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Sandrine Heutz She demonstrated that copper phthalocyanine could be used for quantum computing, where information is stored as qubits as opposed to binary bits. Heutz has continued to work on room temperature magnetic organic materials for spintronic applications, working with Nic Harrison, the co-Director of the Imperial College Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering. Together they have explored new approaches to grow phthalocyanine thin films with desired structural and spectroscopic properties. She has shown that at low temperatures (100 K) cobalt phthalocyanine forms molecular structures with strong magnetic alignment. Heutz and her research group have developed flexible thin films of cobalt phthalocyanine for use in spintronic devices. Harrison contributed theoretical models of cobalt phthalocyanine, and demonstrated that by manipulating the angle between adjacent layers of cobalt phthalocyanine it is possible to improve the magnetic properties of the material. This finding explains how cobalt phthalocyanine demonstrates magnetic properties above liquid nitrogen temperatures. In 2018 Heutz demonstrated that pentacene could undergo singlet fission – absorbing a single photon could result in the generation of two excited electrons. She demonstrated that the molecular orientation of pentacene within a solar cell could increase the power output. Pentacene packs in a herringbone structure and each molecule can either be parallel or titled with respect to its neighbours | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62431193 |
Sandrine Heutz Heutz and colleagues demonstrated that when pentacene molecules are tilted toward each other they are more likely to undergo singlet fission than when they are tilted. The work was the first to show that pentacene could undergo singlet fission at room temperature.In 2017 Heutz was awarded a multi-million pound research grant from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council to open the UK's first SPIN-Lab. Heutz was promoted to Professor in 2019. She has appeared on the podcast "Scientists Not the Science". Heutz is a member of the London Centre for Nanotechnology and the Royce Institute. Her publications include; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62431193 |
Geochemical Perspectives Letters is a peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal publishing original research in geochemistry. It is published by the European Association for Geochemistry. The journal is abstracted and indexed in: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62443960 |
Chemical gardening refers to the process of creating complex biological-looking structures by mixing chemicals together wherever large amounts of such chemicals naturally occur. More simply, forming natural minerals to mimic biology. For example, mixing iron-rich particles with alkaline liquids containing the chemicals silicate or carbonate have created biological-looking structures. Such structures are actually non-biological even though they may appear to be biological and/or fossils. According to researchers, "Chemical reactions like these have been studied for hundreds of years but they had not previously been shown to mimic these tiny iron-rich structures inside rocks. These results call for a re-examination of many ancient real-world examples to see if they are more likely to be fossils or non-biological mineral deposits." One use of the study of chemical gardening is to be better able to distinguish biological structures, including fossils, from non-biological structures on the planet Mars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62446002 |
Canadian Centre for Alternatives to Animal Methods The (CCAAM) and its subsidiary, the Canadian Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (CaCVAM), is a research centre founded in 2017 and based at the University of Windsor, in Canada. Its goal is “to develop, validate, and promote laboratory methods and techniques that don’t use animal test subjects”. It is the first centre in Canada dedicated to non-animal testing and the promotion of human-relevant alternatives. The CCAAM's mission is based on three pillars: One of its main focuses of research is diabetes, using “human stem cells to create diabetes in a dish”.The CCAAM is opposed to animal testing based on ethical and scientific reasons. The director, biochemist Dr. Charu Chandrasekera who specializes in heart disease and diabetes, states that “Ninety-five per cent of drugs tested to be safe and effective in animal models fail in human clinical trials” . In 2018, it received a $1 million donation from the Eric S. Margolis Family Foundation, considered “the largest research donation in University of Windsor history”, part of which will be used to create a research and training facility. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62455026 |
Stéphane Mangin is a physicist, professor at University of Lorraine, Nancy, France. He is head of the Nanomagnetism and Spintronics team at Institut Jean Lamour., a joint laboratory between French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and University of Lorraine. His research concern the study of nanomagnets and their magnetization dynamic under the influence of different stimulus such as a magnetic field, a current pulse which can generate a spin-transfer torque, or a spin-orbit torque (see spin-orbit interaction), or by ultrashort pulse laser. His works find application for technology concerning magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) or magnetic data storage on hard disk drive, such as Heat Assisted MagnetoRecording (HAMR technology) which is assisted by a laser beam. defended his PhD thesis in 1997 at Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble, France, and was a post-doctoral researcher at Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium. He was an assistant professor at Henri Poincaré University in Nancy, before becoming a full professor in 2008. He has been working in collaboration with many laboratories all around the world. In 2004–2005, he was an invited researcher at Hitachi GST San Jose Research center California and in 2012–2013, an invited professor at Center for magnetic Recording Research in the University of California, San Diego | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62467924 |
Stéphane Mangin In 2015, he co-founded an International Laboratory on NanoElectronics with Eric Fullerton from University of California, San Diego, Dafiné Ravélosona from Paris-Sud University and Andrew Kent from New York University. Since 2009, he's been the scientific director of project Tube Daνm (Deposit and Analysis of Nanomaterials under Ultra-High Vacuum), a 70 meter long technological plateform unique in the world. This tube allow researchers and companies to work under ultra-high vacuum in order to grow material thin film with new properties, allowing for example to consider tomorrow memories. He organized or co-organized various international conference and workshop such as the Magnetic Single Nano-Object Workshop & School and the World Materials Forum, has been a member of the scientific committee of the since 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62467924 |
International Reserves of the Russian Federation are liquid assets held by the Russian Federation`s central bank or other monetary authority in order to implement monetary policies effecting the country's currency exchange rate and ensuring the payment of its imports. The assets include foreign currency and foreign denominated bonds, gold reserves, SDRs (special drawing rights) and the IMF reserve position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62474826 |
Julia Chan (chemist) Julia Y. Chan is a Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Texas at Dallas. Chan works on crystal growth of quantum materials. Chan moved to New York City at the age of eight and spent her childhood in North America. Chan studied at Baylor University and graduated in 1993. Whilst she began her college career as a music majorspecialising in the violinshe soon became interested in chemistry. At Baylor, Chan worked under the supervision of Carlos Manzanares and Marianna Busch. She earned her doctoral degree under the supervision of Susan M. Kauzlarich at the University of California, Davis in 1998. Chan completed postdoctoral research in the ceramics division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. She has continued to play violin in her church orchestra. Chan began her career as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Louisiana State University in 2000. In 2002 she was awarded an National Science Foundation CAREER Award and selected as one of the American Chemical Society women making an impact in chemistry. In 2004 Chan was awarded an ExxonMobil Faculty Fellowship Award. She was part of the 2010 American Chemical Society Women Chemists of Colour Summit. She joined the University of Texas at Dallas in 2013. Chan investigates the physical properties magnetic materials synthesized in her laboratory. She has developed new techniques to grow single crystals of intermetallic phases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62494102 |
Julia Chan (chemist) She was the Guest Editor of the American Chemical Society Inorganic Chemistry theme issue on Solid-State Inorganic Chemistry. In 2019 Chan was inducted into the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Her awards and honors include: Her publications include: Chan is on the editorial board of "Science Advances". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62494102 |
Nontrigonal pnictogen compounds refer to tricoordinate trivalent pnictogen (phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth: P, As, Sb and Bi) compounds that are not of typical trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry. By virtue of their geometric constraint, these compounds exhibit distinct electronic structures and reactivities, which bestow on them potential to provide unique nonmetal platforms for bond cleavage reactions. The first examples of nontrigonal pnictogen compound were synthesized by Arduengo and co-workers in 1984, through condensation of a diketoamine with a phosphorus trihalide in the presence of base. This group reported also on the first systematic investigations into its chemical behavior. Later, on similar routes, the corresponding and isostructural arsenic and antimony species were also synthesized. Other synthetic methods involve deprotonation of OH or NH groups in the presence of ECl (E=P, As, Sb and Bi), salt metathesis or reduction of pentavalent pnictogen compounds. The molecular structures of nontrigonal pnictogen compounds reveal the steric strain in these molecules, and significantly differing bond angles at the pnictogen atoms indicate a considerable distortion of the coordination spheres. In particular, the geometry at the central part of these compounds deviate strongly from traditional pnictogen compounds, and indicate molecular strain with an approach to a T-type molecular configuration. With different ligand motifs, the bond angles at pnictogen atoms can vary from 100˚ to almost 180˚ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62502370 |
Nontrigonal pnictogen compounds The flattened geometry of these molecules influences the relatively low energetic barriers for inversion of the configuration via planar coordinated pnictogen atoms in the transition state. These low barriers are in accordance with the dynamic behavior and fast equilibration processes observed in ambient temperature NMR. Results of quantum chemical calculations confirm that in these compounds, the lone pair of electrons at the pnictogen atoms is localized in orbitals with relatively high s-character. From these results, only weak nucleophilicity was derived in accordance with some experimental observations such as the inertness towards benzyl bromide. The LUMO is delocalized but has important contributions from pnictogen empty p orbitals, which should favor a nucleophilic attack of substrates at this position in accordance with experimental findings. The pnictogen atom forms a three-center-four-electron bond with the two flanking nitrogen atoms, which is manifested by the HOMO-2. For nontrigonal bismuth compounds, a Bi(I) electronic structure could be shown to be most appropriate. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis reveals an s-type lone pair and a p-type lone pair at the metal, with the remaining two p orbitals being involved in one two-center-two-electron bond and one three-center-two-electron bond. The p-type lone pair NBO has less than 2 electron occupancy as it is delocalized over the ligand frame | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62502370 |
Nontrigonal pnictogen compounds Although considerable Bi(I) character is indicated for the Bi compound, it exhibits reactivity similar to Bi(III) electrophiles, and expresses either a vacant or a filled p orbital at Bi. From these results, two types of resonance structures can be drawn, one with a filled s-orbital and a vacant p orbital at the pnictogen center, the other one with negative charge on pnictogen, arising from the redox-non-innocent nature of the ligand. This is evident by shorter C-N bond lengths in nontrigonal pnictogen compounds than C-N single bonds in the corresponding ligands. These structures may reflect the specific bonding situation in these strained molecular systems. These easily available and sterically constrained compounds are potentially suitable for an application in a wide variety of secondary processes such as small molecule activation or the generation of new catalysts based on main-group and transition-metal elements. Since the LUMOs of nontrigonal pnictogen compounds consist mainly of the vacant p orbitals of the pnictogen nuclei, they could undergo one-electron reduction to afford radical anions if the energy levels of LUMOs are appropriate. For a less sterically hindered compound, the generated radical anion readily dimerizes to form a dianion with a P-P bond. When a sterically encumbered tris-amide ligand is used, stable radical anions bearing T-shaped pnictogen nuclei can be isolated and characterized | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62502370 |
Nontrigonal pnictogen compounds The oxidation of nontrigonal phosphorus compounds and transfer of halogen molecules to the phosphorus atoms to generate phosphoranes with phosphorus atoms in an oxidation state of +5 was achieved by various synthetic procedures. These dihalides are promising starting materials and potentially applicable for the generation of numerous secondary products, but only few reactions have been reported so far in the literature. Nontrigonal phosphorus compounds can also be oxidized by organic azide to yield phosphazenes. These sterically constrained phosphorus compounds show remarkable reactivity towards protic reagents such as primary amines and alcohols, which results in intermolecular oxidative addition of these O−H and N−H bonds. This reaction tolerates a variety of different substrates, including ammonia and water. Two mechanisms have been suggested for the understanding of the unusual insertion of phosphorus atoms into polar X−H bonds by oxidative addition. Nontrigonal phosphorus compounds can also react with ammonia–borane to form a formal dihydrogen oxidative addition product. This compound proved to facilitate the catalytic reduction of azobenzene. The first transition metal complexes of nontrigonal pnictogen compounds have been reported in the 1980s and '90s. Up to now, several complexes have been successfully synthesized, but they have not yet been applied in secondary processes, such as catalytic cycles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62502370 |
Nontrigonal pnictogen compounds In 2018, the synthesis and reactivity of a chelating ligand containing a nontrigonal phosphorus center was reported. It is worth noting that, apart from direct metalation of this ligand with RuCl(PPh), metalation with a ruthenium hydride compound RuHCl(CO)(PPh) yields a complex with net insertion into the Ru−H bond. These ligands, along with recent developments for higher valent states of Sb ligands, may possess rich potential in the field of catalysis and sensing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62502370 |
Chemical, Paper and Ceramic Union The () was a trade union representing chemical, oil refinery, paper, rubber, ceramics, glass and plastics workers in Germany. While the German Factory Workers' Confederation, dissolved by the Nazis in 1933, was seen as the forerunner of the union, IG Chemie was established on 14 October 1948. The third largest affiliate of the German Trade Union Confederation for much of its history, the union initially struggled with Allied attempts to limit the chemicals industry in West Germany. However, from 1958 it began seeing wage increases for its members above the rate of inflation, and also saw major successes in health and safety. During the 1960s, it was seen as a radical, left-wing union, but by the 1970s, it was associated with the right-wing of the union movement, and criticised for its top-down approach. By 1996, the union had 694,897 members. The following year, it merged with the Union of Mining and Energy and the Leather Union, to form IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62502389 |
TectoRNA TectoRNAs are modular RNA units able to self-assemble into larger nanostructures in a programmable fashion. They are generated by rational design through an approach called RNA architectonics, which make use of RNA structural modules identified in natural (or sometimes artificial) RNA molecules to form pre-defined 3D structures spontaneously. The abilities of RNA which is capable of catalysis and non-canonical base pairing make it an attractive biomolecule for design. By applying the knowledge of computational modeling and biochemical characterization, RNA can be shaped into defined geometries and conduct various functions. As such, tectoRNA can also carry functions to build large functional nanostructures which can be used for synthetic biology and nanotechnology application. Nadrian Seeman was the first one who proposed that DNA could be used as material for generating nanoscopic self-assembling structures. This concept was extended to RNA by Jaeger and collaborators in 2000 by taking advantage of the concept of RNA tectonics initially proposed by Jaeger and Westhof and collaborators in 1996. To design a tectoRNA, the deep knowledge of RNA tertiary structure is required. The rational design of tectoRNA is based on known X-ray and NMR structures. TectoRNAs can be seen as analogous to words, and, by using the natural syntax of RNA structural motifs, all kinds of thermodynamically stable shapes can be rationally designed and synthesized | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62507181 |
TectoRNA The sequence specifying for stable, recurrent, and modular structural motifs, e.g. GNRA tetraloop, kissing loops, kink turns, A-minor interaction, etc, can be encoded within tectoRNAs to control their geometry and self-assembly into nanostructures. However, tectoRNA can also incorporate flexible junctions and RNA modules (or RNA aptamers) responsive to ligands. Nowadays, extensive databases and powerful algorithms can be useful tools to design sequences of tectoRNAs. The folding of tectoRNAs are optimized by minimizing the free energy and maximizing their thermodynamic stability. The RNA sequences are mainly transcribed "in vitro", and the folding condition for RNA is also important. Mg and other salts must be added into solution and the concentration is well controlled to fold RNA properly. Their expected folding and self-assembly properties are characterized by a wide range of biochemical tools. Native poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is used to test the K of self-assembled tectoRNAs. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) is applied to characterize the thermodynamic stability of nanostructures. Chemical probing, like DMS probing, allows us to indirectly understand the folding of RNA structure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cryo-EM are powerful techniques which give us a direct clue how RNA nanostructures look like. By far, delicate structures like squares or hearts have been successfully demonstrated in different research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62507181 |
TectoRNA TectoRNAs are the basic self-assembling unit in RNA architectonics. In RNA architectonics, the sequence length of tectoRNA is usually less than 200 nts. TectoRNAs are typically originating from single stranded RNA molecules and once folded, they act like LEGO bricks to build up higher order architectures. They can be synthesized, folded and self-assembled into multimeric nanostructures during transcription in isothermal conditions. As such, the RNA architectonics approach can be seen as RNA modular origami. This approach was extended to the synthesis of larger self-assembling units of more than 400 nts. More recently, RNA origami was extended to the design of long single stranded RNA sequences able to fold into large pre-defined nanostructures. Hence, RNA modular origami (originally called RNA architectonics), RNA origami and RNA single stranded origami are both originating from the same concept where RNA sequences can be design to self-fold and assemble into predefined shapes. Note that conceptually, DNA single stranded origami is more related to RNA origami than DNA origami. Though RNA nanotechnology is still a burgeoning field, tectoRNAs and resulting nanostructures have already been shown to be useful in nanomedicine, nanotechnology, and synthetic biology. This includes the development of programmable nano-scaffolds and nano-particles for the delivery of RNA therapeutics. As such, RNA nanoparticles, like hexagonal nanorings, can be used as a delivery vehicle carrying therapeutic RNA to targeting cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62507181 |
TectoRNA It is also possible to incorporate modified nucleotides within tectoRNAs in order to increase their chemical stability and resistant towards degradation. Yet, the full potential of tectoRNAs and resulting nanostructures for recruiting proteins and ligands still remain largely unexplored. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62507181 |
GUIDE-Seq (Genome-wide, Unbiased Identification of DSBs Enabled by Sequencing) is a molecular biology technique that allows for the unbiased in vitro detection of off-target genome editing events in DNA caused by CRISPR/Cas9 as well as other RNA-guided nucleases (RGN) in living cells. Similar to LAM-PCR, it employs multiple PCRs to amplify regions of interest that contain a specific insert that preferentially integrates into double-stranded breaks. As gene therapy is an emerging field, has gained traction as a cheap method to detect the off-target effects of potential therapeutics without needing whole genome sequencing. Conceived to work in concert with next-gen sequencing platforms such as Illumina dye sequencing, relies on the integration of a blunt, double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) that has been phosphothiorated on two of the phosphate linkages on the 5' end of both strands. The dsODN cassette integrates into any site in the genome that contains a double-stranded break (DSB). This means that along with the target and off-target sites that may exist as a result of the activity of a nuclease, the dsODN cassette will also integrate into any spurious sites in the genome that have a DSB. This makes it critical to have a dsODN only condition that controls for errant and naturally occurring DSBs, and is required to use the GUIDE-seq bioinformatic pipeline. After integration of the dsODN cassette, genomic DNA (gDNA) is extracted from the cell culture and sheared to 500bp fragments via sonication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62510434 |
GUIDE-Seq The resulting sheared gDNA undergoes end-repair and adapter ligation. From here, DNA specifically containing the dsODN insert is amplified via two rounds of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that proceeds in a unidirectional manner starting from the primers that are complementary to the dsODN. This process allows for the reading of the adjacent sequences, both the sense and anti-sense strands, flanking the insert. The final product is a panoply of amplicons, describing the DSB distribution, containing indices for sample differentiation, p5 and p7 Illumina flow-cell adapters, and the sequences flanking the dsODN cassette. is able to achieve detection of rare DSBs that occur with a 0.1% frequency, however this may be as a result of the limitations of next-generation sequencing platforms. The greater the depth of reads an instrument is able to achieve, the better it can detect rarer events. Additionally, is able to detect sites not predicted by the "in silico" methods which often will predict sites based on sequence similarity and percent mismatch. There have been cases of not detecting any off-targets for certain guide RNAs, suggesting that some RGNs may have no associated off-targets. has been used to show that engineered variants of Cas9 can have reduced off-target effects. has been shown to miss some off-targets, when compared to the genome-wide sequencing DIGENOME-Seq method, due to the nature of its targeting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62510434 |
GUIDE-Seq Another caveat is that has been observed to generate slightly different off-target sites depending on the cell line.This could be due to cell lines having different parental genetic origins, cell line specific mutations, or, in the case of some immortal cell lines such as K562s, having aneuploidy. This suggests that it would pertinent for researchers to test multiple cell lines to validate efficacy and accuracy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62510434 |
Amanda Bryant-Friedrich Amanda Cordelia Bryant-Friedrich is a Professor of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry and Dean of the College of Graduate Studies at the University of Toledo. She was awarded the 2014 American Chemical Society Stanley C. Israel Regional Award for Advancing Diversity in the Chemical Sciences and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Chemical Society. Her research considers modified nucleic acids and biomarkers of disease. Byrant-Friedrich was born in Enfield, North Carolina. She is the daughter of a farmer and, alongside her education in the Halifax County School system, worked on the family farm. She graduated high school as the Valedictorian, and decided to attend university. Whilst she was offered a full academic scholarship at Duke University, she was encouraged by her guidance counsellor to attend North Carolina Central University. She eventually earned her bachelor's degree in chemistry at North Carolina Central University, where she worked in the laboratory of John Meyers. She became increasingly interested in scientific research and spent a summer holiday as an intern at Dow Chemical Company. She eventually graduated Magna cum Laude with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. She moved to Duke University for her graduate studies, and spent two years trying to prove to the department that she would be able to complete a PhD. She eventually earned a master's degree in the Department of Chemistry and began her doctoral research with Richard Polniaszek | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62511902 |
Amanda Bryant-Friedrich Six months after starting, Polniaszek left the university, leaving Byrant-Friedrich to find a new project. In 1993, after several weeks of German lessons, Byrant-Friedrich moved to Heidelberg University for her doctoral research. She worked on organic chemistry under the supervision of Richard Neidlein and completed her PhD in 1997. Her doctoral research involved the synthesis of complex aromatic compounds. In 1997 Byrant-Friedrich joined the research laboratory of Bernd Giese at the University of Basel as a postdoctoral fellow. Here she became interested in the use of organic chemistry as a means to study biological mechanisms. After spending two years in Switzerland, Byrant-Friedrich moved back to the United States. She enjoyed her time in Europe, and has said that whilst in Germany and Switzerland she experienced less racial bias than she did during her time in America. On returning to the States Bryant-Friedrich first worked at Wayne State University, but when it became obvious that she would not be awarded a tenure-track position, she looked for other options. Byrant-Friedrich joined Oakland University as an Assistant Professor in 2000. She was awarded an National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2003, which allowed her to study the chemical processes that damage DNA and RNA. She moved to the University of Toledo in 2007. She studies the mechanisms by which small molecules interact with nucleic acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62511902 |
Amanda Bryant-Friedrich Her research involves the synthesis of modified nucleosides and nucleotides, monitoring the intercalation of small aromatic systems into DNA "via" the design of novel chromophores and the creation of probes that contain nucleic acids to study events that occur around DNA. She has studied the protection of small nuclear RNA (snRNAs) from oxidative damage, which typically damages cells. As snRNA is essential for the function of spliceosome, this type of damage can impact the structure and function of the spliceosome. In 2016 it was announced that Byrant-Friedrich would become the Dean of the College of Graduate Studies at the University of Toledo. She holds various honorary positions, including commissioner for the Lake ErieCommission. She has simultaneously held leadership roles in the American Chemical Society Division of Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry. Alongside her research and administrative duties, Byrant-Friedrich works to support women and minority scientists. Her awards and honours include: Byrant-Friedrich was profiled in She is married to Klaus Freidrich with whom she has two children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62511902 |
Robert Guillaumont (born 26 February 1933 in Lyon) is a French chemist and honorary professor at the University of Paris-Saclay in Orsay (1967-1998), Member of the French Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Technologies is a specialist in radiochemistry and actinide chemistry. He prepared his doctorate at the Institut radium de Paris, Curie Laboratory, University of Paris VI (1966). He continued his research in this Institute and then at the Radiochemistry Laboratory of the Orsay (1968-98), which he directed for twelve years (1979-90). He taught chemistry/radiochemistry at the University of Paris XI-Orsay (1967-98). His expertise covers the chemistry of the nuclear fuel cycle (from uranium mining to waste management and spent fuel reprocessing) and nuclear energy issues. He has been a member or chairman of numerous French and international committees dealing with the nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear energy, radioactive waste management and the synthesis and use of radionuclides for medicine. He was a member of the National Commission for the Evaluation of Research on Nuclear Materials and Radioactive Waste (1994-2019). began his research in 1959 on the chemistry of protactinium in solution. He showed that the electronic filling of the 5f underlay begins for this element. The UV absorption spectrum of Pa is typical of a 5f6d transition (Pa atom: 5f6d7s). Together with his collaborators, he extended his methodology for studying the behaviour of radioelements in imponderable quantities to other actinides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62516934 |
Robert Guillaumont The rest of his work can be linked to the common thread of the consequences of filling the atomic underlayer 5f on the physicochemical properties of actinides. This filling plays an essential role in the behaviour of the 15 actinides, especially when these electrons are delocalized, from protactinium (Pa) to americium (Am). This results in a high richness of oxidation degrees of the first actinides (usually from 3 to 6) and in the manifestation of particular effects in the series (electronic states characterized by the quantum number J). Thus, he studied the thermodynamic consequences of the population of sublayer 5f on a series of solution complexes (citric complexes of trivalent actinides from Am to fermium (Fm). He showed the existence of the "tetrad effect" for trivalent actinide complexes, an effect that reflects an extra-stabilization of the fundamental state of actinides for 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of the filling of the 5f underlay. After the curium (Cm), it is necessary, to carry out experiments, to synthesize isotopes of berkelium (Bk), einstenium (Es) and Fm by nuclear reactions with particle accelerators , and separate them from irradiated targets, which he did at Orsay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62516934 |
Robert Guillaumont To conduct most of his research he developed the methodology for studying species and equilibria between species in extremely diluted solutions (which radioactivity allows until about 10 M), and he pushed, at the theoretical level, the description of the thermodynamic behaviour of a few atoms in terms of deviation from the law of mass action, which gave a foundation to chemical experiments on elements 6d (Z>103), produced atom by atom by radiochemists at accelerators. At the same time, he participated in the study of thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of elements 5f (and 4f) in connection with electronic transfers between these elements and their environment: covalence in two-phase solvent extraction systems and crystal field effect on solids, in particular single crystals examined at 4 K. Finally, he continued his research on the fundamental problems of radionuclide migration in the environment (speciation, concentration effect, retention on colloids) and selective separation of actinides/lanthanides from the elements constituting spent nuclear fuel. R. Guillaumont's research themes are upstream of the many chemistry/radiochemistry problems encountered in "nuclear": chemistry of actinides from uranium to curium in the various stages of nuclear fuel cycles and radioactive waste management. He has published more than 200 scientific articles, popular articles and has written several books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62516934 |
Nickel bis(stilbenedithiolate) is a coordination complex with the formula Ni(SCPh) (where Ph = phenyl). It exists as a black solid that gives green solutions in toluene. The complex is a prototype of a large family of bis(dithiolene) complexes or the formula Ni(SCR) (R = H, alkyl, aryl). These complexes have attracted much attention as dyes. They are of academic interest because the dithiolenes are noninnocent ligands. The lengths of the C-S and C-C bonds in the backbone, respectively 1.71 and 1.39 Å, are intermediate between double and single bonds. The complex was prepared originally by treating nickel sulfide with diphenylacetylene. High yielding syntheses involve treating nickel salts with sulfided benzoin. The complex reacts with ligands to form monodithiolene complexes of the type Ni(SCPh)L. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62525631 |
Local structure The local structure is a term in nuclear spectroscopy that refers to the structure of the nearest neighbours around an atom in crystals and molecules. E.g. in crystals the atoms order in regularly on wide ranges to form even gigantic highly ordered crystals (Naica Mine). However, crystals in reality are never perfect and have impurities or defects, which means, that a foreign atom resides on a lattice site or inbetween lattice sites (interstitials). These small defects and impurities cannot be seen by methods such as X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction, because these methods average in their nature of measurement over a large number of atoms and thus are insensitive to effects in local structure. Methods in nuclear spectroscopy use specific nuclei as probe. The nucleus of an atom is about 10,000 to 150,000 times smaller than the atom itself. It experiences the electric fields created by the atom's electrons that sourround the nucleus. In addition, the electric fields created by neighbouring atoms also influence the fields the nucleus experience. The interactions between the nucleus and these fields is called hyperfine interactions that influence the nucleus' properties. The nucleus therefore becomes very senstive to small changes in its hyperfine structure, that can be measured by methods of nuclear spectroscopy, such as e.g. nuclear magnetic resonance, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and perturbed angular correlation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62534177 |
Local structure With the same methods, the local magnetic fields in a crystal structure can also be probed and provide a magnetic local structure. This is of great importance for the understanding of defects in magnetic materials, which have wide range of applications such as modern magnetic materials or the giant magnetoresistance effect, that is used in materials in the reader heads of harddrives. Research of the local structure of materials have become an important tool for the understanding of properties especially in functional materials, such as used in electronics, chips, batteries, semiconductors, or solar cells. Many of those materials are defect materials and their specific properties are controlled by defects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62534177 |
Interpolymer complexes (IPC) are the products of non-covalent interactions between complementary unlike macromolecules in solutions. There are 4 types of these complexes: could be prepared either by mixing complementary polymers in solutions or by matrix (template) polymerisation. It is also possible to prepare IPCs at liquid-liquid interfaces or at solid or soft surfaces. Usually the structure of IPCs formed will depend on many factors, including the nature of interacting polymers, concentrations of their solutions, nature of solvent, presence of inorganic ions or organic molecules in solutions, etc. Mixing of dilute polymer solutions usually leads to formation of IPCs as a colloidal dispersion, whereas more concentrated polymer solutions form IPCs in the form of a gel. Methods to study interpolymer complexes could be classified into (1) approaches to demonstrate the fact of the complex formation and to determine the composition of IPCs in solutions; (2) approaches to study the structure of IPCs formed; (3) methods to characterize IPCs in solid state. IPCs are finding applications in pharmaceutics in the design of novel dosage forms. They also are increasingly used to form various coatings using layer-by-layer deposition approach. Some IPCs were proposed for application as membranes and films. They also have been used for structuring of soils to protect from erosion. Other applications include encapsulation technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62534251 |
Freweini Mebrahtu () is an Ethiopian chemical engineer and inventor who won the 2019 CNN Hero of the year award for her activism in improving girls' access to education. Freweini was born in Ethiopia and educated in the United States, studying chemical engineering at Prairie View A&M University. In 2005, she patented a reusable menstrual pad that can be used for up to 2 years with proper care. As of 2019, she employs hundreds of locals in Tigray region of Ethiopia, and makes more than 700,000 of the reusable pads that are mainly provided to non-governmental organizations. Her menstrual product plus her educational campaign has helped in removing the stigma surrounding menstruation and stopped girls from dropping out of schools due to the stigma. The non profit organization Dignity Period has distributed more than 150,000 free menstrual supplies purchased from Freweni's factory. It was reported that attendance among girls improved by 24 % due to this effort. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62536761 |
History of metallurgy in Mosul During the thirteenth century, Mosul, Iraq became home to a school of luxury metalwork which rose to international renown. Artifacts classified as Mosul are some of the most intricately designed and revered pieces of the Middle Ages. The school of metalwork in Mosul is believed to have been founded in the early 13th century under Zengid patronage. During this time, the Zengid region was operating as a vassal under the Ayyubid Sultanate. Control over Mosul as a city central to trade between China, the Mediterranean, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia was contested between the Zengids and the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin, throughout the early acquisitions of the Ayyubid Sultanate in Syria and Iraq after the decline of Fatimid rule. However, the Zengids remained in Mosul and were allowed some degree of authority under the Sultanate. Around 1256, the Mongol occupation of Iraq began, and the region became a part of the Ilkhanate. Of the artifacts agreed to be "nabish al-Mawsili" (of Mosul), approximately 80% were produced after the commencement of Mongol rule in Mosul. However, it is unclear as to whether or not all of these artifacts were produced within Mosul and later exported as esteemed gifts, or created elsewhere by Mosulian artisans who relocated but maintained the "al-Mawsili" signature. The process of creating these luxuriously inlaid objects is somewhat complicated and has multiple stages. First, designs are formed on the surface of the metal (usually copper or brass) by relief, piercing, engraving, or chasing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62548396 |
History of metallurgy in Mosul Color is then added to the crevices of the surface by encrustation, overlay or, most commonly, inlay of precious metals. These metal inlays could be sheets or wires hammered into place. The area around the inlaid design was often roughened or covered with some sort of black material. Each craftsman in the industry had their own personal specialization. This specialization could be in a particular metal, technique, object, or step in the process. There are two reasons the casting step of the process usually took place in an urban workshop. The first is simply because most patrons were located in these urban areas. The second is because it would be too difficult to move all of the heavy equipment necessary for casting from one rural location to the next. Inlayers and precious metalworkers were able to travel with ease and were not confined to the workshops as casters were. There were three main inlay innovations that are believed to have originated in Mosul in the thirteenth century- gold inlays, black inlay, and background scrolls inlaid with silver. The designs themselves are quite varied in subject matter. Some of the popular motifs include: astrology, hunting, enthronements, battles, court life, and genre scenes. Genre scenes, images of everyday life are particularly prominent. Among the original design traditions there is evidence that can trace them to East Asia through the designs within textiles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62548396 |
History of metallurgy in Mosul Mosul was a great textile industry during the same period that they were producing these inlaid objects and they happened to specialize in reproductions of Chinese silks. It is speculated that many of the traditional metalwork designs were heavily influenced or even direct copies of these silk reproductions. Historically, many scholars have argued that the Mongol sack of Mosul led to the demise of the luxury metalworking industry, however modern scholarship and an abundance of evidence disproves this. For example, it is known that Mosul metalworkers received an imperial commission by Il-Khan Abu Sa'id in the last years of the Ilkanate. Not only did Mosul continue to produce elaborate inlaid objects after the Mongol sack, they also altered their traditional stylistic choices to coalesce with Mongol taste. There was a new emphasis on minuscule style, the figures represented reflect the Ilkanhid fashion of the period, and they started to put more emphasis on pattern over figuration. The scholarship surrounding Mosul Metalwork has been ongoing for a very long time, since it became the first Islamic "objects d'art" studied in Europe, due to its early arrival on the continent. The diverse opinions on what constitutes as Mosul Metalwork arise due to the style's dispersion across lands and through the component of signatures which identify creators as "al Mawsili", meaning "of Mosul". Within the section of metalwork with signatures, twenty-seven out of the thirty-five state themselves as "al- Mawsili" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62548396 |
History of metallurgy in Mosul Out of those, eight state their provenance through the name of the people for which they were created along with statements declaring their engendering within Mosul. Some notable scholars that have helped shape the basis of this study include: Joseph Toussaint Reinaud, Henri Lavoix, Gaston Migeon, Max Van Berchem, Mehmed Aga-Oglu, David Storm Rice. In the early years of Mosul Metalwork, around 1828, Joseph Toussaint Reinaud, published a collection that included the first item to clearly state its creation in Mosul, the 'Blacas ewer', an artifact consistently scrutinized by scholars when exploring Mosul style. Then in the 1860s the credibility of Mosul was being questioned by scholars, it was during that century that Henry Lavoix declared that Damascus, Aleppo, Mosul, and Egypt all created inlaid metalwork, but specifically singled out Mosul as a source for a unique style unseen throughout the medium. A critical point in the scholarship came in the beginning of the 20th, through Gaston Migeon, whose claims over the precedency of Mosul caused objection and an urgency for reliability. Migeon also wrote the first comprehensive article introducing the inlaid Islamic metalwork | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62548396 |
History of metallurgy in Mosul In the following years, the fluctuation of precedence of Mosul and the lack of it continued, leading up to David Storm Rice, who released the first series of articles exploring the complexities of multiple objects, a process similar to that of Max Van Brehmen and Mehmed Aga-Oglu, two scholars that impacted the relevance and viability of Mosul Metalwork, some of which included the Blacas Ewer, Louvre basin and the Munich Tray. Present day, Mosul Metalwork is still elusive, and lacks a sustaining amount of scholarship, but scholars continue to construct a field that utilizes substantiated evidence through designs, inscription, and other items engendered specifically in Mosul around the 13th century. An example of this is represented in an article written by Ruba Kana' An who utilizes its iconography and description to construct the argument stating the Freer Ewer as one of many metalworks constructed in Mosul. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62548396 |
Single-entity electrochemistry Single-Entity Electrochemistry (SEE) refers to the electroanalysis of an individual unit of interest. A unique feature of SEE is that it unifies multiple different branches of electrochemistry. Single-Entity Electrochemistry pushes the bounds of the field as it can measure entities on a scale of 100 microns to angstroms.. Single-Entity Electrochemistry is important because it gives the ability to view how a single molecule, or cell, or "thing" affects the bulk response, and thus the chemistry that might have gone unknown otherwise. The ability to monitor the movement of one electron or ion from one unit to another is valuable, as many vital reactions and mechanisms undergo this process. Electrochemistry is well suited for this measurement due to its incredible sensitivity . Single-Entity Electrochemistry can be used to investigate nanoparticles, wires, vesicles, nanobubbles, nanotubes, cells, and viruses, and other small molecules and ions. has been successfully used to determine the size distribution of particles as well as the number of particles present inside a vesicle or other similar structures The Coulter Counter was created by Wallace H. Coulter in 1949. The Coulter counter consists of two electrolyte reservoirs that are connected by a small channel, through which a current of ions flow. Each particle drawn through the channel causes a brief change to the electrical resistance of the liquid. The change in the electrical resistance causes a disturbance in the electric field | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62571269 |
Single-entity electrochemistry The counter detects these changes in electrical resistance; the size of the particles in the field is proportional to magnitude of the disturbance in the electric field. Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology was developed by Neher and Sakmann in 1976. This technique allowed measurements of individual proteins through ion channels. A glass pipette was fixed to the cell membrane, and the ion currents though the ion channels were measured. The Patch-Clamp method increased the sensitivity of detection by three orders of magnitude over previous methods, and the time resolution for the measurements was decreased to nearly 10 microseconds. The success of this method was a result of the ability to create a high resistance seal between the glass micropipette and the cell membrane; isolating the system chemically and electrically. While it is useful to study bulk cell entities, there is an underlying need to study an individual or single cell as it will provide a better understanding of how it contributes to the entity as a whole. It was found that the utilization of electrochemical techniques could analyze cells without interrupting cellular activity as well as provide a highly resolute spectrum. This analysis method was first completed by Wightman in 1982. In this method of analysis, a carbon microfiber electrode is placed near the studied cell; this electrode can monitor the call via methods of voltammetry or amperometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62571269 |
Single-entity electrochemistry Before the measure can be taken, the cell must be stimulated by an ejection pipette to cause a cellular release. This can be cellular release can be measured via the aforementioned methods. From this method, it was seen that instrumental advances were needed in order to perform quality SEE measurements. Single-Molecule electrochemistry is an electrochemical technique used to study the faradaic response of redox molecules in electrochemical environments. The ability to study singular molecules gives rise to the potential of developing ultra-sensitive sensors which are necessary in SEE. From the work of Bard and Fan, this technique has had large advances with the use of redox cycling. Redox cycling amplifies a charge transfer by reducing and oxidizing a molecule multiple times as it diffuses between electrodes. Specifically in this technique, an insulated nano-electrode tip is placed near a substrate electrode to form an ultra-small electrochemical chamber. Molecules will become trapped in this chamber where the redox cycling and charge amplification will occur, allowing for detection of single molecules. From this technique, the necessary tool of charge amplification of redox reactions helped improve SEE measurements. It has helped increase detection limits, which need to be high for SEE. With the advance of nanoscale electrodes, the resolution of SEE has advanced from being able to detect single cells to detecting single molecules within cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62571269 |
Single-entity electrochemistry Nanoscale electrodes are small enough they can be inserted into the synapses between neurons, which can be used to detect neurotransmitter concentrations. If the electrode is thin enough, it can be inserted directly into a cell and used to detect concentrations of intracellular molecules, such as metabolites or even DNA. Plasmonic nanoparticles can be individually analyzed through optoelectrochemical imaging (in which electrochemical processes are measured by optical means). When electrochemistry is performed on a nanoparticle, the refractive index of its environment will change resulting in a shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance. The spectral difference can be measured through characterization techniques such as darkfield microscopy to monitor electrochemical reactions at the surface of plasmonic nanoparticles. Plasmonics-based electrochemical current microscopy (PECM) measures the contrast that appears from the interference of localized surface plasmon scattered light and reflected light that, like above, is sensitive to changes in the refractive index. This can be used to quantify the electrocatalytic reactions occurring at Pt nanoparticles. Since nanoparticles are inherently heterogenous (which affects catalytic activity), SEE methods can provide more information than traditional methods that measure the average of an ensemble of nanoparticles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62571269 |
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are a unique class of microporous material developed by research efforts led by Neil McKeown, Peter Budd, et al. PIMs contain a continuous network of interconnected intermolecular voids less than 2 nm in width. Classified as a porous organic polymer, PIMs generate porosity from their rigid and contorted macromolecular chains that do not efficiently pack in the solid state. PIMs are composed of a fused ring sequences interrupted by Spiro-centers or other sites of contortion along the backbone. Due to their fused ring structure PIMs cannot rotate freely along the polymer backbone, ensuring the macromolecular components conformation cannot rearrange and ensuring the highly contorted shape is fixed during synthesis. PIMs require that the non-network macromolecular structure is rigid and non-linear. In order to maintain permanent microporosity the rotation along the polymer chain must be prohibited through the use of fused ring structure or strongly hindered by steric inhibition to avoid conformation changes that would allow the polymer to pack efficiently. This results in the use of a conformationally locked monomer and a polymerization reaction that provides a linkage about which rotation is prohibited. Three main types of polymerization reactions have been successfully used to prepare PIMs of sufficient mass to form self-standing films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62577114 |
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity These involve a polymerization reaction based on a double aromatic nucleophilic substitution mechanism to form the dibenzodioxin linkage, a polymerization using Troger's base formation, and amide linkages formation between monomeric units. It is also possible to modify the structure of PIMs by post-synthesis reactions. However, this can result in a reduction in intrinsic microporosity due to the additional interchain cohesive interactions. Due to the presence of intrinsic microporosity these polymers have high-free volume, high internal surface area, and have a high affinity for gases. A novel property of PIMs is that they do not possess a network structure and are often freely soluble in organic solvents. This allows PIMs to be precipitated or cast from solution to give microporous powders or self-standing films that are useful for a variety of applications. For example the first commercial application of PIMs was in a sensor developed by 3M. Additionally, due to PIMs affinity for small gases and ability to form self-standing films they are actively being investigated as a membrane material and adsorbent for industrial separation processes such as gas separation and carbon dioxide capture. PIM membranes are also heavily investigated due to their contribution in the revision of the 2008 upper bounds of performance by Robeson, an important parameter in membrane gas separation stating that the permeability must be sacrificed for selectivity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62577114 |
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity Specifically active areas of PIM membrane research include, enhancing permeability, decreasing aging, and tailoring selectivity. PIMs are also used to create mixed matrix membranes with a variety of material such as inorganic materials, metal-organic frameworks, and carbons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62577114 |
Martin Medal The is an award given for outstanding contributions to the advancement of separation science. The award is presented by The Chromatographic Society, a UK based organization promoting all aspects of chromatography and related separation techniques. The award is named after Professor Archer. J.P Martin, who contributed to the invention of partition chromatography, and shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Past winners of the are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62615548 |
Interfacial rheology is a branch of rheology that studies the flow of matter at the interface between a gas and a liquid or at the interface between two immiscible liquids. The measurement is done while having surfactants, nanoparticles or other surface active compounds present at the interface. Unlike in bulk rheology, the deformation of the bulk phase is not of interest in interfacial rheology and its effect is aimed to be minimized. Instead, the flow of the surface active compounds is of interest. The deformation of the interface can be done either by changing the size or shape of the interface. Therefore interfacial rheological methods can be divided into two categories: dilational and shear rheology methods. In dilatational interfacial rheology, the size of the interface is changing over time. The change in the surface stress or surface tension of the interface is being measured during this deformation. Based on the response, interfacial viscoelasticity is calculated according ot well established theories: formula_1 formula_2 formula_3 where Most commonly, the measurement of dilational interfacial rheology is conducted with an optical tensiometer combined to a pulsating drop module. A pendant droplet with surface active molecules in it is formed and pulsated sinusoidally. The changes in the interfacial area causes changes in the molecular interactions which then changes the surface tension. Typical measurements include performing a frequency sweep for the solution to study the kinetics of the surfactant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62627023 |
Interfacial rheology In another measurement method suitable especially for insoluble surfactants, a Langmuir trough is used in an oscillating barrier mode. In this case, two barriers that limit the interfacial area are being oscillated sinusoidally and the change in surface tension measured. In interfacial shear rheology, the interfacial area remains the same throughout the measurement. Instead, the interfacial area is sheared in order to be able to measure the surface stress present. The equations are similar to dilatational interacial rheology but shear modulus is often marked with G instead of E like in dilational methods. In a general case, G and E are not equal. Since interfacial rheological properties are relatively weak, it causes challenges for the measurement equipment. For high sensitivity, it's essential to maximize the contribution of the interface while minimizing the contribution of the bulk phase. Boussinesq number. Bo, depicts how sensitive a measurement method is for detecting the interfacial viscoelasticity. The commercialized measurement techniques for interfacial shear rheology include magnetic needle method, rotating ring method and rotating bicone method. The magnetic needle method, developed by Brooks et al., has the highest Boussinesq number of the commericalized methods. In this method, a thin magnetic needle is oscillated at the interface using a magnetic field. By following the movement of the needle with a camera, the viscoelastic properties of the interface can be detected | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62627023 |
Interfacial rheology This method is often used in combination with a Langmuir trough in order to be able to conduct the experiment as a function of the packing density of the molecules or particles. When surfactants are present in a liquid, they tend to adsorb in the liquid-air or liquid-liquid interface. deals with the response of the adsorbed interfacial layer on the deformation. The response depends on the layer composition, and thus interfacial rheology is relevant in many applications in which adsorbed layer play a crucial role, for example in development surfactants, foams and emulsions. Many biological systems like pulmonary lung surfactant and meibum are dependent on interfacial viscoelasticity for their functionality. enables the study of surfactant kinetics, and the viscoelastic properties of the adsorbed interfacial layer correlate well with emulsion and foam stability. Surfactants and surface active polymers used for stabilising emulsions and foams in food and cosmetic industries. Polymers, such as proteins, are surface active and tend to adsorb at the interface, where they can change conformation and influence the interfacial properties. Natural surfactants like asphaltenes and resins stabilize water-oil emulsions in crude oil applications, and by understanding their behavior the crude oil separation process can be enhanced. Also enhanced oil recovery efficiency can be optimized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62627023 |
Gabriela Basařová (17 January 1934 – 18 October 2019) was a Czech professor of chemistry, working in the field of fermentation chemistry, brewing, and malting. Most of her scientific and research work was devoted to the study of non-biological, so-called colloidal, turbidity of beer and methods of delaying its production during storage. She participated in scientific, educational and publishing activities in the Czech Republic and abroad, and published 538 items, mostly in foreign journals. In 2012, Basarova was awarded the State Medal of Merit. Gabriela ("Gábina") Basařová was born in Plzeň, 17 January 1934. She graduated from high school, where chemistry and mathematics were among her favorite subjects. During her studies, she worked in laboratories, in a waterworks, distillery, canning factory, and in Plzeň breweries, after which, she decided to study brewing. In 1952, she graduated from the University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague ("Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze"; VŠCHT), majoring in fermentation chemistry and technology, specializing in malting and brewing. In the following years, she gradually gained scientific and pedagogical degrees in the Czech Republic. In 1957, she defended her diploma thesis on the topic, "Monitoring of oxygen bonding during wort production" (supervisor: Prof. Ing. Josef Dyr, DrSc.), obtaining the title Ing. chemistry. In 1965, she was awarded the CSc. Degree (Candidat scietific, today PhD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62628396 |
Gabriela Basařová ) after defending her doctoral thesis "New Stabilization Methods with a view to shortening the lying time of beer". In 1980, she was appointed doctor of technical sciences (DrSc.) after defending her dissertation thesis on the study of the rationalization and modernization of methods of increasing the colloidal stability of beer. After graduating from the Institute of Chemical Technology, she joined the then Plzeň breweries, now known as "Plzeňský Prazdroj", (Pilsner Urquell Brewery) where she worked in 1957–1967. She led the laboratories and the technology group, and established a research center that looked into the possibilities of modernizing the technological process of Prazdroj beer production, without affecting its specific and characteristic properties. In 1967, she left that organization for the Research Institute of Brewing and Malting in Prague, where she founded and headed the Biochemical Department. From 1978 to 1982, she was its director. In cooperation with research centers, mainly in Eastern European countries, the institute researched and coordinated national and international projects. In providing technological assistance, it cooperated with Czech, Slovak, Yugoslav, Bulgarian and other breweries. In 1981, Basarova was appointed professor of fermentation chemistry and bioengineering in the field of malting and brewing; and became the external head of the Institute of Fermentation Chemistry and Bioengineering, ICT Prague, where in 1982, she became permanently employment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62628396 |
Gabriela Basařová She led the institute for the next 25 years until 1997, lecturing on the subjects of malting, brewing, modern biotechnology, viticulture, and bioecology. In her scientific and research work, she dealt with the properties of raw materials and their influence on beer quality, innovations of technological processes and analytical methods for the needs of malting and brewing, study of brewing yeast metabolism and importance of yeast strains for characteristic beer types, as well as technological variants of their reduction. Most of her scientific and research work was devoted to the study of non-biological, so-called colloidal, turbidity of beer and methods of delaying their production during storage. This work was followed by the introduction of optimal technological stabilization procedures in order to increase the physical-chemical stability of beer. In addition to the management of the institute (formerly the name of the department) at the ICT, she was for many years chair of the committee for state examinations and defense of diploma theses in the field of fermentation chemistry and bioengineering, chairman of the committees for defense of candidate (CSc.). She led the Commission of the Ministry of Education for the Defense and Appointment of Doctor of Technical Sciences in the field of Fermentation Chemistry and Technology (DrSc.), and became Vice-Chair of the Commission for the Defense of Doctorate of Technical Sciences (DrSc.) in the field of food chemistry and technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62628396 |
Gabriela Basařová She also worked in similar bodies in Slovakia. She led dozens of theses and doctoral theses in postgraduate university studies. She was a member of the Scientific Board of the Research Institute of Brewing and Malting in Prague for many years, a member of the Scientific Councils of the Food Research Institute in Prague, the Institute of Chemical Technology, and the Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology. She was also involved in the editorial board of the journal "Kvasný průmysl". Basarova was a member of the Supervisory Board of Budweiser Budvar Brewery in České Budějovice. She worked in the central bodies of the Czechoslovak Scientific Society, the Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the Czechoslovak Chemical and Microbiological Society. She was a member of the Working Party of Education (EBC) for the Expert Training Committee of the European Biotechnology Convention, and was also affiliated with the Technical University of Berlin. Her publishing activities include 538 items, most of which were published in foreign journals in Germany, Japan, Bulgaria, Poland, United States, England, Serbia and other countries. She lectured at domestic and foreign symposia. In addition to professional books, scientific articles, lectures, posters, research and expert reports, patents, script, her writing included works related to the history of Czech brewing intended for the general public and promotion of Czech beer abroad. Basarova died in Prague, 18 October 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62628396 |
Yves Jeannin is a French chemist born on April 11, 1931 in Boulogne sur Seine. He is the son of Raymond Jeannin, architect, and Suzanne Armynot du Chatelet. He married Suzanne Bellé in 1956 and has two children, Philippe and Sylvie, born in 1961 and 1969. He is a corresponding member of the French Academy of sciences and Professor Emeritus at the Pierre and Marie Curie University. studied at the École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (Engineer in 1954, graduation rank: first). His first job was at the IRSID for a sixteen-month stay in London at the Royal School of Mines with Prof. F.D. Richardson. He worked on the thermodynamics of the oxidation of iron-chromium alloys. He is preparing a PhD thesis in Physical Sciences (1962) under the supervision of Pr J. Bénard, on the crystallochemistry of titanium sulphides. In 1963, he spent a period in the United States as a Post-doctoral Research Associate of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Argonne National Laboratory, and Iowa State University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62628861 |
Yves Jeannin He became a lecturer at the Paul Sabatier University of Toulouse in 1964, then Professor at the Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris (UPMC), in 1974 where he taught in preparation for the medical school entrance examination at the Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, in inorganic chemistry, the Master of Chemistry at UPMC, the Master of Chemistry at L'École Normale Supérieure, the Advanced Study Diploma (DEA) in inorganic chemistry, the DEA in crystallography, the preparation for the agrégation in chemistry at L'École Normale Supérieure. Jeannin became head of the Chemistry group of the Lagarrigue Commission in charge of rebuilding the chemistry curricula of high schools (1976-1980). He was a member of the jury for the agrégation examination in chemistry (1971-1974), a member of the jury for admission to the École Normale Supérieure (9 years), and a member of the jury for admission to the École Polytechnique (2 years). At the request of the Ministry, he took part in the setting up of the internal agrégation in Physical Sciences (President of the jury, 1985-1988). He is a member of the Commission proposing to the Minister the General Inspectors, member of the recruitment jury of the Engineers of the Corps of Mines. He will also be a chargé de mission at the French Ministry of Research (4 years). Jeannin is a member of the University's Scientific Council, President of the Research Commission of the UFR of Chemistry, and a member of the Academic Council of the École Normale Supérieure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62628861 |
Yves Jeannin In research, Jeannin shows an interest in the chemistry of transition metals, in the synthesis and structure of the species they form. First in solid state chemistry with the study of the non-stoichiometry of binary and ternary chalcogenides of titanium and zirconium, then he studies the iron complexes formed by solvation in non-aqueous media, the synthesis and X-ray study of organometallic polymetallic species, and finally the chemistry of polyoxotungstates. In the latter case, it is essentially the compounds containing the XW9 brick that have attracted his attention. The laboratory has made a major contribution to the development of their synthesis and structural study by X-ray and NMR of tungsten, holding the record for the largest known polytungstate. In organometallic chemistry, study of the action of aminoalkynes and thioalkynes on iron carbonyl and ruthenium carbonyl; cluster compounds of up to five iron atoms have been isolated. He has also been interested in the coordination chemistry of copper and molybdenum. In order to carry out this research on the creation of a centre for structure determination by X-ray diffraction, he was made available to French and foreign chemists and to external laboratories. These researchs has resulted in more than 300 publications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62628861 |
Phosphorochloridite In chemistry, a phosphorochloridite is a class of organophosphorus compound with the formula (RO)PCl (R = organic substituent). They are pyramidal in shape, akin to regular phosphites (P(OR)). They are usually colorless and sensitive toward hydrolysis and, to some extent, oxidation to the corresponding phosphorochloridates ((RO)P(O)Cl). Phosphorochloridites are produced by partial alcoholysis of phosphorus trichloride, which proceeds stepwise: These reactions are readily controlled with aromatic diols, such as binaphthol and 2,2'-biphenol. Phosphorochloridites are precursors to diphosphite ligands. When combined with rhodium precursors such as Rh(acac)(CO), these diphosphite ligands afford catalysts that are used industrially for the hydroformylation of alkenes. it and related ligands have become popular in hydroformylation catalysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62628900 |
Phosphorochloridate In chemistry, a phosphorochloridate is a class of organophosphorus compounds with the formula (RO)P(O)Cl (R = organic substituent). They are tetrahedral in shape, akin to regular phosphates (OP(OR)). They are usually colorless and sensitive toward hydrolysis. They are oxidized derivatives of phosphorochloridites, which have the formula (RO)PCl. A popular example is diethyl phosphorochloridate. Phosphochloridites are precursors to phosphate esters: Other nucleophiles have been employed, such as azide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62632493 |
Medicinal Chemistry Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of medicinal chemistry emphasizing the structure-activity relationships of biologically active compounds. It was founded in 1991 by Alfred Burger (University of Virginia), who also founded the "Journal of Medicinal Chemistry". The journal is currently edited by Longqin Hu. Alfred Burger served as its first editor-in-chief before passing on the mantle to Richard Glennon (Virginia Commonwealth University). Stephen J. Cutler (University of South Carolina) then took over and served between 2002 and 2019. Longqin Hu (Rutgers University–New Brunswick) became editor in 2020. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following bibliographic databases: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62638447 |
Volume correction factor In thermodynamics, the Volume Correction Factor (VCF), also known as Correction for the effect of Temperature on Liquid (CTL), is a standardized computed factor used to correct for the thermal expansion of fluids, primarily, liquid hydrocarbons at various temperatures and densities. It is typically a number between 0 and 2, rounded to five decimal places which, when multiplied by the observed volume of a liquid, will return a "corrected" value standardized to a base temperature (usually 60 °Fahrenheit or 15 °Celsius). In general, VCF / CTL values have an inverse relationship with observed temperature relative to the base temperature. That is, observed temperatures above 60 °F (or the base temperature used) typically correlate with a correction factor below "1", while temperatures below 60 °F correlate with a factor above "1". This concept lies in the basis for the kinetic theory of matter and thermal expansion of matter, which states as the temperature of a substance rises, so does the average kinetic energy of its molecules. As such, a rise in kinetic energy requires more space between the particles of a given substance, which leads to its physical expansion. Conceptually, this makes sense when applying the VCF to observed volumes. Observed temperatures below the base temperature generate a factor above "1", indicating the corrected volume must increase to account for the contraction of the substance relative to the base temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62639397 |
Volume correction factor The opposite is true for observed temperatures above the base temperature, generating factors below "1" to account for the expansion of the substance relative to the base temperature. While the VCF is primarily used for liquid hydrocarbons, the theory and principles behind it apply to most liquids, with some exceptions. As a general principle, most liquid substances will contract in volume as temperature drops. However, certain substances, water for example, contain unique angular structures at the molecular level. As such, when these substances reach temperatures just above their freezing point, they begin to expand, since the angle of the bonds prevent the molecules from tightly fitting together, resulting in more empty space between the molecules in a solid state. Other substances which exhibit similar properties include silicon, bismuth, antimony and germanium. While these are the exceptions to general principles of thermal expansion and contraction, they would seldom, if ever, be used in conjunction with VCF / CTL, as the correction factors are dependent upon specific constants, which are further dependent on liquid hydrocarbon classifications and densities. The formula for Volume Correction Factor is commonly defined as: formula_1 Where: In standard applications, computing the VCF or CTL requires the observed temperature of the product, and its API gravity at 60 °F. Once calculated, the corrected volume is the product of the VCF and the observed volume | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62639397 |
Volume correction factor formula_29 Since API gravity is an inverse measure of a liquid's density relative to that of water, it can be calculated by first dividing the liquid's density by the density of water at a base temperature (usually 60 °F) to compute Specific Gravity (SG), then converting the Specific Gravity to Degrees API as follows: formula_30 Traditionally, VCF / CTL are found by matching the observed temperature and API gravity within standardized books and tables published by the American Petroleum Institute. These methods are often more time-consuming than entering the values into an online VCF calculator; however, due to the variance in methodology and computation of constants, the tables published by the American Petroleum Institute are preferred when dealing with the purchase and sale of crude oil and residual fuels. Density of pure water at 60 °F formula_31 or formula_32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62639397 |
ChIL-sequencing ChIL sequencing (ChIL-seq), also known as Chromatin Integration Labeling sequencing, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. combines antibody-targeted controlled cleavage by Tn5 transposase with massively parallel DNA sequencing to identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. It can be used to map global DNA binding sites precisely for any protein of interest. Currently, ChIP-Seq is the most common technique utilized to study protein–DNA relations, however, it suffers from a number of practical and economical limitations that ChIL-Sequencing does not. ChIL-Seq is a precise technique that reduces sample loss could be applied to single-cells. can be used to examine gene regulation or to analyze transcription factor and other chromatin-associated protein binding. Protein-DNA interactions regulate gene expression and are responsible for many biological processes and disease states. This epigenetic information is complementary to genotype and expression analysis. ChIL-Seq is an alternative to the current standard of ChIP-seq. ChIP-Seq suffers from limitations due to the cross linking step in ChIP-Seq protocols that can promote epitope masking and generate false-positive binding sites. As well, ChIP-seq suffers from suboptimal signal-to-noise ratios and poor resolution. has the advantage of being a simpler technique suitable for low sample input due to the high signal-to-noise ratio, requiring less depth in sequencing for higher sensitivity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62645563 |
ChIL-sequencing Specific DNA sites in direct physical interaction with proteins such as transcription factors can be isolated by Protein-A (pA) conjugated Tn5 bound to a protein of interest. Tn5 mediated cleavage produces a library of target DNA sites bound to a protein of interest "in situ". Sequencing of prepared DNA libraries and comparison to whole-genome sequence databases allows researchers to analyze the interactions between target proteins and DNA, as well as differences in epigenetic chromatin modifications. Therefore, the ChIL-Se method may be applied to proteins and modifications, including transcription factors, polymerases, structural proteins, protein modifications, and DNA modifications. There are detailed ChIL-Seq workflows available in an open-access methods repository. The primary limitation of ChIL-seq is the likelihood of over-digestion of DNA due to inappropriate timing of the Magnesium-dependent Tn5 reaction. This is biased towards open chromatin like ATAC-Seq and similar techniques . A similar limitation exists for contemporary ChIP-Seq protocols where enzymatic or sonicated DNA shearing must be optimized. As with ChIP-Seq, a good quality antibody targeting the protein of interest is required. ChIL-Seq requires numerous laboratory steps and takes longer than other techniques such as CUT&RUN or CUT&Tag. It is still a broadly applicable technique which avoids sample loss suitable for small numbers of cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62645563 |
Glenn Pool Oil Reserve The discovery of the in 1905 brought the first major oil pipelines into Oklahoma, and instigated the first large scale oil boom in the state. Located near what was—at the time—the small town of Tulsa, Oklahoma, the resultant establishment of the oil fields in the area contributed greatly to the early growth and success of the city, as Tulsa became the petroleum and transportation center of the state, and the world. Several Creek Indian land allotment owners became millionaires; Oklahoma became the world's largest oil producer for years; and the area benefited from the generation of more wealth than the California Gold Rush and Nevada Silver Rush combined, as well as the increased investment capital and industrial infrastructure the boom brought with it. The town of Glenpool, Oklahoma was founded in 1906 as a direct result of the oil reserve's discovery. At the turn of the 20th century, the federal government dissolved tribal land claims of the Indian Territory in favor of a distribution of parcels to private owners. Robert Galbreath, a speculator and wildcatter, began prospecting in the area in 1901, and made an initial agreement that year with the recipient of one of these land allotments, Ida Glenn (she being a Creek native) and her husband, Robert, to drill for oil on their farmland. Due to federal regulations of the time, however, it would be years before such drilling commenced | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62670862 |
Glenn Pool Oil Reserve Following the change of oil leasing regulations affecting Native American land allotments enacted due to Oklahoma's pending statehood, Galbreath and a partner, Frank Chesley, finally began drilling on the "Ida E. Glenn Number One" drill-site in autumn of 1905. After almost giving up and conceding the well to probably be a "dry hole", Galbreath noticed signs of gas flow in early November and continued drilling. Due to the depth they had drilled by mid-November, the success of the well was doubtful. After seeing signs of oil in the well debris, however, the pair were encouraged and, once more, continued on. On November 22, at 5am, with the well deep into the layer of Bartlesville (or "Glenn") sandstone of the Boggy Formation, the two struck oil at a depth of . The ""gusher"" marked the discovery of what was eventually named the Glenn Pool Oil Reserve. The Ida E. Glenn Number One soon regularly produced 75–85 barrels of light, sweet crude oil a day. Gilbreath, a veteran of the earlier Red Fork boom, wished to avoid the chaos which had followed that prior discovery and attempted to keep the drilling and subsequent discovery a secret, but to no avail. Several other speculators operating in the area noticed the activity at the farm. The area was immediately swarmed by oil and land speculators. Within a year, the approximately Glenn Pool held over 125 oil or gas producing wells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62670862 |
Glenn Pool Oil Reserve Wildcat drilling took place over a wide area, which had the effect of quickly defining the core lay-out of the reserve, an area roughly four miles by two miles with a slope of about 40 feet per mile, and an average field thickness of 100 feet. The held an estimated 1 billion bbls of oil in place, with ultimate recoverable reserves of 400+ million bbls. The field grew from 80 acres to 8,000 acres during the first year. By 1907, natural flowing oil production ranged from to per year. Gas depletion caused by massive venting, however, decreased the gas pressure over the same period and the pumping for oil collection then became necessary. Total field production by 1907 exceeded , making Oklahoma that year the leading producer of oil, not only in the US, but any country in the world. The area experienced a huge economic boom. Prices for basic goods and services, however, soared in the area. Oil spills, due to a lack of storage facilities, were common early on. Often, open pits were dug and filled with the oil, forming huge "oil lakes" which sometimes escaped their banks and flooded the countryside. During thunderstorms, these "lakes" sometimes caught fire following lightning strikes. Due to this unclean method of storage, the product from the reserve often sold for as little as 25 cents per barrel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62670862 |
Glenn Pool Oil Reserve Oklahoma Natural Gas, Prairie Oil and Gas Company, Gulf Oil Company, and the Texas Company quickly built large-diameter pipelines into the area which by 1908 alleviated much of the infrastructure problems the rapid boom had caused. The Oklahoma oil boom created more wealth for speculators than the California gold rush and Colorado silver rush combined. Several of the Creek Nation land allotment owners in the vicinity became rich, almost overnight, and received regular royalty payments of over a million dollars a year following the discovery. One next-door neighbor of the Glenns, Thomas Gilcrease, became a multi-millionaire as a result of the oil production, and had 32 producing wells on his farm by 1917. Harry Ford Sinclair (founder of Sinclair Oil and Refining Company) and J. Paul Getty (founder of Getty Oil Company) both got their start during the Glenn Pool boom. The town of Glenpool, Oklahoma, was founded in 1906 as support for the fledgling oil industry in the area, and had over 500 inhabitants by 1910. Glenpool today calls itself "...the town that made Tulsa famous..." The Glenns sold their farm and moved to California. Galbreath and Chesley sold their interests in their original wells to an oilman, Charles Colcord, and continued looking for oil elsewhere. The original well, the Ida E. Pool #1, was abandoned and filled in 1964 by Texaco. As of 2019, the field has produced more than of oil. The boundaries have shifted about one mile to the west of the original perimeter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62670862 |
Glenn Pool Oil Reserve The reserve is still producing flow from legacy wells, although at a significantly lesser volume. Newer tight oil wells, especially since the introduction of "fracking" and "flooding" techniques for oil extraction, continue to regularly produce oil to this day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62670862 |
Roger Slack Charles (22 April 1937 – 24 October 2016) was a British-born plant biologist and biochemist who lived and worked in Australia (1962–1970) and New Zealand (1970–2000). In 1966, jointly with Marshall Hatch, he discovered C4 photosynthesis (also known as the Hatch Slack Pathway). Slack was born on 22 April 1937 in Ashton-under-Lyne, Greater Manchester, England; the first and only child of Albert and Eva Slack. Charles studied biochemistry at the University of Nottingham, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) in 1958, and a Doctorate in 1962. He married Pam Shaw in March 1963, and had two children (Andrew in 1963 and Kathy in 1966). From 1962 he worked as a biochemist at the David North Plant Research Centre in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (funded by the Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd). In 1970 he joined the DSIR (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) in New Zealand. From 1989, Slack was a Senior Scientist at the newly formed Crown Research Institute for Crop & Food Research in Palmerston North, New Zealand. He retired from Crop and Food Research in 2000. died in 2016 in Palmerston North, New Zealand. In 2007 the New Zealand Society of Plant Biologists renamed their annual award after Dr. Roger Slack. The award is made to society members to recognise an outstanding contribution to the study of plant biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62683001 |
Roger Slack It was renamed in recognition of his outstanding contribution as a plant biologist and biochemist in New Zealand, his role in the discovery of C4 photosynthesis (also known as the Hatch Slack Pathway), and his contribution as an early member of the New Zealand Society of Plant Biologists. Selected articles: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62683001 |
Dioxazolone In organic chemistry, a dioxazolone is a cyclic carbonate incorporated into CNO ring. It is an uncommon heterocyclic compound. They arise by the phosgenation of hydroxamic acids: Although dioxazolones are often explosive, they are of interest as precursors to isocyanates: Dioxazolones have attracted attention as reagents for the preparation of amides. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62690873 |
Mehdi Mollapour Mehdi Mollapour, PhD, (born June 14, 1973) is a British-American Biochemist and Cancer Biologist. He is a Professor, Vice Chair for Translational Research and Director of Renal Cancer Biology Program for the Department of Urology, and Adjunct Professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at SUNY Upstate Medical University. . Mollapour holds a BSc (Hons) in Microbiology and Biochemistry from the University of East London, MSc in Applied Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases and Diploma in Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. In 2001 he received his PhD in Biochemistry from the University College London. Mollapour completed his postdoctoral research at the University of Sheffield and in 2006 he received the Federation of European Societies (FEBS) fellowship. He joined the laboratory of Dr Len Neckers in Urological Oncology Branch, (Chief Dr. W. Marston Linehan), at the National Cancer Institute as a research fellow in 2007. In 2013 he joined the Department of Urology at the Upstate Medical University as an Assistant Professor. He became the Director of the Kidney Cancer Program within the same department in 2015. In 2018 he became the Professor of Urology and Adjunct Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at SUNY Upstate Medical University. He was also named the Vice Chair for Translational Research for the Department of Urology in the same year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62694122 |
Mehdi Mollapour Mollapour is widely recognized for his research on post-translation regulation of the molecular chaperone Heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) and co-chaperones in cancer. His work demonstrated how reversible biochemical reactions can become directional and ordered, and in general, how a house-keeping machine (Hsp90) can be modulated through signaling inputs. Mollapour’s finding on post-translational modifications of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery has also explained the reasons for tumors sensitivity and selectivity towards the Hsp90 inhibitors. Mollapour’s laboratory has discovered the tumor suppressor TSC1 and FNIPs function as the new co-chaperones of Hsp90. These two proteins are involved in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD) syndromes respectively. His research has identified a cross-talk between these two co-chaperones and demonstrated interconnectivity and compensatory mechanisms between the BHD and TSC pathways. His research team has been supported by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and the National Cancer Instituteto design and examine novel therapeutic strategies for patients with kidney, bladder and breast cancer. Mollapour’s current h-index is 39. Sager RA, Woodford MR, Backe SJ, Makedon AM, Baker-Williams AJ, DiGregorio BT, Loiselle DR, Haystead TA, Zachara NE, Prodromou C, Bourboulia D, Schmidt LS, Linehan WM, Bratslavsky G, Mollapour M. Post-translational Regulation of FNIP1 Creates a Rheostat for the Molecular Chaperone Hsp90. Cell reports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62694122 |
Mehdi Mollapour 2019;26(5):1344-56 e5. Epub 2019/01/31. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.018. PubMed PMID: 30699359; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6370319. Woodford MR, Hughes M, Sager RA, Backe SJ, Baker-Williams AJ, Bratslavsky MS, Jacob JM, Shapiro O, Wong M, Bratslavsky G, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. Mutation of the co-chaperone Tsc1 in bladder cancer diminishes Hsp90 acetylation and reduces drug sensitivity and selectivity. Oncotarget. 2019;10(56):5824-34. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27217. PubMed PMID: 31645902; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6791385. Sager RA, Woodford MR, Mollapour M. The mTOR Independent Function of Tsc1 and FNIPs. Trends Biochem Sci. 2018;43(12):935-7. Epub 2018/10/27. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.09.018. PubMed PMID: 30361061. Sager RA, Woodford MR, Neckers L, Mollapour M. Detecting Posttranslational Modifications of Hsp90. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1709:209-19. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7477-1_16. PubMed PMID: 29177662. Sager RA, Woodford MR, Shapiro O, Mollapour M, Bratslavsky G. Sporadic renal angiomyolipoma in a patient with Birt-Hogg-Dube: chaperones in pathogenesis. Oncotarget. 2018;9(31):22220-9. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.25164. PubMed PMID: 29774133; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5955167. Woodford MR, Sager RA, Marris E, Dunn DM, Blanden AR, Murphy RL, Rensing N, Shapiro O, Panaretou B, Prodromou C, Loh SN, Gutmann DH, Bourboulia D, Bratslavsky G, Wong M, Mollapour M. Tumor suppressor Tsc1 is a new Hsp90 co-chaperone that facilitates folding of kinase and non-kinase clients. EMBO J. 2017. doi: 10.15252/embj | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62694122 |
Mehdi Mollapour 201796700. PubMed PMID: 29127155. Dushukyan N, Dunn DM, Sager RA, Woodford MR, Loiselle DR, Daneshvar M, Baker-Williams AJ, Chisholm JD, Truman AW, Vaughan CK, Haystead TA, Bratslavsky G, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination Regulate Protein Phosphatase 5 Activity and Its Prosurvival Role in Kidney Cancer. Cell reports. 2017;21(7):1883-95. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.074. PubMed PMID: 29141220. Bratslavsky G, Woodford MR, Daneshvar M, Mollapour M. Sixth BHD symposium and first international upstate kidney cancer symposium: latest scientific and clinical discoveries. Oncotarget. 2016. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7733. PubMed PMID: 26933819. Woodford MR, Dunn D, Miller JB, Jamal S, Neckers L, Mollapour M. Impact of Posttranslational Modifications on the Anticancer Activity of Hsp90 Inhibitors. Adv Cancer Res. 2016;129:31-50. doi: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.09.002. PubMed PMID: 26916000. Woodford MR, Dunn DM, Blanden AR, Capriotti D, Loiselle D, Prodromou C, Panaretou B, Hughes PF, Smith A, Ackerman W, Haystead TA, Loh SN, Bourboulia D, Schmidt LS, Marston Linehan W, Bratslavsky G, Mollapour M. The FNIP co-chaperones decelerate the Hsp90 chaperone cycle and enhance drug binding. Nature communications. 2016;7:12037. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12037. PubMed PMID: 27353360; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4931344. Woodford MR, Dunn DM, Ciciarelli JG, Beebe K, Neckers L, Mollapour M. Targeting Hsp90 in Non-Cancerous Maladies. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016. PubMed PMID: 27072697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62694122 |
Mehdi Mollapour Woodford MR, Truman AW, Dunn DM, Jensen SM, Cotran R, Bullard R, Abouelleil M, Beebe K, Wolfgeher D, Wierzbicki S, Post DE, Caza T, Tsutsumi S, Panaretou B, Kron SJ, Trepel JB, Landas S, Prodromou C, Shapiro O, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Bourboulia D, Neckers L, Bratslavsky G, Mollapour M. Mps1 Mediated Phosphorylation of Hsp90 Confers Renal Cell Carcinoma Sensitivity and Selectivity to Hsp90 Inhibitors. Cell reports. 2016d;14(4):872-84. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.084. PubMed PMID: 26804907. Dunn DM, Woodford MR, Truman AW, Jensen SM, Schulman J, Caza T, Remillard TC, Loiselle D, Wolfgeher D, Blagg BS, Franco L, Haystead TA, Daturpalli S, Mayer MP, Trepel JB, Morgan RM, Prodromou C, Kron SJ, Panaretou B, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Landas SK, Neckers L, Bratslavsky G, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. c-Abl Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Aha1 Activates Its Co-chaperone Function in Cancer Cells. Cell reports. 2015;12(6):1006-18. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.004. PubMed PMID: 26235616. Mollapour M, Bourboulia D, Beebe K, Woodford MR, Polier S, Hoang A, Chelluri R, Li Y, Guo A, Lee MJ, Fotooh-Abadi E, Khan S, Prince T, Miyajima N, Yoshida S, Tsutsumi S, Xu W, Panaretou B, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Bratslavsky G, Trepel JB, Prodromou C, Neckers L. Asymmetric Hsp90 N Domain SUMOylation Recruits Aha1 and ATP-Competitive Inhibitors. Mol Cell. 2014;53(2):317-29. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.007. PubMed PMID: 24462205. Walton-Diaz A, Khan S, Bourboulia D, Trepel JB, Neckers L, Mollapour M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62694122 |
Mehdi Mollapour Contributions of co-chaperones and post-translational modifications towards Hsp90 drug sensitivity. Future medicinal chemistry. 2013;5(9):1059-71. doi: 10.4155/fmc.13.88. PubMed PMID: 23734688. Mollapour is married to Dimitra Bourboulia, PhD, Assistant Professor, Assistant Dean for Undergraduate and Graduate Medical Education Research, and Director for the Office of Research for Medical Students, at SUNY Upstate Medical University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62694122 |
Protective colloid A protective colloid is a lyophilic colloid that when present in small quantities keeps lyophobic colloids from precipitating under the coagulating action of electrolytes. When a small amount of hydrophilic colloid is added to hydrophobic colloids it may coagulate the latter. This is due to neutralisation of the charge on the hydrophobic colloidal particles. However, the addition of large amount of hydrophilic colloid increases the stability of the hydrophobic colloidal system. This is due to adsorption. When lyophilic sols are added to lyophobic sols, depending on their sizes, either lyophobic sol is adsorbed in the surface of lyophilic sol or lyophilic sol is adsorbed on the surface of lyophobic sol. The layer of the protective colloid prevents direct collision between the hydrophobic colloidal particles and thus prevents coagulation. Lyophilic sols like starch and gelatin act as protective colloids. For a comparative study Zsigmondy introduced a scale of protective action for different protective colloids in terms of gold number. The gold number is the weight in milligrams of a protective colloid which checks the coagulation of 10ml of a given gold sol on adding 1 ml of 10% sodium chloride. Thus smaller the gold number, greater is the protective action. Gold numbers of some materials Gelatin 0.005-0.01 Albumin 0.1 Acacia 0.1-0.2 Sodium oleate 1-5 Tragacanth 2 [4] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62696900 |
Zhenyuan Miaodao Yaolue The （真元妙道要略）is a Taoist alchemy text that dates to c. 950. It contains one of the earliest known references to gunpowder. The text is attributed to Zheng Yin, an alchemist from the 3rd century who purportedly taught Ge Hong, but the bulk of the text appears to have been written during the 9th century. The document compiles thirty-four recipes of elixirs that potentially could cause harm. Of these, three recipes mention saltpeter as an ingredient. A warning is given regarding a particularly dangerous combination of materials: The ingredients would have produced a weak form of gunpowder—a mixture of sulphur, saltpeter, and carbon—with honey acting as the source of carbon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62710793 |
Sulphur Crisis of 1840 The (also known as the Sulphur War of 1840 or Anglo-Neapolitan Sulphur Crisis) was a conflict between the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the United Kingdom. In the 19th century, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies maintained a large sulphur mining industry and was responsible for most of the world's production. In industrialising, British demand for sulphur increased considerably. The nation had a very favourable treaty with the Two Sicilies, negotiated in 1816. The occurred when King Ferdinand II gave a monopoly of the sulphur industry to a French firm. The British argued it violated the 1816 trade agreement. A peaceful solution was eventually negotiated by France. Sulphuric acid is one of the most important chemicals in the world. It is used to manufacture fertiliser, and is also important in mineral processing and oil refining. It has a wide range of end applications including as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteries and in dehydrating compounds. Demand surged during the industrial revolution, as the acid is used in finishing texiles. Between 1832 and 1836, sulphur production doubled. Until the invention of the Frasch process in 1891, sulphur extracted from volcanic rock in Sicily by the Sicilian method made up the vast majority of the world's production | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62712703 |
Sulphur Crisis of 1840 In 1816, a treaty between the Two Sicilies and Great Britain was signed that gave British merchants large concessions, such as a 10% reduction in the customs duty due on imports from and exports to Britain, and gave British merchants a large advantage trading in Southern Italy. It also gave Britain most favoured nation status. The British defended their rights zealously and attempted to negotiate a new treaty, even more favourable to them. In 1836, then King of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II, began negotiating with French merchants an agreement granting French merchants control over the sulphur trade. An initial plan was submitted by French merchants Amato Taix and Arsene Aycard on 1 May 1836. Though many Sicilians supported the plan, it was abandoned after British resistance. In September 1837, Ferdinand II revived such talks with Taix and Aycard, regarding the production and export of sulphur. Ferdinand II was trying to encourage the price of sulphur to rise. An agreement was approved by the Consultathe kingdom's general councilon 15 December 1837, announced on 4 July 1838, and signed on 9 July. It gave the Frenchmen control over sulphur exports from Sicily. It was essentially a monopoly, making it unprofitable for any other merchants to trade sulphur. This angered the British, who had previously controlled the trade. The agreement immediately crippled sulphur imports to the United Kingdom which fell from 44,653 tons in 1838 to 22,160 tons in 1839. The price of the sulphur also increased by 100% | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62712703 |
Sulphur Crisis of 1840 British merchants argued that the new agreement violated the 1816 treaty, and claimed that their commercial interests were damaged. In response, Lord Palmerston, the British Foreign Secretary began attempting to convince the Sicilian government to reverse the agreement. Ferdinand II resisted Palmerston's efforts, arguing that both agreements were comparable, and recognising that the new agreement could be highly profitable for his kingdom. The former opinion was supported by contemporary jurists Frederick Pollock and Joseph Phillimore. It was further impractical for Ferdinand II to cancel the contract, because if he did Taix and Aycard intended to claim £666,000 in compensation, a price that the kingdom would be hard pressed to pay. On 23 February Ferdinand gave his minister, Prince de Cassaro, permission announce the cancellation of the contract. However, it never happened. In mid-March, the British warned that if their wishes were not met, they would establish a blockade and begin seizing merchant ships of the Sicilies. Reasoning that the kingdom's coastline was too large to effectively blockade, Ferdinand II refused to give in. Cassaro resigned from his post in frustration. Ferdinand II then began preparing for war. Palmerston ordered the Mediterranean Fleet to leave Malta and travel to the kingdom. In April, British Admiral Robert Stopford began seizing ships. Though there was no formal declaration of war, the 'Sulphur War' is generally accepted to have begun in April | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62712703 |
Sulphur Crisis of 1840 Several Neapolitan merchants were searched and detained, but there were no direct naval confrontations between the two nations. Klemens von Metternich, an Austrian diplomat, urged the two parties to avoid all-out war, writing to Sicilian diplomat Marquis de Gagliati: "Marquis, you must agree that it is hardly worth having a European war over a question of sulphur!" He criticised Ferdinand for being unwilling to negotiate. He then tried to convince Ferdinand to cancel the contract. In contrast to Metternich's efforts to negotiate, which were rejected, a similar offer by the French prime minister Adolphe Thiers was accepted by the British on 10 April and the Sicilians on 26 April. Also in late April, Stopford released the ships he had been holding and halted further seizures. As negotiations dragged on, Palmerston warned that seizures would resume if the contract was not cancelled by 20 July 1840. Ferdinand cancelled the contract on 21 July. On 29 July Stopford's fleet returned to Malta. In December, British Merchants were awarded 121,454 ducats out of the requested 373,978. The French were awarded 44,000 out of the requested 233,433 in 1844. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62712703 |
2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexamethyl-1,3,5-trithiane Trithioacetone or 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethyl-1,3,5-trithiane is an organic chemical with formula . Its covalent structure is , that is, a six-membered ring of alternating carbon and sulfur atoms, with two methyl groups attached to each carbon. It can be viewed as a derivative of 1,3,5-trithiane, with methyl-group substituents for all of the hydrogen atoms in that parent structure. The compound is a stable cyclic trimer of thioacetone (propane-2-thione), which by itself is an unstable compound. In contrast, the analogous trioxane compound, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethyl-1,3,5-trioxane, with oxygen atoms in place of the sulfur atoms, seems to be unstable, while its corresponding monomer acetone (2-propanone) is stable. Trithioacetone was first made in 1889 by Baumann and Fromm, by reaction of hydrogen sulfide with acetone. In the presence of an acidified catalyst at 25 °C, one obtains a product that is 60-70% trithioacetone, 30–40% of 2,2-propanedithiol, and small amounts of two isomeric impurities, 3,3,5,5,6,6-hexamethyl 1,2,4-trithiane and 4-mercapto-2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-1,3-dithiane. The product can also be obtained by pyrolysis of allyl isopropyl sulfide. Pyrolysis of the trithioacetone at 500-650 °C and 5-20 mm of Hg gives thioacetone, that can be collected by a cold trap at −78 °C. The compound is found on some flavoring agents. Its FEMA number is 3475. The LD50 (oral) for mice is 2.4 g/kg. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62718657 |
Daniel McGillivray Brown or Dan Brown (3 February 1923 – 24 April 2012; born Giffnock), was a Scottish nucleic acid chemist, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (1942), and a Fellow of the Royal Society (1982). Brown was educated at the University of Glasgow, and King's College, Cambridge, and he became a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62723168 |
Aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloys refer to a class of nanostructured metal powders that spontaneously and rapidly produce hydrogen gas upon contact with water or any liquid containing water as a result of their galvanic metal microstructure. It serves as a method of hydrogen production that can take place at a rapid pace at room temperature without the assistance of chemicals, catalysts, or externally supplied power. are characterized by their galvanic microstructure, which comprises an anodic matrix consisting of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, and a cathodic dispersed phase of another metal composition. These other metals may be tin, magnesium, silicon, bismuth, lead, gallium, indium, zinc, carbon, or a mixture of these metals. These alloys produce hydrogen gas when the cathodic disperse phase forms galvanic couples with the anodic matrix and the resulting galvanic metal microstructure comes in contact with water or any liquid containing water. The nanostructured galvanic couple, with aluminium as the anode and the other metal element as the cathode, rapidly disturbs the formation of the native oxide layer and continually exposes fresh aluminium surfaces to hydrolysis. The size of the particles that make up the cathodic disperse phase can range from less than 50 nanometers in length to less than 1000 nanometers in length. No additional health hazards have been observed with the handling of the nanogalvanic powders. The by-products of the powder reaction with water was also found to be non-toxic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62762635 |
Aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloys In terms of performance, the aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloys were demonstrated to produce 1000 ml. of hydrogen gas per gram of aluminium in less than 1 minute and 1340 ml—100% of the theoretical yield at 295 K and 1 atm.—in 3 minutes without the need for hazardous or costly materials, or additional processes. can be manufactured by means of high energy ball milling at room temperature or at lower temperatures and remain stable at standard temperature, pressure, and humidity levels. In 2017, ARL researchers discovered that the hydrogen generation rate increases by almost two-fold when the aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloy powder comes in contact with urine, when compared with pure water. were discovered by researchers of the Metals Branch of ARL's Weapons and Materials Research Directorate (WMRD) of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in the early 2010s during testing of a new nanostructured aluminium alloy intended for structural materials applications. During metallographic polishing for microhardness experiments, they noticed that the aluminium was disappearing upon contact with water and soon realized that it was creating hydrogen gas in the process. The alloy powder was later repurposed for energy applications. A patent was filed for the invention in June 2018 in order to license the aluminium powder to industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62762635 |
Aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloys In 2019, the hydrogen fuel company H2 Power, LLC was the first to receive an exclusive license to use the aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloys to investigate automotive and transportation power generation applications for cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other vehicles. As of 2019, ARL researchers are looking for ways to improve the production and manufacturing process of the aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloys. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62762635 |
Aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys refer to a class of nanostructured metal powders that spontaneously and rapidly produce hydrogen gas upon contact with water or any liquid containing water. This method of hydrogen generation is notable in the field of energy research due to its fast-acting capacity to efficiently create hydrogen at room temperature without the need for any chemicals, catalysts, or externally supplied power. When aluminum makes contact with water, hydrogen gas is produced as a result of hydrolysis. However, at the same time, water oxidizes the aluminum and causes a thin protective layer of aluminum oxide to rapidly form on the surface of the metal, preventing further hydrolysis. In order for the aluminum to continuously produce hydrogen gas, scientists had to forcefully remove or at least fracture the aluminum oxide layer, typically dissolving it in water with the help of hazardous compounds such as hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, or expensive elements such as gallium/indium. Other methods apply external energy in the form of an electric current or superheated steam to slowly force the reaction at elevated temperatures. The aluminum based nanogalvanic alloy, a particulate material invented by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL), is able to generate hydrogen by hydrolysis at room temperature with any liquid that contains water (e.g. naturally scavenged water, coffee, energy drinks, urine, etc.) without relying on any other chemicals, catalysts, or externally supplied power | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62763065 |
Aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys The nanostructured galvanic couple, with aluminum as the anode and another element (e.g. tin, bismuth, etc.) as the cathode, rapidly disturbs the formation of the native oxide layer and thus continually exposes fresh aluminum surfaces to hydrolysis. were initially discovered by researchers of the Metals Branch of ARL's Weapons and Materials Research Directorate (WMRD) while they were testing a new nanostructured aluminum alloy intended for structural materials applications. During metallographic polishing for microhardness experiments, they noticed that the aluminum was disappearing upon contact with water and soon realized that it was creating hydrogen gas in the process. The research team then decided to repurpose the alloy powder for energy applications. A patent was filed for the invention in June 2018 in order to license the aluminum powder to industry. In 2019, the hydrogen fuel company H2 Power, LLC was the first to receive an exclusive license to use the aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys to investigate automotive and transportation power generation applications for cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other vehicles. As of 2019, ARL researchers are looking for ways to improve the production and manufacturing process of the aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys. are characterized by the size of their galvanic microstructure and consist of particles with a mesh size of -325, which is equivalent to a diameter of around 50 microns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62763065 |
Aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys Since the grain size of the powders is in the nanometer scale and the particle size is tens of microns similar to conventional powders, no additional health hazards are associated with the handling of the nanogalvanic powders. The by-products of the powder reaction with water is non-toxic and occurs naturally. The aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys were also demonstrated to produce 1000 ml. of hydrogen gas per gram of aluminum in less than 1 minute and 1340 ml—100% of the theoretical yield at 295 K and 1 atm.—in 3 minutes without the need for hazardous or costly materials, or additional processes. These nanogalvanic structured powders can be manufactured by means of high energy ball milling at room temperature or at lower temperatures. The powders may be compacted in the form of tablets for ease of transportation, which would reduce reliance on high-pressure or liquid hydrogen cylinders traditionally used for shipment. Additionally, they are stable in the atmosphere at standard temperature, pressure, and humidity levels, allowing for convenient storage. One of the major potential applications of aluminum-based nanogalvanic alloys is fast and inexpensive hydrogen production for fuel cells. Due to their high energy efficiency, non-toxic nature, and transportation ease, the alloy powders have also been considered as an alternative energy source for batteries (when coupled with fuel cells) during reconnaissance for soldiers on the battlefield | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62763065 |
Aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys Additionally, the alloy powder may also be 3D-printed into self-cannibalizing drone components that could recharge the drone's hydrogen supply by making contact with water whenever it runs low on power. ARL researchers also discovered that the hydrogen generation rate increases by almost two-fold when the aluminum based nanogalvanic alloy powder comes in contact with urine, when compared with pure water. Because of this unique property, scientists have considered applying the aluminum powder in austere environments where power and water are scarce, such as deserts or space, where urine could be repurposed as a fuel source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62763065 |
List of biochemistry awards This list of biochemistry awards is an index to articles on notable awards for contributions to biochemistry, the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. The list gives the country of the organization that gives the award, but the award may not be limited to people from that country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62770467 |
List of chemistry awards This list of chemistry awards is an index to articles about notable awards for chemistry, the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. It includes awards by the Royal Society of Chemistry, the American Chemical Society and awards by other organizations. The Royal Society of the United Kingdom offers a number of awards for chemistry. The American Chemical Society of the United States offers a number of awards related to chemistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62770507 |
Copenhagen Atomics is a Danish molten salt technology company developing mass manufacturable molten salt reactors. The company headquarters are co-located with Alfa Laval in Copenhagen. is pursuing small modular, molten fuel salt, thorium fuel cycle, thermal spectrum, breeder reactors using separated plutonium from spent nuclear fuel as the initial fissile load for the first generation of reactors. was founded in 2014 by a group of scientists and engineers meeting at Technical University of Denmark and around the greater Copenhagen area for discussions on thorium and molten salt reactors, who later incorporated in 2015. In 2016, was part of MIMOSA, a European nuclear molten salt research consortium. became the first private company in 2017, to offer a commercial molten salt loop. is pursuing a hardware-driven iterative component-by-component approach to reactor development, instead of a full design license and approval approach. is actively developing and testing valves, pumps, heat exchangers, measurement systems, salt chemistry and purification systems, and control systems and software for molten salt applications. The company has also developed the world’s only canned molten salt pump and are developing an active electromagnetic bearing canned molten salt pump. offers many of their technologies through commercially available pumped molten salt loops for use in molten salt reactor research, high temperature concentrated solar power, molten salt energy storage, and molten salt chemistry research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62773817 |
Saccharolytic is a biological process of metabolism where breaking down of sugars occurs, resulting in production of energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62776986 |
Camp Sibert was a U.S. Army chemical weapons training facility in Etowah County, Alabama and St. Clair County, Alabama during the World War II era. Covering 32,000 acres it was acquired by the Army in 1942. The site has been redeveloped including with a residential community. Concerns over chemical contamination and unexploded ordinance remain. The camp was commanded by General Haig Shekerjian, an Armenian-American. Private A. Baligian of the U.S. Army visited and conducted a brief interview with Shekerjian for the June 16, 1943 issue of Hairenik Weekly (later renamed the Armenian Weekly). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62778239 |
Diaminobenzene can refer to three different isomers, which are also termed phenylenediamines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62791853 |
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