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Law of included fragments The law of included fragments is a method of relative dating in geology. Essentially, this law states that clasts in a rock are older than the rock itself. One example of this is a xenolith, which is a fragment of country rock that fell into passing magma as a result of stoping. Another example is a derived fossil, which is a fossil that has been eroded from an older bed and redeposited into a younger one. This is a restatement of Charles Lyell's original principle of inclusions and components from his 1830 to 1833 multi-volume "Principles of Geology", which states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31711004
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Pugh–Schiff precession or spin–spin precession is the Lense-Thirring precession of an orbiting spinning vector. Caused by the general relativity effect of frame-dragging on a gyroscope orbiting a spinning body. Schiff precession is the usual name for this effect.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31714046
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Abel Ingpen (20 May 1796 in Chelsea – 14 September 1854) was an English entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He is best known as the author of "Instructions for collecting, rearing, and preserving British & foreign insects : also for collecting and preserving crustacea and shells" (published by J. Bulcock in 1827 at London). A second edition “edited, with considerable corrections and additions” of this work was published by W. Smith also at London in 1839. was an original Member of the Entomological Society of London, a Member of the Microscopical Society of London and an Associate Member of the Linnean Society. He died of cholera.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31722570
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NGC 5775 is a spiral galaxy, a member of the Virgo Cluster, that lies at a distance of about 70 million light-years. Although the spiral is tilted away from us, with only a thin sliver in view, such a perspective can be advantageous for astronomers. For instance, astronomers have previously used the high inclination of this spiral to study the properties of the halo of hot gas that is visible when the galaxy is observed at X-ray wavelengths. is interacting with the nearby galaxy NGC 5774 in the form of two connecting H I bridges through which the gas is travelling from NGC 5774 to NGC 5775. Faint optical emission as well as radio continuum emission are also present along the bridges. It is possible that star formation is occurring between the galaxies. This system may be in the early stages of a merger.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31724474
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IC 1011 is a barred spiral galaxy with apparent magnitude of 14.7, and with a redshift of z=0.02564 (SIMBAD) or 0.025703 (NASA), yielding a distance of 100 to 120 megaparsecs. Its light has taken 349.5 million years to travel to Earth. IC 1011's calculated age is approximately 12.95 billion years. The IC designation comes from the Index Catalogue.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31728570
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William Wood (zoologist) William Wood FRS FLS (1774–1857), was an English surgeon, zoologist and entomologist. He was born in Kendal, Cumbria and trained in surgery at St Bartholomew's Hospital. He practised for several years as a surgeon at Wingham, near Canterbury and in London, but left the medical profession to become a natural history bookseller, publisher and naturalist. He was the author of several natural history books, especially on the Mollusca. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society (elected 1812) and a Fellow of the Linnean Society. He died in Ruislip, Middlesex. Partial list
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31733267
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Von Babo's law (sometimes styled Babo's law) is a scientific law formulated by German chemist Lambert Heinrich von Babo. It states that the vapor pressure of solution decreases according to the concentration of solute.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31747442
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Thermokinetics deals with the study of thermal decomposition kinetics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31761967
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Mobile mapping is the process of collecting geospatial data from a mobile vehicle, typically fitted with a range of photographic, radar, laser, LiDAR or any number of remote sensing systems. Such systems are composed of an integrated array of time synchronised navigation sensors and imaging sensors mounted on a mobile platform. The primary output from such systems include GIS data, digital maps, and georeferenced images and video. The development of direct reading georeferencing technologies opened the way for mobile mapping systems. GPS and Inertial Navigation Systems, have allowed rapid and accurate determination of position and attitude of remote sensing equipment, effectively leading to direct mapping of features of interest without the need for complex post-processing of observed data. Traditional techniques of geo-referencing aerial photography, ground profiling radar, or Lidar are prohibitively expensive, particularly in inaccessible areas, or where the type of data collected makes interpretation of individual features difficult. Image direct georeferencing, simplifies the mapping control for large scale mapping tasks. systems allow rapid collection of data to allow accurate assessment of conditions on the ground. Internet, and mobile device users, are increasingly utilising geo-spatial information, either in the form of mapping, or geo-referenced imaging. Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo have adapted both aerial photographs and satellite images to develop online mapping systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31775293
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Mobile mapping "Street View" type images are also an increasing market. Location aware PDA systems rely on geo-referenced features collated from mobile mapping sources. GPS combined with digital camera systems allow rapid update of road maps. The same system can be utilised to carry out efficient road condition surveys, and facilities management. Laser scanning technologies, applied in the mobile mapping sense, allow full 3D data collection of slope, bankings, etc.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31775293
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Moss bioreactor A moss bioreactor is a photobioreactor used for the cultivation and propagation of mosses. It is usually used in molecular farming for the production of recombinant protein using transgenic moss. In environmental science moss bioreactors are used to multiply peat mosses e.g. by the Mossclone consortium to monitor air pollution. Moss is a very frugal photoautotrophic organism that has been kept "in vitro" for research purposes since the beginning of the 20th century. The first moss bioreactors for the model organism "Physcomitrella patens" were developed in the 1990s to comply with the safety standards regarding the handling of genetically modified organisms and to gain sufficient biomass for experimental purposes. The moss bioreactor is used to cultivate moss in a suspension culture in agitated, and aerated liquid medium. The culture is kept under lighting with temperature and pH value held constant. The culture medium—often a minimal medium—contains all nutrients and minerals needed for growth of the moss. To ensure a maximum growth rate, the moss is kept at the protonema stage by continuous mechanical disruption, e.g. by using rotating blades. Once the density of the culture has reached a certain threshold, the lack of nutrients and the increasing concentration of phytohormones in the medium triggers the differentiation of the protonema to the adult gametophyte. At this point the culture has to be diluted with fresh medium if it is intended for further use
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Moss bioreactor According to the intended yield, this basic principle can be adapted to various types and sizes of bioreactors. The cultivation chamber can, for example, consist of a column, a tube, or exchangeable plastic bags. Various biopharmaceuticals have already been produced using moss bioreactors. Ideally, the recombinant protein can be directly purified from the culture medium. One example for this production method is factor H: this molecule is part of the human complement system. Defects in the corresponding gene are associated with human diseases such as severe kidney and retinal disorders. Biologically active recombinant factor H was produced in a moss bioreactor for the first time in 2011. The enzyme alpha-galactosidase now is allowed to be produced in moss bioreactors by the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices. It will be tested as enzyme replacement therapy in the treatment of Fabry's disease. The clinical trial phase 1 was completed in 2017.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31792769
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Reaction bonded silicon carbide Reaction bonded silicon carbide, also known as siliconized silicon carbide or SiSiC, is a type of silicon carbide that is manufactured by a chemical reaction between porous carbon or graphite with molten silicon. Due to the left over traces of silicon, reaction bonded silicon carbide is often referred to as siliconized silicon carbide, or its abbreviation SiSiC. If pure silicon carbide is produced by sintering of silicon carbide powder, it usually contains traces of chemicals called "sintering aids", which are added to support the sintering process by allowing lower sintering temperatures. This type of silicon carbide is often referred to as "sintered silicon carbide", or abbreviated to SSiC. The silicon carbide powder is gained from silicon carbide produced as described in the article silicon carbide.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31802451
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Forchlorfenuron is a plant growth regulator. It has been approved for use on kiwi fruit and grapes in the United States, and it has been associated with news of watermelons exploding in China.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31803896
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Peter Grassberger (born May 17, 1940) is a professor well known for his work in statistical and particle physics. He is most famous for his contributions to chaos theory, where he introduced the idea of correlation dimension, a means of measuring a type of fractal dimension of the strange attractor. Grassberger's early work focused on particle phenomenology, in particular on the formulation of formally exact equations for three-body scattering and bound state scattering (Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas equation). While working at CERN, he realized that reggeon field theory can be viewed as a contact process in the same universality class as directed percolation. After making this discovery, Grassberger turned his attention to the studies of statistical physics, dynamical systems, sequential sampling algorithms, and complex systems. His publications span a variety of topics including reaction-diffusion systems, cellular automata, fractals, Ising model, Griffiths phases, self-organized criticality, and percolation. He held long-term positions at the University of Wuppertal and at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). Other positions that lasted between 2 years and 3 months were at CERN, at the Universities of Kabul, Nice, Calgary, Rome and Utrecht, the Weizmann Institute, the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, the in Florence, and at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences in Zanjan, Iran. In 2017 he received the EPS Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Prize.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31807261
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Bethe–Feynman formula The Bethe–Feynman efficiency formula, a simple method for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, was first derived in 1943 after development in 1942. Aspects of the formula are speculated to be secret restricted data. formula_1 A numerical coefficient would then be included to create the Bethe–Feynman formula—increasing accuracy more than an order of magnitude.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31808529
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Langat virus (LGTV) is a virus of the genus "Flavivirus". The virus was first isolated in Malaysia in 1956 from a hard tick of the Ixodes genus. This virus is antigenically related to Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, Alkhurma virus, Louping ill virus and other viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) complex. The does not pose a significant epidemiological threat in comparison with TBEV. There are no known cases of human diseases associated with LGTV. The Malaysian strain (LGT strain TP21, also known as the Yelantsev virus) is naturally attenuated and induces neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and protection against other TBEV complex viruses in animals. In the 1970s a live attenuate LGTV-based vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis was made. At the same time, another vaccine was tested, but the group vaccinated with the LGTV-based vaccine had the lowest level of developing infection decease. However, there were two big problems: the relatively high rate of incidents of encephalitis (1:10 000) and lack of absolute protection from infection in endemic regions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31816507
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Temporin Temporins are a family of peptides isolated originally from the skin secretion of the European red frog, "Rana temporaria". Peptides belonging to the temporin family have been isolated also from closely related North American frogs. In elephants, temporin is secreted by temporal glands during the period of musth. It contains proteins, lipids (notably cholesterol), phenols, cresols and sesquiterpenes (notably farnesol and its derivatives). This is not related to temporins that are antimicrobial peptides In old Sanskrit texts, it is referred to as rut fluid (, or ) and is considered to be a symbol of potency and vigour: However, from the point of view of ancient Indian elephant science (), temporin is not a direct symptom of rut. This is not related to temporins that are antimicrobial peptides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31828910
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Cubist Pharmaceuticals is an American biopharmaceutical company with activities spanning from research and development to commercialization of pharmaceutical products. Its main products target pathogens like MRSA. Cubist was one of the few firms that continued to research in antibiotics while larger pharmaceutical companies have abandoned such research. The company employs 638 people, with 370 in their headquarters in Lexington, MA. As of 2011, the company’s headquarters are under expansion and is expected to occupy in Lexington, MA. On 8 December 2014, Merck & Co. acquired Cubist for $102 per share in cash ($8.4 billion) as entree to the market for drugs that can combat superbugs. Cubist was founded in May 1992 by John K. Clarke, Paul R. Schimmel, Ph.D. and Barry M. Bloom, Ph.D, all of whom were also directors. Cubist appeared on Fortune 2010’s List of fastest growing companies, and was named to the 2010 Deloitte Technology Fast 500. In 2006 it had the 19th highest sales among American based biotechnology companies. In 2011, the company acquired Adolor, maker of a drug for treatment of constipation. Cubist had an ambitious growth plan laid out for the 2012-2017 quinquennium. Under this plan, the company was expected to reach 2B dollars in sales and have 4 new drugs in late stage development by 2017. As a part of this plan, sales of its flagship drug Cubicin were expected to grow to more than 1B dollars per year. In July 2013, agreed to purchase Trius Therapeutics and Optimer Pharmaceuticals for around $1.6 billion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31836335
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Cubist Pharmaceuticals In 2014, succeeding Michael Bonney as President, Robert J. Perez, was announced to take leadership on January 1, 2015. In January 2015 became a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. The company markets Cubicin (daptomycin) for injection, the first antibiotic in a class of anti-infectives called lipopeptides. In 2011, Cubist settled a patent litigation with Teva Pharmaceutical Industries regarding Cubicin. In April 2011 it reached a deal with Optimer Pharmaceuticals in which its class of bacterium fighting drugs will be co marketed with Optimer's Fidaxomicin/Dificid (for $15 million per year). Optimer chose Cubist because according to its CEO, "Cubist has a proven track record and well established relations with all stakeholders involved in the antibiotics space". In 2011, its product pipeline focused on gram-negative bacterial infections, "Clostridium difficile"-associated diarrhea, and respiratory syncytial virus. Tedizolid was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration on June 20, 2014.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31836335
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Henk Jaap Beentje (born 1951, Bakkum) is a Dutch botanist. In 1978 he obtained a masters in biology at the University of Amsterdam. He obtained his PhD at the Wageningen Agricultural University on the thesis "A monograph on Strophanthus (Apocynaceae)", prepared under the direction of Hendrik de Wit and A.J.M. Leeuwenberg, in 1982. Since 1975, Beentje has been active in Africa. Between 1984 and 1989, he was a research fellow at the East African Herbarium, a herbarium that is part of the National Museums of Kenya in Kenya. Since 1995, Beentje has been a researcher at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He is particularly engaged in research of mainly African species from the Composite and the Palm families. In the area of the palms, he has often collaborated with John Dransfield. Beentje also serves as an editor of the publication series "Flora of Tropical East Africa". He is a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31842601
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Luminex Corporation is a biotechnology company which develops, manufactures and markets proprietary biological testing technologies with applications in life-sciences. Luminex offers a wide range of solutions applicable in diverse markets including clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical drug discovery, biomedical research, genomic and proteomic research, and food safety. Nachum "Homi" Shamir has served as Luminex's President and Chief Executive Officer since October, 2014. Luminex was recognized by Forbes magazine as one of the top 25 fastest growing technology companies in the US. Luminex's Multi-Analyte Profiling (xMAP) technology allows simultaneous analysis of up to 500 bioassays from a small sample volume, typically a single drop of fluid, by reading biological tests on the surface of microscopic polystyrene beads called microspheres. xMAP technology combines this miniaturized liquid array bioassay capability with small lasers, light emitting diodes (LEDs), digital signal processors, photo detectors, charge-coupled device imaging and proprietary software to create a system offering advantages in speed, precision, flexibility and cost. xMAP technology is currently being used within various segments of the life sciences industry, which includes the fields of drug discovery and development, and for clinical diagnostics, genetic analysis, bio-defense, food safety and biomedical research. Luminex MultiCode technology, used for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplexed PCR assays
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31845142
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Luminex Corporation owns 315 issued patents worldwide, including over 124 issued patents in the United States based on its multiplexing xMAP platform. Luminex's proprietary multiplex bead-based immunoassay testing platform simultaneously measures multiple analytes by exciting a sample with a laser, and subsequently analyzing the wavelength of emitted light. Luminex's MAGPIX platform utilizes LED technology and digital photography to analyze,"color-coded magnetic microspheres". In 2008 Luminex received FDA 510(k) clearance for its xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel which allows doctors to test for the presence of 12 respiratory viruses with a very high degree of accuracy in a matter of hours, and has been proven to provide an increase in accuracy over in-house nucleic acid amplification testing in the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Luminex's xTAG Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel was granted a CE mark by the European Union in 2012 and received FDA and Health Canada clearance in early 2013. Luminex also has an extensive portfolio of genetics assays focused on cystic fibrosis and pharmacogenetics. In 2010 received the Prix Galien USA award. In 2011 Luminex Corporation's MAGPIX multiplexing bioassay platform received the Medical Design Excellence Award.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31845142
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Moss–Burstein effect The Moss–Burstein effect, also known as the Burstein–Moss shift, is the phenomenon of which the apparent band gap of a semiconductor is increased as the absorption edge is pushed to higher energies as a result of some states close to the conduction band being populated. This is observed for a degenerate electron distribution such as that found in some Degenerate semiconductors and is known as a Moss–Burstein shift. The effect occurs when the electron carrier concentration exceeds the conduction band edge density of states, which corresponds to degenerate doping in semiconductors. In nominally doped semiconductors, the Fermi level lies between the conduction and valence bands. For example, in n-doped semiconductor, as the doping concentration is increased, electrons populate states within the conduction band which pushes the Fermi level to higher energy. In the case of degenerate level of doping, the Fermi level lies inside the conduction band. The "apparent" band gap of a semiconductor can be measured using transmission/reflection spectroscopy. In the case of a degenerate semiconductor, an electron from the top of the valence band can only be excited into conduction band above the Fermi level (which now lies in conduction band) since all the states below the Fermi level are occupied states. Pauli's exclusion principle forbids excitation into these occupied states. Thus we observe an increase in the apparent band gap. Apparent band gap = Actual band gap + Moss-Burstein shift (as shown in the figure)
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Moss–Burstein effect Negative Burstein shifts can also occur. These are due to band structure changes due to doping.
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Defense Weather Satellite System The (DWSS) was a United States Department of Defense weather satellite system to have been built by Northrop Grumman Corporation projected for launch in 2018. In January 2012, the US Air Force cancelled the program. It was replaced with the Weather System Follow-on Microwave (WSF-M). DWSS was a follow-on for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) mission. The DWSS, together with the still continuing Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) project, was to replace the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) project which itself was cancelled in January 2010.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31908462
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Deferribacter is a genus in the phylum Deferribacteres (Bacteria). The name "Deferribacter" derives from:Latin pref. "de"-, from; Latin noun "ferrum", iron; New Latin masculine gender noun, a rod"bacter", nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; New Latin masculine gender noun "Deferribacter", rod that reduces iron. The genus contains 4 species, namely
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31911164
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Deinobacterium is a genus in the Deinococcus-Thermus group (Bacteria). Not to be confused with "Deinobacter", a disused name for "Deinococcus". The name "Deinobacterium" derives from: Greek adjective "deinos (δεινός)", dreadful, strange; New Latin neuter gender noun "bacterium", nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium; New Latin masculine gender noun "Deinobacterium", strange bacterium. The genus contains a single species, namely "D. chartae" ( Ekman "et al". 2011, (Type species of the genus).; Latin genitive case noun "chartae", of/from paper.) This bacterium is:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31911236
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Akkermansia is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobia (Bacteria). The genus was first proposed in 2004 by Muriel Derrien and others, with the type species "muciniphila" (gen. nov., sp. nov). The name "Akkermansia" derives from:New Latin feminine gender noun "Akkermansia", named after Anton DL Akkermans (28 October 1940 – 21 August 2006), a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology. Until 2016 the genus contained a single known species, namely "A. muciniphila" ( Derrien "et al". 2004, (Type species of the genus).; New Latin neuter gender noun "mucinum", mucin; New Latin adjective "philus" from Greek adjective "philos (φίλος)" meaning friend, loving; New Latin feminine gender adjective "muciniphila", mucin-loving.) However, de Vos et al. isolated a novel species in the feces of a reticulated python, glycaniphila. "Akkermansia" (Ak.ker.man'si.a. N.L. fem. n. "Akkermansia" derived from Antoon Akkermans, a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology). Cells are oval-shaped, non-motile and stain Gram-negative. Strictly anaerobic. Chemo-organotrophic. Mucolytic in pure culture. "muciniphila" can reside in the human intestinal tract and is currently being studied for its effects on human metabolism. Recently performed studies in rodents have indicated that "muciniphila" in the intestinal tract may reduce obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Increases in muciniphila have been associated with multiple sclerosis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31911393
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Akkermansia Findings from an internationally collaborative human twin study reported in February 2016 indicate that a decrease in "muciniphila" c is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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NGC 634 is a spiral galaxy, lying at a distance of away from the Milky Way in the northern constellation of Triangulum. This object was discovered back in the nineteenth century by French astronomer Édouard Stephan. It is inclined by an angle of 82.4° to the line of sight from the Earth, and thus is being viewed nearly edge on. Supernova SN 2006Q was reported east and north of the galactic core in NGC 634, January 24 2006. This was most likely a type II supernova and reached magnitude 18.74. Another supernova explosion was reported near the galaxy on January 2, 2008. It was positioned west and north of the galactic center and was designated SN 2008A. This event reached a peak magnitude of 16.7 on January 3rd, and was determined to be a type Iax supernova.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31931942
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Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society (1839–1961) was a local society founded in Penzance in Cornwall, England, UK, whose aim was "the cultivation of the science of Natural History, and for the investigation of the Antiquities referring to the early inhabitants." The Society was established at a public meeting on 20 November 1839, with an annual subscription of 10 shillings or life membership of £5. The society held meetings, where lectures were delivered and discussed, held an annual excursion to visit the antiquities of the area, and maintained a museum. Despite the initial enthusiasm, very little happened as the Secretaries and Curators' Report at the 1845 AGM concluded with "The society having somewhat revived from the torpor which has for some time hung over it, the council hopes that its increased energy will be continued without further interruption". The first volume of "Reports and Transactions" was finally published in 1851, covering the years 1845–51. Transactions continued with the publication of volume two in 1864 (covering the years 1851–55) and volume three in 1865 (the years 1862–65). The society then lay dormant apart from the annual excursions which continued until 1872 when it became defunct. Fifty-three members joined the society after it was revived in June 1880 following a public meeting on 8 May. A petition, dated 26 April, had been made to the Mayor of Penzance, Charles Campbell Ross following concern that the museum had accumulated arrears of nearly £100 and was in danger of being sold
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31932415
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Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society A new series of "Reports and Transactions" was published annually until 1890 and intermittently until 1899. The annual excursion and lectures continued into the 20th century and the 1935 AGM reported a membership of 160 and a credit balance of £55 10s 10d. The ceased to exist in 1961. In 1839 the Museum was housed in the dome of the Market House, (now Lloyds Bank) and moved to the newly built public buildings, now known as St John's Hall, in 1867, where it joined the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall and the Penzance Library (later to become the Morrab Library). In 1961 the collection, which included local flora and fauna passed into the ownership of the Borough of Penzance and is now housed at Penlee House.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31932415
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Frederik Vilhelm August Meinert (1833, in Copenhagen – 1912), was a Danish entomologist and editor of the first series of "Entomologiske Meddelelser". Meinert initially studied theology . Later he was a pupil of Jørgen Matthias Christian Schiødte and he too became "Inspektor" at the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen. Meinert specialised in comparative anatotomy and histology mainly of Malacostraca and Pycnogonida . Species named for him are "Clypeoniscus meinerti" Giard & Bonnier, 1895, "Laothoes meinerti" Boeck, 1871, "Paralaophonte meinerti"(Brady, 1899) and "Neosarmatium meinerti"(De Man).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31945701
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Gode Venkata Juggarow (1817–1856) was an Indian astronomer and instrument maker. He was one of the few Indians who started and operated an astronomical observatory in British India at Visakhapatnam. He started his own observatory in Visakhapatnam at his residence in Daba Gardens.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31948970
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Biomedical sciences are a set of sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health. Such disciplines as medical microbiology, clinical virology, clinical epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, and biomedical engineering are medical sciences. In explaining physiological mechanisms operating in pathological processes, however, pathophysiology can be regarded as basic science. Biomedical Sciences, as defined by the UK Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Benchmark Statement in 2015, includes those science disciplines whose primary focus is the biology of human health and disease and ranges from the generic study of biomedical sciences and human biology to more specialised subject areas such as pharmacology, human physiology and human nutrition. It is underpinned by relevant basic sciences including anatomy and physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and molecular biology, immunology, mathematics and statistics, and bioinformatics. As such the biomedical sciences have a much wider range of academic and research activities and economic significance than that defined by hospital laboratory sciences. Biomedical Sciences are the major focus of bioscience research and funding in the 21st century. A sub-set of biomedical sciences is the science of clinical laboratory diagnosis. This is commonly referred to in the UK as 'biomedical science' or 'healthcare science'
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Biomedical sciences There are at least 45 different specialisms within healthcare science, which are traditionally grouped into three main divisions: The healthcare science workforce is an important part of the UK's National Health Service. While people working in healthcare science are only 5% of the staff of the NHS, 80% of all diagnoses can be attributed to their work. The volume of specialist healthcare science work is a significant part of the work of the NHS. Every year, NHS healthcare scientists carry out: The four governments of the UK have recognised the importance of healthcare science to the NHS, introducing the Modernising Scientific Careers initiative to make certain that the education and training for healthcare scientists ensures there is the flexibility to meet patient needs while keeping up to date with scientific developments. At this point in history the field of medicine was the most prevalent sub field of biomedical science, as several breakthroughs on how to treat diseases and help the immune system were made. As well as the birth of body augmentations. In 1912 the Institute of Biomedical Science was founded in the United Kingdom. The institute is still standing today and still regularly publishes works in the major breakthroughs in disease treatments and other breakthroughs in the field 117 years later. The IBMS today represents approximately 20,000 members employed mainly in National Health Service and private laboratories
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Biomedical sciences In 1928 British Scientist Alexander Flemming created the first antibiotic penicillin. This was a huge breakthrough in biomedical science because it allowed for the treatment of bacterial infections. In 1926 the first artificial pacemaker was made by Australian physician Dr. Mark C. Lidwell. This portable machine was plugged into a lighting point. One pole was applied to a skin pad soaked with strong salt solution, while the other consisted of a needle insulated up to the point and was plunged into the appropriate cardiac chamber and the machine started. A switch was incorporated to change the polarity. The pacemaker rate ranged from about 80 to 120 pulses per minute and the voltage also variable from 1.5 to 120 volts. The 1930s was a huge era for biomedical research, as this was the era where antibiotics became more widespread and vaccines started to be developed. In 1935 the idea of a polio vaccine was introduced by Dr. Maurice Brodie. Brodie prepared a killed poliomyelitis vaccine, which he then tested on chimpanzees, himself, and several children. Brodie's vaccine trials did not go well since the polio-virus became active in a lot of the human test subjects. Many of the subjects had fatal side effects, paralyzing and causing death. During and after World War II, the field of biomedical science saw a new age of technology and treatment methods. For instance in 1941 the first hormonal treatment for prostate cancer was implemented by Urologist and cancer researcher Charles B. Huggins
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Biomedical sciences Huggins discovered that if you remove the testicles from a man with prostate cancer, the cancer had nowhere to spread, and nothing to feed on thus putting the subject into remission. This advancement lead to the development of hormonal blocking drugs, which is less invasive and still used today. At the tail end of this decade, the first bone marrow transplant was done on a mouse in 1949. The surgery was conducted by Dr. Leon O. Jacobson, he discovered that he could transplant bone marrow and spleen tissues in a mouse that had both no bone marrow and a destroyed spleen. The procedure is still used in modern medicine today and is responsible for saving countless lives. In the 1950s we saw innovation in technology across all fields, but most importantly there was a lot of breakthroughs that helped lead us to modern medicine. On 6 March 1953 Dr. Jonas Salk announced the completion of the first successful killed-virus Polio vaccine. The vaccine was tested on about 1.6 million Canadian, American, and Finnish children in 1954. The vaccine was announced as safe on 12 April 1955.
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Four Advisors The () is a traditional Chinese asterism found in the Purple Forbidden enclosure (). It consists of four stars found in the modern constellations of Ursa Minor and Camelopardalis and represents the four assistants of ancient emperors. During the Qing dynasty, a star from the constellation Draco was added to the asterism.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31954954
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Kodevirion The term kodecyte is used to describe cells with detectable Function-Spacer-Lipid (FSL) constructs, and in concert, the term kodevirion (pronounced co-da-virion), is used to describe virions with detectable FSL constructs. The method for labeling virions with FSL constructs is simple, non covalent and only involves incubation of the virion with the FSL construct in saline for a few hours – nothing further is required. The FSL construct will spontaneously, stably and quantitatively incorporate into the virion membrane. Virions have been labelled with fluorescent (FSL-FLRO4) and radioactive iodine (FSL-125I). FSL-FLRO4 could be shown to label virions in a dose dependent manner and could be visualized by flow cytometry either directly, or indirectly if the virion had bound to the cell or fused with the cell membrane. FSLs do not appear to significantly affect the virions infectivity or their ability to bind target cells, probably because they integrate into the membrane without exposing the virion to chemical agents or covalent modification.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31985560
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Peter J. Schwendinger (born 27 April 1959 in Dornbirn, Austria) is an Austrian arachnologist. He graduated from Innsbruck University in 1985, and in 1990 with a PhD, where he studied with Konrad Thaler. He was a lecturer at Innsbruck University, from 1989 to 1999. He taught at Chiang Mai University from 1996 to 1997. He is a curator at the Natural History Museum of Geneva. He is an editor of the journal "Zootaxa".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31987233
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Nuclear energy in Kenya In 2017, the Kenya Nuclear Electrification Board (Kneb) estimated that a 1,000 MW nuclear plant could be operational by 2027 and cost Ksh500-600 billion ($5-$6 billion), to be located near a large body of water, such as the Indian Ocean, Lake Victoria or Lake Turkana. In September 2010 Former Energy and Petroleum Ministry PS Patrick Nyoike announced that Kenya aimed to build a 1,000 MW nuclear power plant between 2017 and 2022. The projected cost using South Korean technology was US$3.5 billion. Nuclear and renewable sources of energy such as wind, solar and geothermal plants could play a major role in helping Kenya achieve middle income status, as the reduction of carbon emissions becomes a higher priority. Kenya has embarked on a programme to see the country generate 1 GW (1,000 MW) from Nuclear sources between 2020 and 2022. By 2030 Kenya was slated to have installed a capacity of 4 GW of nuclear energy, generating about 19% of Kenya's energy needs. Meaning that nuclear power would be the second largest source of energy in Kenya coming second after geothermal power which is a clean form of energy. The Kenya Nuclear Electricity Board (NuPEA) is in charge of spearheading this sector in the country.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31990026
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Wilson ratio The of a metal is the dimensionless ratio of the zero-temperature magnetic susceptibility to the coefficient of the linear temperature term in the electronic specific heat. The relative value of the Wilson ratio, compared to the for the non-interacting Fermi gas, can provide insight into the types of interactions present. The can be used to characterize strongly correlated |Fermi liquids. The Fermi liquid theory explains the behaviour of metals at very low temperatures. Two important features of a metal which obey this theory are: Both of these quantities, however, are proportional to the electronic density of states at the Fermi energy. Their ratio is a dimensionless quantity called the Wilson (or the Sommerfeld-Wilson) ratio, defined as: After substituting the values of "χ" (Pauli susceptibility) and "C" (electronic contribution to specific heat), obtained using Sommerfeld theory, the value obtained for "R" in the case of a free electron gas is 1. In the case of real Fermi-liquid metals, the ratio can differ significantly from 1. The difference arises due to electron-electron interactions within the system. These tend to change the effective electronic mass, which affects both specific heat and magnetic susceptibility. Whether or not this increase in both is given by the same multiplicative factor is shown by the Wilson ratio. In some cases, electron-electron interactions give rise to an additional increase in susceptibility. The converse is also true, i.e
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Wilson ratio a deviation of the experimental value of "R" from 1 may indicate strong electronic correlations. Very high Wilson ratios (above 2) indicate nearness to ferromagnetism.
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Bariloche Atomic Centre The () is one of the research and development centres of the Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission. As its name implies, it is located in the city of San Carlos de Bariloche. is responsible for research in physics and nuclear engineering. It also hosts the Balseiro Institute, a collaboration between National University of Cuyo and the National Atomic Energy Commission. The opened in 1955 with its first director, José Antonio Balseiro. The RA-6 reactor started operations in 1982, making it the first nuclear reactor built in Latin America. The centre is devoted to basic and applied physics research as well as Nuclear and Mechanical Engineering. Basic research is focused on deepening understanding of nuclear energy. Applied sciences have provided support for both state- and privately owned companies. The main areas of research include: materials, neutrons, thermodynamics and theoretical physics. Nuclear Engineering at the Centre is aimed at further developing Argentina's atomic technology. Most of the research is done taking advantage of RA-6, a 1 MW experimental reactor. Experiments done with the RA-6 include irradiation and radioactive activation of several materials. Some research groups also focus on refining reactor calculations and performance measurements and designing mechanical devices for those tasks. Various companies have sprung out of the Bariloche Atomic Center, such as INVAP y ALTEC.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31997774
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Compensatory growth (organism) Compensatory growth, known as catch-up growth and compensatory gain, is an accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development, particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation. The growth may be with respect to weight or length (or height in humans). For example, oftentimes the body weights of animals who experience nutritional restriction will over time become similar to those of animals who did not experience such stress. It is possible for high compensatory growth rates to result in overcompensation, where the organism exceeds normal weight and often has excessive fat deposition. An organism can recover to normal weight without additional time. Sometimes when the nutrient restriction is severe, the growth period is extended to reach the normal weight. If the nutrient restriction is severe enough, the organism may have permanent stunted growth where it does not ever reach normal weight. Usually in animals, complete recovery from carbohydrate and protein restriction occurs. Compensatory growth has been observed in a number of organisms including humans, other species of mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, plants (especially grasses and young tree seedlings and saplings), fungi, microbes, and damselflies. In 1911, Hans Aron performed the earliest study of growth after periods of undernourishment. He underfed a dog and found that it still had the capacity to rapidly gain weight, though it did not reach the final weight of a dog that was fed normally
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Compensatory growth (organism) In 1915, Osborne and Mendel were the first to demonstrate that rats fed after growth restriction had an accelerated growth rate. In 1945, Brody developed the idea of “homoestasis of growth” in the book "Bioenergetics and Growth". In 1955, Verle Bohman was the first to use the term “compensatory growth” in an article pertaining to beef cattle. In animals, homeostatic and homeorhetic processes are involved in the abnormally high growth rates. Homeostatic processes usually affect compensatory growth in the short term, whereas homeorhetic processes usually have a long-term effect. The exact biological mechanisms for compensatory growth are poorly understood, though it is clear that in some animals the endocrine system is involved in the metabolism and nutrient partitioning in the tissues. First, during nutrient starvation, a reduction of basal metabolism takes place. The gut tissues are the first tissues to be reduced in weight and activity. Then, during the realimentation (re-feeding) phase, an increase in feeding enables more dietary protein and energy to be contributed for tissue growth instead of basal metabolism. The gut tissues are the first to increase in weight, followed by muscle tissue and finally adipose tissue. Anorexia nervosa can have serious implications if its duration and severity are significant and if onset occurs before the completion of growth, pubertal maturation or prior to attaining peak bone mass
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Compensatory growth (organism) Both height gain and pubertal development are dependent on the release of growth hormone and gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland. Suppression of gonadotropins in patients with anorexia nervosa has been frequently documented. In some cases, especially where onset is pre-pubertal, physical consequences such as stunted growth and pubertal delay are usually fully reversible. Height potential is normally preserved if the duration and severity of anorexia nervosa are not significant and/or if the illness is accompanied with delayed bone age (especially prior to a bone age of approximately 15 years), as hypogonadism may negate the deleterious effects of undernutrition on stature by allowing for a longer duration of growth compared to controls. In such cases, appropriate early treatment can preserve height potential and may even help to increase it in some post-anorexic subjects due to the aforementioned reasons in addition to factors such as long-term reduced estrogen-producing adipose tissue levels compared to premorbid levels. In 1960, Wilson and Osborne outlined six factors that could affect compensatory growth in a review article. The importance of each, some, or all of these factors is not well understood. These factors are as follows: Animal factors that can affect compensatory growth may include the maturity level and fat proportion of the animal at the time of nutrient deprivation, the genotype, the gender, and the metabolic changes
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Compensatory growth (organism) The stage of development of the animal when the nutrient restriction occurs greatly affects its body composition.
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Gemmatimonas aurantiaca is a Gram-negative, aerobic, polyphosphate-accumulating micro-organism. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped aerobe, with type strain T-27 (=JCM 11422 =DSM 14586). It replicates by budding.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32000713
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Spin geometry In mathematics, spin geometry is the area of differential geometry and topology where objects like spin manifolds and Dirac operators, and the various associated index theorems have come to play a fundamental role both in mathematics and in mathematical physics. An important generalisation is the theory of symplectic Dirac operators in symplectic spin geometry and symplectic topology, which have become important fields of mathematical research.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32013990
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Dehalococcoidetes Dehalococcoides is a class of Chloroflexi, a phylum of Bacteria. It is also known as the DHC group. The name "Dehalococcoidetes" is a placeholder name given by Hugenholtz and Stackebrandt, 2004, after "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes", a partially described species in 1997, whereas the first species fully described belonging to this class was "Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens" by Moe et al. 2009, but no emendations to the name were made. Both species, "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" and "Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens" are irregular coccus (coccoid) bacteria capable of dehalogenating polychlorinated aliphatic alkanes and alkenes, such as tetrachloroethene, trichloropropane, trichloroethane, dichloropropane, and dichloroethane. One of the features of the members of the phylum Chloroflexi is the unusual cell wall structure, which is monoderm but with great variation in presence or structure of the peptidoglycan resulting in many members staining Gram-negative and other Gram-positive. Both species of stain Gram negative, but they potentially lack peptidoglycan and instead possess pseudopeptidoglycan (S-layer) (resistant to peptidoglycan-attacking antibiotics ampicillin and vancomycin; wheat germ agglutinin does not bind nor does lysozyme work).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32021761
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Theodor Seliwanoff (or Seliwanow), born as Fedor Fedorovic Selivanov (October 8, 1859 in Gorodischtsche, Pensa–1938) was a Russian chemist who invented the Seliwanoff's test in 1887 while working in Metchnikow University of Odessa in Odessa, Ukraine. de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor Seliwanoff
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Rehbinder effect The in physics is the reduction in the hardness and ductility of a material by a surface-active molecular film.
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DKH Degrees of carbonate hardness (dKH or °KH; the K is from the German "Karbonathärte") is a unit of water hardness, specifically for temporary or carbonate hardness. Carbonate hardness is a measure of the concentration of carbonates such as calcium carbonate (CaCO) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO) per volume of water. Specifically, 1 dKH is defined as 17.86 milligrams (mg) of calcium carbonate per litre of water, i.e. 17.86 ppm. Since a mole of calcium carbonate weighs 100.09 grams, 1 dKH is equivalent to 0.17832 mmol per litre. dKH are the same as °fH, degrees of French hardness.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32059473
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Held–Hou Model The is a model for the Hadley circulation of the atmosphere that would exist in the absence of atmospheric turbulence. The model was developed by Isaac Held and Arthur Hou in 1980. The essence of the model is that air rising from the surface at the equator conserves its angular momentum as it moves poleward. This distribution of wind, in turn, determines the distribution of temperature, which determines the latitudinal extent of the circulation by requiring energy conservation. This stands in contrast to George Hadley's original conception of the circulation, which he argued reached the poles. The Hadley circulation has a cooling effect at and near the equator and a warming effect at higher latitudes within the Hadley Cell. This energy transport can be converted into a mass transport, to determine the strength of the circulation, by normalizing by the appropriate vertical stability. The effects of moisture and seasons on the model have been studied. Earth's atmosphere violates the underlying assumptions of the model: angular momentum is not conserved and the tropical atmosphere is not energetically closed. As such, the Held–Hou model is a conceptual model that does not make quantitatively accurate predictions of the sensitivity of the Hadley circulation to changes in atmospheric parameters.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32080258
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Konrad Thaler (born 19 December 1940 in Innsbruck, Austria – died 11 June 2005) was an Austrian arachnologist. Peter J. Schwendinger, other Austrian arachnologist, studied with Konrad Thaler, in Innsbruck University. The specific epithet of the spider species "Palaeoperenethis thaleri" was designated by P. Selden and D. Penney in honor of the late Dr. Konrad Thaler, past president of the International Society of Arachnology.
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CalSky (sky calendar) is web-based astronomical calculator used by astronomers to plan observing. It was created by Arnold Barmettler, a researcher at the University of Zurich and formerly a scientific assistant at the European Space Agency. The website, available in English and German, features a calendar (and/or email notifications) generated for your location including information on aurora, comets, tides, solar and lunar eclipses, planets, bright satellite passes (ISS, HST, etc.), occultations, transits, satellite flares, and decaying satellites that may be visible.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32114474
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George Henry Kendrick Thwaites (9 July 1812, Bristol – 11 September 1882, Kandy) was an English botanist and entomologist. Thwaites was initially an accountant and studied botany during his spare time. He was interested particularly in the lower plants such as the algae and the cryptogams. He became a recognised botanist when he showed that the diatoms are not animals, but algae. In 1846 he was lecturer on botany at the Bristol school of pharmacy and afterwards at the medical school. In March 1849, on the death of George Gardner, Thwaites was appointed superintendent of the botanical gardens at Peradeniya, Ceylon. A position he held for thirty years, until he resigned in 1879. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society on 1 June 1865 following the publication of his "Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniæ", – (five fasciculi 1859–64). His notes form the most valuable portion of Frederic Moore's "Lepidoptera of Ceylon" (3 vols 1880–9). He established the Cinchona nurseries, Hakgala, Ceylon and was in the Board of Directors of the Alfred Model Farm Experimental Station that later became the Royal Colombo Golf Course. The flowering plant genus "Kendrickia" and the spider genus "Thwaitesia" are named after him. Also, a species of Sri Lankan lizard, "Chalcidoseps thwaitesi", and a butterfly "Tapena thwaitesi", are named in his honor.
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Weak charge In the nuclear physics, and atomic physics weak charge refers to the standard model vector coupling of nucleons to the Z boson, namely formula_1, where "T" is the weak isospin, "Q" the charge, and "θ" the weak mixing angle. Thus, it is approximately -0.99 for a neutron and +0.07 for a proton. Measurements in 2017 give the weak charge of the proton as 0.0719 ± 0.0045 It further affects parity violating electron scattering. The weak charge may be summed in atomic nuclei, so that the predicted weak charge for Cs (55 protons, 78 neutrons) is -73.23 , while the experimentally deduced value was -72.58. A recent study using four even-numbered isotopes of ytterbium was found consistent, to a 0.1% level of accuracy, with the formula weak charge Q = −0.989 N + 0.071 Z, the latter two variables corresponding to the respective numbers of neutrons and protons in Yb, Yb, Yb, and Yb. In the ytterbium system, atoms were excited by laser light in the presence of electric and magnetic fields, and the resulting parity violation was observed. The specific transition observed was the forbidden transition from 6s S to 5d6s D (24489 cm). The latter state was mixed, due to weak interaction, with 6s6p P (25068 cm) to a degree proportional to the nuclear weak charge.
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Chonosuke Okamura In the 1970s he visited Japan's paleontology conference several times and applied to present his findings. It was rumored that in 1978 an elderly paleontologist who walked into Okamura's lecture became so angry that he suffered from high blood pressure and died prematurely. Eventually the paleontology conference changed its rules to ban amateurs and Okamura petitioned overseas colleges, finally publishing his research himself in 1983. He was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize for his work in 1996.
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Forest floor interception is the part of the (net) precipitation or throughfall that is temporarily stored in the top layer of the forest floor and successively evaporated within a few hours or days during and after the rainfall event. The forest floor can consist of bare soil, short vegetation (like grasses, mosses, creeping vegetation, etc.) or litter (i.e. leaves, twigs, or small branches).
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International Association for Vegetation Science The (IAVS) promotes contact between scientists and others interested in the study of vegetation ecology, promotes research and publication of research results. In 1939 the International Phytosociological Society (IPS) was founded, with its headquarters in Montpellier, France. After the Second World War it was reconstituted as the Internationale Vereinigung für Vegetationskunde (IVV), which adopted a constitution at the International Botanical Congress of 1954. The current name was adopted in 1981–82. The society publishes: The Alexander von Humboldt Medal is a prize awarded biennially from 2011 onwards by the association. The award is intended to honor scientists who have contributed greatly to the intellectual development and advancement of vegetation science and plant community ecology. Honorary membership is also bestowed by the society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32190088
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Bleb (mineralogy) In geology, mineralogy, and petrology, a bleb is a small bubble-like inclusion of one mineral within a larger mineral. An example is a bleb of sylvite within chlorite. Blebs tend to be brightly coloured.
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Hanle effect The Hanle effect, also known as zero-field level crossing, is a reduction in the polarization of light when the atoms emitting the light are subject to a magnetic field in a particular direction, and when they have themselves been excited by polarized light. Experiments which utilize the include measuring the lifetime of excited states, and detecting the presence of magnetic fields. The first experimental evidence for the effect came from Robert W. Wood, and Lord Rayleigh. The effect is named after Wilhelm Hanle, who was the first to explain the effect, in terms of classical physics, in "Zeitschrift für Physik" in 1924. Initially, the causes of the effect were controversial, and many theorists mistakenly thought it was a version of the Faraday effect. Attempts to understand the phenomenon were important in the subsequent development of quantum physics. An early theoretical treatment of level crossing effect was given by Gregory Breit. Observation of the on the light emitted by the sun is used to indirectly measure the magnetic fields within the sun, see: The effect was initially considered in the context of gasses, followed by applications to solid state physics. It has been used to measure both the states of localized electrons and free electrons. For spin-polarized electrical currents, the provides a way to measure the effective spin lifetime in a particular device
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Hanle effect The zero-field Hanle level crossings involve magnetic fields, in which the states which are degenerate at zero magnetic field are split due to the Zeeman effect. There is also the closely analogous zero-field Stark level crossings with electric fields, in which the states which are degenerate at zero electric field are split due to the Stark effect. Tests of zero field Stark level crossings came after the Hanle-type measurements, and are generally less common, due to the increased complexity of the experiments.
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Antidynamo theorem In physics and in particular in the theory of magnetism, an antidynamo theorem is one of several results that restrict the type of magnetic fields that may be produced by dynamo action. One notable example is Thomas Cowling's antidynamo theorem which states that no axisymmetric magnetic field can be maintained through a self-sustaining dynamo action by an axially symmetric current. Apart from the Earth's magnetic field, some other bodies such as Jupiter and Saturn, and the Sun have significant magnetic fields whose major component is a dipole, an axisymmetric magnetic field. These magnetic fields are self-sustained through fluid motion in the Sun or planets, with the necessary non symmetry for the planets deriving from the Coriolis force caused by their rapid rotation, and one cause of non-symmetry for the Sun being its differential rotation. The magnetic fields of planets with slow rotation periods and/or solid cores, such as Mercury, Venus and Mars, have dissipated to almost nothing by comparison. The impact of the known anti-dynamo theorems is that successful dynamos do not possess a high degree of symmetry.
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Palimpsest (geology) In geology, a palimpsest is a geographical feature composed of superimposed structures created at different times. Palimpsest is beginning to be used by glaciologists to describe contradicting glacial flow indicators, usually consisting of smaller indicators (i.e., striae) overprinted upon larger features (i.e., stoss and lee topography, drumlins, etc.). The name arises by analogy to a medieval palimpsest, a reused parchment manuscript page in which the previous text can sometimes be deciphered.
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Abell 2744 Abell 2744, nicknamed Pandora's Cluster, is a giant galaxy cluster resulting from the simultaneous pile-up of at least four separate, smaller galaxy clusters that took place over a span of 350 million years. The galaxies in the cluster make up less than five percent of its mass. The gas (around 20 percent) is so hot that it shines only in X-rays. Dark matter makes up around 75 percent of the cluster's mass. This cluster also shows a radio halo along with several other Abell clusters. It has a strong central halo, along with an extended tail, which could either be relic radiation, or an extension of the central halo. Renato Dupke, a member of the team that discovered the Cluster, explained the origin of the name in an interview: "We nicknamed it ‘"Pandora's Cluster"’ because so many different and strange phenomena were unleashed by the collision."
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KIs-V is a DNA virus isolated from four human cases of acute hepatitis in Japan. This virus has also been isolated in France. The genome has a sequence of 9496 bases and 13 potential genes. The virus is 30–50 nanometers in diameter and is enveloped.
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Pole piece A pole piece is a structure composed of material of high magnetic permeability that serves to direct the magnetic field produced by a magnet. A pole piece attaches to and in a sense extends a pole of the magnet, hence the name. Pole pieces are used with both permanent magnets and electromagnets. In the case of an electromagnet, the pole piece or pieces simply extend the magnetic core and can even be regarded as part of it, particularly if they are made of the same material. In the case of a permanent magnet, the distinction between the magnet itself and the pole piece or pieces is more clear cut. The traditional material for pole pieces was soft iron. While still often used with permanent magnets, soft iron suffers from eddy currents which make it less suitable for use with electromagnets, and particularly inefficient when the magnet is excited by alternating current. Pole pieces take many shapes and forms depending on the application. A traditional dynamic loudspeaker has a distinctive annular magnet and pole piece structure which serves to concentrate the magnetic flux on the voice coil. The central, cylindrical pole piece surrounded by the voice coil is normally referred to as "the pole piece". A second pole piece in turn surrounds the voice coil. A moving coil meter has a different and equally distinctive structure
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Pole piece A magnet keeper is a specialised pole piece used to temporarily connect the poles of a permanent magnet, to help to preserve the magnetism, and for safety in the case of large and powerful magnets. Another specialised pole piece is the armature of an electromechanical solenoid, which produces work by being attracted by an electromagnet when the magnet is actuated.
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Rim Turkmani is a Syrian-born astrophysicist formerly at Imperial College London and Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellow of the Royal Society. Turkmani gained her BSc in electrical engineering at the University of Damascus, then moved to Sweden to study for a masters in physics at Chalmers University, where she stayed on to undertake a PhD in astrophysics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32298109
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Géza Horváth (23 November 1847, Csécs – 8 September 1937, Budapest) was a Hungarian doctor and entomologist internationally recognized for his work on bugs (Hemiptera). He also contributed extensively to the study of Hungarian scale insect fauna. He published over 350 papers in his lifetime. He was made director of the newly established National Phylloxera Research Station in Budapest in 1880, where he did research on aphids, Phylloxera and psyllids. He continued as director after it was renamed The State Entomological Station and broadened its focus to other kinds of noxious insects. In 1896 he returned to the Hungarian National Museum, where he was director of its Zoology Department until he retired. He remained active in entomology after retirement, and was president of the 10th International Zoological Conference when Budapest hosted it in 1927 (his 80th year). A species of lizard, "Iberolacerta horvathi", is named in his honor.
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Anthony Moffat Anthony (Tony) Lee Moffatt is an emeritus professor of astronomy at the Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Dr. Moffatt was appointed as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2001. Dr. Moffatt's interests focus on massive stars (Wolf-Rayet stars in particular), stellar winds, binary stars, as well as the structure and dynamics of star formation regions and galaxies. Prof. Moffatt completed his Master of Science at the University of Toronto in 1966. His doctorate was granted in 1970 from Universität Bonn (Dr. rer. nat.). Following postdoctoral studies at Ruhr-Universität Bochum from 1970 to 1976, and the awarding of his second Dr. Habil. in 1976, Moffat was hired to the faculty of Université de Montréal in 1976. Prof. Moffatt has supervised 8 postdoctoral scientists and 14 doctoral students at Université de Montréal. This includes Alexandre David-Uraz's research into dust formation around Wolf-Rayet stars. In a series of papers beginning with a study of the open star cluster NGC 7380 and eleven other clusters, Moffatt used photographic UBV photometry to identify the massive star population.
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Cirrus fibratus is a type of cirrus cloud. The name "cirrus fibratus" is derived from Latin, meaning "fibrous". These clouds are similar to cirrus uncinus, commonly known as "mares' tails"; however, fibratus clouds do not have tufts or hooks at the end. The filaments are usually separate from one another. Like other cirrus clouds, cirrus fibratus occur at high altitudes. They can indicate an approaching warm front; however, they can also be an indication that fair weather will follow.
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Cirrus floccus is a type of cirrus cloud. The name "cirrus floccus" is derived from Latin, meaning "a lock of wool". occurs as small tufts of cloud, usually with a ragged base. The cloud can have virga falling from it, but the precipitation does not reach the ground. The individual tufts are usually isolated from each other. At formation, the cirrus floccus clouds are bright white and can be mistaken for altocumulus clouds; however, after a few minutes, the brightness begins to fade, indicating they are made up of pure ice, and are therefore at a higher level.
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Cirrus duplicatus is a variety of cirrus cloud. The name "cirrus duplicatus" is derived from Latin, meaning "double". The duplicatus variety of cirrus clouds occurs when there are at least two layers of cirrus clouds. Most of the time, occurrences of cirrus fibratus and cirrus uncinus are in the duplicatus form. Like stratus clouds, cirrus clouds are often seen in the duplicatus form.
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Cirrus radiatus is a variety of cirrus cloud. The name "cirrus radiatus" is derived from Latin, meaning "rayed, striped". This variety of cirrus clouds occurs in parallel bands that often cover the entire sky and appear to converge at a single point or two opposite points on the horizon. is often partly made up of cirrocumulus or cirrostratus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32398029
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Cirrus vertebratus is a type of cirrus cloud. The name "cirrus vertebratus" is derived from Latin, meaning "jointed, articulated, vertebrated". Like cirrus intortus, the vertebratus species is exclusive to the cirrus genus. gives the impression of vertebrae in a spinal column, ribs, or a fish skeleton. The species is an unusual form of cirrus clouds and is formed by air moving parallel to the main cloud line. The gaps in the cloud occur where air is descending, while the "ribs" of the cloud correspond with areas of uplift. Their occurrence appears to be connected with the location of the jet stream.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32398171
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Cirrocumulus castellanus is a type of cirrocumulus cloud. The name "cirrocumulus castellanus" is derived from Latin, meaning "of a castle". These clouds appear as round turrets that are rising from either a lowered line or sheet of clouds. is an indicator of atmospheric instability at the level of the cloud. The clouds form when condensation occurs in the base cloud, causing latent heating to occur. This causes air to rise from the base cloud, and if the air ascends into conditionally unstable air, cirrocumulus castellanus will form.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32398526
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Cirrocumulus floccus is a type of cirrocumulus cloud. The name "cirrocumulus floccus" is derived from Latin, meaning "a lock of wool". appears as small tufts of cloud with rounded heads, but ragged bottoms. The cloud can produce virga, precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground. Like cirrocumulus castellanus, cirrocumulus floccus is an indicator of atmospheric instability at the level of the cloud. In fact, cirrocumulus floccus can form from cirrocumulus castellanus, being the evolutionary state after the base of the original cloud has dissipated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32404751
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Cirrocumulus lenticularis is a type of cirrocumulus cloud. The name "cirrocumulus lenticularis" is derived from Latin, meaning "like a lentil". are smooth clouds that have the appearance of a lens or an almond. They usually form at the crests of atmospheric waves, which would otherwise be invisible. This species of cirrocumulus can often be quite elongated and normally has very distinguished boundaries. forms when stable air is forced upward; this is usually due to orographic features, but can occur away from mountains as well. Irisation can occasionally occur with these clouds.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32404998
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Salting in refers to the effect where increasing the ionic strength of a solution increases the solubility of a solute, such as a protein. This effect tends to be observed at lower ionic strengths. Protein solubility is a complex function of physicochemical nature of the protein, pH, temperature, and the concentration of the salt used. It also depends on whether the salt is kosmotropic, whereby the salt will stabilize water. The solubility of proteins usually increases slightly in the presence of salt, referred to as "salting in". However, at high concentrations of salt, the solubility of the proteins drop sharply and proteins can precipitate out, referred to as "salting out". Initial salting in at low concentrations is explained by the Debye–Huckel theory. Proteins are surrounded by the salt counterions (ions of opposite net charge) and this screening results in decreasing electrostatic free energy of the protein and increasing the activity of the solvent, which in turn, leads to increasing solubility. This theory predicts that the logarithm of solubility is proportional to the square root of the ionic strength. The behavior of proteins in solutions at high salt concentrations is explained by John Gamble Kirkwood. The abundance of the salt ions decreases the solvating power of salt ions, resulting in the decrease in the solubility of the proteins and precipitation results. At high salt concentrations, the solubility is given by the following empirical expression
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32406507
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Salting in log S = B - KI where S is the solubility of the protein, B is a constant (function of protein, pH and temperature), K is the salting out constant (function of pH, mixing and salt), and I is the ionic strength of the salt. This expression is an approximation to that proposed by Long and McDevit. source ref in Chem. Rev.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32406507
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Cirrocumulus stratiformis is a type of cirrocumulus cloud. The name "cirrocumulus stratiformis" is derived from Latin, meaning "stretched out". occurs as very small cirrocumulus clouds that cover a large part of the sky. This type of cloud always occurs in thin layers. There can be spaces or rifts between the individual cloudlets in the layer.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32407773
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IC 3418 is a galaxy that is most well noted for its tidal tail, which formed after the galaxy collided with the Virgo Cluster some 54 million light years from Earth. The galaxy is home to many starburst regions. The galaxy is thought to be evolving from a dwarf irregular galaxy into a dwarf elliptical galaxy, as the ram pressure of the intracluster medium of the Virgo Cluster through which it is plowing through strips gas from the galaxy, leaving it gas poor, while concentrating the gas in the tidal tail, forming "fireballs" of star formation in its wake. Within the tail is the second most distant star ever detected, as of 2013, a blue supergiant, SDSS J122952.66+112227.8, illuminating a clump of gas.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32420215
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Stephen Blackmore CBE FRSE FRSB FLS (born 30 July 1952) is a British botanist, who was educated at St. George's School, Hong Kong and the University of Reading where he completed his PhD in 1976. He then worked at the Royal Society of London’s Research Station on Aldabra Atoll in the Indian Ocean before being appointed Lecturer in Biology and Head of the National Herbarium and Botanic Garden at the University of Malawi. In 1980, he was appointed Head of Palynology at Natural History Museum in London and from 1990 to 1999 served there as Keeper of Botany. He was the 15th Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh from 1999 until 20 December 2013, and was appointed Her Majesty's Botanist in Scotland in 2010. Blackmore has received three awards from the Linnean Society of London: the Trail-Crisp Medal Award in 1987; the Bicentenary Medal of the Linnean Society in 1992; and the Linnean Medal in 2012. The Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society awarded him the Scottish Horticultural Medal in 2008, and the Royal Horticultural Society presented him the Victoria Medal of Honour in 2012. In the 2011 New Year Honours list he was appointed a CBE for "services to plant conservation". In 2013 Blackmore was appointed Chairman of the Darwin Expert Committee of the Darwin Initiative and, since 2014, he has also been Chairman of Botanic Gardens Conservation International. He serves on the board of the Seychelles Islands Foundation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32444086
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Lucien Hardy (born 1973) is a theoretical physicist, known for his work on the foundation of quantum physics including Hardy's paradox, a thought experiment he devised in 1992, and his widely cited 2001 axiomatic reconstruction of quantum theory that led to a surge of papers in this area. In the course of his career he has performed research and lecturing in various universities in Europe. In 1992, he became lecturer in mathematical physics at Maynooth College, The National University of Ireland, subsequently he was a Royal Society postdoctoral fellow at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, lecturer in Mathematical Sciences Department at the University of Durham, UK, and a postdoctoral fellow at La Sapienza University in Rome, Italy. Starting in 1997, he was a Royal Society university research fellow for five years at the University of Oxford. , Hardy is affiliated with the University of Waterloo and is among the faculty of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32444480
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Teva Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Teva api is an international pharmaceutical company headquartered in Israel. teva api is a stand-alone business unit of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries limited, the largest generic drug manufacturer in the world and one of the 15 largest pharmaceutical companies worldwide. On top of supplying a major share of Teva's own needs, the Teva api division is an active competitor in world markets, investing both in the development of new products and manufacturing processes and in the upgrading of production facilities. In 2014, Teva api's sales to third parties totaled $724 million. In recent years growth occurred in all of Teva api's principal geographical markets: North America, Europe and International. As of 2013, teva api employs over 5,000 professionals worldwide, and offers a rich portfolio of about 400 active pharmaceutical ingredients. At the heart of the API division is the Israel-based Teva-Tech, formerly known as the Assia and Plantex plants which manufacture, develop and market raw materials for pharmaceuticals. Teva api has grown by acquiring top rated manufacturing and development facilities around the world. Today, teva api operates 21 plants and sales offices worldwide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32450455
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Teva Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Major Teva api's acquisitions: The R&D group at teva api consists of a team of over 760 top scientists located in 7 development centers worldwide: A large center in Israel (synthetic products and peptides), a large center in Hungary (fermentation and semi-synthetic products), and a facility in India and additional sites in Italy, Croatia, Mexico and the Czech Republic (development of high potency API). teva api's R&D focuses on the development of processes for the manufacturing of API, including intermediates, chemical and biological (fermentation), which are of interest to the generic drug industry, as well as Teva's proprietary drugs. The API R&D division also seeks methods to continuously reduce API production costs, enabling teva api to improve its cost structure. Teva has 21 API production facilities located in Israel, Hungary, Italy, the U.S., the Czech Republic, India, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Monaco, China and Croatia. TAPI’s holds expertise in a variety of production technologies, including chemical synthesis, semi-synthetic fermentation, enzymatic synthesis, high potent manufacturing, plant extract technology, synthetic peptides, vitamin D derivatives and prostaglandins. Also, its advanced technology and expertise in the field of solid state particle technology enables it to meet specifications for particle size distribution (PSD), bulk density, specific surface area, polymorphism, as well as other characteristics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32450455
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Teva Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Teva’s API facilities meet all applicable current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) requirements under U.S., European, Japanese, and other applicable quality standards. In some of the products that are sold in the U.S., TAPI utilizes controlled substances and therefore must meet the requirements of the Controlled Substances Act and the related regulations administered by the Drug Enforcement Administration. Teva api produces approximately 400 active pharmaceutical ingredients covering a wide range of products, including respiratory, cardiovascular, anti-cholesterol, central nervous system, dermatological, hormones, anti-inflammatory, oncology, immunosuppressants and muscle relaxants. Its API intellectual property portfolio includes over 1,200 granted patents and pending applications worldwide.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32450455
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IC 755 is a spiral galaxy that lies 70 million light-years away in the Coma Berenices constellation. In 1999 a star within was seen to explode as a supernova and named SN 1999an. Supernovae like SN 1999an are classified as Type IIs and they are dramatic events that mark the end of the lives of massive stars. The supernova was discovered by the Beijing Astronomical Observatory Supernova Survey.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32451990
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Cirrocumulus lacunosus is a type of cirrocumulus cloud. The name "cirrocumulus lacunosus" is derived from Latin, meaning "full of hollows". is a relatively rare cloud form that occurs as a layer of cloud with circular holes in it. Formation is commonly attributed to a cool layer mixing with a warmer, higher layer of the atmosphere. These holes normally have frayed edges, and they are often arranged in a manner that resembles a net or a honeycomb.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32482657
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Fiber-optic Improved Next-generation Doppler Search for Exo-Earths The Fiber-Optic Improved Next-Generation Doppler Search for Exo-Earths (FINDS Exo-Earths) is a radial-velocity spectrograph developed by Debra Fischer. It is installed on the 3 meter telescope in Lick Observatory in Mount Hamilton. It has been in operation since 2009 and is being used to verify exoplanet candidates found by Kepler. At Yale University, Debra Fischer and Julien Spronck, along with Geoff Marcy of the University of California, Berkeley, set out to improve existing spectrograph technologies. Spurred by a $45,000 grant from The Planetary Society, the team built FINDS, a spectrograph add-on device.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32484750
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Masterbatch (MB) is a solid additive for plastic used for coloring plastics (color masterbatch) or imparting other properties to plastics (additive masterbatch). A liquid dosage form is called liquid color. is a concentrated mixture of pigments and/or additives encapsulated during a heat process into a carrier resin which is then cooled and cut into a granular shape. allows the processor to colour raw polymer economically during the plastics manufacturing process. The alternatives to using masterbatches are buying a fully compounded material (which may be more expensive and less open to e.g. color variability of the product), or compounding from raw materials on site (which is prone to issues with achieving full dispersion of the colorants and additives, and prone to preparing more material than what is used for the production run). In comparison with pure pigments, masterbatches require more storage space and their lead times are longer. Another disadvantage is additional exposure of heat ("heat history") to both the carrier and the additive; this may be important e.g. for marginally thermally stable pigments. As masterbatches are already premixed compositions, their use alleviates the issues with the additive or colorant clumping or insufficient dispersion. The concentration of the additive in the masterbatch is much higher than in the end-use polymer, but the additive is already properly dispersed in the host resin. In a way their use is similar to uses of ferroalloys for adding alloying elements to steels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32533522
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Masterbatch The use of masterbatches allows the factory to keep stock of fewer grades of the polymer, and to buy cheaper natural polymer in bulk. The masterbatches can be fairly highly concentrated (in comparison with the target composition), with high "let-down ratios"; e.g. one 25 kg bag can be used for a tonne of natural polymer. The relatively dilute nature of masterbatches (in comparison with the raw additives) allows higher accuracy in dosing small amounts of expensive components. The compact nature of the grains of solid masterbatches eliminates problems with dust, otherwise inherent for fine-grained solid additives. Solid masterbatches are also solvent-free, therefore they tend to have longer shelf life as the solvent won't evaporate over time. The masterbatch usually contains 40-65% of the additive, but the range can be as wide as 15-80% in extreme cases. The carrier material of the masterbatch can be based on a wax (universal carrier) or on a specific polymer, identical or compatible with the natural polymer used (polymer-specific). E.g. EVA or LDPE can be used as carriers for polyolefins and nylon, polystyrene can be used for ABS, SAN, and sometimes polycarbonates. When a carrier different than the base plastic is used, the carrier material may modify the resulting plastic's properties; where this could be important, the carrier resin has to be specified. The usual ratio of masterbatch to the base resin is 1 to 5 percent. Several masterbatches (color and various additives) can be used together
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32533522
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Masterbatch The carrier can also double as a plasticizer (common for liquid masterbatches) or a processing aid. The machines are usually fed with premixed granules of the host polymer and the masterbatch. The final mixing then gets done in the screw and extrusion part of the machine. This is sometimes prone to adverse effects, e.g. separation of the masterbatch and the base material in the machine's hopper. The masterbatch can be also added directly to the machine's screw, as a free-flowing solid or in case of a liquid masterbatch by e.g. a peristaltic pump. Such use of liquid masterbatches allows highly accurate dosing and quick change of color between machine runs. Masterbatches can be used in most processes, except rotational molding and Plastisol and other liquid resin systems. brings many advantages for the final plastic products: PRODUCTIVITY: can increase volumetric output (as a result of thermal conductivity & volumetric expansion to temperature). In addition, it has ability to downgauge due to higher film physical properties. TOTAL COST SAVE: With the large percentage of CaCO3 powder in component, masterbatch helps manufacturers reduce material cost by using less energy to run the machine due to higher CaCO3 specific heat. PHYSICAL PROPERTY: helps plastic improve a lot of physical property such as: Additive masterbatches modify various properties of the base plastic: is used in the following areas:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32533522
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Shengwang Du is a professor in the department of physics at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He is noted for having led a team that performed an experiment showing individual photons cannot travel faster than the speed of light ("c") in a vacuum, thus apparently removing one approach to time travel. Du claims in a peer reviewed journal to have observed single photons' precursors, saying that they travel no faster than "c" in a vacuum. His experiment involved slow light as well as passing light through a vacuum. He generated two single photons, passing one through rubidium atoms that had been cooled with a laser (thus slowing the light) and passing one through a vacuum. Both times, apparently, the precursors preceded the photons' main bodies, and the precursor traveled at "c" in a vacuum. According to Du, this implies that there is no possibility of light traveling faster than "c" (and, thus, violating causality). Some members of the media took this as an indication of proof that time travel to the past using superluminal speeds was impossible.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32539705
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