text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Red Castle Museum The Red Castle Museum, also known as Assaraya Alhamra Museum () or the Archaeological Museum of Tripoli, is a national museum in Libya. It is located in the historic building known as the , or "Red Saraya". Designed in conjunction with UNESCO, the museum covers 5,000 years from prehistory to the independence revolution (1953) era. It is located in Tripoli's "Assaria al-Hamra" or Red Castle fortress, on the promontory above and adjacent to the old-town district with medina Ghadema. The museum has an entrance on historic "As-Saha al-Kradrah", the Martyrs' Square. The museum was established in 1919, when the colonial Italians in Libya converted a section of the castle to a museum to house many of the archaeological artifacts scattered across the country since prehistoric times. The square around the castle was designed in the thirties by architect Florestano Di Fausto. When the British occupied Libya during World War II, the museum occupied the entire complex of the castle and in 1948 was renamed The Libyan Museum. The museum reopened to the public in 1988, renamed the Assaraya Alhamra Museum–Red Castle Museum, with "state-of-the-art" facilities. The museum was designed with different wings and floors for the exhibition of the distinct collections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22879569 |
Hose barb Hose barbs are cylindrical pieces or parts for attaching and securing of hoses (tubing). The barb-like rings on the cylindrical piece allow for an easy push-connection of flexible-plastic or rubber tubing that is not so easily disconnected. Hose barbs are used in machine perfusion and chemistry laboratory equipment. fittings are small curved, bent or T-shaped pipes, hoses or tubes with hose barbs on at least one side used to join two or more pieces of piping (hosing, tubing) together. Hose barbs are commonly used in the agriculture industry to connect anhydrous ammonia (NH3) hoses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22943237 |
Lockyer (Martian crater) Lockyer is a crater in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 28° North and 199.5° West. It is 71 km in diameter and was named after Norman Lockyer, a British astronomer (1836-1920). Lockyer is fairly easy to spot on Mars maps because it sits in the relatively young northern hemisphere, where there are few craters. It is close to Elysium Mons and Hecates Tholus, two large volcanoes. Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22945653 |
Dilly (crater) Dilly Crater is a crater in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 13.24° North and 202.9° West. It is only 1.3 km in diameter and was named after Dilly, a town in Mali. Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22946021 |
Fenagh (crater) Fenagh Crater is an impact crater in the Cebrenia quadrangle of Mars, located at 34.67° N and 215.77° W. It is 6.2 km in diameter and was named after a town in Ireland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22946444 |
Grindavik (crater) Grindavik is an impact crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 25.39° North and 39.07° West. It is 12 km in diameter and was named after Grindavík, a town in Iceland. Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22946604 |
Competitions and prizes in biotechnology There exist a number of competitions and prizes to reward distinguished contributions and to encourage developments in biotechnology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22947583 |
Adolf Martin Pleischl (born 10 October 1787, in Hossenreith, Bohemia; died 31 July 1867, in Dorf an der Enns) was a chemist and medical doctor. In 1815 he obtained his medical doctorate from the University of Prague, where he later served as a professor of general and pharmaceutical chemistry (1821–38). At Prague he is credited with improvement and redevelopment of the chemical-pharmaceutical institute. In 1838 he relocated to the University of Vienna, where he also redeveloped and modernized its chemical and pharmaceutical facilities. As an instructor, two of his better-known students were Johann Florian Heller (1813-1871) and Johann August Natterer (1821-1900). While at Prague he performed the first scientific analysis of its water (the Moldau River, city fountains, drinking water). He also analyzed the thermal springs of Bohemian spa sites, and was an enthusiastic recruiter for spa treatment at Karlsbad, Marienbad, Franzensbad and Teplitz. His endorsement of Karlsbad water helped lead to a lucrative source of income through the export of bottled water and soda products. Pleischl is credited with the creation of a safe non-metallic enamel for coating metal dishes. Also, he attempted to liquefy carbon dioxide by means of pressure and low temperature, a process that was later successfully achieved by his pupil, Johann August Natterer. In his later years, he was awarded with the Knight's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph. In 1949 the "Pleischlgasse" in Simmering (11th District- Vienna) was named in his honour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22948278 |
Adolf Martin Pleischl His daughter Mary, was married to physician Johann von Oppolzer (1808-1871). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22948278 |
Britney Spears' Guide to Semiconductor Physics The is an informative but tongue-in-cheek website designed to be instructive in semiconductor physics. Centered on the popularity and sex appeal of American pop singer Britney Spears, it offers a humorous play on the teaching of physics. It was created by Carl Hepburn while a postgraduate at the University of Essex. The website has been featured on websites ranging from BBC News to MTV. A 2016 article in "Vice" magazine uses it as an example ("a living relic") of historical viral phenomena. Subjects include "The Basics of Semiconductors", "Density of States", and "Photolithography" among others. The site also includes a glossary of terms humorously entitled "Lip-glossary of Semiconductor Terms". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22950086 |
Bacolor (crater) Bacolor Crater is a crater in the Casius quadrangle of Mars, located at 33 North and 241.4 West. It is 20.8 km in diameter and was named after the town of Bacolor in the Philippines. The crater shows a double layer of ejecta. The inner layer came first. The impact's heat vaporized the ground and of course any ice where the meteorite struck. Shock waves spread outward from the impact point, smashing rocks and heaving the fragments skyward, along with steam and other hot gases. As the shock wave dug deeper, it excavated a bowl-shaped hole in the ground. A thick, probably hot, slurry of mud, water vapor, and rock fragments flew away from the growing cavity and fell to the ground, making the inner ejecta apron. The innermost portion of this layer covered the ground thickly and, near the crater rim, shows numerous signs of having flowed at least sluggishly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22951942 |
Bonestell (crater) Bonestell is an impact crater in the Northern hemisphere in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle of Mars, located at 42.37° North and 30.57° West. It is 42.4 km in diameter and was named after Chesley Bonestell, a famous American space artist (1888-1986), whose drawings inspired many young people to study sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22952112 |
Streptamer The technology allows the reversible isolation and staining of antigen-specific T cells. This technology combines a current T cell isolation method with the Strep-tag technology. In principle, the T cells are separated by establishing a specific interaction between the T cell of interest and a molecule that is conjugated to a marker, which enables the isolation. The reversibility of this interaction and the fact that it is performed at low temperatures is the reason for the successful isolation and characterization of functional T cells. Because T cells remain phenotypically and functionally indistinguishable from untreated cells, this method offers new strategies in clinical and basic T cell research. T cells play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They are capable of orchestrating, regulating and coordinating complex immune responses. A wide array of clinically relevant aspects are associated with the function or malfunction of T-cells: Autoimmune diseases, control of viral or bacterial pathogens, development of cancer or graft versus host responses. Over the past years, various methods (ELISpot Assay, intracellular cytokine staining, secretion assay) have been developed for the identification of T cells, but only major histocompatibility complex (MHC) procedures allow identification and purification of antigen-specific T cells independent of their functional status. In principle, MHC procedures are using the T cell receptor (TCR) ligand, which is the MHC-peptide complex, as a staining probe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22977267 |
Streptamer The MHC interacts with the TCR, which in turn is expressed on the T cells. Because TCR-MHC interactions have only a very weak affinity towards each other, monomeric MHC-epitope complexes cannot provide stable binding. This problem can be solved by using multimerized MHC-epitopes, which increases the binding avidity and therefore allows stable binding. Fluorochromes conjugated to the MHC-multimers then can be used for identification of T cells by flow cytometry. Nowadays, MHC molecules can be produced recombinantly together with the antigenic peptides which are known for a fast-growing number of diseases. The staining principle combines the classic method of T cell isolation by MHC-multimers with the Strep-tag/Strep-Tactin technology. The "Strep"-tag is a short peptide sequence that displays moderate binding affinity for the biotin-binding site of a mutated streptavidin molecule, called Strep-Tactin. For the technology, the Strep-Tactin molecules are multimerized and form the "backbone", thus creating a platform for binding to strep-tagged proteins. Further, the Strep-Tactin backbone has a fluorescent label to allow flow cytometry analysis. Incubation of MHC-Strep-tag fusion proteins with the Strep-Tactin backbone results in the formation of a MHC-multimer, which is capable for antigen-specific staining of T cells. Because the molecule d-biotin has a much higher affinity to Strep-Tactin than Strep-tag, it can effectively compete for the binding site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22977267 |
Streptamer Therefore, a MHC multimer based on the interaction of Strep-tag with Strep-Tactin is easily disrupted in the presence of relatively low concentrations of d-biotin. Without the Strep-Tactin backbone, the single MHC-Strep-tag fusion proteins spontaneously detach from the TCR of the T cell, because of weak binding affinities (monomeric MHC-epitope complexes cannot provide stable binding, see above). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22977267 |
Torkel Lillefosse Torkel Knutsen Lillefosse (5 July 1868 – 9 January 1946) was a Norwegian botanist. He was born at Strandebarm in Hordaland, Norway. After working as a wood carver and gardener, he turned to botany. From 1921 he received an annual state grant for his research. He only researched the flora of Western Norway, and his collection of plants from Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane was and is unique. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22981309 |
Nimbostratus virga is a form of Nimbostratus cloud in which the precipitation never reaches the ground. It retains the same features as a normal nimbostratus cloud; dark in appearance, low to medium level cloud of moderate vertical development and made up of sheets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22981911 |
Robert Hoffstetter Robert Julien Hoffstetter (11 June 1908 – 29 December 1999) was a taxonomist who was influential in categorizing reptiles. He labeled the Bolyeriidae and Madtsoiidae family of snakes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22991648 |
Complementary cells are a mass of cells in plants, formed from the cork cambium at the position of the lenticels. It is a group of loosely arranged cells that aid in gaseous exchange through cork. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23011904 |
Osmotic dehydration is an operation used for the partial removal of water from plant tissues by immersion in a hypertonic (osmotic) solution. Sugar or salt solutions are used to reduce the moisture content of foods before actual drying process. This technique is used to give the product quality improvement over conventional drying process. Mild heat treatment after osmotic dehydration favours colour and flavour retention resulting in the product having superior organoleptic characteristics. It also increases resistance to heat treatment, prevents enzymatic browning and inhibits activities of polyphenol oxidase. The process is economical. depends on: 1) Temperature of osmotic solution. 2) Concentration of the osmotic solution. 3) Osmotic agent used. 4) Process duration. 5) Geometry of food material. Water removal is based on the natural and non-destructive phenomenon of osmosis across cell membranes. The driving force for the diffusion of water from the tissue into the solution is provided by the higher osmotic pressure of the hyper-tonic solution. The diffusion of water is accompanied by the simultaneous counter diffusion of solutes from the osmotic solution into the tissue. Since the cell membrane responsible for osmotic transport is not perfectly selective, solutes present in the cells (organic acids, reducing sugars, minerals, flavors and pigment compounds) can also be leaked into the osmotic solution, which affects the organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of the product | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23021180 |
Osmotic dehydration The rate of diffusion of water from any material made up of such tissues depends upon factors such as temperature and concentration of the osmotic solution, the size and geometry of the material, the solution-to-material mass ratio and, to a certain level, agitation of the solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23021180 |
Berthold Ribbentrop was a pioneering forester from Germany who worked in India with Sir Dietrich Brandis and others. He is said to have inspired Rudyard Kipling's character of Muller in "In the Rukh" (1893), one of the earliest of his "Jungle Book" stories. was Inspector-general of Forests to the Government of India from 1885. In 1900 he wrote "Forestry in British India", in which he wrote that he was coming to the end of his career. He described the early lack of forestry expertise among the British administrators of India, and wrote | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23045765 |
Nicking enzyme A nicking enzyme (or nicking endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts one strand of a double-stranded DNA at a specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as a restriction site. Such enzymes hydrolyse (cut) only one strand of the DNA duplex, to produce DNA molecules that are “nicked”, rather than cleaved. They can be used for strand-displacement amplification, Nicking Enzyme Amplification Reaction, exonucleotyic degradation, the creation of small gaps, or nick translation. The latter process has been successfully used to incorporate both radioactively labelled nucleotides and fluorescent nucleotides allowing specific regions on a double stranded DNA to be studied. Over 200 nicking enzymes have been studied, and 13 of these are available commercially and are routinely used for research and in commercial products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23048210 |
Ureaplasma parvum is a species of "Ureaplasma", a genus of bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae. "Ureaplasma parvum" was formerly known as "Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar" 1. "Ureaplasma parvum" has been identified as being a commensal in the uterus as part of the microbiome in healthy women of reproductive age. In addition, this pathogen may latently infect the chorionic villi tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23056675 |
Carlos E.M. Wagner Carlos Wagner is a particle physicist. He specializes in theoretical physics, elementary particles and supersymmetric theories. He currently works for the High Energy Physics (HEP) division of the Argonne National Laboratory and is also a professor at the Physics Department of the University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago. He also functions as the Head of the ANL High Energy Physics Theory Group. In 2008, he was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society, a distinct honor signifying recognition by one's professional peers. Wagner earned his fellowship for his contributions to the phenomenology of theories of supersymmetry and of electroweak symmetry breaking. He is married to theoretical physicist Marcela Carena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23057848 |
Standard sea-level conditions (SSL), also known as sea-level standard (SLS), defines a set of atmospheric conditions for physical calculations. The term "standard sea level" is used to indicate that values of properties are to be taken to be the same as those standard at sea level, and is done to define values for use in general calculations. At SSL some atmospheric properties are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23065547 |
Lammas growth Lammas growth, also called Lammas leaves, Lammas flush, second shoots, or summer shoots, is a season of renewed growth in some trees in temperate regions put on in July and August (if in the northern hemisphere, January and February if in the southern), that is around Lammas day, August 1, which is the Celtic harvest festival. It can occur in both hardwoods and softwoods. Examples of common trees which exhibit regrowth are oak, ash, beech, sycamore, yew, scots pine, sitka spruce and hawthorn. This secondary growth may be an evolutionary strategy to compensate for leaf damage caused by insects during the spring. It is not present in poplar, birch or willow. declines with the age of the tree, being most vigorous and noticeable in young trees. It differs in nature from spring growth which is fixed when leaves and shoots are laid down in the bud the previous year. The lammas flush is free growth of newly made leaves/needles throughout the tree. One or more of the buds set in the Spring on the ends of terminal and lateral stems will break, and begin to grow, producing a new shoot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23080169 |
Saheki (crater) Saheki is a crater on Mars, located in the Iapygia quadrangle at 21.75° S and 286.97° W. It measures approximately 82 kilometers in diameter and was named after Tsuneo Saheki, a Japanese amateur astronomer (1916–1996). The naming was adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 2006. The crater contains a number of alluvial fans, which are preserved in inverted relief. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23087355 |
Jezža (crater) Jezža is a crater on Mars, located at in the Argyre quadrangle. It measures approximately 9.1 kilometers in diameter and was named after a town in Russia. Jezža is on the floor of Argyre Planitia between the craters Hooke and Galle. Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23087426 |
Echelmeyer Ice Stream The (), formerly known as Ice Stream F, is a glaciological feature of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. It is an ice stream flowing west to the Shirase Coast to the north of the MacAyeal Ice Stream, and is one of several major ice streams draining from Marie Byrd Land into the Ross Ice Shelf. The ice streams were investigated and mapped by U.S. Antarctic Research Program personnel in a number of field seasons from 1983–84 and originally named Ice Stream A, B, C, etc., according to their position from south to north. The name was changed from Ice Stream F by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2002 to honor Dr. Keith A. Echelmeyer of the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, who studied the flow of Marie Byrd Land ice streams, 1992–93 and 1994–95, as well as the fast flow of surging glaciers in Alaska and Greenland. Dr. Echelmeyer was a student of Barclay Kamb for whom Kamb Ice Stream is named. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23096443 |
Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information The (CGI), usually referred to by the unofficial "Commission for Geoscience Information" is subcommittee grade scientific organization that concerns itself with geological standard, information management and interoperability matters on a global scale. The (CGI) is a working subcommittee of the International Union of Geological Sciences. The Commission meets usually annually, and at the quadrennial meetings scheduled by the IUGS at the International Geological Congress. The Commission is the governing body responsible for the XML-based exchange languages Geoscience Markup Language (GeoSciML - in collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium) and EarthResource Markup Language (EarthResourceML). The CGI and its members also play a significant role in the OneGeology initiative. The (CGI) mission is to enable the global exchange of knowledge about geoscience information and systems. Specifically CGI aims to: The has created two working groups, the Interoperability Working Group and the Geoscience Terminology Working Group. The Interoperability Working Group aims to develop and test relevant and timely geological information standards. The ultimate objective of the working group is to enable seamless web integration of select information hosted at different locations in varied formats. It aims to achieve this by: The Multi-lingual Thesaurus Working Group was formed in 2003 to continue work of the Multhes working group of the 1990s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23101990 |
Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information The goal was to enable the global exchange of geoscience information by establishing a common multilingual core vocabulary by developing and expanding the Multilingual Thesaurus of Geosciences. In 2012, vocabulary development activities of the Interoperability Working Group (the Concept Definition Task Group) were merged with the activities of the Multi-lingual Thesaurus Working Group to form a new Geoscience Terminology Working Group that will organize and coordinate ongoing development of geoscience terminology for use in information exchange. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23101990 |
Dimorphic root system A dimorphic root system is a plant root system with two distinct root forms, which are adapted to perform different functions. One of the most common manifestations is in plants with both a taproot, which grows straight down to the water table, from which it obtains water for the plant; and a system of lateral roots, which obtain nutrients from superficial soil layers near the surface. Many plants with dimorphic root systems adapt the levels of rainfall in the surrounding area, growing many surface roots when there is heavy rainfall, and relying on a taproot when rain is scarce. Because of their adaptability to water levels in the surrounding area, most plants with dimorphic root systems live in arid climates with common wet and dry periods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23103356 |
Alexander Selligue Alexander François Selligue (1784-1845) was a French engineer. In 1832, he together with David Blum patented an application of shale oil for direct illumination. In 1838, he patented "the employment of mineral oils for lighting". His process of distilling bituminous shales (oil shale) was first described in the "Journal des Connaissances Usuelles" in 1834. This process for the oil shale retorting was first used in Autun, France, in 1838. This is considered the start of the modern oil shale industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23106631 |
South Atlantic Convergence Zone The South Atlantic convergence zone, or SACZ, is an elongated axis of clouds, precipitation, and convergent winds oriented in a northwest-southeast manner across southeast Brazil into the southwest Atlantic Ocean. By definition, the feature is a monsoon trough. It is strongest in the warm season. Thunderstorm activity along the feature magnifies over three or more days when the Madden–Julian oscillation passes into the region, due to the enhanced upper divergence. Low level winds over Rondônia are tied to the strength of this zone, where westerly wind anomalies correlate to active phases of the South American monsoon, while easterly wind anomalies indicate breaks of activity along the SACZ. The feature is also strongest with negative anomalies in the sea surface temperature pattern lie over the southern Atlantic Ocean, while opposite conditions prevail across the northern Atlantic Ocean. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23112262 |
Gauge principle In physics, a gauge principle specifies a procedure for obtaining an interaction term from a free Lagrangian which is symmetric with respect to a continuous symmetry—the results of localizing (or gauging) the global symmetry group must be accompanied by the inclusion of additional fields (such as the electromagnetic field), with appropriate kinetic and interaction terms in the action, in such a way that the extended Lagrangian is covariant with respect to a new extended group of local transformations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23122856 |
Spectrum Pharmaceuticals is an American biopharmaceutical company. The company is located in Irvine, California. Spectrum develops and markets drugs for treatments in oncology. A number of drugs are currently investigated in clinical trials. Spectrum terminated the development of Ozarelix, a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone antagonist for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy in 2010. Other previous drug candidates included ortataxel for the treatment of taxane-refractory tumors, and satraplatin for non-small cell lung cancer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23149582 |
Gold universe A is a cosmological model of the universe. In these models, the universe starts with a Big Bang and expands for some time, with increasing entropy and a thermodynamic arrow of time pointing in the direction of the expansion. After the universe reaches a low-density state, it recontracts, but entropy now decreases, pointing the thermodynamic arrow of time in the opposite direction, until the universe ends in a low-entropy, high-density Big Crunch. There are two models of the universe which support the possibility of a reversed direction of time. The first begins with a state of low entropy at the Big Bang which continually increases until the Big Crunch. The second, a Gold Universe, posits that entropy will increase only until a moment of contraction, then gradually decrease. This latter model suggests the universe will become more orderly after the moment of contraction. The Gold model has been linked to the possibility of retrocausal change, questions concerning the preservation of information in a time-reversed universe (states of decreasing entropy), and causation in general. The Gold Universe is named after the cosmologist Thomas Gold, who proposed the model in the 1960s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23149866 |
Lindgren oxidation is a selective method for oxidizing aldehydes to carboxylic acids. The reaction is named after Bengt O. Lindgren. The oxidation takes place in water containing solvent mixtures under slightly acidic conditions (pH 3–5) with sodium chlorite as oxidizer. To avoid complicated oxidation reactions the hypochlorite, which is formed in the reaction, has to be removed from the reaction mixture by scavengers. In the original publication, sulfamic acid and resorcinol were used. George A. Kraus and co-workers were the first to use 2-methyl-2-butene as scavenger under buffered conditions for the oxidation of an aliphatic and an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. Later hydrogen peroxide also proved to work to remove the hypochlorite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23153191 |
Franz Anton Voegeli (1825–1874) was a Swiss chemist who was the first to synthesize triethyl phosphate (TEP) while he was working in Gustav Magnus's laboratory in Berlin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23157584 |
Thermal dissolution is a method of liquefaction of solid fossil fuels. It is a hydrogen-donor solvent refining process. It may be used for the shale oil extraction and coal liquefaction. Other liquids extraction processes from solid fuels are pyrolysis and hydrogenation. Compared to hydrogenation, the process of thermal dissolution has milder conditions, simpler process, and no consumption of catalyst. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23157899 |
Hartmann mask is a tool to help focusing telescopes, mainly used by amateur astronomers. It is named after the German astronomer Johannes Franz Hartmann (1865–1936), who developed it around 1900. Every part of a mirror or lens produces the same image as the whole optical element. The light is focused in the focal point. The light rays, however, go through different points of a plane before or behind the focus. This phenomenon can be used when focusing a telescope. The is a simple opaque mask containing two or three holes. (This device is called a if it has multiple holes, or a Scheiner disk if it has two holes.) The mask covers the aperture of the telescope. When the apparatus is out of focus, multiple images can be seen if the telescope is pointed towards a bright light source (Moon, bright star). Adjusting the focuser, the images can be made to overlap, forming a single bright, clear picture. The mask may also be used to check the figure of a mirror, as the holes in the mask should all produce the same image. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23166476 |
Marie Beatrice Schol-Schwarz Marie Beatrice "Bea" Schol-Schwarz (12 July 1898 – 27 July 1969) was the Dutch phytopathologist who discovered the causal fungus of Dutch elm disease. She first studied pathogens afflicting peanuts and later the fungus "Phialophora". Marie Beatrice Schwarz was born on 12 July 1898 in Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Jakarta, Indonesia). She studied at the Utrecht University in the Netherlands, where she was Johanna Westerdijk's first PhD student. During her studies in 1922, she discovered the causal fungus of Dutch elm disease. Schwarz spent most of her early professional life studying pathogens afflicting the groundnut "Arachis hypogaea" at the agricultural research station in Bogor. The elm tree "Ulmus" × "hollandica" 'Bea Schwarz' was named for her in recognition of her research into the cause of Dutch elm disease. Marrying in 1926, she retired from research to raise a family. When the East Indies were invaded by the Japanese army in 1942, Schwarz and her husband were interned in separate camps, her husband dying soon afterwards. After liberation, Schwarz and her two sons returned to the Netherlands, where she joined the Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures (Central Bureau for Fungus Cultures) in Baarn, studying various fungi and writing a monograph on the genus "Epicoccum". After her second retirement, she continued to study the genus "Phialophora" despite her rapidly failing health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23167778 |
Marie Beatrice Schol-Schwarz Shortly before her death in 1969, she was made an Officer in the Order of Orange Nassau in recognition of her contribution to phytopathology Schwarz died on 27 July 1969, at the age of 71, in Baarn. The elm cultivar 'Bea Schwarz' was named for Dr. Schwarz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23167778 |
Sisyphus effect In ultra-low temperature physics, the involves the use of specially selected laser light, hitting atoms from various angles to both cool and trap them in a potential well, effectively rolling the atom down a hill of potential energy until it has lost its kinetic energy. It is named in reference to the Greek mythological figure of Sisyphus, a king punished in Tartarus by being cursed to roll a huge boulder up a hill. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23171647 |
The Cult of the Atom The Cult of the Atom: The Secret Papers of the Atomic Energy Commission is a 1982 book by Daniel Ford. Ford is an economist and former director of the Union of Concerned Scientists, who used the Freedom of Information Act to access thousands of Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) documents. The AEC was the predecessor of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. is a piece of political literature that discusses issues brought up by the nuclear disarmament movement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23176824 |
Three Mile Island: Thirty Minutes to Meltdown is a 1982 book by Daniel Ford. Ford presents a "meticulous post-mortem of the events that nearly led to a meltdown" at the Metropolitan Edison station near Harrisburg in March 1979. He analyses the complex of people, technology, customs and regulations involved. Ford identifies regulatory failure and industry cost-cutting as the underlying causes of the Three Mile Island accident. Daniel Ford is an economist and former director of the Union of Concerned Scientists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23177001 |
Nukespeak Nukespeak: Nuclear Language, Visions and Mindset is a 1982 book by Stephen Hilgartner, Richard C. Bell and Rory O'Connor. This book is a concise history of nuclear weapons and nuclear power in the United States, with special emphasis on the language of the "nuclear mindset". The National Council of Teachers of English gave the book's authors an Orwell Award in 1982. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23177673 |
Lamb–Mössbauer factor In physics, the (LMF, after Willis Lamb and Rudolf Mössbauer) or elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) is the ratio of elastic to total incoherent neutron scattering, or the ratio of recoil-free to total nuclear resonant absorption in Mössbauer spectroscopy. The corresponding factor for coherent neutron or X-ray scattering is the Debye–Waller factor; often, that term is used in a more generic way to include the incoherent case as well. When first reporting on recoil-free resonance absorption, Mössbauer (1959) cited relevant theoretical work by Lamb (1939). The first use of the term "Mössbauer–Lamb factor" seems to be by Tzara (1961); from 1962 on, the form "Lamb–Mössbauer factor" came into widespread use. Singwi and Sjölander (1960) pointed out the close relation to incoherent neutron scattering. With the invention of backscattering spectrometers, it became possible to measure the as a function of the wavenumber (whereas Mössbauer spectroscopy operates at a fixed wavenumber). Subsequently, the term "elastic incoherent structure factor" became more frequent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23183287 |
Alan Cheetham Alan H. Cheetham is a paleobiologist and retired senior scientist and curator of invertebrate paleontology at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. Born in El Paso, Texas, January 30, 1928, Cheetham grew up in Taos, New Mexico, received B.S. (New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 1950) and M.S. (Louisiana State University, 1952) degrees in geology, and, under the guidance of Norman D. Newell, obtained his Ph.D. in paleontology from Columbia University in 1959. Until joining the Smithsonian in 1966, Cheetham was a member of the geology faculty at Louisiana State University; during his tenure there, he was also a visiting postdoctoral fellow at the Natural History Museum in London (1961) and a guest professor at the University of Stockholm, Sweden (1964). He retired from the Smithsonian in 2001 and resides in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Much of his research includes testing evolutionary models in the fossil record, particularly the theory of punctuated equilibrium. His research is focused on the systematics and morphometrics of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic bryozoans found in deposits located in the Caribbean, especially the Dominican Republic, Panama, Costa Rica, and Venezuela, and the Gulf coast of the United States, particularly Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. He has also worked extensively on Cenozoic bryozoans in England and southern Scandinavia and was a contributor to the Deep Sea Drilling Project on Cenozoic bryozoans recovered from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23185014 |
Alan Cheetham In April 1997 Cheetham was awarded the Raymond C. Moore Medal for Excellence in Paleontology by the Society for Sedimentary Geology. In November 2001 he received the Paleontological Society Medal; he was, during the same year, honored with a festschrift titled "Evolutionary Patterns", edited by Jeremy Jackson, Scott Lidgard, and Frank McKinney. He is married to the former Marjorie Rogers; they have four children and two grandchildren. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23185014 |
Sea air has traditionally been thought to offer health benefits associated with its unique odor, which Victorians attributed to ozone. More recently, it has been determined that the chemical responsible for much of the odor in air along certain seashores is dimethyl sulfide, released by microbes. Salts generally do not dissolve in air, but can be carried by sea spray in the form of particulate matter. In Victorian times the quality of sea air was often degraded by pollution from wood and coal-burning ships. Today these fuels are gone, replaced by high sulphur oil in Diesel engines, which generate sulphate aerosols. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23202425 |
Chaplygin gas Chaplygin gas, which occurs in certain theories of cosmology, is a hypothetical substance that satisfies an exotic equation of state in the form formula_1, where formula_2 is the pressure, formula_3 is the density, with formula_4 and formula_5 a positive constant. The substance is named after Sergey Chaplygin. In some models, generalized is considered, where formula_6 is a parameter, which can take on values formula_7. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23206350 |
Amaral (crater) Amaral is a crater on the planet Mercury. With its smooth floor, surrounding ejecta, and small secondary craters, it appears noticeably younger than the heavily cratered surface around it. Along with a smooth crater floor, Amaral also has a central peak. Bright material on this peak is of particular interest as it appears to have an unusual color. In color-enhanced images, the central peak of Amaral appears as a bright blue color in striking contrast to the otherwise orange tones of surface material nearby. The different color of the central peak likely indicates rocks with different chemical composition from those on the neighboring surface. Amaral is the second-largest crater of the Kuiperian system on Mercury, at 105 km diameter, after Bartók at 118 km. It is followed by Tyagaraja crater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23211150 |
Chemical leasing "Chemical Leasing" is a business model that intends to shift the focus from increasing sales volume of chemicals towards a value-added approach. It leads to the more efficient use of chemicals, and to the improved health and safety, environmental, and economic benefits. Find the definition and the examples on www.chemicalleasing.org The term Chemical Leasing is the name of a business model and is NOT the same thing as leasing of chemicals, although it may include leasing operations. The producer mainly sells the functions performed by the chemical and the functional units, such as the number of pieces painted, are the main basis for payment. It is a business model in which a customer engages with a service provider in a strategic, long-term contract to supply and manage the customer's chemical and related services. Chemical Leasing applied in many companies, but sometimes under different names. Similar concepts: eco-efficient services, product-service systems, pay-per-use, circular economy, performance-based, functional-based, service-oriented, chemicals-as-a-service, etc. In case of the doubt, it is better to check the official UNIDO definition of Chemical Leasing: promotes the sustainable management of chemicals. By shifting the focus from increasing the sales volume of chemicals towards a more value-added approach, it is an illustration of extended producer responsibility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23211852 |
Chemical leasing The chemical company supplies chemicals for a specific service, such as coatings, adhesives, washing agents, solvents, and also advises the user on its best use. Built on strong cooperation between partners and based on mutual trust, it increases the efficient use of chemicals, reduces the risks to human health brought about by their use, improves the economic and environmental performance of participating companies and ultimately enhances business performance. At the Earth Summit 2002 on sustainable development, the international community agreed on the goal of ensuring that, by the year 2020, chemicals will be produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on human health and the environment. As a consequence the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) decided to develop of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) in 2003. In 2006 at the International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) in Dubai, the signing countries committed themselves to promote the sound management of chemicals and hazardous wastes at all levels. The Austrian government has played an important role in promoting chemicals management based on resource efficiency and precaution. When Austria held the Presidency of the European Union during the first half of 2006, chemicals policy was on top of the environmental agenda. Austria continues to promote chemical leasing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23211852 |
Chemical leasing The Federal Environment Agency (UBA) of Germany proposed to promote chemical leasing in its "Sustainable Chemicals" paper. In 2004, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Austrian Ministry of Environment decided to jointly support chemical leasing through a number of global projects. In partnership with National Cleaner Production Centers, UNIDO has implemented chemical leasing projects in Austria, Egypt, Mexico, and Russia. Since then, pilot projects have been conducted in Latin and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia. Nowadays, more than 100 companies worldwide have included Chemical Leasing in their business strategies. Chemical Leasing can be applied in many industries and processes, ranging from car manufacturing to cleaning operations, wastewater treatment, textiles, beverage and food production. Some examples of the successful Chemical Leasing collaboration between the chemical user and the chemical supplier can be found here: http://chemicalleasing-toolkit.org/node/8 A Joint Declaration of Intent on Chemical Leasing was signed between UNIDO, Austria, Germany and Switzerland in November 2016. PERO Innovative Services GmbH together with SAFECHEM Europe GmbH, a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company, have supported Automobiltechnik Blau in metal cleaning to use cost-efficient machines, lower the energy consumption and chemical usage. Akzo Nobel Powder Coatings S.A.E has supported the chemical leasing of powder coating in Egypt to ABB ARAB | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23211852 |
Chemical leasing Environmental benefits are said to include recycling of powder waste, compliance with environmental regulations, and enhancement of supply chain management. Find more successful Chemical Leasing examples here: http://chemicalleasing-toolkit.org/node/8 The reversal of the burden of proof is a key component of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) system leading to a "no data – no market" concept, obliging producers or importers of substances to deliver documentation regarding properties of chemicals and possible risks during their application as a pre-condition for market access. The OECD Conference in Vienna in 2003 Nov. reiterated that, "... The new EU chemicals policy (REACH) will require a new relationship between provider and user ..." According to Thomas Jakl, Chairman of the European Chemical Agency (ECHA), chemical leasing paves the way to comply with REACH obligations. and REACH share the same philosophy of ensuring compliance with a duty of care (REACH recital 16), as a tool to demonstrate adequate control (REACH para 60). They are mutually supportive in developing rules for sharing costs, and ensuring that chemicals are handled properly. Both are involve several different stages of the supply chain. There is a strong effort by the Austrian and German Governments to bring chemical leasing within the purview of EU Chemicals policy and regulations. projects are divided into planning, implementation, evaluation and dissemination stages, based on a Deming Cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23211852 |
Chemical leasing The planning stage consists of a preparatory phase, a process optimisation phase and a design phase. In this stage, discussions around the leasing model, its cost implications versus quality and environmental benefits, commercial terms, and conditions begin. A baseline audit is performed, and a report presented to the factory management. This audit outlines the potential for improvements and forms the basis of defining the key performance indicators (KPIs). The resources needed to fulfil improvements are also defined. The implementation stage starts with the signing of a chemical leasing agreement that defines the scope and conditions, unit of payment, KPIs, roles, and responsibilities. The chemical company supervises the chemical process, transporting and managing the inventory, laboratory management, improving process controls, record keeping, and training workers. Periodic checks and inspections are carried out independently to verify that the implementation is proceeding on expected lines. At the end of the implementation phase, progress is evaluated, often by an external party to secure objectivity. Finally, any project benefits are quantified and learning is documented, to provide input for future projects. 16 January 2018 - The United Nations Industrial Development Organization announced the fourth Global Chemical Leasing Award. The award ceremony will take place on 6 November 2018 in Vienna, Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23211852 |
Chemical leasing It will be part of the Green Chemistry Conference 2018 within the Trio Presidency of the Council of the European Union (EU) programme, “Smart and Sustainable Europe”, held during Austria's EU Presidency. Companies and individuals are invited to submit applications for the award in three categories: case studies (for companies), research, and special innovation. The call for applications is open until 15 August 2018. More information can be found at www.chemicalleasing.org The Global Chemical Leasing Award has been launched in 2010. The Award intends to further enhance the global visibility of Chemical Leasing, acknowledge best practices and inspire companies and individuals around the globe to apply the Chemical Leasing business concept by reducing the inefficient use and over-consumption of chemicals and developing strong business partnerships and innovation along the entire supply chain.</ref> The awards took place in 2010 (Prague), in 2012 (Frankfurt-am-Main), and in 2014 (Vienna). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23211852 |
Stage (hydrology) In hydrology, stage refers to the water level in a river or stream with respect to a chosen reference height. Stage is important because direct measurements of river discharge are very difficult while water surface elevation measurements are comparatively easy. In order to convert stage into discharge, scientists can use a combination of tracer studies, observations of high water marks, numerical modeling, and/or satellite or aerial photography. The relationship between stage and discharge is called a rating curve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23213003 |
Cross-recurrence quantification (CRQ) is a non-linear method that quantifies how similarly two observed data series unfold over time. CRQ produces measures reflecting coordination, such as how often two data series have similar values or reflect similar system states (called percentage recurrence, or %REC), among other measures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23238482 |
Serein (meteorology) Serein (; ) refers to rain falling from a cloudless sky. This sort of rain is said to take on the form of a fine, light drizzle, typically after dusk. The name derives from French "serein", meaning "serene", or "clear" (as in unclouded). An alternative etymology is from Old French "serain", evening. An explanation could be the evaporation of the cloud droplets when precipitation drops are formed. Anyway, for others the phenomenon is simply non existing and should be considered equivalent to rain falling from a distant cloud, when there is a strong vertical wind shear between the cloud itself and ground, while the sky is apparently clear. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23269584 |
Latvian Museum of Natural History The Natural History Museum of Latvia is a natural history museum in Riga, Latvia. It was founded in 1845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23276232 |
Guatemalan National Natural History Museum The or Museo de Historia Natural is a national natural history museum in Guatemala City, Guatemala. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23276824 |
Zeev Reiss Zeev Reiss, (April 2, 1917 - July 11, 1996) was an Israeli micropaleontologist and geologist, whose career included positions in government service and academia. He studied biology and medical sciences at the University of Cernăuţi, Bukovina, which was then part of Romania. He could not finish his studies at the university due to Nazi occupation and imprisonment. After World War II, he administered a health department for Holocaust survivors in Displaced Person camps under the American Forces in Munich. Reiss immigrated to Israel in 1949. He took up studies toward a degree in Geology and Paleontology at Hebrew University. After receiving his Ph.D., Reiss was given the responsibility to establish a micropaleontology and stratigraphy laboratory in the Israel Geological Survey, where he became chief micropaleontologist and Director of the Paleontology Division. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23284520 |
Black storm Black storms, locally called Kali Andhi in South Asia (, , literal meaning: "Black Storm") are violent dust squalls that occur in the late-spring in the northwestern parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain region of the Indian Subcontinent. They are usually brief, but can block out the sun, drastically reduce visibility and cause property damage and injuries. They are a common precursor to the arrival of the monsoon in the northern plains. It is quite common in southern Punjab, in the Cholistan and Thar deserts in Pakistan and Rajastan in India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23308871 |
Oolitic aragonite sand forms in tropical waters. Most of the topography of the Bahama Banks is composed of calcium carbonate oolitic aragonite sand material. The natural formation through precipitation, sedimentation and possibly microbial activity of aragonite sand in the Bahamas surpasses anyplace else in the world. Commercial uses are similar to limestone and other high calcium carbonate materials. One popular use is in reef aquariums. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23324564 |
Superoscillation is a phenomenon in which a signal which is globally band-limited can contain local segments that oscillate faster than its fastest Fourier components. The idea is originally attributed to Yakir Aharonov, and has been made more popularly known through the work of Michael Berry, who also notes that a similar result was known to Ingrid Daubechies.. In 2007, Huang experimentally observed optical superoscillation phenomenon in the diffraction patterns of light transmitted through quasi-periodic nanohole arrays.. Optical foci much smaller than the diffraction limit were observed. The results matched simulations without evanescent waves. . In 2009, Huang et al further developed theoretical models to design superoscillation masks that can achieve extreme light concentration and imaging with arbitrary resolution. . A practical method for constructing superoscillations and a discussion of their potential for quantum field theory were given by Achim Kempf. Chremmos and Fikioris have proposed a method for constructing superoscillations that approximate a desired polynomial with arbitrary accuracy within a given interval. In 2013 experimental generation of arbitrarily shaped diffractionless superoscillatory optical beams has been demonstrated. Two years later, in 2015, it was shown experimentally that super-oscillations can generate features that are many-fold smaller than the diffraction limit. The experiment was done using visible light, demonstrating enhanced resolution of 35 nm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23376006 |
Superoscillation Kempf and Ferreira proved that superoscillations come at the expense of a dynamical range that has to increase exponentially with the number of superoscillations and polynomially with the frequency of the superoscillations. Superoscillatory wave forms are being considered as a possible practical tool for engineering applications, such as optical superresolution, i.e., resolution beyond the diffraction limit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23376006 |
ULAS J133553.45+113005.2 ULAS J133553.45+113005.2 (also called ULAS1335) is a T-type brown dwarf in the constellation of Virgo. It was discovered in data from the UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Large Area Survey (LAS). Its discovery was reported June 2008. After identification, ULAS1335 was imaged using the UFTI camera on the UKIRT, on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, to confirm its photometric properties and location. It was spectroscopically confirmed as a T9 dwarf using the Gemini North telescope, also at Mauna Kea, and was imaged using IRAC on the Spitzer Space Telescope. The IRAC imaging confirmed it as the reddest (in near-to-mid infrared colors) T dwarf yet discovered, and by inference the coolest. ULAS1334 was initially estimated to have a temperature around 550–600 K, a distance of 8–12 parsecs (26–40 light years), and a mass of 15–31 Jupiter masses. More recent spectroscopic observations, using IRS on the Spitzer Space Telescope, give an effective temperature of 500–550 K. Since these temperature estimates are based on model comparisons, they should be treated with caution until the parallax of this object has been measured. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23379410 |
The Fate of the Earth is a 1982 book by Jonathan Schell. This "seminal" description of the consequences of nuclear war "forces even the most reluctant person to confront the unthinkable: the destruction of humanity and possibly most life on Earth". The book is regarded as a key document in the nuclear disarmament movement. The book is composed of three essays. The third and final, “The Choice,” is an argument that the source of the nuclear threat is the nation-state system, and that the choice is between survival and national sovereignty. In his review of "The Fate of the Earth", Brian Martin demonstrated that the argument that “most people” would die in the nuclear war is highly exaggerated, especially for the Global South. He explains the discrepancy: It is possible, on the other hand, to set against this claim some lines from the book:"To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a misrepresentation—just as it would be a misrepresentation to say that extinction can be ruled out. To begin with, we know that a holocaust may not occur at all. If one does occur, the adversaries may not use all their weapons. If they do use all their weapons, the global effects, in the ozone and elsewhere, may be moderate. And if the effects are not moderate but extreme, the ecosphere may prove resilient enough to withstand them without breaking down catastrophically." (pp. 93-94 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23380471 |
The Fate of the Earth )More generally, Schell's analysis of the effects of a full-scale nuclear exchange proceeds from a stance of cognitive modesty:"In weighing the fate of the earth and, with it, our own fate, we stand before a mystery, and in tampering with the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance. Our ignorance should dispose us to wonder, our wonder should make us humble, our humility should inspire us to reverence and caution, and our reverence and caution should lead us to act without delay to withdraw the threat we now pose to the earth and to ourselves." (p.95) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23380471 |
ULAS J003402.77−005206.7 ULAS J003402.77-005206.7 (also ULAS J0034-00) is a Y-type brown dwarf in the constellation of Cetus. ULAS J0034-00 is one of the coolest brown dwarfs known. It was first identified in data from the UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS). Infrared spectra subsequently taken with the IRS instrument on the Spitzer Space Telescope give an estimated effective temperature of between 550 and 600 K and does not emit any visible light. Its mass is estimated at between 5 and 20 Jupiter masses and its age at between 0.1 and 2.0 billion years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23380499 |
Messina Chasmata The are the largest canyon or system of canyons on the surface of the Uranian moon Titania, named after a location in William Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing. The 1492 km long feature includes two normal faults running NW–SE, which bound a down-dropped crustal block forming a structure called a graben. The graben cuts impact craters, which probably means that it was formed at a relatively late stage of the moon's evolution, when the interior of Titania expanded and its ice crust cracked as a result. The have only a few superimposed craters, which also implies being relatively young. The feature was first imaged by Voyager 2 in January 1986. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23384228 |
Fischler–Susskind mechanism The Fischler–Susskind mechanism, first proposed by Willy Fischler and Leonard Susskind in 1998, is a holographic prescription based on the particle horizon. The Fischler–Susskind prescription is used to obtain the maximum number of degrees of freedom per Planck volume at the Planck era, compatible with the holographic principle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23387994 |
Canopy seed bank A canopy seed bank or aerial seed bank is the aggregate of viable seed stored by a plant in its canopy. Canopy seed banks occur in plants that postpone seed release for some reason. It is often associated with serotiny, the tendency of some plants to store seed in a cone (e.g. in the genus "Pinus") or woody fruits (e.g. in the genus "Banksia"), until seed release is triggered by the passage of a wildfire. It also occurs in plants that colonise areas of shifting sands such as sand dunes. In such cases, the seed is held in the canopy even if the canopy becomes buried; thus the seed is anchored in place until good germination conditions occur. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23395169 |
Ursula (crater) Ursula is a large crater on Uranus's moon Titania. It is about 135 km across, and is cut by Belmont Chasma. It is named after Hero's attendant in William Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing. Ursula has a central pit with diameter of about 20 km. It is probably one of the youngest large impact craters on Titania. The crater is surrounded by smooth plains, which have the lowest impact crater density of all geological units on the moon, although they are cut by Belmont Chasma. The plains may be impact deposits (ejecta) associated with Ursula or they may be cryovolcanic in origin. Explanatory notes Citations Sources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23397356 |
Microbial electrolysis cell A microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a technology related to Microbial fuel cells (MFC). Whilst MFCs produce an electric current from the microbial decomposition of organic compounds, MECs partially reverse the process to generate hydrogen or methane from organic material by applying an electric current. The electric current would ideally be produced by a renewable source of power. The hydrogen or methane produced can be used to produce electricity by means of an additional PEM fuel cell or internal combustion engine. MEC systems are based on a number of components: Microorganisms – are attached to the anode. The identity of the microorganisms determines the products and efficiency of the MEC. Materials – The anode material in a MEC can be the same as an MFC, such as carbon cloth, carbon paper, graphite felt, graphite granules or graphite brushes. Platinum can be used as a catalyst to reduce the overpotential required for hydrogen production. The high cost of platinum is driving research into biocathodes as an alternative. Or as other alternative for catalyst, the stainless steel plates were used as cathode and anode materials. Other materials include membranes (although some MECs are membraneless), and tubing and gas collection systems. Electrogenic microorganisms consuming an energy source (such as acetic acid) release electrons and protons, creating an electrical potential of up to 0.3 volts. In a conventional MFC, this voltage is used to generate electrical power | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23400395 |
Microbial electrolysis cell In a MEC, an additional voltage is supplied to the cell from an outside source. The combined voltage is sufficient to reduce protons, producing hydrogen gas. As part of the energy for this reduction is derived from bacterial activity, the total electrical energy that has to be supplied is less than for electrolysis of water in the absence of microbes. Hydrogen production has reached up to 3.12 mH/md with an input voltage of 0.8 volts. The efficiency of hydrogen production depends on which organic substances are used. Lactic and acetic acid achieve 82% efficiency, while the values for unpretreated cellulose or glucose are close to 63%. The efficiency of normal water electrolysis is 60 to 70 percent. As MEC’s convert unusable biomass into usable hydrogen, they can produce 144% more usable energy than they consume as electrical energy. Depending on the organisms present at the cathode, MECs can also produce methane by a related mechanism. CalculationsOverall hydrogen recovery was calculated as "RH" = "C""R". The Coulombic efficiency is "C"=("n"/"n"), where "n" is the moles of hydrogen that could be theoretically produced and "n" = "C"/(2"F") is the moles of hydrogen that could be produced from the measured current, "C" is the total coulombs calculated by integrating the current over time, "F" is Faraday's constant, and 2 is the moles of electrons per mole of hydrogen. The cathodic hydrogen recovery was calculated as "R" = "n"/"n", where "n" is the total moles of hydrogen produced | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23400395 |
Microbial electrolysis cell Hydrogen yield ("Y") was calculated as "Y" = "n" /"n", where "n" is substrate removal calculated on the basis of chemical oxygen demand (22). Hydrogen and methane can both be used as alternatives to fossil fuels in internal combustion engines or for power generation. Like MFCs or bioethanol production plants, MECs have the potential to convert waste organic matter into a valuable energy source. Hydrogen can also be combined with the nitrogen in the air to produce ammonia, which can be used to make ammonium fertilizer. Ammonia has been proposed as a practical alternative to fossil fuel for internal combustion engines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23400395 |
Wetware (biology) The term wetware is used to describe the protocols and molecular devices used in molecular biology and synthetic biology. Where biological components and systems are treated in a similar manner to software, and similar development models and methodologies are applied, the term 'wetware' can be used to imply an approach to their problems as 'bugs' and their beneficial aspects as 'features'. In this manner, genetic code can be subjected to Version Control Systems such as Git, for the development of improvements and new gene edits, therapeutic components and therapies. The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Wiki project Open Wetware (OWW) provides a resource for reagent, project and laboratory notebook sharing. A somewhat related NSF consortium Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC) constructs and distributes wetware. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23402198 |
Cryogenic engineering is a sub stream of mechanical engineering dealing with cryogenics, and related very low temperature processes such as air liquefaction, cryogenic engines (for rocket propulsion), cryosurgery. Generally, temperatures below cold come under the purview of cryogenic engineering. Cryogenics may be considered as the recent advancement in the field of refrigeration. Though there is no fixed demarcation as to where refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins even then for general reference temperature below –150c(120k) are considered as cryogenic temperature. The four gases which mainly contribute for cryogenic application and research are (O2-B.P.90K), (N2-B.P.77K), (Helium-B.P.4.2k) & (H2-B.P.20K). The word "cryogenic" is derived from Greek κρύο (cryo) – "cold" + γονική (genic) – "having to do with production". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23406255 |
Macrobiology is the branch of biology that studies large living organisms (termed Macro organisms) that can be seen by the naked eye. is the opposite of Microbiology. Macrocosm and Microcosm Macrocosm and Microcosm is an important concept in Macrobiology. It refers to a vision of cosmos where the part reflects the whole (macrocosm) and vice versa. It is a feature "present in all esoteric schools of thinking", according to scholar Pierre A. Riffard. It underlies practices such as astrology, alchemy and sacred geometry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23420193 |
Associated reproductive pattern An associated reproductive pattern is a seasonal change in reproduction which is highly correlated with a change in gonad and associated hormone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23428770 |
Michael Ashley (astronomer) Michael C. B. Ashley is an Australian astronomer and professor at the University of New South Wales, in Sydney. He is most famous for his work in Antarctica, with the study of the seeing capability at Dome C. In September 2004, "Nature" published a report written by Jon Lawrence, Michael Ashley, Andrei Tokovinin, and Tony Travouillon on the seeing abilities of astronomical telescopes in Antarctica. The paper concluded that Dome C would be "the best ground-based site to develop a new astronomical observatory." The data used in this report was collected by a remote control experiment run through the French-Italian Concordia Station near Dome C. However, Ashley and his team have been to Antarctica on four separate trips, in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004 for earlier experiments, such as measurements of the near-infrared quality of the brightness of the sky. It was found that pictures taken from a telescope at Dome C are, on average, 2.5 times better than those taken at observatories elsewhere. This discovery has been lauded as finding the clearest skies on Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23448158 |
Lipik (crater) Lipik Crater is a crater in the Hellas quadrangle of Mars, located at 38.42° S and 248.43° W. It is 56 km in diameter and was named after Lipik, a town in Croatia. Close-up pictures of the crater show glacial features. The crater is not very deep, so much ice and dust may have accumulated over the years. If one measures the diameter of a crater, the original depth can be estimated with various ratios. Because of this relationship, researchers have found that many Martian craters contain a great deal of material; much of it is believed to be ice deposited when the climate was different. Glacier flows are visible in some of the pictures below from Lipik Crater. Glaciers, loosely defined as patches of currently or recently flowing ice, are thought to be present across large but restricted areas of the modern Martian surface, and are inferred to have been more widely distributed at times in the past. Lobate convex features on the surface known as viscous flow features and lobate debris aprons, which show the characteristics of non-Newtonian flow, are now almost unanimously regarded as true glaciers. A climate model, reported in the journal Science in 2006, found that large amounts of ice should accumulate in the Hellas region, in the same places like Lipik Crater where glaciers are observed. Water is transported from the south polar area to northern Hellas and falls as precipitation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23467315 |
Montevallo (crater) Montevallo is a crater on Mars, located in the Lunae Palus quadrangle at 15.4° N and 54.4° W. It measures 51.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after the town Montevallo in Alabama, United States. The name was approved by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1988. Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23470606 |
Arkhangelsky (crater) Arkhangelsky Crater is a crater in the Argyre quadrangle of Mars, located at 41.4° S and 24.8° W. It is 117 km across and was named after the Russian geologist A.D. Arkhangelsky. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23470663 |
Atomic spacing refers to the distance between the nuclei of atoms in a material. This space is extremely large compared to the size of the atomic nucleus, and is related to the chemical bonds which bind atoms together. In solid materials, the atomic spacing is described by the bond lengths of its atoms. In ordered solids, the atomic spacing between two bonded atoms is generally around a few ångströms (Å), which is on the order of 10 meters. However, in very low density gasses (for example, in outer space) the average distance between atoms can be as large as a meter. In this case, the atomic spacing isn't referring to bond length. The atomic spacing of crystalline structures is usually determined by passing an electromagnetic wave of known frequency through the material, and using the laws of diffraction to determine its atomic spacing. The atomic spacing of amorphous materials (such as glass) varies substantially between different pairs of atoms, therefore diffraction cannot be used to accurately determine atomic spacing. In this case, the average bond length is a common way of expressing the distance between its atoms. Bond length can be determined between different elements in molecules by using the atomic radii of the atom. Carbon bonds with itself to form two covalent network solids. Diamond's C-C bond has a distance of Sqrt[3]a/4 ≈ 0.154 nm away from each carbon since a ≈ 0.357 nm, while graphite's C-C bond has a distance of a/Sqrt[3] ≈ 0.142 nm away from each carbon since a ≈ 0.246 nm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23478179 |
Atomic spacing Although both bonds are between the same pair of elements they can still have different bond length. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23478179 |
Tongbaite is a rare mineral that has the chemical formula CrC, or chromium carbide. It was first described in 1983 for an occurrence in Liu village, Tongbai County (桐柏县), Henan Province, China and named for the locality. It occurs in an ultramafic rock deposit. It has also been reported from the Tibet Autonomous Region and from the Isovsky District in the Urals of Russia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23485980 |
Pyotr Gannushkin Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin (; March 8, 1875 – February 23, 1933) was a Russian psychiatrist who developed one of the first theories of psychopathies known today as personality disorders. He was a student of Sergei Korsakoff and Vladimir Serbsky. Not only did he manage to delineate certain organizational tasks of social psychiatry, but he also clearly formulated the main methodological aim of social psychiatrists — the combination of methods of individual clinical analysis with sociological research and generalization. Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin was born in 1875, in the countryside Novosyolki of the Pronsk District of the Ryazan Governorate (present-day Ryazan Oblast) in the Russian Empire. His father, a responsive and punctual man, was a physician. His mother, née Mozharova, was of Russian impoverished squireens. She was well-bred and properly educated, fluent in both French and German languages, interested in philosophy, fond of music, poetry, and art. Furthermore, she was a gregarious and kind-hearted woman. In his early years, Gannushkin was educated by his mother. After a while, his family moved to Ryazan, where his father started working in the men's high school. Gannushkin entered that school soon after he had turned 9 years-old. An excellent student, he always was a sociable, honest, and ironically inclined person who disliked severe discipline. During his school years, Gannushkin was involved in the editing of his own home journal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin His sister, Maria Borisovna, noted in her memoirs that her brother never told anyone which profession he wanted to choose, but when he turned 13 years old, his keen interest in "personology" and human mentality became apparent. At the same time Gannushkin read Sechenov's monograph "Brain Reflexes," which was a successful attempt to describe physiological mechanisms of psychic activity. In 1893 Gannushkin had graduated from the high school with the gold medal and entered the department of medicine of the Moscow State University. When he was a third-year student, he finally decided to become a psychiatrist being influenced by such university professors as Aleksei Kozhevnikov and Sergei Korsakoff. All the students, including Gannushkin, were fascinated by the way Korsakoff interacted with the mentally disabled. He explained that "mental patients should not be regarded as soulless things; instead, they should be considered personalities familiar to everyone who is somehow related to them." Except for visiting lectures and recitations during his university years, Gannushkin was an orderly who carried out responsibilities of the junior medical staff. Gannushkin graduated from the university in October 1898. He turned down a proposal to become a permanent resident physician, because at that moment it included superintendent's responsibilities. During the period of four years, up to 1902, he had been a non resident of the psychiatric hospital | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin He spent those years in the outpatient clinic and wrote a variety of scholarly works. For example, in 1901 in the French journal "Medico Psychological Annals" () he published a monograph subsequently banned in Russia. It was called "Voluptuousness, cruelty and religion" (). In this work, Gannushkin emphasized the fact that religiosity, sexuality, and cruelty were closely related to each other. He illustrated it with the example of Ivan the Terrible. According to Gannushkin, in many cases religious fanatics demonstrated cruelty, and vice versa, i.e. many cruel people were religious. In 1902, at the suggestion of Sukhanov, Serbsky, and Rossolimo, Gannushkin became a full-fledged member of the Moscow Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists (). At the same time he was elected a supernumerary assistant of the psychiatric hospital headed by Serbsky, after Korsakoff's death caused by heart failure. Sergei Sukhanov, Korsakoff's assistant, was willing to help young physicians by fostering them in word and in deed. Sukhanov and Gannushkin formed friendly relations. Sukhanov was a proponent of nosological approach. A remarkable power of observation was a peculiarity of his nature. Borderline psychiatry, especially psychopathies and psychogenies, was among his main research interests. Due to his penchant for synthesis, Sukhanov noted both scientific and social importance of this problem. He managed to make Gannushkin interested in this issue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin In collaboration with Sukhanov, Gannushkin has published six research papers. They preferred to study particular mental disorders taken by themselves rather than their mixed types, because they thought that it would contribute to the study of acknowledged diseases, discovery of new mental disorders, and development of psychiatric classification. Sukhanov and Gannushkin distinguished an especial form of obsessions and were the first to show the process when, at least in some cases, obsessions were transforming into schizophrenia. In 1904 Gannushkin presented his thesis "Paranoia acuta" or "Acute paranoia" (), which consisted of an historical sketch of development of the theory of paranoia. The issue description starts off with researches performed by Vincenzo Chiarugi and Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol. Then focus of a thesis switches to works by Wilhelm Griesinger, Bénédict Morel, and Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal. Subsequently represented are observations made by Sergei Korsakoff, Vladimir Serbsky, Emil Kraepelin, and Eugen Bleuler. Finally Gannushkin brilliantly describes his own findings related to paranoia. After the presentation of his thesis, Gannushkin became a privatdocent (i.e. freelance university lecturer) of the Department of Mental Disorders in the Moscow State University. It was the moment he started lecturing his course called "The Theory of Pathological Characters" (). In 1905 Gannushkin visited postgraduate psychiatry courses at Kraepelin's clinic in Munich | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin After that he became a proponent of Kraepelin's theory. In 1906 Gannushkin visited St. Anne's Psychiatric Hospital () in Paris, where he familiarized himself with the work of an influential figure in French psychiatry, Valentin Magnan. In 1908 and 1911 Gannushkin repeatedly visited postgraduate psychiatry courses at Kraepelin's clinic. In 1911 university autonomy became a breach issue in Russia; it resulted in repressions performed by a Tsar's protégé, education minister, Lev Kasso. In 1911 Gannushkin left the university together with other progressive scientists in protest of the repressions. Before being drafted in the army, namely from 1906 to 1914, he worked as a resident physician in the Moscow Alexeev Psychiatric Hospital (), which is known nowadays as Kashenko Mental Hospital (). He was one of the founders of the front-rank scientific journal called "Korsakoff's Journal of Neuropathology and Psychiatry" (). In 1917, after army discharge due to illness, Gannushkin returned in the Moscow Alexeev Psychiatric Hospital. Since 1918 he was a professor in the Department of Psychiatry of the Moscow State University (from 1930 - I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University) and director at the University Psychiatric Hospital, currently known as S.S. Korsakov Clinic of Psychiatry of I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy (). Gannushkin was one of the first psychiatrists to talk about the schizoid reaction type, somatogenic and psychogenic reactions of schizoids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin Moreover, in 1927 he discovered the so-called epileptoid reaction type, which is usually characterized by repeated temporary reactions caused by the influence of psychogenic factors and unfavorable situations. This reaction type is expressed by symptoms of dysphoria, i.e. maliciousness combined with anger, anguish, and fear. In many ways, this reaction type is akin to the behavior pattern typical for borderline personality disorder. As a psychotic episode, such reactions could happen during epidemic encephalitis, cerebral atherosclerosis, and brain injury. Gannushkin was also involved in experimental research of hypnosis. He criticized Lombroso's theory of crime. Furthermore, Gannushkin was interested in psychoanalytic ideas, and experimentally used psychoanalytic therapy. His stance on psychoanalysis is outlined in his work called "On Psychotherapy and Psychoanalis" (). Although not a real proponent of Freud's theory, Gannushkin did believe that under certain conditions psychoanalytic methods could be used during the treatment process. Gannushkin considered both war and revolution as a "traumatic epidemic" of all the population. He used to emphasize that there was a reciprocal influence between population mentality and social life. As a new form of medical care for people with mental disorders, the system of psychoneurological dispensaries was created under Gannushkin's direction. Moreover, it was he who initiated the development of extramural psychiatric care in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin He helped organize a system of nonhospital psychiatric assistance in the USSR and worked out questions dealing with teaching in psychiatry and prevention of mental illness. Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin married Sofia Vladimirovna Gannuskina (née Klumova). They had a son, Alexey Petrovich Gannushkin (1920 - 1974), an aircraft design engineer, USSR State Prize Laureate. Gannushkin's granddaughter, Svetlana Gannushkina (born 1943), is a mathematician and human rights activist who was reported to have been a serious contender for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize. Svetlana Gannushkina worked for many years as a professor of mathematics at the Moscow State University. She is a member of the Council for the Development of Civil Society Institutions and Human Rights under the President of Russia. Gannushkin was characterized by modesty and diffidence. He disliked public speaking. When visiting psychiatric conferences, he preferred to stay in the background. Gannushkin was able to open his mind only among his scientific fellows and while lecturing his senior students. He showed himself as an experienced clinician, a proponent of natural science method who considered himself as an enemy of pompous and meretricious declamation. Gannushkin's power of observation was enhanced by his erudition and capability of distinguishing the most useful points in the different monographs and articles. He recorded each new thought and accurately gathered all required materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin His lectures and clinical vignettes were indicative of the fact that he carefully scrutinized and systematized all the research data he was working with. L.A. Prozorov pointed out that "Gannushkin was able to interest young people in research, even if it was rough, search for people, and select research scientists." While remembering her husband, Sofia Gannushkina said, "Once he decided to do something, he grew fearless." Throughout his life, Gannushkin did believe that psychiatry is closely connected with social life. From his point of view, a psychiatrist is primarily a community worker. Maybe that is why he made psychopathies his main research subject. "We, our generation, do not limit ourselves by psychiatric hospitals. Using the same approach, we are coming into life, coming to schools, barracks, prisons. We are not looking for the demented who need to be hospitalized, but for half-normal people, borderline types, intermediate steps. Borderline psychiatry, minor psychiatry... - here is a motto for our times, an area to which our actions must be directed in the immediate future." When Gannushkin was finishing his seminal work called "Manifestations of psychopathies: statics, dynamics, systematic aspects" (), his health quickly deteriorated. After long hesitation he agreed the proposed surgery. The best Russian physicians tried to help him, but he died on February 23, 1933. He managed to read and sign his monograph after proofreading. The book was published after his death | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.