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Threats to systems supporting critical infrastructure and federal information systems are evolving and growing. Advanced persistent threats—where adversaries that possess sophisticated levels of expertise and significant resources to pursue its objectives repeatedly | 1 |
The Marine Corps was established on November 10, 1775, to provide security to naval vessels and boarding parties and to conduct limited land engagements in support of naval operations. In fiscal year | 1 |
President Obama's FY2014 budget request for Energy and Water Development was released in April 2013. The request totaled $34.4 billion. On June 18, 2013, the House Energy and Water Development Subcommittee approved | 1 |
This question has dogged U.S. public policy debates for ten years. At this point, there is no statutory definition of homeland security. What conventional wisdom defines as "homeland security missions" and the | 1 |
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3 (HSPD-3) established the Homeland Security Advisory System in March 2002. Through the creation of the Homeland Security Advisory System, HSPD-3 sought to produce a common vocabulary, context, | 1 |
The performance and accountability of government agencies and programs have attracted substantial attention by Congress, the executive branch, and others, including GAO. For example, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 | 1 |
This report will track and provide an overview of actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide FY2013 appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. It also provides | 1 |
In the legislative history, RRGs were described as essentially insurance “cooperatives,” whose members pool funds to spread and assume all or a portion of their own commercial liability risk exposure—and who are | 1 |
In implementing decimal pricing, regulators hoped to improve the quality of U.S. stock and option markets. The quality of a market can be assessed using various characteristics, but the trading costs that | 1 |
To describe the history and nature of the NAOMS project, we researched, reviewed, and analyzed related material posted on several NASA Web sites and provided to us directly by NASA and its | 1 |
The transportation of air cargo between global trading partners provides the world economy with critical goods and components. Air cargo valued at almost $400 billion entered the United States in fiscal year | 1 |
Members of Congress and Pentagon officials have placed a growing emphasis on U.S. programs to develop hypersonic weapons as a part of an effort to acquire the capability for the United States | 1 |
On December 26, 2007, the President signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 ( H.R. 2764 ) into law ( P.L. 110-161 ) as shown in Table 1 . This act includes the | 1 |
The Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve or System), our nation’s central bank, is unique among governmental entities in many respects, particularly in its finances. Unlike many government agencies whose operations are funded | 1 |
The Federal Reserve has long had a role in the U.S. payments system. One of the major impetuses for the creation of the Federal Reserve was to reduce the potential for disruptions | 1 |
Now that the Census Bureau has congressional approval to begin the full ACS, data collection will begin in November 2004. The ACS test survey of a sample of 800,000 housing units, which | 1 |
On December 23, 2011, President Obama signed H.R. 2055 , the Consolidated Appropriations Act for 2012 ( P.L. 112-74 ), providing for the Department of Defense (DOD) $646.3 billion in new discretionary | 1 |
H.R. 3962 , Affordable Health Care for America Act, was introduced in the House of Representatives on October 29, 2009. H.R. 3962 is based on H.R. 3200 , America's Affordable Health Choices | 1 |
This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the San Antonio (LPD-17) class amphibious ship program. The Navy's proposed FY2012 budget requested funding for the procurement of an 11 th | 1 |
Currently, the BioWatch program collaborates with more than 30 BioWatch jurisdictions throughout the nation to operate approximately 600 Gen-2 aerosol collectors. These units rely on a vacuum-based collection system that draws air | 1 |
The "Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2000" ( H.R. 3194 , H.Rept. 106-479 ), which included Interior appropriations, was enacted into law onNovember 29, 1999 ( P.L. 106-113 ). It provided a total | 1 |
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) protects the interests of participants and beneficiaries in private-sector employee benefit plans. Governmental plans and church plans generally are not subject to the | 1 |
This report provides background information and identifies issues for Congress on Department of Defense (DOD) energy initiatives. DOD spends billions of dollars per year on fuel, and is pursuing numerous initiatives for | 1 |
This report tracks and provides an overview of actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide FY2015 appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. It also provides an | 1 |
Fueled by global markets, more open borders, and improvements in telecommunications, international crime has become a growing worldwide problem. In 1995, the President identified international crime as a threat to the national | 1 |
Half the nation's electricity comes from coal, and most of that coal is delivered to power plants by railroads. The reliable supply of coal by rail is therefore important to the electric | 1 |
In October 2004, Congress included a provision in the Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 that required the Secretary of Defense to develop a comprehensive policy for | 1 |
MDA’s BMDS is being designed to counter ballistic missiles of all ranges—short, medium, intermediate, and intercontinental.ballistic missiles have different ranges, speeds, sizes, and performance characteristics, MDA is developing multiple systems that when | 1 |
President Obama's FY2013 budget request for Energy and Water Development was released in February 2012. The request totaled $33.7 billion, compared to the FY2012 appropriation of $32.7 billion (plus $1.7 billion for | 1 |
As Congress continues the debate on an appropriate response to the climate change issue, multiple bills have been introduced that would require reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Of these, H.R. 2454 | 1 |
Personal bankruptcy filings have set new records in each of the past 3 years, reaching about 1.4 million in calendar year 1998, of which more than 1 million were chapter 7 filings. | 1 |
For several years, some Members of Congress have favored "comprehensive immigration reform" (CIR), a label that commonly refers to omnibus legislation that includes increased border security and immigration enforcement, expanded employment eligibility | 1 |
The FY2012 Agriculture Appropriations Act ( P.L. 112-55 ) was signed by the President on November 18, 2011, as the lead division of a three-bill "minibus" appropriation. The minibus passed both chambers | 1 |
The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) was established on November 3, 1961, following enactment of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (FAA, P.L. 87-195) which formally established and authorized the assistance | 1 |
As shown in figure 1, biosurveillance is a concept that emerged in response to increased concern about biological threats from emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorism. Biosurveillance is carried out by and depends | 1 |
Interoperable communications is not an end in itself. Rather, it is a necessary means for achieving an important goal—the ability to respond effectively to and mitigate incidents that require the coordinated actions | 1 |
Private sector companies receive billions of dollars annually in federal government contracts for goods and services. Data from GSA show that federal contracts valued at $25,000 or more totaled almost $176 billion | 1 |
Internal control is not one event, but a series of actions and activities that occur throughout an entity’s operations and on an ongoing basis. Internal control should be recognized as an integral | 1 |
The 111 th Congress passed economic stimulus and omnibus legislation providing funding for Commerce, Justice, Science, and related Agencies (CJS) for both FY2008 and FY2009. In the 110 th Congress, neither the | 1 |
From an insurance standpoint, measuring and predicting terrorism risk is challenging. The difficulties of measuring and predicting losses associated with terrorism risks stem from factors including lack of experience with similar attacks, | 1 |
The United States began providing limited assistance to the Soviet Union in December 1990 to support the reform effort and then increased assistance after the Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991. In | 1 |
Title I, Part A, of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) authorizes federal aid to local educational agencies (LEAs) for the education of disadvantaged children. Title I-A grants provide supplementary educational | 1 |
Nanotechnology has been an issue of interest to Congress for a number of years, coming into focus in 2000 with the launch of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) by President Clinton | 1 |
This report, divided into three main sections, examines the political and economic situation in Venezuela and U.S.-Venezuelan relations. The first section surveys the political transformation of Venezuela under the populist rule of | 1 |
On March 13, 2010, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) released A Blueprint for Reform: The Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (hereafter referred to as the Blueprint ). The | 1 |
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has forecast continued growth for commercial and general aviation over the next decade. Growth over the past few decades brought innovations to improve flight safety that contributed | 1 |
On average, child support constitutes 17% of family income for households who receive it. Among poor households that receive it, child support constitutes about 30% of family income. During the last several | 1 |
SBA’s organizational structure comprises headquarters and both regional and district field offices. At the headquarters level, SBA is divided into several key functional areas that manage and set policy for the agency’s | 1 |
The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended) authorizes programs and activities that make federal financial assistance available to individuals who are pursuing a postsecondary education and to institutions | 1 |
Congressional concerns that banks and thrifts (institutions) were not adequately responsive to credit needs of the communities they served, including low- and moderate-income areas, prompted the passage of the Community Reinvestment Act | 1 |
Under the Constitution, the war powers are divided between Congress and the President. Among other relevant grants, Congress has the power to declare war and raise and support the armed forces (Article | 0 |
The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region's future. Issues such as Arctic territorial disputes; | 0 |
This report provides background information and issues for Congress regarding the U.S. role in the world, meaning the overall character, purpose, or direction of U.S. participation in international affairs and the country's | 0 |
On January 2, 2019, for the second year in a row, the Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation (CCDHRN) reported a significant decline in the annual number of short-term detentions | 0 |
This report provides background information and issues for Congress regarding China's actions in the South China Sea (SCS) and East China Sea (ECS), with a focus on implications for U.S. strategic and | 0 |
The Social Security Act of 1935 established a federal old-age pension financed with employee-employer payroll taxes. Since then, Congress has amended the Social Security program for multiple purposes, including to expand coverage, | 0 |
For much of the past century, U.S. national security strategy focused on several core, interrelated objectives. These include enhancing U.S. security at home and abroad; promoting U.S. economic prosperity; and promoting free | 0 |
This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) class aircraft carrier program. The Navy's proposed FY2019 budget requests a total of $2,347 million | 0 |
The William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) program makes several types of federal student loans available to individuals to assist them with financing postsecondary education expenses. It represents the single | 0 |
To help manage its multi-billion dollar acquisition investments, DHS has established policies and processes for acquisition management, requirements development, test and evaluation, and resource allocation. The department uses these policies and processes | 0 |
Sanctions have been a significant component of U.S. Iran policy since Iran's 1979 Islamic Revolution that toppled the Shah of Iran, a U.S. ally. In the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. sanctions were | 0 |
To help manage its multi-billion dollar acquisition investments, DHS has established policies and processes for acquisition management, requirements development, test and evaluation, and resource allocation. The department uses these policies and processes | 0 |
There are a number of organizations within DOD with responsibility for preventing, responding to, and resolving incidents of child abuse, including child-on-child abuse, as described below. Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel | 0 |
This section presents information on the Superfund program and the stages of the cleanup process, the relationship between federally recognized tribes and the federal government, the laws and policies that govern EPA’s | 0 |
Iran's nuclear program began during the 1950s. Construction of a U.S.-supplied research reactor, called the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR), located in Tehran began in 1960; the reactor went critical in 1967. During | 0 |
Successive Administrations have identified Iran as a key national security challenge. The Trump Administration encapsulated its assessment of the threat posed by Iran in a late September 2018 State Department report entitled | 0 |
Antibiotics are drugs that work by killing bacteria or slowing their growth. However, some bacteria have developed ways to resist the effects of antibiotics, for example, by preventing antibiotics from entering the | 0 |
Congress established the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) in October 1972 in the Technology Assessment Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-484) to provide competent, unbiased information concerning the physical, biological, economic, social, and | 0 |
Navy shipbuilding is a costly and complex endeavor that requires billions of dollars to develop, design, and construct ships. However, the acquisition phase of a ship’s life cycle only accounts for approximately | 0 |
The Republic of Cyprus gained its independence from Great Britain in 1960. At the time, the population living on the island was approximately 77% Greek ethnic origin and roughly 18% Turkish ethnic | 0 |
On November 9, 1916, Jeannette Rankin (R-MT) was elected to the House of Representatives as Montana's Representative-at-Large to the 65 th Congress (1917-1919). This election win gave Representative Rankin the dist inction | 0 |
The United States and Russia signed a new strategic arms reduction treaty—known as New START—on April 8, 2010. This treaty replaced the 1991 Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START), which expired, after 15 | 0 |
The global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is affecting communities around the world and throughout the United States, with the number of confirmed cases and fatalities growing daily. Containment and mitigation | 0 |
Science and technology (S&T) play an important role in our society. Advances in science and technology can help drive economic growth and meet national priorities in public health, environmental protection, agricultural productivity, | 0 |
DHS and its components invest billions of dollars each year to acquire IT and other capabilities to support the department’s critical functions. The department plans to spend approximately $2.3 billion on major | 0 |
On February 2, 2019, the United States suspended its participation in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and notified Russia of its intent to withdraw from the treaty. Under Article XV of | 0 |
According to the 2015 report ordered by the Secretary of Defense and issued by the Military Justice Review Group, the military justice system is designed to ensure discipline and order in the | 0 |
Each state receives an annual LIHTC allocation. Allocating agencies then evaluate developers’ proposals to use tax credits to help develop new or rehabilitate existing housing against their QAPs. The QAPs identify agencies’ | 0 |
VA comprises a Veterans Affairs Central Office (VACO) and over 1,000 facilities and offices throughout the nation, as well as the U.S. territories and the Philippines. As shown in figure 1, VA’s | 0 |
Fintech—originally short for financial technology—refers to the use of technology and innovation to provide financial products and services. For purposes of this report, fintech firms are nontraditional technology- enabled providers, such as | 0 |
Political and economic developments in Cuba and U.S. policy toward the island nation, located 90 miles from the United States, have been significant congressional concerns for many years. Especially since the end | 0 |
Investments in federal IT have the potential to make agencies more efficient in fulfilling their missions by reducing costs and improving operational efficiencies. Each year, the federal government invests approximately $90 billion | 0 |
Personnel security clearances are required for access to certain national security information. National security information may be classified at one of three levels: confidential, secret, or top secret. The level of classification | 0 |
This report identifies selected current major trade issues for U.S. agriculture that may be of interest in the second session of the 116 th Congress. It provides background on individual trade issues | 0 |
This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program—the Coast Guard's program for acquiring new polar icebreakers. The PSC program has received a total of | 0 |
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that administers the trade rules and agreements negotiated by its 164 members to eliminate trade barriers and create nondiscriminatory rules to govern trade. | 0 |
This report provides background information and potential issues for Congress on the Navy's irregular warfare (IW) and counterterrorism (CT) operations. The Navy's IW and CT activities pose a number of potential oversight | 0 |
The National Housing Act authorized HUD’s Office of Housing to accept assignment of and sell defaulted single-family mortgage loans. Additionally, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular No. A-11 (2016) states that | 0 |
The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) established requirements for enacting certain legislation and issuing certain regulations that would impose enforceable duties on state, local, or tribal governments or on the | 0 |
In the United States, election authority is shared by federal, state, and local officials, and election administration is highly decentralized and varies among state and local jurisdictions. Congressional authority to regulate elections | 0 |
A reverse mortgage is a nonrecourse loan against home equity that does not require mortgage payments as long as the borrower meets certain conditions. In contrast to traditional forward mortgages, reverse mortgages | 0 |
With 33 countries—ranging from the Caribbean nation of St. Kitts and Nevis, one of the world's smallest states, to the South American giant of Brazil, the world's fifth-largest country—the Latin American and | 0 |
GPRAMA significantly enhances GPRA, the centerpiece of a statutory framework that Congress put in place during the 1990s to help resolve longstanding performance and management problems in the federal government and provide | 0 |
In December 2019, a new disease, later called COVID-19, emerged in China and quickly spread around the world. The disease presents major consequences for global health, foreign relations, the global economy, and | 0 |
Members of Congress may address numerous ongoing and new policy issues in the 116 th Congress. The changing dynamics and composition of international trade and finance can affect the overall health of | 0 |
This report provides a comprehensive summary of the federal financial assistance provided to the Gulf Coast states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in response to the widespread destruction that resulted | 0 |
FAA issues aircraft registrations according to eligibility requirements prescribed by federal statute in support of International Civil Aviation Organization requirements that every aircraft engaged in international air navigation must bear its appropriate | 0 |
The Trump Administration's Nuclear Posture Review, released on February 2, 2018, includes plans for the United States to deploy two new types of nuclear weapons "to enhance the flexibility and responsiveness of | 0 |
The MTW demonstration was authorized by the Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996 (1996 Act). The demonstration’s ultimate goal is to identify successful approaches that can be applied to public | 0 |
After Border Patrol agents or OFO officers apprehend noncitizen family units, they are to interview each individual, using interpreters if needed, and collect personal information such as their names, countries of nationality, | 0 |
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