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Diaminonaphthalene describes several isomers containing naphthalene substituted with two amine groups (NH), also called naphthalenediamines. All isomers are white solids that tend to air-oxidize. The 2,3-, 1,5-, and 1,8- derivatives have attracted most attention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62791996 |
Eloisa Biasotto Mano (October 24, 1924 – June 8, 2019) was a Brazilian chemist and full university professor. She was a specialist in polymers, and enjoyed worldwide recognition for her work. She was a recipient of the National Order of Scientific Merit. was born in Rio de Janeiro, October 24, 1924. She received degrees in industrial chemistry (1947), chemical engineering (1955), and a doctorate in organic chemistry (1960). She studied polymer science at the University of Illinois and at the University of Birmingham. In Brazil, she formed the first group of researchers in the area of polymers, which gave rise to the Institute of Macromolecules of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), later renamed in her honor. Mano taught organic chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry, UFRJ, where she was a full professor. She supervised many master's and doctoral theses. In her classes, Mano was always keen to demonstrate practically the properties of different materials and their characterizations. She received the National Order of Scientific Merit for her contribution to science. She was a full member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences since 1978. In 1994, she became Professor Emeritus. Mano died in Rio de Janeiro, June 8, 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62798842 |
Taraneh Javanbakht (, born 12 May 1974) is an Iranian scientist and polymath. Javanbakht was born in Tehran in 1974 and grew up there. She first graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Shahid Beheshti in 1996. In 2002 she was awarded her first PhD in physical chemistry from the Pierre and Marie Curie University. She moved to the University of Montreal to continue her postdoctoral work. Whilst in Canada, Javanbakht has studied for additional Masters qualifications at Université du Québec à Montréal: for molecular biology in 2011 and for the study of logic in the Department of Philosophy in 2016. Javanbakht is a leading scientist, engineer and chemist, working in particular with nanoparticles; she is also a poet, activist and philosophical researcher. Javanbakht has worked on a variety of projects exploring the properties of hydrogels, catalysts and using scanning microscopy and other techniques. Research papers include: Javanbakht is interested in epistemology and aesthetics. She has proposed a new theoretical framework – netism. She has also worked on the ethics of Rousseau and Voltaire. Javanbakth has published nine volumes of poetry with publishers, such as Arvin and Novin Pajhoohesh publishers in Iran. Her first volume was called "Iranian Songs in Seven Languages" and she wrote poems in Persian, Turkish, Arabic, English, French, German and Russian for it. Her poetry has been published in several journals. Javanbakht's artwork is significant part of her practice and been exhibited in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62810467 |
Taraneh Javanbakht Javanbakht has written widely about women's rights and human rights, with particular reference to the Middle East. She is a proponent of the idea that women should embrace polymathy in order to advance the struggle for women's rights, in particular being able to think and work in several languages. She spoke out in support of Shirin Ebadi, as a potential president for Iran in 2009. She also writes about human rights in Iran and believes that cultural and intellectual growth advances and empathy and understanding of humanity. Painting Exhibition by Taraneh Javanbakht | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62810467 |
Evgeny E. Nikitin (, ; born 9 May 1933 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian theoretical chemist and emeritus professor at the Technion in Haifa, Israel. Nikitin studied physics at Saratov State University from 1950 to 1955. Later he moved to the Institute for Chemical Physics at The Academy of Sciences of the USSR Moscow where he earned his doctorate in 1965. From 1965 to 1991 he was Professor at the Institute for Chemical Physics and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1992 he went to the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, where he became Emeritus professor in 2002. Since 2002 he has been guest professor at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. His field of work is the theoretical description of Elementary reactions with quantum theoretical methods, especially by using different quantum mechanical approximations. He is particularly well known for his investigations of non-adiabatic electronic effects in dynamic and kinetic chemical reactions, in other words, effects that cannot be described in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Nikitin has published more than 300 scientific works in journals as well as several specialist books, some of which have only been published in Russian. He has received many awards and honors. In 1977 he became a member of the Leopoldina. Since 2012 he has been a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In 1987 he became a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62810543 |
Dibromoanthracene A dibromoanthracene is a derivative of anthracene with two bromine atoms. All compounds have the formula CHBr. They can include | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62814394 |
ZnO nanostructures Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures are structures with at least one dimension on the nanometre scale, composed predominantly of zinc oxide. They may be combined with other composite substances to change the chemistry, structure or function of the nanostructures in order to be used in various technologies. Many different nanostructures can be synthesised from ZnO using relatively inexpensive and simple procedures.. ZnO is a semiconductor material with a wide band gap energy of 3.3eV and has the potential to be widely used on the nanoscale. have found uses in environmental, technological and biomedical purposes including dye-sensitised solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, biosensors, nanolasers and supercapacitors . Research is ongoing to synthesise more productive and successful nanostructures from ZnO and other composites . is a rapidly growing research field, with over 5000 papers published during 2014-2019 . ZnO creates one of the most diverse range of nanostructures, and there is a great amount of research on different synthesis routes of various . The most common methods to synthesise ZnO structures is using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which is best used to form nanowires and comb or tree-like structures . Highly orientated can also be obtained through aqueous solution growth and electrodeposition . In vapor deposition processes, zinc and oxygen are transported in gaseous form and react with each other, creating ZnO nanostructures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62817045 |
ZnO nanostructures Other vapor molecules or solid and liquid catalysts can also be involved in the reaction, which affect the properties of the resultant nanostructure . To directly create ZnO nanostructures, one can decompose zinc oxide at high temperatures where it splits into zinc and oxygen ions and when cooled it forms various nanostructures, including complex structures such as nanobelts and nanorings . Alternatively, zinc powder can be transported through oxygen vapor which react to form nanostructures . Other vapours such as nitrous oxide or carbon oxides can be used by themselves or in combination. These methods are known as vapor-solid (VS) processes due to their reactants states. VS processes can create a variety of but their morphology and properties are highly dependent on the reactants and reaction conditions such as the temperature and vapor partial pressures. Vapor deposition processes can also use catalysts to assist the growth of nanostructures. These are known as vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) processes, and use a catalytic liquid alloy phase as an extra step in nanostructure synthesis to accelerate growth . The liquid alloy, which includes zinc, is attached to nucleated seeds made usually of gold or silica. The alloy absorbs the oxygen vapor and saturates, facilitating a chemical reaction between zinc and oxygen. The nanostructure develops as the ZnO solidifies and grows outwards from the gold seed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62817045 |
ZnO nanostructures This reaction can be highly controlled to produce more complex nanostructures by modifying the size and arrangement of gold seeds, and of the alloys and vapor constituents . A large variety of can also be synthesised by growth in an aqueous solution, which is desirable due to its simplicity and low processing temperature . A ZnO seed layer is used to begin uniform growth and to ensure nanowires are oriented. A solution of catalysts and molecules containing zinc and oxygen are reacted and nanostructures grow from the seed layer. An example of such a reaction involves hydrolysing ZnO(NO) (zinc nitrate) and the decomposition of hexamethyltetramine (HMT) to form ZnO. Altering the growth solution and its concentration, temperature and structure of the seed layer can change the morphology of the synthesised nanostructures . Nanorods, aligned nanowire arrays, flower-like and disc like nanowires and nanobelt arrays, along with other nanostructures, can all be created in aqueous solutions by varying the growth solution . Another method to synthesise is electrodeposition, which uses electric current to facilitate chemical reactions and deposition on electrodes. Its low temperature and ability to create precise thickness structures makes it a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method . Structured nanocolumnar crystals, porous films, thin films and aligned wires have been synthesised in this way. The quality and size of these structures depends on substrates, current density, deposition time and temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62817045 |
ZnO nanostructures The bandgap energy is also dependent on these parameters, since it is dependent not only on the material but also its size due to the nanoscale effect on the band structure. ZnO has a rich defect and dopant chemistry that can significantly alter properties and behaviour of the material . Doping with other elements and molecules leads to a variety of material characteristics, because the addition or vacancy of atoms changes the energy levels in the band gap . Native defects due to oxygen and zinc vacancies or zinc interstitials create its n-type semiconductor properties, but the behaviour is not fully understood . Carriers created by doping have been found to exhibit a strong dominance over native defects . Nanostructures contain small length scales, and this results in a large surface to volume ratio. Surface defects have hence been the primary focus of research into defects of ZnO nanostructures. Deep level emissions also occur, affecting material characteristics . ZnO can occupy multiple types of lattices, but is often found in a hexagonal wurtzite structure. In this lattice all of the octahedral sites are empty, hence there is space for intrinsic defects, Zn interstitials, and also external dopants to occupy gaps in the lattice, even when the lattice is at a nanoscale. Zn interstitials occur when extra zinc atoms are located inside the crystal ZnO lattice. They occur naturally but their concentration can be increased by using Zn vapor rich synthesis conditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62817045 |
ZnO nanostructures Oxygen vacancies are common defects in metal oxides where an oxygen atom is left out of the crystal structure . Both oxygen vacancies and Zn interstitials increase the number of electron charge carriers, thus becoming an n-type semiconductor. Since these defects occur naturally as a by-product of the synthesis process, it is difficult to make p-type ZnO nanostructures. Defects and dopants are usually introduced during the synthesis of the ZnO nanostructure, either by controlling their formation or accidentally obtained during the growing process through contamination. Since it is difficult to control these processes, defects occur naturally. Dopants can diffuse into the nanostructure during synthesis. Alternatively, the nanostructures can be treated after synthesis such as through plasma injection or exposure to gases. Unwanted dopants and defects can also be manipulated so that they are removed or passivated. Crudely, the region of the nanostructure can be fully removed, such as cutting off the surface layer of a nanowire. Oxygen vacancies can be filled using plasma treatment, where an oxygen containing plasma inserts oxygen back into the lattice. At temperatures where the lattice is mobile, oxygen molecules and gaps can be moved using electric fields to change the nature of the material . Defects and dopants are used in most ZnO nanostructure applications. Indeed, the defects in ZnO enable a variety of semiconductor properties with different band gaps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62817045 |
ZnO nanostructures By combining ZnO with dopants, a variety of electrical and material characteristics can be achieved. For example, optical properties of ZnO can change through defects and dopants. Ferromagnetic properties can be introduced into through doping with transition metal elements. This creates magnetic semiconductors, which is a focus of spintronics. can be used for many different applications. Here are a few examples. Dye sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) are a type of thin film solar cell that uses a liquid dye to absorb sunlight. Currently TiO (titanium dioxide) is mostly in use for DSSCs as the photoanode material. However ZnO is found to be a good candidate for photoanode material in DSSCs . This is because the nanostructure synthesis is easy to control , it has higher electron transport properties , and it is possible to use organic material as hole transporter, unlike when TiO is the photoanode material . Researchers have found that the structure of ZnO nanostructure affects the solar cell performance . There are also disadvantages for using ZnO nanostructures, like a so called voltage leakage that needs more investigation . Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently the most common power source since they produce high power and have a high energy density. The use of metal oxides as anodes has largely improved the limitations of the batteries, and ZnO is particularly seen as an up-and-coming potential anode. This is due to its low toxicity and costs, and its high theoretical capacity (978 mAhg) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62817045 |
ZnO nanostructures ZnO experiences volume expansion during processes resulting in a loss of electrical disconnection, decreasing capacity. A solution may be to dope with different materials and to develop on the nanoscale with nanostructures, such as porous surfaces, that allow for volume changes during the chemical process. Alternatively, lithium storage components can be mixed in with the to create a more stable capacity. Research has been successful in synthesising such composite with carbon, graphite, and other metal oxides. Another commonly used energy storage appliance are supercapacitors (SCs). The SCs are mostly used in electric vehicles and as backup power systems. They are known for being environmentally friendly and may replace the currently used energy storage devices. This is due to its more advanced stability, power density and overall greater performance. Because of its remarkable energy density of 650Aħg and electrical conductivity of 230Scm ZnO is recognized as a great potential electrode material. Nonetheless it has poor electrical conductivity as its small surface area makes for a restricted capacity. Just as for the batteries, multiple combinations of carbon structures, graphene, metal oxides with have improved capacitance of these materials. A composite with ZnO base has not only a better power density and energy density, but is also more cost-effective and eco-friendly . It has already been discovered that are able to bind biological substances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62817045 |
ZnO nanostructures Recent research shows that because of this trait and because of its surface selectivity, ZnO is a good candidate for a biosensor. It can naturally form anisotropic nanostructures that are used to deliver drugs. ZnO based biosensors can also help in diagnosing the early stages of cancer. There is ongoing research to see if can be used for bioimaging. It has so far only been tested on mice and shows positive results. In addition, ZnO nanomaterials are already used in cosmetic products, like face creams and sun cream It is, however, not yet clear what the effect of is on human cells and the environment. Since used ZnO biosensors will eventually dissolve and release Zn ions, they may be absorbed by the cells and the local effect of this is not yet known. Nanomaterials in cosmetics will eventually be washed off and released in the environment. Due to these unknown risks, there needs to be a lot more research before ZnO can be safely applied in the biomedical field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62817045 |
Xenobot Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog ("Xenopus laevis"), are synthetic organisms that are automatically designed by computers to perform some desired function and built by combining together different biological tissues. Xenobots are less than a wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early (blastula stage) frog embryos. The skin cells provide rigid support and the heart cells act as small motors, contracting and expanding in volume to propel the xenobot forward. The shape of a xenobot's body, and its distribution of skin and heart cells, are automatically designed in simulation to perform a specific task, using a process of trial and error (an evolutionary algorithm). Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm to aggregate debris scattered along the surface of their dish into neat piles. They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations. Currently, xenobots are primarily used as a scientific tool to understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies during morphogenesis. However, the behavior and biocompatibility of current xenobots suggest several potential applications to which they may be put in the future. Given that xenobots composed of solely of frog cells, they are biodegradable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62833608 |
Xenobot And as swarms of xenobots tend to work together to push microscopic pellets in their dish into central piles, it has been speculated that future xenobots might be able do the same thing with microplastics in the ocean: find and aggregate tiny bits of plastic into a large ball of plastic that a traditional boat or drone can gather and bring to a recycling center. Unlike traditional technologies, xenobots do not add additional pollution as they work and degrade: they behave using energy from fat and protein naturally stored in their tissue, which lasts about a week, at which point they simply turn into dead skin cells. In future clinical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, xenobots could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems. Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries, and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62833608 |
24S-hydroxycholesterol 24"S"-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC), also known as cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol or cerebrosterol, is an endogenous oxysterol produced by neurons in the brain to maintain cholesterol homeostasis. It was discovered in 1953 by Alberto Ercoli, S. Di Frisco, and Pietro de Ruggieri, who first isolated the molecule in the horse brain and then demonstrated its presence in the human brain. 24S-HC is produced by a hydroxy group substitution at carbon number 24 in cholesterol, catalyzed by the enzyme cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). 24S-HC binds to apolipoproteins such as apoE, apoJ, and apoA1 to form HDL-like complexes which can cross the blood-brain barrier more easily than free cholesterol. Thus, 24S-HC production serves as one of several counterbalancing mechanisms for cholesterol synthesis in the brain. After entering general blood circulation and traveling to the liver, 24S-HC can be sulfated, glucuronidated, or converted into bile acids, which can ultimately be excreted. 24S-HC is an agonist of liver X receptors, a class of nuclear receptors that sense oxysterols. In the brain, liver X receptor beta is the primary LXR type which interacts with 24S-HC. 24S-HC levels sensed by LXRs can regulate the expression of SREBP mRNA and protein, which in turn regulate cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid synthesis. 24S-HC may participate in several aspects of brain development and function, such as axon and dendrite growth or synaptogenesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62839653 |
24S-hydroxycholesterol Regulation of 24S-HC metabolism in neurons may play a role in their health and function, as well as their response to injury or disease. Blood plasma levels of 24S-HC may be altered after acute brain injuries such as stroke or in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62839653 |
Niobium(III) chloride also known as niobium trichloride is a compound of niobium and chlorine. It is a non-stoichiometric compound, with formula NbCl for . It is produced by reduction of niobium(V) chloride with hydrogen, or just by heating. One end member of the range of composition has formula NbCl. The dimethoxyethane (dme) adduct of niobium trichloride is produced by reduction of a dme solution of niobium pentachloride with tributyltin hydride: NbCl has a hexagonal close packed array of chloride ions. Triangles of niobium occur in octahedral spaces in the chloride array. The compositions with higher chloride have some niobium atoms missing from the structure, creating vacancies. NbCl has this pattern of vacancies stretched until the niobium atoms are in pairs rather than triangles. So NbCl can be considered as a solid solution of NbCl and NbCl. The triangles of Nb and pairs Nb in these solid compounds are niobium clusters. The structure of NbCl(dimethoxyethane) is unknown. It is unlikely to be monomeric since it forms adducts with alkynes. The colour of niobium trichloride varies depending on the chloride ratio from green for NbCl to brown for NbCl. When heated to over 600 °C niobium trichloride disproportionates to niobium metal and niobium pentachloride. NbCl(dimethoxyethane) has received significant attention as a reagent for reductive coupling of carbonyls and imines. forms many molecular complexes with tertiary phosphines. It is sold as a 1,2-dimethoxyethane complex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62841562 |
Niobium(III) chloride Niobium(III) chloride, in the form of NbCl with ligands, is also a metal cluster compound with a double bond between the two niobium atoms. Some known complexes have the following formulae: NbCl(MeS), NbCl(PPhMe), NbCl["o"-(AsMe)CH] (diars), NbCl[MeC(CHAsMe)] (triars), NbCl[PhPCHCHPPh] (diphos), NbCl[PhPMe], and yet other ligands such as 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, or the crown thioether (SCH) (which is violet). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62841562 |
Sijbren Otto Sybren Otto (Groningen, 3 August 1971) is Professor of Systems chemistry at the Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen. Otto studied chemistry at the University of Groningen and in 1994, he received his Master’s degree, focusing on physical organic chemistry and biochemistry, with the distinction cum laude. In 1998, he obtained his PhD, again with the distinction cum laude, from his supervisor Prof. Jan B.F.N. Engberts for his thesis entitled Catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions in water. After his subsequent research in both the United States (in 1998, with Prof. Steven L. Regen) at Lehigh University and in the United Kingdom (first with Prof. Jeremy K.M. Sanders and then, from 2001 onwards, as a Royal Society University Research Fellow, both at the University of Cambridge), he was appointed assistant professor at the University of Groningen in 2009. In 2011, he was promoted to associate professor and in 2016, to full professor. From 2014 to 2019, he coordinated the Master’s degree programme in chemistry. Alongside his work at the university, Otto is also one of the six principal investigators of the Dutch "national gravity programme for functional molecular systems" (FMS; €26 million, over 10 years, 2013–2023). The ambition of this programme is to gain control over molecular self-assembly. With this technology, nanomotors could be made, for example, or biomaterials to repair damaged bodily tissues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62847188 |
Sijbren Otto Otto was the lead applicant and chair of the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Action CM1304 (Emergence and Evolution of Complex Chemical Systems), which united more than 95 European research groups. He is the chair of the Gordon Research Conference on Systems Chemistry 2020 and is editor-in-chief of the "Journal of Systems Chemistry". Otto is a member of the Royal Dutch Chemical Society (KNCV), fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and member of the American Chemical Society. He is member of the steering committee of the Origins Center. The Origins Center is a Dutch research platform for scientists who are involved in the key questions of the Dutch Research Agenda on the origin, evolution and future of life on Earth and in the universe. Otto is active on several fronts in both the Netherlands and abroad. Otto was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2020. The research conducted by Otto and his research group is focused on various fields, varying from the origin of life (self-replicating systems and the Darwinian evolution thereof), to materials chemistry (self-synthesizing fibres, hydrogels and nanoparticle surfaces). Specific interests include self-replicating molecules, foldamers, catalysis, molecular recognition of biomolecules and self-synthesizing materials (materials of which their self-assembly drives the synthesis of the molecules that assemble) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62847188 |
Sijbren Otto The complex chemical mixtures that are designed, made and researched often display new properties that are relevant to understanding how new traits are able to arise in nature. The final goal of all of this research is the de novo synthesis of new forms of life via the integration of self-replicating systems with metabolism and compartmentalization. His 114 publications have been cited a total of 8,873 times by other scientists. His h-index is 51. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62847188 |
Tantalum(III) chloride or tantalum trichloride is a lower chloride of tantalum. is non-stoichiometric with a range of composition from TaCl to TaCl is formed by reducing tantalum(V) chloride vapour with tantalum metal. this is done by heating tantalum(III) chloride to 305°C, passing the vapour over tantalum foil at 600°, and condensing the trichloride at 365°C. If the condensing region is kept at too high a temperature, then TaCl deposits instead. When TaCl is melted it is in equilibrium with TaCl and TaCl. TaCl can be vapourised leaving behind TaCl. However if TaCl is heated to over 500°C it disproportionates further giving off more TaCl. TaCl is insoluble in room temperature water, or dilute acid, but dissolves in boiling water. A blue-green solution is formed. can form complexes with some ligands as a monomer or dimer. Complexes include Ta(=C-CMe)(PMe)Cl, [TaCl(P(CHCH)THF]μ-N and [TaClTHF]μ-N (dinitrogen complexes). As a dimer, complexes include TaCl(SCH) (SCH=tetrahydrothiophene). TaCl(SMe), TaCl(thiane) and TaCl(thiolane) have a double bond between the two tantalum atoms, and two bridging chlorides, and a bridging ligand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62848542 |
Chemical Workers' Union (Austria) The Chemical Workers' Union (, GdC) was a trade union representing workers in the chemical industry in Austria. The union was founded in 1945 by the Austrian Trade Union Federation. By 1998, it had 37,941 members. In 2009, it merged with the Metal-Textile-Food Union, to form PRO-GE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62852640 |
Oxathiane is a saturated heterocyclic compound containing one oxygen, one sulfur and four carbon atoms in a ring. The formula is CHOS. There are three isomers: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62858746 |
Pyridinetricarboxylic acid is a group of organic compounds which are tricarboxylic derivatives of pyridine. comes in several isomers: All isomers share the molecular weight 211,13 g/mol and the chemical formula CHNO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62860079 |
NAD(P) In biochemistry, may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62863502 |
Humanium Metal is a brand of metal made by melting down illegal firearms seized in conflict zones. The creation and distribution of this metal is done through a marketing campaign called "The Initiative", started in 2016 by Swedish nonprofit organization Individuell Människohjälp Swedish Development Partner. The stated objective of the campaign is to draw attention to issues of gun violence and contribute toward the ending of illegal firearms trade. is used for the creation of some small ornamental objects, such as wristwatches, buttons, and spinning tops, with proceeds returning to charitable causes in the areas from which the firearms were seized. The Initiative was conceived of by Swedish nonprofit organization Individuell Människohjälp Swedish Development Partner. According to its website, the objective of the project is "to spread awareness of the devastating impact of illegal firearms and armed violence, as well as generate funds urgently needed to empower people living in conflict-torn societies." The campaign is implemented in conjunction with Swedish advertising agencies Great Works and Akestam Holst. was first produced in November 2016 in El Salvador, where firearms seized by the Salvadoran government were converted into one ton of metal. The project has since expanded to Guatemala, and, as of 2018, it plans to expand to Honduras and Colombia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62864779 |
Humanium Metal The program has received endorsements from the Dalai Lama, former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency Hans Blix, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu. The program has also partnered with the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. As of mid-2018, the program had used about 5,000 weapons to make three tons of Humanium Metal, with the organization saying that total orders for the metal amounted to US$3 million. Proceeds from the sale of is sent back to local charitable organizations in the conflict zones that supplied the firearms. The most common method for producing is when governments seize illegal firearms and melt down their metal, turning it into ingots, wire, or pellets. The metal is 95% iron, and ingots are then sent to Sweden, where they are reduced to powder that can be used in the production of metal objects. As of 2018, was priced at about $6.60 per ounce. In 2018, Stockholm-based watchmaker TRIWA began to market wristwatches 3D-printed with Humanium Metal. In 2019, the Initiative partnered with The Non-Violence Project Foundation to produce small-scale replicas of Swedish artist Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd's 1985 sculpture "Non-Violence". Other companies have begun to produce spinning tops, buttons, and bracelets made from Humanium Metal. In 2017, the Initiative won the Grand Prix for Innovation at the Cannes Lions Festival for Creativity. In 2018, the program won the advertising category of "Fast Company"'s 2018 World Changing Ideas Awards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62864779 |
Color Developing Agent 2 The second in the series of color developing agents used in developing color films, commonly known as CD-2, is chemically known as 4-Diethylamino-o-toluidine 1,4-Benzenediamine, N4,N4-diethyl-2-methyl- or N1,N1-Diethyl-3-methylbenzene-1,4-diamine 4-(Diethylamino)-2-methylaniline. In color development, after reducing a silver atom in a silver halide crystal, the oxidized developing agent combines with a color coupler to form a color dye molecule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62883325 |
Color Developing Agent 1 The first in the series of color developing agents used in developing color films, commonly known as CD-1, is chemically known as 1,4-Benzenediamine, N,N-diethyl-, monohydrochloride. In color development, after reducing a silver atom in a silver halide crystal, the oxidized developing agent combines with a color coupler to form a color dye molecule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62885083 |
PDBe-KB Protein Data Bank in Europe – Knowledge Base (PDBe-KB) is a community-driven, open-access, integrated resource whose mission is to place macromolecular structure data in their biological context and to make them accessible to the scientific community in order to support fundamental and translational research and education. It is part of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), based at the Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, England. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62894871 |
Kristi Kiick Kristi Lynn Kiick is the Blue and Gold Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Delaware. She studies polymers, biomaterials and hydrogels for drug delivery and regenerative medicine. She is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and of the National Academy of Inventors. She served for nearly eight years as the Deputy Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Delaware. Kiick first became interested in a career in the chemical sciences when she was at high school. She studied chemistry at the University of Delaware, from which she graduated Summa Cum Laude as a Eugene du Pont memorial distinguished scholar. She was a Master's student at the University of Georgia, where she was awarded a National Science Foundation (NSF) predoctoral fellowship, and joined Kimberly-Clark as a research scientist in 1992. Kiick returned to academia for a second Master's degree in polymer science and engineering at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She completed her doctoral research at the California Institute of Technology, as a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) fellow. She completed her PhD from the University of Massachusetts Amherst on templated macromolecular synthesis in 2001 under the supervision of David A. Tirrell, prior to starting her faculty position at the University of Delaware in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62899094 |
Kristi Kiick Kiick designs polymer nanostructures for targeted therapies and hydrogel matrices for regenerative medicine. She makes use of biomimetic self-assembly, bioconjugation and biosynthesis. In particular, Kiick has worked on polymer-peptide macromolecular structures that can engage cellular targets. These include the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in click chemistry to form hydrogels that degrade selectively in response to molecules present in tissues and extracellular matrix. Kiick has shown it is possible to selectively release small molecule cargo with a tuned release for applications in targeted drug-delivery and vascular grafts. She has developed resilin-like polypeptides (RLP), elastomeric materials that can be cross-linked using small molecules, as well as hydrogels that contain nanoparticles for targeting tumors and inflammatory conditions. Resilin is a primary elastomeric protein that is found in insects, and helps them to jump long distances and produce sound. She joined the faculty at the University of Delaware in 2001, and earned the rank of Associate Professor in 2007. In 2011 Kiick was promoted to the rank of Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and also named Deputy Dean of the University of Delaware’s College of Engineering. In 2019-2020 she was awarded a Leverhulme Visiting Professorship from the Leverhulme Trust and a Fulbright Scholarship from the Fulbright Program to the University of Nottingham, to develop protocols for fabricating bioelastomeric materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62899094 |
Kristi Kiick Her awards and honours include: Her publications include: Kiick is married with two children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62899094 |
AquaSalina is a salt deicer made from produced water (or brine) at Duck Creek Energy's vertical oil and gas wells. It is then filtered in Cleveland, Ohio and Mogadore, Ohio. The Ohio Department of Transportation approved in 2004, and it has been sold at Lowe's and elsewhere. In the winter of 2017–2018, the Ohio Department of Transportation sprayed over 500,000 gallons of deicer on highways. In the 2018–2019 winter they applied over 620,000 gallons of it. In 2018–2019 they applied nearly 800,000 gallons. In 2017 the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) tested samples and found high radium levels, as has a Duquesne University scientist, who called it "a nightmare". While ODNR's tests indicated the results were 300 times higher than allowed in drinking water and above the levels allowed for the discharge of radioactive waste, it met their standards to be used as a deicer. Specifically, 0.005 picocuries per liter of radium is allowed for disposal, but there is no limit for spreading on roadways. The ODNR samples contained between 66 and 9602 picocuries per liter, including one sample that was higher than raw brine. Several bills have been introduced in the Ohio legislatures from 2017 to 2019 to consider brine deicers a commodity, rather than toxic waste, to exempt them from ODNR testing. Duck Creek Energy won a defamation lawsuit in 2013 against two individuals who said was "frac waste" or "fracking water". AquaSalina's source is vertical oil and gas wells, not fracking wells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62902993 |
AquaSalina They were allowed to continue describing it as "toxic". The ruling made a distinction stating "is" versus "contains" fracking water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62902993 |
Biliprotein Biliproteins are pigment protein compounds that are located in photosynthesising organisms such as algae and certain insects. They refer to any protein that contains a bilin chromophore. In plants and algae, the main function of biliproteins is to make the process of light accumulation required for photosynthesis more efficient; while in insects they play a role in growth and development. Some of their properties: including light-receptivity, light-harvesting and fluorescence have made them suitable for applications in bioimaging and as indicators; while other properties such as anti-oxidation, anti-aging and anti-inflammation in phycobiliproteins have given them potential for use in medicine, cosmetics and food technology. While research on biliproteins dates back as far as 1950, it was hindered due to issues regarding biliprotein structure, lack of methods available for isolating individual biliprotein components, as well as limited information on lyase reactions (which are needed to join proteins with their chromophores). Research on biliproteins has also been primarily focused on phycobiliproteins; but advances in technology and methodology, along with the discovery of different types of lyases, has renewed interest in biliprotein research, allowing new opportunities for investigating biliprotein processes such as assembly/disassembly and protein folding. Biliproteins found in plants and algae serve as a system of pigments whose purpose is to detect and absorb light needed for photosynthesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Biliprotein The absorption spectra of biliproteins complements that of other photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll or carotene. The pigments detect and absorb energy from sunlight; the energy later being transferred to chlorophyll via internal energy transfer. According to a 2002 article written by Takashi Hirata et al., the chromophores of certain phycobiliproteins are responsible for antioxidant activities in these biliproteins, and phycocyanin also possesses anti-inflammatory qualities due to its inhibitory apoprotein. When induced by both collagen and adenosine triphosphate (ADP), the chromophore phycocyanobilin suppresses platelet aggregation in phycocyanin, its corresponding phycobiliprotein. In insects, biliprotein lipocalins generally function to facilitate the changing of colours during camouflage, but other roles of biliproteins in insects have also been found. Functions such as preventing cellular damage, regulating guanylyl cyclase with biliverdin, among other roles associated with metabolic maintenance, have been hypothesised but yet to be proven. In the tobacco hornworm, the biliprotein insecticyanin (INS) was found to play a crucial part in embryonic development, as the absorption of INS into the moth eggs was observed. The structure of biliproteins is typically characterised by bilin chromophores arranged in linear tetrapyrrolic formation, and the bilins are covalently bound to apoproteins via thioether bonds. Each type of biliprotein has a unique bilin that belongs to it (e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Biliprotein phycoerythrobilin is the chromophore of phycoerythrin and phycocyanobilin is the chromophore of phycocyanin). The bilin chromophores are formed by the oxidative cleavage of a haem ring and catalysed by haem oxygenases at one of four methine bridges, allowing four possible bilin isomers to occur. In all organisms known to have biliproteins, cleavage usually occurs at the α-bridge, generating biliverdin IXα. Phycobiliproteins are grouped together in separate clusters, approximately 40nm in diameter, known as phycobilisomes. The structural changes involved in deriving bilins from their biliverdin IXα isomer determine the spectral range of light absorption. The structure of biliproteins in insects differ slightly than those in plants and algae; they have a crystal structure and their chromophores are not covalently bound to the apoproteins. Unlike phycobiliproteins whose chromophores are held in an extended arrangement by specific interactions between chromophores and proteins, the chromophore in insect biliproteins has a cyclic helical crystal structure in the protein-bound state, as found in studies of the biliprotein extracted from the large white butterfly. Phycobiliproteins are found in cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) and algae groups such as rhodophyta (red algae) and cryptophytes. Major phycobiliproteins include variations of phycocyanin (blue-pigment), variations of phycoerythrin (red pigment), and allophycocyanin (light-blue pigment); each of them possessing different spectral properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Biliprotein These water-soluble biliproteins are not essential for the functioning of cells. Some special qualities of phycobiliproteins include antioxidant properties and high fluorescence, and it is their chromophores that give these proteins their strong pigment. Phycobiliproteins are classified into two categories based on their amino-terminal sequences: "α-type" and "β-type" sequences. In biliproteins where the number of bilins on the two subunits is unequal, the subunit with more bilins has a β-type amino sequence. Phycochromes are a subclass of phycobiliprotein that was initially recognised only as light sensory pigments in cyanobacteria. They are now deemed to constitute of all possible photoreversibly photochromic pigments, regardless of function. They are also found in red algae. In a series of journal articles written by G.S. and L.O. Björn, it was reported that phycochromes a, b, c and d were discovered by scientists who fractionated samples of blue-green algae using electrofocusing. The fractions with isoelectric points at or around 4.6 seemed analogous to phytochromes in that they possessed photochromic properties, yet were sensitive to light of shorter wavelengths. All four phycochromes except phycochrome c were extracted from the blue-green algae "Tolypothrix distorta"; whereas phycochrome a was also found in "Phormidium luridum", "Nostoc muscorum" 1453/12 and "Anacystis nidulans"; and phycochrome c was extracted from "Nostoc muscorum" A and "Tolypothrix tenuis" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Biliprotein Phytochromes (also known as phys) were initially discovered in green plants in 1945. The photoreversible pigment was later found in fungi, mosses, and other algae groups due to the development of whole-genome sequencing, as explained in Peter H. Quail's 2010 journal article "Phytochromes". As described in Hugo Scheer's 1981 journal article "Biliproteins," phytochromes function as a sensor of light intensity in ‘high-energy’ reactions, i.e. in higher plants (e.g. underground seedlings), during transformation of heterotrophic blanching growth to autotrophic photosynthetic growth. They carry out this function by monitoring the various parameters of light signals (such as presence/absence, colour, intensity and photoperiodicity). This information is then transduced via intracellular signaling pathways that trigger responses specific to the organism and its development state on both cellular and molecular levels, as explained by Quail. Phytochromes are also responsible for regulating many aspects of a plant's growth, development and reproduction throughout its lifecycle. The lipocalins that have been identified as biliproteins have been found in a wide variety of insects, but mainly in the order Lepidoptera. Scientists have discovered them in the large white butterfly and a number of moth and silkmoth species, including the ailanthus and domestic silkmoths, giant silkworm moth, tobacco hawk moth, honeycomb moth, and the puss moth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Biliprotein The biliproteins associated with these insect species are the bilin-binding proteins, biliverdin-binding proteins, bombyrin, lipocalins 1 and 4, insecticyanin, gallerin and CV-bilin respectively. The biliproteins found in the tobacco hawk moth and pussmoth make up a major part of the insects’ haemolymph fluids. The biliproteins that have been found in other insect orders apart from Lepidoptera still have unknown sequences, and so their lipocalin nature is still open. In a 1988 study conducted by Hugo Scheer and Harmut Kayser, biliproteins were extracted from the large white butterfly and puss moth and their respective properties were examined. Their properties were compared to those of plant and algae biliproteins, and their distinguishing features were taken into account. Unlile plant and algae biliproteins whose bilins are generally only derived from the IXα biliverdin isomer, the bilins of insect biliproteins are also derived from the IXγ isomer, which is almost exclusively found in Lepidoptera. The study cited from M. Bois-Choussy and M. Barbier that these IXγ-series bile pigments are derived from cleavage of the porphyrin precursors at the C-15 (formerly γ) methine bridge, which is uncharacteristic of other mammalian and plant biliproteins. When the scientists examined biliproteins from both the large white butterfly and puss moth, they found that their polypeptides had a low α-helix content in comparison to phycobiliproteins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Biliprotein It was hypothesised that the role of biliproteins in insects would also have a role related to light-absorption similar to that in plant and algae biliproteins. However, when the photochemical properties required for light-absorption were found absent in the biliprotein of the large white butterfly, this hypothesis was eliminated, followed by the assumption that those photochemical properties also do not occur in any other insect biliproteins. Based on these examinations, it was concluded that insect biliproteins are only loosely related to those from plants and algae, due to the large number of differences they have regarding structure, chemical composition, derivation of bilins and general functions. Fluorescent proteins have had a substantial impact on bioimaging, which is why biliproteins have made suitable candidates for the application, due to their properties of fluorescence, light-harvesting, light-sensitivity and photoswitching (the latter occurring only in phytochromes). Phycobiliproteins, which are highly fluorescent, have been used in external applications of bioimaging since the early 1980s. That application requires the bilin chromophore to be synthesised from haem, after which a lyase is needed to covalently bond the bilin to its corresponding apoprotein. An alternative method of uses phytochromes instead; some phytochromes only require one enzyme, haem oxygenase, for synthesisng chromophores. Another benefit of using phytochromes is that they bind to their bilins autocatalytically | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Biliprotein While there are photochromic pigments with poor fluorescence, this problem has been alleviated by engineering protein variants that reduce photochemistry and enhance fluorescence. Properties of phycobiliproteins, such as their natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, food colourant, strong pigment and anti-aging activities, have given them considerable potential for use in food, cosmetics and medicinal applications. They have also proven to be therapeutic in treating diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Given their large range of applications and potential uses, researchers have been trying to find and develop ways to produce and purify phycobiliproteins to meet the growing demand for them. One such phycobiliprotein is C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which is found in spirulina. A limiting factor of C-PC's usage in these applications is its protein stability, given that in its natural form, C-PC is highly sensitive to light and heat when in aqueous solution, due to its photosensitive phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore, which also makes it prone to free-radical oxidation. Like other natural food colourants, C-PC is also sensitive to acidic conditions and oxidant exposure. This has prompted studies to develop methods of stabilising C-PC/PCB and expand their applications to other food systems. More details on the applications of phycocyanin in food and medicine can be found here | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Biliprotein The fluorescence signals emitted from phycoerythrin and phycocyanin have made them suitable for use as indicators to detect cyanotoxins such as microcystins in drinking water. A study examined the nature of the biliproteins' fluorescence signals regarding their real-time character, sensitivity and the biliproteins' behaviour in different treatment stages (of water) in comparison to microcystins. The fluorescence signals' real-time character was confirmed by fluorescence measurements, as they can be carried out without having to pre-concentrate the biliproteins. If the ratio of biliprotein to microcystin is above 1, the fluorescence signals can estimate very low concentrations of microcystins. A test conducted in 2009 compared the behaviour of both biliproteins and selected microcystins MC-LR and MC-RR during water treatment. The test results showed that the biliproteins have an early warning function against microcystins in conventional treatment stages that use pre-oxidation with permanganate, activated carbon and chlorination. However, the early warning function does not occur when chlorine dioxide is used as a pre-oxidant or final disinfectant. It is important for the biliprotein/toxin ratio of raw water to be known in order to use the biliproteins for control measurements in drinking water treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62904359 |
Centre for Industry Education Collaboration The (CIEC) is a British education resource for information about the chemical industry in the UK. The organisation was set up jointly by the Chemical Industries Association and the University of York in 1988 as the Chemical Industry Education Centre; it changed its name in 2014. In June 2016 it won the Royal Society of Chemistry's Inspiration and Industry Award. Research has shown that the ages from 10-14 are when children lose interest in science; the organisation seeks to have up-to-date course material for secondary school teachers that can invigorate science teaching. It organises visits for schools to local chemical companies. It is headquartered in the Chemistry department of the University of York. It is a not-for-profit organisation, and is funded by companies in the British chemical industry. It has charitable status. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62926986 |
List of piezoelectric materials Piezoelectric materials (PM) can be broadly classified as crystalline, ceramic and polymeric piezoelectric materials. The most commonly produced piezoelectric ceramics are lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate and lead titanate. Gallium nitride and zinc oxide can also be regarded as a ceramic due to its relatively wide band gap, that can generate an instantaneous polarisation inside their lattice on application of a force. The semiconducting PM possesses unique advantage such as compatibility with the Integrated circuits and semiconductor devices. Further, inorganic ceramic PM have several advantages over single crystal, such as the ease of fabrication into a variety of shapes and sizes as single crystals requires cutting along the crystallographic directions, thus minimising the possibilities of cutting into different shapes. The next class of PM namely organic polymer such as PVDF, have low Young's modulus compared to the inorganic PM. Piezoelectric polymers (PVDF, 240 mV-m/N) possess higher piezoelectric stress constants (g), an important parameter in sensors, than ceramics (PZT, 11 mV-m/N), which show that they can be better sensors than ceramics. Moreover, piezoelectric polymeric sensors and actuators, due to their processing flexibility, can be readily manufactured into large areas, and cut into a variety of shapes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62935696 |
List of piezoelectric materials In addition polymers also exhibit high strength, high impact resistance, low dielectric constant, low elastic stiffness, and low density, thereby a high voltage sensitivity which is a desirable characteristic along with low acoustic and mechanical impedance useful for medical and underwater applications. Among the PM, PZT ceramics are popular as they have a high sensitivity, a high g value. They are however brittle. Furthermore, they show low Curie temperature, leading to constraints in terms of applications in harsh environmental conditions. However, promising is the integration of ceramic disks into industrial appliances moulded from plastic. This resulted in the development of PZT-polymer composites, and the feasible integration of functional PM composites on large scale, by simple thermal welding or by conforming processes. Several approaches towards lead-free ceramic PM have been reported, such as piezoelectric single crystals (langasite), and ferroelectric ceramics with a perovskite structure and bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSF), which have been extensively researched. Also, several ferroelectrics with perovskite-structure (BaTiO [BT], (BiNa) TiO [BNT], (BiK) TiO [BKT], KNbO [KN], (K, Na) NbO [KNN]) have been investigated for their piezoelectric properties. Important piezoelectric properties are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62935696 |
Gregory H. Robinson is an award-winning American chemist whose research interests reside in synthetic inorganic chemistry, with a particular emphasis on the main group (earth abundant) elements. His research concerns unusual bonding motifs and low oxidation state chemistry of molecules containing main group elements such as boron, gallium, germanium, phosphorus, magnesium, and silicon. Robinson is currently a Foundation Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of Georgia. Robinson has published over 150 research articles. Robinson received his B.S. from Jacksonville State University (1980) and his Ph.D. from the University of Alabama (1984). Robinson has made a number of seminal discoveries in the field of synthetic inorganic chemistry. Many of these discoveries have concerned unusual molecules involving the main group elements. Aromatic molecules constitute a particularly important class of organic compounds. In general, aromatic molecules contain planar carbon-based cyclic ring systems. In addition, aromatic molecules also possess enhanced stability due to electron delocalization. The iconic aromatic molecule is benzene, CH. Inherent in the traditional concept of aromaticity, is the fact that metals were considered incapable of displaying traditional aromatic behavior. Robinson discovered that the main group metal gallium, if properly constrained, could exhibit aromatic behavior | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62952157 |
Gregory H. Robinson Robinson's group prepared a compound that contained a three-membered ring of gallium atoms in a dianion, [RGa] (R = large organic ligand). This [RGa] dianion was found to be isoelectron with the aromatic triphenylcyclopropenium cation, [PhC]. Thus, the concept of “metalloaromaticity”, the proposition that a metallic ring system could display traditional aromatic behavior historically restricted to carbon ring systems (i.e., benzene), was experimentally realized. The chemistry of boron, the fifth element on the Periodic Table, is as rich as it is varied. However, boron had not been shown to engage in robust multiple bonding like its periodic neighbor carbon. Robinson utilized a class of organic bases known as carbenes (L:) to prepare the first neutral compound containing a boron-boron double bond, the first diborene, with the synthesis and molecular structure of L:(H)B=B(H):L. The chemistry of molecules containing boron-boron multiple bonds is now a thriving area of research. Robinson utilized a similar technique to prepare a highly unusual compounds containing a silicon-silicon double bond, with both silicon atoms residing in the formal oxidation state of zero, L:Si=Si:L. Essentially, this compound represented a means to stabilize the highly reactive diatomic allotropes of silicon at room temperature. Since this discovery, several other molecules have subsequently been prepared including diphosphorus. Robinson has published over 150 research articles, including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62952157 |
Patoka Oil Terminal is a pipeline hub located near the towns of Patoka and Vernon. It services five major pipelines in the second district of the Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts including Dakota Access and the Keystone Pipeline. The Hub is located near the towns of Patoka and Vernon, Illinois. The Patoka Terminal is the second-largest pipeline terminal in the Midwest next to the Cushing-Drumright Oil Field. It has 82 storage tanks and stores up to 19 million barrels of crude oil, servicing five major incoming as well as five major outgoing pipelines. It has more than 50 storage tanks and facilitates the transport of oil through pipelines to refineries in various parts of the United States. is part of District Two of the Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts. It was responsible for three-quarters of pipeline movements in that district in 2010 and processes approximately 2.2 million barrels of oil per day. Patoka is the main oil terminal in the region where oil was first discovered in 1938. Tax revenue from operations are collected and distributed by Marion County, Illinois. It was reported by the Chicago Tribune that Dakota Access paid approximately $750,000 in tax revenue for its operations in Illinois. The following pipelines are part of the Patoka Energy Terminal: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62953228 |
Chrome Azurol S is a histological dye used in biomedical research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62983169 |
Chinese Materials Research Society The (; abbreviated C-MRS) is a professional body and learned society in the field of materials science and engineering in China, founded on May 16, 1991. As of 2019, the society has 9 subordinate working committees, 22 branches, 184 unit members and more than 8,000 individual members. It is a constituent of the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) and a member of the International Union of Materials Research Society (IUMRS). The society provides forums for the exchange of information. It aims at promoting the research and development of all kinds of advanced materials, and striving to promote the practical application of new materials, new processes and new technologies in the industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62985630 |
Chinese Ceramic Society The (; abbreviated CCS) of Beijing is a Chinese non-profit professional body and learned society in the field of Chinese ceramics with a focus on scientific research, emerging technologies, and applications in which ceramic materials are an element. It was established in 1945. As of 2018, the society has 21 specialized committees and 3 working committees with more than 20,000 individual members. The started in 1945 as a research group in southwest China's Chongqing city. In January 1951 this group became the "China Kiln Engineering Society" (), but was closed down in October. In December 1956, the "Preparatory Committee of China Silicates Society" () was founded in Beijing, and in November 1959 the name was changed to the "Chinese Ceramic Society". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62986086 |
Ferrophosphorus is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and phosphorus. It contains high proportion of iron phosphides, FeP and FeP. Its CAS number is 8049-19-2. The usual grades contain either 18 or 25% of phosphorus. It is a gray solid material with melting point between 1050-1100 °C. It may liberate phosphine in contact with water. Very fine powder can be combustible. is used in metallurgy as a source of phosphorus for alloying, for deoxidizing the melt and for removal of unwanted compounds into slag. is a byproduct of phosphorus production in submerged-arc furnaces from apatites, by their reduction with carbon. It is formed from the iron oxide impurities. Addition of ferrophosphorus is used to produce powder metallurgy (P/M) steels with favorable magnetic properties, e.g. high saturation induction. Iron phosphide acts here as a solid solution hardener and a sintering aid. Usually about 0.45 w/o of phosphorus is added to iron; higher amount can improve magnetic properties but at above about 0.8 w/o the process parameters have to be too tightly controlled to prevent phosphorus segregation on grain boundaries and resulting excessive brittleness. can be added to cast iron, where the phosphorus improves fluidity and therefore quality of the castings, can increase wear resistance and cutability. In steels its addition to some alloys can improve corrosion resistance. can be used as a construction aggregate for production of high-density concrete for radiation shielding, as an alternative to usually used steel punchings and shot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62991333 |
Ferrophosphorus It can be used with both Portland cement and magnesia cement. Ferrophosphorus, reacted with sulfur or pyrite, is used for production of phosphorus pentasulfide. can be used for production of lithium iron phosphate, necessary as electrode material for LiFePO4 batteries. can be used instead of zinc powder in some paints and coatings. It has good adhesion, anticorrosive properties, electrical and thermal conductivity, and wear resistance. can be used as a reducing agent to produce sodium or potassium from sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62991333 |
Paul Braterman Paul Sydney Braterman (born August 1938) is Emeritus Professor of chemistry at the University of North Texas and honorary senior Research Fellow in Chemistry at the University of Glasgow. Braterman is also a science writer and education campaigner. The author of "From Stars to Stalagmites", and over 120 technical publications, Braterman is a board member of the British Centre for Science Education, and the Scottish Secular Society. Braterman has campaigned successfully against creationism in the classroom in both England and Scotland. The grandson of Eastern European Jewish immigrants, Braterman was born and raised in London. He received his Master of Arts and DPhil degrees from Balliol College, Oxford. In 1985 he received a DSc degree. After postdoctoral research at University College London (adviser Robert Williams (chemist)), and University of California at Los Angeles (advisers Herbert D. Kaesz and Mostafa El-Sayed), he worked in the chemistry departments of the University of Glasgow, where he rose to the rank of reader, and the University of North Texas as professor and chair, and later as Regents Professor, with several periods as visiting investigator at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego, and Sandia National Laboratories. Braterman's work has been supported by the Robert A. Welch Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and NASA’s exobiology and astrobiology programs, for which he also served as an adviser | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63005409 |
Paul Braterman In 2007, he returned to Glasgow where he is now an Honorary Senior Research Fellow. Braterman is the author of over 120 technical publications and two academic books. He worked as a physical inorganic chemist, but with interests crossing traditional subject boundaries. An interest in metal carbonyl spectroscopy led on to work on bonding and reactivity in organometallic chemistry. A long-standing interest in charge transfer phenomena, and their possible relevance to photochemical water splitting, led to studies of combined spectroscopy and electrochemistry in Bipyridine derivatives and their transition metal complexes. Under the influence of Graham Cairns-Smith, he became interested in photochemical and other possible reactions on the early Earth, in connection with the origins of life, and later in isotopic fractionation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry as evidence of reactions taking place there. In view of the possible importance of minerals in the origins of life, he investigated as model systems, the formation and stability of layered double hydroxides, their interaction with chemically bound organic molecules, and effects on particle morphology. Since returning to Glasgow in 2007, has concentrated on educational activities, writing for a broad audience, and campaigning in defence of science education | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63005409 |
Paul Braterman He is on the board of the British Centre for Science Education, and scientific adviser to the Scottish Secular Society His work with these organisations led to the blocking of teaching of creationism as science in both English and Scottish schools. His first popular science book, "From Stars to Stalagmites", was a "Scientific American" book club choice. He has been a regular contributor to "3 Quarks Daily", and his writing has appeared in "The Conversation", "Scientific American", "Newsweek", "International Business Times", and Massimo Pigliucci’s "Scientia Salon". lives in Glasgow with his wife Rebecca. He has three children and three grandchildren. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63005409 |
Quasicrystals and Geometry is a book on quasicrystals and aperiodic tiling by Marjorie Senechal, published in 1995 by Cambridge University Press (). One of the main themes of the book is to understand how the mathematical properties of aperiodic tilings such as the Penrose tiling, and in particular the existence of arbitrarily large patches of five-way rotational symmetry throughout these tilings, correspond to the properties of quasicrystals including the five-way symmetry of their Bragg peaks. Neither kind of symmetry is possible for a traditional periodic tiling or periodic crystal structure, and the interplay between these topics led from the 1960s into the 1990s to new developments and new fundamental definitions in both mathematics and crystallography. The book is divided into two parts. The first part covers the history of crystallography, the use of X-ray diffraction to study crystal structures through the Bragg peaks formed on their diffraction patterns, and the discovery in the early 1980s of quasicrystals, materials that form Bragg peaks in patterns with five-way symmetry, impossible for a repeating crystal structure. It models the arrangement of atoms in a substance by a Delone set, a set of points in the plane or in Euclidean space that are neither too closely spaced nor too far apart, and it discusses the mathematical and computational issues in X-ray diffraction and the construction of the diffraction spectrum from a Delone set | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63018939 |
Quasicrystals and Geometry Finally, it discusses a method for constructing Delone sets that have Bragg peaks by projecting bounded subsets of higher-dimensional lattices into lower-dimensional spaces. This material also has strong connections to spectral theory and ergodic theory, deep topics in pure mathematics, but these were omitted in order to make the book accessible to non-specialists in those topics. Another method for the construction of Delone sets that have Bragg peaks is to choose as points the vertices of certain aperiodic tilings such as the Penrose tiling. (There also exist other aperiodic tilings, such as the pinwheel tiling, for which the existence of discrete peaks in the diffraction pattern is less clear.) The second part of the book discusses methods for generating these tilings, including projections of higher-dimensional lattices as well as recursive constructions with hierarchical structure, and it discusses the long-range patterns that can be shown to exist in tilings constructed in these ways. Included in the book are software for generating diffraction patterns and Penrose tilings, and a "pictorial atlas" of the diffraction patterns of known aperiodic tilings. Although the discovery of quasicrystals immediately set off a rush for applications in materials capable of withstanding high temperature, providing non-stick surfaces, or having other useful material properties, this book is more abstract and mathematical, and concerns mathematical models of quasicrystals rather than physical materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63018939 |
Quasicrystals and Geometry Nevertheless, chemist István Hargittai writes that it can be read with interest by "students and researchers in mathematics, physics, materials science, and crystallography". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63018939 |
Äkta Explorer The was the first high end FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography) system that was developed for Life Science research by the Swedish company Pharmacia in 1994. Its purpose was to simplify and automatize protein purification. It was followed by a line of similar devices (the "Äkta" line). The product line name was transferred together with the sale of Pharmacia first to Amersham and then to GE Healthcare. Although protein purification is possible with a large range of chromatographic devices, the Äkta line represents together with BioRad's NGC line the only devices that were specifically designed for this purpose both from the hardware and software perspective. Main users of these devices are the pharmaceutical industry and academic researchers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63027314 |
Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) is a protein consisting of an adenylyl cyclase enzyme domain directly linked to a BLUF (blue light receptor using FAD) type light sensor domain. When illuminated with blue light, the enzyme domain becomes active and converts ATP to cAMP, an important second messenger in many cells. In the unicellular flagellate "Euglena gracilis," PACα and PACβ (euPACs) serve as a photoreceptor complex that senses light for photophobic responses and phototaxis. Small but potent PACs were identified in the genome of the bacteria "Beggiatoa" (bPAC) and "Oscillatoria acuminata" (OaPAC). As PACs consist of a light sensor and an enzyme in a single protein, they can be expressed in other species and cell types to manipulate cAMP levels with light. When bPAC is expressed in mouse sperm, blue light illumination speeds up the swimming of transgenic sperm cells and aids fertilization. When expressed in neurons, illumination changes the branching pattern of growing axons. Recently, it has been shown that expression of PAC together with K-specific cyclic-nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGs) can be used to hyperpolarize neurons at very low light levels. Photoactivated guanylyl cyclases have been discovered in the aquatic fungi "Blastocladiella emersonii" and "Catenaria anguillulae". Unlike PACs, these light-activated cyclases use retinal as their light sensor and are therefore rhodopsin guanylyl cyclases (RhGC). When expressed in Xenopus oocytes or mammalian neurons, RhGCs generate cGMP in response to green light | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63029820 |
Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase Therefore, they are considered useful optogenetic tools to investigate cGMP signaling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63029820 |
Vasilis Gregoriou (born 1965, Trikala, Greece) is a researcher, inventor, technology entrepreneur and currently the Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors at National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF) in Athens, Greece. During his career, he has achieved international recognition by serving in research and administrative positions both in Greece and the USA. His studies in Greece began at the University of Patras (BSc. Chemistry) while his studies in the USA took place at Duke University where he received a PhD degree in Physical Chemistry. He was also a NRSA award recipient at Princeton University, USA. His academic teaching experience spans in both undergraduate level at the University of Massachusetts and postgraduate level at the University of Connecticut and the University of Patras. His published work as co-author includes three books, six chapters in other authors' books, 92 scientific papers and 146 research presentations. is also co-inventor of 15 patents. His research activities extend over a wide range of subjects including flexible photovoltaic cells based on organic semiconductors, optically active materials based on conjugated oligomers, and nanostructured polymer materials. Prior subjects have focused on the characterization of polymeric liquid crystals, the orientation characteristics of ionic polymeric polymers, on standard self-assembled monolayers, and on chemometrics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63047442 |
Vasilis Gregoriou He has served as President of Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS) in 2001 and now he participates as National Representative of Greece in the Committee of the European Research Council (ERC) for the Horizon 2020 program, the Mari Sklodowska-Curie actions and the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET). has been the Director of the National Hellenic Research Foundation since 2013. As a technology entrepreneur, is the co-founder and the CEO of Advent Technologies which is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Advent Technologies develops advanced technology and devices in the field of energy and defense and it has also developed research collaborations with Northeastern University in Boston, USA, Patras University in Greece, and the Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT/FORTH). Advent Technologies has its own production facilities in Patras and has created a supply chain based on toll manufacturing at world-class in the US and Europe as well as in-house assembly (Greece). - National Representative for Greece in Horizon 2020 Committee in the European Union for the European Research Council (ERC), the Mari Sklodowska-Curie actions, and the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Brussels, Belgium (2014–present) - National Deputy Representative for Greece and Specialist for Nanotechnology in the European Union, Brussels (2007-2010) - President, Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS), 2001. - Board of Governors, Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS), 1998 - | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63047442 |
Vasilis Gregoriou - President, New England Section, Society for Applied Spectroscopy (1997 –1998). - National Research Service Award (NRSA) recipient, NIH postdoctoral fellowship,Princeton University, 1994. - Tomas Hirschfeld Award, Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS), 1992. - Coblentz Society Student Award, 1992. - Paul M. Gross Fellowship, Duke University, 1992. - Research Council Award recipient, Duke University, 1991 and 1992. - Technical Development Division Program Award recipient, Burroughs Wellcome Co., Greenville, NC, 1989. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63047442 |
Vanesa Gottifredi (born 13 November 1969) is an Argentine chemist and biologist. She works as a researcher in the Principal Investigator category of the Scientific and Technological Researcher Program (CICT) of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET). She is also head of the Leloir Institute's Cell Cycle and Genomic Stability Laboratory. She specializes in the mechanisms of tumor cell response to chemotherapy, work for which she was awarded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and L'Oreal-UNESCO. completed her undergraduate studies at the National University of Salta, where she obtained a licentiate in chemistry in 1992. She then studied at the Sapienza University of Rome, where she graduated as a doctor in human biology in 1998. Later she conducted postdoctoral studies in cell biology and cancer at Columbia University in the United States. As head of the Cell Cycle and Genomic Stability Laboratory at the Leloir Institute Foundation, she conducts research on defense mechanisms that both normal and tumor cells use to cope with adverse events, and how malignant cells avoid the effects of chemotherapy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63049540 |
Nekonoshoben is a highly involved traditional Japanese patination procedure used to passivate the surface of reactive knives. It originates from the old practice of stabilizing finished blades after forging and grinding to protect against the humidity of the winter. The formulae and procedures for nekonoshoben are not published widely or freely, but passed on in the Japanese craft tradition. However, some scholars have analysed samples of the material to derive an approximation. Additionally, several different techniques have been proposed to replicate the procedure. According to literature, the traditional formula derived from generations of trial and error consisted of the processed urine of shop cats, giving its name. However, Hasegawa Kumahiko has proposed improvements to the process, with several additives and clarifications. His procedure has been presented below in simplified form. Preparation of solution Preparation of the blade Applying patina However the above procedure is unverified, pending further search and testing. involves immersing the blade in a mildly acidic nitrogen rich liquid for extended periods of time which forms a beautiful uniform blue patina. The acidic environment speeds oxidation, while the nitrogen hardens the outer surfaces of the steel in a nitriding process, increasing edge retention. The small amount of soil added during the processing step provides micro-organisms necessary for the liberation of ammonia from urea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63094234 |
Nekonoshoben After patination, an essential component of the procedure is the stabilization of the iron and alloying elements in their desired oxidation states through complexing to preserve the colour tone. Traditional methods of stabilization include immersion into watermelon to promote formation of ferric/fructose complexes, however analysis has demonstrated that high fructose-glucose syrup is superior to fruit extracts, resulting in increased concentration of the necessary glyometallic complexes. For oxidation of stainless core steel or cladding, immersion for longer periods may be necessary to achieve the same intensity of colour. Promoting oxidation by attaching the stainless blade to the anode of a low potential electrochemical cell may increase the speed of the process. The blue hue arises from absorption of complementary visible light by the metal oxides on the blade surface. The resulting patina should be a intense blue or turquoise colour with an oily appearance. The knife will be resistant to further patination and corrosion. Common issues encountered include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63094234 |
Kate Biberdorf Katherine Alexis Biberdorf (née Crawford) is a popular science communicator and Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin. She serves as Director of Demonstrations and Outreach in the College of Natural Sciences. Biberdorf was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan. She became interested in chemistry whilst at high school, and her mother encouraged her to try out different experiments at home. She enjoyed watching Bill Nye the Science Guy and wanted to become the United States' next television scientist. Biberdorf earned her undergraduate degree at the University of Michigan, where she majored in chemistry and German. Biberdorf completed her doctorate in inorganic chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) in 2014. Her research considered heterogeneous catalysis for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. She became involved with undergraduate teaching, and enjoyed getting young people excited about chemistry. She joined the teaching faculty at UT Austin in 2014 after completing her PhD. At the University of Texas at Austin Biberdorf serves as Director of Demonstrations and Outreach in the College of Natural Sciences. She teaches general chemistry and scientific literacy to classes of five hundred students. After a few months, she created the program "Fun with Chemistry", which introduces elementary, middle and high school students to chemistry experiments. The program reaches more than 20,000 students every year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63095232 |
Kate Biberdorf Outside of her teaching role at the University of Texas at Austin, Biberdorf is active in public engagement and science communication. She created a series of chemistry shows called the "Puking Pumpkin Tour," which she performed at the USA Science and Engineering Festival. She has presented a science show at the Simmons University Leadership Conference. Biberdorf delivered a TEDxDetroit "Creating a STEM Army of Women" in 2018. That year, she was selected by BuzzFeed as one of the world's top women scientists and was included in Amy Poehler's Smart Girls. She is regularly featured in the media, including on Great Big Story, The Wall Street Journal, the Today show, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the Wendy Williams show and CBS. Biberdorf is writing a series of children's science books with Penguin Random House. The "Kate the Chemist" fiction series explore the activities of Kate, a ten year old who uses her understanding of science and technology to solve problems in her everyday life. "Kate the Chemist: The Big Book of Experiments" includes science experiments for children to try at home. Biberdorf married her husband in 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63095232 |
Alfvén resonator An or Ionosphere is a spectral resonance structure found within geomagnetic fields in the frequency range of 0.1–10 Hz. First reported in 1989, they are ionospheric short-period geomagnetic variations primarily seen as nighttime phenomena and rarely observed during the day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63097322 |
Hydrodimerization is an organic reaction that couples two alkenes to give a symmetrical hydrocarbon. The reaction often implemented electrochemically, in which case the reaction is called electrodimerization. is the basis of the Monsanto adiponitrile synthesis: The reaction applies to a number electrophilic alkenes (Michael acceptors). In addition to electrochemistry, the reaction can be induced with samarium diiodide, a one-electron reductant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63105185 |
Cyclooctasulfur monoxide is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula SO,is a type of sulfur oxide and it was discovered in 1972. A crystaline compound composed of cyclooctasulfur monoxide and antimony pentachloride in equimolar quantities can be made (SO•SbCl). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63107430 |
Sara Snogerup Linse (born 30 April 1962) is a Swedish Professor of Biochemistry at Lund University. Her research considers the molecular mechanisms of protein self-assembly in Alzheimer's disease. She serves as Chair of the Committee for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. She was awarded the 2019 European Molecular Biology Organization Women in Science Award. Linse grew up in the Oskarshamn Municipality. Her parents are both botanists. She was thirteen years old when she first learned about proteins, and her high school teachers told her that there were still mysteries in establishing their structure – function properties. She studied chemical engineering at Lund University and Stanford University. She graduated in 1985 and started a doctorate at Lund University in physical chemistry. She then came across another challenge in biochemistry: the interaction of proteins with nanoparticles. Linse was appointed to the faculty at Lund University in 1993, where she was promoted to Professor in 2004. Her research considers the molecular basis of neurological and metabolic diseases. When proteins spontaneously aggregate they can form fibrous clumps known as amyloids. Amyloid-beta peptides are associated with several neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Linse has demonstrated that the process of nucleation and growth of amyloid-beta peptide occurs in two phases; first the amyloid fibrils form and then monomers nucleate on the surface. This second nucleation event gives rise to most of the neuronal toxicity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63120979 |
Sara Snogerup Linse Linse was supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation to investigate the role of fat in protein self-assembly. Fat molecules (lipids) are often present when aggregations are formed, but the majority of research considers how proteins attach to the cell membrane. Her research makes use of a variety of analytical tools to study protein amyloid formation. In 2020 Linse and co-workers announced a mathematical model that could be used to describe the chemical reactions that are responsible for the fibroid aggregation associated with Alzheimer's disease. Her awards and honours include: Her publications include: Linse publishes children's books with her partner Kyrre Thalberg. These have included "Draksommar", "Kjetil och Jostein", "Höst i Drakbergen", "Prins Pralin åker buss", and "Karnevalen i Brind". She is also 2018 World Masters Orienteering Champion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63120979 |
Benita Edds Benita Jean Edds (born 12 June 1958 in Sullivan) is an American former archer. Edds graduated from Indiana State University in 1981 gaining a major in life science and medical technology. She later became a chemist for Eli Lilly and dog breeder. She was inducted into the Indiana State University Athletics Hall of Fame in 1998. Edds competed in the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. She came 34th with 2366 points scored in the women's individual event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63145539 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents Despite the best efforts of the government, health, and environmental agencies, improper use of hazardous chemicals is pervasive in commercial products, and can yield devastating effects, from people developing brittle bones and severe congenital defects, to strips of wildlife laying dead by poisoned rivers. These hazardous chemicals appear virtually everywhere, including in agriculture, workplaces, and in drinking water. Mevinphos is a broad spectrum of insecticides that are used on a wide variety of crops, including apples, peaches, strawberries, nectarines, celery, and cucumbers. They belong to the chemical group known as organophosphates, which have neural toxic effects, not in only insecticides, but also in birds, fish, amphibians, and mammals. While not carcinogenic, mevinphos are potent via all means of exposure, including absorption, ingestion, and inhalation. Organophosphates inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme responsible for regulating levels of the muscle-stimulating neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh). This results in high levels of acetylcholine levels in the body, which causes nearly every muscle in the body to be stimulated without cessation. Symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include violent convulsions, vomiting, miosis, lachrymation, sweating, salivation, diarrhea, and potentially death. Most nerve gases, including sarin, soman, and tabun, are organophosphates, which are all banned by the Geneva Convention of 1925, as they are deemed a war crime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents From 1981 to 1984, 1,156 people consisting of field workers and agricultural officials in Salinas Valley, California were reported to have been exposed to mevinphos, developing insecticide-related illnesses. The exposure began on April 23,1981 when the field was sprayed with mevinphos at 5:00 am that morning, despite a cancellation order having been given the day before. Later that morning at 7:00 am, 44 field workers began harvesting iceberg lettuce on the farm. Two hours later, many of these workers developed symptoms of dizziness, headaches, eye irritation, visual disturbances, and nausea. Thirty-one farm workers along with three agricultural officials who were in the field that morning were sent to a local hospital to be tested for plasma cholinesterase, which looks at two substances levels that are necessary for the nervous system to work properly. Two workers were kept in the hospital for further observation and treatment due to respiratory complications. Two other people had levels of plasma cholinesterase below normal limit. The rest of the workers were disrobed, hosed down with water, asked to get dressed, go home, and wash their clothes at home. No one was told not to come to work the next day. However, due to ongoing symptoms, many of the workers were not able to report to work the next morning. A union representative arranged for 29 workers to be taken to a second hospital for further testing and evaluation. One person was hospitalized due to bradycardia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) began an investigation on April 24 working closely with staff from the second hospital during this acute phase of this incident. The 29 workers reported the following signs and symptoms: “eye irritation (76%), headache (48%), visual disturbances (48%), dizziness (41%), nausea (38%), fatigue (28%), chest pain or shortness of breath (21%), skin irritation (17%), fasciculation of the eyelids (10%), fasciculation of muscles in the arm (7%), excessive sweating (7%), and diarrhea (7%), with twenty-two (76%) of the workers reporting three or more symptoms or signs.” The workers were tested approximately every week over the course of 8 to 12 weeks. When initially tested the first week, everyone’s plasm cholinesterase and red blood cell (RBC) cholinesterase was above normal levels. Test levels from the following week increase by 5% and the week after that by 14%. Over the course of time, their levels kept increasing. This is believed to be due to organophosphates inhibiting the enzyme, cholinesterase, resulting in toxic effects by allowing an increase of the neurotransmitter in the nervous system. It is not known how many other cases were not reported and followed from this incident. Mevinphos is considered among the ten highest health risk posing pesticides and reported to have acute total illnesses in 1984-1990, low oral LD50, and a low Reference Dose (RfD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents On February 28, 1994, the California Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section, recommended the cancellation of mevinphos use in California due to the inability to implement safe mitigative measures and the inability to prevent unacceptable dietary and worker exposures. All pesticides in the U.S. must be reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under the regulations of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), at least once every 15 years. The EPA defines “pesticides” in the FIFRA by four criteria: 1. Claims - The product is claimed or advertised by its distributor as a “pesticide.” 2. Composition - The compound contains at least one active ingredient that has no commercial value besides for pesticidal purposes. 3. Knowledge that the Substances Will Be used as a Pesticide - The distributor has “actual or constructive knowledge” that the product will be used as a pesticide, regardless if the product is not claimed or advertised as one. 4. Plant Growth Regulators - The product is intended to introduce physiological changes to plants that effect their growth in any way. Radium is a radioactive element that is naturally found at low levels in the environment from uranium and thorium decay. It can be found virtually everywhere, including the soil, water, rocks, and flora. As radium is naturally everywhere in the environment, all humans are almost always exposed to radium. At natural levels, radium is quite benign | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents However, at excessive levels, radium poisoning can occur. When the body takes in radium, it perceives it as calcium. Consequently, the body fills bones with radium, which can lead to brittle bones, collapsed spines, and teeth to fall out. Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie. In the early 1900s it was used as radiation treatment for cancer. Expansion of radium’s use in medical practices was earnestly attempted in the treatment of rheumatism and mental disorders. However, these pursuits were unsuccessful. Due to radium’s luminescent properties, American inventor William J. Hammer mixed radium with glue and zinc sulfide to make glow-in-the-dark paint. This paint was used by the U.S. Radium Corporation and named “Undark.” The paint was primarily used for wristwatch dials. Further application of the paint reached military equipment after the company accepted a contract with the U.S. government during WWI. Starting in 1916, the U.S. Radium Corporation established factories in New Jersey that recruited dozens of women to paint the watch dials with Undark. No safety equipment were given to the women, nor were any precautions taken. The women were instructed to frequently lick the paint brushes, in order to keep them wet and shaped to a fine point. Throughout every day, the women’s clothes and skin were covered in radium paint. This led to the women developing fatal radium poisoning. By the mid-1920s dozens upon dozens of these women were falling ill and dying from prolonged, horrific deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents The radium they ingested was dissolving their bones from the inside, causing severe pain and enormous deformities with pieces of their bodies easily breaking and falling off. By 1927, over 50 women died from radium poisoning. A smaller number of these female workers tried suing the company, not only for financial compensation to pay for their large medical bills and to afford themselves income to be able to live out the rest of their lives, but also to expose the company to their wrongful doing. Dial painter, Grace Fryer, as well as four other women sued U.S. Radium for $250,000. However, this lawsuit was unsuccessful because of U.S. Radium’s vast team of lawyers and contractual affiliation with the U.S. government. The women were so desperate to afford medical treatment and food, that they had to settle for $10,000 each and a $600 annual payment. Unfortunately, all five women passed away within two years after the settlement. The fate of the Radium Girls raised a lot of national concern for workers’ health rights and conditions. After the incident, precautions and safety equipment were mandated to protect workers handling radioactive material in several occupations. The Manhattan Project notably used fume hoods, personal protective equipment, sanitation, and frequent checks for contamination, in order to prevent a repeat of the Radium Girls tragedy. In 1949, the U.S. Congress passed a law that compensates workers for occupational illnesses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents By the time World War II began, safety limits for handling radiation had been set by the federal government. In 1934, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) established a tolerance dose for workers of 0.2 roentgens of radiation exposure to workers per day. In 1936, the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) reduced the limit to 0.1 roentgens per day which held through World War II. From 1936 through 1977 there were continual revisions by professional scientists and the government agencies as to what constituted safe doses. By the end of World War II, arguments between the U.S. military leaders and civilian officials ensued as to what were considered best practices to controlling nuclear energy and repressing fabrication of nuclear weapons by other nations. This led to the dispute in going to congress and resulting in congress passing the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1946. The EPA was created in 1970 to accept certain functions and responsibilities from other federal agencies and departments. Since its inception, the EPA has run environmental programs that address radioactive waste disposal sites, off-site monitoring around nuclear power plants, and keeps an eye on natural sources of radioactivity, such as radon. The EPA has developed guidance on topics such as occupational radiation limits and exposures for federal agencies and members of the public | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents The EPA can offer recommendations on quality assurance programs for nuclear medicine under its FRC-derived authority. Perfluorooctanoic acid, a.k.a. PFOA or C8, is a synthetic chemical surfactant that is often used in the process of making non-stick cookware. PFOA is extremely bio-persistent, with a half-life of 8 years in humans. PFOA can stay in the environment and the human body over long periods of time, and can have harmful effects to people exposed in high doses. A worldwide study was conducted to compare “clean blood,” i.e., blood without C8 as a control with blood that contains C8, in order to illuminate the hazardous effects on humans. However, “clean blood,” could not be found from participants because 99% across the globe had derivatives of C8 found in their blood. Instead, samples of preserved blood from American Soldiers during the Korean War were used as the control. The blood was obtained in 1950, a year before Teflon was ever sold to the public. None of the preserved blood was found to contain C8, strongly suggesting that the worldwide use of Teflon caused a nigh-ubiquitous absence of “clean blood.” PFOA has been used to make Teflon, a non-stick cookware by the chemical company DuPont, since 1951. Fortunately for consumers, it does not exist in significant amounts in the final product of Teflon that could cause noticeable harm upon normal use. However, DuPont and 3M workers that handle PFOA, as well as people who live near the plants, are not as fortunate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents In 1981, two babies of female workers have been found to have eye-related defects. In 1986, Buck Bailey was born with a single nostril, a serrated eye lid, and a keyhole pupil, due to his mother being exposed to PFOA on a daily basis when she worked at DuPont. It was not until the early 1990s that the toxic effects of PFOA became a public concern. Wilbur Tennant, a farmer who lives on his own private land near the DuPont plant in Parkersburg, West Virginia, videotaped the calamitous effects of PFOA on his cattle and local wildlife. Calves were born with black teeth and opaque eyes. Several cows and deer were found dead by the stream. As it turned out, DuPont was dumping large amounts of waste PFOA into local streams that fed into Parkersburg's town water supply. So much waste PFOA was dumped that DuPont quickly lost count. Eventually, children were noticed to have black teeth, much like the calves in Tennant's farm. In 2003, 3M phased out C8 for C4 in attempt to avoid public backlash. They urged DuPont to do the same. Instead, DuPont seized the opportunity to become the sole manufacturer of C8 and increased production. This lasted until the EPA banned the production of C8 in 2013. DuPont soon substituted C8 with Gen-X, which is a chemical that has not yet been researched or regulated. In order to detach their name from the toxic reputation of PFOA's, DuPont created the spin-off company, Chemours, to handle production and continued dumping of Gen-X | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents After facing several class-action lawsuits, DuPont paid $43,000 residents of Ohio each $400 to participate in a study to determine whether C8 could be linked to any diseases. Participation in the study also required each person to waive their rights to sue DuPont if no links could be made. The study lasted over seven years and grew to almost 70,000 participants, including West Virginia residents. The results were concluded in 2012. Six diseases were linked: “testicular and kidney cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, pre-eclampsia, and high cholesterol.” Part of the reason it has been difficult for residents of Parkersburg, West Virginia to challenge DuPont is because the chemical company makes large contributions to the local economy, education system, and local government. There are even buildings and a street named after DuPont. PFOA is a group of chemicals that are still being studied. To date EPA has not yet established statutory clean-up levels for PFOA. However, the agency has established health advisory levels for these substances based on EPA’s assessment of the latest peer-reviewed science. This advisory is meant to provide states, tribal and local officials, and drinking water system operators, information on the health risks due to these chemicals in order to enable these people to take appropriate measures to protect their communities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
Gaps in Regulation of Chemical Agents EPA has established a health advisory number of 70 parts per trillion for PFOA in drinking water to provide a conservative margin of protection to the most sensitive populations, thus ensuring protection for everyone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63175323 |
David Tannor David Joshua Tannor (; born 1958) is a theoretical chemist, who is the Hermann Mayer Professorial Chair in the Department of Chemical Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Tannor has a BA from Columbia University (1978), and a PhD from UCLA (1983). He did his post-doc work with Stuart Rice and David W. Oxtoby at the University of Chicago. He is a black belt in karate. Tannor is a theoretical chemist. He studies the effects of quantum mechanics on how molecules move. He worked from 1986 to 1989 as an assistant professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, from 1989 to 1995 as an assistant and associate professor at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, from 1992 to 1993 as a visiting professor at Columbia University, and from 1995 to 2000 as an Associate Professor and since 2000 as a Professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. He is the Hermann Mayer Professorial Chair in the Department of Chemical Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Tannor is the author of "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics" (2018). He has also published or co-published over 120 scientific articles and reviews. Among his more recent ones are "Phase-Space Versus Coordinate-Space Methods: Prognosis for Large-Quantum Calculations," by Tannor D., Machnes S., Assemat E. & Larsson H. R. (2018) "Advances in Chemical Physics", Vol 163. Whaley KB.(eds.). Wiley Blackwell, p. 273-323; "Improving techniques for diagnostics of laser pulses by compact representations," Sidorenko P | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63177604 |
David Tannor , Dikopoltsev A., Zahavy T. et al. (2019) "Optics Express". 27, 6, p. 8920-8934, and "Two-layer Gaussian-based MCTDH study of the S1 ← S0 vibronic absorption spectrum of formaldehyde using multiplicative neural network potentials," Koch W., Bonfanti M., Eisenbrandt P., Nandi A., Fu B., Bowman J., Tannor D. & Burghardt I. (2019) "Journal of Chemical Physics". 151, 6, 064121. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63177604 |
Marie Curie Medal The Marie Curie-Skłodowska Medal is a Polish annual science award conferred by the Polish Chemical Society ("Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne, PTCHEM") to scientists working permanently abroad for contributions in the field of chemistry. It was named in honour of physicist Marie Curie (1867–1934) and first awarded in 1996. The winner receives a bronze medal depicting Marie Curie and on the reverse the Latin inscription "Quo Magis Veritas Propagatur" as well as the PTCHEM logo, year and the name of the laureate. Three laureates of the medal have also been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Roald Hoffmann (1981), Ada Yonath (2009) and Ben Feringa (2016). The winners of the award so far have been: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63180494 |
Karl Söllner (9 January 1903 – 14 June 1986) was an Austrian-American chemist, primarily active in the field of physical chemistry and biophysics. Söllner was the son of lawyer Anton Maria Söllner and his wife Julie ( Karplus). He grew up in Vienna and began studying chemistry and philosophy at the University of Vienna in 1921. From his third semester he was a student assistant (Demonstrator) at thee university. He completed his dissertation with Alfons Klemenc. In 1928 he entered the service of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin, where he worked as a scientific assistant alongside Herbert Freundlich. In May 1933, Söllner began a habilitation thesis in the field of osmosis which was reviewed by Fritz Haber, Max Bodenstein and Herbert Freundlich. Unfortunately, in the same year the Nazi party seized power. According to the national socialist definition he was of Jewish heritage and was therefore forced him to leave his position at the institute in June 1933. He then emigrated to Great Britain, where he found a position in the chemistry department of University College London, where he worked from 1933 to 1937. He was also a visiting researcher and consultant at Imperial Chemical Industries. In 1937 Söllner moved to the United States. There he took a position as a chemist with the Department of Agronomy at Cornell University in Ithaca with support from the “Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced German Scholars“ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63180522 |
Karl Söllner In 1938 he moved to the Department of Physiological Chemistry at the University of Minnesota School of Medicine in Minneapolis. There he was initially employed as an Associate Chemist. He was promoted to "Regular Chemist" in 1939, Associate Professor in 1943 and Full Professor in 1947. Söllner was labelled as an enemy of the state by Nazi authorities. In the spring of 1940, the Reich Main Security Office in Berlin put him on a special Great Britain wanted list, a list of people who, in the event of a successful invasion and occupation of the British Isles by the Wehrmacht, should be identified and arrested as a priority by the SS special forces that followed the occupation forces. Later Söllner moved to the Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland where he worked in the laboratory of National Institute of Arthritis Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, initially at the rank of Principal Research Analyst, from 1948 as a senior physical biochemist and from 1965 as head of the section for electrochemistry and colloid chemistry. In 1973 he officially retired, but continued to work as a consultant and visiting researcher for the institute until 1975. Söllner was a specialist in ultrasound for colloid systems. In this context, he focused his research on the study of membranes and their electrophysical properties and on "Studies of Dispersion of Solids, Coagulation, and Fog Formation". Söllner published about 120 scientific papers in specialist journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63180522 |
Karl Söllner He was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Institute of Chemistry and the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Chemical Society, the Society of General Physiologists and the Electrochemical Society. Söllner married Herta (Helen) Rosenberg in July 23, 1934. Their daughter Barbara Sollner-Webb embarked on a scientific career. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63180522 |
Geopolymer bonded wood composite (GWC) are similar and a green emerging alternatives to cement bonded wood composites. These products are composed of geopolymer binder, wood fibers/ wood particles. Depending on the wood and geopolymer ratio in the material, the properties of the wood-geopolymer composite material vary. The main functions of wood in the composite material are weight reduction, reduction of thermal conductivity and the fixture function whereas the main functions of geopolymer are bonding of wood particles, improvement of fire resistance, providing mechanical strength, improvement of humidity resistance and protection against fungal and insect damages. They serve similar functions and purposes like all other mineral bonded wood composites. The fact that the binder agent (geopolymer) are mostly produced from industrial residue and waste puts these materials at a greater advantage over other mineral bonded wood composites. However, most the works under this topic remains at the research and development phase. Some of the core difficulties in production and commercialization of standardize product is the variation in the sources of the aluminosilicate binder and the cost involve in activating the binder. Currently, metakaolin binder remains as the one key source to produce or bind these products with huge variations in other sources of the binder such as slag, fly ash etc. Currently, there is no commercialization of these products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63201494 |
Geopolymer bonded wood composite More research is still ongoing on these composite materials as to ascertain the properties and how best to utilize these materials. The inherent properties and the incorporation of wood fiber and particles in this composite, has made it possible to produce GWC building materials that are light weight and has a variety of uses due to its heat storage capacity, for example in areas of thermal insulation, fire and noise protection. The wood-geopolymer composite material in the building walls can serve as a microclimate regulator absorbing the moisture when the air humidity is high and returning the moisture when there is a low air humidity period, thus improving the hygrothermal comfort in the building. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63201494 |
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