6-th to 1/5-th of the total number of cases. In women the frequency of adenocarcinoma and of non-differentiated neoplasies is somewhat higher than in men. The proportion of histopathological confirmation of the disease diminished in the last years probably due to the higher number of aged subjects that cannot be correctly investigated or surgically treated. | 171,736 | [
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... |
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