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Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel October 1846) was chief medical officer of "l'Ecole polytechnique". Philogène Auguste is buried in the cemetery of Montparnasse. -Translated from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2251428 |
Radio spectrum pollution is the straying of waves in the radio and electromagnetic spectrums outside their allocations that cause problems for some activities. It is of particular concern to radio astronomers. is mitigated by effective spectrum management. Within the United States, the Communications Act of 1934 grants... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256337 |
Carl August Dohrn (27 June 1806 – 10 May 1892) was a German entomologist. Born at Stettin (Szczecin, now Poland) Carl August was the son of Heinrich Dohrn, who was a wine and spice merchant, and had made the family fortune by trading in sugar. This wealth allowed Carl August to devote himself to his various hobbies; tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2257544 |
Carl August Dohrn His Coleoptera collection was very extensive and just prior to his death, at 86, he had received upwards of 1,000 beetles from Sumatra. Dohrn's son Anton Dohrn, an ardent supporter of Charles Darwin, became a famous marine zoologist. Another, older, son Heinrich Wolfgang Ludwig Dohrn was also an entom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2257544 |
Jean-Claude Lorquet (born 19 September 1935) is a professor of Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Liège. He is member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and author of over 100 scientific papers. Some of his students are also well known for their contribution to quantum chemistry and react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2257634 |
Global symmetry In physics, a global symmetry is a symmetry that holds at all points in the spacetime under consideration, as opposed to a local symmetry which varies from point to point. Global symmetries require conservation laws, but not forces, in physics. An example of a global symmetry is the action of the formul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258117 |
Griess test The is an analytical chemistry test which detects the presence of nitrite ion in solution. One of its most important uses is the determination of nitrite in drinking water. The "Griess diazotization reaction" on which the Griess reagent relies was first described in 1858 by Peter Griess. The test is also be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260612 |
Griess test Sodium hydroxide is added to the first bowl followed by the Griess reagent; if the solution turns pink within ten seconds, this indicates the presence of nitrites. The test itself is positive if, after adding only Griess reagent to the second bowl, the solution there remains clear The convictions of Judith ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260612 |
Otto Hönigschmid (13 March 1878 in Hořovice – 14 October 1945 in Munich) was a Czech/Austrian chemist. He won the Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1913. Hönigschmid studied at the gymnasium in Olomouc, then at the Charles University in Prague under the guidance of Guido Goldschmiedt (the discovere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260901 |
First appearance datum is a term used by geologists and paleontologists to designate the first (oldest) appearance of a species in the geologic record. In other words, FADs represent the geologically oldest fossil of a particular species that has so far been discovered. FADs are frequently used to designate segments in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262370 |
Syneresis (chemistry) Syneresis (also spelled 'synæresis' or 'synaeresis'), in chemistry, is the extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel, as when serum drains from a contracting clot of blood. Another example of syneresis is the collection of whey on the surface of yogurt. Syneresis can also be observed when the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265144 |
Syneresis (chemistry) The hard protein shell pops, expelling the moisture. This process is what changes juicy rare steak to dry steak when well-done. It creates weeping in scrambled eggs, with dry protein curd swimming in released moisture. It causes emulsified sauces, such as hollandaise, to "break". It creates unsigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265144 |
Euroclydon (or in Latin: Euroaquilo) is a cyclonic tempestuous northeast wind which blows in the Mediterranean, mostly in autumn and winter. It is the modern Gregalia (Gregale) or Levanter. From the Greek word "eurokludōn" [εὐροκλύδων], from "Euros" (Eurus, meaning east wind) and either the Greek word "akulōn" (akylōn,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265920 |
Alfred Elis Törnebohm (16 October 1838 – 21 April 1911) was a Swedish geologist, best known today for his study of the overthrust of the Caledonian range. After studies at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) 1855-1858, he worked at the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) 1859-1873, from 1870 as its head. 1873-1874 he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265941 |
Bise The (French: "La Bise") is a cold, dry wind in Switzerland which blows through the Swiss Plateau from the northeast to the southwest. It is caused by canalisation of the air-current along the northern edge of the Alps, during high-pressure conditions in northern or eastern Europe respectively. Towards western Swis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265988 |
Bise The wind Le Bise, along with Lake Geneva, is also mentioned in the song "Lonely Sky" which was penned and sung by the Irish singer Chris De Burgh. The song was released in 1975 on the album "Spanish Train and Other Stories". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265988 |
Brickfielder The is a hot and dry wind in the desert of Southern Australia that occurs in the summer season. It blows in the coastal regions of the south from the outback, where the sandy wastes, bare of vegetation in summer, are intensely heated by the sun. This hot wind blows strongly, often for several days at a tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266108 |
Brisote (also brisole) is the northeast trade wind over Cuba when it is blowing more strongly than usual. The typical strength of this wind is 9 m s; anything blowing at a stronger rate may be described as a brisote. A brisote may be associated with tropical cyclones passing north-east of the island. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266125 |
Cape Doctor "Cape Doctor" is the local name for the strong, often persistent and dry south-easterly wind that blows on the South African coast from spring to late summer (September to March in the southern hemisphere). It is known as the because of a local belief that it clears Cape Town of pollution and 'pestilence'. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266146 |
Chubasco A chubasco is a violent squall with thunder and lightning, encountered during the rainy season along the Pacific coast of Mexico, Central America, and South America. The word chubasco has its origins in the Portuguese word "chuva" which means rain. The monsoon storms that regularly pass over the southwestern U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266162 |
Abrolhos squall An (or Abroholos squall or simply abroholos) typically occurs from May through August (austral winter) near the Abrolhos Islands off the coast of eastern Brazil near 18°S latitude, located between Cabo de São Tomé and Cabo Frio. The southeast trade winds of the tropical South Atlantic Ocean acquire heat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266816 |
Leste The is a hot, dry, easterly wind of the Madeira and Canary Islands. It is similar to the Leveche. It blows from an easterly direction in autumn, winter and spring, rarely in summer, and is of intense dryness, sometimes reducing the relative humidity at Funchal to below 20%. The is commonly accompanied by clouds o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266987 |
Perfect mixing is a term heavily used in relation to the definition of models that predict the behavior of chemical reactors. assumes that there are no spatial gradients in a given physical envelope, such as: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2267331 |
Warm Braw is a foehn wind in the Schouten Islands north of New Guinea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2268677 |
Libeccio The libeccio (; ; ; ; ; ) is the westerly or south-westerly wind which predominates in northern Corsica all year round; it frequently raises high seas and may give violent westerly squalls. In summer it is most persistent, but in winter it alternates with the Tramontane (north-east or north). The word "libecci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2268754 |
Marin (wind) The Marin is a warm, moist wind in the Gulf of Lion of France, blowing from the southeast or south-southeast onto the coast of Languedoc and Roussillon. It brings rain to this region which it has picked up crossing the Mediterranean, and also can bring coastal fog. The clouds carried by the Marin frequentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2268794 |
Llevantades Gales from between north-north-east and east-north-east are the most important gales of the east coast of Spain. They are known locally as llevantades (in Catalan) and are an intense form of the llevant or levanter, i.e., north-easterly winds of long fetch, as opposed to diurnal coastal breezes. These gales... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2268875 |
NGC 1705 is a peculiar lenticular galaxy and a blue compact dwarf galaxy in the constellation Pictor, undergoing a starburst. It is estimated to be approximately 17 million light-years from the Earth. It is a member of the Dorado Group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2270861 |
Federation of Astronomical Societies The (FAS) is an international union of astronomical societies formed in 1974. Its motto is "Supporting UK Astronomy", and there is also one member society from Spain. As of August 2014, it has 205 member societies. FAS publishes a newsletter 3 times a year, which is sent to its memb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2273293 |
Golden Field Guide The Golden Field Guides are a series of larger pocket-sized books that were created by Western Publishing and published under their "Golden Press" line (mostly used for children's books at the time), as a related series to the Golden Guides. Edited by Herbert Zim and Vera Webster, the books were writ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2274379 |
Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry and its subfield, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime scene. Specialists in this field have a wide array of methods and instruments to help identify unknown substances. These... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry To ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting, forensic chemists routinely check and verify that their instruments are working correctly and are still able to detect and measure various quantities of different substances. Forensic chemists' analysis can provide leads for investigators, and they c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry The instruments used by forensic chemists can detect minute quantities, and accurate measurement can be important in crimes such as driving under the influence as there are specific blood alcohol content cutoffs where penalties begin or increase. In suspected overdose cases, the quantity of the drug ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry The next advancement in the detection of poisons came in 1850 when a valid method for detecting vegetable alkaloids in human tissue was created by chemist Jean Stas. Stas's method was quickly adopted and used successfully in court to convict Count Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé of murdering his brother-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry By matching the retention factors for the separated components with known values, materials can be identified. Modern forensic chemists rely on numerous instruments to identify unknown materials found at a crime scene. The 20th century saw many advancements in technology that allowed chemists to dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry Advancements in the field of chromatography arrived in 1953 with the invention of the gas chromatograph by Anthony T. James and Archer John Porter Martin, allowing for the separation of volatile liquid mixtures with components which have similar boiling points. Nonvolatile liquid mixtures could be se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry Different methods can be used to determine the identity of the same substance, and it is up to the examiner to determine which method will produce the best results. Factors that forensic chemists might consider when performing an examination are the length of time a specific instrument will take to e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry When analyzing an unknown that contains more than one substance, the resulting spectra will be a combination of the individual spectra of each component. While common mixtures have known spectra on file, novel mixtures can be difficult to resolve, making FTIR an unacceptable means of identification. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry AAS is useful in cases of suspected heavy metal poisoning such as with arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium. The concentration of the substance in the sample can indicate whether heavy metals were the cause of death. Spectroscopy techniques are useful when the sample being tested is pure, or a very co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry High-performance liquid chromatography can be used to extract individual components from a mixture dissolved in a solution. HPLC is used for nonvolatile mixtures that would not be suitable for gas chromatography. This is useful in drug analysis where the pharmaceutical is a combination drug since the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry GC-MS instruments need around 1,000 times more of the substance to quantify the amount than they need simply to detect it; the limit of quantification is typically in the nanogram () range. Forensic toxicology is the study of the pharmacodynamics, or what a substance does to the body, and pharmacokin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry The constant creation of new drugs, both legal and illicit, forces toxicologists to keep themselves apprised of new research and methods to test for these novel substances. The stream of new formulations means that a negative test result does not necessarily rule out drugs. To avoid detection, illici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry To ensure the accuracy of identifications SWGDRUG recommends that multiple tests using different instruments be performed on each sample, and that one category A technique and at least one other technique be used. If a category A technique is not available, or the forensic chemist decides not to use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry The standardized procedures for testimony by forensic chemists are provided by the various agencies that employ the scientists as well as SWGDRUG. Forensic chemists are ethically bound to present testimony in a neutral manner and to be open to reconsidering their statements if new information is foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry Practicing chemists already in the field are expected to have continuing education to maintain their proficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Dimitar Paskov () is a Bulgarian chemist who led the Sopharma team that extracted Nivalin (Galantamine) in 1959. The original phytopreparation is an extract of the alkaloid from bulbs of common snowdrop. Galantamine hydrobromide (Nivalin) has formula C17H21NO3.HBr and molecular weight 386.3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279286 |
Pyrena or pyrene is the name for the stone within a drupe or drupelet. It consists of a seed surrounded by hard endocarp tissue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2282439 |
Achille Guenée (sometimes M.A. Guenée; 1 January 1809 – 30 December 1880) was a French lawyer and entomologist. was born in Chartres and died in Châteaudun. He was educated in Chartres, where he showed a very early interest in butterflies and was encouraged and taught by François de Villiers (1790–1847). He went to stu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2282521 |
Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy, cell transplantation, or cytotherapy) is a therapy in which viable cells are injected, grafted or implanted into a patient in order to effectuate a medicinal effect, for example, by transplanting T-cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity in the cours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285013 |
Cell therapy In 1931 Paul Niehans (1882–1971) – who has been called the inventor of cell therapy – attempted to cure a patient by injecting material from calf embryos. Niehans claimed to have treated many people for cancer using this technique, though his claims have never been validated by research. In 1953 researcher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285013 |
Cell therapy For a long time, bone marrow transplantation was the only clinically applicable method of cell transplantation, however, since the 1990s, cell therapy has been investigated for a wide scale of pathologies and disorders. provided a novel approach to effectuate therapeutic efficacy. Previously, medical agent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285013 |
Cell therapy In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the allogenic methodology is promising because unmatched allogenic therapies can form the basis of "off the shelf" products. There is research interest in attempting to develop such products to treat conditions including Crohn's disease and a variety of vascular conditions.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285013 |
Cell therapy In xenogeneic cell therapies, the recipient will receive cells from another species. For example, the transplantation of pig derived cells to humans. Currently, xenogeneic cell therapies primarily involve human cell transplantation into experimental animal models for assessment of efficacy and safety, howe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285013 |
Cell therapy Results show that MSCs can develop into normal osteoblasts, leading to fast bone development and reduced fracture frequencies. A more recent clinical trial showed that allogeneic fetal MSCs transplanted in utero in patients with severe OI can engraft and differentiate into bone in a human fetus. Besides bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285013 |
Cell therapy There are three types of HSC transplantation: syngeneic, autologous, and allogeneic transplants. Syngeneic transplantations occur between identical twins. Autologous transplantations use the HSCs obtained directly from the patient and hence avoid complications of tissue incompatibility; whereas allogeneic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285013 |
Cell therapy This tends to involve specialized cells able to facilitate specific function in the patients body (for example, transplantation of cardiomyocytes to repair heart function or islet cell transplantation for establishing insulin homeostasis in diabetes patients) or support/regenerate the extracellular matrix ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285013 |
Mixed oxide In chemistry, a mixed oxide is a somewhat informal name for an oxide that contains cations of more than one chemical element or cations of a single element in several states of oxidation. The term is usually applied to solid ionic compounds that contain the oxide anion O and two or more element cations. Typ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285301 |
Mixed oxide minerals are plentiful in nature. Synthetic mixed oxides are components of many ceramics with remarkable properties and important advanced technological applications, such as strong magnets, fine optics, lasers, semiconductors, piezoelectrics, superconductors, catalysts, refractories, gas mantles, nuclear f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285301 |
Hans Bøchmann Melchior (14 May 1773 – 11 September 1831) was a Danish Naturalist. He was the author of "Den danske Stats og Norges Pattedyr" ("The mammals of the Danish state and Norway"), published posthumously in 1834. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2285868 |
Gram per litre A gram per litre or gram per liter (g/L or g/l) is a unit of measurement of mass concentration that shows how many grams of a certain substance are present in one litre of a (usually liquid or gaseous) mixture. It is not an SI unit – the SI unit of mass concentration is kilogram per cubic metre, which is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2286590 |
Kaonium is an exotic atom consisting of a bound state of a positively charged and a negatively charged kaon. has not been observed experimentally and is expected to have a short lifetime on the order of 10 seconds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2286731 |
Hans Henrik Reusch (5 September 1852 – 27 October 1922) was a Norwegian geologist, geomorphologist and educator. He served as director of the Geological Survey of Norway. Born in Bergen, he was educated at the University of Leipzig and Heidelberg University. He graduated Ph.D. at the University of Christiania (now Univ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2287325 |
Hans Henrik Reusch In 1900 he was among the founders of the Norwegian association of book artwork ("Foreningen for norsk bokkunst"). In 1907, his honorary doctorate was awarded at Oxford University. In 1922, he served as the first chairman of the Norwegian Association of Bibliophiles ("Bibliofiklubben"). Reusch died at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2287325 |
Friedrich Adolph Roemer (15 April 1809 – 25 November 1869), German geologist, was born at Hildesheim, in the Kingdom of Westphalia. His father was a lawyer and councillor of the high court of justice. In 1845 he became professor of mineralogy and geology at Clausthal, and in 1862 named director of the School of Mines. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2287377 |
Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville (26 February 1814 – 10 October 1876) was a geologist and meteorologist. Born in St. Thomas, he was the brother of chemist Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville. Having attended at the École des Mines in Paris, he assisted Élie de Beaumont in the chair of geology at the Collège de Fran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2288569 |
Deng Qingming () is a Chinese pilot selected as part of the Shenzhou program. He was born in the Jiangxi province of China. A fighter pilot in the People's Liberation Army Air Force, he was selected to be an astronaut in 1998. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2290181 |
Li Qinglong (; born August 1962) is a Chinese pilot selected as part of the Shenzhou program. was born in Dingyuan, Anhui province, China. In 1987 he graduated from the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) Missile College and later the PLAAF Flight College. A fighter pilot in the PLAAF, he had accumulated 1230 fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2290361 |
Liu Wang (, born in 1969) is a Chinese pilot selected as part of the Shenzhou program. He was born in the Shanxi province of China and was a fighter pilot in the People's Liberation Army Air Force. He was selected to be an astronaut in 1998. was selected to be part of the crew of Shenzhou 9, the first manned mission to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2290387 |
Pan Zhanchun () is a Chinese pilot selected as part of the Shenzhou program. He was a fighter pilot in the People's Liberation Army Air Force and was selected to be an astronaut in 1998. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2290404 |
Zhang Xiaoguang () is a Chinese pilot selected as part of the Shenzhou program. He was born in May 1966 in Jinzhou, to a family of Manchu ethnicity and was a squadron commander in the People's Liberation Army Air Force when he was selected to be an astronaut in 1998. He had accumulated 1000 flight-hours as of 2004. He ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2290498 |
Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that GM technology adoption had reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%. This reduction in pesticide use has been ecologically beneficial, but benefits may be reduced by overuse. Yield gains and pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops The first evidence of plant domestication comes from emmer and einkorn wheat found in pre-Pottery Neolithic A villages in Southwest Asia dated about 10,500 to 10,100 BC. The Fertile Crescent of Western Asia, Egypt, and India were sites of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Plasmids, discovered in 1952, became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences. In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, "Agrobacterium tumefaciens", was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops The tobacco was infected with "Agrobacterium" transformed with this plasmid resulting in the chimeric gene being inserted into the plant. Through tissue culture techniques a single tobacco cell was selected that contained the gene and a new plant grown from it. The first field trials of genet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialised genetically modified crops and a further 31 countries had granted regulatory approval for transgenic crops to be imported. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialised was the GloFish, a Zebra fish with a fluorescent gene added th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops This method has been applied successfully for many cultivated crops, especially monocots like wheat or maize, for which transformation using "Agrobacterium tumefaciens" has been less successful. The major disadvantage of this procedure is that serious damage can be done to the cellular tissue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Plant scientists, backed by results of modern comprehensive profiling of crop composition, point out that crops modified using GM techniques are less likely to have unintended changes than are conventionally bred crops. In research tobacco and "Arabidopsis thaliana" are the most frequently mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops In the laboratory, transgenic plants have been modified to increase photosynthesis (currently about 2% at most plants versus the theoretic potential of 9–10%). This is possible by changing the rubisco enzyme (i.e. changing C plants into C plants), by placing the rubisco in a carboxysome, by a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops The CRISPR technique has also been used by Penn State researcher Yinong Yang to modify white button mushrooms ("Agaricus bisporus") to be non-browning, and by DuPont Pioneer to make a new variety of corn. With multiple trait integration, several new traits may be integrated into a new crop. G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops PG Economics comprehensive 2012 study concluded that GM crops increased farm incomes worldwide by $14 billion in 2010, with over half this total going to farmers in developing countries. Critics challenged the claimed benefits to farmers over the prevalence of biased observers and by the abse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Feed grain usage as a percentage of total crop production is 70% for corn and more than 90% of oil seed meals such as soybeans. About 65 million metric tons of GM corn grains and about 70 million metric tons of soybean meals derived from GM soybean become feed. In 2014 the global value of bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops In 2014, the largest review yet concluded that GM crops' effects on farming were positive. The meta-analysis considered all published English-language examinations of the agronomic and economic impacts between 1995 and March 2014 for three major GM crops: soybean, maize, and cotton. The study... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Recently, research and development has been targeted to enhancement of crops that are locally important in developing countries, such as insect-resistant cowpea for Africa and insect-resistant brinjal (eggplant). The first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the U.S. was the "Flavr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops During the time that it is switched off, the amount of energy that is wasted increases. A genetic modification in three genes allows to correct this (in a trial with tobacco plants). As a result, yields were 14-20% higher, in terms of the weight of the dry leaves harvested. The plants had lar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops In 2011, Monsanto's DroughtGard maize became the first drought-resistant GM crop to receive US marketing approval. Drought resistance occurs by modifying the plant's genes responsible for the mechanism known as the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which allows the plants to survive despite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Some micro-organisms have a version of EPSPS that is resistant to glyphosate inhibition. One of these was isolated from an "Agrobacterium" strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) that was resistant to glyphosate. The CP4 EPSPS gene was engineered for plant expression by fusing the 5' end of the gene to a chlo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops The USDA had approved maize and soybeans with the mutation in September 2014. Monsanto has requested approval for a stacked strain that is tolerant of both glyphosate and dicamba. The request includes plans for avoiding herbicide drift to other crops. Significant damage to other non-resistant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Virus resistant papaya were developed in response to a papaya ringspot virus (PRV) outbreak in Hawaii in the late 1990s. They incorporate PRV DNA. By 2010, 80% of Hawaiian papaya plants were genetically modified. Potatoes were engineered for resistance to potato leaf roll virus and Potato vir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Some trees have been genetically modified to either have less lignin, or to express lignin with chemically labile bonds. Lignin is the critical limiting factor when using wood to make bio-ethanol because lignin limits the accessibility of cellulose microfibrils to depolymerization by enzymes.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities. Particularly successful is a recently discovered group of specialists, the so-called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCCB) that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops The number of sites per release and the number of gene constructs (ways that the gene of interest is packaged together with other elements) – have rapidly increased since 2005. Releases with agronomic properties (such as drought resistance) jumped from 1,043 in 2005 to 5,190 in 2013. As of Se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops The aim is to encourage a large population of pests so that any (recessive) resistance genes are diluted within the population. Resistance lowers evolutionary fitness in the absence of the stressor, Bt. In refuges, non-resistant strains outcompete resistant ones. With sufficiently high levels... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops This success has depended on factors independent of management strategy, including low initial resistance allele frequencies, fitness costs associated with resistance, and the abundance of non-Bt host plants outside the refuges. Companies that produce Bt seed are introducing strains with mult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops BMPs include applying multiple herbicides with different modes of action, rotating crops, planting weed-free seed, scouting fields routinely, cleaning equipment to reduce the transmission of weeds to other fields, and maintaining field borders. The most widely planted GM crops are designed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops 21% increase in conservation tillage and a 0.3% decrease in quality-adjusted herbicide use. The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of genetically modified crops. There are di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Global estimates are produced by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) and can be found in their annual reports, "Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops". Farmers have widely adopted GM technology (see figure). Between 1996 and 2013, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops See Genetically modified food controversies article for information. In the US, by 2014, 94% of the planted area of soybeans, 96% of cotton and 93% of corn were genetically modified varieties. Genetically modified soybeans carried herbicide-tolerant traits only, but maize and cotton carried b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops a total of 36 countries (35 + EU-28) have granted regulatory approvals for biotech crops for food and/or feed use and for environmental release or planting since 1994... a total of 2,833 regulatory approvals involving 27 GM crops and 336 GM events (NB: an "event" is a specific genetic modific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
Genetically modified crops Opponents have objected to GM crops on multiple grounds including environmental impacts, food safety, whether GM crops are needed to address food needs, whether they are sufficiently accessible to farmers in developing countries and concerns over subjecting crops to intellectual property law.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204 |
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