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Gloria Jean Siebrecht (born 1940) is an American amateur paleontologist and volunteer for the Museum of the Rockies, notable as the discoverer of "Avisaurus Gloriae", which was named for her, and "Piksi barbarulna". She is the sixth child of James Baily Schnee and Marie Van De Rite of Kalispell, Montana. She grew up in Columbia Falls, Montana; McMinnville, Oregon; and Lincoln City, Oregon. She graduated from Taft High School in Lincoln City in 1958. She married Odell Siebrecht in 1959 and raised two sons on a farm north of Cut Bank, Montana. As a volunteer for the Museum of the Rockies, Siebrecht spent thousands of hours on digs and in preparing fossils for display.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32552745
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Rutilated quartz is a variety of quartz which contains acicular (needle-like) inclusions of rutile. It is used for gemstones. These inclusions mostly look golden, but they also can look silver, copper red or deep black. They can be distributed randomly or in bundles, which sometimes are arranged star-like, and they can be sparse or dense enough to make the quartz body nearly opaque. While otherwise inclusions often reduce the value of a crystal, rutilated quartz in fact is valued for the quality and beauty of these inclusions. 4. Reference to rutilated quartz in "Closer to the Heart", Mercedes Lackey, Author.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32554813
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Electrochemical kinetics is the field of electrochemistry that studies the rate of electrochemical processes. This includes the study of how process conditions such as concentration and electric potential influence the rate of oxidation and reduction reactions that occur at the surface of an electrode, as well as an investigation into electrochemical reaction mechanisms. Due to electrochemical phenomena unfolding at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte, there are accompanying phenomena to electrochemical reactions which contribute to the overall reaction rate. Contributors to this field include Alexander Frumkin, John Alfred Valentine Butler, Max Volmer, and Julius Tafel.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32562256
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Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy is a 2011 book by Benjamin K. Sovacool, published by World Scientific. Sovacool’s book addresses the current status of the global nuclear power industry, its fuel cycle, nuclear accidents, environmental impacts, social risks, energy payback, nuclear power economics, and industry subsidies. There is a postscript on the Japanese 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. Based on detailed analysis, Sovacool concludes "that a global nuclear renaissance would bring immense technical, economic, environmental, political, and social costs". He says that it is renewable energy technologies which will enhance energy security, and which have many other advantages. The book says the marginal levelized cost for "a 1,000-MWe facility built in 2009 would be 41.2 to 80.3 cents/kWh, presuming one actually takes into account construction, operation and fuel, reprocessing, waste storage, and decommissioning." In a review by author Mark Diesendorf the book "reviews the little-known research which shows that the life-cycle CO2 emissions of nuclear power may become comparable with those of fossil power as high-grade uranium ore is used up over the next several decades and low-grade uranium is mined and milled using fossil fuels". Diesendorf says that one weakness of the book is the limited coverage of nuclear weapons proliferation. He says that governments of several countries (e.g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32569356
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Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power , France, India, North Korea, Pakistan) have used nuclear power and/or research reactors to assist nuclear weapons development or to contribute to their supplies of nuclear explosives from military reactors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32569356
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Musa Adyshev Academician Musa Mirzapayazovich Adyshev () was a Soviet and Kyrgyzstan geologist who lived and worked in Kyrgyzstan. He is best known for identification of Tien Shan black-shale province and substantiation of its stratigraphic location. After graduation from Central Asian State University in Tashkent in 1947 he worked in the Institute of Geology of Kyrgyz branch of Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1953-1974 he was a director of the Institute of Geology, in 1957-1979 - member of Board, since 1974 - vice president, and in 1978 the president of the Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR (presently Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences). Organizations named after academician M.Adyshev Geographic places
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32577237
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Lev Rukhin ( 16 October 1912 in Moscow – 8 September 1959 in Leningrad) was a Russian geologist. He was born in Moscow. He graduated from Leningrad State University (1933). Major works are devoted to the lithology and paleogeography. He was one of the first to use statistical methods in studying sedimentary rocks. He was awarded the "Badge of Honor" and medals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32617710
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Kenai Group is a name given by Dall and Harris (1892) to sedimentary rocks in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska. These rocks are instead called the Kenai Formation by several other authors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32642234
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Valeriy Chernyshev Valeriy V. Chernyshev (born 25 September 1944 in Kemerovo, Soviet Union) is a Russian scientist, Doctor Sc. (Tech.), a specialist in nitrogen chemistry, Honourable Inventor of Russia. He works at the Department of Chemistry of the Moscow State University, Moscow. Among his publications are:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32645188
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GenoCAD is one of the earliest computer assisted design tools for synthetic biology. The software is a bioinformatics tool developed and maintained by GenoFAB, Inc.. facilitates the design of protein expression vectors, artificial gene networks and other genetic constructs for genetic engineering and is based on the theory of formal languages. can be used online by accessing the GenoFAB Client Portal at https://genofab.com/. originated as an offshoot of an attempt to formalize functional constraints of genetic constructs using the theory of formal languages. In 2007, the website genocad.org (now retired) was set up as a proof of concept by researchers at Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech. Using the website, users could design genes by repeatedly replacing high-level genetic constructs with lower level genetic constructs, and eventually with actual DNA sequences. On August 31, 2009, the National Science Foundation granted a three-year $1,421,725 grant to Dr. Jean Peccoud, an associate professor at the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, for the development of GenoCAD. was and continues to be developed by GenoFAB, Inc., a company founded by Peccoud (currently CSO and acting CEO), who was also one of the authors of the originating study. Source code for was originally released on Sourceforge in December 2009. version 2.0 was released in November 2011 and included the ability to simulate the behavior of the designed genetic code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32672803
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GenoCAD This feature was a result of a collaboration with the team behind COPASI. In April, 2015, Peccoud and colleagues published a library of biological parts, called GenoLIB, that can be incorporated into the platform. The four aims of the project are to develop a: The main features of can be organized into three main categories. is rooted in the theory of formal languages; in particular, the design rules describing how to combine different kinds of parts and form context-free grammars. A context free grammar can be defined by its terminals, variables, start variable and substitution rules. In GenoCAD, the terminals of the grammar are sequences of DNA that perform a particular biological purpose (e.g. a promoter). The variables are less homogeneous: they can represent longer sequences that have multiple functions or can represent a section of DNA that can contain one of multiple different sequences of DNA but perform the same function (e.g. a variable represents the set of promoters). includes built in substitution rules to ensure that the DNA sequence is biologically viable. Users can also define their own sets of rules for other purposes. Designing a sequence of DNA in is much like creating a derivation in a context free grammar. The user starts with the start variable and repeatedly selects a variable and a substitution for it until only terminals are left. The most common alternatives to are Proto, GEC and EuGene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32672803
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Aquatic succession In geology, aquatic succession is the process in which a glacial lake dries up. Over the lifespan of a glacier it dissolves into a body of water. is the continuing step of that solid water-turned-lake melting into the ground and further disappearing into oblivion. The lakes sometime become underground lakes or rivers. The water tends to remain part of the local hydrosphere by percolating into aquifers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32718122
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Acoustic membrane An acoustic membrane is a thin layer that vibrates and is used in acoustics to produce or transfer sound, such as a drum, microphone, or loudspeaker.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32738418
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Cooling capacity is the measure of a cooling system's ability to remove heat. The SI units are watts (W). Another common unit is the ton of refrigeration, which describes the amount of water at freezing temperature that can be frozen in a day (24 hours). 1 ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 211 kJ/min or 200 Btu/min. The basic SI units equation for deriving cooling capacity is of the form: Where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32749140
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Branner Earth Sciences Library The and Map Collections is the main library supporting the Stanford University School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences on the Stanford University campus and part of Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources (SULAIR). It was named after John Casper Branner, first professor of geology and former president of Stanford University, whose book collection was the initial core of the library. Branner Library contains more than 125,000 volumes, including 2000 serial titles, most of which are related to the earth and environmental sciences. The library also houses a collection of over 270,000 sheet maps and the Branner GIS facilities and services. and Map Collections had its origins when Stanford's first faculty member and second President, John Casper Branner, began buying books as an 18-year-old student at Cornell. He continued to acquire books, maps, and reports while at the Pennsylvania and Arkansas Geological Surveys. When he came to Stanford in 1891, he and his wife brought a boxcar full of books, which became the de facto departmental library, with himself also as the university's first librarian. He oversaw its continued growth and use by colleagues and students until he sold it to the University in 1915. He continued to buy and donate books to the collection until his death in 1922
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Branner Earth Sciences Library Later, during the tenure of librarian Kathryn Cutler (1939–1979) the library had been moved from its long-time location on the second floor of Geology Corner to its current location in the Mitchell Earth Sciences Building. Between 1968-1970, Spencer, Lee & Busse provided architectural design and planning for the building that houses the Earth Sciences library. The design includes a small, permanent mineral exhibit in the Mitchell Earth Sciences Building open to the public. Most specimens are on the second floor of the Branner Library, surrounded by a spiral staircase or glass library court.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32789082
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Rabbit hybridoma A rabbit hybridoma is a hybrid cell line formed by the fusion of an antibody producing rabbit B cell with a cancerous B-cell (myeloma). The rabbit immune system has been documented as a vehicle for developing antibodies with higher affinity and more diverse recognition of many molecules including phospho-peptides, carbohydrates and immunogens that are not otherwise immunogenic in mouse. However, until recently, the type of antibodies available from rabbit had been limited in scope to polyclonal antibodies. Several efforts were made to generate rabbit monoclonal antibodies after the development of mouse hybridoma technology in the 1970s. Research was conducted into mouse-rabbit hetero-hybridomas to make rabbit monoclonal antibodies. However, these hetero-hybridomas were ultimately difficult to clone, and the clones, generally unstable, and did not secrete antibody over a prolonged period of time. In 1995, Katherine Knight and her colleagues, at Loyola University of Chicago, succeeded in developing a double transgenic rabbit over-expressing the oncogenes v-abl and c-myc under the control of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain enhancers. The rabbit formed a myeloma-like tumor, allowing the isolation of a plasmacytoma cell line, named 240E-1. Fusion of 240E-1 cells with rabbit lymphocytes produced hybridomas that secreted rabbit monoclonal antibodies in a consistent manner. However, like the early mouse myeloma lines developed in the 1970s, stability was a concern
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Rabbit hybridoma A number of laboratories which had received the 240E-1 cell line from Dr. Knight’s laboratory reported stability problems with the fusion cell line 240E-1. In 1996, Weimin Zhu and Robert Pytela, at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), obtained 240E-1 from Dr. Knight’s laboratory and attempted to develop an improved rabbit hybridoma. Improvements in the characteristics of 240E-1 were accomplished by repeated subcloning, selection for high fusion efficiency, robust growth, and morphological characteristics such as a bright appearance under a phase-contrast microscope. Selected subclones were further tested for their ability to produce a stable hybridoma and monoclonal antibody secretion. After multiple rounds of subcloning and selection processes, a new cell line named 240E-W, was identified and which expressed better fusion efficiency and stability. Cell line 240E-W has since been further developed and optimized for production of rabbit monoclonal antibodies for research and commercial applications. The process of hybridoma formation in a rabbit first entails obtaining B-cells from a rabbit that has been immunized. There are numerous immunization protocols for rabbit, notably for the generation of polyclonal antibodies. After immunization, B-cells are fused with a candidate rabbit fusion partner cell line to form hybridomas
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Rabbit hybridoma Resulting antibodies from hybridomas are screened for an antigen which meets criteria of interest by diagnostic tests such as ELISA, Western blot, Immunohistochemistry and FACS. The resulting hybrdomas may be subcloned to ensure monoclonal characteristics. Mitchell Ho and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute isolated a number of rabbit monoclonal antibodies (e.g. YP218, YP223) that recognize rare epitopes of mesothelin, including poorly immunogenic sites, for cancer therapy. Mitchell Ho and Yifan Zhang analyzed the complex structures of rabbit antibodies with their antigens from the Protein Data Bank, and identified antigen-contacting residues on the rabbit Fv within the 6 Angstrom distance to its antigen. They named "HV4" and "LV4" in rabbit Fvs, non-complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops that are structurally close to the antigen and located in framework 3 of the rabbit heavy chain and light chain, respectively. Based on the structural analysis, they designed a humanization strategy by grafting the combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome CDRs into a human germline framework sequence. The immunotoxins composed of the humanized rabbit Fvs (including hYP218) fused to a clinically used toxin showed stronger cytotoxicity against tumor cells than the immunotoxins derived from their original rabbit Fvs. The method (i.e. grafting combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome CDRs to a stable human germline framework) has been suggested as a general approach to humanize rabbit antibodies.
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Bovine coronavirus (BCV or BCoV) is a coronavirus which is a member of the species "Betacoronavirus 1". The infecting virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid recepter. Infection causes calf enteritis and contributes to the enzootic pneumonia complex in calves. It can also cause winter dysentery in adult cattle. It can infect both domestic and wild ruminants and has a worldwide distribution. Transmission is horizontal, via oro-fecal or respiratory routes. It has, like other coronaviruses from genus "Betacoronavirus," subgenus "Embecovirus", an additional shorter spike-like surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE). BCoV has 95% similarity with human coronavirus OC43 and 93% to porcine PHEV. According to a study those three strains may have diverged during the 19th century. Infection normally occurs in calves between the ages of one week and three months. Gastrointestinal signs include profuse diarrhea, dehydration, depression, reduced weight gain and anorexia. Respiratory infection in the calf produces a serous to purulent nasal discharge. Clinical signs may worsen with secondary bacteria infection. Infection in adults is normally subclinical, the exception being with winter dysentery, which affects housed cattle over the winter months. Clinical signs include profuse diarrhea and a significant drop in milk yield is seen in winter dysentery outbreaks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32807233
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Bovine coronavirus A presumptive diagnosis can be made based on the history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis of an enteric coronavirus infection is achieved by performing electron microscopy or an ELISA on a faecal or tissue sample. In respiratory disease, diagnosis is confirmed by performing a direct fluorescent antibody test on nasal washes – which identifies the viral antigen. The haemagglutination inhibition test can be used to establish the strain of coronavirus. Animals should be treated symptomatically. The disease can be controlled by vaccinating the dam with a live vaccine (ATCvet code QI02) whilst she is pregnant as this provides antibodies to the virus in the colostrum. Additional management factors such as ensuring adequate colostrum intake in newborn calves, using appropriate hygiene methods and ventilation of housing reduce disease incidence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32807233
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Telmatobacter is a genus of bacteria in the family Acidobacteriaceae. "Telmatobacter" was first described in 2012. The name derives from the Greek noun telma–atos, meaning swamp or bog, and the noun bacter meaning short rod. "Telmatobacter" is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. They appear as motile, single rods. "Telmatobacter" reproduce by normal cell division and do not form spores. They are facultative anaerobes as well as chemo-organotrophs. They prefer to grow with sugars and pectin as growth substrates, although they are capable of fermenting sugars and several polysaccharides, including crystalline cellulose. They prefer acidic conditions and moderate temperatures, and they grow better on liquid medium than solid agar medium. Unlike some other bacteria, "Telmatobacter" do not produce hydrogen sulfide gas from thiosulfate, nor indole from tryptophan. Salt inhibits growth at concentrations above 0.1% (w/v). The DNA G+C content is 57.6%. "Telmatobacter" are found in acidic wetlands, specifically Sphagnum peat bogs. The only and type species is "bradus".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32821707
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T. V. Ramakrishnan Tiruppattur Venkatachalamurti Ramakrishnan (born 14 August 1941) is an Indian theoretical physicist known for his contributions in condensed matter physics. He is at present DAE Homi Bhabha Professor of Physics at Benaras Hindu University and also the chancellor of Tripura University. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1983, TWAS Prize in 1990 and the Padma Shri in 2001. Tiruppattur Venkatachalamurti Ramakrishnan was born on 14 August 1941 in Madras, Tamil Nadu. He completed his B.Sc (Hons.) and M.Sc in Physics from Banaras Hindu University in 1959 and 1961. He then worked as a CSIR research fellow at Banaras Hindu University from 1961 to 1962. He later completed his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1966. He started his professional career as lecturer in the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. He shifted to the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1986 where he continued till 2003. Ramakrishnan has made seminal contributions to the scaling theory of electron localization. He has made contributions to the theory of liquid to solid transition and of mixed valence systems. Ramakrishnan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2000. His certificate of election reads:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32822039
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Cry of the Kalahari (1984) is an autobiographical book detailing two young American zoologists, Mark and Delia Owens, and their experience studying wildlife in the Kalahari desert in Botswana in the mid-1970s. There they lived and worked for seven years in an uninhabited area named Deception Valley in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. With no roads and the nearest civilization eight hours away they had only each other and the animals they studied as company, most of which had never seen humans before. Their research focused mainly on lions, brown hyenas, jackals and other African carnivores. "Cry of the Kalahari" is the personal story of the Owens' encounters with these and a myriad of other animals and depicts their own struggle to live and work in such an inhospitable and unforgiving environment. "Cry of the Kalahari" was a national and international bestseller, translated into seven languages and is the 1985 John Burroughs Medal winner.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32826371
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Natural History Museum of Tripoli The is a museum located in Tripoli, Libya.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32851666
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Prohead A prohead or procapsid is an immature viral capsid structure formed in the early stages of self-assembly of some bacteriophages, including the "Caudovirales" or tailed bacteriophages. Production and assembly of stable proheads is an essential precursor to bacteriophage genome packaging; this packaging activity can be replicated "in vitro". The prohead structure may take a different shape from the head of a mature virion, as seen with the prohead of Bacillus subtilis phage φ29.
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Wayne Maddison Wayne Paul Maddison , is a professor and Canada Research Chair at the departments of zoology and botany at the University of British Columbia, and the Scientific Director of the Beaty Biodiversity Museum. His research concerns the phylogeny, biodiversity, and evolution of jumping spiders (Salticidae), of which he has discovered new species and genera. He has also done research in phylogenetic theory, developing and perfecting various methods used in comparative biology, such as character state inference in internal nodes through maximum parsimony, squared-change parsimony, or character correlation through the concentrated changes test or pairwise comparisons. In collaboration with David R. Maddison, he worked on the Mesquite open-source phylogeny software, the MacClade program, and the Tree of Life Web Project. His research has led him to discover new species of jumping spiders in Sarawak and Papua New Guinea.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32857704
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Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a reference work related to industrial chemistry published in English and German. As of 2016 it is in its 7th edition. first edition was published in German by Fritz Ullmann in 1914. The 4th Edition, published 1972 to 1984, already contained 25 volumes. The fifth edition, published 1985 to 1996, was the first version available also in English. In 1997, the first online version was available, which is updated at least every other month. As of 2016, Ullmann's Encyclopedia is in its 7th edition, in 40 volumes including one index volume. While PDF versions of individual chapters used to be available for purchase from the Wiley Online Library, as of at least 9/2018, it appears that Wiley has restricted access to the online version only to institutional users. Therefore, it is no longer possible to purchase individual chapters through the Wiley Online Library. For individuals or small companies, the only option is to purchase the entire hardcopy 40-volume set for $11,150. Industrial chemistry is the study of chemistry with a higher mathematics and physics education for critical processes engineering and maintenance. The industrial chemist strengthens the association of new materials investigation and manufacturing development, amid research chemistry and chemical engineering, through innovative intelligence and quality management
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Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Subject areas include "inorganic and organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics, metals and alloys, biotechnology and biotechnological products, food chemistry, process engineering and unit operations, analytical methods, environmental protection and others". As of 2016, Barbara Elvers is Editor-in-Chief and the editorial board consists of 17 editors, all but 3 of them from Germany.
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Meroterpene A meroterpene is a chemical compound having a partial terpenoid structure. Terpenophenolics are compounds that are part terpenes, part natural phenols. Plants in the genus "Humulus" and "Cannabis" produce terpenophenolic metabolites. Examples of terpenophenolics are: Terpenophenolics can also be isolated from animals. The terpenophenolics methoxyconidiol, epiconicol and didehydroconicol, isolated from the ascidian "Aplidium aff. densum", show antiproliferative activity.
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Heribert Barrera i Costa (6 July 1917 – 27 August 2011) was a Spanish chemist and politician from Catalonia, member of Republican Left of Catalonia and first president of the restored Parliament of Catalonia after Francoism, from 1980 until 1984. He died in Barcelona on 27 August 2011 aged 94.
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Olav Orheim (born 22 February 1942) is a Norwegian glaciologist. He served as director of the Norwegian Polar Institute from 1993 to 2005. He was appointed associate professor in glaciology at the University of Bergen in 1989. Orheim was a central participant in the establishment of the research station Troll in Queen Maud Land in Antarctica. Orheim has probably landed atop more icebergs than anyone in the world and was once stranded overnight on one with David Attenborough, the English broadcaster and voice of the nature series "Planet Earth".
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John Buchanan (botanist) John Buchanan (13 October 1819 – 1898) was a New Zealand botanist and scientific artist. He was a fellow of the Linnean Society. Buchanan also had some 29 publications in the "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand", including his identification of new species.
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Astrobiophysics is a field of intersection between astrophysics and biophysics concerned with the influence of the astrophysical phenomena upon life on planet Earth or some other planet in general. It differs from astrobiology which is concerned with the search of extraterrestrial life. Examples of the topics covered by this branch of science include the effect of supernovae on life on Earth and the effects of cosmic rays on irradiation at sea level.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32894329
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Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society The was founded in 1849. The Society bought Taunton Castle in 1874, and leases it to Somerset County Council to house the Museum of Somerset. A substantial proportion of the items held by the Museum were originally collected by the Society. Since it opened in 2010, the Society's office and library have been located at the Somerset Heritage Centre, alongside the County Council's Heritage Service. The society was founded in 1849, by members of Taunton's society who had an interest in history and archeology and by 1851 it had grown to 420 members. It was originally based at the Victoria Rooms in Taunton until in 1874, the society purchased Taunton Castle for its new base of operations. The castle was purchased for £2,850 () and the society funded repairs to the castle, including a new roof for the large 'Somerset Room' in 1884, the refitting of the Great Hall to be a museum in 1899, and the creation of a library in 1908. The society was responsible for excavations at Glastonbury Abbey during the early 20th century, but the Director of Excavations, Frederick Bligh Bond, had to be dismissed as he claimed he had been helped by ghosts of Glastonbury monks. The present museum at the castle was fitted during mid 20th century, and around the same time the 18th-century staircase from St Mary Redcliffe's vicarage was installed in the Great Hall. Taunton Castle is now leased to Somerset County Council and its museum has become the Museum of Somerset
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Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society The Society has published an annual journal, the "Proceedings", since 1851 which contains scholarly papers on research into the history, archaeology and ecology of Somerset. It also occasionally publishes books, most recently a transcription of "Edmund Rack's Survey of Somerset", a comprehensive survey of the county carried out in the late eighteenth century. Professor Mick Aston, well-known due to his involvement with the "Time Team" archaeology programmes on Channel 4, was a member and Past President of the Society, and regularly contributed papers to the "Proceedings". Robin Bush, the archivist and historian, was Chairman of the in 1983–84.
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Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a form of microbial electrocatalysis in which electrons are supplied to living microorganisms via a cathode in an electrochemical cell by applying an electric current. The electrons are then used by the microorganisms to reduce carbon dioxide to yield industrially relevant products. The electric current would ideally be produced by a renewable source of power. This process is the opposite to that employed in a microbial fuel cell, in which microorganisms transfer electrons from the oxidation of compounds to an anode to generate an electric current. (MES) is related to microbial electrolysis cells (MEC). Both use the interactions of microorganisms with a cathode to reduce chemical compounds. In MECs, an electrical power source is used to augment the electrical potential produced by the microorganisms consuming a source of chemical energy such as acetic acid. The combined potential provided by the power source and the microorganisms is then sufficient to reduce hydrogen ions to molecular hydrogen. The mechanism of MES is not well understood, but the potential products include alcohols and organic acids. MES can be combined with MEC in a single reaction vessel, where substrate consumed by the microorganisms provides a voltage potential that is lowered as the microbe ages. "MES has gained increasing attention as it promises to use renewable (electric) energy and biogenic feedstock for a bio-based economy
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Microbial electrosynthesis " may be used to produce fuel from carbon dioxide using electrical energy generated by either traditional power stations or renewable electricity generation. It may also be used to produce speciality chemicals such as drug precursors through microbially assisted electrocatalysis. can also be used to "power" plants. Plants can then be grown without sunlight.
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Tripuhyite is an iron antimonate mineral with composition FeSbO. The name of the mineral comes from the locality of Tripuhy, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where it was discovered. Hussak and Prior first described the mineral tripuhyite as an oxide of iron and antimony, and assigned it the composition FeSbO. When a mineral with composition FeSbO was later discovered in Squaw Creek, New Mexico (US), it was considered erroneously as a new mineral and it was given the name "squawcreekite". However, other studies had shown that the original tripuhyite was also FeSbO. In 2002, the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), approved the redefinition of tripuhyite as FeSbO and the discreditation of squawcreekite. FeSbO exhibits the rutile structure, with a tetragonal unit cell. The cations are octahedrally coordinated to oxygen anions, with the octahedra sharing edges along the c-direction. Fe(III) and Sb(V) cations are distributed in a disordered way over the octahedral sites.
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Hercules Superclusters The (SCl 160) refers to a set of two nearby superclusters of galaxies. Relative to other local superclusters, Hercules is considered particularly large, being approximately 330 Mly in diameter. The Northern Local Supervoid lies in front of the superclusters, and is as big as the superclusters themselves. The redshifts of the member galaxies lie between 0.0304 and 0.0414. The region includes Abell 2147, Abell 2151 (Hercules Cluster), and Abell 2152 galaxy clusters. An extremely long filament of galaxies has been found, that connects this group of clusters to the Abell 2197 and Abell 2199 pair. Abell 2162 in the nearby constellation Corona Borealis is also a member. The are near the Coma Supercluster, helping make up part of the CfA2 Great Wall.
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Chaos de Montpellier-le-Vieux The is a blockfield at the southern edge of the Causse Noir, above the Gorges de la Dourbie, north-east of Millau and its famous viaduct, in the commune of La Roque-Sainte-Marguerite, Aveyron, France. The rocks consist of dolomite.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32954910
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Natural history museum A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, climatology, and more. The primary role of a natural history museum is to provide the scientific community with current and historical specimens for their research, which is to improve our understanding of the natural world. Some museums have public exhibits to share the beauty and wonder of the natural world with the public; these are referred to as 'public museums'. Some museums feature non-natural history collections in addition to their primary collections, such as ones related to history, art, and science. Renaissance cabinets of curiosities were private collections that typically included exotic specimens of natural history, sometimes faked, along with other types of object. The first natural history museum was possibly that of Swiss scholar Conrad Gessner, established in Zürich in the mid-16th century. The Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, established in Paris in 1635, was the first natural history museum to take the form that would be recognized as a natural history museum today. Early natural history museums offered limited accessibility, as they were generally private collections or holdings of scientific societies. The Ashmolean Museum, opened in 1683, was the first natural history museum to grant admission to the general public
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32955700
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Natural history museum The natural history museum did not exist as a typical museum prior to the eighteenth century. Civic and university buildings did exist to house collections used for conducting research, however these served more as storage spaces than museums by today’s understanding. All kept artifacts were displayed to the public as catalogs of research findings and served mostly as an archive of scientific knowledge. These spaces housed as many artifacts as fit and offered little description or interpretation for visitors. Kept organisms were typically arranged in their taxonomic systems and displayed with similar organisms. Museums did not think of the possibility of diverse audiences, instead adopting the view of an expert as the standard. The mid-eighteenth century saw an increased interest in the scientific world by the middle class bourgeoisie who had greater time for leisure activities, physical mobility and educational opportunities than in previous eras. Other forms of science consumption, such as the zoo, had already grown in popularity. Now, the natural history museum was a new space for public interaction with the natural world. Museums began to change the way they exhibited their artifacts, hiring various forms of curators, to refine their displays. Additionally, they adopted new approaches to designing exhibits. These new ways of organizing would support learning of the lay audience. Organised by the League of Nations, the first International Museography Congress happened in Madrid in 1934
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Natural history museum Again, the First World Congress on the Preservation and Conservation of Natural History Collections took place in Madrid, from 10 May 1992 to 15 May 1992. While the museum buildings where collections of artifacts were displayed started to overflow with materials, the prospect of a new building space would take years to build. As wealthy nations began to collect exotic artifacts and organisms from other countries this problem continued to worsen. Museum funding came from a mixed bag of state or provincial support as well as university funding, causing differing systems of development and goals. Opportunities for a new public audience coupled with overflowing artifact collections led to a new design for natural history museums. A dual arrangement of museums was pioneered by J. Edward Gray, who worked with the British Museum in the 1860s. This layout separated the science producing researcher from the science consuming public audience. By doing so, museums were able to save space in the exhibit areas and display a smaller, more focused amount of material to the public. This also allowed for greater curation of exhibits that eased the lay viewer’s learning and allowed them to develop a more holistic understanding of the natural world. Natural history museums became a story of our world, telling different organisms narratives. Use of dual arrangement was quickly adopted and advocated by many across the world
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Natural history museum A notable proponent of its use was German zoologist Karl Mobias who divided the natural museum in Hamburg in 1866. The goal of such museums was not only to display organisms but detail their interactions in the human world as well as within their unique ecosystems. Naturalists such as American Joseph Leidy pushed for greater emphasis on the biological perspective in exhibits to teach the public more about the functional relationships between organisms. This required the expertise of zoologist and botanist. As this kind of work was not typical for educated scientists of the time, the new profession of curator developed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32955700
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Schiller layer Schiller layer, also known as iridescent layer, is one of a series of layers formed by sedimenting particles form layers separated by approximately equal distances of the order of the wavelength of light. This gives rise to strong colors when observed in reflected light and the system is said to form iridescent layers or "schiller layers".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32960907
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Universe Awareness or (UNAWE) is an international programme that aim to expose very young children in under-privileged environments to astronomy. In 2004, Leiden University professor George K. Miley first began exploring the idea of setting up an astronomy programme to educate and inspire young children, especially those from underprivileged backgrounds. He had been awarded an Academy Professorship by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and decided to use part of the associated funding to explore the feasibility of setting up such a programme. With considerable support and encouragement from Claus Madsen at ESO, a successful workshop was held in Germany and it was agreed that the programme was worth pursuing. (UNAWE) was born. Shortly afterwards, Carolina Ödman was appointed as the first UNAWE International Project Manager. In 2006, thanks to a grant provided by the Netherlands Minister of Education Culture and Science, Ms. van der Hoeven, the UNAWE International Office was founded at Leiden Observatory, the Netherlands. With the help of Sarah Levin as Media Coordinator, Ödman built UNAWE into a thriving global project, with a network of about 400 experts from 40 countries. UNAWE became a Cornerstone project of the successful UN-ratified IAU/UNESCO International Year of Astronomy in 2009 (IYA2009). During IYA2009, thousands of UNAWE activities were organised in more than 45 countries. For example, in Venezuela, 43 teacher training sessions reached more than 1500 teachers and well over 60 000 children
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32970061
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Universe Awareness 2010 saw many changes for UNAWE. Firstly, Ödman left her coordinating role with UNAWE to join the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Next Einstein Initiative, handing over the reins to the former Global Coordinator for IYA2009, Pedro Russo. Later that year, the European Union awarded a grant of 1.9 million euros to fund a 3-year project called European (EU-UNAWE), which builds on the work of (UNAWE). With this grant, EU-UNAWE is now being further developed in six selected countries: the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom and South Africa. EU-UNAWE is endorsed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and it is now an integral part of the IAU Strategic Plan 2010–2020, which is called Astronomy for the Developing World. This is an ambitious blueprint that aims to use astronomy to foster education and provide skills and competencies in science and technology throughout the world, particularly in developing countries..
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32970061
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Standardization in Lab Automation The SiLA consortium is a not-for-profit membership organization formed by software suppliers, system integrators and pharma/biotech companies. This consortium for (SiLA), develops and introduces new device and data interface standards allowing rapid integration of lab Automation hardware and data management systems. Highly skilled experts of member companies contribute in SiLA's technical work groups. Membership is open for institutions, corporations and individuals active in the life science lab automation industry. The SiLA consortium provides professional training, support and certification services to suppliers and system integrators implementing SiLA compliant interfaces. SiLA is the global initiative to standardize software interfaces in the field of life science research instrumentation and Laboratory automation. Instigated by the pharmaceutical industry's need for flexible laboratory automation, the initiative is supported by major device and software suppliers worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms of life requires extensive, often repetitive, experimentation. Laboratory automation, therefore, has become instrumental to the progress of the life sciences. Industry provides commercial laboratory devices to perform increasingly sophisticated tasks. However, combining equipment from different providers to work in concert often proves impossible. Exporting captured data from proprietary software for further analysis can be frustrating or impossible
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32977591
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Standardization in Lab Automation This situation leads to a waste of resources: Available equipment needs to be replaced for compatibility reasons, software drivers have to be purchased or developed, and data conversion is time-consuming. Such technical obstacles impede the development of higher level autonomous experimentation systems. SiLA enables researchers to focus on their scientific questions by reducing equipment connectivity effort to a minimum. This is achieved by using proven, tested and maintained documentation and code. Advancements seen on the home consumer electronics marked like USB or UPnP triggered the idea of applying a similar approach to the laboratory automation environment. Why was it possible to easily upload pictures from any digital camera on any computer but in the same time not even thinkable to replace a lab device (e.g.: a Shaker) of one brand with a Shaker of a different brand? Analyzing the situation led to the conclusion that the incompatibility was a result of missing interface definitions. The idea of a standardized interface based on the Common Command Set (CCS) concept was born. However, SiLA 1.x has some limitations: It is based on XML/Soap which is considered as outdated. Getting started with SiLA 1.x is not an easy process. This led to the proposition of a spin-off group of the SiLA consortium to develop a new standard: SiLA 2. Learning from SiLA 1.x and taking many concepts from it, SiLA 2 had the vision of being as accessible as possible
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32977591
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Standardization in Lab Automation A major goal is to create a community constantly working on the development of new Features. SiLA 2 addresses control and data interfaces between devices and process management, LIMS and Enterprise Systems. It is built to connect systems in a laboratory, such as Laboratory information management systems, electronic lab notebooks, chromatography software and laboratory devices such as balances, pipettors and various other analytical instruments. Enhancing the first standard SiLA 1.x by adopting proven concepts and applying already existing open standards and protocols in a "lean and mean" manner, SiLA 2 is designed to enable plug-and-play operations in the laboratory. SiLA 2 considers every entity in the modern laboratory as a service. Focus on behaviour and service oriented design structures leads to the Feature Definition Language (FDL). SiLA 2 is based on a microservice architecture. Relying on HTTP/2, SiLA uses Protocol Buffers to serialize payload data. Furthermore, SiLA 2 uses the wire format provided by gRPC. SiLA 2 can split up into a Core and Feature level. The SiLA Core is written and maintained by the SiLA 2 Working group. SiLA Features are specific extensions that may change and evolve in any way. SiLA's basic structure consists of a client – server communication model. The SiLA Server (≙web server) exposes all its capabilities to the SiLA Client (≙web client). Capabilities of the SiLA Server are grouped together as SiLA Features
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32977591
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Standardization in Lab Automation The Feature concept serves as a common communication base for subject matter experts (SME), IT experts and end users. Each Feature is described by its Feature Definition, an XML-file containing information about parameters, interactions, data types, return values, etc. It exposes a certain number of Commands which model actions that can be performed by the SiLA Server. SiLA 1.x has been used from 2009 until 2018. But getting started with SiLA 1.x is not an easy process. Furthermore, As SiLA 1.x is based on XML/Soap which is considered outdated. It is now replaced by SiLA 2. The SiLA device interface standard covers all ISO/OSI levels of the device control interface from physical to application layer. The interface standard is based on web service/SOAP communication with the devices. Commands are generally executed in asynchronous manner with an immediate response and a delayed event after completion of the command processing or after an error. Error recovery procedures are also supported and the general behavior of the devices is managed by a state machine. The state machine enables also complex behaviors like parallel processing of commands and command queuing. By supporting three different integration levels, SiLA provides a unique, standardized interface between lab automation devices and process management systems so that also legacy devices can be integrated in SiLA compliant systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32977591
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Standardization in Lab Automation SiLA compliance can be achieved by providing native, directly embedded SiLA device interfaces or by software only SiLA drivers and/or interface converters. The SiLA Device Control and Data Interface Standard eases and accelerates the integration and adaptation of systems through generic Device Class Interfaces providing Common Command Sets. By grouping devices of the same functionality device classes can be created. SiLA Common Command Sets define commands for these device classes. SiLA defines the command names, the number of parameters and their names as well as the return data. Since commands and parameters are described in the WSDL documentation tag of the commands web service, a process management software (PMS) can automatically generate a list available commands for each device. SiLA has defined about 30 device classes and a command library with about 100 commands. Commands range from mandatory commands that are needed to make transitions in the state machine, over required commands for the specific device class, to optional commands for which not every device in the device class might provide the functionality. In addition guidelines for the implementation of supplier-specific device commands and parameters are provided. Some commands are applicable for almost every device class. For example, the commands SetParameter, GetParameter, ExecuteMethod are widely used
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32977591
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Standardization in Lab Automation Also PrepareForOutput and PrepareForInput are common because they enable the transport mechanisms to transfer labware items from device to device. The mandatory commands include operations like Reset, Initialize, Abort and Pause. In addition also locking a device for exclusive use is provided. SiLA has formed a not-for-profit membership organisation. SiLA requires members to pay annual membership dues. Details on membership classes and related fees can be found here. SiLA is a not-for-profit membership corporation with global footprint. Membership is open for institutions, corporations and individuals active in the life science lab automation industry. The SiLA consortium provides professional training, support and certification services to suppliers and system integrators implementing SiLA compliant interfaces.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32977591
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Abell 2199 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue featuring a brightest cluster galaxy NGC 6166, a cD galaxy. is the definition of a Bautz-Morgan type I cluster due to NGC 6166.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32998378
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Abell 383 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32998405
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Cardiovirus A is a member of the "Picornaviridae" family. Infection with the virus causes encephalomyocarditis and reproductive disease in pigs. Although a variety of mammals may host the virus, pigs are classed as the domestic host as they are most easily infected. It is thought to be spread by rodents. The disease can be found worldwide but is of greatest economic importance in tropical areas. It is not thought to be zoonotic. Piglets that are infected present with encephalitis, myocarditis and sudden death. Mortality rates can be high. If a sow is infected whilst pregnant she may present with a variety of reproductive signs including infertility, mummification, abortion, still birth and the birth of weak piglets. A variety of gastrointestinal, respiratory and systemic signs may also be seen as the virus infects multiple body systems. A presumptive diagnosis can be made based on the history and clinical signs. Virus isolation is necessary for definitive diagnosis. Postmortem examination of piglets may or may not reveal cardiac pathology but histopathology should show cardiac and brain abnormalities. Signs in aborted fetuses are highly variable.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32999836
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Outline of natural science The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to natural science: Natural science – a major branch of science that tries to explain, and predict, nature's phenomena based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypothesis must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Natural science can be broken into 2 main branches: life science, and physical science. Each of these branches, and all of their sub-branches, are referred to as natural sciences. Natural science can be described as all of the following: History of natural science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33017018
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Bror Yngve Sjöstedt (August 3, 1866, Hjo – 1948) was a Swedish naturalist. Sjöstedt gained his degree and his doctorate in 1896 at the University of Uppsala. He worked as an assistant in Statens Entomologiska Anstalt from 1897 to 1902, becoming a Professor and a Curator in the Swedish Museum of Natural History. He made several expeditions to the west and east of Africa, including Kilimanjaro and edited "Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Osatafrikas" 1905–1906. 2 Band, Abt. 8. Stockholm: K. Schwed. Akad.(1907–1910) Anthony Musgrave (1932). "Bibliography of Australian Entomology, 1775-1930, with biographical notes on authors and collectors", Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales (Sydney) : viii + 380.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33059857
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Abell 2147 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue. It is located within the core of the Hercules Superclusters (SCI 160), within Serpens Caput, near the cluster Abell 2152, approximately two degrees south southwest of the Hercules Cluster (Abell 2151). It is possible that is actually part of the Hercules Cluster considering that it shares the same redshift of 550 million light years. This galaxy cluster contains mostly faint, small and scattered galaxies.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33060039
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Sacrificial metal A sacrificial metal is a metal used as a sacrificial anode in cathodic protection that corrodes to prevent a primary metal from corrosion, galvanization or rusting. When two metals touch each other and water is present, electrolysis occurs. One well known example is the reaction between zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Zn atoms ionize as it is more electronegative and is oxidized and corrodes. Zn(s)→(aq) +2e (oxidation) Sacrificial metals are widely used to prevent other metals from rusting, for example galvanised steel. Most of the steel object is coated with a layer of zinc, which is more electronegative than the iron, preventing it from rusting. Similarly, sacrificial bars of a metal such as magnesium can be attached to an oil rig or the hull of a ship to prevent it from rusting and breaking down.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33070822
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François Robert François Robert, born in Paris, France the 26th of January, 1951, is a French researcher specializing in isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry. His work on the isotopes of hydrogen has enhanced the understanding of the origin of water and of organic matter in the solar system. He is famous for his work on lithium, beryllium and boron, light elements formed by the irradiation of interstellar matter. He received a Leonard Medal from the Meteoritical Society in 2011 for his work on the isotopic composition of stable nuclei. He began his thesis in 1975 in the CEA Saclay under the direction of Marc Javoy and Liliane Merlivat and edited by Samuel Epstein at Caltech, Pasadena, California. He joined the CNRS in 1980 at the Laboratory of stable isotope geochemistry at the University of Jussieu, where he defended his thesis on the isotopic compositions (H, C, N) of carbonaceous meteorites in 1982. Between 1983 and 1990, he worked successively with Liliane Merlivat in Saclay, Samuel Epstein at the California Institute of Technology and Marc Javoy at Jussieu. In 1990 he became a Directeur de Recherche in the CNRS. In 1992 he worked for a few months in Thiruvananthapuram, India, where he created a laboratory for isotopic analysis. He was assigned in 1993 to the Laboratory of Mineralogy of the National Museum of Natural History (MNHN) led by Professor Jacques Fabriès. Between 1993 and 2004, he collaborated with the Research Center for Petrology and Geochemistry in Nancy (CNRS / INPL)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33072775
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François Robert Under the leadership of Professor Stephen Roth he participated in the establishment of the French Society for Stable Isotopes of which he became the Senior Vice President in 1999. In 1999, he undertook the determination of the molecular structure of the insoluble organic matter of meteorites in collaboration with the Laboratory of Organic and Inorganic Geochemistry of the Environment at the University Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris. In 2006, he became responsible for a consortium of French laboratories set up by CNES, which set itself the goal of analysis of samples from the halo of Comet Wild 2 captured by the U.S. Stardust space mission (NASA). Between 2003 and 2011, he was successively elected member of the Board of Directors and the Scientific Council of the MNHN and Chairman of the National Program of Planetology (PNP / CNRS-INSU). Since 2004 he has been Director of the Laboratory of Mineralogy and Cosmochemistry of the Museum, in which there is a NanoSims (Cameca) ion probe accessible to national and international researchers as part of the National Analysis Service of the INSU-CNRS.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33072775
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Clay dog Clay dogs are naturally occurring clay formations that are sculpted by river currents from glacially deposited blue-gray clay and then dried by the sun. They exhibit tremendous variety in shape and size, with some being simple and others having highly complex forms. They only occur in a few places in the world. Until recently, Croton Point along the Hudson River produced them, but the clay slope that produced the dogs was subsequently demolished to extend a park lawn. Clay dogs were described in detail in an article by L. P. Gratacap, "Opinions on Clay Stones and Concretions".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33073181
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Paul Magnus Gross Paul Magnus Gross, Sr. (September 15, 1895 – May 4, 1986) was an American chemist and educator at Duke University. Gross was born on September 15, 1895. Gross received a B.S. degree from City College of New York in 1916, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Columbia University in 1917 and 1919. In 1919, Gross started his career as an assistant professor of chemistry (1919-1920) at Duke University. Gross was quickly promoted to full professor and served as chair of the chemistry department from 1921 to 1948. In 1947, Gross became the Dean of the Graduate School (1947-1952), Dean of the University (1952-1958), and Vice-President in the Educational Division (1949-1960). Gross' opinions on administrative matters led around 1960 to conflicts with President A. Hollis Edens in what came to be known as the Gross-Edens Affair. The debate was mostly over whether Duke University should become a regional or national university, and to what degree the institution should be known for its devotion to research or teaching. Gross pressed for rapid growth towards national stature as a research university, an outcome that Duke did later achieve. Edens resigned from his position as University President, and Gross was removed from his administrative position as a result of the conflict. Gross was a founder of the Oak Ridge Institute for Nuclear Studies (later Oak Ridge Associated Universities) and served as its President until 1949. President Harry S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33080015
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Paul Magnus Gross Truman appointed Gross to the original National Science Foundation board in 1950, a position he held for 12 years. Gross served as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1962. Gross died on May 4, 1986 in Durham, North Carolina.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33080015
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2MASS J21392676+0220226 is a brown dwarf 47 light years from earth. Its surface is thought to be host to a massive storm. It was discovered in the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33080318
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Habitable exoplanet A potentially habitable exoplanet is a hypothetical type of planet that could be habitable for humans. As of March 2020, a total of 55 potentially habitable exoplanets have been found. Of those, one is believed to be Sub-terran (Mars-size), 20 Terran (Earth-size) and 34 Super Terran (Super Earths). The most potentially habitable exoplanet discovered so far is Teegarden b, with an Earth Similarity Index of 0.93. The main feature of potentially habitable exoplanets is that they have to be located in the habitable zone of their stellar systems. In order to be potentially habitable, an exoplanet would have to have a mass between 0.1 and 10 Earth masses. The radius of a habitable exoplanet would range between 0.5 and 2.5 Earth radii. The temperature among the habitable exoplanets discovered so far range from 182 degrees Kelvin (Kepler 186 f) and 285 degrees Kelvin (Tau Ceti e). It is believed that F, G, K and M-type star could host habitable exoplanets. G-type stars would allow to host the exoplanets most similar to Earth, that is, Earth-like planets. K-type stars would provide the necessary conditions for super habitable exoplanets, which are exoplanets that could be more habitable than Earth. As of March 2020, only one potentially habitable exoplanet has been found orbiting a F-type star: Kepler-1632 b. M-type stars also considered possible hosts of habitable exoplanets, even those with flares such as Proxima b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33089360
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Habitable exoplanet However, it is important to bear in mind that flare stars could greatly reduce the habitability of exoplanets by eroding their atmosphere.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33089360
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Cirrostratus fibratus is a type of cirrostratus cloud. The name "cirrostratus fibratus" is derived from Latin, meaning "fibrous". is one of the two most common forms that cirrostratus often takes, with the other being cirrostratus nebulosus. They are formed from strong, continuous winds blowing at high altitudes, and they often cover a large portion of the sky. may often develop from either cirrus fibratus or cirrus spissatus cloud. Precipitation is often imminent behind these clouds; however, they are not a precipitation-producing cloud.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33092173
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Cirrostratus nebulosus is a species of high-level cirrostratus cloud. The name "cirrostratus nebulosus" is derived from Latin, the adjective "nebulosus" meaning "full of vapor, foggy, cloudy, dark". is one of the two most common forms that cirrostratus often takes, with the other being cirrostratus fibratus. The nebulosus species is featureless and uniform, while the fibratus species has a fibrous appearance. are formed by gently rising air. The cloud is often hard to see unless the sun shines through it at the correct angle, forming a halo. While usually very light, the cloud may also be very dense, and the exact appearance of the cloud can vary from one formation to another. In the winter, precipitation often follows behind these clouds; however, they are not a precipitation-producing cloud.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33092462
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Edwin Brown (naturalist) Edwin Brown (died 1 September 1876, Tenby) was an English naturalist and entomologist. Edwin Brown was manager of the Burton, Uttoxeter and Ashbourne Union Bank in Burton on Trent. He had a private museum of geological, zoological and botanical specimens and a library of taxonomic works. Brown was a Member of the Entomological Society of London from 1849. He specialised in Carabidae and Cicindelidae. Parts of his collection were purchased by Oxford University Museum of Natural History when it was sold at auction in March 1877. The purchase included insects collected by Alfred Russel Wallace. Edwin Brown was Henry Walter Bates's first naturalist friend. Partial list
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33094679
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Hidetsugu Ikegami is a Japanese physicist. He is Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Physics at Osaka University, where he has been director of the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) and organized and chaired international symposia. He founded the RCNP ring cyclotron facilities. is guest professor at Uppsala University. On June 1, 1990 Ikegami received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University, Sweden He has submitted numerous patent applications many of his more recent applications pertaining to nuclear fusion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33125795
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Clavaviridae is a family of double-stranded viruses that infect archaea. This family was first described by the team led by D. Prangishvili in 2010. There is one genus in this family ("Clavavirus"). Within this genus, a single species has been described to date: "Aeropyrum pernix bacilliform virus 1". The name is derived from the Latin word "clava" meaning stick. The virons are bacilliform in shape and 143 nanometers (nm) in length and 15.8 nm in diameter. One end is pointed and the other is rounded. The structure of the APBV1 virion has been solved by cryo-electron microscopy to near-atomic resolution, revealing how the helical particle is built from an alpha-helical major capsid protein with a unique structural fold. Virions are highly thermostable and remain infectious after incubation at 100 °C for 3 h The genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 5.3 kb. It does not integrate into the host genome. The genome contains 14 open reading frames, none of which share similarity with sequences in public databases. Infection with this virus does not cause host cell lysis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33131237
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NGC 4874 (Coma A) is a giant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered by the British astronomer Frederick William Herschel I in 1785, who catalogued it as a bright patch of nebulous feature. The second-brightest galaxy within the northern Coma Cluster, it is located at a distance of 109 megaparsecs (350,000,000 light-years) from Earth. The galaxy is surrounded by an immense stellar halo that extends up to one million light-years in diameter. It is also enveloped by a huge cloud of interstellar medium that is currently being heated by action of infalling material from its central supermassive black hole. A jet of highly energetic plasma extends out to 1,700 light-years from its center. The galaxy has 18 700 ± 2260 globular clusters.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33149590
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SynBio is a long-term project started in 2011 with the goal of creating innovative medicines, including what are known as Biobetters. This project is a collaborative effort of several Russian and international pharmaceutical companies. The largest private participant of is the Human Stem Cells Institute (HSCI), a leading Russian biotech company, and Rusnano is a key investor. The project is a significant example of international cooperation between researchers in Russia, England, and Germany. Special project company LLC is headquartered in Moscow. Currently, LLC is developing nine drugs based on three biotechnology platforms (Histone, PolyXen and Gemacell) for the treatment of liver disease, cardiovascular disease, acute leukemia, growth hormone deficiency and diabetes mellitus. The project also entails the creation of modern production facilities. These facilities will be dedicated to the manufacturing of the company's pharmaceutical substances and market-ready medicines once they have successfully undergone clinical testing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33161940
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WISEPA J031325.96+780744.2 (designation abbreviated to WISE 0313+7807, or WISE J0313+7807) is a brown dwarf of spectral class T8.5, located in constellation Cepheus at approximately 21 light-years from Earth. WISE 0313+7807 was discovered in 2011 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick et al. from data, collected by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite — NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope, which mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In 2011 Kirkpatrick et al. published a paper in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, where they presented discovery of 98 new found by WISE brown dwarf systems with components of spectral types M, L, T and Y, among which also was WISE 0313+7807. Trigonometric parallax of WISE 0313+7807 is 153 ± 15 mas, corresponding to distance of 6.5 pc or 21.3 ly.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33168709
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WISEPA J195246.66+724000.8 (designation abbreviated to WISE 1952+7240, or WISE J1952+7240) is a brown dwarf of spectral class T4, located in constellation Draco at approximately 44 light-years from Earth. WISE 1952+7240 was discovered in 2011 by J. Davy Kirkpatrick et al. from data, collected by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite — NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope, which mission lasted from December 2009 to February 2011. In 2011 Kirkpatrick et al. published a paper in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, where they presented discovery of 98 new found by WISE brown dwarf systems with components of spectral types M, L, T and Y, among which also was WISE 1952+7240. Trigonometric parallax of WISE 1952+7240 is not yet measured. Therefore, there are only distance estimates of this object, obtained by indirect — spectrofotometric — means (see table). WISE 1952+7240 distance estimates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33169930
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal Core–shell semiconducting nanocrystals (CSSNCs) are a class of materials which have properties intermediate between those of small, individual molecules and those of bulk, crystalline semiconductors. They are unique because of their easily modular properties, which are a result of their size. These nanocrystals are composed of a quantum dot semiconducting core material and a shell of a distinct semiconducting material. The core and the shell are typically composed of type II–VI, IV–VI, and III–V semiconductors, with configurations such as CdS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdS, and InAs/CdSe (typical notation is: core/shell) Organically passivated quantum dots have low fluorescence quantum yield due to surface related trap states. CSSNCs address this problem because the shell increases quantum yield by passivating the surface trap states. In addition, the shell provides protection against environmental changes, photo-oxidative degradation, and provides another route for modularity. Precise control of the size, shape, and composition of both the core and the shell enable the emission wavelength to be tuned over a wider range of wavelengths than with either individual semiconductor. These materials have found applications in biological systems and optics. Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, which are also called quantum dots (QDs), consist of ~1–10 nm diameter semiconductor nanoparticles that have organic ligands bound to their surface
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal These nanomaterials have found applications in nanoscale photonic, photovoltaic, and light-emitting diode (LED) devices due to their size-dependent optical and electronic properties. Quantum dots are popular alternatives to organic dyes as fluorescent labels for biological imaging and sensing due to their small size, tuneable emission, and photostability. The luminescent properties of quantum dots arise from exciton decay (recombination of electron hole pairs) which can proceed through a radiative or nonradiative pathway. The radiative pathway involves electrons relaxing from the conduction band to the valence band by emitting photons with wavelengths corresponding to the semiconductor's bandgap. Nonradiative recombination can occur through energy release via phonon emission or Auger recombination. In this size regime, quantum confinement effects lead to a size dependent increasing bandgap with observable, quantized energy levels. The quantized energy levels observed in quantum dots lead to electronic structures that are intermediate between single molecules which have a single HOMO-LUMO gap and bulk semiconductors which have continuous energy levels within bands Semiconductor nanocrystals generally adopt the same crystal structure as their extended solids. At the surface of the crystal, the periodicity abruptly stops, resulting in surface atoms having a lower coordination number than the interior atoms
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal This incomplete bonding (relative to the interior crystal structure) results in atomic orbitals that point away from the surface called "dangling orbitals" or unpassivated orbitals. Surface dangling orbitals are localized and carry a slight negative or positive charge. Weak interaction among the inhomogeneous charged energy states on the surface has been hypothesized to form a band structure. If the energy of the dangling orbital band is within the semiconductor bandgap, electrons and holes can be trapped at the crystal surface. For example, in CdSe quantum dots, Cd dangling orbitals act as electron traps while Se dangling orbitals act as hole traps. Also, surface defects in the crystal structure can act as charge carrier traps. Charge carrier trapping on QDs increases the probability of non-radiative recombination, which reduces the fluorescence quantum yield. Surface-bound organic ligands are typically used to coordinate to surface atoms having reduced coordination number in order to passivate the surface traps. For example, tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and trioctylphospine (TOP) have been used to control the growth conditions and passivate the surface traps of high quality CdSe quantum dots. Although this method provides narrow size distributions and good crystallinity, the quantum yields are ~5–15%. Alkylamines have been incorporated into the TOP/TOPO synthetic method to increase the quantum yields to ~50%
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33177861
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal The main challenge in using organic ligands for quantum dot surface trap passivation is the difficulty in simultaneously passivating both anionic and cationic surface traps. Steric hindrance between bulky organic ligands results in incomplete surface coverage and unpassivated dangling orbitals. Growing epitaxial inorganic semiconductor shells over quantum dots inhibits photo-oxidation and enables passivation of both anionic and cationic surface trap states. As photogenerated charge carriers are less likely to be trapped, the probability for excitons to decay through the radiative pathway increases. CdSe/CdS and ZnSe/CdSe nanocrystals have been synthesized that exhibit 85% and 80–90% quantum yield, respectively. architecture was initially investigated in the 1980s, followed by a surge of publications on synthetic methods the 1990s. properties are based on the relative conduction and valence band edge alignment of the core and the shell. In type I semiconductor heterostructures, the electron and holes tend to localize within the core. In type II heterostructures, one carrier is localized in the shell while the other is localized in the core. In a Type I CSSNC, the bandgap of the core is smaller than that of the shell. Both the conduction and valence band edges of the core lie within the bandgap of the shell, which confines both electrons and holes in the core. This can be seen in figure X, where the electron and hole of an exciton at the CdSe (bandgap:1.74 eV) /CdS (bandgap:2
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal 42 eV) interface occupy energy states within the CdSe core, which corresponds to the lowest available energy separation. The emission wavelength due to radiative electron-hole recombination within the core is slightly redshifted compared to uncoated CdSe. CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, InAs/CdSe and ZnO/MgO In the reverse type I configuration, the core has a wider bandgap than the shell, and the conduction and valence band edges of the shell lie within those of the core. The lowest available exciton energy separation occurs when the charge carriers are localized in the shell. Changing the shell thickness tunes the emission wavelength. CdS/HgS, CdS/CdSe, ZnSe/CdSe and MgO/ZnO In the type II configuration, the valence and conduction band edge of the core are both lower or higher than the band edges of the shell. An example of a type II is shown in figure X, ZnTe (bandgap:2.26) /CdSe (bandgap:1.74). The lowest energy separation of the electron and the hole will occur when the hole is confined in the ZnTe core valence band and the electron is confined in the CdSe shell conduction band. The emission wavelength will be determined by the energy difference between these occupied states, as shown by the red arrow, which will be at a lower energy than either of the individual bandgaps. The emission wavelength can be significantly red shifted compared to the unpassivated core. ZnTe/CdSe, CdTe/CdSe, CdS/ZnSe Doping has been shown to strongly affect the optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal Impurity concentrations in semiconductor nanocrystals grown using colloidal synthesis, however, are typically lower than in their bulk counterparts. There has been interest in magnetic doping of CSSNCs for applications in magnetic memory and spin-based electronics. Dual-mode optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been explored by doping the shell of CdSe/ZnS with Mn, which caused the CSSNC to be paramagnetic. In synthesizing core shell nanoparticles, scientists have studied and found several wet chemical methods, such as chemical precipitation, sol-gel, microemulsion and inverse micelle formation. Those methods have been used to grow core shell chalcogenide nanoparticles with an emphasis on better control of size, shape, and size distribution. To control the growth of nanoparticles with tunable optical properties, supporting matrices such as glasses, zeolites, polymers or fatty acids have been used. In addition, to prepare nanoparticles of sulfides, selenides and tellurides, the Langmuir–Blodgett film technique has been used successfully. In comparison to wet chemical methods, electrochemical synthesis is more desirable, such as the use of aqueous solvents rather than toxic organic solvents, formation of conformal deposits, room-temperature deposition, low cost, and precise control of composition and thickness of semiconductor coating on metal nanoparticles
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal However, owing to the difficulty of preparing electrically addressable arrays of nanoparticles, the use of electrochemical techniques to produce core-shell nanoparticles was difficult. Recently, Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) and Copper iodide (CuI) was electrochemically grown on a 3-D nanoelectrode array via layer-by-layer depositing of alternating layers of nanoparticles and Polyoxometalate (POM). Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystals can be grown by using colloidal chemistry methods with an appropriate control of the reaction kinetics. Using this method which results in a relatively high control of size and shape, semiconductor nanostructures could be synthesized in the form of dots, tubes, wires and other forms which show interesting optic and electronic size-dependent properties. Since the synergistic properties resulting from the intimate contact and interaction between the core and shell, CSSNCs can provide novel functions and enhanced properties which are not observed in single nanoparticles. The size of core materials and the thickness of shell can be controlled during synthesis. For example, in the synthesis of CdSe core nanocrystals, the volume of HS gas can determine the size of core nanocrystals. As the volume of HS increases, the size of the core decreases. Alternatively, when the reaction solution reaches the desired reaction temperature, rapid cooling can result in smaller core sizes
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal In addition, the thickness of shell is typically determined by the added amount of shell material during the coating process. An increase in either the core size or shell length results in longer emission wavelengths. The interface between the core and shell can be tailored to passivate relaxation pathways and form radiative states. The size dependence of the band gap in these nanoparticles due to the quantum confinement effect has been utilized to control the photoluminescence color from blue to red by preparing nanoparticles of varying sizes. By manipulating the size or shape of the nanoparticles, the luminescence colors and purity can be controlled. However, the quantum yield and the brightness of luminescence of the CSSNCs is ultimately limited and it cannot be controlled because of the presence of surface traps. UV-vis absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are the techniques typically used to identify and characterize CSSNCs. One of the most important properties of core–shell semiconducting nanocrystals (CSSNCs) is that their cores, which are quantum dots, fluoresce, which is important in their biomedical and optical applications. The shells are highly modular, and thus the bulk properties, such as solubility and activity of the CSSNCs can be changed
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal The properties desired of CSSNCs when using them for biological applications include high quantum yield, narrow fluorescence emission, broad absorption profile, stability against photobleaching, 20 second fluorescent lifetime, and high brightness. High quantum yields mean that minimal energy will need to be put into the quantum dot to induce fluorescence. A narrow fluorescence emission allows for multiple colors to be imaged at once without color overlap between different types of CSSNCs. Having a broad absorption profile allows multiple CSSNCs to be excited at the same wavelength and thus, multiple CSSNCs could be imaged simultaneously. Having a 20-second fluorescent lifetime allows for time-resolved bioimaging. The utility of CSSNCs is that they can be a complement to organic fluorophores. CSSNCs are less susceptible to photobleaching, but less is known about them compared to organic fluorophores. CSSNCs have 100–1000 times the two-photon fluorescence efficiency as organic dyes, exemplifying their value. In the cases where CSSNCs are used in biological medium, the core is a quantum dot and the shell can be an organic molecule or biological ligands, such as a DNA, that are used for biocompatibility and targeting. The shell can also be an organic molecule to which a biological molecule is later conjugated, furthering the modularity of core–shell structure
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal The most popular core/shell pair used is CdSe core with ZnS or CdS shell, which improves the quantum yield and protects against photobleaching compared to that of the core material alone. The size of the CSSNC is directly correlated to the color of fluorescence, so being able to control particle size is desirable. However, it is generally unknown how the shell molecules, and salt concentration, pH, and temperature of the media affect the CSSNCs’ properties and remains empirical. Because multiple colors can be imaged, CSSNCs’ ability to be used in cell labeling is of growing importance. However, it can be difficult to get CSSNCs across the cell membrane. This has been achieved via endocytosis (the most common method), direct microinjection, and electroporation, and once in the cell, they become concentrated in the nucleus and can stay there for extended periods of time. Once CSSNCs are inside cells, they remain even after cellular division and can be imaged in both mother and daughter cells. This particular technique was shown using "Xenopus" embryos. Another example of CSSNCs is seen in their tracking ability; when cells are gown on a 2D matrix embedded with CSSNCs, cells uptake the CSSNCs as they move, leaving a trail seen as the absence of CSSNCs. This means that the mobility of cells can be imaged, which is important since the metastatic potential of breast tissue cells has been shown to increase with mobility
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal Also, it has been shown that five different toxins can be detected using five different CSSNCs simultaneously. In a move toward environmentally friendlier and less toxic CSSNCs, Si quantum dots with various shells have been developed. Si is 10 times safer than Cd and current work is focused on making Si more water-soluble and biocompatible. In particular, Si quantum dots with poly (acrylic acid) and allylamine shells have been used in cell labeling. Other in vitro uses include flow cyclometry, pathogen detection, and genomic and proteomic detection. Because CSSNCs emit in the near-infrared region (700–900 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, imaging them is not complicated by autofluorescence of tissue, which occurs at higher frequencies (400–600 nm), and scattering effects. This has been used in the mapping of sentinel lymph-nodes in cancer surgery in animals. Lymph nodes 1 cm deep were imaged and the excised nodes with CSSNC accumulation were found to have the highest probability for containing metastatic cells. In addition, CSSNCs have been shown to remain fluorescent in cells in vivo for 4 months. To track and diagnose cancer cells, labeled squamous carminoma cell-line U14 cells were used and fluorescent images could be seen after 6h. CSSNCs conjugated to doxorubicin were also used to target, image, and sense prostate cancer cells that express the prostate-specific membrane antigen protein. Using a cancer-specific antibody conjugated to QDs with polymer shells is the most popular in tumor targeted imaging
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal The main disadvantage of using CSSNCs for in vivo imaging is the lack of information about their excretion and toxicity. The typical cores used show DNA damage and toxicity toward liver cells, but using shells seems to diminish this effect. The use of other substances in the core, such as rare-earth elements and Si, are being explored to reduce toxicity. Other disadvantages include limited commercial availability, variability in surface chemistry, nonspecific binding, and instrument limitation. The size, shape, and composition of the core–shell structure are related to the bandgap, which in turn is related to its optical properties. Thus, by modulating the size, shape, and material of the core, the optics can be tuned and optimized for use in optical devices and applications such as LEDs, detectors, lasers, phosphors, and photovoltaics. Currently, CSSNC LED efficiency is less than that of organic LEDs. However, studies show that they have potential to accomplish what organic LEDs cannot. CSSNC LEDs constructed using multiple layers of CSSNCs resulted in poor conduction, charge imbalance, low luminescence efficiency, and a large number of pinhole defects. LEDs constructed of one monolayer avoid these problems. An advantage of CSSNC LEDs over organic LEDs is that CSSNC LEDs have narrower emissions, as narrow as 32 nm, than organic LEDs, which range from 50–100 nm
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal Specifically, the core–shell motif is desirable for use in LEDs because of their electroluminescence and photoluminescence quantum efficiencies and their ability to be processed into devices easily. Current aims for LED displays include developing materials with wavelength emissions of 610–620 nm for red displays, 525–530 nm for green displays, and 460–470 nm for blue displays. This is because these wavelengths maximize the perceived power and they lie outside of the National Television System Committee standard color triangle. CSSNCs have been synthesized that meet these wavelength emissions: (CdSe)ZnS for red emission, (CdS)ZnS for blue emission, and (CdZnSe)CdZnS for the green emission. Using CdSe core and ZnS or CdS/ZnS shells, the maximum luminance values of red, orange, yellow and green LEDs were improved to 9,064, 3,200, 4,470 and 3,700 cd m, respectively; electroluminescent efficiency (1.1–2.8 cd A21), and turn-on voltages (3–4 V) were also increased. In CSSNCs with only one exciton, absorption and stimulated emission occur equally and in CSSNCs with more than one exciton, non-radiative Auger recombination occurs, which decays optical gain, an important quality in lasers. However, type II CSSNCs, CdS/ZnSe, were used in optical amplification from stimulated emission of single-exciton states, eliminating Auger recombination. This has the advantage that lasing threshold could be lowered under continuous wave excitation, enhancing the potential of CSSNCs as optical gain media
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Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal Type II CSSNCs separate the electrons and holes of the exciton pair, which leads to a strong electric field and thus, reducing absorption losses. By combining the modularity of CSSNCs and stability of organic polymer, a broad range of colors of phosphors were developed. CdSe core/ZnS shell CSSNCs are used to generate bluish green to red colors, and (CdS)ZnS QDs are used to generate violet to blue colors. By mixing the appropriate amounts of the different sizes of CSSNCs, the entire visible range with narrow emission profiles and high photoluminescence quantum yields can be achieved. ZnO-TiO core-shell nano-structures were synthesized with fast electron transport and high surface area combining the properties of ZnO nanorods and TiO nano particles. As ZnO nanorods have fast electron transport and TiO nano-particles have high surface area. ZnO-MgO core-shell nanowires were synthesized improving the efficiency of the dye sensitized solar cells by 400% when compared to the ZnO nanowires. MgO shell acts as efficient insulating tunnel preventing recombination.
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Fossil stellar magnetic field Fossil stellar magnetic fields or "fossil fields" are proposed as possible interstellar magnetic fields that became locked into certain stars.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33196287
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Sculptor Wall The is a superstructure of galaxies ("wall of galaxies") relatively near to the Milky Way Galaxy (redshift of approximately z=0.03), also known as the Sculptor superclusters. The superstructure is also called "Southern Great Wall", "Great Southern Wall", "Southern Wall", in reference to the Northern Great Wall, or just "Great Wall" — the CfA2 Great Wall. The structure is 8000 km/s long, 5000 km/s wide, 1000 km/s deep, in "redshift space" dimensions. Because these structures are so large, it is convenient to estimate their size by measuring their redshift; using a value of 67.8 for Hubble's Constant, the size of the structure is approximately 100 Mpc long by 70 Mpc wide by 10 Mpc deep. The Grus Wall is "perpendicular" to the Fornax Wall and Sculptor Wall.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33196876
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Caffeine (data page) This page provides supplementary chemical data on caffeine.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33207610
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Roger Parish is an Emeritus Professor of botany at LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia. He was the acting Vice-Chancellor in 2006.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33224346
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L-Ribonucleic acid aptamer An -ribonucleic acid aptamer (-RNA aptamer, trade name Spiegelmer) is an RNA-like molecule built from -ribose units. It is an artificial oligonucleotide named for being a mirror image of natural oligonucleotides. -RNA aptamers are a form of aptamers. Due to their -nucleotides, they are highly resistant to degradation by nucleases. -RNA aptamers are considered potential drugs and are currently being tested in clinical trials. -RNA aptamers, built using -ribose, are the enantiomers of natural oligonucleotides, which are made with -ribose. Nucleic acid aptamers, including -RNA aptamers, contain adenosine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate, cytidine monophosphate, uridine monophosphate, a phosphate group, a nucleobase and a ribose sugar. Like other aptamers, -RNA aptamers are able to bind molecules such as peptides, proteins, and substances of low molecular weight. The affinity of -RNA aptamers to their target molecules often lies in the pico to nanomolar range and is thus comparable to antibodies. -RNA aptamers themselves have low antigenicity. In contrast to other aptamers, -RNA aptamers have high stability in blood serum, since they are less susceptible to be cleaved hydrolytically by enzymes. They are excreted by the kidneys in a short time due to their low molar mass (which is below the renal threshold). -RNA aptamers modified with a higher molar mass, such as PEGylated -RNA aptamers, show a prolonged plasma half-life
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33233736
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L-Ribonucleic acid aptamer Unlike other aptamers, -RNA aptamers are not directly made using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), as -nucleic acids are not amenable to enzymatic methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), used in SELEX. Therefore, the selection is done with mirrored target molecules. The first step is the production of the target's enantiomer. In the case of peptides and small proteins that are produced synthetically, an enantiomer is made using synthetic -amino acids. If the target is a larger protein molecule, beyond synthetic abilities, the enantiomer of an epitope is produced. Conventional (up to 10 different oligonucleotides) existing molecule library serves as a starting point for the subsequent SELEX process. Selection, separation, and amplification using the mirror image of the target molecule is performed. The sequence of the oligonucleotide selected using SELEX is determined with the help of DNA sequencing. This information is used for the synthesis of the oligonucleotide's enantiomer, the -RNA aptamer, using -nucleotides. -RNA aptamers have been obtained for the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12, the complement components C5a and ghrelin. They are currently in preclinical or clinical development. Proof-of-concept for an anti-CCL2/MCP-1 -RNA aptamers has recently been demonstrated in diabetic nephropathy patients. They can also be used as diagnostic agents.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33233736
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Tensiometer (soil science) A tensiometer in soil science is a measuring instrument used to determine the matric water potential (formula_1) (soil moisture tension) in the vadose zone. This device typically consists of a glass or plastic tube with a porous ceramic cup and is filled with water. The top of the tube has either a built-in vacuum gauge or a rubber cap used with a portable "puncture tensiometer" instrument, which uses a hypodermic needle to measure the pressure inside the tensiometer. The tensiometer is buried in the soil, and a hand pump is used to pull a partial vacuum. As water is pulled out of the soil by plants and evaporation, the vacuum inside the tube increases. When the soil is wetted flow can also occur in the reverse direction: as water is added to the soil, the vacuum inside the tube pulls moisture from the soil and decreases. When the water pressure in the tensiometer is determined to be in equilibrium with the water pressure in the soil, the tensiometer gauge reading represents the matric potential of the soil. Such tensiometers are used in irrigation scheduling to help farmers and other irrigation managers to determine when to water. In conjunction with a water retention curve, tensiometers can be used to determine how much to water. With practice, a tensiometer can be a useful tool for these purposes. Soil tensiometers can also be used in the scientific study of soils and plants.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33238388
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Robert Smolańczuk (born in Olecko, Poland) is a Polish theoretical physicist. He received his doctorate from the Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies in 1996. He later visited Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory as a Fulbright Fellow between 1998-2000. He predicted in late 1998 that a lead-and-krypton collision technique could produce the element oganesson, at that time considered impossible by most scientists involved in heavy-element research. He received the Nitchke Award in 2000 for developing a phenomenological model of synthesis of superheavy nuclei. He currently works at the National Centre for Nuclear Research in Otwock, Poland.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33241633
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