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Woyie River (Diamond) The Woyie River Diamond was recovered on 6 January 1945 from the Woyie River near Koidu in eastern Sierra Leone. The uncut stone weighed , and at that time it was the largest alluvial diamond ever found, and the third largest diamond discovered in Africa, after the Cullinan Diamond and the Excelsior Diamond. The alluvial Star of Sierra Leone, discovered at the Diminco mine in Sierra Leone in 1970, is larger at uncut. The uncut Woyie River Diamond had a broadly lozenge shape, measuring , with one unusually flat cleavage plane. The rough diamond was brought to London, where it was viewed by Queen Mary in October 1947 and then exhibited at the British Industries Fair in May 1949. The stone was cut by diamond cutters Briefel and Lemer in London (who also cut the Williamson pink diamond) into 30 gems weighing in total, including 10 of over each. The largest of the gems is the Victory Diamond which is weighs and is Emerald cut (occasionally described as "step cut"). The Victory Diamond is described by a GIA report as "D Colour, VVS2 Clarity, Type IIa". The gemstone was acquired by Frank Jay Gould, son of railroad tycoon Jay Gould, for his third wife Florence (née La Caze) and sold after her death in 1983. It was sold again at Sotheby's in Geneva in 2014, and is up for sale at Sotheby's in New York in 2015.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33254668
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John Gibson (cartographer) John Gibson (flourished in London 1750 to his death in 1792) was an English cartographer, geographer, draughtsman and engraver. Recognized as an important late eighteenth-century British cartographer, a contemporary of Jacques-Nicolas Bellin and skilled engraver, spent most of his life in prison because of several debts, however, produced thousands of maps and its best-known work in 1758 was called the pocket atlas "Atlas Minimus". He worked also for the Gentleman's Magazine for which engraved different decorative maps. He also published his own work in "The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure", "The Universal Museum" and "The Universal Traveller".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33277613
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Clas Alströmer Baron (9 August 1736 – 5 March 1794) was a Swedish naturalist who was a student of Carl Linnaeus at Uppsala University. From 1760 to 1764 he traveled throughout Southern Europe, collecting plants for Linnaeus. He established a botanical garden and natural museum near Gothenburg which was managed by the notable botanist Anders Dahl, another student of Linnaeus. Alströmer was the son of the industrialist Jonas Alströmer. The genus "Alstroemeria" was named after him by Linnaeus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33286412
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Onyx Pharmaceuticals Initial funding for the formation of Onyx came from biotechnology firm Chiron Corporation (granted a 43% stake in the new company) and venture capital investors: Avalon Ventures, Institutional Venture Partners, J. H. Whitney & Company, and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. McCormick had been working on cancer treatments at Chiron before he was selected as vice president of research at the newly formed company, leading the company's research program. The acting president of the firm at its inception was Samuel D. Colella, a partner at Institutional Venture Partners (an original Onyx backer). Sorafenib, co-developed and co-marketed with Bayer and sold under the trade name Nexavar, is a drug approved in the United States for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer) in 2005, and for the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common form of liver cancer, in 2007. Sorafenib has also been evaluated in other types of cancer, including those of the thyroid (as a treatment of last resort) and breast (in comparison to capecitabine). Carfilzomib (marketed under the trade name Kyprolis) was approved by the FDA on June 20, 2012 for use in patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies, including treatment with bortezomib and an immunomodulatory therapy, and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy. Carfilzomib is also being evaluated in other stages of multiple myeloma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33293566
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Onyx Pharmaceuticals The most commonly reported adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 30%) are fatigue, anemia, nausea, thrombocytopenia, dyspnea, diarrhea, and pyrexia. Regorafenib (marketed under the trade name Stivarga), is currently being studied as a potential treatment option in multiple tumor types. On 27 September 2012, the FDA approved regorafenib for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy, and, if KRAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy. On February 25, 2013, the FDA approved regorafenib in a second indication to treat patients with locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate. Regorafenib is a compound developed by Bayer. The most common adverse reactions (>/=20%) are asthenia/fatigue, HFSR, diarrhea, decreased appetite/food intake, hypertension, mucositis, dysphonia, and infection, pain (not otherwise specified), decreased weight, gastrointestinal and abdominal pain, rash, fever, and nausea. In 2011, Bayer entered into an agreement with Onyx under which Onyx will receive a 20 percent royalty on any future global net sales of regorafenib in oncology. Bayer and Onyx jointly promote Stivarga in the United States. In June 2013, Amgen Inc offered to buy the shares of for $120 per share, sending the shares up by around 30% after the news was announced
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33293566
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Onyx Pharmaceuticals Onyx announced on June 30, 2013, that it rejected the unsolicited proposal from Amgen. The Onyx board has authorized its financial adviser to contact potential suitors. The acquisition was formally announced on 25 August 2013. In July 2014 the company announced the phase III failure of a Sorafenib-Capecitabine combination trial. The drug combination failed to increase progression free survival of patients with advanced breast cancer.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33293566
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Black hole cosmology A black hole cosmology (also called Schwarzschild cosmology or black hole cosmological model) is a cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole. Such models were originally proposed by theoretical physicist Raj Pathria, and concurrently by mathematician I. J. Good. Any such model requires that the Hubble radius of the observable universe be equal to its Schwarzschild radius, that is, the product of its mass and the Schwarzschild proportionality constant. This is indeed known to be nearly the case; however, most cosmologists consider this close match a coincidence. In the version as originally proposed by Pathria and Good, and studied more recently by, among others, Nikodem Popławski, According to general relativity, the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular Schwarzschild black hole. In the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity, however, it forms a regular "Einstein–Rosen bridge", or wormhole. Schwarzschild wormholes and Schwarzschild black holes are different mathematical solutions of general relativity and the "Einstein–Cartan theory". Yet for observers, the exteriors of both solutions with the same mass are indistinguishable. The Einstein–Cartan theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a dynamical variable. Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of matter
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Black hole cosmology The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity. Instead, the collapsing matter reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds, forming the other side of an Einstein-Rosen bridge, which grows as a new universe. Accordingly, the Big Bang was a nonsingular Big Bounce at which the universe had a finite, minimum scale factor. Or, the Big Bang was a supermassive white hole that was the result of a supermassive black hole at the heart of a galaxy in our parent universe. what if our universe was inside of a black hole that was inside of another black hole?
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33324714
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Mycoplasma meleagridis Also known as: Mycoplasma air sacculitis − Mycoplasma infectious stunting − Mycoplasmosis is a small bacteria responsible for air sacculitis and disorders of the musculoskeletal and reproductive systems in turkeys. The disease is more severe in young birds and occurs globally wherever turkeys are reared intensively. Transmission is mainly vertical via the egg but ticks such as the Ixodes species can also be vectors. The disease is often subclinical but may appear as mild stunting. Air sacculitis appears as tachypnoea, nasal discharge and sneezing. Musculoskeletal problems can lead to lameness, swelling and crooked necks. There may be a drop in egg production. The bacteria can be cultured from tissue samples or swabs and identified with PCR or immunofluorescence. ELISA and the Slide Agglutination Test are used for serological diagnosis. Antibiotics are effective at treating and preventing the disease, especially Tylosin but also Lincomycin and Spectinomycin. Vertical transmission is difficult to prevent, but males can be tested before breeding and eggs can be dipped in a Tylosin bath.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33331852
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Duocarmycin The duocarmycins are members of a series of related natural products first isolated from "Streptomyces" bacteria in 1978. They are notable for their extreme cytotoxicity and thus represent a class of exceptionally potent antitumour antibiotics. As small-molecule, synthetic, DNA minor groove binding alkylating agents, duocarmycins are suitable to target solid tumors. They bind to the minor groove of DNA and alkylate the nucleobase adenine at the N3 position. The irreversible alkylation of DNA disrupts the nucleic acid architecture, which eventually leads to tumor cell death. Analogues of naturally occurring antitumour agents, such as duocarmycins, represent a new class of highly potent antineoplastic compounds. The work of Dale L. Boger and others created a better understanding of the pharmacophore and mechanism of action of the duocarmycins. This research has led to synthetic analogs including adozelesin, bizelesin, and carzelesin which progressed into clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Similar research that Boger utilized for comparison to his results involving elimination of cancerous tumors and antigens was centered around the use of similar immunoconjugates that were introduced to cancerous colon cells. These studies related to Boger's research involving antigen-specificity that is necessary to the success of the duocarmycins as antitumor treatments
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Duocarmycin The duocarmycin analogues are able to exert their mode of action at any phase in the cellular cycle, whereas tubulin binders will only attack tumor cells when they are in a mitotic state. Growing evidence suggests that DNA damaging agents, such as duocarmycins, are more efficacious in tumor cell killing than tubulin binders, particularly in case of solid tumors. They have shown activity in a variety of multi-drug resistant (MDR) models. Agents that are part of this class of duocarmycins have the potency in the low picomolar range. This makes them suitable for maximizing the cell-killing potency of antibody-drug conjugates to which they are attached. Another important benefit is that, unlike other drug classes, duocarmycins can be effective against tumor cells that are multi-drug resistant. For example, potent cytotoxicity has been demonstrated in cells that express the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump. Multi-drug resistance presents a significant problem in the clinical setting and agents that are less susceptible to these mechanisms can successfully be used in prolonged treatment protocols. The DNA modifying agents such as duocarmycin are being used in the development of antibody-drug conjugate or ADCs. Scientists at The Netherlands-based Synthon (formerly Syntarga) have combined a unique linkers with duocarmycin derivatives that have a hydroxyl group which is crucial for biological activity
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Duocarmycin Using this technology scientists aims to create ADCs having an optimal therapeutic window, balancing the effect of potent cell-killing agents on tumor cells versus healthy cells. The synthetic analogs of duocarmycins include adozelesin, bizelesin, and carzelesin. As members of the cyclopropylpyrroloindole family, these investigational drugs have progressed into clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Adozelesin is an alkylating minor groove DNA binder that is capable of rapidly inhibiting DNA replication in treated cells through a trans-acting mechanism and preferentially arrests cells in S phase. It has been shown previously that in cells treated with adozelesin, replication protein A (RPA) activity is deficient, and the middle subunit of RPA is hyperphosphorylated. The adozelesin-induced RPA hyperphosphorylation can be blocked by the replicative DNA polymerase inhibitor, aphidicolin, suggesting that adozelesin-triggered cellular DNA damage responses require active DNA replication forks. These data imply that cellular DNA damage responses to adozelesin treatment are preferentially induced in S phase. Bizelesin is antineoplastic antibiotic which binds to the minor groove of DNA and induces interstrand cross-linking of DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Bizelesin also enhances p53 and p21 induction and triggers G2/M cell-cycle arrest, resulting in cell senescence without apoptosis. Adozelesin and bizelesin cause genomic DNA lesions by alkylating DNA
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Duocarmycin Adozelesin induces single-strand DNA lesions, whereas bizelesin induces both single-strand lesions and double-strand DNA cross-links. At equivalent cytotoxic concentrations, these agents caused different biological responses. Low adozelesin concentrations (e.g., 0.5 nM) induced a transient S-phase block and cell cycle arrest in G(2)-M, as well as increased induction of p53 and p21, whereas a high drug concentration (e.g., 2.5 nM) caused apoptosis but no p21 induction. In contrast, both low and high bizelesin concentrations enhanced p53 and p21 induction and triggered G(2)-M cell cycle arrest and eventual senescence without significant apoptotic cell death. However, in cells lacking p21, bizelesin, as well as adozelesin, triggered apoptosis, indicating that p21 was crucial to sustained bizelesin-induced G(2)-M arrest. Despite similar abilities to alkylate DNA, adozelesin and bizelesin caused a decrease in HCT116 tumor cell proliferation by different pathways. Carzelesin (U-80244) is a cyclopropylpyrroloindole prodrug containing a relatively nonreactive chloromethyl precursor to the cyclopropyl function. Activation of carzelesin requires two steps, (a) hydrolysis of a phenylurethane substituent to form U-76073, followed by (b) ring closure to form the cyclopropyl-containing DNA-reactive U-76074
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Duocarmycin The formation of the DNA-reactive U-76074, via U-76073, from carzelesin was shown to proceed very slowly in phosphate-buffered saline (t1/2 greater than 24 h) but to occur rapidly in plasma from mouse, rat, dog, and human (initial t1/2 values ranging from 18 min for mouse to 52 min for rat) and in cell culture medium (t1/2 approximately 40 min). Although carzelesin was less potent in terms of in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo optimal dosage and showed low affinity for binding to DNA, it was therapeutically more efficacious against mouse L1210 leukemia than was U-76074 or adozelesin (U-73975), another cyclopropylpyrroloindole analogue which is currently in phase I clinical trials. Carzelesin also proved to be more efficacious than U-76074 or adozelesin against mouse pancreatic ductal 02 adenocarcinoma, a system reported to be resistant to every agent tested. Carzelesin was highly effective against this tumor and produced 97% tumor growth inhibition. In addition, i.v. administered carzelesin showed significant activity (National Cancer Institute criteria) against i.v. or s.c. implanted Lewis lung carcinoma, i.p. or s.c. implanted B16 melanoma, s.c. implanted colon 38 carcinoma, and five s.c. implanted human tumor xenografts, including clear cell Caki-1 carcinoma, colon CX-1 adenocarcinoma, lung LX-1 tumor, ovarian 2780 carcinoma, and prostatic DU-145 carcinoma
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Duocarmycin Carzelesin treatment produced 100% complete remissions (no palpable tumor mass at the termination of the experiment) in mice bearing early-stage human ovarian 2780. Pharmacologically, carzelesin proved to be relatively schedule and route independent and was highly active against i.p. implanted L1210 leukemia, regardless of whether the analogue was given i.v., i.p., s.c., or p.o. These results, collectively, suggest that carzelesin is absorbed and distributed well. Both carzelesin and adozelesin caused marked tumor shrinkage in mice bearing human lung LX-1 or advanced-stage human ovarian 2780 carcinoma; however, tumor regrowth occurred shortly after the treatment with adozelesin was stopped. Little or no apparent tumor regrowth occurred after treatment with carzelesin.
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Arseniosiderite is a rare arsenate mineral formed by the oxidation of other arsenic-containing minerals, such as scorodite or arsenopyrite. It occurs in association with beudantite, carminite, dussertite, pharmacolite, pitticite, adamite and erythrite. The name arseniosiderite reflects two major elements of the mineral, arsenic and iron (Greek "sideros" means iron).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33353300
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Porcine epidemic diarrhoea Porcine epidemic diarrhea is a condition caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus that leads to severe gastrointestinal disease in pigs. It is closely related to the agent responsible for transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs. Piglets are most susceptible to the disease, as are young adults during periods of stress. Transmission is via the fecal-oral route. In adult swine, the disease is very mild and mortality is rare. The primary signs are a watery diarrhea and mild systemic signs such as pyrexia, anorexia and lethargy. Diagnosis is via immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry, and ELISA can detect antigen or antibodies. Treatment is symptomatic and aims to prevent dehydration in young pigs, using products such as electrolyte and energy supplements. Good biosecurity protocols such as adequate quarantine, isolation of cases, and disinfection help prevent entry or spread of the disease in the herd. In Canada, the Canadian Swine Health Board developed detailed protocols on how to adequately disinfect transportation vehicles for live hogs and ensure the quality of the disinfection protocol.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33354427
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Water year A water year (also called "hydrological year", "discharge year" or "flow year") is a term commonly used in hydrology to describe a time period of 12 months for which precipitation totals are measured. Its beginning differs from the calendar year because part of the precipitation that falls in late autumn and winter accumulates as snow and does not drain until the following spring or summer's snowmelt. Due to meteorological and geographical factors, the definition of the water years varies; the United States Geological Survey defines it as the period between October 1st of one year and September 30th of the next. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends, so the 2010 water year (USGS) started on October 1, 2009 and ended on September 30, 2010. One way to identify a water-year is to find that successive 12-month period that most consistently, year after year, gives the highest correlation between precipitation and streamflow and negligible changes in storage (i.e., soil water and snow). Examples of how water year is used:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33365528
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Radiation effect is the physical and chemical property changes of materials induced by radiation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33373776
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Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Farisi (d. 1278/1279), an Iranian Islamic astronomer and astrologer born in Aden. He is the author of "al-Tuḥfa", which includes a treatise containing important information for the history of Islamic astronomy and its connection with the religion of Islam.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33383114
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Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Abstracts (CEABA-VTB) is an abstracting and indexing service that is published by DECHEMA, BASF, and Bayer Technology Services, all based in Germany. This is a bibliographic database that covers multiple disciplines. Subject coverage includes engineering, management, manufacturing plants, equipment, production, and processing pertaining to various disciplines. The fields of interest are bio-process engineering, chemical engineering, process engineering, environmental protection (including safety), fermentation, enzymology, bio-transformation, information technology, technology and testing of materials (including corrosion), mathematical methods (including modeling), measurement (including control of processes), utilities (including services). Also covered are production processes and process development. CAS registry numbers are also part of this database.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33383655
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Eugène Penard was a Swiss biologist and pioneer in systematics of the amoebae. Penard was born on the 16 September 1855 in Geneva, and lived until 1954.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33386318
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Lapworth Medal The is the highest award of the Palaeontological Association, given to those who have made a significant contribution to the science by means of a substantial body of research. Source: Palaeontological Association
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33386436
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Keith Christian Dr. is Professor of Zoology at Charles Darwin University where he teaches in the School of Environmental & Life Sciences. He is a specialist in the physiology of amphibians and reptiles.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33392899
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Nipigon (crater) Nipigon is an impact crater on Mars, located in the Arcadia quadrangle just North-East of the volcano Uranius Patera. It measures in diameter. The crater was named after the Canadian town of Nipigon, Ontario, by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1991. The location of Nipigon crater (33.7ºN 81.9ºW) in Latitude and Longitude on Mars is close to that of Nipigon, Ontario (49°00′N 88°25′W) on Earth.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33400046
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Mesohigh A mesohigh (sometimes called a "bubble high") is a mesoscale high-pressure area that forms beneath thunderstorms. While not always the case, it is usually associated with a mesoscale convective system. In the early stages of research on the subject, the mesohigh was often referred to as a "thunderstorm high". A mesohigh forms underneath the downdraft in a squall line and is associated with the cold pool of a thunderstorm. It is largely formed by hydrostatic phenomenon, specifically the evaporation of falling precipitation. As precipitation, primarily rain, falls in the downdraft, it evaporates in the unsaturated air, leading to cooling in the downdraft due to an absorption of latent heat. The cooling of the air leads to an increase in the pressure as the air becomes denser. While not the primary mechanism behind the mesohigh, melting or sensible cooling of hail can also lead to increased pressure in the mesohigh. An additional source of increased pressure is hydrometeor loading, the weight of precipitation increasing the speed of the downdraft, leading to increased pressure as the air converges at the surface. While hydrometeor loading is not a main contributor of increased pressure to the mesohigh, and it is a non-hydrostatic process, it can increase the pressure as much as 2 mb.
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Hydrometeor loading is the induced drag effects on the atmosphere from a falling hydrometeor. When falling at terminal velocity, the value of this drag is equal to "gr", where "g" is the acceleration due to gravity and "r" is the mixing ratio of the hydrometeors. has a net-negative effect on the atmospheric buoyancy equations. As the hydrometeor falls toward the surface, the surrounding air provides resistance against the acceleration due to gravity, and the air in the vicinity of the hydrometeor becomes denser. The increased weight of the atmosphere can support a present downdraft or even cause a downdraft to occur. can also lead to increased high pressure inside of a mesohigh in a thunderstorm.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33432143
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Esdat ESdat is environmental data management, analysis and reporting software for environmental and groundwater data. It is developed by Earth Science Information Systems (EScIS) based in Australia. Data is imported from a range of systems or data sources into a central environmental database, for data comparison, analysis, and reporting where it can be filtered and viewed in usable formats, such as tables, graphs, or on a map. ESdat is used by environmental consultants, government and industry for validation, interrogation and reporting of data derived from complex environmental programs, such as contaminated and industrial sites, groundwater investigations, landfill and regulatory compliance. ESdat is used to manage many types of environmental data including: laboratory chemistry data (analytical results, QA data, lab sample planning and electronic Chain of Custody), field chemistry data (water, gas, soil), hydrogeological data (groundwater, borehole and well construction, lithological, geotechnical and stratigraphic, LNAPL), meteorological data (rain, wind, temperature), emission data (dust, HiVol, air quality, noise), logger data, surface water flows, and flora/fauna/pest/vegetation community data. Data can be compared against Environmental Standards or site-specific trigger levels to generate exceedence tables and other outputs, such as time series graphs. ESdat Information US EPA Database and Software Managing Site Data and the Maintenance of Conceptual Models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33443721
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New Enterprise Associates (NEA) is an American-based venture capital firm. NEA focuses investment stages ranging from seed stage through growth stage across an array of industry sectors. With over $20 billion in assets under management, NEA was the world's largest venture capital firm in 2007. The firm is headquartered in Menlo Park, California, and Washington, D.C., and has additional offices in Baltimore, Bangalore, Beijing, Boston, Mumbai, New York City, San Francisco and Shanghai. Since its founding, NEA invested in nearly 1,000 companies, and realized over 650 liquidity events (with over 250 portfolio company IPOs and over 300 portfolio company acquisitions). NEA was founded in 1977 by C. Richard (Dick) Kramlich, Chuck Newhall and Frank Bonsal. Kramlich had worked with noted venture capitalist Arthur Rock beginning in 1969 and Frank Bosnal had been an investment banker at Alex. Brown & Sons where he focused on initial public offerings (IPOs) for startup companies. Chuck Newhall had previously managed an investment fund for T. Rowe Price in the 1970s. The firm was founded with offices on both the East Coast and the West Coast. Among the firm's first investments was 3Com, which NEA backed along with Mayfield Fund and Jack Melchor in 1981. The first NEA investment fund had only $16 million of capital. The firm's second fund raised $45 million and the third fund collected $125 million of commitments from investors in 1984
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New Enterprise Associates The firm continued to grow steadily throughout the 1980s and early 1990s raising $900 million from 1987 through 1996 across NEA's next four funds. Beginning with NEA-8 in 1998, the firm greatly increased the size of its investment funds. NEA's tenth fund had $2.3 billion of investor commitments in 2000. After raising a more modest $1.1 billion in 2004 for the firm's eleventh fund, NEA raised $2.3 billion and $2.5 billion for its next two funds, respectively. In 2010, NEA launched its thirteenth investment fund with $2.5 billion of investor capital, the largest since the Financial crisis of 2007–08. In 2012, NEA closed its fourteenth investment fund with $2.6 billion of investor capital. In April 2015, NEA closed its fifteenth investment fund with $3.1 billion in investor capital - the largest venture capital fund ever raised. In June 2017, NEA closed its sixteenth investment fund with $3.3 billion in investor capital - again the largest venture capital fund ever raised. In 2018, former CEO of General Electric, Jeff Immelt, joined the firm as a venture partner. In March 2020, NEA named Liza Landsman as a General Partner. She joined the firm as a Venture Partner in 2018 after serving as president of Jet.com, an NEA portfolio company. The firm's investments include Formlabs, Masterclass, 23andMe, 3com, Appian, Bitglass, Bloom Energy, Box, Braintree, Boingo Wireless, Box, Buzzfeed, CareerBuilder, Caremark Rx, CCP Games, Climate Corporation, Cloudflare, Coursera, Cvent, Desktop Metal, Diapers
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New Enterprise Associates com, Drop, Duolingo, Enigma, Fetchr, Forter, Fusion-io, Groupon, Gilt Groupe, Global Savings Group, HealthSouth, Houzz, Jet.com, Juniper Networks, The Learning Company, Lot18, Macromedia, MapD Technologies, MongoDB, MuleSoft, Nicira, Opower, Pentaho, Raise Marketplace, Robinhood Markets, Salesforce.com, ScienceLogic, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, Smartcar, Snap Inc., Spreadtrum, Swiftype, Tableau Software, The Players' Tribune, Tempus, Threat Quotient, TiVo, Topera Medical, Toutiao, Uber, UUNET, Vonage, WebMD, Workday, ZeroFOX, and Zuoyebang.
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Colorado low A is a low-pressure area that forms in southeastern Colorado or northeastern New Mexico, typically in the winter. After forming, the system moves across the Great Plains. Colorado lows can produce heavy wintry precipitation, and have a general east to northeast movement, impacting regions as far north as Winnipeg and as far east as the Atlantic coast. If upper level conditions are right, the jet stream can push the low farther south, bringing wintry precipitation as far as Texas. When pushed this far south, the system is often referred to as a "blue norther". On the more typical track, a can be similar to an Alberta clipper. In the winter Colorado lows are responsible for a majority of the snow that the Midwest receives; however, summer systems can trigger long-lasting convective systems, including severe weather. Spring and early summer cyclogenesis can result in significant tornado outbreaks over the Great Plains and Midwest.
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AAPG Bulletin The is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering geosciences and associated technologies relating to the energy industry. It is an official journal of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. This journal is abstracted and/or indexed in: GeoRef, GEOBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Current Contents, and Web of Science.
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Gen-ichi Koidzumi Gen-ichi Koidzumi
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Richard Hart Brown (June 15, 1941 – June 23, 2005) was a founder of Interoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring and a leading expert on amusement ride and roller coaster safety. He was a founder of the American Society of Neurophysiologic Monitoring and a charter member of the American Board of Neurophysiologic Monitoring. He was also a member of many ANSI boards relating to materials and amusement ride safety.
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Olympic Australis The opal is the largest and most valuable opal yet found () and was valued at in 1997. It was found in 1956 at the 'Eight Mile' opal field near the town of Coober Pedy in South Australia. The opal was found at a depth of . The opal was named in honor of the Olympic Games, which were being held in Melbourne in the year of the opal's discovery. It consists of 99% gem opal with an even colour throughout the stone, and has been left in a natural state, unpolished and uncut with blemishes. is 280 mm long, 120 mm thick, and 115 mm wide (11 in long, 4.75 in thick, and 4.5 in wide). It weighs 17,000 carats (3450 g/121.7 oz/7.6 lbs). , the opal is kept in Sydney, at the offices of Altmann & Cherny Ltd. Other notable individual opals:
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Boris Sket (born 30 July 1936 in Ljubljana) is a Slovenian zoologist and speleobiologist. Sket obtained his doctorate at the University of Ljubljana in 1961 and became a research assistant at the former Natural sciences faculty. In 1965, he became an invertebrate zoology professor at the Biotechnical faculty in Ljubljana and remained at this position until 2006. Between 1983 and 1985, Sket served as a dean of the Biotechnical faculty, and later, between 1989 and 1991, as the 37th rector of the University of Ljubljana. He was retired as a scientific councillor and still lecturing speleobiology to graduate and post-graduate students. His research focuses on the faunistics of troglobionts and biospeleology in general. He described over a hundred new species, some genera and a family of invertebrates, mostly crustaceans and leeches. A new biogeographic classification of Dinaric cave fauna. First ecological investigations of anchihaline fauna. Sket joined the ranks of Ljubljana Cave Exploration Society (DZRJL) in 1950 and in 1964 he discovered Borisov rov [Boris Tunnel], an important part of Najdena jama cave. While the focus of his research was the cave fauna of the Dinaric karst, he also took part in cave explorations in other areas such as Ecuador, Galapagos islands, Colombia, Crete island, The Philippines, Florida, Bermudas, Kenya and China. Sket was the president of the Caving Association of Slovenia, the president of the International Society of Subterranean Biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33498061
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Boris Sket He also serves in editorial boards of several scholarly journals and is a subject field editor of the 'megajournal' "Zootaxa". In 2011, Sket became a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Additionally, he is a foreign member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Holder of some national awards and medals. Approximately 35 animal species named "sketi", three genera likewise.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33498061
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UGPS J0521+3640 is a nearby brown dwarf of spectral class T8.5, located in constellation Auriga. It was discovered in 2011 using United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS), UGPS (UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey) component, 6th data release. Its photometric distance estimate is 8.2 pc, or 26.7 ly.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33503356
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Organic Lake virophage (OLV) is a double-stranded DNA virophage (a virus that requires the presence of another virus to replicate itself and in so doing limits the ability of the other virus to replicate). It was detected metagenomically in samples from Organic Lake, Antarctica. The virus appears to be ~100 nanometers in diameter and to be enveloped. It preys on Organic Lake phycodnaviruses, which in fact may rather belong to "Mimiviridae" than to "Phycodnaviridae". The genome is double-stranded DNA and is 26,421 base pairs in length. It encodes 38 proteins. These include the major coat protein, a DNA packaging ATPase, a putative DNA polymerase/primase and a N6 adenine specific DNA methyltransferase.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33525651
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Mavirus is a genus of double stranded DNA virus that infects the marine phagotrophic flagellate "Cafeteria roenbergensis" in the presence of a second virus — "Cafeteria roenbergensis virus". The genus contains only one species, Cafeteriavirus-dependent mavirus. "Mavirus" can integrate into the genome of cells of "C. roenbergensis", and thereby confer immunity to the population The name is derived from Maverick virus. The virophage was discovered by Matthias G. Fischer of the University of British Columbia while he was working on Cafeteria roenbergensis virus as part of his PhD. The genome is 19,063 bases in length and encodes 20 predicted coding sequences. Seven have homology to the Maverick/Polinton family of transposons. The genome encodes a retroviral integrase, an adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), a cysteine protease and a protein primed DNA polymerase B. "Mavirus" is a genus in the family "Lavidaviridae", which has been established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in 2016.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33526961
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Phytotechnology (; ) is an emerging field that implements solutions to scientific and engineering problems in the form of plants. It is distinct from ecotechnology and biotechnology as these fields encompass the use and study of ecosystems and living beings, respectively. Current study of this field has mostly been directed into contaminate removal (phytoremediation), storage (phytosequestration) and accumulation (see hyperaccumulators). Plant-based technologies have become alternatives to traditional cleanup procedures because of their low capital costs, high success rates, low maintenance requirements, end-use value, and aesthetic nature. is the application of plants to engineering and science problems. uses ecosystem services to provide for a specifically engineered solution to a problem. Ecosystem services, broadly defined fall into 4 broad categories: provisioning (i.e. production of food and water), regulating (i.e. the control of climate and disease) supporting (i.e. nutrient cycles and crop pollination), and cultural (i.e. spiritual and recreational benefits). Many times only one of these ecosystem services is maximized in the design of the space. For instance a constructed wetland may attempt to maximize the cooling properties of the system to treat water from a wastewater treatment facility before introduction to a river. The designed benefit is a reduction of water temperature for the river system while the constructed wetland itself provides habitat and food for wildlife as well as walking trails for recreation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33533216
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Phytotechnology Most phytotechnology has been focused on the abilities of plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Other technologies such as green roofs, green walls and bioswales are generally considered phytotechnology. Taking a broad view: even parks and landscaping could be viewed as phytotechnology. However, there is very little consensus over a definition of phytotechnology even within the field. The "Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees, Revised" defines phytotechnology as, "Phytotechnologies are a set of technologies using plants to remediate or contain contaminants in soil, groundwater, surface water, or sediments." The United Nations Environment Programme defines phytotechnology as, "the application of science and engineering to study problems and provide solutions involving plants." A third definition from the Department of Environmental Engineering Indonesia, gives it as, "a technology which is based on the application of plants as solar driven and living technology for improving environmental sanitation and conservation problems." In phytotechnology the naturally existing properties of plants are used to accomplish defined outcomes with ecosystem services in a designed environment. The phytotechnologic system uses these properties, broadly the degradation/use of chemicals in the environment and the transport and storage of water, to change the output of the system. These mechanisms have evolved since the beginning of angiosperms 1000 mya and have become quite effective
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33533216
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Phytotechnology The diversity of plants also gives versatility to the phytotechnologic system. Plants from the native environment capable to handle many applications and non-natives for more specific projects (such as hyperaccumulators for heavy metal removal). Ancillary benefits are a factor. Community use, education use, tax credits, habitat creation, increased sustainability and aesthetics are all benefits of phytotechnology. The cost of the system is also lower compared to traditional remediation technologies in many cases. Without pumping systems, electricity costs, infrastructure and other costs. Even if the initial investment is higher in some cases (notably green roofs) the costs over the lifetime of the project will be less. Plants will not tolerate certain conditions. Too much pollution, water, salt or other variables can kill the plants in the system. Water solubility of the pollutants affects the system. Plants also have mechanisms to halt the uptake of substances and may not remove a contaminate completely in an acceptable time frame. The length of time in which the project must be completed is another limiting factor. Many phytotechnologies take at least two years or longer to reach maturity and some could be designed as legacy projects, with lifespans which may be 100 years or more. In more temperate climates the systems may become inactive or much less active in the winter months and may not be usable at all in more arctic environments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33533216
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Phytotechnology There are many physiological properties of plants which can be used in phytotechnology. The mechanisms work synergistically to achieve the goals set by a project. Phytosequestration is the ability of plants to sequester certain contaminants in root zone. This is accomplished through several of the plant's physiological mechanisms. Phytochemicals extruded in the root zone can immobilize or precipitation of the target contaminant. The transport proteins associated with the root also can irreversibly bind and stabilize target contaminants. Contaminants can also be taken up by the root and sequestered in the vacuoles in the root system. Phytohydraulics is the ability of plants to capture, transport and transpire water from the environment. This action in turn contains pollutants and controls the hydrology of the environment. This mechanism does not degrade the contaminant. Rhizodgradation is the enhancement of microbial degradation of contaminants in the rhizosphere. The presence of a contaminant in the soil will naturally provide an environment for bacteria and fungi which can use the containment as a source of energy. The root systems of plants, in most cases, will form a symbiotic relationship with the organisms in the soil. The oxygen and water transported by the roots allows for greater growth of beneficial soil microorganisms. This allows for greater breakdown of the contaminant and quicker remediation. This is the primary means through which organic contaminants can be remediated
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Phytotechnology "see also" Rhizofiltration Rhizofiltration is the adsorption onto plant roots or absorption into plant roots of contaminants that are in solution surrounding the root zone. "see also" Phytoextraction process Phytoextraction is the ability to take contaminants into the plant. The plant material is then removed and safely stored or destroyed. Phytovolatilization is the ability to take up contaminants in the transpiration stream and then transpire volatile contaminants. The contaminant is remediation by removal through plants. Phytodegradation is the ability of plants to take up and degrade the contaminants. Contaminants are degraded through internal enzymatic activity and photosynthetic oxidation/reduction.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33533216
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Vasilis Kanatas Vasilis A. Kanatas (Greek: Βασίλης Κανάτας; born 3 January 1967) is a Greek physicist. Kanatas was born in Amfissa, part of the Municipality of Delphi. He wrote his dissertation in Astronomy & Uranography, entitled "Concerning Constellations", at the Department of Physics of Patras University. He is an amateur astronomer and member of the Amateur Astronomy Association "Achyrostrata" (named for an ancient word for our galaxy used by local people), based in the Delphi Municipality. is the author of the book "Astrology of the 13 Signs of the Zodiac" published in May 2011 by Klaudios Ptolemaios Publications. In this he introduces a new, speculative astrological theory which includes Ophiuchus to employ 13 zodiac constellations and proposes the replacement of the ascendant with the place of the Moon on the ecliptic. He also argues that sunspots have an important role in astrology because of their well-documented impact on the Earth and its people. In his book, Kanatas suggested the Greek letter phi (Φ) as the symbol for the sign of Ophiuchus, from the Greek word for Ophiuchus, "ΟΦΙΟΥΧΟΣ"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33536413
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IRIS (biosensor) Interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS), formerly known as the spectral reflectance imaging biosensor (SRIB), is a system that can be used as a biosensing platform capable of high-throughput multiplexing of protein–protein, protein–DNA, and DNA–DNA interactions without the use of any fluorescent labels. The sensing surface is prepared by robotic spotting of biological probes that are immobilized on functionalized Si/SiO substrates. IRIS is capable of quantifying biomolecular mass accumulated on the surface. To perform a measurement, the sample is illuminated with multiple different wavelengths from either a tunable laser or different color LEDs; typically speaking, a relatively narrow bandwidth optical source. The reflection intensity is imaged using a CCD or CMOS camera. By using interferometric techniques, nanometer changes can be detected. Applications for IRIS include microarray format immunoassays, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection, pathogen detection and bio-defense monitoring, kinetic analysis of biomolecular interactions, and general biomolecular interaction studies for research applications.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33548237
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Wave setup In fluid dynamics, wave setup is the increase in mean water level due to the presence of breaking waves. Similarly, wave setdown is a wave-induced decrease of the mean water level before the waves break (during the shoaling process). For short, the whole phenomenon is often denoted as wave setup, including both increase and decrease of mean elevation. This setup is primarily present in and near the coastal surf zone. Besides a spatial variation in the (mean) wave setup, also a variation in time may be present – known as surf beat – causing infragravity wave radiation. can be mathematically modeled by considering the variation in radiation stress . Radiation stress is the tensor of excess horizontal-momentum fluxes due to the presence of the waves. As a progressive wave approaches shore and the water depth decreases, the wave height increases due to wave shoaling. As a result, there is additional wave-induced flux of horizontal momentum. The horizontal momentum equations of the mean flow requires this additional wave-induced flux to be balanced: this causes a decrease in the mean water level before the waves break, called a "setdown". After the waves break, the wave energy flux is no longer constant, but decreasing due to energy dissipation. The radiation stress therefore decreases after the break point, causing a free surface level increase to balance: wave setup. Both of the above descriptions are specifically for beaches with mild bed slope
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Wave setup is particularly of concern during storm events, when the effects of big waves generated by wind from the storm are able to increase the mean sea level (by wave setup), enhancing the risks of damage to coastal infrastructure.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33555016
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NGC 3223 is a faint barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Antlia.
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NGC 3271 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Antlia. At magnitude 11.7, it is the brightest spiral galaxy in the Antlia Cluster, which lies about away.
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NGC 3267 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Antlia. It is a member of the Antlia Cluster, which lies about away.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33587415
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NGC 3268 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Antlia. It is a member of the Antlia Cluster, which lies about away.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33587530
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NGC 3269 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Antlia. It is a member of the Antlia Cluster, which lies about away.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33587688
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NGC 3258 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Antlia. It is a member of the Antlia Cluster, which lies about away.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33587711
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NGC 3260 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Antlia. It is a member of the Antlia Cluster, which lies about away.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33587724
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NGC 3281 is a large unbarred spiral galaxy in the southern constellation of Antlia, located at a distance of from the Milky Way. The galaxy is inclined by an angle of 64° to the line-of-sight from the Earth, with the major axis aligned with a position angle of 137°. It is a luminous infrared galaxy and a type II Seyfert galaxy. is a member of the Antlia Cluster, which belongs to the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster.
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Journal of the Geological Society The is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Geological Society of London. It covers research in all aspects of the Earth sciences.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33605550
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Comparison of chemistry and physics Chemistry and physics are branches of science that both study matter. The difference between the two lies in their scope and approach. Chemists and physicists are trained differently, and they have different professional roles, even when working in a team. The division between chemistry and physics becomes diffuse at the interface of the two branches, notably in fields such as physical chemistry, chemical physics, quantum mechanics, nuclear physics/chemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, solid state physics, solid-state chemistry, crystallography, and nanotechnology. Physics and chemistry may overlap when the system under study involves matter composed of electrons and nuclei made of protons and neutrons. On the other hand, chemistry is not concerned with other forms of matter such as quarks, mu and tau leptons and dark matter. Although fundamental laws that govern the behavior of matter apply both in chemistry and physics, the disciplines of physics and chemistry are distinct. Physics is concerned with nature from a very large scale (the entire universe) down to a very small scale (subatomic particles). All physical phenomena that are measurable follow some behavior that is in accordance with the most basic principles studied in physics. Physics is involved with the fundamental principles of physical phenomena and the basic forces of nature, and also gives insight into the aspects of space and time
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Comparison of chemistry and physics Physics also deals with the basic principles that explain matter and energy, and may study aspects of atomic matter by following concepts derived from the most fundamental principles. Chemistry focuses on how substances interact with each other and with energy (for example heat and light). The study of change of matter (chemical reactions) and synthesis lies at the heart of chemistry, and gives rise to concepts such as organic functional groups and rate laws for chemical reactions. Chemistry also studies the properties of matter at a larger scale (for example, astrochemistry) and the reactions of matter at a larger scale (for example, technical chemistry), but typically, explanations and predictions are related back to the underlying atomic structure, giving more emphasis on the methods for the identification of molecules and their mechanisms of transformation than any other science. Although both physics and chemistry are concerned with matter and its interaction with energy, the two disciplines differ in approach. In physics, it is typical to abstract from the specific type of matter, and to focus on the common properties of many different materials. In optics, for example, materials are characterized by their index of refraction, and materials with the same index of refraction will have identical properties. Chemistry, on the other hand, focuses on what compounds are present in a sample, and explores how changing the structure of molecules will change their reactivity and their physical properties
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Comparison of chemistry and physics The two sciences differ in the role that theory plays within the discipline. Physics can be divided into experimental and theoretical physics. Historically, theoretical physics has correctly predicted phenomena that were out of experimental reach at the time, and could be verified only after experimental techniques caught up. In chemistry, the role of theory historically has been a retrospective one, summarizing experimental data and predicting the outcome of similar experiments. However, with the increasing power of computational methods in chemistry, it has become possible to predict whether a hypothetical compound is stable or not before experimental data is available. In a typical undergraduate program for physics majors, required courses are in the sub-disciplines of physics, with additional required courses in mathematics. Because much of the insight of physics is described by differential equations relating matter, space, and time (for example Newton's law of motion and the Maxwell equations of electromagnetism), students have to be familiar with differential equations. In a typical undergraduate program for chemistry majors, emphasis is placed on laboratory classes and understanding and applying models describing chemical bonds and molecular structure. Emphasis is also placed in the methods for analysis and the formulas and equations used when considering the chemical transformation. Students take courses in math, physics, chemistry, and often biochemistry
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Comparison of chemistry and physics Between the two programs of study, there is a large area of overlap (calculus, introductory physics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics). However, physics places a larger emphasis on fundamental theory (with its deep mathematical treatment) while chemistry places more emphasis in combining the most important mathematical definitions of the theory with the approach of the molecular models. Laboratory skills may differ in both programs, as students may be involved in different technologies, depending on the program and the institution of higher education (for example, a chemistry student may spend more laboratory time dealing with glassware for distillation and purification or on a form of chromatography-spectroscopy instrument, while a physics student may spend much more time dealing with a laser and non-linear optics technology or some complex electrical circuit). According to Bureau of Labor Statistics (United States Department of Labor), there are 80,000 chemists and 17,000 physicists working in the United States as of May 2010. In addition, 21,000 chemists and 13,500 physicists teach in high school. Chemistry is the only science that has an entire industry, the chemical industry, named after it, and many chemists work in this industry, in research and development, production, training, or management. Other industries employing chemists include the petroleum, pharmaceutical, and food industry
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Comparison of chemistry and physics While there is no industry named after physics, many industries have grown out of physics research, most notably the semiconductor and electronics industry. Physicists are also employed outside of science, for example in finance, because of their training in modeling complex systems. Chemistry and physics are not strictly separated sciences, and chemists and physicists work in interdisciplinary teams to explore the following topics.
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Per Karl Hjalmar Dusén (1855–1926) was a Swedish civil engineer, botanist and explorer. As a botanist his interests included pteridology, bryology and paleobotany. He made botanical expeditions to Africa, Greenland and South America. During his expeditions to Greenland, he visited Disko Island to catalogue the variety of flowering plants, horsetails and ferns. Between 1890 and 1892, Dusén collected nearly 560 leaf fossils preserved in basalt in the vicinity of Mount Cameroon on the west coast of Cameroon. Later, these fossils were studied by the German paleobotanist Paul J. Menzel (1864–1927). His botanical specimens are at the New York Botanical Garden, being obtained when they acquired the herbarium of Princeton University in 1945. In 2003, many of the original specimens housed were damaged in an alleged arson at the New York Botanical Gardens. The suspect is still at large, but witnesses report seeing a well dressed, balding man fleeing the scene. More than 200 species were named in his honour, including:
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Ottmar Hofmann (20 September 1835 in Frankfurt am Main – 22 February 1900 in Regensburg) was a German entomologist.He is not to be confused with Ernst Hofmann also an entomologist specialising in Lepidoptera. was a physician. As an entomologist, he worked on Microlepidoptera. His collection was sold to Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham and is now in the Natural History Museum (London).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33636200
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Hugo Theodor Christoph (16 April 1831 – 5 November 1894) was a German and Russian entomologist. Born in Herrnhut in Saxony, moved to Russia in 1858. He became a member of the Russian Entomological Society in 1861. From 1880, he was curator of the Lepidoptera collection of Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia. His own collection was sold to Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham, a member of the Royal Entomological Society, and it is now in the Natural History Museum in London.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33636318
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John Henry Wood (April 14, 1841 – August 29, 1914) was an English entomologist. Wood was a physician (M.B.C.S), practising in Tarrington, Herefordshire. He wrote 45 scientific papers on Microlepidoptera and, later Diptera and described several new species including "Coleophora glaucicolella", "Coleophora sylvaticella" and "Stigmella confusella" . The description of "Stigmella confusella" was a collaboration with his friend Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33639250
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Treble (sound) The term "treble" derives from the Latin "triplum", used in 13th century motets to indicate the third and highest range. The "treble control" is used in sound reproduction to change the volume of treble notes relative to those of the middle and bass frequency ranges.
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Liquid color The term liquid color or liquid color concentrate describes to a system consisting of a liquid binder (carrier), dyes or pigments and other additives such as process additives, stabilisers or similar. The liquid colors are mixed into the plastic (raw polymer or recyclat) for coloring or changing the properties. In general, there are three groups of liquid colors. So-called liquid colours have been used for colouring plastics since the end of the 1960s / beginning of the 1970s. However, liquid colours are still not used extensively and have a market share of just 7 % in Europe compared to 93 % for masterbatch colouring. This is different in the US, where the market share of liquid colors is about 40 %. This is mainly due to the inadequate dosing technology in the early days and the associated contamination in the production area. As a result, the liquid colorant gained a bad reputation and is still not very popular with processors, although the dosing systems have been adapted to the requirements of users, especially in the last decade, and clean and easy handling is possible. It is possible to add liquid colors to a variety of thermoplastic and thermoset processing methods, such as The products obtained from the processing methods are used in the following areas, for example: Depending on the plastic, the choice of the liquid carrier is decisive due to the processing temperatures, compatibility and the later application
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Liquid color In order to prevent migration of the carrier liquid as far as possible, well-tolerated liquid carriers are used which interact with the polymer. The typical components are: Different mixtures of the components are also used. The pigment preparations are produced in batches. For this the formulation components are distributed into a binder previously selected for the respective application and then dispersed. The most optimal breaking up of agglomerates is crucial to ensure a high effectiveness of the colour concentrates and / or functional process additives. Dissolvers, bead mills and roller mills are usually used here. For transparent, thin film applications, particularly well broken down pigments are required. In practice, particle sizes < 5 μm have proven successful for film applications. The liquid colours can be dosed in different ways. The simplest possibility is to use a so-called drum. Here the polymer granulate is wetted with the liquid color, homogenized in a mixing device and usually processed further. In large-scale applications, aggregates such as peristaltic pumps, Progressive Cavity Pumps or gear pumps are usually used. Here, the dosing can take place above the hopper or directly into the melt. Due to batch production, the pigments can be broken down in the liquid carrier medium until they are optimally dispersed. The particles are therefore very finely distributed, which has a positive effect on color intensity and light scattering
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Liquid color Each batch can be controlled in terms of colour, viscosity and particle size distribution and, if necessary, corrected as a whole. If the liquid colorant is added to the main hopper together with the raw polymer, the distribution of the liquid colorant is statistically better than that of masterbatch even before melting. Without additional mixing units, a homogeneous, streak-free coloration can be achieved with highly concentrated liquid color from 0.5 % dosage. Due to the wetting with liquid carrier, the pigments adhere less strongly to the metal components of the processing machines, which results in sometimes significantly reduced color change times. Especially when using hot runner systems, the number of cleaning cycles can be reduced. In addition, it is possible to inject the liquid colorant downstream into the plastic melt with appropriate dosing technology. This means that only part of the production line has to be flushed when changing colors, which saves a considerable amount of material and time. The production of the liquid colours takes place at room temperature. A maximum of 40 °C is achieved by shearing. This means that heat-sensitive pigments such as fluorescent or daylight pigments are not thermally damaged. Defect patterns such as black specks and streaks are reduced and rejects are minimized. Liquid colors do not have to be pre-dried, which reduces energy costs and handling effort and also further reduces the thermal preload
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Liquid color The coloring of bio-based plastics with liquid colors leads to an increase in characteristic values in the notched bar impact test. The disadvantages are the high cleaning effort without using suitable dosing equipment. When dosing in the feed zone, very high colouring concentrations are not possible, since above a certain colour dosing level, overlubrication of the plasticizing screw can occur system-related. This means an excessive liquid film on the plasticizing screw, which hinders the uniform conveying of the polymer granulate. The maximum color dosage depends heavily on the polymer used (particle size, surface finish and surface energy), the machine configurations and the pigment load of the liquid color. This can cause problems with very thin-walled parts that must be colored as opaque as possible, or even prevent coloring with liquid color altogether. If the liquid colorants are not sufficiently stabilized, the colorants may settle. This can lead to uncontrolled flocculation, i.e. pigment particles are in direct contact with each other and can only be separated from each other by high shear forces. When suitable additives are used, pigment particles are connected to a network via additive molecules. Thus there is no direct pigment-pigment contact. Such flocculates can be destroyed by low shear forces, such as manual stirring.
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Mayer's reagent is an alkaloidal precipitating reagent used for the detection of alkaloids in natural products. Mayer’s reagent is freshly prepared by dissolving a mixture of mercuric chloride (1.36 g) and of potassium iodide (5.00 g) in water (100.0 ml). Most alkaloids are precipitated from neutral or slightly acidic solution by Mayer’s reagent (potassiomercuric iodide solution) to give a cream coloured precipitate. This test was invented by the German Chemist, Julius Robert Von Mayer (1814–1878).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33678989
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Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures – from for a few isolates, with optimal growth in the range . It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates. "P. lilacinum" has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes. The species was originally described by American mycologist Charles Thom in 1910, under than name "Penicillium lilacinum". Taxonomic synonyms include "Penicillium amethystinum" Wehmer and "Spicaria rubidopurpurea" Aoki. In 1974, Robert A. Samson transferred the species to "Paecilomyces". Publications in the 2000s (decade) indicated that the genus "Paecilomyces" was not monophyletic, and that close relatives were "Paecilomyces nostocoides", "Isaria takamizusanensis" and "Nomuraea atypicola". The new genus "Purpureocillium" was created to hold the taxon. The generic name refers to the purple conidia produced by the fungus. "Purpureocillium lilacinum" forms a dense mycelium which gives rise to conidiophores
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Purpureocillium lilacinum These bear phialides from the ends of which spores are formed in long chains. Spores germinate when suitable moisture and nutrients are available. Colonies on malt agar grow rather fast, attaining a diameter of 5–7 cm within 14 days at , consisting of a basal felt with a floccose overgrowth of aerial mycelium; at first white, but when sporulating changing to various shades of vinaceous. The reverse side is sometimes uncolored but usually in vinaceous shades. The vegetative hyphae are smooth-walled, hyaline, and 2.5–4.0 µm wide. Conidiophores arising from submerged hyphae, 400–600 µm in length, or arising from aerial hyphae and half as long. Phialides consisting of a swollen basal part, tapering into a thin distinct neck. Conidia are in divergent chains, ellipsoid to fusiform in shape, and smooth walled to slightly roughened. Chlamydospores are absent. "Purpureocillium lilacinum" is highly adaptable in its life strategy: depending on the availability of nutrients in the surrounding microenvironments it may be entomopathogenic, mycoparasitic, saprophytic, as well as nematophagous. "Purpureocillium lilacinum" is an infrequent cause of human disease. Most reported cases involve patients with compromised immune systems, indwelling foreign devices, or intraocular lens implants. Research of the last decade suggests it may be an emerging pathogen of both immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent adults. Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant economic losses to a wide variety of crops
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33691299
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Purpureocillium lilacinum Chemical control is a widely used option for plant-parasitic nematode management. However, chemical nematicides are now being reappraised in respect of environmental hazard, high costs, limited availability in many developing countries or their diminished effectiveness following repeated applications. "Purpureocillium lilacinum" was first observed in association with nematode eggs in 1966 and the fungus was subsequently found parasitising the eggs of "Meloidogyne incognita" in Peru. It has now been isolated from many cyst and root-knot nematodes and from soil in many locations. Several successful field trials using "P. lilacinum" against pest nematodes were conducted in Peru. The Peruvian isolate was then sent to nematologists in 46 countries for testing, as part of the International Meloidogyne project, resulting in many more field trials on a range of crops in many soil types and climates. Field trials, glasshouse trials and in vitro testing of "P. lilacinum" continues and more isolates have been collected from soil, nematodes and occasionally from insects. Isolates vary in their pathogenicity to plant-parasitic nematodes. Some isolates are aggressive parasites while other, though morphologically indistinguishable, are less or non-pathogenic. Sometimes isolates that looked promising "in vitro" or in glasshouse trials have failed to provide control in the field. Many enzymes produced by "P. lilacinum" have been studied
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33691299
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Purpureocillium lilacinum A basic serine protease with biological activity against "Meloidogyne hapla" eggs has been identified. One strain of "P. lilacinum" has been shown to produce proteases and a chitinase, enzymes that could weaken a nematode egg shell so as to enable a narrow infection peg to push through. Before infecting a nematode egg, "P. lilacinum" flattens against the egg surface and becomes closely appressed to it. "P. lilacinum" produces simple appressoria anywhere on the nematode egg shell either after a few hyphae grow along the egg surface, or after a network of hyphae form on the egg. The presence of appressoria appears to indicate that the egg is, or is about to be, infected. In either case, the appressorium appears the same, as a simple swelling at the end of a hypha, closely appressed to the eggshell. Adhesion between the appressorium and nematode egg surface must be strong enough to withstand the opposing force produced by the extending tip of a penetration hypha. When the hypha has penetrated the egg, it rapidly destroys the juvenile within, before growing out of the now empty egg shell to produce conidiophores and to grow towards adjacent eggs. Paecilotoxin is a mycotoxin isolated from the fungus. Its significance is unknown. Khan et al. (2003) tested one strain of "P. lilacinum" for the production of paecilotoxin and were unable to show toxin production in that strain, suggesting that toxin synthesis may vary among isolates.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33691299
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Raluca Ripan (27 June 1894, Iași - 5 December 1972, Cluj) was a Romanian chemist, and a member of the Romanian Academy. She wrote many treatises, especially in the field of analytical chemistry.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33712831
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Hall Sapphire and Diamond Necklace The has 36 matched sapphires from Sri Lanka which total 195 carats. These sapphires are surrounded by 435 brilliant-cut diamonds that total 83.75 carats. The sapphires are cushion-cut, some of the diamonds are pear-shaped and the others are round cut. The setting is platinum. It was designed by Harry Winston, Inc.. It is currently on display at the National Museum of Natural History, part of the Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, D.C., alongside the Bismarck Sapphire Necklace and the Logan sapphire. It was donated to the Smithsonian by Mrs. Evelyn Annenberg Hall (c. 1912 – April 21, 2005) in 1979. She was the sister of Walter Annenberg, publisher, businessman, and philanthropist.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33730339
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Manus Trench is an oceanic trench in the Bismarck Sea north of Papua New Guinea delineating the plate tectonic boundary between the Caroline and North Bismarck plates. There very moderate seismic activity along both these trenches, and their status as an active subduction zone has been challenged. A relative motion of or less has, nevertheless, been suggested for the Manus Trench, roughly normal to the trench. The Kilinailau Trench east of New Ireland forms the continuation to the and is thought to mark the boundary between the Pacific and North Bismarck plates. It is, however, disputed whether the Caroline Plate moves independently from the Pacific Plate. If not, the Manus and Kilinailau trenches form the Pacific-North Bismarck boundary together. Perpendicular to the two trenches is another trench, the Mussau Trench separating the Caroline Plate and Pacific Plate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33774041
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Kilinailai Trench is a trench delineating the oceanic boundary between the Pacific Plate and North Bismarck Plates, in Papua New Guinea. The Manus Trench, which looks as if it is a western continuation of the Kilinailai Trench, marks the boundary between the Caroline Plate and North Bismarck Plates.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33774057
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SrnB-SrnC toxin-antitoxin system The of the F plasmid is homologous to the hok/sok system of R1. Like the hok/sok system, it performs a post-segregational killing function, ensuring that all surviving daughter cells inherit the F plasmid. The system consists of "srnB' " mRNA which is relatively stable and codes for the toxic protein SrnB, "srnB" mRNA, a regulatory element and "srnC" mRNA, an antitoxin with complementarity to "srnB". The suspected method of regulation has not been directly tested for this system, however due to the strong similarity between this system and the hok/sok system, a mechanism of regulation has been inferred based on the structure of the mRNA and the mechanism used to regulate hok expression. The gene system consists of a stretch coding for "srnB' ", "srnB" and "srnC" mRNA. "srnB" completely overlaps "srnB' " and is partly overlapped by "srnC". It appears that translation of "srnB' " is dependent on translation of "srnB", so regulation of expression of the SrnB toxin can be achieved indirectly by regulating translation of "srnB". It is thought that the initial mRNA transcript of "srnB' " is translationally inactive, and in plasmid-containing cells it will slowly bind "srnC" mRNA and be cleaved, or it will be specifically cleaved on the 3' end and rapidly bind "srnC", which indirectly inhibits translation of "srnB' " by regulating translation of "srnB" and causing cleavage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33784766
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SrnB-SrnC toxin-antitoxin system In a plasmid free cell, "srnC" degrades rapidly and remaining "srnB' " mRNA is processed into translationally active 3'-truncated mRNA which yields the SrnB toxic protein, killing the cell. The mechanism by which SrnB causes toxicity is not known, however similarity between the SrnB toxin sequence and the hok toxin sequence suggests that they make have similar functions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33784766
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Johan Emil Aro (1874–1928) was a Finnish entomologist. Aro was a school teacher in Viborg . He worked mainly on Ephemeroptera. Partial list
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33789760
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Francisco de Paula Martínez y Sáez (March 30, 1835 – 1908) was a Spanish zoologist.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33798412
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List of natural history dealers Natural history specimen dealers had an important role in the development of science in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. They supplied the rapidly growing, both in size and number, museums and educational establishments and private collectors whose collections, either in entirety or parts finally entered museums. Most sold not just zoological, botanical and geological specimens but also equipment and books. Many also sold archaeological and ethnographic items. They purchased specimens from professional and amateur collectors, sometimes collected themselves as well as acting as agents for the sale of collections. Many were based in mercantile centres notably Amsterdam, Hamburg, and London or in major cities. Some were specialists and some were taxonomic authorities who wrote scientific works and manuals, some functioned as trading museums or institutes. This is a list of natural history dealers from the 16th to the 19th century: here are names that are frequently encountered in museum collections.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33802674
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Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering fundamental and applied aspects of stratigraphy. It was established in 1993 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33805625
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Yevgeny Korotkevich Yevgeny Sergeyevich Korotkevich (; 1918 – 1 February 1994) was a Soviet scientist and polar explorer, Hero of Socialist Labor, and Doctor of Geographical Sciences. He was one of the leading scientists of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) in the field of glaciology and geography of polar countries. participated in and headed many Arctic expeditions. In 1947-1955, he was engaged in scientific research on New Siberian Islands, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Spitzbergen, Kara Sea islands, Taymyr Peninsula. Since 1955, Korotkevich's scientific and organizational activity was closely associated with the studies of the Antarctic nature. He took part in the 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition and then headed other three Antarctic expeditions. was AARI's deputy director and head of Soviet Antarctic Expedition for a long time. He was also executive editor of the Information Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition. authored more than 200 scientific works and oversaw preparation and publishing of series of reference books on the nature of polar regions. He took part in the drafting of the two-volume "Atlas of the Antarctica" in the 1970s. was a vice president of the Russian Geographical Society and was twice elected vice president of the International Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. He was also a member of scientific boards at several research institutes in Saint Petersburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33809236
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Yevgeny Korotkevich was a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, Meritorious Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR, and twice recipient of the USSR State Prize.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33809236
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Identity channel In quantum information theory, the identity channel is a noise-free quantum channel. That is, the channel outputs exactly what was put in. The identity channel is commonly denoted as formula_1, formula_2 or formula_3.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33849734
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NGC 2397 is a classic spiral galaxy, located in the Volans constellation. It is about 60 million light-years from Earth. The nucleus consists of older yellow and red stars; more recent stars have formed within the outer blue spiral arms, which also feature protrusions of dust. John Herschel discovered the galaxy on February 21, 1835. In March 2006, a star in the galaxy, SN 2006bc, was spotted in the late stages of supernova. Astronomers at Queen's University Belfast, who have been studying supernovas to find out what sort of stars explode, worked through previously captured images of the galaxy and found one of when the star exploded, one of only six ever collected.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33850228
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Cambium A cambium (plural cambia or cambiums), in plants, is a tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth. It is found in the area between xylem and phloem. It forms parallel rows of cells, which result in secondary tissues. There are several distinct kinds of cambium found in plant stems and roots:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33850941
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Luigi Luciani ForMemRS (23 November 1842, in Ascoli Piceno – 23 June 1919) was an Italian neuroscientist. He also contributed to Karel Frederik Wenckebach's work on what is now known as second-degree atrioventricular block of the heart in which Wenckebach described the periodicity of this block as "Luciani periodicity."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33861886
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Iñaki Antigüedad Auzmendi (born 1955, Bilbao) is a Basque geologist and politician. He is professor of hydrogeology at the University of the Basque Country, and leader of Amaiur. Following the strong performance of Amaiur in the 2011 Spanish general election, Antigüedad is leading a campaign to hold a referendum on Basque independence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33878168
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Bacilloviridae "Bacilloviridae" are a suggested family of double stranded DNA viruses that infect species belonging to the archaeal genera "Sulfolobus" and "Thermoproteus". The virions are rod-shaped and inflexible. At the ends of the virion are structures involved in adherence to the host cell. The genome is linear. SIRV may be related to the "Haloarcula hispanica virus SH1".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33881639
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Interference ripples Interference Ripples are a type of sedimentary structure made up of two sets of ripples formed at right-angles to each other as a result of there being two dominant paleocurrents. These ripples may be formed in the beds of intermittent streams.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33904947
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Nascent state (chemistry) Nascent state or in statu nascendi (Lat. newly formed moiety: "in the state of being born" or "just emerging"), is an obsolete theory in chemistry. It refers to the form of a chemical element (or sometimes compound) in the instance of their liberation or formation. Often encountered are atomic oxygen (O), nascent hydrogen (H), and similar forms of chlorine (Cl) or bromine (Br). The concept of a "nascent state" was developed to explain the observation that gases generated in situ are frequently more reactive than identical chemicals that have been stored for an extended period of time. First usage of the term was in work by Joseph Priestley around 1790. Auguste Laurent expanded on the theory in the mid 19th century. Constantine Zenghelis hypothesized in 1920 that the increased reactivity of the "nascent" state was due to the fine dispersion of the molecules, not their status as free atoms. Still popular in the early 20th century, the nascent state theory was recognized as declining by 1942. A 1990 review noted that the term was still found as a passing mention in contemporary textbooks. The review summarized that the increased activity observed is actually caused by multiple kinetic effects, and that grouping all these effects into a single term could cause chemists to view the effect too simplistically.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33907840
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Juan Manuel Lozano Mejía (1929–2007) was a Mexican physicist whose area of specialty was classical mechanics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33915884
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Mountain leather Mountain leathers are flexible, sheet-like formations of asbestiform minerals, resembling leather. Minerals known to form mountain leather include: Mindat.org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33925047
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