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Pyotr Gannushkin Research papers written by Gannushkin and his followers represent a landmark in the development of the theory of psychopathies in Russia. Among Russian psychiatrists, it was Gannushkin who defined psychopathies (personality disorders) most accurately. Gannushkin had a lot of followers. It is possible to distinguish three generations of his disciples. The first generation was represented mostly by Gannushkin's colleagues who worked under his direction: D.A. Amenitsky, I.N. Vvedensky, T.A. Geyer, V.A. Grombakh, M.O. Gurevich, P.M. Zinovyev, E.K. Krasnushkin, L.A. Prozorov, L.M. Rezenstein, M.Y. Serieysky, T.I. Yudin. The second generation consisted of Gannushkin's senior students: B.A. Belousov, A.G. Galachyan, F.F. Detengor, S.G. Zhislin, A.N. Zalmanov, M.Z. Kaplinsky, R.E. Lusternik, N.S. Molodenkov, A.N. Molokhov, N.I. Ozeretsky, D.S. Ozeretskovsky, T.P. Simpson, Y.A. Florenskaya, B.D. Fridman, Y.P. Frumkin, A.O. Edelstein. The third generation included Gannushkin's junior students: A.P. Alexandrova, A.M. Dubinin, O.V. Kerbikov, S.V. Krayts, A.Y. Levinson, D.E. Melekhov, V.M. Morozov, A.I. Ponomoryov, B.A. Famin, P.D. Fridman, Y.D. Shulman. Gannushkin's followers contributed significantly to development of psychiatry in Russia. In 1933 the Scientific-Research Institute of Neuropsychiatric Prophylaxis of People's Commissariat of Health Care (Narkomzdrav) established an annual award n.a. Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin. In 1936 Moscow Psychiatric Hospital no.4 was named after Gannushkin () | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin After a while, his memorial museum was created inside this hospital. Furthermore, a river embankment in Moscow was also named in his honor. It is interesting that Gannushkin became a prototype of Professor Titanushkin, a character from the famous satirical novel "The Little Golden Calf" written by two Soviet prose authors, Ilf and Petrov. Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin preferred to break down psychiatry into two main categories: major psychiatry (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc.) and minor psychiatry (psychopathies or personality disorders). The theory of psychopathies or the so-called pathological characters is considered to be his main contribution to psychiatry. In his book "Manifestations of psychopathies: statics, dynamics, systematic aspects," Gannushkin distinguished two types of pathological development - constitutional and situational. In case of situational type, the development of psychopathy is obviously caused by trauma or distress. Its onset is always marked by some serious mental change, after which everything becomes more or less static. Gannushkin pointed out that while statics of psychopathies means actual substance of the subject, dynamics of psychopathies implies types, laws, and development schemes of psychopathies. It should be mentioned that Gannushkin did not consider psychopathies to be progredient mental states by opposing them to serious mental disorders causing mental retardation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Pyotr Gannushkin Gannushkin placed special emphasis on the fact that borderline psychiatry includes a wide range of different transitional steps, transient mental states. He acknowledged that psychopaths (i.e. those with personality disorders) substantially contributed to science, art, and literature. Gannushkin delineated the three main signs of behavioral pathology underlying psychopathies: Some elements of Gannushkin's typology were later incorporated into the theory developed by another Russian psychiatrist, Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko, who was also interested in personality disorders along with their milder forms, the so-called accentuations of character (). Taken as a whole, Gannushkin's bibliography includes 3 monographs, 19 articles, 9 introductory notes for monographs and compilation books, and approximately 100 reviews. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500505 |
Arika Kimura Arika Kimura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23511391 |
Edge wave In fluid dynamics, an edge wave is a surface gravity wave fixed by refraction against a rigid boundary, often a shoaling beach. Progressive edge waves travel along this boundary, varying sinusoidally along it and diminishing exponentially in the offshore direction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23517706 |
Bradyspory is the gradual release of seed from a cone or fruit over a long period of time, as opposed to tachyspory, the more-or-less immediate release of seed as soon as they have matured. may occur because seed release is spontaneous but very gradual, or because seed release does not occur until triggered to do so by some environmental event. The latter case is termed serotiny. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23520318 |
BioLegend is a global developer and manufacturer of antibodies and reagents used in biomedical research located in San Diego, California. It was incorporated in June 2002 and has since expanded to include Japan KK, where it is partnered with Tomy Digital Biology Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, Europe in the United Kingdom, GmbH in Germany, and UK Ltd in the United Kingdom. manufactures products in the areas of neuroscience, cell immunophenotyping, cytokines and chemokines, adhesion, cancer research, T regulatory cells, stem cells, innate immunity, cell-cycle analysis, apoptosis, and modification-specific antibodies. Reagents are created for use in flow cytometry, proteogenomics, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and in vitro or in vivo functional assays. was founded by CEO, Gene Lay, D.V.M., who was also the co-founder of PharMingen. In 2011, co-developed and introduced Brilliant Violet(TM)-conjugated antibodies, using a novel fluorophore based on Nobel Prize-winning chemistry developed by Sirigen. In 2018, introduced TotalSeq™ antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates for use in single cell proteogenomics analysis. continued expansion and moved into a new 8 acre campus at Way in 2019 with state of the art facilities designed to accommodate up to 1000 employees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23526104 |
Robert Raven Robert John Raven is an Australian arachnologist, being the Head of Terrestrial Biodiversity and the Senior Curator (Arachnida) at the Queensland Museum. Dr Raven has described many species of spider in Australia and elsewhere, and is spider bite consultant to the Royal Brisbane Hospital. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23547111 |
Duhem–Margules equation The Duhem–Margules equation, named for Pierre Duhem and Max Margules, is a thermodynamic statement of the relationship between the two components of a single liquid where the vapour mixture is regarded as an ideal gas: where "P" and "P" are the partial vapour pressures of the two constituents and x and x are the mole fractions of the liquid. Derivation "Duhem - Margulus equation give the relation between change of mole fraction with partial pressure of a component in a liquid mixture." Let consider a binary liquid mixture of two component in equilibrium with their vapour at constant temperature and pressure. Then from Gibbs - Duhem equation is formula_2 Where n and n are number of moles of the component A and B while μ and μ is their chemical potential. Dividing equation (1) by n + n , then formula_3 Or formula_4 Now the chemical potential of any component in mixture is depend upon temperature, pressure and composition of mixture. Hence if temperature and pressure taking constant then chemical potential formula_5 formula_6 Putting these values in equation (2), then formula_7 Because the sum of mole fraction of all component in the mixture is unity i.e., formula_8 Hence formula_9 so equation (5) can be re-written: formula_10 Now the chemical potential of any component in mixture is such that formula_11 where P is partial pressure of component | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23556803 |
Duhem–Margules equation By differentiating this equation with respect to the mole fraction of a component: formula_12 So we have for components A and B formula_13 formula_14 Substituting these value in equation (6), then formula_15 or formula_1 this is the final equation of Duhem- Margules equation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23556803 |
Reiko Kuroda Kurodas field of research is primarily chirality within both inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. She has worked in Japan and the UK and established the Science Interpreter Training Program at the University of Tokyo. In 2006, Kuroda was appointed to serve as a governor for the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. On June 10, 2009, Dr Kuroda was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in its class for chemistry. In 2013, Kuroda was awarded the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science. She has been nominated for awards by the Human Frontier Science Programme (HFSP) and by AcademiaNet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23560960 |
Radioanalytical chemistry focuses on the analysis of sample for their radionuclide content. Various methods are employed to purify and identify the radioelement of interest through chemical methods and sample measurement techniques. The field of radioanalytical chemistry was originally developed by Marie Curie with contributions by Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy. They developed chemical separation and radiation measurement techniques on terrestrial radioactive substances. During the twenty years that followed 1897 the concepts of radionuclides was born. Since Curie's time, applications of radioanalytical chemistry have proliferated. Modern advances in nuclear and radiochemistry research have allowed practitioners to apply chemistry and nuclear procedures to elucidate nuclear properties and reactions, used radioactive substances as tracers, and measure radionuclides in many different types of samples. The importance of radioanalytical chemistry spans many fields including chemistry, physics, medicine, pharmacology, biology, ecology, hydrology, geology, forensics, atmospheric sciences, health protection, archeology, and engineering. Applications include: forming and characterizing new elements, determining the age of materials, and creating radioactive reagents for specific tracer use in tissues and organs. The ongoing goal of radioanalytical researchers is to develop more radionuclides and lower concentrations in people and the environment. Alpha decay is characterized by the emission of an alpha particle, a He nucleus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23568658 |
Radioanalytical chemistry The mode of this decay causes the parent nucleus to decrease by two protons and two neutrons. This type of decay follows the relation: formula_1 Beta decay is characterized by the emission of a neutrino and a negatron which is equivalent to an electron. This process occurs when a nucleus has an excess of neutrons with respect to protons, as compared to the stable isobar. This type of transition converts a neutron into a proton; similarly, a positron is released when a proton is converted into a neutron. These decays follows the relation: formula_2 formula_3 Gamma ray emission follows the previously discussed modes of decay when the decay leaves a daughter nucleus in an excited state. This nucleus is capable of further de-excitation to a lower energy state by the release of a photon. This decay follows the relation: formula_4 Gaseous ionization detectors collect and record the electrons freed from gaseous atoms and molecules by the interaction of radiation released by the source. A voltage potential is applied between two electrodes within a sealed system. Since the gaseous atoms are ionized after they interact with radiation they are attracted to the anode which produces a signal. It is important to vary the applied voltage such that the response falls within a critical proportional range. The operating principle of Semiconductor detectors is similar to gas ionization detectors: expect instead of ionization gas atoms, free electrons and holes are produced which create a signal at the electrodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23568658 |
Radioanalytical chemistry The advantage of solid state detectors is the greater resolution of the resultant energy spectrum. Usually NaI(Tl) detectors are used; for more precise applications Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors have been developed. For extra sensitive measurements high-pure germanium detectors are used under a liquid nitrogen environment. Scintillation detectors uses a photo luminescent source (such as ZnS) which interacts with radiation. When a radioactive particle decays and strikes the photo luminescent material a photon is released. This photon is multiplied in a photomultiplier tube which converts light into an electrical signal. This signal is then processed and converted into a channel. By comparing the number of counts to the energy level (typically in keV or MeV) the type of decay can be determined. Due to radioactive nucleotides have similar properties to their stable, inactive, counterparts similar analytical chemistry separation techniques can be used. These separation methods include precipitation, Ion Exchange, Liquid Liquid extraction, Solid Phase extraction, Distillation, and Electrodeposition. Samples with very low concentrations are difficult to measure accurately due to the radioactive atoms unexpectedly depositing on surfaces. Sample loss at trace levels may be due to adhesion to container walls and filter surface sites by ionic or electrostatic adsorption, as well as metal foils and glass slides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23568658 |
Radioanalytical chemistry Sample loss is an ever present concern, especially at the beginning of the analysis path where sequential steps may compound these losses. Various solutions are known to circumvent these losses which include adding an inactive carrier or adding a tracer. Research has also shown that pretreatment of glassware and plastic surfaces can reduce radionuclide sorption by saturating the sites. Since small amounts of radionuclides are typically being analyzed, the mechanics of manipulating tiny quantities is challenging. This problem is classically addressed by the use of carrier ions. Thus, "carrier addition" involves the addition of a known mass of stable ion to radionuclide-containing sample solution. The carrier is of the identical element but is non-radioactive. The carrier and the radionuclide of interest have identical chemical properties. Typically the amount of carrier added is conventionally selected for the ease of weighing such that the accuracy of the resultant weight is within 1%. For alpha particles, special techniques must be applied to obtain the required thin sample sources. The use of carries was heavily used by Marie Curie and was employed in the first demonstration of nuclear fission. "Isotope dilution" is the reverse of tracer addition. It involves the addition of a known (small) amount of radionuclide to the sample that contains a known stable element. This additive is the "tracer." It is added at the start of the analysis procedure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23568658 |
Radioanalytical chemistry After the final measurements are recorded, sample loss can be determined quantitatively. This procedure avoids the need for any quantitative recovery, greatly simplifying the analytical process. As this is an analytical chemistry technique quality control is an important factor to maintain. A laboratory must produce trustworthy results. This can be accomplished by a laboratories continual effort to maintain instrument calibration, measurement reproducibility, and applicability of analytical methods. In all laboratories there must be a quality assurance plan. This plan describes the quality system and procedures in place to obtain consistent results. Such results must be authentic, appropriately documented, and technically defensible." Such elements of quality assurance include organization, personnel training, laboratory operating procedures, procurement documents, chain of custody records, standard certificates, analytical records, standard procedures, QC sample analysis program and results, instrument testing and maintenance records, results of performance demonstration projects, results of data assessment, audit reports, and record retention policies. The cost of quality assurance is continually on the rise but the benefits far outweigh this cost. The average quality assurance workload was risen from 10% to a modern load of 20-30%. This heightened focus on quality assurance ensures that quality measurements that are reliable are achieved | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23568658 |
Radioanalytical chemistry The cost of failure far outweighs the cost of prevention and appraisal. Finally, results must be scientifically defensible by adhering to stringent regulations in the event of a lawsuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23568658 |
Variational bicomplex In mathematics, the Lagrangian theory on fiber bundles is globally formulated in algebraic terms of the variational bicomplex, without appealing to the calculus of variations. For instance, this is the case of classical field theory on fiber bundles (covariant classical field theory). The variational bicomplex is a cochain complex of the differential graded algebra of exterior forms on jet manifolds of sections of a fiber bundle. Lagrangians and Euler–Lagrange operators on a fiber bundle are defined as elements of this bicomplex. Cohomology of the variational bicomplex leads to the global first variational formula and first Noether's theorem. Extended to Lagrangian theory of even and odd fields on graded manifolds, the variational bicomplex provides strict mathematical formulation of classical field theory in a general case of reducible degenerate Lagrangians and the Lagrangian BRST theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23569508 |
Alexis Perrey (1807–1882) was a historical French seismologist and compiler of earthquake catalogs. He is considered a pioneer in this area, having published a paper on earthquakes in Algeria as early as 1848, in the journal "Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon". He continued to post annual observations on Algerian earthquakes until 1871. He suspected a correlation between the moon and seismic activity on earth, and developed his theory with the use of statistics. He found that earth tremors occurred most frequently during full and new moons, when the earth is between the sun and moon, when the moon is between the earth and sun, and when the moon is closest in its orbit to the earth. He also found indications in some cases that the moon had crossed the meridian of affected locales at the time of the earthquake. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23574478 |
Manuel Ballester Boix (born in Barcelona on June 27, 1919; died April 5, 2005) was a Spanish chemist. He received his degree at the University of Barcelona in 1944, his doctorate in Madrid, and finished his training at Harvard University in 1951. In 1944 he formed a team at the Spanish National Research Council. His work has largely been in kinetics and organic chemistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23575855 |
Armilenium is a CH carbocation and was originally proposed as the first entirely organic sandwich compound. Named for its resemblance to an armillary sphere, NMR evidence for the carbocation was first described by Melvin J. Goldstein and Stanley A. Klein at Cornell University in 1973. In subsequent C NMR experiments by Goldstein and Joseph P. Dinnocenzo in 1984, the CH carbocation was generated under stable ion conditions at lower temperature and at higher magnetic field than previously possible. These experiments revealed the carbocation to be fluxional. Fitting of the dynamic NMR process ruled out the sandwich species even as an intermediate in the 20-fold degenerate rearrangement of the carbocation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23580996 |
Inertia damper An inertia damper is a device that counters or damps the effects of inertia and other forces and motion. The damper does not negate the forces but either absorbs or redirects them by other means. For example, a large suspended mass may be used to absorb several short-duration large forces, and to reapply those forces as a smaller force over a longer period. The phrase "inertial damper" is actually misused in science fiction to describe a device that negates inertia and removes it from surrounding mass. It is more properly described as inertia negation. Inertial compensators are also used in simulators or rides, making them more realistic by creating artificial sensations of acceleration and other movement. The Disneyland ride “Star Tours: The Adventure Continues” is a fair example of this principle. There are many types of physical devices that can act as inertia dampers: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23586028 |
Floris Nollet (16 September 1794 – 11 January 1853) was a Belgian physicist, engineer, inventor. Nollet was a grandnephew of Jean-Antoine Nollet. He became professor of physics at the École Militaire in Brussels. He also founded the British-French company Société de l'Alliance. Nollet designed plans for large-scale generators for the galvanization industry, for limelight, and for electric arcs, an improvement on the work of Hippolyte Pixii. His magneto-electric generator design for decomposing water by electrolysis using steam power was patented in England in 1850. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23606949 |
Albert Riggenbach (22 August 1854 – 28 February 1921), also known as Albert Riggenbach-Burckhardt, was a Swiss meteorologist and co-author, with Hugo Hildebrandsson and Léon Teisserenc de Bort, of one of the first cloud atlases, the "International Cloud Atlas" in 1896. His doctoral dissertation ("Habilitationsschrift") concerned observations of the first described Bishop's Ring. A great nephew of Swiss architect Achilles Huber, he married in 1883 Valerie Burckhardt, daughter of Daniel Burckhardt, descending from an influential family of Basel. In 1880, he became assistant for Astronomy and Meteorology at the Physics Institute in Basel and was professor at the University of Basel between 1899 and 1914. In the 1890s, Riggenbach also took the first successful pictures of cirrus clouds, some of which appeared in the 1896 cloud atlas he co-authored. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23606982 |
X-ray machine An is any machine that involves X-rays. It may consist of an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector. Examples include: In 1909, Mónico Sánchez Moreno inventor of the first portable x-ray machine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23617875 |
Carey mask A (named after the inventor, George Carey) is a focusing aid for astronomical telescopes. The mask is in the form of a thin card or sheet that is placed over the front aperture of the telescope. There are four series of slits in the mask which form a diffraction pattern in the image plane. In this example the two sets of slits on the left are angled at 12 degrees to each other. Those on the right are angled at 10 degrees to each other. Different telescope and imaging combinations may require slightly different angles. The diffraction pattern caused by the left hand slits will be in the form of an 'X'. The right hand slits will also form an 'X' shape, but the lines forming the 'X' will cross at a narrower angle. When perfect focus is achieved the two 'X's will be superimposed and be perfectly symmetrical. Any slight error in focus will cause the 'X's to be offset, and this is very noticeable to the naked eye. In the example images below, focus error is obvious in the first two images. The third image is very close to perfect focus as shown by the equal spacing between the elongated spikes on the left and the right. A negative image can sometimes show the diffraction spikes more clearly. The enlarged view below shows the left hand spikes to be slightly further apart than those on the right. This is an indication that the focus knob needs to be rotated slightly anti-clockwise. If the right hand spikes were further apart, a clockwise rotation would be needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23630641 |
Carey mask The mask should always be placed over the aperture with the same orientation. If the mask was rotated 180 degrees, then the focus knob directions would be reversed. The operator soon becomes familiar with the rotation directions needed for a given setup. This indication of the direction of focus change needed removes much of the trial and error that can often be encountered when attempting astrophotography. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23630641 |
Ehrlich's reagent or Ehrlich reagent is a reagent that contains "p"-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) and thus can act as an indicator to presumptively identify indoles and urobilinogen. Several Ehrlich tests use the reagent in a medical test; some are drug tests and others contribute to diagnosis of various diseases or adverse drug reactions. A very common Ehrlich test is a simple spot test to identify possible psychoactive compounds such as tryptamines (e.g. DMT) and ergoloids (e.g. LSD). The reagent will also give a positive result for opium, despite the opiates not containing the indole functional group, because of the presence of tryptophan in natural opium. It is named after Nobel Prize winner Paul Ehrlich who used it to distinguish typhoid from simple diarrhoea. The reagent is prepared by dissolving 0.5–2.0 g of "p"–dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) in 50 mL of 95% ethanol and 50 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and is best used when fresh. Other alcohols, such as 1-propanol, can also be used as well. The Ehrlich reagent is similar to a number of other indole tests: The Ehrlich reagent works by binding to the C2 position of two indole moieties to form a resonance stabilised carbenium ion compound. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23640235 |
Cell casting is a method used for creating poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheets. Liquid monomer is poured between two flat sheets of toughened glass sealed with a rubber gasket and heated for polymerization. Because the glass sheets may contain surface scratches or sag during the process, this traditional method has some disadvantages: among other problems, the PMMA sheets may contain variations in thickness and surface defects. It has since been replaced by the more modern method for making PMMA, extrusion, which gives uniform quality. "Cell Casting - A process in which a casting liquid is poured between two plates, usually glass, that have a gasket between them to form a cell to contain the casting liquid; then the resin solidifies, usually through polymerization or crosslinking." - A. Brent Strong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23649157 |
Corneous is a biological and medical term meaning horny, in other words made out of a substance similar to that of horns and hooves in some mammals. The word is generally used to describe natural or pathological anatomical structures made out of a hard layer of protein. In mammals this protein would usually be keratin. The word corneous is also often used to describe the operculum of a snail, a gastropod mollusc. Not all gastropods have opercula, but in the great majority of those that do have one, the operculum is corneous. (However in several genera within a few families including the marine Naticidae and the terrestrial Pomatiidae, the operculum is primarily calcareous, in other words mostly made of calcium carbonate.) opercula are made out of the protein conchiolin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23671373 |
Water sprout Water sprouts or water shoots are shoots that arise from the trunk of a tree or from branches that are several years old, from buds. The latent buds might be visible on the bark of the tree, or submerged under the bark as epicormic buds. They are sometimes called suckers, although that term is more correctly applied to shoots that arise from below ground, from the roots, and a distance from the trunk. Vigorous upright water sprouts often develop in response to damage or pruning. The structure of water-sprout regrowth is not as strong as natural tree growth, and the shoots are more subject to diseases and pests. A system of principles of pruning considers this type of shoot undesirable on orchard trees because very little fruit is produced on them. Vigorous water sprouts are useful as scions in grafting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23675005 |
Heino Finkelmann (born 1945, Gronau) is a retired German organic chemist in the area of liquid-crystalline elastomers. After earning an engineering degree, Finkelmann graduated 1972 as chemist (Diplom) from Technical University of Berlin. 1975 he earned his PhD at the Paderborn University under the supervision of Horst Stegemeyer. After three years of Postdoc under the guidance of Helmut Ringsdorf at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Finkelmann habilitated from 1978 to 1984 at the Clausthal University of Technology with the group of Günther Rehage. From 1984 to 2010 Finkelmann was appointed Full Professor and Director of the Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg.<ref name=unileben02/2010></ref> One of his famous works is the concept of the side chain nematic elastomers. </ref> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23681722 |
Ignatius Gottfried Kaim was an Austrian chemist. In his dissertation "De metallis dubiis" published in 1770 Kaim describes the reduction of manganese oxide with carbon and the formation of a brittle metal. This is the first description of managanese metal several years before the better known synthesis of Johan Gottlieb Gahn in 1774. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23699256 |
Jovan Hadži (22 November 1884 – 11 December 1972) was a Slovenian zoologist of Serbian origin. Hadži was born in a Serbian family in Temišvar (today Timișoara, Romania) in what was then Austria-Hungary. He began his career in Zagreb. In 1920, he moved to Ljubljana where he became the head of zoological institute at the then established University of Ljubljana. Between 1951 and 1972, Hadži was the head of the Biological institute at Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA). In 1938, he became a full member of SASA. Hadži was perhaps most widely known for his unique theories of animal evolution. He devised a system of classification in which he divided the animal kingdom into six phyla: Protozoa, Parazoa, "Ameria" (animals with no segments), "Oligomeria" (animals with few segments), "Polymeria" (animals with many segments) and Chordata. His choice of characters important for classification was generally discredited by his contemporaries, and the system was never accepted by zoologists. However, due to its simplicity, the system was widely used in science education in former Yugoslavia. His other major theory was that of the origin of metazoa - he developed an existing hypothesis stating that the first multicellular animals resembling today's flatworms evolved from multinucleate ciliates in which cell nuclei became separated by cellular membranes. Again, the theory emphasized similarities of structure while disregarding other important characters, so it was never generally accepted | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23704110 |
Jovan Hadži Hadži's faunistical work focused on the invertebrate fauna of caves and mountains where he described more than a hundred new species and genera. He was also an active cave explorer and acted as a president of the Ljubljana Cave Exploration Society (DZRJL) between 1927 and 1945. For his contributions to zoology, Hadži received Prešeren Award in 1956. In 1969, he received the honorary doctorate by the University of Ljubljana. Several invertebrate species were named after him by other zoologists, such as "Astagobius hadzii", "Cyclopina hadzii", "Isohypsibius hadzii", and "Niphargus hadzii". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23704110 |
NGC 4420 is an unbarred spiral galaxy located 77 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23711231 |
George Doumani George Alexander Doumani (born April 26, 1929 in Akko, British Mandate of Palestine) is a Lebanese Palestinian geologist and explorer. He joined Terra Sancta College in Jerusalem and awarded the Palestinian matric in 1948, after Nakba he left with his family to Bkassine village in Lebanon. He went to Saudi Arabia in 1949 and worked in oil field. He graduated from University of California, Berkeley. He contributed to the International Geophysical Year in 1958 in Antarctica. He made other trips to the southern continent in the early 1960s. His findings helped prove the continental drift theory. Two Antarctic mountains are named after him: Mount Doumani and Doumani Peak. In 1999 he published a book about Antarctica, "The Frigid Mistress: Life and Exploration in Antarctica." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23723565 |
Arylalkylamine Substituted arylalkylamines are a group of chemical compounds. Two major classes of arylalkylamines include "indolylalkylamines" (e.g., tryptamines (a.k.a. indolylethylamines)) and "phenylalkylamines" (e.g., phenethylamines and amphetamines (a.k.a. phenylisopropylamines)), which consist of the monoamine neurotransmitters as well as clinically-used and recreationally-abused monoaminergic drugs, including psychostimulants, anorectics, wakefulness-promoting agents, bronchodilators, decongestants, antidepressants, entactogens, and psychedelics, among others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23727536 |
Gods in the Sky was a three-part British television series on Channel 4, covering astronomical religion in early civilizations. It is presented by the historian of science Allan Chapman. The series was filmed in Britain, Egypt, Greece, and Italy. There is a book of the same name to accompany the series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23733822 |
Bayer AG (; ) is a German multinational pharmaceutical and life sciences company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer's areas of business include human and veterinary pharmaceuticals; consumer healthcare products; agricultural chemicals, seeds and biotechnology products. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. Werner Baumann has been CEO since 2016. Founded in Barmen in 1863 as a dyestuffs factory, Bayer's first and best-known product was aspirin. In 1898 trademarked the name "heroin" for the drug diacetylmorphine and marketed it as a cough suppressant and non-addictive substitute for morphine until 1910. also introduced phenobarbital; prontosil, the first widely used antibiotic and the subject of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Medicine; the antibiotic Cipro (ciprofloxacin); and Yaz (drospirenone) birth control pills. In 1925 was one of six chemical companies that merged to form IG Farben, the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical company. The Allied Control Council seized IG Farben after World War II, because of its role in the Nazi war effort and involvement in the Holocaust, which included using slave labour from concentration camps and the purchase of humans for dangerous medical testing. It was split into its six constituent companies in 1951, then split again into three: BASF, and Hoechst | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer played a key role in the Wirtschaftswunder in post-war West Germany, quickly regaining its position as one of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical corporations. In 2006 the company acquired Schering, in 2014 it acquired Merck & Co.'s consumer business, with brands such as Claritin, Coppertone and Dr. Scholl's, and in 2018 it acquired Monsanto, a leading producer of genetically engineered crops, for $63 billion. CropScience develops genetically modified crops and pesticides. AG was founded as a dyestuffs factory in 1863 in Barmen (later part of Wuppertal), Germany, by Friedrich and his partner, Johann Friedrich Weskott, a master dyer. was responsible for the commercial tasks. Fuchsine and aniline became the company's most important products. The headquarters and most production facilities moved from Barmen to a larger area in Elberfeld in 1866. Friedrich (1851–1920), son of the company's founder, was a chemist and joined the company in 1873. After the death of his father in 1880, the company became a joint-stock company, Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayern & Co, also known as Elberfelder Farbenfabriken. A further expansion in Elberfeld was impossible, so the company moved to the village Wiesdorf at Rhein and settled in the area of the alizarin producer Leverkus and Sons. A new city, Leverkusen, was founded there in 1930 and became home to AG's headquarters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer The company's corporate logo, the cross, was introduced in 1904, consisting of the word "BAYER" written vertically and horizontally, sharing the "Y" and enclosed in a circle. An illuminated version of the logo is a landmark in Leverkusen. Bayer's first major product was acetylsalicylic acid—first described by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853—a modification of salicylic acid or salicin, a folk remedy found in the bark of the willow plant. By 1899 Bayer's trademark Aspirin was registered worldwide for Bayer's brand of acetylsalicylic acid, but it lost its trademark status in the United States, France and the United Kingdom after the confiscation of Bayer's US assets and trademarks during World War I by the United States, and because of the subsequent widespread usage of the word. The term "aspirin" continued to be used in the US, UK and France for all brands of the drug, but it is still a registered trademark of in over 80 countries, including Canada, Mexico, Germany and Switzerland. As of 2011 approximately 40,000 tons of aspirin were produced each year and 10–20 billion tablets consumed in the United States alone for prevention of cardiovascular events. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. There is an unresolved controversy over the roles played by scientists in the development of aspirin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer Arthur Eichengrün, a chemist, said he was the first to discover an aspirin formulation that did not have the unpleasant side effects of nausea and gastric pain. He also said he had invented the name "aspirin" and was the first person to use the new formulation to test its safety and efficacy. contends that aspirin was discovered by Felix Hoffmann to help his father, who had arthritis. Various sources support the conflicting claims. Most mainstream historians attribute the invention of aspirin to Hoffmann and/or Eichengrün. Heroin (diacetylmorphine), now illegal as an addictive drug, was introduced as a non-addictive substitute for morphine, and trademarked and marketed by from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant and over-the-counter treatment for other common ailments, including pneumonia and tuberculosis. scientists were not the first to make heroin, but the company led the way in commercializing it. "Heroin" was a trademark until after World War I. In 1903 licensed the patent for the hypnotic drug diethylbarbituric acid from its inventors Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. It was marketed under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action at led to the discovery of phenobarbital in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014 it remains on the World Health Organization's list of essential medications. During World War I (1914–1918), Bayer's assets, including the rights to its name and trademarks, were confiscated in the United States, Canada and several other countries. In the United States and Canada, Bayer's assets and trademarks, including the well-known cross, were acquired by Sterling Drug, a predecessor of Sterling Winthrop and were not reclaimed until 1994. In 1916 scientists discovered suramin, an anti-parasite drug that is still sold by under the brand name Germanin. The formula of suramin was kept secret by for commercial reasons, but it was elucidated and published in 1924 by Ernest Fourneau and his team at the Pasteur Institute. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 1925 became part of IG Farben, a German conglomerate formed from the merger of six chemical companies: BASF, Bayer, Hoechst (including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle), Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer. In the 1930s Gerhard Domagk, director of Bayer's Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, working with chemists Fritz Mietzsch and Joseph Klarer, discovered prontosil, the first commercially available antibacterial drug. The discovery and development of this first sulfonamide drug opened a new era in medicine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer Domagk won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil". He was forced by the Nazi Party to relinquish the reward; German citizens had been forbidden from accepting Nobel prizes since the Nobel committee had awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to a German pacifist, Carl von Ossietzky. Helge Wehmeier, then CEO of Bayer, offered a public apology in 1995 to Elie Wiesel for the company's actions during World War II (1939–1945) and the Holocaust. IG Farben, Bayer's parent company, used slave labour in factories it built in German concentration camps, most notably in the Monowitz concentration camp (known as Auschwitz III), part of the Auschwitz camp complex in German-occupied Poland. By 1943 almost half of IG Farben's 330,000-strong workforce consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners. Helmuth Vetter, an Auschwitz camp physician, SS captain and employee of the group within IG Farben conducted medical experiments on inmates at Auschwitz and at the Mauthausen concentration camp. In one study of an anaesthetic, the company paid RM 170 per person for the use of 150 female inmates of Auschwitz. A employee wrote to Rudolf Höss, the Auschwitz commandant: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer " After the war, the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben for "knowingly and prominently ... building up and maintaining German war potential". It was split into its six constituent companies in 1951, then split again into three: BASF, and Hoechst. was at that point known as Farbenfabriken AG; it changed its name to AG in 1972. Fritz ter Meer, an IG Farben director and Nazi Party member who directed operations at the IG Farben plant at Auschwitz, was sentenced in 1948 to seven years for war crimes during the IG Farben Trial at Nuremberg. Released in 1950, he was elected chair of Bayer's supervisory board in 1956 and remained in that position until 1964. In 1953 brought the first neuroleptic (chlorpromazine) onto the German market. In the 1960s introduced a pregnancy test, Primodos, that consisted of two pills that contained norethisterone (as acetate) and ethinylestradiol. It detected pregnancy by inducing menstruation in women who were not pregnant; the presence or absence of menstrual bleeding was then used to determine whether the user was pregnant. The test became the subject of controversy when it was blamed for birth defects, and it was withdrawn from the market in the mid-1970s. Litigation in the 1980s ended inconclusively. A review of the matter by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency in 2014 assessed the studies performed to date and found the evidence for adverse effects to be inconclusive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer In 1978 purchased Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and Cutter Laboratories, acquiring along with them a variety of product lines including Alka-Seltzer, Flintstones vitamins and One-A-Day vitamins, and Cutter insect repellent. Along with the purchase of Cutter, acquired Cutter's Factor VIII business. Factor VIII, a clotting agent used to treat hemophilia, was produced, at the time, by processing donated blood. In the , people with hemophilia were found to have higher rates of AIDS, and by 1983 the CDC had identified contaminated blood products as a source of infection. According to the "New York Times", this was "one of the worst drug-related medical disasters in history". Companies, including Bayer, developed new ways to treat donated blood with heat to decontaminate it, and these new products were introduced early in 1984. In 1997 and the other three makers of such blood products agreed to pay $660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6,000 hemophiliacs infected in United States. But in 2003 documents emerged showing that Cutter had continued to sell unheated blood products in markets outside the US until 1985, including in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan and Argentina, to offload a product they were unable to sell in Europe and the US; they also continued manufacturing the unheated product for several months. said it did this because some countries were doubtful about the efficacy of the new product. has been involved in other controversies regarding its drug products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer In the late 1990s it introduced a statin drug, Baycol (cerivastatin), but after 52 deaths were attributed to it, discontinued it in 2001. The side effect was rhabdomyolysis, causing kidney failure, which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed alternate medications of the statin class. Trasylol (aprotinin), used to control bleeding during major surgery, was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2007 when reports of increased mortality emerged; it was later re-introduced in Europe but not in the US. In 2014 pharmaceutical products contributed €12.05 billion of Bayer's €40.15 billion in gross revenue. In 2019, identified "key growth" products were Xarelto (rivaroxaban), Eylea (aflibercept), Stivarga (regorafenib), Xofigo (radium-223), and Adempas (riociguat). Top-selling products as of 2014 included: produces various fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and some crop varieties. In 1994 AG purchased Sterling Winthrop's over-the-counter (OTC) drug business from SmithKline Beecham and merged it with Miles Laboratories, thereby reclaiming the U.S. and Canadian trademark rights to "Bayer" and the cross, as well as the ownership of the Aspirin trademark in Canada. In 2004, HealthCare acquired the over-the-counter pharmaceutical division of Roche. In March 2008 HealthCare announced an agreement to acquire the portfolio and OTC division of privately owned Sagmel, Inc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer , a US-based company that markets OTC medications in most of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and others. On 28 August 2008 an explosion occurred at the CropScience facility at Institute, West Virginia, United States. A runaway reaction ruptured a tank and the resulting explosion killed two employees. The ruptured tank was close to a methyl isocyanate tank which was undamaged by the explosion. In March 2006 Merck KGaA announced a €14.6bn bid for Schering AG, founded in 1851. By 2006 Schering had annual gross revenue of around €5 billion and employed about 26,000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide. responded with a white knight bid and in July acquired the majority of shares of Schering for €14.6bn, and in 2007 took over Schering AG and formed Schering Pharma. The acquisition of Schering was the largest take-over in Bayer's history, and as of 2015 was one of the ten biggest pharma mergers of all time. In November 2010 AG signed an agreement to buy Auckland-based animal health company Bomac Group. partnered on the development of the radiotherapeutic Xofigo with Algeta, and in 2014 moved to acquire the company for about $2.9 billion. In 2014 agreed to buy Merck's consumer health business for $14.2 billion which would provide control with brands such as Claritin, Coppertone and Dr. Scholl's. would attain second place globally in nonprescription drugs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer In June 2015 agreed to sell its diabetic care business to Panasonic Healthcare Holdings for a fee of $1.02 billion. In August 2019, the business acquired the ~60% of BlueRock Therapeutics it didn't already own for up to $600 million. In September 2015 spun out its $12.3 billion materials science division into a separate, publicly traded company called Covestro in which it retained about a 70% interest. spun out the division because it had relatively low profit margins compared to its life science divisions (10.2%, compared with 24.9% for the agriculture business and 27.5% for healthcare) and because the business required high levels of investment to maintain its growth, and to more clearly focus its efforts and identity in the life sciences. Covestro shares were first offered on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in October 2015. Effective January 2016 following the spinout of Covestro, rebranded itself as a life sciences company, and restructured into three divisions and one business unit: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Health, Crop Science, and Animal Health. In May 2016 offered to buy U.S. seeds company Monsanto for $62 billion. Shortly after Bayer's offer, Monsanto rejected the acquisition bid, seeking a higher price. In September 2016 Monsanto agreed to a $66 billion offer by Bayer. In order to receive regulatory approval, agreed to divest a significant amount of its current agricultural assets to BASF in a series of deals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer On 21 March 2018 the deal was approved by the European Union, and it was approved in the United States on 20 May 2018. The sale closed on 7 June 2018. The Monsanto brand was discontinued; its products will be marketed under the name. On 16 September 2019, under the approval of National Company Law Tribunal, completed the merger of Monsanto India. Bayer's Monsanto acquisition is the biggest acquisition by a German company to date. However, owing to ongoing litigation concerning the herbicide Roundup, produced by Monsanto, the deal is considered one of the worst corporate deals ever agreed, owing to the massive financial and reputational blows it has caused Bayer. In 2003, to separate operational and strategic managements, AG was reorganized into a holding company. The group's core businesses were transformed into limited companies, each controlled by AG. These companies were: CropScience AG; HealthCare AG; MaterialScience AG and Chemicals AG, and the three service limited companies Technology Services GmbH, Business Services GmbH and Industry Services GmbH & Co. OHG. In 2016, the company began a second restructuring with the aim of allowing it to transition to a life sciences based company. By divesting its Chemicals division in 2004 and with the aim of off-loading its Materials division by mid-2016, will be left with the four core units, as depicted below. CropScience has products in crop protection (i.e. pesticides), nonagricultural pest control, seeds and plant biotechnology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer In addition to conventional agrochemical business, it is involved in genetic engineering of food. In 2002, AG acquired Aventis (now part of Sanofi) CropScience and fused it with their own agrochemicals division (Pflanzenschutz or "Crop Protection") to form CropScience; the Belgian biotech company Plant Genetic Systems became part of through the Aventis acquisition. Also in 2002, AG acquired the Dutch seed company Nunhems, which at the time was one of the world's top five seed companies. In 2006, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that CropScience's LibertyLink genetically modified rice had contaminated the U.S. rice supply. Shortly after the public learned of the contamination, the E.U. banned imports of U.S. long-grain rice and the futures price plunged. In April 2010, a Lonoke County, Arkansas jury awarded a dozen farmers $48 million. The case is currently on appeal to the Arkansas Supreme Court. On 1 July 2011 CropScience agreed to a global settlement for up to $750 million. In September 2014, the firm announced plans to invest $1 billion in the United States between 2013 and 2016. A spokesperson said that the largest investments will be made to expand the production of its herbicide Liberty. Liberty is an alternative to Monsanto's product, Roundup, which are both used to kill weeds. CropScience Limited is the Indian subsidiary of AG. It is listed on the Indian stock exchanges viz. the Bombay Stock Exchange & National Stock Exchange of India and has a market capitalization of $2 billion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer BioScience, headquartered in Hyderabad, India has about 400 employees, and has research, production and an extensive sales network spread across India. Before the 2016 restructuring, HealthCare comprises a further four subdivisions: Schering Pharma, Consumer Care, Animal Health and Medical Care. As part of the corporate restructuring, Animal Health was moved into its own business unit, leaving the division with the following categories; Allergy, Analgesics, Cardiovascular Risk Prevention, Cough & Cold, Dermatology, Foot Care, Gastrointestinals, Nutritionals and Sun Care. Consumer Care manages Bayer's OTC medicines portfolio. Key products include analgesics such as Aspirin and Aleve, food supplements Redoxon and Berocca, and skincare products Bepanthen and Bepanthol. Women's healthcare is an example of a General Medicine business unit. Pharma produces the birth control pills Yaz and Yasmin. Both pills use a newer type of progestin hormone called drospirenone in combination with estrogen. Yaz is advertised as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and moderate acne. Other key products include the cancer drug Nexavar, the multiple sclerosis drug betaferon/betaseron and the blood-clotting drug, Kogenate. In May 2014 it was announced that would buy Merck & Co's consumer health care unit for $14.2 billion. also controls Dihon Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer The Pharmaceuticals Division focuses on prescription products, especially for women's healthcare and cardiology, and also on specialty therapeutics in the areas of oncology, hematology and ophthalmology. The division also comprises the Radiology Business Unit which markets contrast-enhanced diagnostic imaging equipment together with the necessary contrast agents. In addition to internal R&D, has participated in public–private partnerships. One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox program. Another is the Innovative Medicines Initiative of EFPIA and the European Commission. HealthCare's Animal Health Division is the maker of Advantage Multi (imidacloprid + moxidectin) Topical Solution for dogs and cats, Advantage flea control for cats and dogs and K9 Advantix, a flea, tick, and mosquito control product for dogs. Advantage Multi, K9 Advantix and Advantage are trademarks of Bayer. The division specializes in parasite control and prescription pharmaceuticals for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. North American operation for the Animal Health Division are headquartered in Shawnee, Kansas. Animal Health is a division of HealthCare LLC. Business Services located at the USA Headquarters in Robinson Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, Business Services handles the information technology infrastructure and technical support aspect of USA and Canada. This is also the headquarters of the North American Service Desk, the central IT Help Desk for all of USA and Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer Business Services also employs 4500 specialists in India. Technology Services is engaged in process development and in process and plant engineering, construction and optimization. Currenta offers services for the chemical industry, including utility supply, waste management, infrastructure, safety, security, analytics and vocational training and is a joint venture between and Lanxess. Chemicals AG (with the exception of H.C. Starck and Wolff Walsrode) was combined with certain components of the polymers segment to form the new company Lanxess on 1 July 2004; Lanxess was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in early 2005. HealthCare's Diagnostics Division was acquired by Siemens Medical Solutions in January 2007. Diabetes Care managed Bayer's medical devices portfolio. Key products included the blood glucose monitors Contour Next EZ (XT), Contour, Contour USB and Breeze 2 used in the management of diabetes. The diabetes business unit was sold to Panasonic Healthcare Co. for $1.15 billion in June 2015. MaterialScience was a supplier of high-tech polymers, and developed solutions for a broad range of applications relevant to everyday life. On 18 September 2014, the Board of Directors of AG announced plans to float the MaterialScience business on the stock market as a separate entity. On 1 June 2015 announced that the new company would be named Covestro; formally spun out Covestro in September 2015. For the fiscal year 2017, reported earnings of EUR€7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer 3 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€35 billion, a decrease of 25.1% over the previous fiscal cycle. Bayer's shares traded at over €69 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US€65.4 billion in November 2018. In September 2019, announced to reduce the number of management board members from seven to five to reduce overall costs. In 1904, the company founded the sports club TuS 04 ("Turn- und Spielverein der Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. & Co."), later SV 04 ("Sportvereinigung 04 Leverkusen"), finally becoming TSV 04 Leverkusen ("Turn- und Sportverein") in 1984, generally, however, known simply as 04 Leverkusen. The club is best known for its football team, but has been involved in many other sports, including athletics, fencing, team handball, volleyball, boxing, and basketball. TSV 04 Leverkusen is one of the largest sports clubs in Germany. The company also supports similar clubs at other company sites, including Dormagen (particularly handball), Wuppertal (particularly volleyball), and Krefeld-Uerdingen (featuring another former Bundesliga football club, SC 05 Uerdingen, now KFC Uerdingen 05). In October 2008 Bayer's Canadian division was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. The Canadian division was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by the "Toronto Star" newspaper. USA was given a score of 85 (out of 100) in the Human Rights Campaign's 2011 Corporate Equality Index, a measure of gay and lesbian workplace equality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer In 2016 Standard Ethics Aei gave a rating to in order to include the company in its Standard Ethics German Index. received an EE- rating, the fourth tier in an eight-tier ranking. Ranked 3rd in Access to Seeds Index in 2016. In August 2018, two months after acquired Monsanto, a U.S. jury ordered Monsanto to pay $289 million to a school groundskeeper who claimed his Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was caused by regularly using Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide produced by Monsanto. Following the verdict Bayer's share price dropped by around 14% or $14 Billion in market capitalization. The company filed an appeal on 18 September 2018. It faces 8,700 similar lawsuits alleging Roundup caused cancer. The general consensus among national regulatory agencies, and the European Commission is that labeled usage of the herbicide poses no carcinogenic or genotoxic risk to humans. On 13 May 2019, a United States Superior Court Judge ordered to pay more than $ 2.5 Billion in damages to a couple in California. The husband and his wife, both of whom contracted non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, were awarded $1.37 billion and $1.18 billion respectively. In 2019, and Johnson & Johnson (who market Xarelto together) settled around 25,000 lawsuits on the blood thinning drug Xarelto (rivaroxaban) by agreeing to disburse $775 million (US) to federal and state plaintiffs who said the companies had not properly warned patients about possible fatal bleeding as a result of ingesting the drug | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer There was no admission of liability from the companies in the settlement as they noted they had prevailed in six previous trials. The settlement will be divided evenly between the companies. In 2019, a federal jury in San Francisco CA sided with in a $600 million (US) class action suit alleging that the company misinformed consumers by promoting its One A Day vitamins as supporting cardiac health, vigorous immune systems and boosting user energy. The suit was first filed as a nationwide class action; in 2017 the US District Court in San Francisco said subclasses of purchasers of the vitamin in Florida, New York, and California could act together. The jury found that the plaintiffs failed to prove that misrepresented its One A Day claims, and also did not demonstrate that any of the class representative consumers who purchased One A Day relied on the so-called false information as part of their buying decision. As a cost-cutting measure in the mid-1980s, knowingly supplied hemophilia medication tainted with HIV to patients in Asia and Latin America, infecting thousands who later died of AIDS. On February 14, 2020, and BASF were ordered to pay Missouri peach farmer Bill Bader $15 million in damages as a result of destruction of his peach trees which caused by the usage of dicamba by nearby farmers. Dicamba was another product which acquired from Monsanto. also inherited the lawsuit from Monsanto as well | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Bayer On February 15, 2020, Bayer-representing Monsanto- and BASF were ordered to pay not only the $15 million in damages, but an additional $250 million in punitive damages. and BASF afterwards announced plans to appeal the $265 million fine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 |
Thiirene is a sulfur heterocycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23755701 |
Field metabolic rate (FMR) refers to a measurement of the metabolic rate of a free-living animal. Measurement of the is made using the doubly labeled water method, although alternative techniques, such as monitoring heart rates, can also be used. The advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approaches have been reviewed by Butler, "et al." Several summary reviews have been published. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23759925 |
Andrey Korjenkov is a Kyrgyz seismologist and geologist. Korjenkov is a member of the Kyrgyz Institute of Seismology and the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences. One of his papers is based on his geological research into the Chong-Kemin Valley, entitled, "Long-Term Preservation of Paleoseismic Deformations as a Tool for Revealing Traces of Ancient Seismic Catastrophes". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23764574 |
John Braithwaite Wallis (1877–1961) was a Canadian entomologist, a graduate of the University of Manitoba. The J.B. Wallis Museum of Entomology at the University was named in his honour. He was also a Coleopterologist, having described many beetle species including Haliplus leechi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23773734 |
Margaret Pieroni is a Western Australian botanical artist and botanist who has authored, co-authored and/or illustrated many books on Australian botany, including "Brush with Gondwana: Botanical Artists Group of Western Australia" (2008), "The Dryandras" (2006), "Verticordia: the turner of hearts" (2002), "Discovering the wildflowers of Western Australia " (1993), "Exploring granite outcrops" (1990) and "Leaf and branch: trees and tall shrubs of Perth" (1990). Pieroni is also recognised for a significant contribution to specimen collection and horticultural research into dryandras, series "Banksia" ser. "Dryandra", formerly regarded as genus "Dryandra". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23788643 |
Laminar sublayer The laminar sublayer, also called the viscous sublayer, is the region of a mainly-turbulent flow that is near a no-slip boundary and in which the flow is laminar. As such, it is a type of boundary layer. The existence of the laminar sublayer can be understood in that the flow velocity decreases towards the no-slip boundary. Because of this, the Reynolds number decreases until at some point the flow crosses the threshold from turbulent to laminar. The laminar sublayer is important for river-bed ecology: below the laminar-turbulent interface, the flow is stratified, but above it, it rapidly becomes well-mixed. This threshold can be important in providing homes and feeding grounds for benthic organisms. Whether the roughness due to the bed sediment or other factors are smaller or larger than this sublayer has an important bearing in hydraulics and sediment transport. Flow is defined as hydraulically rough if the roughness elements are larger than the laminar sublayer (thereby perturbing the flow), and as hydraulically smooth if they are smaller than the laminar sublayer (and therefore ignorable by the main body of the flow). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23797849 |
Compton telescope A (also known as Compton camera or Compton imager) is a gamma-ray detector which utilizes Compton scattering to determine the origin of the observed gamma rays. Compton cameras are usually applied to detect gamma rays in the energy range where Compton scattering is the dominating interaction process, from a few hundred keV to several MeV. They are applied in fields such as astrophysics, nuclear medicine, and nuclear threat detection. In astrophysics, the most famous Compton telescopes was COMPTEL aboard the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory, which pioneered the observation of the gamma-ray sky in the energy range between 0.75 and 30 MeV. A potential successor is NCT - the Nuclear Compton Telescope. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23800341 |
Galathea Depth The is the portion of the Philippine Trench exceeding depths in the south-western Pacific Ocean. Originally discovered by the German ship "Planet" in 1912, it was first explored in detail by the Danish ship "Galathea" in 1951 on the Galathea 2 expedition, from which the name is taken. Biological samples collected during the Danish expedition demonstrated a wide variety of fish, amphipods, and bacteria surviving at depths seldom seen before. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23807024 |
Narrabeen group The of sedimentary rocks occurs in the Sydney Basin in eastern Australia. This series of rocks was formed in the Triassic Period. It includes various rock types including lithic sandstone, quartz sandstone, siltstones, claystones, conglomerate and shales, some of which have fossils of plants and fish. Partly in these rocks plants, fish and amphibious animals are petrified. The red and green shales of the Narrabeen Group are water-tight over the sandstone bodies and the shale of Bald Hill, which forms the top layer of the Narrabeen Group, forms a regional water-barrier layer. Over the Narrabeen Group, the younger stratigraphic formation of Hawkesbury sandstones accumulated. Above the is the younger less fertile Hawkesbury sandstone. Below are Permian sedimentary rocks including measures of coal broadly known as the Illawarra Coal Measures. The is most famously seen as The Three Sisters in the Blue Mountains. It can also be seen in various places in the Sydney Basin, such as Long Reef near Narrabeen, and at sea level around Broken Bay. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23810107 |
Judith Schiebout Dr. is an American paleontologist, and is an Adjunct Associate Professor of Geology at Louisiana State University and Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at LSU Museum of Natural Science. Schiebout earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1968, followed by a Master of Arts in 1970 and a Ph. D. in 1973, all from the University of Texas at Austin. Schiebout's research focuses on paleoecology and vertebrate paleontology, particularly the biostratigraphy and paleogeography of southern North America in the Cenozoic era. She currently focuses on mammals from the Middle and Late Cenozoic, the transitions occurring across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, and the Paleocene and Eocene periods, especially the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. She began her career working in Big Bend National Park in West Texas. She is currently focusing on Louisiana, especially its Miocene faunas. In the last 25 years an aspect of Chinese vertebrate paleontology has entered her interests as well when Dr. Suyin Ting came to the United States to study, first under her direction and then alongside Dr. Schiebout. Her current major interest involves mammals from the Miocene period of Louisiana. In the Middle Miocene of Louisiana, a diverse grouping of animals have been discovered consisting of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine vertebrates. Examples include rhinos, giant camels, whales, and gomphotheres. A late Miocene Site in the Tunica Hills is also under study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23813324 |
Compensatory growth (organ) Compensatory growth is a type of regenerative growth that can take place in a number of human organs after the organs are either damaged, removed, or cease to function. Additionally, increased functional demand can also stimulate this growth in tissues and organs. The growth can be a result of increased cell size (compensatory hypertrophy) or an increase in cell division (compensatory hyperplasia) or both. For instance, if one kidney is surgically removed, the cells of other kidney divide at an increased rate. Eventually, the remaining kidney can grow until its mass approaches the combined mass of two kidneys. Along with the kidneys, compensatory growth has also been characterized in a number of other tissues and organs including: A large number of growth factors and hormones are involved with compensatory growth, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood and probably varies between different organs. Nevertheless, angiogenic growth factors which control the growth of blood vessels are particularly important because blood flow significantly determines the maximum growth of an organ. Compensatory growth may also refer to the accelerated growth following a period of slowed growth, particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23826998 |
Biologia Centrali-Americana The is an encyclopedia of the natural history of Mexico and Central America, privately issued in 215 parts from 1879 to 1915 by the editors Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin, of the British Museum (Natural History) in London. It was begun by Alfred Maudslay publishing his first long-form description of the Archaeology at Chichen Itza (London: R.H. Porter and Dulau, 1889-1902). This work is still fundamental for the study of Neotropical plants and animals, because it contains almost all that was known of the biodiversity of Mexico and Central America at the time of its publication. Leading scientists of the day were the authors of the volumes. The whole series has 63 volumes with 1677 lithograph plates (more than 900 of which are in color) depicting 18,587 subjects. In total, 50,263 species are treated, of which 19,263 are described as new. Archaeology was added to the already monumental project because of new discoveries in the region. Since the "Biologia Centrali-Americana" was published, several volumes have been reprinted, but on the whole the series is rare in libraries and mostly absent from Latin American research institutions. The original volumes were printed on acid paper and have suffered from handling of the now brittle pages. The Smithsonian Institution has digitized the encyclopedia for distribution via the internet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23830082 |
Gustav Flor Gustav August Adam Flor ( – ) was a Baltic German zoologist from Livonia. Flor studied medicine and natural science at the University of Dorpat, later becoming a professor of zoology. In 1860, he became director of the zoological cabinet, which he remained until his death in 1883 (the zoological cabinet was the predecessor of the Zoology Museum at the University of Tartu, where his 11,815-specimen entomological collection still resides). He is best known for his studies of Hemiptera, especially the two-volume work "Die Rhynchoten Livlands in systematischer Folge beschrieben" (""The Hemiptera of Livonia, Described In Systematic Order""). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23831747 |
Helical Dirac fermion A is a charge carrier that behaves as a massless relativistic particle with its intrinsic spin locked to its translational momentum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23837915 |
Valerie V. Hunt Valerie Virginia Hunt, Ed.D (July 22, 1916 – February 24, 2014) was a scientist, author, and former professor of Physiological Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. Hunt was born in 1916 in Larwill, Indiana. She retired from UCLA in 1980. Her work influenced the development of dance/movement therapy. She died in 2014 at the age of 97. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23854148 |
Cloud drop effective radius The cloud drop effective radius (alternatively cloud effective radius or effective radius) is a weighted mean of the size distribution of cloud droplets. The term was defined in 1974 by James E. Hansen and Larry Travis as the ratio of the third to the second moment of a droplet size distribution to aid in the inversion of remotely sensed data. Physically, it is an area weighted radius of the cloud drop particles. Mathematically, this can be expressed as formula_1. The global effective particle radius has different values for water and ice clouds: the former is around 14 μm, whereas for ice it is around 25 μm. Studies also indicate that the effective cloud droplet radius is larger over oceans than over ground by 15%-20%. By contrast, the difference in the ice particle size over land and oceans is much smaller (only 5%). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23854748 |
Locality (astronomy) Locality in astronomy is in theory closeness of the observer relative to the observed astronomical phenomenon under consideration, and thus in practice the relative closeness of the phenomenon to the star system of the Sun. Being local is an ambiguous condition, and always relative to the order of magnitude of the relevant phenomenon. The term "local" is commonly applied to structures on five successively larger scales beyond the roughly two-light-years diameter of the Solar System: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23859679 |
Root crown A root crown, also known as the root collar or root neck, is that part of a root system from which a stem arises. Since roots and stems have quite different vascular anatomies, major vascular changes take place at this point. Root-crown temperature has been found to affect plant growth and physiology in a number of ways. Root crowns need to be exposed and 'breathe'; this is one way that some plants take in oxygen. A number of pests and diseases affect specifically this part of the plant, including root-crown rot (or root-crown fungus) and a number of species of root-crown weevil. The root crown area usually appears swollen, tapered, constricted or very thin - as well as a combination of these. The area of the root crown is usually located around or at the soil level and can be vaguely or clearly apparent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23867617 |
Vacuum genesis (zero-energy universe) is a scientific hypothesis about the Big Bang that questions whether the universe began as a single particle arising from an absolute vacuum, similar to how virtual particles come into existence and then fall back into non-existence. The concept of vacuum genesis was first proposed in 1969 during a seminar being conducted by cosmologist Dennis Sciama. Edward Tryon, in the audience, was seized by an idea and blurted "Maybe the "universe" is a vacuum fluctuation." This was treated as a joke at the time, but Tryon had not been joking. In a 1984 interview, Tryon recalled that three years later, sitting at home, he had a further revelation; "I visualized the universe erupting out of nothing as a quantum fluctuation and I realized that it was possible that it explained the critical density of the universe." The critical density of the universe is dependent upon the rate at which the universe is still expanding. The universe is expanding at an accelerated rate, but was originally thought to be slowing down. Furthermore, the rate at which this is changing gives the overall mass density of the universe which is denoted by the Greek letter omega. If omega is less than one, the mass density would be insufficient to stop the universe's expansion and it would go on expanding forever. If omega is more than one, the universe will eventually stop expanding and will thus collapse in on itself to again form another fireball not unlike the one from which it came | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23885859 |
Vacuum genesis If omega is exactly 1, the universe's expansion will continuously slow, but never quite halt. Tryon's theory requires that omega be equal to or less than one. Through calculations it has been found that omega is 1 as far as instruments are able to determine. However, the universe could be so vast that its curvature is undetectable. The universe's rate of expansion is accelerating and is projected to continue accelerating due to dark energy, thus omega must be lower than 1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23885859 |
Alliance (taxonomy) An alliance is an informal grouping used in biological taxonomy. The term "alliance" is not a taxonomic rank defined in any of the nomenclature codes. It is used for any group of species, genera or tribes to which authors wish to refer, that have at some time provisionally been considered to be closely related. The term is often used for a group that authors are studying in further detail in order to refine the complex taxonomy. For example, a molecular phylogenetics study of the Aerides–Vanda Alliance (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) confirmed that the group is monophyletic, and clarified which species belong in each of the 14 genera. In other orchid groups, the various alliances that have been defined do not correspond well to clades. Historically, some 19th century botanical authors used alliance to denote groups that would now be considered orders. This usage is now obsolete, and the ICN (Article 17.2) specifies that such taxa are treated as orders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23887706 |
International Congress on Mathematical Physics The (ICMP) is the largest research congress in mathematical physics. It is held every three years, on behalf of the International Association of Mathematical Physics (IAMP). The Henri Poincaré Prize and the IAMP early career award are both delivered at the ICMP. 1972: Moscow 1974: Warsaw 1975: Kyoto 1977: Rome 1979: Lausanne 1981: Berlin 1983: Boulder 1986: Marseille 1988: Swansea 1991: Leipzig 1994: Paris 1997: Brisbane (website) 2000: London 2003: Lisbon (website) 2006: Rio de Janeiro (website) 2009: Prague (website) 2012: Aalborg (website) 2015: Santiago (website) 2018: Montréal (website) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23897905 |
Hanging glacier A hanging glacier originates high on the wall of a glacial valley and descends only part of the way to the surface of the main glacier and abruptly stops, typically at a cliff. Avalanching and icefalls are the mechanisms for ice and snow transfer to the valley floor below. Rock and icefall from a hanging glacier was responsible for triggering the Kolka-Karmadon rock ice slide in 2002, that killed 125 people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23899364 |
Arp 272 is a pair of interacting galaxies consisting of the two spiral galaxies NGC 6050 (left) and IC 1179 (right). lies around 450 million light years from Earth in the constellation of Hercules. The galaxies are part of the Hercules Cluster, which is itself part of the CfA2 Great Wall. The two galaxies in are in physical contact through their spiral arms. A third galaxy can be seen at the top of them; that galaxy is also interacting with them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23909695 |
Ventisquero In Spanish language a ventisquero is a zone in a mountain where heavy snow accumulations occur. Before the term "glaciar" (Spanish for glacier) became widespread many glaciers in Patagonia were titled with ventisquero, such as Negro or Grandes Ventisqueros. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23917138 |
Tha Hla (, ; 1916– ?) was a noted Burmese botanist and forestry warden. He began his career in Burmese forestry around 1934. In 1951, along with Chit Ko Ko he met English botanist Francis Kingdon-Ward and conducted further research into plants in Burma. They set off on an expedition and reached Hkinlum in several days in the alpine region where they could expect to find hardy plants. During the expedition was reported to have got lost whilst searching for new Rhododendrons. Several people went out in search of him and preparations begun for a full search in the morning but he returned to camp late in the night. During the trip was also reported to have got a twig in his eye, giving him severe pain for some days. Nevertheless, the expedition was a success and the team collected 37 species of Rhododendrons and nearly 100 other species and 1400 herbarium specimens, including the epiphytic lilly "Lilium arboricola" and "Lonicera hildebrandiana", a honeysuckle with huge flowers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23920499 |
Andean Geology (formerly Revista Geológica de Chile) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published three times per year by the National Geology and Mining Service, Chile's geology and mining agency. The journal covers the field of geology and related earth sciences, primarily on issues that are relevant to South America, Central America, and Antarctica with a particular focus on the Andes. The journal was established in 1974 and articles are published in English and Spanish. The editor-in-chief is Waldo Vivallo (National Geology and Mining Service). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23921065 |
Jan Rzewuski (born December 19, 1916 in Łódź, died September 17, 1994 in Wrocław) was a Polish theoretical physicist, a member of Polish resistance during World War II and a participant in the Warsaw Uprising. Rzewuski finished a gimnazjum in Łódź in 1934 and between 1934 and 1939 studied chemistry in Lwów and Gdańsk. From the start of the German occupation of Poland until 1942 he worked in the cotton industry in Łódź as an ordinary worker. In the next two years he studied theoretical physics in a secret underground (Poles were forbidden to study past the elementary level during the German occupation) university organized by the University of Warsaw. As part of the Polish Home Army (AK) he fought in the Warsaw Uprising for which he was later decorated with the Cross of Valor and the Cross of the Uprising. After the war, in 1945, he worked a lecturer at the Lublin Polytechnic. In 1946 he moved back to Warsaw where he took a position at the University of Warsaw and where, in that year he got his magisterium in theoretical physics under Jan Blaton. He received a scholarship of Ministry of Education and defended his doctoral thesis in 1947. In 1948 he was hired as an adjunct at the Mikolaj Kopernik University in Toruń. He spent the next year at the University of Birmingham. He was the laureate of numerous awards and decorations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23938141 |
Jan Rzewuski He received an honorary decree from University of Wrocław, the Order of Polonia Restituta, the Jurzykowski Prize in USA, the Medal of the Polish Education Commission and several awards from the Polish Minister of Education. The Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences awarded him the Marian Smoluchowski Medal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23938141 |
Thermoduric bacterium Thermoduric bacteria are bacteria which can survive, to varying extents, the pasteurisation process. Species of bacteria which are thermoduric include Bacillus, Clostridium and Enterococci. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23944323 |
Master of Bioscience Enterprise A (abbreviated "MBE" or "MBioEnt") is a specialised degree taught at The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Karolinska Institute, Sweden and The University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. The MBE is an interdisciplinary programme incorporating multiple faculties and includes significant industry involvement. The degree is primarily focused on the commercialisation of biotechnology. Both universities have developed the MBE programme to provide specialist business and legal skills relevant to employment in the bio-economy. The context in which both programmes were developed are significantly different. These differences are reflected in internship placements, thesis topics and postgraduate employment opportunities. Inaugurated in 2006, the MBE programme was developed in partnership between the School of Biological Sciences (SBS), the Business School and the Law School. The prerequisite for the first year (the Postgraduate Diploma) is a Bachelor of Science with a major or specialisation in Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics, Biomedical Science, Food Science, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology or Physiology; a Bachelor of Engineering in Biomedical Engineering; a Bachelor of Pharmacy; or a Bachelor of Technology in Biotechnology. The Postgraduate Diploma of Bioscience Enterprise is required for entry into the Masters year. Associate degrees are also available. There is an academic component in both the Post Graduate Diploma and Masters year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23969712 |
Master of Bioscience Enterprise Postgraduate Diploma Year The Postgraduate Diploma year has five core papers required for the Postgraduate Diploma in Bioscience Enterprise. Students are also required to take three electives, which are generally science-based papers. SCIENT 701 (15 points) Accounting and Finance for Scientists <br> SCIENT 702 (15 points) Marketing for Scientific and Technical Personnel<br> SCIENT 703 (15 points) Frontiers in Biotechnology <br> SCIENT 704 (15 points) Law and Intellectual Property <br> SCIENT 705 (15 points) Research Commercialisation <br> SCIENT 706 (15 Points) Commercialisation Project Masters Year SCIENT 720 (15 Points) Science Enterprise Research Methods <br> SCIENT 721 (15 points) Product Development and Regulatory Environments <br> SCIENT 722 (15 points) Current Issues in Bioscience Enterprise <br> Thesis SCIENT 794 A & B(90 points) The thesis component requires students to undertake a research project within an industry organisation. Topics vary and have included a wide variety of areas. In the Masters year (year two), students undertake an internship within the biotechnology industry either in New Zealand or internationally for six months. During the internships, students complete a project for the company which generally relates to and influences the thesis topic, which is written during the internship period. Continued Industry Support<br> The programme continues to grow industry support | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23969712 |
Master of Bioscience Enterprise NZTE considers the strong relationship with the MBE programme as a critical part of building the Auckland region as a centre of biotech excellence, innovation, and business expertise. Companies are intimately involved in content delivery. Guest lecturers are frequently used from local and international biotechnology organisations. Two awards are given annually. The Baldwins award is given to the top achiever in Law and Intellectual Property. The award is designed to reward excellence in IP and encourage the graduates to consider future employment in this area. The second award is given to the student with the best Masters thesis. Founded in 2002, the MBE course is delivered by faculty of the Institute of Biotechnology and Judge Business School. Students’ progress is continuously assessed, and feedback and marks from each module are provided to the students throughout the programme. There are no formal written examinations. Students undertake an internship placement with a company or organisation, conducting research on a project of real commercial interest . The internship provides experience of working in a business environment as well as an opportunity to collect data as the basis for a dissertation. Students may opt, circumstances permitting, to work within multinational companies, start-ups, small to medium-sized enterprises or service providers to the biotech sector, such as accounting, legal or IP practices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23969712 |
Master of Bioscience Enterprise Normally students spend 4 – 6 weeks with a company and are encouraged to put into practise the lessons learnt from the academic aspects of the programme as well as to demonstrate original research and analysis. The dissertation is an important component of programme assessment and contributes 30% of the total marks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23969712 |
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a non-intrusive method of measuring time-resolved soot particle volume fraction and primary particle sizes in flames. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23970820 |
Magnetic energy and electrostatic potential energy are related by Maxwell's equations. The potential energy of a magnet of magnetic moment formula_1 in a magnetic field formula_2 is defined as the mechanical work of the magnetic force (actually magnetic torque) on the re-alignment of the vector of the magnetic dipole moment and is equal to: while the energy stored in an inductor (of inductance formula_4) when a current formula_5 flows through it is given by: This second expression forms the basis for superconducting magnetic energy storage. Energy is also stored in a magnetic field. The energy per unit volume in a region of space of permeability formula_7 containing magnetic field formula_2 is: More generally, if we assume that the medium is paramagnetic or diamagnetic so that a linear constitutive equation exists that relates formula_2 and formula_11, then it can be shown that the magnetic field stores an energy of where the integral is evaluated over the entire region where the magnetic field exists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23971781 |
Yasushi Takahashi Yasushi Takahashi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23975352 |
Vorton A vorton is a hypothetical circular cosmic string loop stabilized by the angular momentum of the charge and current trapped on the string. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23979808 |
Tienshanite Tienshanite, named for the Tian Shan Range in Mongolia, is a rare borosilicate mineral, though rock-forming in some parts of its original locality at the Dara-i-Pioz Glacier in Tajikistan. Its formula is extremely complex: KNa(Na,K,[])6(Ca,Y,RE)Ba(Mn,Fe,Zn,Ti)(Ti,Nb)SiBO[O(OH,F)]F. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24008092 |
Kopp-Etchells effect The Kopp–Etchells effect is a sparkling ring or disk that is sometimes produced by rotary-wing aircraft when operating in desert conditions, particularly near the ground at night. The name was coined by photographer Michael Yon to honor two soldiers who were killed in combat; Benjamin Kopp, a US Army Ranger, and Joseph Etchells, a British soldier. Both were killed in combat in Sangin, Afghanistan in July of 2009. Other names that have been used to describe this phenomenon include scintillation, halo effect, pixie dust, and corona effect. Helicopter rotors are fitted with abrasion shields along their leading edges to protect the blades. These abrasion strips are often made of titanium, stainless steel, or nickel alloys, which are very hard, but not as hard as sand. When a helicopter flies low to the ground in desert environments, sand can strike the metal abrasion strip and cause erosion, which produces a visible corona or halo around the rotor blades. The effect is caused by the pyrophoric oxidation of the ablated metal particles. In this way, the Kopp–Etchells effect is similar to the sparks made by a grinder, which are also due to pyrophoricity. Abrasion strips made of titanium produce the brightest sparks, and the intensity increases with the size and concentration of sand grains in the air. Sand particles are more likely to hit the rotor when the rotorcraft is near the ground. This occurs because sand is blown into the air by the downwash and then carried to the top of the rotor disk by a vortex of air | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24012524 |
Kopp-Etchells effect This process is called recirculation and can lead to a complete brownout in severe situations. The Kopp–Etchells effect, however, is not necessarily associated with takeoff and landing operations. It has been observed without night vision goggles at altitudes as high as . The effect is often and incorrectly believed to be an electrical phenomenon, either as a result of static electricity as in St. Elmo's Fire, or due to the interaction of sand with the rotor (triboelectric effect), or a piezoelectric property of quartz sand. Mechanical action has been considered, whereby impact with the sand particles may cause photoluminescence. Additionally, mechanisms relating to triboluminescence, chemiluminescence, and electroluminescence have been suggested. Yet another incorrect theory is that that the extreme speed of the helicopter blades pushes sand particles out of the way so fast that they burn up like meteors in the atmosphere due to adiabatic heating. Groundcrew have mistaken the phenomenon for fire or other malfunctions. The erosion associated with the Kopp–Etchells effect presents costly maintenance and logistics problems, and is an example of FOD. Sand hitting the moving rotor blades represents a security risk because of the highly visible ring it produces, which places military operations at a tactical disadvantage when trying to remain concealed in darkness. The light from the Kopp–Etchells effect can interfere with the pilot's ability to see, especially when using night vision equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24012524 |
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