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On April 10, 2013, President Obama submitted his FY2014 budget request. The request included a total of $45.4 billion for agencies funded through the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill, | 1 |
This first section provides the context for the debate on extending public financing to congressional elections, beginning with a discussion of two major political realities that inform that debate. The first is | 1 |
Both the House and the Senate are considering legislation to support medical innovation, primarily through reforms to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and changes to the drug, biologic and device approval | 1 |
During the Cold War, the focus of U.S. nuclear policy was deterring or retaliating in responseto a Soviet nuclear attack. U.S. nuclear forces were designed and sized for that contingency. Othercontingencies in | 1 |
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), 18 U.S.C. 1030, protects computers in which there is a federal interest—federal computers, bank computers, and computers used in or affecting interstate and foreign commerce. | 1 |
The Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac)(referred to in this report jointly as the enterprises) are government-sponsored enterprises that play important roles in federal | 1 |
This report summarizes key provisions applicable to Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in H.R. 3590 , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), as passed by the Senate | 1 |
Taiwan, which officially calls itself the Republic of China (ROC), is an island democracy of 23 million people located across the Taiwan Strait from mainland China and north of the Philippines. Since | 1 |
On April 14, 2011, the House and the Senate passed H.R. 1473 , the Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act of 2011, which the President signed into law ( P.L. | 1 |
To determine why NRC did not identify and prevent the vessel head corrosion at the Davis-Besse nuclear power plant, we reviewed NRC’s lessons-learned task force report; FirstEnergy’s root cause analysis reports; NRC’s | 1 |
President Obama's FY2012 budget request for Energy and Water Development was released in February 2011, but Congress was concerned for the first months of the year with completing the appropriations cycle for | 1 |
On February 20, 2003, the omnibus appropriations resolution for FY2003( H.J.Res. 2 ) was signed into law as P.L. 108-7 . It included funding forInterior and related agencies and 10 other regular | 1 |
The annual Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill includes funding for agencies and programs in three separate federal departments, as well as numerous related agencies and bureaus. It provides funding for | 1 |
Ballistic missile defense is a challenging mission for DOD, requiring a unique combination of defensive components—space-based sensors, surveillance and tracking radars, advanced interceptors, command and control, and reliable communications—working together as an | 1 |
For many years, Congress has debated the risks of projected climate change and what, if any, federal action might be appropriate to address those risks. In 2013, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) | 1 |
The Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008 ( P.L. 110-161 ) provided $26.89 billion for Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies. Another $500.0 million in emergency funds for wildfires was provided in P.L. 110-116 | 1 |
After 36 years of using chemical and mechanical processes to produce slightly enriched uranium from ore, DOE’s Fernald site is faced with a variety of environmental problems. As with other sites in | 1 |
CBP’s U.S. Border Patrol is the uniformed enforcement division responsible for border security between designated official ports of entry into the country. The Border Patrol reports that its priority mission is to | 1 |
Federal law requires the President to submit an annual budget request to Congress no later than the first Monday in February. The budget informs Congress of the President's overall federal fiscal policy | 1 |
On March 11, 2009, President Obama signed the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 ( P.L. 111-8 ), which provides $44.6 billion for FSGG programs and agencies, an increase of $385 million above the | 1 |
The funding authorization for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), included in the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 ( P.L. 114-190 ) and the subsequent Disaster Tax Relief and Airport | 1 |
Recent Congresses have considered legislation to establish a national water commission modeled after the 1968-1973 National Water Commission (NWC). Interest in a commission stems from basic concerns about how water is being | 1 |
The full funding policy is a federal budgeting rule that has been applied to Department of Defense (DOD) procurement programs since the 1950s. Although technical in nature, the policy relates to Congress's | 1 |
EVM is a project management tool that, when properly used, can provide accurate assessments of project progress, produce early warning signs of impending schedule delays and cost overruns, and provide unbiased estimates | 1 |
The nation's future depends in large part on its children's ability to develop into contributing adult members of society. For that reason, and for what many would consider a society's moral obligation | 1 |
Private sector participation and investment in highways is not new. In the 1800s, private companies built many roads that were financed with revenues from tolls, but this activity declined due to competition | 1 |
The business of banking involves taking and managing a variety of risks. Major risks facing banking institutions include those listed in table 1. Changes in the banking industry and financial markets have | 1 |
On November 25, 2009, to help "launch meaningful negotiations," Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu proposed "a policy of restraint regarding a suspension of new permits and new construction in Judea and Samaria | 1 |
In 1891, Congress authorized the President to reserve existing public forestlands to protect and preserve the lands and resources. Presidential proclamations of forest reserves (now called national forests), subsequent land purchases, and | 1 |
On October 18, 2005, the FY2006 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Appropriations Act ( P.L. 109-90 ) was signed into law. The House approved the conference report ( H.Rept. 109-241 ) on | 1 |
H.R. 2691 , the FY2004 Interior and Related AgenciesAppropriations Act, was enacted into law on November 10, 2003 ( P.L. 108-108 ). The conference report had passed the House narrowly (216-205) on | 1 |
During the Cold War, the U.S. nuclear arsenal contained many types of delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons, including short-range missiles and artillery for use on the battlefield, medium-range missiles and aircraft that | 1 |
Manufacturing generally involves the mechanical, physical, or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products, including the production of food, automobiles, and clothing, among many other things. The materials that | 1 |
All Senate committees must adopt rules of procedure, unless exempted from doing so, and publish them in the Congressional Record by March 1 of the first year of a new Congress. An | 1 |
U.S. leaders have applied military contacts as one tool and point of leverage in the broader policy toward the People's Republic of China (PRC). The first part of this CRS Report discusses | 1 |
On April 15, 2011, the President signed H.R. 1473 into law as P.L. 112-10 . This public law represents the final appropriations act for FY2011. P.L. 112-10 includes roughly $41.6 billion in | 1 |
Pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, the General Services Administration (GSA) was created to manage and acquire federal government space and administrative and operating supplies in order | 1 |
In November 1996, Maine voters approved a citizen’s initiative—the Maine Clean Election Act (Maine’s Act)—establishing a full public financing program to fund with public moneys the campaigns of participating candidates for the | 1 |
Afghanistan's governing structure has historically consisted of a weak central government unwilling or unable to enforce significant financial or administrative mandates on all of Afghanistan's diverse ethnic communities or on the 80% | 1 |
Economic and trade reforms begun in 1979 have helped transform China into one of the world's biggest and fastest-growing economies. China's economic growth and trade liberalization, including comprehensive trade commitments made upon | 1 |
This report examines the role played by Senators in the selection of nominees to two kinds of lower federal court judgeships. Specifically, the judgeships in question, over which Senators have historically played | 1 |
Congressional interest has grown in carbon capture and sequestration (or carbon capture and storage, CCS) as part of legislative strategies to mitigate global climate change. The promise of CCS lies in the | 1 |
On June 16, 2000, the House passed the FY2001 Interior Appropriations bill, H.R. 4578 ( H.Rept. 106-646 ) by a vote of 204-172. The FY2001recommended level of $14.6 billion is $1.7 billion | 1 |
The post-World War II era has been characterized by a global movement toward liberalizing trade and creating frameworks under which trade disputes can be avoided and resolved. In particular, the trade agreements | 1 |
For nearly 40 years, the Rocky Flats plant, located about 16 miles northwest of downtown Denver, served as a nuclear weapons production facility. Afterward, the site bore the scars of that role: | 1 |
In terms of land area, Alaska is the largest U.S. state—more than the combined area of the next three largest states: Texas, California, and Montana. However, according to the Census Bureau, Alaska | 1 |
On February 7, 2000, President Clinton submitted the FY2001 budget request for appropriations for theDepartments ofCommerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary and related agencies. The House Appropriations Committee approveditsversion of the bill | 1 |
Position classification systems are formal methods for determining the relative worth of positions in an organization. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has responsibility and authority for federal position classification, except for | 1 |
To determine the status of active TARP programs that are still being implemented or utilized, we obtained information from OFS, including disbursements, dividend payments, repurchases, and warrant liquidations as of September 30, | 1 |
Early in the morning on October 7, 2004, a conference agreement on the FY2005 defenseauthorization bill ( H.R. 4200 ) was announced. The House approved the conferencereport (by a vote of 359-14) | 1 |
As shown in figure 1, of the four insular areas addressed in this report, three are located in the Pacific—American Samoa, CNMI, and Guam—and one is located in the Caribbean—the USVI. Each | 1 |
In our reports and testimonies, we suggested actions that if taken could improve compliance with the tax laws, assist taxpayers, enhance the effectiveness of tax incentives, improve Internal Revenue Service (IRS) management, | 1 |
In December 1994, the heads of state and government of the 34 democratic countries in the Western Hemisphere agreed at the first Summit of the Americas in Miami, Florida, to conclude negotiations | 1 |
The purpose and scope of this CRS report is to provide a succinct overview with analysis of the major issues in the U.S. policy on Taiwan. Taiwan has been of significant security, | 1 |
Credit card use has grown dramatically since the introduction of cards more than 5 decades ago. Cards were first introduced in 1950, when Diners Club established the first general-purpose charge card that | 1 |
Under the Housing Act of 1937, as amended, the Congress created the federal public housing program to assist communities in providing decent, safe, and sanitary dwellings for low-income families. However, it was | 1 |
The September 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review outlined a strategy to sustain and transform the military force structure that had been in place since the mid-1990s. In that review, DOD committed to selectively | 1 |
Despite restrictions in law and regulation on private letter delivery, the U.S. Postal Service faces increasing competition from private firms. Moreover, growing demands are being made to open even more of the | 1 |
On May 26, 2009, President Obama nominated Judge Sonia Sotomayor of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to fill the Supreme Court seat that was vacated by retiring Justice | 1 |
The funding authorization for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), included in the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 ( P.L. 112-95 ), expires on September 30, 2015. In addition to setting | 1 |
The primary source of federal aid to K-12 education is the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), particularly its Title I, Part A program of Education for the Disadvantaged. The ESEA was | 1 |
On November 5, 2001, the FY2002 Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations bill wasenacted ( P.L. 107-63 ). The conference report had passed the House (380-28) and the Senate (95-3)on October 17, 2001. | 1 |
The process of issuing and enforcing regulations is one of the basic tools of government, and the process has generated considerable controversy. Some individuals and organizations have called for increasing regulation of | 1 |
Funeral homes, cemeteries, crematories, pre-need plans, and third party sales of funeral goods are all various segments of the death care industry, and the federal and state governments both have a role | 1 |
Wages. Responses to our American Samoa large-employer questionnaire indicate that the hourly wages of about three-quarters of private sector workers employed by respondents were low enough to be affected by the first | 1 |
Established in October 1994 by the Attorney General to implement the administration of community policing grants under VCCLEA, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services announced it first grant programs in 1994. | 1 |
The extent to which capital costs are reflected in the budget depends on how they are “scored.” CBO and OMB separately “score” or track budget authority, receipts, outlays, and the surplus or | 1 |
The radio-frequency spectrum is the part of the natural spectrum of electromagnetic radiation lying between the frequency of 3 kilohertz (kHz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). It is the medium that makes possible | 1 |
On January 8, 2013, Vice President Nicolás Maduro announced that President Chávez would not be sworn into office on January 10 as planned because he was still recovering from cancer surgery in | 1 |
From November 30-December 2, 2004, the Cuban government released six politicalprisoners, including Raul Rivero and Oscar Espinosa Chepe, and reports indicate that up to 18additional dissidents have been transferred to the main | 1 |
Agencies implement specific elements of laws through regulations. One of the main purposes of guidance is to explain and help regulated parties comply with agency regulations. As shown in figure 1, agencies | 1 |
The 114 th Congress continues to take a strong interest in the health of the U.S. research and development (R&D) enterprise and in providing support for federal R&D activities. The federal government | 1 |
As part of the conflict with the Taliban and Al Qaeda, the United States has captured and detained numerous persons believed to have been part of or associated with enemy forces. Over | 1 |
While providing many benefits to our economy and citizens’ lives, financial services activities can also cause harm if left unsupervised. As a result, the United States and many other countries have found | 1 |
Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns, at a public meeting on January 31, 2007, described the Administration's 65 recommendations for a new farm bill. These recommendations were published by the U.S. Department of | 1 |
To determine the nature and purpose of TARP activities from March 27, 2009, through June 12, 2009, unless noted otherwise, and the status of actions taken in response to our recommendations from | 1 |
The recent war against Iraq, known formally as Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), was the largestU.S. military operation since the 1991 Persian Gulf war, and may have implications for variousdefense programs of interest | 1 |
On Thursday, May 24, 2007, the House and Senate approved a compromise on H.R. 2206 , a bill providing $120 billion in supplemental appropriations for FY2007. The President signed the bill into | 1 |
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the U.S. government, and others define food security to exist when all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient food to meet | 1 |
On September 29, 2006, Congress passed the Department of Defense FY2007 Appropriation bill ( H.R. 5631 / P.L. 109-289 ), which included a continuing resolution (CR) providing funding for Science, State, Justice | 1 |
Increasingly, public attention has focused on the health insurance status of Americans between the ages of 55 and 64. Although federal legislation establishes the normal retirement age for full pension benefits at | 1 |
In recommendations to Congress and the administration, we suggested actions that could be taken to improve compliance with the tax laws, increase accounts receivable collections, modernize the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), enhance | 1 |
To understand the trends in the size of tax expenditures, it is helpful to understand how tax expenditures are defined and how the different types affect taxpayer liability. For this report, we | 1 |
Prior to the passage of the Interstate Banking Efficiency Act, Congress largely had ceded to the states the power to determine how bank holding companies could branch within states or expand across | 1 |
The United States has long sought to influence the peoples of foreign countries through public diplomacy (PD) efforts. Public diplomacy provides a foreign policy complement to traditional government-to-government diplomacy, which is dominated | 1 |
Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the President shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and | 1 |
In recent years, abuses in home mortgage lending—commonly referred to as “predatory lending”—have increasingly garnered the attention and concern of policymakers, consumer advocates, and participants in the mortgage lending industry. Once relatively | 1 |
A number of reasons underlie a growing Congressional interest in the complex national security policy area that has come to be labeled "Building Partnership Capacity," or "BPC." First, since 2006 BPC has | 1 |
In recent years, controversies regarding the federal advisory committee system have included concerns about the appointment of specific individuals to committees and agency decisions to create or terminate some committees. Although a | 1 |
From defending the homeland against terrorists, to preventing the spread of infectious diseases, to providing a reliable stream of social security income to retirees and supporting the transition from welfare to work, | 1 |
In the 1994 general election, Republicans won a majority of seats in the House for the first time since the 83 rd Congress (1953-1955). By practice, the majority party organizes the House. | 1 |
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (P.L. 104-193), enacted in August 1996, replaced AFDC with a block grant to the states, entitled Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. As specified in | 1 |
The Automobile Industry The automobile industry affects industries that manufacture steel, glass, plastics, and rubber. The sector also supports the refining and selling of gasoline and road construction, as well as maintaining, | 1 |
Regulatory agencies have authority and responsibility for developing and issuing regulations. The basic process by which all federal agencies develop and issue regulations is spelled out in the APA. This act establishes | 1 |
This report provides background information and oversight issues for Congress on what were referred to as the Coast Guard's Deepwater acquisition programs. The Coast Guard's proposed FY2012 budget submission proposed to eliminate | 1 |
On November 18, 2011, President Obama signed into law the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012 ( P.L. 112-55 ), which includes the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, | 1 |
This report examines the legal procedures for effecting either a liquidation or a business or consumer reorganization under one of three of the five operative chapters of the United States Bankruptcy Code, | 1 |
According to the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), managing officers’ use of force is one of the most difficult challenges facing law enforcement agencies. The ability of officers to enforce | 1 |
Today, child support enforcement is an issue for more American families than ever before. The number of out-of-wedlock births and divorces has escalated in recent years, and it is estimated about half | 1 |
The federal government manages more than 680 million acres of land in the United States, including lands in national forests, grasslands, parks, refuges, reservoirs, and military bases and installations. Of the total | 1 |
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