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Charles Alexander Shain (6 February 1922 – 11 February 1960) was an Australian pioneer in the field of radio astronomy. Shain entered the University of Melbourne in 1940, studying physics, where he won a non-resident Exhibition to Trinity College. In 1942, for his final year, he moved into residence at Trinity on a Council Minor Scholarship, graduating at the end of the year with a BSc. With Australia at war, Shain joined the Second Australian Imperial Force, but was discharged in 1943 on medical grounds. He then worked on radio countermeasures at the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Radiophysics Laboratory. Following the war, he entered the field of decametre radio astronomy. He was a pioneer in the study of absorption in H II regions as well as the effects of the ionosphere on radio signals. He died of cancer, leaving behind a wife and three children.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31167341
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Herluf Winge Adolf (19 March 1857 – 10 November 1923) was a Danish zoologist. As a young student, along with his brother Oluf, Winge was interested in small mammals, particularly moles, shrews and insectivora. He studied mammalian dentition and produced a comparison of cusp similarities. He worked at the Zoological Museum in the University of Copenhagen from 1885. A major work was his three volumes of "E Museo Lundii" on the extinct fauna of South America with 75 plates that he drew. He also studied the animal remains found in the kitchen-middens of Denmark. Winge was described as a Lamarckist by some authors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31170737
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Marine Exhibition Center of Punta Culebra The Punta Culebra Nature Center is a visitor center located in Panama City, on one of the islands connected by the Amador Causeway. It is operated by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, also located in Panamá. The center focuses mainly on [[marine and terrestrial science and education, conservation and interpretation of marine coastal environments in the [[tropics]]. Among its attractions, the Fabulous Frogs of Panama, a touch tank with equinoderms and turtles are some of the [[exhibits]] found in Punta Culebra. A [[trail]] to a stretch of [[tropical dry forest]] is also part of the attractions where free roaming animals such as raccoons, sloths, green iguanas and beautiful birds and butterflies can be found. [[Category:Natural history museums]] [[Category:Conservation in Panama]] [[Category:Smithsonian Institution]] [[Category:Museums in Panama City]] [[Category:Nature centers]]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31193071
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Society for the History of Natural History The (SHNH) is an international society for everyone who is interested in natural history in the broadest sense. This includes botany, zoology and geology as well as natural history collections, exploration, art and bibliography. Everyone with an interest in these subjects – professional or amateur – is welcome to join. The Society's Patron is Sir David Attenborough OM CH FRS. Originally named the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, SHNH was founded in 1936 by a small group of distinguished scientists, librarians and bibliographers whose appreciation and love of books inspired the formation of the Society in London. The Society's first President was Charles Davies Sherborn (1861–1942), who compiled the "Index Animalium" single-handedly over 43 years (1758–1850). This 11 volume, 9,000 page work became the basis for zoological nomenclature. The Society's main publication is "Archives of Natural History" which is published for the Society by Edinburgh University Press. "Archives of Natural History" provides an avenue for the publication of papers on the history and bibliography of natural history in its broadest sense, and in all periods and all cultures. This includes botany, geology, palaeontology and zoology, the lives of naturalists, their publications, correspondence and collections, and the institutions and societies to which they belong
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Society for the History of Natural History Bibliographical papers concerned with the study of rare books, manuscripts and illustrative material, and analytical and enumerative bibliographies are also published. From time to time, the Society also publishes other works of interest, the most recent being "Darwin in the Archives". An informal "Newsletter" is also produced. The Society holds a regular series of meetings on all aspects of the history of natural history. These range from short evening meetings to international conferences taking place over several days with associated visits. It holds an annual "Spring Meeting" incorporating the Annual General Meeting at which Officers of the Society are elected, accounts presented, and medals and awards are announced. Every alternate year this becomes an international conference usually in the form of a one- or two-day symposium on a selected theme. Its meetings are seen as an important contribution to forging links between all those working in the history of natural history, leading to lasting collaborations and friendships across national and international boundaries. The Society is a registered charity under English law. The Society seeks to promote the objectives for which it was founded by making awards for excellence in areas of its fields of activity. The following medals and prizes are awarded by the Society for the History of Natural History:
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Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain (BNP) Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain (born 1 October 1946) is a Bangladeshi politician and geologist. Hossain was born in Goyeshpur village, in the Bengal Presidency, British India. His parents were Khandaker Ashraf Ali and Hosne Ara Hasna Hena. Hossain earned an MSc degree from University of Dhaka in 1968 and another MSc degree from Imperial College (then under University of London) in 1970. He obtained the PhD degree in geology in 1973 from University of London and DIC from Imperial College in 1974. He was the chairman of the Department of Geology, University of Dhaka from 1987 to 1991. Hossain joined Dhaka University faculty as junior lecturer in the Department of Geology in 1967. He became professor in the same department in 1986. Hossain has been a member of the Standing Committee of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (B.N.P.) since 1994. He was elected as a Member of the Jatiyo Sangshad from the Comilla-2 constituency in the national elections several times since 1991. He was the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources and Home Affairs during 1991–1996. He was also the Minister of Health and Family Welfare during the preceding Four Party Alliance government. Hossain was the chairman of the 56th World Health Assembly (WHA) in 2002. He was awarded with the "World No Tobacco Award" by the World Health Organization during the 57th WHA for his contribution to the anti-tobacco campaign in Bangladesh. Hossain is married to Bilquis Akther Hossain
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Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain (BNP) They have two sons Khandaker Mahbub Hossain and Khandaker Maruf Hossain, and one daughter Mahzabin Khandaker.
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Subglacial stream Subglacial streams are streams which flow in a channel at the bottom of an ice-sheet or a glacier, and are usually close to the glacier terminus or snout. These are fed by streams on top of the glacier which descend through ducts in the ice called moulins. The pressures are very high in these streams due to the huge mass of ice above them, consequently, they have very high erosive power meaning they will increase the volume of water flowing through, maintaining the high pressure. Some subglacial streams have the strange property of 'flowing' uphill due to the colossal pressures that are present.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31213939
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DART radiative transfer model DART (Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer) is a 3D radiative transfer model, designed for scientific research, in particular remote sensing. Developed at CESBIO since 1992, DART model was patented in 2003. It is freeware for scientific activities. DART model simulates, simultaneously in several wavelengths of the optical domain (e.g., visible and thermal infrared), the radiative budget and remotely sensed images of any Earth scene (natural / urban with /without relief), for any sun direction, any atmosphere, any view direction and any sensor FTM. It was designed to be precise, easy to use and adapted for operational use. For that, it simulates: It simulates any landscape as a 3D matrice of cells that contain turbid material and triangles. Turbid material is used for simulating vegetation (e.g., tree crowns, grass, agricultural crops...) and the atmosphere. Triangles are used for simulating translucent and opaque surfaces that makes up topography, urban elements and 3D vegetation. DART can use structural and spectral data bases (atmosphere, vegetation, soil...). It includes a LIDAR simulation mode. The approaches used to simulate radiative transfer differ on 2 levels: mathematical method of resolution and mode of representation of the propagation medium. These two levels are in general dependent. The models of radiative transfer are often divided into 2 categories associated with the 2 principal modes of representation of the landscape: homogeneous or heterogeneous representation
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DART radiative transfer model For the models known as homogeneous (Idso and of Wit, 1970; Ross, 1981; Verhoef, 1984; Myneni et al., 1989), the landscape is represented by a constant horizontal distribution of absorbing and scattering elements (sheets, branches, etc...). On the other hand, for the models known as heterogeneous, the landscape is represented by a no uniform space distribution of unspecified elements of the landscape (North, 1996; Govaerts, 1998). DART simulates radiative transfer in the "Earth-Atmosphere" system, for any wavelength in the optical domain (shortwaves : visible, thermal infrared...). Its approach combines the ray tracing and the discrete ordinate methods. It works with natural and urban landscapes (forests with different types of trees, buildings, rivers...), with topography and atmosphere above and within the landscape. It simulates light propagation from solar irradiance (Top of Atmosphere) and/or thermal emission within the scene. The study of the functioning of Continental surfaces requires the understanding of the various energetic and physiologic mechanisms that influence these surfaces. For example, the radiation absorbed in the visible spectral domain is the major energy source for vegetation photosynthesis. Moreover, energy and mass fluxes at the "Earth – Atmosphere" interface affect surface functioning, and consequently climatology. In this context, Earth observation from space (i.e
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DART radiative transfer model , space remote sensing) is an indispensable tool, due to its unique potential to provide synoptic and continuous surveys of the Earth, at different time and space scales. The difficulty in studying continental surfaces arises from the complexity of the energetic and physiologic processes involved and also from the different time and space scales concerned. It comes also from the complexity of satellite remote sensing space and from its links to quantities that characterize Earth functioning. These remarks underline the need of models, because only these can couple and gather within a single scheme all concerned processes.
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PANDA experiment The is a planned particle physics experiment at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt. PANDA will use proton–antiproton annihilation to study strong interaction physics including charmonium spectroscopy and exotic states such as charmed hybrids and glueballs. A description of the experiment is available at the scholarpedia.
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N-body choreography An "n"-body choreography is a periodic solution to the n-body problem in which all the bodies are equally spread out along a single orbit. The term was originated in 2000 by Chenciner and Montgomery. One such orbit is a circular orbit, with equal masses at the corners of an equilateral triangle; another is the figure-8 orbit, first discovered numerically in 1993 by Cristopher Moore and subsequently proved to exist by Chenciner and Montgomery. Choreographies can be discovered using variational methods, and more recently, topological approaches have been used to attempt a classification in the planar case
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Henri Tournier (1834 – 27 August 1904) was a Swiss entomologist. He was a dealer in Peney-le-Jorat. Tournier described many new species of Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. This is a partial list of works: Coleoptera Hymenoptera
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NGC 5584 is a barred spiral galaxy, more than 50,000 light-years across, that resides 72 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The blue areas the Hubble Space Telescope image are young stars, the darker areas are dust lanes, while the reddish spots and splotches are galaxies in the background. 250 Cepheid variables have been observed in NGC 5584. The image is a composite of several exposures taken in visible light between January and April 2010 with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31262563
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Raymond Effect is a flow effect in ice sheets, occurring at flow divides, which gives rise to disturbances in the stratigraphy, showing unusual arches or anticlines called "Raymond Arches". The stratigraphy is detected by radio-echo sounding. The Raymond effect arises from the unusual flow properties of ice. It is of importance because it provides field evidence for the flow properties of ice . In addition, it permits dating of changes in ice flow and the establishment of changes in ice thickness. The effect was first predicted by Charles F. Raymond. Ice viscosity is stress-dependent, and in zones where the (deviatoric) stresses are low, the viscosity becomes very high. Near the base of ice-sheets, stress is proportional to the surface slope, at least when averaged over a suitable horizontal distance. At the flow divide, the surface slope is zero, and calculations show that the viscosity increases. This diverts ice flow laterally, and is the cause of the characteristic anticlines, which are in effect draped over the high viscosity area.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31263185
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Francis Archer (1803–1875) was an Irish physician and naturalist. Archer was one of the founder members of the Belfast Natural History Society and later President of the Liverpool Natural History Society. He had two sons, (1839–92), a shell collector, and Samuel Archer, (1836–1902), who collected shells in Singapore.
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Free element In chemistry, a free element is a chemical element that is not combined with or chemically bonded to other elements. Examples of elements which can occur as free elements include the oxygen molecule (O) and carbon. All atoms of free elements have an oxidation number of 0. They hardly ever bond with other atoms. Other examples of free elements include the noble metals gold and platinum.
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Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity and altitude. When discussing surface air temperature, the annual atmospheric temperature range at any geographical location depends largely upon the type of biome, as measured by the Köppen climate classification Temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth's surface and this variation in temperature characterizes the four layers that exits in the atmosphere. These layers include: the Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere. The troposphere is the lowest of the four layers, extending from the surface of the Earth to about 11km into the atmosphere where the tropopause (the boundary between the troposphere stratosphere) is located. The width of the troposphere can vary depending on latitude, for example, the troposphere is thicker in the tropics (about 16km) because the tropics are generally warmer, and thinner at the poles (about 8km) because the poles are colder. Temperatures in the atmosphere decrease with height at an average rate of 6.5°C/ Km. Because the troposphere experiences its warmest temperatures closer to Earth's surface, there is great vertical movement of heat and water vapour, causing turbulence. This turbulence, in conjunction with the presence of water vapour, is the reason that weather occurs within the troposphere. Following the tropopause is the stratosphere
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Atmospheric temperature This layer extends from the tropopause to the stratopause which is located at an altitude of about 50 Km. Temperatures remain constant with height from the tropopause to an altitude of 20 Km, after which they start to increase with height. This happening is referred to as an inversion and It is because of this inversion that the stratosphere is not characterised as turbulent. The stratosphere receives its warmth from the sun and the ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet radiation. The next layer is called the mesosphere which extends from the stratopause to the mesopause, located at an altitude of 85 Km. Temperatures in the mesopause decrease with height and are in fact, the coldest in Earth's atmosphere This decrease in temperature can be attributed to the diminishing radiation received from the Sun, after most of it has already been absorbed by the thermosphere . The fourth layer of the atmosphere is known as the thermosphere which extends from the mesopause to the 'top' of the atmosphere. Some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the thermosphere, due to its reception of strong ionizing radiation at the level of the Van Allen radiation belt. The variation in temperature that occurs from the highs of the day to the cool of nights is called diurnal temperature variation. Temperature ranges can also be based on periods of a month, or a year
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Atmospheric temperature The size of ground-level atmospheric temperature ranges depends on several factors, such as: The figure at below-left shows an example of monthly temperatures recorded at one of such locations, the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, which lies approximately 60 km north of the Capricorn line (latitude of 22 degrees). Average yearly temperature is 22.4 degrees Celsius, ranging from an average minimum of 12.2 degrees to a maximum of 29.9 degrees. The average temperature range is 11.4 degrees. Variability along the year is small (standard deviation of 2.31 for the maximum monthly average and 4.11 for the minimum). It is easy to see in the graph another typical phenomenon of temperature ranges, which is its increase during winter (lower average air temperature). In Campinas, for example, the daily temperature range in July (the coolest month of the year) may vary between typically 10 and 24 degrees Celsius (range of 14), while in January, it may range between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius (range of 10). The effect of latitude, tropical climate, constant gentle wind and sea-side locations show smaller average temperature ranges, smaller variations of temperature, and a higher average temperature (second graph, taken for the same period as Campinas, at Aracaju, capital of the state of Sergipe, also in Brazil, at a latitude of 10 degrees, nearer to the Equator). Average maximum yearly temperature is 28.7 degrees Celsius and average minimum is 21.9. The average temperature range is 5.7 degrees only
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Atmospheric temperature Temperature variation along the year in Aracaju is very damped (standard deviation of 1.93 for the maximum temperature and 2.72 for the minimum temperature). A location which combines an average temperature of 19 degrees Celsius, 60% average humidity and a temperature range of about 10 degrees Celsius around the average temperature (yearly temperature variation) is considered ideal in terms of comfort for the human species. Most of the places with these characteristics are located in the transition between temperate and tropical climates, approximately around the tropics, particularly in the Southern hemisphere (the tropic of Capricorn). The minimum temperature on calm, clear nights has been observed to occur not on the ground, but rather a few tens of centimeters above the ground. The lowest temperature layer is called "Ramdas layer" after L. A. Ramdas, who first reported this phenomenon in 1932 based on observations at different screen heights at six meteorological centers across India. The phenomenon is attributed to the interaction of thermal radiation effects on atmospheric aerosols and convection transfer close to the ground. The concept of a global temperature is commonly used in climatology, and denotes the average temperature of the Earth based on surface, near-surface or tropospheric measurements. These temperature records and measurements are typically acquired using the satellite or ground instrumental temperature measurements, then usually compiled using a database or computer model
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Atmospheric temperature Long-term global temperatures in paleoclimate are discerned using proxy data.
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Spring horizon A spring horizon is an impervious layer of rock reaching the surface, along which springs emerge. Since aquifers and impervious strata often lie on top of one another in horizontal layers, adjacent contact springs often emerge at the same height along a line called the spring horizon.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31314192
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Holtfreter's solution (Holtfreter's medium) is a balanced salt solution that was developed by the developmental biologist Johannes Holtfreter for studying amphibian embryos and to reduce bacterial infections. As a specialised aqueous solution, it finds use in aquaria to prevent infections for early stage amphibians, where it is typically mixed with soft tap water. Amphibians such as axolotls prefer a hard watersolution. Molarity of the component salts are as follows:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31332741
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Stephen Hui Geological Museum The () is the first and only geological museum in Hong Kong. It is located on the ground and first floors of the James Hsioung Lee Building (), in the University of Hong Kong Main Campus. The museum is part of the Department of Earth Sciences, the only earth sciences department in Hong Kong. With the goal of making the rock collection available for public viewing, the museum opened on January 16, 2009. It houses around 10,000 catalogued specimens from different parts of the world. The museum is open from Mondays to Fridays, 1PM to 6PM, with mornings reserved for guided group tours.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31339564
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When Technology Fails When Technology Fails, edited by Neil Schlager, is a collection of 103 case studies about significant technological disasters, accidents, and failures of the 20th century. It was published in 1994 by Gale Research, Inc. It was one of the top referenced books in the New York Public Library in 1995. The book was updated and re-released in 2005. The book consists of 1,000- to 1,500-word entries, arranged by subject, that discuss the background, timeline, and impact of each event. Each entry is written by journalists, engineers, and researchers, and provides a cursory overview, rather than in-depth technological analysis. Entries are supplemented by bibliographies, black-and-white photographs, charts, and other print media.
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Pulsatile flow In fluid dynamics, a flow with periodic variations is known as pulsatile flow, or as Womersley flow. The flow profiles was first derived by John R. Womersley (1907–1958) in his work with blood flow in arteries. The cardiovascular system of chordate animals is a very good example where pulsatile flow is found, but pulsatile flow is also observed in engines and hydraulic systems, as a result of rotating mechanisms pumping the fluid. The pulsatile flow profile is given in a straight pipe by where: The pulsatile flow profile changes its shape depending on the Womersley number For formula_3, viscous forces dominate the flow, and the pulse is considered quasi-static with a parabolic profile. For formula_4, the inertial forces are dominant in the central core, whereas viscous forces dominate near the boundary layer. Thus, the velocity profile gets flattened, and phase between the pressure and velocity waves gets shifted towards the core. The Bessel function at its lower limit becomes which converges to the Hagen-Poiseuille flow profile for steady flow for or to a quasi-static pulse with parabolic profile when In this case, the function is real, because the pressure and velocity waves are in phase. The Bessel function at its upper limit it becomes which converges to This is highly reminiscent of the Stokes layer on an oscillating flat plate, or the skin-depth penetration of an alternating magnetic field into an electrical conductor
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Pulsatile flow On the surface formula_10, but the exponential term becomes negligible once formula_11 becomes large, the velocity profile becomes almost constant and independent of the viscosity. Thus, the flow simply oscillates as a plug profile in time according to the pressure gradient, However, close to the walls, in a layer of thickness formula_13, the velocity adjusts rapidly to zero. Furthermore, the phase of the time oscillation varies quickly with position across the layer. The exponential decay of the higher frequencies is faster. For deriving the analytical solution of this non-stationary flow velocity profile, the following assumptions are taken: Thus, the Navier-Stokes equation and the continuity equation are simplified as and respectively. The pressure gradient driving the pulsatile flow is decomposed in Fourier series, where formula_17 is the imaginary number, formula_18 is the angular frequency of the first harmonic (i.e., formula_19), and formula_20 are the amplitudes of each harmonic formula_21. Note that, formula_22 (standing for formula_23) is the steady-state pressure gradient, whose sign is opposed to the steady-state velocity (i.e., a negative pressure gradient yields positive flow)
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Pulsatile flow Similarly, the velocity profile is also decomposed in Fourier series in phase with the pressure gradient, because the fluid is incompressible, where formula_25 are the amplitudes of each harmonic of the periodic function, and the steady component (formula_23) is simply Poiseuille flow Thus, the Navier-Stokes equation for each harmonic reads as With the boundary conditions satisfied, the general solution of this ordinary differential equation for the oscillatory part (formula_29) is where formula_31 is the Bessel function of first kind and order zero, formula_32 is the Bessel function of second kind and order zero, formula_33 and formula_34 are arbitrary constants, and formula_35 is the dimensionless Womersley number. The axisymetic boundary condition (formula_36) is applied to show that formula_37 for the derivative of above equation to be valid, as the derivatives formula_38 and formula_39 approach infinity. Next, the wall non-slip boundary condition (formula_40) yields formula_41. Hence, the amplitudes of the velocity profile of the harmonic formula_21 becomes where formula_44 is used for simplification. The velocity profile itself is obtained by taking the real part of the complex function resulted from the summation of all harmonics of the pulse, Flow rate is obtained by integrating the velocity field on the cross-section. Since, then To compare the shape of the velocity profile, it can be assumed that where is the shape function. It is important to notice that this formulation ignores the inertial effects
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Pulsatile flow The velocity profile approximates a parabolic profile or a plug profile, for low or high Womersley numbers, respectively. For straight pipes, wall shear stress is The derivative of a Bessel function is Hence, If the pressure gradient formula_20 is not measured, it can still be obtained by measuring the velocity at the centre line. The measured velocity has only the real part of the full expression in the form of Noting that formula_55, the full physical expression becomes at the centre line. The measured velocity is compared with the full expression by applying some properties of complex number. For any product of complex numbers (formula_57), the amplitude and phase have the relations formula_58 and formula_59, respectively. Hence, and which finally yield
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St. Genevieve marble St. Genevieve marble, also known as Ste. Genevieve marble, is an oolitic limestone (or "marble") found in Sainte Genevieve County, Missouri. It is part of the Archimedes Limestone formation. It generally comes in two different types. "St. Genevieve Rose" is the name for the marble which comes in deep red, greenish-gray, pink, and rose. "St. Genevieve Gold Vein" is light or medium gray in color, with veins (running from buff to tan in color) running through it. Cross-sections of corals and crinoids can be see in the Gold Vein type. In the 1910s, it was widely considered the best marble found in the U.S. and known for its strength. It has been widely used in banks, churches, courthouses, government buildings, and other structures.
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John Frederick Perkins FRES (5 May 1910 in Paignton, Devon – 14 May 1983) was an English entomologist. He was the son of Zoë Lucy Sherrard Alatau and Robert Cyril Layton Perkins, also a hymenopterist. He was first educated at Newton College (Devon) and graduated with a First class Honours degree from the Imperial College of Science in 1932. In 1933 he was appointed an Assistant Keeper in the Department of Entomology British Museum (Natural History) where he specialised in Hymenoptera. He was a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society. Partial list
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Jim Kosek is an American television meteorologist currently working as the chief meteorologist at WAND in Decatur, Illinois. Kosek is best known for his presentation style, which includes loud exclamations, exaggerated motions, tie-ins to popular culture, and screaming comparable to that popularized by comedian Sam Kinison. studied meteorology at Penn State University, and after graduation found employment with AccuWeather in 1985. He started out as a rather straightfaced weatherman, but began acting quite strangely from the 1990s onward. He has been described by "Business Insider" as "the Bill O'Reilly of weather", by "The Washington Post" as "Al Roker meets Sam Kinison," and by Jimmy Kimmel as the equivalent of "Glenn Beck becom[ing] a meteorologist." His last day with Accuweather was January 11, 2012. He began employment as Chief Meteorologist for KTVX ABC 4 in Salt Lake City, Utah on January 18, 2012 and ended his employment sometime in the summer of 2014. He was replaced by Dan Pope who returned to KTVX. After KTVX, Kosek began presenting weather at KCTV in Kansas City, Missouri. He joined WGCL-TV in Atlanta on December 1, 2014 and made his return to the Chief Meteorologist position. Jim's final day on WGCL was June 23, 2017 after being let go by the station. In December of that year, he joined WLTZ in Columbus, Georgia as the station's chief meteorologist and held that position until August 2019.
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Claudius Rey (2 September 1817, in Lille – 31 January 1895, in Lille) was a French entomologist . Rey’s family owned a prosperous printing works which went bankrupt in 1847. One of his uncles, the owner of a vineyard producing Morgon, offered him employment. Impassioned by entomology, he began a collaboration with Etienne Mulsant (1797–1880) who was then working on "Histoire naturelle des coléoptères de France" - Natural History of the Beetles of France. In 1852, Rey settled in Lyon, in the residence of his brother in Saint-Genis-Laval. He took his Winter holidays in the South of France seeking insects. His work with Mulsant lasted until Mulsant’s death. The majority of the texts on Staphylinidae are the work of the two entomologists but five parts (Habrocerinae, Tachyporinae, Trichophyinae, Picropeplinae and Steninae) are the work of Rey alone. The Coleoptera are not the only study of Mulsant and Rey since they also worked on naturelle des punaises de France -the Natural history of the True Bugs of France. In addition to these publications, wrote many articles on Coleoptera in journals . He described 8 genera and 48 species. 116 genera and 407 species bear his name alongside that of Mulsant. Translation of article in Wikipedia France
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Sagaing Fault The is a major fault in Burma, a continental transform fault between the Indian plate and Sunda Plate that connects spreading centers in the Andaman Sea and the continental convergence zone along the Himalayan front. It passes through populated cities of Mandalay, Yamethin, Pyinmana, the capital Naypyidaw, Toungoo and Pegu before dropping off into the Gulf of Martaban, over 1200 kilometers. Global Positioning System campaigns revealed a right-lateral slip rate of 18 mm/yr. Different segments of the fault ruptured in May-1930, Dec-1930, 1931 and 1946. The fault ruptured in 1930, causing a Magnitude 7.3 quake and likely a local tsunami at Bago, causing over 500 deaths.
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Red River Fault The or Song Hong Fault () is a major fault in Yunnan, China and Vietnam which accommodates continental China's (Yangtze Plate) southward movement It is coupled with that of the Sagaing Fault in Burma, which accommodates the Indian plate's northward movement, with the land (Indochina) in between faulted and twisted clockwise. It was responsible for the 1970 Tonghai earthquake. It is named after the Red River which runs through its rift valley. Red River is a sinistral strike-slip fault situated at a NW-SE orientation.
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NGC 4444 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. The morphological classification places it midway on the continuum between a barred spiral (SB) and an unbarred spiral (SA), with an inner region that lies between a ring-like ("r") and a purely spiral form ("s"), and medium- ("b") to loosely wound ("c") outer spiral arms. This makes it a hybrid ringed, barred spiral galaxy. It has an angular size of and the estimated mass "M" is given log "M" = 9.76, yielding solar masses.
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Intraclasts are irregularly shaped grains that form by syndepositional erosion of partially lithified sediment. Gravel grade material is generally composed of whole disarticulated or broken skeletal fragments together with sand grade material of whole, disaggregated and broken skeletal debris. Such sediments can contain fragments of early cemented limestones of local origin which are known as intraclasts. The sediments that contain fragments of early cemented limestones of extra-basinal origin are called extraclasts. Examples of intraclasts include mudlumps that are torn up from the bottoms of lagoons during storms, hardened desiccated mudflakes produced in intertidal and supratidal environments and fragments broken from cemented deepsea crusts. Other intraclasts are aggregates of carbonate particles. These include grapestones and botryoidal grains. Grapestones are composite grains with an irregular shape that resembles a bunch of grapes, whereas botryoidal grains are similar to oolitic coats enveloping the aggregate grains. These types of intraclasts from in shoal water environments with intermediate wave and current activity, where grains that are cemented on the sea floor are broken into aggregate fragments and lumps during storms.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31420766
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Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company best known for its development of Soliris, a drug used to treat the rare disorders atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). The company is also involved in immune system research related to autoimmune diseases. It employs around 2,400 people worldwide. In February 2016, the company held the dedication ceremony for its new headquarters in New Haven, Connecticut, not far from the company's starting point in the same city. In September 2017, Alexion announced it would be moving its headquarters to Boston, Massachusetts, in mid-2018. was founded in 1992 at Science Park in New Haven, Connecticut by Steven Squinto and Leonard Bell. Bell served as the company's CEO until 2015. In 2000, Alexion moved its headquarters from New Haven to Cheshire, Connecticut. Alexion moved back to New Haven following the completion of New Haven's Downtown Crossing project in December 2015. Since 2006, Alexion has been a supporter of healthcare research and quality studies at Duke University for aspirin and Clopidogrel (trade name Plavix). Alexion received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for Soliris in 2007. It was initially approved to treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a rare blood disorder. In 2010, there was an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31443674
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Alexion Pharmaceuticals Soliris was considered a treatment option because of its effectiveness in treating Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, an illness similar to the one caused by the EHEC infection. In April 2011, Alexion was added to the NASDAQ-100, a group composed of the 100 largest non-financial stocks traded on the NASDAQ; with a market value of USD 8.5 billion it replaced Genzyme Corporation. In April 2015, Bell was replaced as CEO by David Hallal. In 2016, the company became a member of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). In December 2016, Alexion's board of directors announced new leadership. David Brennan, a current board member, became interim CEO. David Anderson, formerly the CFO of Honeywell, was appointed CFO, replacing Vikas Sinha. In March 2017, Alexion named Ludwig N. Hantson as its new CEO. In September 2017, Alexion announced that it would be closing its Smithfield, RI manufacturing facility. In 2000, Alexion purchased Proliferon Inc., a San Diego, California-based development-stage biopharmaceutical firm, for US$41 million in Alexion stock. Alexion CEO, Leonard Bell, cited Proliferon's ability to produce an "unlimited amount of antibodies" as the reason for the acquisition. At the time Proliferon's annual revenue was about $2.5 million and its assets were valued at $2.1 million. The company has since been renamed Alexion Antibody Technologies Inc
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Alexion Pharmaceuticals In December 2011, Alexion acquired Montreal-based Enobia Pharma Corp, the developer of asfotase alfa, a drug used to treat the genetic disorder hypophosphatasia. In May 2015, Alexion announced plans to purchase the Lexington firm Synageva BioPharma, a maker of rare disease treatments, in a $8.4 billion stock-and-cash deal. The price represented more than a 135% premium over Synageva's market cap at the time. It also represented a valuation of about ten times projected peak sales, double what is typical for the biotech industry. In April 2018, Alexion announced the acquisition of Wilson Therapeutics for $855 million. In September the company announced it was to acquire Syntimmune for $1.2 billion - expanding its rare disease offering. In October 2019, the business announced it would acquire Achillion Pharmaceuticals for $930 million, boosting its immune system disease pipeline. The following is an illustration of the company's mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs and historical predecessors: As of 2017 shares are mainly held by institutional investors (Fidelity Investments, T. Rowe Price, BlackRock and others) Alexion has employed a strategy of developing drugs to combat rare diseases. Since the targeted user base is small for such drugs, clinical drugs tend to be quicker and cheaper than those for mass market drugs. Additionally, big pharmaceutical companies have tended to ignore these markets, creating a niche with minimal competition for Alexion
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Alexion Pharmaceuticals Insurance companies have generally been willing to pay high prices for such drugs; since few of their customers need the drugs, a high price does not significantly impact the insurance companies' outlays. "The success of specialty drugs for rare diseases comes at a time when the traditional drug business of selling medicines to the masses is in decline...Specialty drugs have gotten more expensive than anyone imagined." Alexion's first drug, Soliris, first launched in 2007, used to treat the rare disorders atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It has been approved for use in Canada, the European Union, Japan, and the United States; however, availability in Canada is limited. In Canada, access to the drug is mostly through private clinics; groups such as the Canadian Association of PNH Patients are lobbying to change that. The drug costs roughly $450,000 a year, and is considered the world's most expensive drug. The price of the drug is so high that very few individuals can pay the price. As a result, Alexion hires public relations firms to help families institute campaigns to pressure their governments to pay for the drug. Alexion is putting pressure on to governments to receive their payments from the public purse. The prices charged have a very high margin above the cost price. In addition, much of the research for the development of Soliris originates from publicly funded universities
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Alexion Pharmaceuticals There is an ethical question as to the pricing of the drug and the ethics of the drug manufacturer. Alexion is well on the way to developing a second very high price and high margined drug. In September 2011, the FDA officially approved the use of Soliris as a treatment for atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome in both adults and children. More than half of people with aHUS end up dying of it as a result of damage to vital organs/organ failure (usually involving the kidneys) caused by uncontrolled complement activation. The FDA's decision to grant approval received a positive response from the medical community with the director of Pediatric Nephrology at Atlanta's Children's hospital calling it "the most important advance that has been made for patients and families with this disease". By 2010 Soliris was considered to be the most expensive drug in the world. It costs £340,200 per year for treatment in the UK and $500,000 a year in Canada. and US$409,500 a year in the United States (2010). In the case of the rarest diseases that afflict fewer than 10,000 people, biotech companies who own the only approved drugs to treat those diseases "can charge pretty much whatever they want." "Before testing Soliris for PNH, Alexion tested the drug for rheumatoid arthritis, which afflicts 1 million Americans. The trials failed. But if it had worked for arthritis, Alexion would likely have had to charge a much lower price for this use, as it would have to compete against drugs that cost a mere $20,000
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Alexion Pharmaceuticals " Alexion started selling Soliris in 2008 making $295 million in 2007 with its stock price rising to 130% in 2010. In April and May 2013, a controversy arose in Belgium when the media revealed that the government had refused to pay for a seven-year-old boy's treatment because Soliris was too expensive. The boy's medicine cost 9,000 euros every two weeks. On May 4, 2013, "De Standaard" reported that a press relations (PR) agency working for Alexion had helped the boy's parents communicate their story to the press. It was also reported that the parents had believed their benefactor was a Dutch organization for patients, and that the PR agency acted with permission from Alexion. Several politicians stated that the company was attempting to 'blackmail' the government, charges which Alexion denied. By May 7, 2013 an agreement had been reached to reimburse the medicine. Pharma, the Belgian pharmaceutical industry's association, opened an internal investigation into the affair, for possible breach of the association's ethical standards by Alexion. However, on June 12, Alexion received a court gag order against Pharma, preventing it from communicating its investigation. At the same time, Pharma opened a court case against Alexion Pharma Belgium. The gag order was revoked by the end of September 2013, but the case was still pending in March 2015. In October 2017 the FDA approved the use of Soliris to treat adult patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG)
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Alexion Pharmaceuticals In November 2017 the company received a patent for Soliris from the Japanese Patent Office. In October 2015, Alexion's second drug, Strensiq (asfotase alfa), was approved by the US FDA. It is used to treat hypophosphatasia, a rare metabolic disorder. Kanuma, which Alexion acquired in its acquisition of Synageva, was approved in 2015 to treat lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, a fatal genetic disorder that cause fatty material to build up in blood vessel walls, the liver, and other tissues. Alexion estimates that the drug could eventually have annual sales of more than $1 billion. In 2013, 36% Alexion's sales originated in the US, down from 37% the previous year; 33% came from Europe, down from 35%; Japan accounted for just over 10%. Revenue was impacted by higher unit volumes for Soliris (up 40%), and a decreased average price related to rebates in Europe. Acquisition related costs fell significantly from $22 million to just $5 million. R&D spending reached a record high of $317 million in 2013 up 83% from the previous year. When Soliris was first approved, peak annual sales were estimated at $150 million. However, by September 2013 quarterly sales of Soliris topped $400 million. Sales during the first quarter of 2015 were just over US$600 million, and are still on the rise. Before the Synageva purchase announcement, Alexion was valued at $34 billion. The stock is up roughly 800% in the last five years and is currently trading at 46 times estimated earnings
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Alexion Pharmaceuticals Due to the niche nature of its market and the high cost of Soliris, the company has enjoyed a high profit margin.
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Scopulus In planetary geology, a scopulus (pl. "scopuli" , from Greek "σκόπελος" "peak") is a lobate or irregular escarpment. In the early 1970s, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted "scopulus" as one of a number of official descriptor terms for topographic features on Mars and other planets and satellites. One justification for using neutral Latin or Greek descriptors was that it allowed features to be named and described before their geology or geomorphology could be determined. Currently, the IAU recognizes 54 descriptor terms. (See Planetary nomenclature.) Thirteen features with the descriptor term scopulus are present on Mars.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31446603
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Jan Daniel Preysler Jan Daniel Preysler, also known as Johan Daniel Preyssler or Johann Daniel Preyßler (1768, Prague – 23 April 1839) was a Czech entomologist. In 1789 he became an adjunct to the Imperial administrative office in Prague, where he was in 1801 promoted to Administrator, and in 1805 became a Counselor. After that, in 1807 he was board member of the St. John the Baptist Orphanage in Prague. Between 1808 and 1832 are no records of his life,—he probably lived outside Prague or abroad. He returned to Bohemia in 1833 as a mining engineer in Zbiroh. Preysler worked mainly on Coleoptera but also on other insects and spiders. New species described by Preysler include "Claviger testaceus" Preysler, 1790, "Cheilosia rufipes" Preysler, 1793,"Aranea folium" Preysler, 1791 and "Chrysopilus asiliformis" Preysler, 1791. His collection of insects is lost, but several specimens of insects are preserved in the Prague National Museum.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31448647
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Cesare Maria Tapparone-Canefri (1838- 6 August 1891, Quattordio, Italy) was an Italian malacologist.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31454437
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Sven Kullander (physicist) Sven Kullander (9 March 1936 – 28 January 2014) was a Swedish physicist. He was professor of High Energy Physics at Uppsala University. Kullander received his doctorate from Uppsala University in 1971. He took part in experiments on measurements of nuclear shell structure from meson scattering carried out in accelerators, on the structure of Helium nuclei, and on quark structure of matter by meson production. He also contributed to the development of accelerators. Since 1990, Kullander had been a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and since 2004, chairman of its Energy Committee.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31458385
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Divaricate means branching, or separation, or a degree of separation. The angle between branches is wide. In botany, the term is often used to describe the branching pattern of plants. branching is roughly horizontal, usually only diverging about 15 degrees upward or downward.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31461966
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Rational design In chemical biology and biomolecular engineering, rational design is the strategy of creating new molecules with a certain functionality, based upon the ability to predict how the molecule's structure will affect its behavior through physical models. This can be done either from scratch or by making calculated variations on a known structure, and is usually contrasted with directed evolution. As an example, rational design is used to decipher collagen stability, mapping ligand-receptor interactions, unveiling protein folding and dynamics, and creating extra-biological structures by using fluorinated amino acids. To treat cancer, rational design is used for targeted therapies where proteins are engineered to modify the communication of cells with their environment. There is also the rational design of alfa-alkyl auxin molecules, which are auxin analogs capable of binding and blocking the formation of the hormone receptor complex. Other applications of rational design include:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31462586
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Albrecht effect The describes how cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), possibly from anthropogenic pollution, may increase cloud lifetime and hence increase the amount of solar radiation reflected from clouds. Because it does not directly interact with incoming or outgoing radiation, it has an indirect effect on climate. Aerosol particles act as CCNs creating more droplets of a smaller size. These take more time to coalesce to raindrop size (>100μm), reducing precipitation efficiency and hence increasing the lifetime of the cloud. The increased scattering of incoming radiation leads to a cooling of -0.3 to -1.4 Wm. This effect is not as well understood as the Twomey effect. There are many other effects, indirect and semi-direct aerosol effects resulting in a large uncertainty in the radiative forcing due to aerosols.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31464039
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Paczyński–Wiita potential The is an approximation of the gravitational potential around a non-rotating black hole. It was introduced by Bohdan Paczyński and Paul Wiita in 1980. The article is one of the 40 most-cited from the first 40 years of the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. The mathematical form of the potential is where formula_2 is the radial distance from the black hole, formula_3 is the gravitational constant, formula_4 is the mass of the black hole, and formula_5 is its Schwarzschild radius. (formula_6 is the speed of light.) The potential exactly reproduces the locations of the innermost stable circular orbit and the marginally bound orbit. It also exactly reproduces the form of the angular momentum and accurately approximates the Keplerian angular velocity and epicyclic frequency. Because the reproduces these general relativistic effects and is easy to calculate, it is widely used in numerical simulations of black hole accretion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31475901
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Strong gravity 'Strong gravity' is a non-mainstream theoretical approach to particle confinement having both a cosmological scale and a particle scale gravity. In the 1960s, it was taken up as an alternative to the then young QCD theory by several theorists, including Abdus Salam, who showed that the particle level gravity approach can produce confinement and asymptotic freedom while not requiring a force behavior differing from an inverse-square law, as does QCD. Sivaram published a review of this bimetric theory approach. Although this approach has not so far led to a recognizably successful unification of strong and other forces, the modern approach of string theory is characterized by a close association between gauge forces and spacetime geometry. In some cases, string theory recognizes important duality between gravity-like and QCD-like theories, most notably the AdS/QCD correspondence. The concept of strong gravity follows from applying the potential gravitational energy to the term of heat in the equation of the first law of thermodynamics (E = Q + W), where the total energy is mass-energy and the work is also the kinetic energy: mc^2 = kT + KE, becomes mc^2 = Gm_s*m/r + KE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31478651
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SPT-CL J2106-5844 SPT-CLJ2106-5844 is the galaxy cluster located 7.5 billion light years from Earth. It was discovered by scientists from the South Pole Telescope Collaboration, using the South Pole Telescope. With a weight of about 1.27 × 10 solar masses, it's the most massive distant object known. It is about 60% heavier than previously known object detected in 2008, SPT-CL J0546-5345. The cluster has a redshift of z=1.132.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31480135
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Kelly Jemison is an American academic geologist specializing in Antarctic diatoms. She studied at Florida State University. She has participated in the ANDRILL (ANtarctic geological DRILLing) project. In 2011, she was awarded the Antarctica Service Medal. The Antarctica Service Medal; awarded by the United States Government. Aside from Kelly Jemison, only 11 others were awarded this honour since the award's conception in 1960 by the United States Congress . This distinction recognizes both military service personnel and civilians that served in Antarctica either for research or defence purposes benefitting the United States of America.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31494112
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Hyperhydricity (previously known as vitrification) is a physiological malformation that results in excessive hydration, low lignification, impaired stomatal function and reduced mechanical strength of tissue culture-generated plants. The consequence is poor regeneration of such plants without intensive greenhouse acclimation for outdoor growth. Additionally, it may also lead to leaf-tip and bud necrosis in some cases, which often leads to loss of apical dominance in the shoots. In general, the main symptom of hyperhydricity is translucent characteristics signified by a shortage of chlorophyll and high water content. Specifically, the presence of a thin or absent cuticular layer, reduced number of palisade cells, irregular stomata, less developed cell wall and large intracellular spaces in the mesophyll cell layer have been described as some of the anatomic changes associated with hyperhydricity. The main causes of hyperhydricity in plant tissue culture are those factors triggering oxidative stresses such as high salt concentration, high relative humidity, low light intensity, gas accumulation in the atmosphere of the jar, length of time intervals between subcultures; number of subcultures, concentration and type of gelling agent, the type of explants used, the concentrations of microelement and hormonal imbalances. is commonly apparent in liquid culture-grown plants or when there is low concentration of gelling agent. High ammonium concentration also contributes to hyperhydricity
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Hyperhydricity can be monitored by modifying the atmosphere of the culture vessels. Adjusting the relative humidity in the vessel is one of the most important parameters to be controlled. Use of gas-permeable membranes may help in this regard as this allows increased exchange of water vapor and other gases such as ethylene with the surrounding environment. Using higher concentration of a gelling agent, on top of the use of a higher-strength gelling agent may reduce the risk from hyperhydricity. can also be controlled by bottom cooling, which allows water to condense on the medium, the use of cytokinin-meta-topolin (6-(3-Hydroxybenzylamino)purine)</9>, the combination of lower cytokinin and ammonium nitrate in the medium, use of nitrate or glutamine as the sole nitrogen source and decreasing the ratio of NH4+:NO3- in the medium. In studies on calcium deficiency in tissue cultures of "Lavandula angustifolia", it was shown that an increase in calcium in the medium reduced hyperhydricity.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31529144
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Arp 273 is a pair of interacting galaxies, 300 million light years away in the constellation Andromeda. It was first described in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, compiled by Halton Arp in 1966. The larger of the spiral galaxies, known as UGC 1810, is about five times more massive than the smaller galaxy. It has a disc that is tidally distorted into a rose-like shape by the gravitational pull of the companion galaxy below it, known as UGC 1813. The smaller galaxy shows distinct signs of active star formation at its nucleus, and "it is thought that the smaller galaxy has actually passed through the larger one."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31549048
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Willy Adolf Theodor Ramme (28 February 1887 – 24 August 1953) was a German entomologist. Ramme was born in Berlin and was a Curator in the Berlin's Natural History Museum. He specialised in Orthoptera. Partial list
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Mutation breeding Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars. Plants created using mutagenesis are sometimes called mutagenic plants or mutagenic seeds. From 1930 to 2014 more than 3200 mutagenic plant varieties were released that have been derived either as direct mutants (70%) or from their progeny (30%). Crop plants account for 75% of released mutagenic species with the remaining 25% ornamentals or decorative plants. However, although the FAO/IAEA reported in 2014 that over 1,000 mutant varieties of major staple crops were being grown worldwide, it is unclear how many of these varieties are currently used in agriculture or horticulture around the world, as these seeds are not always identified or labeled as having a mutagenic provenance. There are different kinds of mutagenic breeding such as using chemical mutagens like ethyl methanesulfonate and dimethyl sulfate, radiation or transposons to generate mutants. is commonly used to produce traits in crops such as larger seeds, new colors, or sweeter fruits, that either cannot be found in nature or have been lost during evolution. Exposing plants to radiation is sometimes called radiation breeding and is a sub class of mutagenic breeding. Radiation breeding was discovered in the 1920s when Lewis Stadler of the University of Missouri used X-rays on maize and barley
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Mutation breeding In the case of barley, the resulting plants were white, yellow, pale yellow and some had white stripes. In 1928, Stadler first published his findings on radiation-induced mutagenesis in plants. During the period 1930–2004, radiation-induced mutant varieties were developed primarily using gamma rays (64%) and X-rays (22%). Radiation breeding may take place in atomic gardens; and seeds have been sent into orbit in order to expose them to more cosmic radiation. High rates of chromosome aberrations resulting from ionizing radiation and the accompanied detrimental effects made researchers look for alternate sources for inducing mutations. As a result, an array of chemical mutagens has been discovered. The most widely used chemical mutagens are alkylating agents. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is the most popular because of its effectiveness and ease of handling, especially its detoxification through hydrolysis for disposal. Nitroso compounds are the other alkylating agents widely used, but they are light-sensitive and more precautions need to be taken because of their higher volatility. EMS has become a commonly used mutagen for developing large numbers of mutants for screening such as in developing TILLING populations. Although many chemicals are mutagens, only few have been used in practical breeding as the doses need to be optimised and also because the effectiveness is not high in plants for many
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Mutation breeding According to garden historian Paige Johnson In the debate over genetically modified foods, the use of transgenic processes is often compared and contrasted with mutagenic processes. While the abundance and variation of transgenic organisms in human food systems, and their effect on agricultural biodiversity, ecosystem health and human health is somewhat well documented, mutagenic plants and their role on human food systems is less well known, with one journalist writing "Though poorly known, radiation breeding has produced thousands of useful mutants and a sizable fraction of the world's crops...including varieties of rice, wheat, barley, pears, peas, cotton, peppermint, sunflowers, peanuts, grapefruit, sesame, bananas, cassava and sorghum." In Canada crops generated by mutation breeding face the same regulations and testing as crops obtained by genetic engineering. Mutagenic varieties tend to be made freely available for plant breeding, in contrast to many commercial plant varieties or germplasm that increasingly have restrictions on their use such as terms of use, patents and proposed genetic user restriction technologies and other intellectual property regimes and modes of enforcement. Unlike genetically modified crops, which typically involve the insertion of one or two target genes, plants developed via mutagenic processes with random, multiple and unspecific genetic changes have been discussed as a concern but are not prohibited by any nation's organic standards
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Mutation breeding Reports from the US National Academy of Sciences state that there is no scientific justification for regulating genetic engineered crops while not doing so for mutation breeding crops. Several organic food and seed companies promote and sell certified organic products that were developed using both chemical and nuclear mutagenesis. Several certified organic brands, whose companies support strict labeling or outright bans on GMO-crops, market their use of branded wheat and other varietal strains which were derived from mutagenic processes without any reference to this genetic manipulation. These organic products range from mutagenic barley and wheat ingredient used in organic beers to mutagenic varieties of grapefruits sold directly to consumers as organic. Interest in the use of bacterial restriction endonucleases (RE) to study double-stranded breaks in plant DNA began in the mid-nineties. These breaks in DNA, otherwise known as DSBs, were found to be the source of much chromosomal damage in eukaryotes, causing mutations in plant varieties. REs induce a result on plant DNA similar to that of ionizing radiation or radiomimetic chemicals. Blunt ended breaks in the DNA, unlike sticky ended breaks, were found to produce more variations in chromosomal damage, making them the more useful type of break for mutation breeding
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Mutation breeding While the connection of REs to chromosomal aberrations is mostly limited to research on mammalian DNA, success in mammalian studies caused scientists to conduct more studies of RE-induced chromosomal and DNA damaged on barley genomes. Due to restriction endonucleases' ability to facilitate damage in chromosomes and DNA, REs have the capability of being used as a new method of mutagenesis to promote the proliferation of mutated plant varieties. The ability of plants to develop and thrive is dependent on conditions such as microgravity and cosmic radiation in space. China has been experimenting with this theory by sending seeds into space, testing to see if space flights will cause genetic mutations. Since 1987, China has cultivated 66 mutant varieties from space through their space-breeding program. Chromosomal aberrations greatly increased when seeds were sent into aerospace compared to their earth-bound counterparts. The effect of space flight on seeds depends on their species and variety. For example, space-bred wheat saw a large growth in seed germination in compared to its Earth-bound control, but space-bred rice had no visible advantage compared to its control. For the varieties that were positively mutated by space flight, their growth potential exceeded that of not only their Earth-grown counterparts, but also their irradiated counterparts on Earth
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Mutation breeding Compared to traditional mutagenic techniques, space-bred mutations have greater efficacy in that they experience positive effects on their first generation of mutation, whereas irradiated crops often see no advantageous mutations in their first generations. Though multiple experiments have shown the positive effects of space flight on seed mutation, there is no clear connection as to what aspect of aerospace has produced such advantageous mutations. There is much speculation around cosmic radiation being the source of chromosomal aberrations, but so far, there has been no concrete evidence of such connection. Though China's space-breeding program has been shown to be very successful, the program requires a large budget and technological support that many other countries are either unwilling or unable to provide, meaning this program is unfeasible outside of China. Due to such restraints, scientists have been trying to replicate space condition on Earth in order to promote the same expedient space-born mutations on Earth. One such replication is a magnetic field-free space (MF), which produces an area with a weaker magnetic field than that of Earth. MF treatment produced mutagenic results, and has been used to cultivate new mutant varieties of rice and alfalfa. Other replications of space conditions include irradiation of seeds by a heavy 7 Li-ion beam or mixed high-energy particles. These space-bred varieties are already being introduced to the public
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Mutation breeding In 2011, during the National Lotus Flowers Exhibition in China, a mutant lotus, called the "Outer Space Sun", was shown at the flower show. Ion beams mutate DNA by deleting multiple bases from its code. Compared to traditional sources of radiation, like gamma rays and X-rays, ion beams have been shown to cause more severe breaks in DNA that are more difficult to weave back together, causing the change in DNA to be more drastic than changes caused by traditional irradiation. Ion beams change DNA in a manner that makes it look vastly different than its original makeup, more so than when traditional irradiation techniques are used. Most experimentation, using ion beam technology, has been conducted in Japan. Notable facilities using this technology are TIARA of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, RIKEN Accelerator Research Facility, and various other Japanese institutions. During the process of ion beam radiation, seeds are wedged between two kapton films and irradiated for roughly two minutes. Mutation frequencies are notably higher for ion beam radiation compared to electron radiation, and the mutation spectrum is broader for ion beam radiation compared to gamma ray radiation. The broader mutation spectrum was revealed through the largely varied amount of flower phenotypes produced by ion beams. Flowers mutated by the ion beams exhibited a variety of colors, patterns, and shapes. Through ion beam radiation, new varieties of plants have been cultivated
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Mutation breeding These plants had the characteristics of being ultraviolet light-B resistant, disease resistant, and chlorophyll-deficient. Ion beam technology has been used in the discovery of new genes responsible for the creation of more robust plants, but its most prevalent use is commercially for producing new flower phenotypes, like striped chrysanthemums. Gamma radiation is used on mature rice pollen to produce parent plants used for crossing. The mutated traits in the parent plants are able to be inherited by their offspring plants. Because rice pollen has a very short lifespan, researchers had to blast gamma rays at cultured spikes from rice plants. Through experimentation, it was revealed that there was a greater variety of mutation in irradiated pollen rather than irradiated dry seeds. Pollen treated with 46Gy of gamma radiation showed an increase in grain size overall and other useful variations. Typically, the length of each grain was longer after the crossing of irradiated parent rice plants. The rice progeny also exhibited a less chalky visage, improving on the appearance of the parent rice plants. This technique was used to develop two new rice cultivars, Jiaohezaozhan and Jiafuzhan, in China. Along with facilitating the creation of these two rice cultivars, the irradiation of mature rice pollen has produced roughly two hundred mutant rice lines. Each of these lines produce rice grains of both a higher quality and larger size
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Mutation breeding The mutations produced by this technique vary with each generation, meaning further breeding of these mutated plants could produce new mutations. Traditionally, gamma radiation is used on solely adult plants, and not on pollen. The irradiation of mature pollen allows mutant plants to grow without being in direct contact with gamma radiation. This discovery is in contrast to what was previously believed about gamma radiation: that it could only elicit mutations in plants and not pollen. In 2014, it was reported that 17 rice mutant varieties, 10 soybean, two maize and one chrysanthemum mutant varieties had been officially released to Vietnamese farmers. 15% of rice and 50% of soybean was produced from mutant varieties. As of 2011 the percentage of all mutagenic varieties released globally, by country, were:
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Spiridon Brusina (11 December 1845 – 21 May 1909) was a Croatian malacologist. Together with Oton Kučera and Gjuro Pilar, he founded the Croatian Society of Natural Sciences in Zagreb in the late 1885.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31552805
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Somatic embryogenesis is an artificial process in which a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell. Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo. Cells derived from competent source tissue are cultured to form an undifferentiated mass of cells called a callus. Plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium can be manipulated to induce callus formation and subsequently changed to induce embryos to form the callus. The ratio of different plant growth regulators required to induce callus or embryo formation varies with the type of plant. Somatic embryos are mainly produced "in vitro" and for laboratory purposes, using either solid or liquid nutrient media which contain plant growth regulators (PGR’s). The main PGRs used are auxins but can contain cytokinin in a smaller amount. Shoots and roots are monopolar while somatic embryos are bipolar, allowing them to form a whole plant without culturing on multiple media types. has served as a model to understand the physiological and biochemical events that occur during plant developmental processes as well as a component to biotechnological advancement. The first documentation of somatic embryogenesis was by Steward et al. in 1958 and Reinert in 1959 with carrot cell suspension cultures. has been described to occur in two ways: directly or indirectly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900
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Somatic embryogenesis occurs when embryos are started directly from explant tissue creating an identical clone. occurs when explants produced undifferentiated, or partially differentiated, cells (often referred to as callus) which then is maintained or differentiated into plant tissues such as leaf, stem, or roots. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Gibberellic acid (GA) has been used for development of indirect somatic embryos in strawberry ("Fragaria ananassa") Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis occurs in five steps: initiation of embryogenic cultures, proliferation of embryogenic cultures, prematuration of somatic embryos, maturation of somatic embryos and plant development on nonspecific media. Initiation and proliferation occur on a medium rich in auxin, which induces differentiation of localized meristematic cells. The auxin typically used is 2,4-D. Once transferred to a medium with low or no auxin, these cells can then develop into mature embryos. Germination of the somatic embryo can only occur when it is mature enough to have functional root and shoot apices Factors and mechanisms controlling cell differentiation in somatic embryos are relatively ambiguous. Certain compounds excreted by plant tissue cultures and found in culture media have been shown necessary to coordinate cell division and morphological changes. These compounds have been identified by Chung et al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900
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Somatic embryogenesis as various polysaccharides, amino acids, growth regulators, vitamins, low molecular weight compounds and polypeptides. Several signaling molecules known to influence or control the formation of somatic embryos have been found and include extracellular proteins, arabinogalactan proteins and lipochitooligosaccharides. Temperature and lighting can also affect the maturation of the somatic embryo. Applications of this process include: clonal propagation of genetically uniform plant material; elimination of viruses; provision of source tissue for genetic transformation; generation of whole plants from single cells called protoplasts; development of synthetic seed technology. The development of somatic embryogenesis procedures has given rise to research on seed storage proteins (SSPs) of woody plants for tree species of commercial importance, i.e., mainly gymnosperms, including white spruce. In this area of study, SSPs are used as markers to determine the embryogenic potential and competency of the embryogenic system to produce a somatic embryo biochemically similar to its zygotic counterpart (Flinn et al. 1991, Beardmore et al. 1997). Grossnickle et al. (1992) compared interior spruce seedlings with emblings during nursery development and through a stock quality assessment program immediately before field outplanting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900
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Somatic embryogenesis Seedling shoot height, root collar diameter, and dry weight increased at a greater rate in seedlings than in emblings during the first half of the first growing season, but thereafter shoot growth was similar among all plants. By the end of the growing season, seedlings were 70% taller than emblings, had greater root collar diameter, and greater shoot dry weight. Root dry weight increased more rapidly in seedlings than in emblings during the early growing season During fall acclimation, the pattern of increasing dormancy release index and increasing tolerance to freezing was similar in both seedlings and emblings. Root growth capacity decreased then increased during fall acclimation, with the increase being greater in seedlings. Assessment of stock quality just prior to planting showed that: emblings had greater water use efficiency with decreasing predawn shoot water potential compared with seedlings; seedlings and emblings had similar water movement capability at both high and low root temperatures; net photosynthesis and needle conductance at low root temperatures were greater in seedlings than in emblings; and seedlings had greater root growth than emblings at 22 °C root, but root growth among all plants was low at 7.5 °C root temperature. Growth and survival of interior spruce 313B Styroblock seedlings and emblings after outplanting on a reforestation site were determined by Grossnickle and Major (1992)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900
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Somatic embryogenesis For both seedlings and emblings, osmotic potential at saturation (ψ) and turgor loss point (ψ) increased from a low of -1.82 and -2.22 MPa, respectively, just prior to planting to a seasonal high of -1.09 and -1.21 MPa, respectively, during active shoot elongation. Thereafter, seedlings and emblings (ψ) and (ψ) declined to -2.00 and -2.45 MPa, respectively, at the end of the growing season, which coincided with the steady decline in site temperatures and a cessation of height growth. In general, seedlings and emblings had similar ψ and ψ values through the growing season, and also had similar shifts in seasonal patterns of maximum modulus of elasticity, sympalstic fraction, and relative water content at turgor loss point. Grossnickle and Major (1992) found that year-old and current-year needles of both seedlings and emblings had a similar decline in needle conductance with increasing vapour pressure deficit. Response surface models of current-year needles net photosynthesis (P) response to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) showed that emblings had 15% greater P at VPD of less than 3.0 kPa and PAR greater than 1000 μmol ms. Year-old and current-year needles of seedlings and emblings showed similar patterns of water use efficiency. Rates of shoot growth in seedlings and emblings through the growing season were also similar to one another. Seedlings had larger shoot systems both at the time of planting and at the end of the growing season
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900
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Somatic embryogenesis Seedlings also had greater root development than emblings through the growing season, but root:shoot ratios for the 2 stock types were similar at the end of the growing season, when the survival rates for seedlings and emblings were 96% and 99%, respectively. Understanding the formation of a somatic embryo through establishment of morphological and molecular markers is important for construction of a fate map. The fate map is the foundation in which to build further research and experimentation. Two methods exist to construct a fate map: synchronous cell-division and time-lapse tracking. The latter typically works more consistently because of cell-cycle-altering chemicals and centrifuging involved in synchronous cell-division. Embryo development in angiosperms is divided into several steps. The zygote is divided asymmetrically forming a small apical cell and large basal cell. The organizational pattern is formed in the globular stage and the embryo then transitions to the cotyledonary stage. Embryo development differs in monocots and dicots. Dicots pass through the globular, heart-shaped, and torpedo stages while monocots pass through globular, scutellar, and coleoptilar stages. Many culture systems induce and maintain somatic embryogenesis by continuous exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Abscisic acid has been reported to induce somatic embryogenesis in seedlings. After callus formation, culturing on a low auxin or hormone free media will promote somatic embryo growth and root formation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900
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Somatic embryogenesis In monocots, embryogenic capability is usually restricted to tissues with embryogenic or meristematic origin. Somatic cells of monocots differentiate quickly and then lose mitotic and morphogenic capability. Differences of auxin sensitivity in embryogenic callus growth between different genotypes of the same species show how variable auxin responses can be. Carrot "Daucus carota" was the first and most understood species with regard to developmental pathways and molecular mechanisms. Time-lapse tracking by Toonen et al. (1994) showed that morphology of competent cells can vary based on shape and cytoplasm density. Five types of cells were identified from embryonic suspension: spherical cytoplasm-rich, spherical vacuolated, oval vacuolated, elongated vacuolated, and irregular shaped cells. Each type of cell multiplied with certain geometric symmetry. They developed into symmetrical, asymmetrical, and aberrantly-shaped cell clusters that eventually formed embryos at different frequencies. This indicates that organized growth polarity do not always exist in somatic embryogenesis. Embryo development in gymnosperms occurs in three phases. Proembryogeny includes all stages prior to suspensor elongation. Early embryogeny includes all stages after suspensor elongation but before root meristem development. Late embryogeny includes development of root and shoot meristems. Time-lapse tracking in Norway Spruce "Picea abies" revealed that neither single cytoplasmic-rich cells nor vacuolated cells developed into embryos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900
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Somatic embryogenesis Proembryogenic masses (PEMs), an intermediate between unorganized cells and an embryo composed of cytoplasmic-rich cells next to a vacuolated cell, are stimulated with auxin and cytokinin. Gradual removal of auxin and cytokinin and introduction of abscisic acid (ABA) will allow an embryo to form. Using somatic embryogenesis has been considered for mass production of vegetatively propagated conifer clones and cryopreservation of germplasm. However, the use of this technology for reforestation and tree breeding of conifers is in its infancy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31570900
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Victor Sterki (1846 in Solothurn, Switzerland – 1933) was a malacologist from Switzerland who lived in the United States. He worked as an assistant in the Section of Invertebrates in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History from 1909 to 1933. Malacological collections by Sterki of Pupillidae has 4000 lots and of Sphaeriidae has 12,000 lots. Both collections are deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. The malacological journal Sterkiana and the land snail species "Guppya sterkii" were named after him.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31574662
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Elitzur's theorem is a theorem in quantum and statistical field theory stating that local gauge symmetries cannot be spontaneously broken. The theorem was proposed in 1975 by Shmuel Elitzur, who proved it for Abelian gauge fields on a lattice. It is nonetheless possible to spontaneously break a global symmetry within a theory that has a local gauge symmetry, as in the Higgs mechanism.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31583410
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Quaternary Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of Quaternary science. The journal was established in 1970, is now published by Cambridge University Press, and is edited by Derek B. Booth, Nicholas Lancaster and Lewis A. Owen. Previous editors included A. Lincoln Washburn, Estella B. Leopold, Stephen C. Porter, Eric J. Steig, and Alan R. Gillespie. The journal is abstracted and Indexed by: CABI, British and Irish Archaeological Bibliography, EBSCO, GEOBASE, Scopus, Gale, International Atomic Energy Agency, PubMed, Ovid, ProQuest, Web of Science, GeoRefIts. The latest impact factor (2015) was 2.198.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31585431
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Franz Ocskay von Ocskö (1775–1851) was a Hungarian entomologist. Freiherr Franz L. B. Ocskay was the son of Major-General Joseph Ocskay von Ocsko (1740- 1805). He lived in Sopron (Ödenburg). described several new species of grasshoppers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31590459
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Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow (born 20 March 1946 in Łódź, Poland) is Polish physicist and professor at the University of Warsaw. In 2005 and again in 2008 elected for the post of the rector of the University of Warsaw. Fellow and from 2008 Chairman of the Science Board in Collegium Invisibile. She is a daughter of Józef Chałasiński, Polish sociologist and a sister of Grzegorz Chałasiński, Polish chemist. Alumni of the IX Klementyna Hoffmanowa High School in Warsaw . In 1970, after finishing Master Studies on Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, she worked for 4 years in Institute of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology. She returned to University of Warsaw where she was hired in Institute of Experimental Physics (up to 1980) and earned her PhD in 1979. Since 1980 she has been involved in Institute of Geophysics. She received tenure in physical sciences in 1988. In 1992 she became an associate professor and full professor in 1997. By the decision of President of Poland she received professor scientific degree on 20 November 1997. She also worked as an associate professor on Université Laval, Québec, Canada in 1982-1983. Apart from scientific and didactic activity, she is also involved in cultural growth of academia being a patron of Hybrids Theatre UW and Academic Theater UW. She was awarded Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta in 2011. She held a series of senior positions at the University of Warsaw. She was associate dean (1995-1996) and was elected a dean at Faculty of Physics (1996-2002)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31592030
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Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow In 2002 she was designated a vice-rector of finances and cadre politics. In 2005 she was elected for the pose of the rector of University of Warsaw. In 2008 she was elected for a second four-year cadency. She is also a member of Polish Physical Society. She held the positions of vice-president in 2001-2003 and president in 2014-2017. She is associative member of Warsaw Scientific Society and also fellow in Collegium Invisibile and chairman (from 2008) of the Science Board. Currently she is working in the Department of Information Optics at Institute of Geophysics, University of Warsaw. Her scientific interests cover holography, optical and hybrid information processing, correlation methods, image recognition and classification, photonics applications in information technology.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31592030
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Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis, or RASA, is a method that aims to determine whether a given character is shared between taxa due to shared ancestry or due to convergence. A synapomorphy is a shared trait found among two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose ancestor in turn does not possess the trait. RASA assigns a score to the character based on its potential to be informative. The method performs poorly when used to select an outgroup taxon, to quantify the amount of phylogenetic signal present, or to identify taxa that may be prone to long branch attraction.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31611166
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Glorious Jubilee is the world's largest black opal from Lightning Ridge of Australia; the opal weights 775 carats with Gray base multi colors. Other notable individual opals:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31619267
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Alexander Yersin (entomologist) Alexander Yersin (5 April 1825, in Morges – 2 September 1863, in Lavaux) was a Swiss entomologist. Alexander Yersin was a teacher. His entomological interests included Dermaptera, Mantodea and Orthoptera. His collection is conserved in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Vienna) and in the Natural History Museum of Geneva. His publications include Sur quelques Orthoptères nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de la France "Bull. Soc. vaud. Hist. nat.," 8 p., 1 plate (1854) and Note sur quelques Orthoptères nouveaux ou peu connus d'Europes "Ann. Soc. ent. Fr.", pp. 509–537, pl. 10 (1860).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31627106
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Andreas Albrecht (cosmologist) Andreas J. Albrecht is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist who is a professor and chair of the Physics Department at the University of California, Davis. He is one of the founders of inflationary cosmology and studies the formation of the early universe, cosmic structure, and dark energy. Albrecht graduated in 1979 from Cornell University, Ithaca and was awarded a doctorate in 1983 at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia on cosmology. His thesis advisor was Paul Steinhardt. He later carried out post-doctoral research at University of Texas, Austin and at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Albrecht later worked at Fermilab from 1987 to 1992 and subsequently taught at Imperial College, London from 1992 to 1998. Albrecht is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and Fellow of the Institute of Physics (UK). Together with his thesis advisor, Albrecht developed New Inflation, solving the bubble collision problem of Alan Guth's original model of inflation. Later, Albrecht studied the observable effects of cosmic topological defects, contributing to ruling out cosmic strings as the dominant mechanism for structure formation. Along with João Magueijo, Albrecht independently proposed a model of varying speed of light cosmology which posits that the speed of light in the early universe was a trillion times faster in order to explain the horizon problem of cosmology. In the 21st century, Albrecht worked on quantum mechanics, as well as probability and quantum theory.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31636552
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Evgeny Tarelkin Evgeny Igorevich Tarelkin (; born December 29, 1974) is a Russian cosmonaut. He was selected as part of the TsPK-13 group in 2003. Tarelkin graduated from the Yeysk Air Force School in 1996 and the Gagarin Air Force Academy in 1998 before rising to the rank of Captain in the Russian Air Force. He served in the Air Force until his selection as a cosmonaut as part of the TsPK-13 selection group in 2003, completing basic training in 2005. Tarelkin made his first flight into space in October 2012 as a member of the Soyuz TMA-06M crew, during which he spent six months aboard the International Space Station as part of the Expedition 33/34 crews and returned on March 16, 2013. In 2019 he is crew commander in the SIRIUS-19 ground based experiment.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31637158
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FIND Technology FIND® technology is a directed evolution technology that uses DNA recombination to improve properties of proteins. It eliminates unimportant and deleterious mutations while maintaining and combining beneficial mutations that would enhance protein function. For the relevant gene, a library of single stranded oligonucleotides is acquired and then mutated using random mutagenesis. The newly mutated library is then subjected to exonuclease activity, creating both sense and anti-sense fragments. The areas of partially overlapping fragments are then combined and extended using a PCR-like method. These double stranded mutants are then screened for the desired optimized function using a relevant assay. The best mutants are chosen for further exonuclease activity. The process (exonuclease, PCR-like recombination, and mutant screening) is repeated, usually about 10-12 times, in order to achieve the best possible mutants with only beneficial mutations. CHIPS is a protein that inhibits immune cell activation normally associated with inflammation. CHIPS has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, but native CHIP has been associated with activation and interaction with antibodies. FIND® technology was used to create a truncated, yet functional mutant of this protein with reduced antibody interaction. The company Alligator Bioscience has the intellectual rights to the FIND technology and uses it both for contract work optimizing proteins for the pharmaceutical industry and to develop their own protein drugs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31643950
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NGC 3669 (other designations - UGC 6431, MCG 10-16-135, ZWG 291.67, IRAS11226+5759, PGC 35113) is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 18, 1790. The galaxy is seen edge-on and appears to be slightly warped. It has a small bulge. It is a member of the NGC 3610 galaxy group. Members of the group that lie at a smaller projected distance from include NGC 3674 and NGC 3683A 40′–50′ to the south and southeast and NGC 3613 and NGC 3619 40′–50′ to the west. Four satellite candidates have been detected near NGC 3669.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31644293
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Star of New Zealand The is a 19 carat diamond which was the first million dollar diamond to be sold in New Zealand, by the Auckland-based jewellery retailer The Diamond Shop The diamond was mined in South Africa and was cut from a 52 carat raw diamond in Israel before being sent to Auckland, New Zealand.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31678346
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Eduard Brückner (29 July 1862 – 20 May 1927) was a geographer, glaciologist and climatologist. He was born in Jena, the son of the Baltic-German historian Alexander Brückner and Lucie Schiele. After an education at the Karlsruhe gymnasium, beginning in 1881 he studied meteorology and physics at the University of Dorpat, graduating in 1885. He joined the Deutsche Seewarte (German Hydrographic Office) in Hamburg, then, following studies at Dresden and Munich, he became a professor at the University of Bern in 1888. The same year he married Ernestine Steine. In 1899, he was rector at the university. He moved back to Germany in 1904, becoming a professor at the University of Halle. Two years later in 1906, he was a professor at the University of Vienna. He died in Vienna. Professor Brückner was an expert on alpine glaciers and their effect upon the landscape. Between 1901–1909 he collaborated with German geographer and geologist Albrecht Penck to produce a three volume work titled "Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter" ("The Alps in the Ice Age"). This served as a standard reference on the ice ages for several decades thereafter. Brückner was a proponent of the importance of climate change, including the effects on the economy and social structure of society. His research included studies of past climate changes and he proposed the 35-year-long "Brückner cycle" of cold, damp weather alternating with warm, dry weather in northwest Europe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31686556
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Eduard Brückner The GKSS Research Centre's "Prize", for outstanding achievement in interdisciplinary climate research, is named after him.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31686556
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Pierre Joseph Michel Lorquin (2 July 1797, Valenciennes – 8 February 1873, Paris) was a French entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. In 1847/48 he collected for Charles Oberthur and Jean Baptiste Boisduval in Andalusia and Algeria, between 1849 and 1858 in California and Oregon, from 1859-1860 in China and the Philippines and from 1860-1865 in Celebes, Moluccas, Aru and New Guinea. Finally from 1866-1869 he collected in Colombia and again in California. He is honoured in the butterfly names Lorquin's admiral and "Papilio lorquinianus"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31693616
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Russell Gray Russell David Gray is an evolutionary biologist and psychologist working on applying quantitative methods to the study of cultural evolution and human prehistory. He worked as a professor at the University of Auckland, located in New Zealand. Although originally trained in biology and psychology, Gray has become well known for his studies on the evolution of the Austronesian language family using computational phylogenetic methods. Gray also performs research on animal cognition. One of his main research-projects studies tool-use among New Caledonian crows. In the summer of 2014, the Max Planck Society announced that the Max Planck Institute of Economics in Jena, Germany would receive a new and different mandate. Along with Johannes Krause, Gray was appointed director of a new Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, commencing February 1, 2014.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31697885
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Mott–Bethe formula The is used to calculate electron scattering form factors, formula_1, from X-ray scattering form factors, formula_2. Following the first Born approximation, formula_3 Here, formula_4 is the magnitude of the scattering vector of momentum transfer cross section in reciprocal space (in units of inverse distance), formula_5 the atomic number of the atom, formula_6 is Planck's constant, formula_7 is the vacuum permittivity, and formula_8 is the electron rest mass. The units of the scattering factor are formula_9. The accuracy of this formula is best for large values of formula_4 (formula_11). For smaller values of formula_4, formula_13 can be determined from tabulated values, such as those in the International Tables for Crystallography.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31703828
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National Weather Service Tulsa, Oklahoma National Weather Service - Tulsa, Oklahoma (TSA) is a local weather forecast office responsible for monitoring weather conditions for 7 counties in Northwestern Arkansas, and 25 counties in Eastern Oklahoma. The current office in Tulsa maintains a WSR-88D (NEXRAD) radar system, and Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) that greatly improve forecasting in the region. Tulsa is in charge of weather forecasts, warnings and local statements as well as aviation weather and NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts in its service area. The office operates two Doppler radars, one in Tulsa (INX), and the other in Fort Smith, Arkansas (SRX). Steve Piltz is the Meteorologist-In-Charge (MIC) of this office.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31709167
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