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Genetically modified crops GM crop labeling is required in many countries, although the United States Food and Drug Administration does not, nor does it distinguish between approved GM and non-GM foods. The United States enacted a law that requires labeling regulations to be issued by July 2018. It allows indirect disclosure such as with a phone number, bar code, or web site. Advocacy groups such as Center for Food Safety, Union of Concerned Scientists, Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund claim that risks related to GM food have not been adequately examined and managed, that GM crops are not sufficiently tested and should be labelled, and that regulatory authorities and scientific bodies are too closely tied to industry. Some studies have claimed that genetically modified crops can cause harm; a 2016 review that reanalyzed the data from six of these studies found that their statistical methodologies were flawed and did not demonstrate harm, and said that conclusions about GM crop safety should be drawn from "the totality of the evidence... instead of far-fetched evidence from single studies".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2291204
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Emil Kopp Charles-Émile Kopp (3 March 1817 – 30 November 1875), French chemist, was born at Wasselonne, Alsace. He became in 1847 a professor of toxicology and chemistry at the École supérieure de Pharmacie at Strasbourg. Because of his participation in the demonstration on "revolutionary day" 13 June 1849, he was forced to leave France, subsequently settling in Switzerland. In 1849 he became a professor of physics and chemistry at Lausanne, and in 1852 a chemist to a Turkey red factory near Manchester. In 1855 he was granted amnesty and returned to France. In 1868 he was named a professor of technology at Turin (Regio Museo Industriale italiano), and finally, in 1871, a professor of technical chemistry at the Federal Polytechnic Institute Zurich, today the ETH Zurich. He died in Zurich. He conducted experiments with arsenic acid as a discharge agent and filed patents for the employment of arsenic and phosphoric acids in discharge printing of fabrics. In 1844 he reportedly was the first to discover red phosphorus; his findings taking place prior to Anton Schrötter's discovery of the substance during the following year. With Pompejus Bolley, he published ""Traité des matières colorantes artificielles dérivées du goudron de houille"" (1874, "Treatise on artificial dyes derived from coal tar").
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2293614
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J. Val Klump Jeffrey Val Klump is an American limnologist. He was the first person to reach the deepest spot in Lake Superior, a depth of 1333 feet (733 feet below sea level), the second lowest point in the United States after Iliamna Lake, on July 30, 1985 while aboard the R/V Seward Johnson with the Johnson Sea Link-II submersible. Klump was also the first person to reach to the deepest point in Lake Michigan as part of the same expedition. He is currently a professor and dean at the School of Freshwater Sciences at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2296559
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Acoustic interferometer An acoustic interferometer is an instrument, using interferometry, for measuring the physical characteristics of sound waves in a gas or liquid. It may be used to measure velocity, wavelength, absorption, or impedance. A vibrating crystal creates the ultrasonic waves that are radiated into the medium. The waves strike a reflector placed parallel to the crystal. The waves are then reflected back to the source and measured.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2299567
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Joseph Jean Baptiste Xavier Fournet (May 15, 1801 – January 8, 1869), French geologist and metallurgist, was born at Strasbourg. He was educated at the "École des Mines" in Paris, and after considerable experience as a mining engineer he was in 1834 appointed professor of geology at Lyon. He was a man of wide knowledge and extensive research, and wrote memoirs on chemical and mineralogical subjects, on eruptive rocks, on the structure of the Jura, the metamorphism of the Western Alps, on the formation of oolitic limestones, on kaolinization and on metalliferous veins. On metallurgical subjects he also was an acknowledged authority; and he published observations on the order of sulphurability of metals ("loi de Fournet"). He died in Lyon. His chief publications were: "Études sur les dépôts métallifères" (Paris, 1834); "Histoire de la dolomie" (Lyon, 1847); "De l'extension des terrains houillers" (1855); and "Géologie lyonnaise" (Lyon, 1861).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302152
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Coma Supercluster The (SCl 117) is a nearby supercluster of galaxies comprising the Coma Cluster (Abell 1656) and the Leo Cluster (Abell 1367). Located 300 million light-years from Earth, it is in the center of the Great Wall and a part of Coma Filament. The is the nearest massive cluster of galaxies to our own Virgo Supercluster. It is roughly spherical, about 20 million light-years in diameter and contains more than 3,000 galaxies. It is located in the constellation Coma Berenices. Being one of the first superclusters to be discovered, the helped astronomers understand the large scale structure of the universe.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2306210
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Carl Gustaf Thomson (October 13, 1824 in Malmöhus – September 20, 1899 in Lund) was a Swedish entomologist. Thomson became a student in the University of Lund in 1843, graduated in 1850 and became associate professor of zoology there in 1857. In 1862 he became the curator of the entomological department of the Zoological Museum and in 1864 became a lecturer in entomology as well. An 1872 scholarship enabled him to travel to the continent for scientific study. He was offered the post of Director of the Entomological Museum in Berlin, but he declined. was the author of "Coleoptera Scandinaviae" (ten volumes, 1859–68), "Skandinaviens inseckta" (1862), "Scandinavia Hymenoptera" (five volumes, 1871–79) and "Opuscula Entomologica" (22 bands, 1869–97) He also published descriptions of the insects collected on the voyage of the Fregatten Eugenies (HSwMS Eugenie), the first Swedish vessel to circumnavigate the world. Leagues,especially in "Diptera, species novas", etc. (1858).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311197
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Radio-activated guard box Radio activated guard (RAG) boxes are experimental pest control devices intended to deter wolves from preying on livestock. Specifically, they are designed to work against wolves which have been fitted with radio tracking collars prior to being re-released into the wild (and, by extension, the packs of which they are members). The device was conceived by Edward Cummings, a rancher from Montana, who suggested that a hazing device could be tuned to a radio collar's frequency; after discussions with ranchers, the specifications of the device were designed and prototyped by Dr. John Shivik, then with the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center. Very few of the devices have been produced for commercial sale. The RAG box is a "disruptive stimulus device." It uses a strobe light and two loudspeakers which emit an annoying noise; these are activated when the box detects the signal from a radio collar at short range, and scare off the wolf pack. The boxes were subjected to limited testing on wolves in Idaho and researchers concluded that they are effective for protecting livestock in small pastures; the technology is thought to be limited, however, because of the complexity of the device and its price.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311300
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Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson Dr (26 November 1809 in Stralsund – 18 December 1848 in Berlin) was a trained medical doctor and a German entomologist. He was the author of many articles about insects mainly in "Archiv für Naturgeschichte". He wrote a paper in 1842 on insect species collected at Woolnorth in Tasmania, Australia, which was the first detailed research published on the biogeography of Australian animals and was very influential in raising scientific interest in the Australian fauna. Erichson was the curator of the Coleoptera collections at the "Museum fur Naturkunde" in Berlin from 1834 to 1848. Erichson's Scarabaeidae classification is nearly identical to the modern one.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311362
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Joseph Waltl Dr. (28 July 1805 – 4 March 1888) was a German physician and naturalist. Waltl was born in Wasserburg am Bodensee and studied at Landshut and Munich, graduating in medicine in 1819. He then travelled in Austria, France and Spain. In 1833 he became a teacher in Passau, and in 1835 a professor of natural history at the university. His numerous writings were mainly concerned with beetles and other insects. Notably, the singular Iberian ribbed newt was named "Pleurodeles waltl" in honor of the young Waltl by his colleague Karl Michahelles in 1830. In 1839 he published ""Reise durch Tyrol, Oberitalien und Piemont nach dem südlichen Spanien"" (Journey through Tyrol, northern Italy and the Piedmont to southern Spain). Also, he was the author of several mineralogical/geognostic works associated with Passau and its environs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311496
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Bioprocess A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products. Transport of energy and mass is fundamental to many biological and environmental processes. Areas, from food processing (including brewing beer) to thermal design of buildings to biomedical devices to pollution control and global warming, require knowledge of how energy and mass can be transported through materials (momentum, heat transfer, etc.). Cell therapy bioprocessing is a discipline that bridges the fields of cell therapy and bioprocessing (i.e., biopharmaceutical manufacturing), and is a sub-field of bioprocess engineering. The goals of cell therapy bioprocessing are to establish reproducible and robust manufacturing processes for the production of therapeutic cells. Commercially relevant bioprocesses will: Therapeutic cell manufacturing processes can be separated into upstream processes and downstream processes. The upstream process is defined as the entire process from early cell isolation and cultivation, to cell banking and culture expansion of the cells until final harvest (termination of the culture and collection of the live cell batch). Aside from technology challenges, concerning the scalability of culture apparatus, a number of raw material supply risks have emerged in recent years, including the availability of GMP grade fetal bovine serum. The upstream part of a bioprocess refers to the first step in which microbes/cells are grown, e.g
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Bioprocess bacterial or mammalian cell lines (see cell culture), in bioreactors. Upstream processing involves all the steps related to inoculum development, media development, improvement of inoculum by genetic engineering process, optimization of growth kinetics so that product development can improve tremendously. Fermentation has two parts: upstream and downstream. After product development, the next step is the purification of product for desired quality. When they reach the desired density (for batch and fed-batch cultures) they are harvested and moved to the downstream section of the bioprocess. The downstream part of a bioprocess refers to the part where the cell mass from the upstream are processed to meet purity and quality requirements. Downstream processing is usually divided into three main sections: cell disruption, a purification section and a polishing section. The volatile products can be separated by distillation of the harvested culture without pre-treatment. Distillation is done at reduced pressure at continuous stills. At reduced pressure, distillation of product directly from fermentor may be possible. The steps of downstream processing are:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2312640
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Bruce Levy Sir Enoch (19 February 1892 – 16 October 1985) was a botanist from New Zealand who became widely known for his work on improving pastures. Levy was born in Auckland in 1892, and lived on a farm until he was 18 years old. He joined the New Zealand Department of Agriculture in 1911, and studied science at Victoria University in Wellington from 1926 to 1928. In 1925 he married schoolteacher Phyllis Rosa Kate Mason. In 1937 he founded the Grasslands Division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and was Director of that division until he retired in 1951. During that time he travelled all over New Zealand, helping farmers to improve their pastures based on techniques that he had learned in Europe. After retiring, he worked on improving the turf of golf courses and bowling greens. Levy was the author of "Construction, Renovation and Care of the Bowling Green" (1949); "Construction, Renovation and Care of the Golf Course" (1950); and "Grasslands of New Zealand" (1951). In the 1950 King's Birthday Honours, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to agriculture in connection with grassland research. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1953 Coronation Honours.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2314644
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Euchroite Euchroite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2316997
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Mellite Mellite, also called honeystone, is an unusual mineral being also an organic chemical. Chemically identified as an aluminium salt of mellitic acid; that is, aluminium benzene hexacarboxylate hydrate, with the chemical formula AlC(COO)·16HO. It is a translucent honey-coloured crystal which can be polished and faceted to form striking gemstones. It crystallizes in the tetragonal system and occurs both in good crystals and as formless masses. It is soft with a Mohs hardness of 2 to 2.5 and has a low specific gravity of 1.6. It was discovered originally in 1789 at Artern in Thuringia, Germany. It has subsequently also been found in Russia, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. It was named from the Greek "meli" "honey", in allusion to its color. It is found associated with lignite and is assumed to be formed from plant material with aluminium derived from clay.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317678
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Evection In astronomy, evection (Latin for "carrying away") is the largest inequality produced by the action of the Sun in the monthly revolution of the Moon around the Earth. The evection, formerly called the moon's second anomaly, was approximately known in ancient times, and its discovery is attributed to Ptolemy. The current name itself dates much more recently, from the 17th century: it was coined by Bullialdus in connection with his own theory of the Moon's motion. causes the Moon's ecliptic longitude to vary by approximately ± 1.274° (degrees), with a period of about 31.8 days. The evection in longitude is given by the expression formula_1, where formula_2 is the mean angular distance of the Moon from the Sun (its "elongation"), and formula_3 is the moon's mean angular distance of the moon from its perigee ("mean anomaly"). It arises from an approximately six-monthly periodic variation of the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit and a libration of similar period in the position of the Moon's perigee, caused by the action of the Sun. The evection opposes the Moon's equation of the center at the new and full moons, and augments the equation of the center at the Moon's quarters
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Evection This can be seen from the combination of the principal term of the equation of the center with the evection: formula_4 At new and full moons, D=0° or 180°, 2D is effectively zero in either case, and the combined expression reduces to formula_5 At the quarters, D=90° or 270°, 2D is effectively 180° in either case, changing the sign of the expression for the evection, so that the combined expression then reduces to formula_6 .
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RRKM theory The Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory is a theory of chemical reactivity. It was developed by Rice and Ramsperger in 1927 and Kassel in 1928 (RRK theory) and generalized (into the RRKM theory) in 1952 by Marcus who took the transition state theory developed by Eyring in 1935 into account. These methods enable the computation of simple estimates of the unimolecular reaction rates from a few characteristics of the potential energy surface. Assume that the molecule consists of harmonic oscillators, which are connected and can exchange energy with each other. Assume that is an excited molecule: where stands for product, and for the critical atomic configuration with the minimum energy along the reaction coordinate. The unimolecular rate constant formula_2 is obtained as follows: where formula_4 is the microcanonical transition state theory rate constant, formula_5 is the sum of states for the active degrees of freedom in the transition state, formula_6 is the quantum number of angular momentum, formula_7 is the collision frequency between formula_8 molecule and bath molecules, formula_9 and formula_10 are the molecular vibrational and external rotational partition functions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2318333
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Israel Brekhman Israel Itsokovich Brekhman (1921–1994) was a Russian pharmacologist. He specialized in adaptogens, with a focus on Panax Ginseng and especially Siberian ginseng. Brekhman was highly awarded by both the Soviet Union and later by the Russian Federation for his research. He was a recipient of Order of Lenin.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2321439
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Drahoslav Lím (born September 30, 1925 in Czechoslovakia; died August 22, 2003 in San Diego, California) was a Czech chemist. He invented polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, the synthetic material used for soft contact lenses (hydrogel). Lím worked as a member of the team of Otto Wichterle (the inventor of soft contact lenses) and in 1955, he came up with poly(hydroethyl-acrylate), the material later used for the lenses. This work was later published in Nature and was the subject of US patents. During 1970 to 1974 he worked in Palo Alto, California, improving contact lenses materials and technology. When he returned to Czechoslovakia he was persecuted for political reasons and was not allowed to work in his specialisation. In 1979, he was allowed to emigrate to the United States. There Lím worked on materials for artificial kidneys and continued with research on polymers. He was both a professor at the University of California, San Diego and the de facto founder of the Revlon Materials Research Center. At the latter he led a team of scientists who researched tinting technologies for hydrogel contact lenses, materials for intraoccular lenses, and formulations for nail enamel. He was awarded over 150 patents. Although the academic community recognises the importance of his inventions, the Czech public almost never hears his name.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2322656
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Nines (notation) Nines are an informal, logarithmic notation for proportions very near to one, or equivalently percentages very near 100%. Their common uses including grading the purity of materials. Put simply, "nines" are the number of consecutive nines in a percentage such as 99% (two nines) or a decimal fraction such as 0.999 (three nines). The number of nines of a proportion is formula_1 However, there are different conventions for stating a non-integer number of nines. 99.5% could be expressed as "two nines five" or 2.3 nines, as outlined below. A completely pure material ( = 1) would have an infinite number of nines. Very fine precious metals such as platinum, gold and silver. Based on the system of millesimal fineness, a metal is said to be "one nine" or "one nine fine" if it is 900 fine, or 90% pure. A metal that is 990 fine is then described as "two nines fine" and one that is 999 fine is described as "three nines fine". Thus, nines are a logarithmic scale of purity for very fine precious metals. Similarly, percentages ending in a 5 have conventional names, traditionally the number of nines, then "five", so 999.5 fine (99.95% pure) is "three nines five", abbreviated 3N5. The nines scale is also sometimes used in describing the purity of bottled gases. The purity of gas is an indication of the amount of other gases it contains. A high purity refers to a low amount of other gases. Gases of higher purity are considered to be of better quality and are usually more expensive
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Nines (notation) The purity of a gas is generally expressed as a grade prefixed with the letter N giving the "number of nines" in the percentage or decimal fraction. For gasses, the number of nines is usually written after the letter N, rather than before it. An N2.0 gas is 99% pure, and 1% (by volume) impurities. An N6.0 gas is 99.9999% (six nines) pure, with 1 part per million (1 ppm) impurities. Intermediate values are formed using the common logarithm. For example, a gas which is 99.97% pure would be described as N3.5, since log(0.03%) = −3.523. Nines are used in a similar manner to describe computer system availability.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2322902
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Tungsten ore is a rock from which the element tungsten can be economically extracted. The ore minerals of tungsten include wolframite, scheelite, and ferberite. Tungsten is used for making many alloys. deposits are predominantly magmatic or hydrothermal in origin and are associated with felsic igneous intrusions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2323064
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Critical radius is the minimum size that must be formed by atoms or molecules clustering together (in a gas, liquid or solid matrix) before a new-phase inclusion (a bubble, a droplet, or a solid particle) is stable and begins to grow. Formation of such stable "nuclei" is called nucleation. In precipitation models this is generally a prelude to models of the growth process itself. Sometimes precipitation is rate-limited by the nucleation process. This happens for example before one takes a cup of superheated water from a microwave and, when jiggling it against dust particles on the wall of the cup, enables "heterogeneous" nucleation that then rapidly converts much of that water into steam. If the change in phase forms a crystalline solid in a liquid matrix, the atoms might then form a dendrite. The crystal growth continues in three dimensions, the atoms attaching themselves in certain preferred directions, usually along the axes of a crystal, forming a characteristic tree-like structure of a dendrite. Example: the critical radius for spherical dendrite in an ideal system can be determined from its Gibbs free energy formula_1 where formula_2 is the Gibbs volume energy and formula_3 is the interfacial energy. The critical radius formula_4 is found by setting the derivative of formula_5 equal to zero formula_6 yielding formula_7, where formula_3 is the surface energy, and formula_2 is Gibbs energy per volume.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2331297
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Northern Local Supervoid The is a region of space devoid of rich clusters of galaxies, known as a void. It is the closest supervoid and is located between the Virgo (Local), Coma and Hercules superclusters. On the sky, it is located between Boötes, Virgo, and Serpens Caput constellations. It contains a few small galaxies (primarily spirals) and galaxy clusters, but is mostly empty. The faint galaxies within this void divide the region into smaller voids, which are 3–10 times smaller than the supervoid. The center is located away at approximately (, ) and it is in diameter across its narrowest width.
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Southern Local Supervoid The is a tremendously large, nearly empty region of space (a void). It lies next to the Local Supercluster, which contains our galaxy the Milky Way. Its center is 96 megaparsecs away and the void is 112 megaparsecs in diameter across its narrowest width. Its volume is very approximately 600 billion times that of the Milky Way. See volumes of similar orders of magnitude.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2338230
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Alcon is a global medical company specializing in eye care products with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and incorporated in Fribourg, Switzerland. Alcon's American headquarters are located in Fort Worth, Texas. was a subsidiary of Novartis until April 9, 2019 when the company completed a shareholder approved 100% spinoff of eye care devices business from Novartis. was founded in 1945 in Fort Worth, Texas, USA. The company started as a small pharmacy in Fort Worth and was named for its founders, pharmacists Robert Alexander and William Conner. Conner and Alexander focused on sterile ophthalmic products. Nestlé of Switzerland purchased in 1977. expanded its manufacturing capability with new plants in South America and Europe and drastically increased its investment in research. In 1979, acquired Texas Pharmacal Company which became Dermatological Products of Texas (and is now DPT Laboratories). In 1984, founded the Technical Excellence Award to promote achievements in R&D excellence and has awarded it to more than 100 recipients. The product line has expanded from pharmaceuticals to the surgical arena. Today, has operations in 75 countries and their products are sold in over 180 countries. Nestlé conducted an initial public offering of 25% of its stake in in 2002. The stock is traded under the ticker symbol ALC. In July 2008, Novartis purchased approximately 25% of Nestlé's stake in Alcon, with an option to buy Nestlé's remaining shares beginning in 2010. Novartis bought 52% stake from Nestlé for $28.1 Billion
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Alcon This deal brought the total ownership of by Novartis to 77%. Beginning January 2010 Novartis formally announced it will be completing the exercise options for finishing purchasing the rest of and then promptly continue to exercise merger and takeover of Alcon. On March 29, 2010, acquired Durezol and Zyclorin from Sirion Therapeutics. received regulatory approval to acquire the rights of Durezol emulsion in the US and the global rights, excluding Latin America, for Zyclorin from Sirion Therapeutics. On June 28, 2010, Alcon's Independent Director Committee announced that a recommendation by the Committee was an indispensable first step before the board of the company can decide on the merger proposal of Novartis AG, refuted Novartis’ public implications that it would be able to unilaterally impose the merger irrespective of the Independent Director Committee's position once Novartis became Alcon's majority shareholder. On July 8, 2010, Alcon's independent director committee (IDC) had set up a $50 million litigation trust to ensure company's minority shareholders get the best deal from bidder Novartis AG. On April 9, 2019, completed a 100% spin-off from Novartis. The new standalone company is worth up to 28 billion Swiss francs.
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Therapeutic Goods Administration The (TGA) is the regulatory body for therapeutic goods (including medicines, medical devices, gene technology, and blood products) in Australia. It is a Division of the Australian Department of Health established under the "Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth)". The TGA is responsible for conducting assessment and monitoring activities to ensure that therapeutic goods available in Australia are of an acceptable standard and that access to therapeutic advances is in a timely manner. The TGA has nine different statutory expert committees it may call upon to obtain independent advice on scientific and technical matters, including: The governments of Australia and New Zealand were working towards establishing a Trans-Tasman joint agency for the regulation of drugs and therapeutic goods to replace the TGA and New Zealand's Medsafe. However, on 16 July 2007, the New Zealand State Services Minister Annette King announced that "The Government is not proceeding at this stage with legislation that would have enabled the establishment of a joint agency with Australia to regulate therapeutic products". She further advised that "The [New Zealand] Government does not have the numbers in Parliament to put in place a sensible, acceptable compromise that would satisfy all parties at this time. The Australian Government has been informed of the situation and agrees that suspending negotiations on the joint authority is a sensible course of action"
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Therapeutic Goods Administration Further details are available at the Australia New Zealand Therapeutic Products Authority (ANZTPA) website.
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Zenon Jankowski (born November 22, 1937 in Poznań, Poland) is a retired Polish pilot, colonel of the Polish Army and cosmonaut. Jankowski was selected as backup cosmonaut of the 1st Polish cosmonaut Mirosław Hermaszewski for the Soyuz 30 mission in 1978. He had one child.
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International Programme for Antarctic Buoys The (IPAB) is a component of the WCRP. It aims to establish and maintain a network of drifting buoys in the Antarctic sea-ice zone which monitor ice motion, pressure and temperature. This is to support research in the region related to global climate processes, provide real-time operational meteorological data for numerical weather forecast centres and establish a basis for on-going monitoring of atmospheric and oceanic climate in the Antarctic sea-ice zone. IPAB was established in June 1994. The operational area of the Programme is south of 55 degrees south latitude, and includes that region of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic marginal seas within the maximum seasonal sea-ice extent.
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Depression (geology) In geology, a depression is a landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area. Depressions form by various mechanisms. Erosion-related: Collapse-related: Impact-related: Sedimentary-related: Structural or tectonic-related: Volcanism-related:
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Dmitrii Knorre Dmitrii G. Knorre (Russian: Дмитрий Георгиевич Кнорре; born July 28, 1926 in Leningrad, Soviet Union; died 2018) is a chemist and biochemist, a specialist in chemical kinetics of complex reactions, bioorganic chemistry, and molecular biology. He was a Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1968, and an academician since 1981. He was assigned to the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Chemistry of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Academy and to the Siberian Division since 1981. He graduated from the Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology in 1947. He worked at the Chemical Physics Institute from 1947 to 1960 when he joined the Siberian Division in a laboratory studying natural polymers and joined the Department of Biochemistry of the Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry. In 1962, he acted as Head of the Natural Polymers Laboratory of the Organic Chemistry Institute in Novosibirsk that was established in 1958 and whose basic work is in the study of aromatic and heterocyclic chemistry and in natural products. He was named the Founding Director of the Novosibirsk Bioorganic Chemistry Institute. He was elected to the Presidium of the Siberian Division in 1988. From 1967 to 1983, he was a professor at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and held the chair of the Department of Molecular Biology from 1979. Since 1964 he was a dean of Department of Natural Sciences of Novosibirsk State University for 16 years
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Dmitrii Knorre He is an honored scientist of the former Soviet Union. He is a laureate of the Prize of the Soviet Council of Ministers in 1987, and the M. M. Shemiakin Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1988.
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WiCell Research Institute is a scientific research institute in Madison, Wisconsin that focuses on stem cell research. Independently governed and supported as a 501(c)(3) organization, operates as an affiliate of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and works to advance stem cell research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and beyond. Established in 1998 to develop stem cell technology, Research Institute is a nonprofit organization that creates and distributes human pluripotent stem cell lines worldwide. also provides cytogenetic and technical services, establishes scientific protocols and supports basic research on the UW-Madison campus. serves as home to the Wisconsin International Stem Cell Bank. This stem cell repository stores, characterizes and provides access to stem cell lines for use in research and clinical development. The cell bank originally stored the first five human Embryonic stem cell lines derived by Dr. James Thomson of UW–Madison. It currently houses human embryonic stem cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cell lines, clinical grade cell lines developed in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and differentiated cell lines including neural progenitor cells. To support continued progress in the field and help unlock the therapeutic potential of stem cells, in 2005 began providing cytogenetic services and quality control testing services
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WiCell These services allow scientists to identify genetic abnormalities in cells or changes in stem cell colonies that might affect research results. Chartered with a mission to support scientific investigation and research at UW–Madison, collaborates with faculty members and provides support with stem cell research projects. The institute established its cytogenetic laboratory to meet the growing needs of academic and commercial researchers to monitor genetic stability in stem cell cultures. maintains its stem cell banking facilities, testing and quality assurance laboratories and scientific team in UW–Madison’s University Research Park. UW–Madison faculty members use the institute’s laboratory space to conduct research, improve stem cell culture techniques and develop materials used in stem cell research. To ensure the therapeutic relevance of its cell lines, banks clinical grade cells under GMP guidelines. The organization works cooperatively with Waisman Biomanufacturing, a provider of cGMP manufacturing services for materials and therapeutics qualified for human clinical trials. The following technologies employed by allow scientists to conduct stem cell research with greater assurance of reproducible results, an expectation for publication in peer-reviewed journals. Scientific tools and services include:
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Bohumil Kučera (March 22, 1874 in Semily – April 16, 1921 in Prague) was a Czech physicist. Kučera studied physics at the Charles University in Prague and was the first scientist in Czech lands to examine the newly discovered effect of radioactivity. In 1912 he became professor of experimental physics at the university. He was the first to study droplets of mercury used as electrode (author of "Zur Oberflächenspannung von polarisiertem Quecksilber", 1903). His work was the basis for the discovery of polarography by Jaroslav Heyrovský. Kučera died prematurely due to his bohemian lifestyle.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2348720
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Jaroslav Perner (March 28, 1869 in Týnec nad Labem – June 9, 1947 in Prague) was a Czech paleontologist. In 1927 Perner became professor of paleontology at the Charles University in Prague. He continued in work started by Joachim Barrande (the "Systéme silurien du center de la Bohéme"). He was also custodian of the Czech National Museum in Prague.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2349026
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Bausch Health Companies Inc. (formerly Valeant Pharmaceuticals) is a multinational specialty pharmaceutical company based in Laval, Canada. It develops, manufactures and markets pharmaceutical products and branded generic drugs, primarily for skin diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, eye health, and neurology. owns Bausch & Lomb, a supplier of eye health products. The company was founded in California, in 1959, as ICN Pharmaceuticals. Under the leadership of J. Michael Pearson, Valeant grew rapidly, through a series of mergers and acquisitions and was, briefly, in 2015, the most valuable company in Canada. Its largest acquisitions were Bausch & Lomb, in 2013, and Salix Pharmaceuticals, in 2015. Valeant also tried to acquire Actavis and Cephalon. An attempted merge with Allergan, in 2014, failed and resulted in the company being sued for insider trading prior to their bid. In 2015, the company was involved in a number of controversies surrounding drug price hikes and the use of a specialty pharmacy for the distribution of its drugs, which led to an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, causing its stock price to plummet more than 90 percent from its peak, while its debt surpassed $30 billion. In 2016, Pearson was ousted and replaced by Joseph C. Papa, while investor Bill Ackman joined the board. In 2017, Ackman's Pershing Square fund, which held a major stake in the company, sold out for a reported loss of $2.8 billion. Following Ackman's exit, Paulson & Co
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Bausch Health increased its stake in the company, became its largest shareholder, with its founder, John Paulson, joining the board, and vowing to rebuild the company's core franchises and to reduce its debt. Under Papa's leadership, by early 2018, the company had become profitable again; had settled the Allergan case for less than expected; and had lowered its debt by $6.5 billion. In May 2018, Papa announced a name change for Valeant, effective July 2018, to its new name, Companies Inc., and a new ticker symbol, BHC, to replace VRX. The company was featured in episode 3 of the first season of the Netflix documentary "Dirty Money". Bausch Health's main products include drugs in the fields of dermatology, neurology, and infectious disease. The company's major prescription drugs are as follows: The company's major over the counter drugs are as follows: In 1959, Yugoslavian immigrant Milan Panić, who had defected to the US three years earlier, founded ICN Pharmaceuticals (International Chemical and Nuclear Corporation) in his Pasadena garage. Panić ran the company for 47 years, during which ICN established a foothold in the industry by acquiring niche pharmaceuticals and through the development of Ribavirin, an antiviral drug that became the standard treatment for hepatitis C. In 1994, ICN merged with SPI Pharmaceuticals Inc., Viratek Inc., and ICN Biomedicals Inc. On June 12, 2002, following a series of controversies, Panić was forced to retire under pressure from shareholders
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Bausch Health In 2003, not long after Panić's ouster, ICN changed its name to Valeant. In 2006, the company received approval in the U.S. to market Cesamet (nabilone), a synthetic cannabinoid. The company also acquired the European rights to the drug for $14 million. In 2008, the Swedish pharmaceutical company Meda AB bought Western and Eastern Europe branches from Valeant for $392 million. In September 2008, Valeant acquired Coria Laboratories for $95 million. In November 2008, Valeant acquired DermaTech for $12.6 million. In January 2009, Valeant acquired Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences for $285 million. In July 2009, Valeant announced its acquisition of Tecnofarma, a Mexican generic drug company. In December 2009, Valeant announced its Canadian subsidiary would acquire Laboratoire Dr. Renaud, for C$23 million. In March 2010, Valeant announced its acquisition of a Brazilian generics and over-the-counter company for $28 million and manufacturing plant for a further $28 million. In April 2010, Valeant announced that its Canadian subsidiary would acquire Vital Science Corp. for C$10.5 million. In May 2010, Valeant acquired Aton Pharmaceuticals for $318 million. On September 28, 2010, Valeant merged with Biovail. The company retained the Valeant name and J. Michael Pearson as CEO, but was incorporated in Canada and temporarily kept Biovail's headquarters. Setting on a path of aggressive acquisitions, Pearson would ultimately turn Valeant into a platform company that grows by systematically acquiring other companies
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Bausch Health In February 2011, Valeant acquired PharmaSwiss S.A. for €350 million. In March 2011, an attempt to buy drugmaker Cephalon Inc. for $5.7 billion was unsuccessful. In May 2011, former Biovail Corporation Chairman and CEO Eugene Melnyk was banned from senior roles at public companies in Canada for five years and penalized to pay $565,000 by the Ontario Securities Commission. In the year before the merger with Valeant, Melnyk had settled with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and agreed to pay a civil penalty of $150,000 after having previously paid $1 million to settle other claims with the SEC. In July 2011, Valeant acquired Ortho Dermatologics from Janssen Pharmaceuticals for $345 million. The acquisition included the products Retin-A Micro, Ertaczo, and Renova, also known as tretinoin. In August 2011, Valeant acquired 87.2% of the outstanding shares of Sanitas Group for €314 million. In December 2011, Valeant acquired iNova Pharmaceuticals for A$625 million from Australian private equity firms Archer Capital with additional milestone payments of up to A$75 million. In December 2011, Valeant acquired Dermik, a dermatology unit of Sanofi. In January 2012, Valeant acquired Brazilian sports nutrition company Probiotica for R$150 million. In February 2012, Valeant acquired ophthalmic biotechnology company, Eyetech Inc. In April 2012, Valeant acquired Pedinol. In April 2012, Valeant acquired assets from Atlantis Pharma in Mexico for $71 million
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Bausch Health In May 2012, Valeant acquired AcneFree for $64 million plus milestone payments. In June 2012, Valeant acquired OraPharma for approximately $312 million with up to $144 million being paid in milestone payments. In August 2012, Valeant agreed to buy skin-care company Medicis Pharmaceutical for $2.6 billion. In January 2013, Valeant acquired the Russian company Natur Produkt for $163 million. In March 2013, Valeant acquired Obagi Medical Products, Inc. In May 2013, the company acquired Bausch & Lomb from Warburg Pincus for $8.7 billion in a move to dominate the market for specialty contact lenses and related products. In January 2014, Valeant acquired Solta Medical for approximately $250 million. In May 2014, Nestle acquired the commercial rights to sell Valeant's filler and toxin products for $1.4 billion. In July 2014, Valeant acquired PreCision Dermatology Inc for $475 million, a deal aimed at strengthening the firm’s skin products business. Along with hedge fund manager Bill Ackman, Valeant made a bid to acquire Allergan; however, in November 2014, Allergan announced that it would be acquired by Actavis in a $66 billion transaction. Valeant and Pershing Square were subsequently accused of insider trading prior to their Allergan bid, and eventually settled the case in 2017. On April 1, 2015, Valeant completed the purchase of gastrointestinal treatment drug developer Salix Pharmaceuticals for $14.5 billion after outbidding Endo Pharmaceuticals. On the final day of trading, Salix shares traded for $172
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Bausch Health 81, giving a market capitalisation of $10.9 billion. In July 2015, the company announced it would acquire Mercury (Cayman) Holdings, the holding company of Amoun Pharmaceutical, one of Egypt's largest drugmakers, for $800 million. In August 2015, Valeant said it would purchase Sprout Pharmaceuticals Inc for $1 billion, a day after Sprout received approval to market the women's libido drug Addyi. In September 2015, Valeant licensed psoriasis drug Brodalumab from AstraZeneca for up to $445 million. In September 2015, the company announced its intention to acquire eye surgery product manufacturer, Synergetics USA, for $192 million in order to strengthen the company's Bausch & Lomb division. In October 2015, the company's Bausch & Lomb division acquired Doctor's Allergy Formula for an undisclosed sum. In July 2015, Glass Lewis, a proxy advisory firm, called the $3 billion in compensation received by J. Michael Pearson "excessive". On October 21, 2015, Citron Research founder Andrew Left, a short seller of Valeant shares, published claims that Valeant recorded false sales of products to specialty pharmacy Philidor Rx Services and its affiliates. These specialty companies were controlled by Valeant, and allegedly resulted in improper bookkeeping of revenues. In addition, by controlling the pharmacy services offered by Philidor, Valeant allegedly steered Philidor's customers to expensive drugs sold by Valeant
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Bausch Health One alleged practice entailed Valeant employees directly managing Philidor's business operations while posing as Philidor employees, and with all written communication under fictitious names. Valeant responded that the allegations by Citron Research were "erroneous." On October 30, 2015, Valeant said that it would cut ties with Philidor in response to allegations of aggressive billing practices. Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc, owner of Walgreens, took over distribution for Valeant. An important part of the growth strategy for Valeant under Michael Pearson had been the acquisition of medical and pharmaceutical companies and the subsequent price increases for their products. Valeant's strategy of exponential price increases on life-saving medicines was at the time described by Berkshire Hathaway vice chairman Charlie Munger as "deeply immoral" and "similar to the worst abuses in for-profit education." This strategy had also attracted the attention of regulators in the United States, particularly after the publication in the "New York Times" of an article on price gouging of specialty drugs. In September 2015, an influential group of politicians criticized Valeant on its pricing strategies. The company raised prices on all its brand name drugs 66% in 2015, five times more than its closest industry peer. The cost of Valeant flucytosine was 10,000% higher in the United States than in Europe
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Bausch Health In late September 2015, members of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform urged the Committee to subpoena Valeant for their documents regarding the sharp increases in the price of "two heart medications it had just bought the rights to sell: Nitropress and Isuprel. Valeant had raised the price of Nitropress by 212% and Isuprel by 525%". "New York Times" columnist Joe Nocera claimed that Valeant CEO J. Michael Pearson's "plan was to acquire pharmaceutical companies, fire most of their scientists, and jack up the price of their drugs". After Valeant acquired Salix Pharmaceuticals in 2015, it raised the price of the diabetes pill Glumetza about 800%. A "New York Times" article on October 4, 2015 stated that: Although it did not specifically mention Valeant, an October 2015 Twitter post by presidential candidate Hillary Clinton stated: "Price gouging like this in the specialty drug market is outrageous. Tomorrow I’ll lay out a plan to take it on." In January 2016, she said she would be "going after" Valeant for its price hikes, causing its stock price to fall 9 percent on the New York Stock Exchange. By October 2015, Valeant had received subpoenas from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York in regards to an investigation on Valeant's "drug pricing, distribution and patient assistance program
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Bausch Health " The House Oversight Committee also requested documents from Valeant amid public concern around drug prices. In October 2015, the Federal Trade Commission began an investigation into Valeant's increasing control of the production of rigid gas permeable contact lenses. Valeant's acquisition of Bausch & Lomb in 2013, and Paragon Vision Services in 2015, is alleged to have given the company control of over 80% of the production pipeline for hard contact lenses. A series of unilateral price increases beginning in Fall 2015 spurred the FTC's investigation. On November 15, 2016, Valeant agreed to divest itself of Paragon Holdings and Pelican Products to settle charges that its May 2015 acquisition of Paragon reduced competition for the sale of FDA-approved "buttons", the polymer discs used to make gas permeable contact lenses. From 2015 to 2017, Valeant shares plummeted more than 90 percent. Large hedge funds such as Bill Ackman's Pershing Square Capital Management, Paulson & Co., and Viking Global Investors lost billions. By April 2016, the market value of hedge fund holdings in Valeant had fallen by $7.3 billion. However, hedge fund herding continued to incite hedge fund portfolio managers to continue to buy Valeant shares. In March 2016, the Board of Directors said that CEO J. Michael Pearson would be leaving the company as soon as a replacement was found and that investor Bill Ackman would be added as a director
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Bausch Health In their 2015 annual report filed on April 29, 2016, Valeant said that it was the "subject of investigations" by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the U.S. Attorney’s Offices in Massachusetts and New York, the state of Texas, the North Carolina Department of Justice, the Senate’s Special Committee on Aging, and the House’s Committee on Oversight and Reform, and had received document requests from the Autorite de Marches Financiers in Canada and the New Jersey State Bureau of Securities." On April 27, 2016, Bill Ackman, J. Michael Pearson, and Howard Schiller were forced to appear before the United States Senate Special Committee on Ageing to answer to concerns about the repercussions for patients and the health care system faced with Valeant's business model. On April 25, 2016, Valeant named Perrigo chief executive Joseph Papa as a permanent replacement for Pearson, and entrusted him with turning around the company. Papa set on a path of strategic sales, debt reduction, and organic growth. By January 2017, the company had sold its skincare brands to L'Oréal for $1.3 billion and its Dendreon biotech unit to Sanpower for $819.9 million. In June, the company sold iNova Pharmaceuticals for $910 million. In July, the company also divested Obagi Medical Products for $190 million. In November, it announced it would sell Sprout Pharmaceuticals back to its original owners, two years after acquiring the business for $1 billion
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Bausch Health By January 2018, the company had divested itself of 13 non-core businesses, reducing its debt to $25 billion, and had settled or dismissed 70 pending lawsuits, including the Allergan insider trading case. On January 8, 2018, the company announced that its Bausch + Lomb unit had received a CE Mark from the European Commission for the distribution of its Stellaris product in Europe. On December 16, 2019, the company settled the class action lawsuit for approximately $1.2 billion over the stock plunge. They denied allegations of all wrongdoing as part of the settlement.
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Narrow bipolar pulse Narrow bipolar pulses are high-energy, high-altitude, intra-cloud electrical discharges associated with thunderstorms. NBP are similar to other forms of lightning events such as return strokes and dart leaders, but produce an optical emission of at least an order of magnitude smaller. They typically occur in the 10–20 km altitude range and can emit a power on the order of a few hundred gigawatts. They produce far-field asymmetric bipolar electric field change signatures (called narrow bipolar events).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2355524
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Folk biology or folkbiology is the cognitive study of how people classify and reason about the organic world. Humans everywhere classify animals and plants into obvious species-like groups. The relationship between a folk taxonomy and a scientific classification can assist in understanding how evolutionary theory deals with the apparent constancy of "common species" and the organic processes centering on them. From the vantage of evolutionary psychology, such natural systems are arguably routine "habits of mind", a sort of heuristic used to make sense of the natural world.
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Eckert number The (Ec) is a dimensionless number used in continuum mechanics. It expresses the relationship between a flow's kinetic energy and the boundary layer enthalpy difference, and is used to characterize heat transfer dissipation. It is named after Ernst R. G. Eckert. It is defined as where
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Lawrence V. Redman (September 1, 1880 – November 26, 1946), was a Canadian chemist and businessman who spent much of his adult life in the United States. Redman was a pioneer in the industrial applications of plastics. Born in Oil Springs, Ontario, Redman took a B.A. degree from the University of Toronto in 1908. He continued his studies at the University of Kansas. In 1913, with the backing of S. Karpen & Bros., a Chicago furniture manufacturers, Redman established the Redmanol Chemical Products Company which produced a plastics similar to Bakelite. Redman was the president. In 1922, the Redmanol company, the Condensite Company of America, and General Bakelite were consolidated into Bakelite Corporation. Redman became vice president and director of research. He retired in 1939. Redman was a member of the American Chemical Society and its president in 1932.
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Dipole anisotropy is a form of anisotropy and the progressive difference in the frequency of radiation from opposite directions due to the motion of the observer relative to the source. As a result of that motion, one end of the 360-degree spectrum is redshifted, whereas the other end is blueshifted. That effect is notable in measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation, due to the motion of earth.
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Abraum salts is the name given to a mixed deposit of salts, including halite (sodium chloride), carnallite, and kieserite (magnesium sulfate), found in association with rock salt at Aschersleben-Staßfurt in Germany. The term comes from the German "Abraum-salze", "salts to be removed." Abraum, which is red, is used to darken mahogany.
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Lionel Jack Dumbleton (1905 – 25 September 1976) was a New Zealand entomologist. He was born in Hampden, New Zealand and was a founding member of the Entomological Society of New Zealand. One of his most remarkable biological discoveries was a new genus of caddis-fly-like primitive moths that he described as "Agathiphaga" (Dumbleton, 1952) and which has been subsequently raised to superfamily level as the second most primitive known living lineage of moths, Agathiphagoidea. In 1998 a new genus of hepialid moths was named "Dumbletonius" in his honour, and Hort Research has a building in Auckland named after him.
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Belfast Natural History Society The Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society was founded in 1821 to promote the scientific study of animals, plants, fossils, rocks and minerals. The Society was founded by George Crawford Hyndman, James Lawson Drummond, James Grimshaw, James McAdam, Robert Patterson, Robert Simms, Francis Archer, the Thomas Dix Hincks, Edward Hincks and Edmund Getty. Five years later in 1826 Alexander Henry Haliday and William Thompson both joined. In 1823, the Society's collection and the small collection begun in 1788 in the rooms of the Belfast Reading Society and that of the Belfast Literary Society were moved to Belfast Academical Institution where James Bryce was centralising Belfast's rapidly expanding natural history holdings. A new building opened at No. 7 College Square North in 1831. How big were the first collections are unknown but the 1831 figure of 300 insects given when the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society Museum opened to non-members may refer to specimens on display. The research material would have been much more numerous and expanded rapidly during the next decade. Specimens from England, the West Indies, Lapland, France, Greece, Italy, Senegal, New Holland, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, Mauritius, Colombia, Recife, Peru, Virginia, India and West Africa were acquired by gift. The Society maintained an excellent library and received many journals from corresponding members of English and continental natural history societies
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Belfast Natural History Society Notable contributors were John Obadiah Westwood, Francis Walker, Carl August Dohrn), Maximilian Spinola and John Gould and Charles Darwin. Many of the collections and some of the books were transferred to the Trinity College Museum, Dublin in 1843 after the society became the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society in 1842 when lectures in chemistry, physics, engineering and were allowed. Specimens remaining in Belfast are kept in the Ulster Museum where they bear the tag BNHPS collection. The formerly central role of natural history and archaeology diminished from this year on and in 1863 the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club was founded. The fragmentary BNHS minute books (pre 1842) and few letters are in the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, in Belfast. The Society still exists today retaining ownership of the Old Museum Building, publishing occasional books, and running a lecture series out of the Linen Hall Library. Musei Belfastiani The museum was the first erected in Ireland by public subscription. From its inception in 1831 and for 47 years the Museum employed a curator taxidermist named William Darragh (1813–1892). In the first report of the society he wrote an account entitled "Directions for preserving subjects in natural history". This covered birds, tortoises etc., lizards and serpents, fish, shells, corals, seafans etc., crabs, lobsters etc., asterias or starfish, insects, botanical specimens, seeds, minerals and Fossil
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Belfast Natural History Society He notes, correctly anticipating foreign specimens "As there is now no vexatious delay or trouble experienced by Custom-house regulations, specimens of natural history being admitted free of duty, it is recommended that all packages may be entered in the ship's papers, and if a list of all the contents of each package could, with convenience, be attached inside the lid of the box or cover, the risk of injury to the specimens, by examination at the Custom-house, would in great measure be avoided". Also "Should it even happen that the specimens be already possessed by the Society, still duplicates are desirable, since such as are not possessed by the Museum can be readily exchanged for others that may be wanted". Although the focus of the collections was primarily on zoology, botany and geology substantial archaeological, ethnographic and antiquarian acquisitions were made and in 1835 the Society gained an Egyptian mummy, Takabuti. Whilst the members of the Society were middle class the museum was open to the working classes, at a small charge on Easter Mondays. Recorded figures for Easter Mondays 1845–1853 are: With the tumultuous years of 1789–1815, European culture was transformed by revolution, war and disruption. By ending many of the social and cultural props of the previous century, the stage was set for dramatic economic, political and social change of the Late Enlightenment of which the development of learned societies was a part
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Belfast Natural History Society One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularisation. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of scientific learning. Popularization was generally part of an overarching Enlightenment ideal that endeavoured "to make information available to the greatest number of people". As public interest in natural philosophy grew during the 18th century, public lecture courses and the publication of popular texts opened up new roads to money and fame for amateurs and scientists who remained on the periphery of universities and academies. Books owned by the reflect such changes, although some of the more expensive works were the gift of Thomas Fortescue and Arthur Hill. They included:
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Iceblink is a white light seen near the horizon, especially on the underside of low clouds, resulting from reflection of light off an ice field immediately beyond. The iceblink was used by both the Inuit and explorers looking for the Northwest Passage to help them navigate safely.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2374282
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Cauliflory is a botanical term referring to plants that flower and fruit from their main stems or woody trunks rather than from new growth and shoots. This can allow trees to be pollinated or have their seeds dispersed by animals that climb on trunks and sturdy limbs to feed on the nectar and fruits. With fruit, plants may instead have fruit which drop from the canopy and ripen only after they reach the ground, an alternative "strategy" to cauliflory. (Note that the concept of cauliflory includes that of ramiflory.)
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Inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies, sometimes called elementary bodies, are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. can also be hallmarks of genetic diseases, as in the case of neuronal inclusion bodies in disorders like frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease. contain very little host protein, ribosomal components or DNA/RNA fragments. They often almost exclusively contain the over expressed protein and aggregation in inclusion bodies has been reported to be reversible. It has been suggested that inclusion bodies are dynamic structures formed by an unbalanced equilibrium between aggregated and soluble proteins of "Escherichia coli". There is a growing body of information indicating that formation of inclusion bodies occurs as a result of intracellular accumulation of partially folded expressed proteins which aggregate through non-covalent hydrophobic or ionic interactions or a combination of both. are dense electron-refractile particles of aggregated protein found in both the cytoplasmic and periplasmic spaces of "E. coli" during high-level expression of heterologous protein. It is generally assumed that high level expression of non-native protein (higher than 2% of cellular protein) and highly hydrophobic protein is more prone to lead to accumulation as inclusion bodies in "E. coli"
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Inclusion bodies In the case of proteins having disulfide bonds, formation of protein aggregates as inclusion bodies is anticipated since the reducing environment of bacterial cytosol inhibits the formation of disulfide bonds. The diameter of spherical bacterial inclusion bodies varies from 0.5–1.3 μm and the protein aggregates have either an amorphous or paracrystalline nature depending on the localization. have higher density (~1.3 mg ml) than many of the cellular components, and thus can be easily separated by high-speed centrifugation after cell disruption. despite being dense particles are highly hydrated and have a porous architecture. have a non-unit lipid membrane. Protein inclusion bodies are classically thought to contain misfolded protein. However, this has recently been contested, as green fluorescent protein will sometimes fluoresce in inclusion bodies, which indicates some resemblance of the native structure and researchers have recovered folded protein from inclusion bodies. When genes from one organism are expressed in another organism the resulting protein sometimes forms inclusion bodies. This is often true when large evolutionary distances are crossed: a cDNA isolated from Eukarya for example, and expressed as a recombinant gene in a prokaryote risks the formation of the inactive aggregates of protein known as inclusion bodies. While the cDNA may properly code for a translatable mRNA, the protein that results will emerge in a foreign microenvironment
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Inclusion bodies This often has fatal effects, especially if the intent of cloning is to produce a biologically active protein. For example, eukaryotic systems for carbohydrate modification and membrane transport are not found in prokaryotes. The internal microenvironment of a prokaryotic cell (pH, osmolarity) may differ from that of the original source of the gene. Mechanisms for folding a protein may also be absent, and hydrophobic residues that normally would remain buried may be exposed and available for interaction with similar exposed sites on other ectopic proteins. Processing systems for the cleavage and removal of internal peptides would also be absent in bacteria. The initial attempts to clone insulin in a bacterium suffered all of these deficits. In addition, the fine controls that may keep the concentration of a protein low will also be missing in a prokaryotic cell, and overexpression can result in filling a cell with ectopic protein that, even if it were properly folded, would precipitate by saturating its environment. Examples of viral inclusion bodies in animals are Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic (acidophilic)- Intranuclear eosinophilic (acidophilic)- Intranuclear basophilic- Both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic- Examples of viral inclusion bodies in plants include aggregations of virus particles (like those for "Cucumber mosaic virus") and aggregations of viral proteins (like the cylindrical inclusions of potyviruses)
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Inclusion bodies Depending on the plant and the plant virus family these inclusions can be found in epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, and stomatal cells when plant tissue is properly stained. Normally a red blood cell does not contain inclusions in the cytoplasm. However, it may be seen because of certain hematologic disorders. There are three kinds of erythrocyte inclusions: Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHA are produced by bacteria as inclusion bodies, the size of PHA granules are limited in "E. coli", due to its small bacterial size. Bacterial cell's inclusion bodies are not as abundant intracellularly, in comparison to eukaryotic cells. 70-80% of recombinant proteins expressed "E. coli" are contained in inclusion bodies (i.e., protein aggregates). The purification of the expressed proteins from inclusion bodies usually require two main steps: extraction of inclusion bodies from the bacteria followed by the solubilisation of the purified inclusion bodies. Solubilisation of inclusions bodies often involves treatment with denaturing agents, such as urea or guanidine chloride at high concentrations, to de-aggregate the collapsed proteins. Renaturation follows the treatment with denaturing agents and often consists of dialysis and/or use of molecules that promote the refolding of denatured proteins (including chaotopic agents and chaperones). "Pseudo-inclusions" are invaginations of the cytoplasm into the cell nuclei, which may give the appearance of intranuclear inclusions. They may appear in papillary thyroid carcinoma
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Inclusion bodies Inclusion body diseases differ from amyloid diseases in that inclusion bodies are necessarily intracellular aggregates of protein, where amyloid can be intracellular or extracellular. Amyloid also necessitates protein polymerization where inclusion bodies do not. are often made of denatured aggregates of inactive proteins. Although, the renaturation of inclusion bodies can sometimes lead to the solubilisation and the recovery of active proteins, the process is still very empirical, uncertain and of low efficiency. Several techniques have been developed over the years to prevent the formation of inclusion bodies. These techniques include:
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River Tigris (constellation) River Tigris or Tigris (named after the Tigris river) was a constellation, introduced in 1612 (or 1613) by Petrus Plancius. One end was near the shoulder of Ophiuchus and the other was near Pegasus, and in between it passed through the area now occupied by Vulpecula, flowing between Cygnus and Aquila. It did not appear on Johann Bode's atlases and was quickly forgotten.
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Gallus (constellation) Gallus (the cockerel) was a constellation introduced in 1612 (or 1613) by Petrus Plancius. It was in the northern part of what is now Puppis. It was not adopted in the atlases of Johannes Hevelius, John Flamsteed and Johann Bode and fell into disuse.
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Jordanus (constellation) Jordanus (the "Jordan River") was a constellation introduced in 1612 (or 1613) by Petrus Plancius. One end was in Canes Venatici and then it flowed through Leo Minor and Lynx and ended near Camelopardalis. This constellation was not adopted in the atlases of Johann Bode and fell into disuse.
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Constantino Manuel Torres Constantino Manuel Torres, known as Manuel Torres, is an archaeologist and ethnobotanist specialising in the ethnobotany of pre-columbian South America and the Caribbean. In particular, he has shed much light on the Taíno use of Anadenanthera snuff Cohoba, its paraphernalia and associated archaeology.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2384191
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Microcin Microcins are very small bacteriocins, composed of relatively few amino acids. For this reason, they are distinct from their larger protein cousins. The classic example is microcin V, of "Escherichia coli". Subtilosin A is another bacteriocin from "Bacillus subtilis". The peptide has a cyclized backbone and forms three cross-links between the sulphurs of Cys13, Cys7 and Cys4 and the alpha-positions of Phe22,Thr28 and Phe31. Microcins produced by commensal "E. coli" strains target and eliminate enteric pathogens such as "Salmonella enterica" by mimicking the siderophores the pathogens use for iron scavenging. Microcins also help commensal strains of "E. coli" outcompete pathogenic strains. BACTIBASE database is an open-access database for bacteriocins including microcins.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2386911
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Peter C. Aichelburg (born 9 November 1941) is an Austrian physicist well known for his contributions to general relativity, particularly for his joint work with Roman Sexl on the Aichelburg–Sexl ultraboost of the Schwarzschild vacuum. Peter Aichelburg is the second child of Ludwig Aichelburg (born 1917) and Martha Michalek (born 1920), a descendant of the Bohemian line of the House of Aichelburg from Carinthia. Lectures by Walter Thirring influenced him to pursue theoretical problems. He was a postdoc at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy from 1968 to 1969. In an interview he recounts that his father was surprised that after such difficult studies he did not immediately obtain a tenured position. Before his retirement in November 2007 Aichelburg taught at the University of Vienna, where he held a position in the Institute of Theoretical Physics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2388190
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Electron spectrometer In an electron spectrometer, an incoming beam of electrons is bent with electric or magnetic fields. As higher energy electrons will be bent less by the beam, this produces a spatially distributed range of energies. Electron spectrometers are used on a range of scientific equipment, including particle accelerators, transmission electron microscopes, and astronomical satellites. Electron spectrometers may determine electron energy based on time of flight, retarding potential (effectively a high-pass filter), resonant collision or curvature in a deflecting field (magnetic or electric). An electrostatic electron spectrometer uses the electric field, which cause electrons to move along field gradients, whereas magnetic devices cause electrons to move at right angles to the field. Magnetic fields will act in a direction perpendicular to the electron propagation, thereby conserving velocity, whereas electrostatic fields will cause electrons to move along the field gradient, which may change electron energies if the component of the direction of propagation and field gradients are not perpendicular. Owing to these effects, sector based designs are commonly used in electron spectrometers. The effective potential in the solution of motion in a magnetic or electric system with rotational symmetry leads to radial focusing onto a mean radius. By superposition of a quadrupole field axial focusing is possible while weakening the radial focusing, until the astigmatism vanishes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2390915
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Electron spectrometer By breaking the rotational symmetry a bit and varying the electrostatic potential along the mean path of the spherical aberration is minimized. The spectrometer can use entrance and exit slits or use a small source, which only emits into specific angle and a small detector. Photoelectron spectra from single crystals exhibit a dependency on the emission angle, so that the entrance slit is needed. All the electrons from an isotopic source may be sucked off and focused into a directed beam (much like in an electron gun), which can then be analyzed. A position sensitive detector can detect the energy along one direction and depending on the additional optics lateral resolution or one angle along the other direction. Electrostatic spectrometers preserve the spin, which can be resolved afterwards.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2390915
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Syneclise A syneclise is a large, relatively shallow depression formed in a continental platform setting, due to slow and steady subsidence. Covering a large area, the slow subsidence generally leads to thick, convergent sedimentary layers with low-angle dips. The term is used mostly by Russian and East European geologists. It has been used to describe structures in a wide range of geological settings formed by various processes and has, therefore, lost its usefulness and is falling into disuse. It is often synonymous with the more widespread term "basin".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2391553
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Anteclise An anteclise is a large uplifted structure in a continental platform setting, with low-angle, divergent dips, formed by slow and steady central uplift. The term is used mostly by Russian geologists. It is often synonymous with the more widespread terms "high", "uplift" and "massif".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2391570
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Pluvial In geology and climatology, a pluvial is either a modern climate characterized by relatively high precipitation, or an interval of time of variable length – decades to thousands of years – during which a climate is characterized by either relatively high precipitation or "humidity". Subdivisions of a pluvial, which are characterized by relatively high precipitation, are known as a subpluvials. Formally, pluvials were equated with glacial stages of the Quaternary. However, pluvials, as in equatorial regions, can also occur during interglacial stages. Lower latitudes have even experienced major pluvials in early to mid-Holocene times. In geomorphology, pluvial refers to a geologic episode, change, process, deposit, or feature that is the result of the action or effects of rain. Sometimes it also refers to the fluvial action of rainwater flowing in a stream channel, including a flood, known as a pluvial flood, that is the direct result of excessive precipitation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2395100
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Relativistic aberration is the relativistic version of aberration of light, including relativistic corrections that become significant for observers who move with velocities close to the speed of light. It is described by Einstein's special theory of relativity. Suppose, in the reference frame of the observer, the source is moving with speed formula_1 at an angle formula_2 relative to the vector from the observer to the source at the time when the light is emitted. Then the following formula, which was derived by Einstein in 1905 from the Lorentz transformation, describes the aberration of the light source, formula_3, measured by the observer: In this circumstance, the rays of light from the source which reach the observer are tilted towards the direction of the source's motion (relative to the observer). It is as if light emitted by a moving object is concentrated conically, towards its direction of motion; an effect called relativistic beaming. Also, light received by a moving object (e.g. the view from a very fast spacecraft) also appears concentrated towards its direction of motion. One consequence of this is that a forward observer should normally be expected to intercept a greater proportion of the object's light than a rearward one; this concentration of light in the object's forward direction is referred to as the "searchlight effect" (or headlight effect).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2396325
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Peter J. Wagner (born 27 September 1964) is a paleontologist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He received his Ph.D. in Geophysical Sciences from The University of Chicago in 1995, conducted postdoctoral research at the Smithsonian Institution, served as a curator at the Field Museum of Natural History from 1996 through 2007, and was at the Smithsonian Institution from 2007 through 2017. He was given the Charles Schuchert Award of the Paleontological Society in 2004. His research focuses on macroevolution and paleoecology, especially as regards the systematics, evolutionary dynamics, morphology, and distribution of Paleozoic Molluscs. He has published extensively in such journals as Paleobiology, Systematic Biology, and Science and is a contributor to the Paleobiology Database.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2397363
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Mackerel sky A mackerel sky is a common term for a sky with rows of cirrocumulus or altocumulus clouds displaying an undulating, rippling pattern similar in appearance to fish scales; this is caused by high altitude atmospheric waves. Cirrocumulus appears almost exclusively with cirrus some way ahead of a warm front and is a reliable forecaster that the weather is about to change. When these high clouds progressively invade the sky and the barometric pressure begins to fall, precipitation associated with the disturbance is likely about 6 to 12 hours away. A thickening and lowering of cirrocumulus into middle-étage altostratus or altocumulus is a good sign the warm front or low has moved closer and it may start raining within less than six hours. The old rhymes "Mackerel sky, not twenty-four hours dry" and "Mares' tails and mackerel scales make lofty ships to carry low sails" both refer to this long-recognized phenomenon. Other phrases in weather lore take mackerel skies as a sign of changeable weather. Examples include "Mackerel sky, mackerel sky. Never long wet and never long dry", and "A dappled sky, like a painted woman, soon changes its face". It is sometimes known as a buttermilk sky, particularly when in the early cirrocumulus stage, in reference to the clouds' "curdled" appearance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2402652
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Mackerel sky In France it is sometimes called a "ciel moutonné" (fleecy sky); and in Spain a "cielo empedrado" (cobbled sky); in Germany it is known as "Schäfchenwolken" (sheep clouds), and in Italy the clouds are described as "a pecorelle" (like little sheep). Peter Paul Rubens' "A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning" (1636) features the first convincing depiction of a mackerel sky in art. "Ole Buttermilk Sky" by Hoagy Carmichael was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1946.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2402652
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Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) was a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory for neutron scattering research. The IPNS was the world's first pulsed neutron source open to external users and started operations in 1981. The facility ceased operation in January, 2008 after the omnibus spending bill forced Basic Energy Sciences (BES) to cease IPNS operations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2403542
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Radio halo Radio halos are large-scale sources of diffuse radio emission found in the center of some, but not all, galaxy clusters. There are two classes of radio halos: mini-halos and giant radio halos. The linear size of giant radio halos is about 700kpc-1Mpc, whereas mini-halos are typically less than 500kpc. Giant radio halos are more often observed in highly X-ray luminous cluster samples than less luminous X-ray clusters (formula_1) in complete samples. They have a very low surface brightness and do not have obvious galaxy counterparts (in contrast to radio galaxies which have AGN counterparts). However, their morphologies typically follow the distribution of gas in the intra-cluster medium. Mini-halos however, while similar to giant halos, are found at the center of cooling core clusters but around a radio galaxy. The cause of radio haloes is still debated, but they may be caused by reacceleration of mildly relativistic electrons during a merger event between galaxy clusters. The generated turbulent motions of the intra-cluster plasma drive Magneto-Hydrodynamical Waves, which couples with mildly relativistic particles (i.e. of energy on the level of 100 MeV) and accelerate them up to energy of 10 GeV or more. An alternative model suggests they are caused by secondary electrons generated by collisions between cosmic ray protons (CRp) and intra-cluster medium (ICM) protons. Radio relics resemble haloes but are found at the edge of clusters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2404037
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Radio halo They are likely to result from synchrotron radiation originating from electrons accelerated by shock waves, moving in the intracluster magnetic field of around 0.1 - 3 μG.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2404037
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Ramus Pomifer (Latin for "apple branch") was a constellation between Hercules and Lyra. It was depicted in the form of a branch held in Hercules' left hand. The also obsolete constellation of Cerberus - made up of much the same stars - became combined with it in later depictions, with the name "Cerberus et Ramus".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2404267
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Enthalpy of atomization The enthalpy of atomization (also atomisation in British English) is the enthalpy change that accompanies the total separation of all atoms in a chemical substance (either a chemical element or a chemical compound). This is often represented by the symbol Δ"H" or Δ"H". All bonds in the compound are broken in atomization and none are formed, so enthalpies of atomization are always positive. The associated standard enthalpy is known as the Standard enthalpy of atomization, Δ"H"/(kJ mol), at 298.15 K (or 25 degrees Celsius) and 100 kPa. is the amount of enthalpy change when a compound's bonds are broken and the component atoms are reduced to individual atoms. is denoted by the symbol Δ"H". The enthalpy change of atomization of gaseous HO is, for example, the sum of the HO–H and H–O bond dissociation enthalpies. The enthalpy of atomization of an elemental solid is exactly the same as the enthalpy of sublimation for any elemental solid that becomes a monatomic gas upon evaporation. When a diatomic element is converted to gaseous atoms, only half a mole of molecules will be needed, as the standard enthalpy change is based purely on the production of one mole of gaseous atoms. When the atoms in the molecule are different isotopes of the same element the calculation becomes non-trivial. Standard enthalpy of atomization is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance is dissociated completely into atoms under standard conditions (298.15K, 1 bar).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2405440
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Adelphogamy is a form of sexual partnership between sibling eukaryotes, for example in some species of fungi, flowering plants or ants, or in humans. In sociology, the term "adelphogamy" may also refer to fraternal polyandry, or to an incestous relationship between a brother and sister.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2406859
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Geitonogamy (from Greek "geiton" (γείτων) = neighbor + "gamein" (γαμεῖν) = to marry) is a type of self-pollination. Geitonogamous pollination is sometimes distinguished from the fertilizations that can result from it, geitonogamy. If a plant is self-incompatible, geitonogamy can reduce seed production. is when pollen is exported using a vector (pollinator or wind) out of one flower but only to another flower on the same plant. It is a form of self-fertilization. In flowering plants, pollen is transferred from a flower to another flower on the same plant, and in animal pollinated systems this is accomplished by a pollinator visiting multiple flowers on the same plant. is also possible within species that are wind-pollinated, and may actually be a quite common source of self-fertilized seeds in self-compatible species. It also occurs in monoecious gymnosperms. Although geitonogamy is functionally cross-pollination involving a pollinating agent, genetically it is similar to autogamy since the pollen grains come from the same plant. Monoecious plants like maize show geitonogamy. is not possible for strictly dioecious plants.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2407249
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Polophylax (Greek: "guardian of the celestial [south] pole") was a southern constellation that lay where Tucana and Grus now are. It was introduced by Petrus Plancius in the small celestial planispheres on his large wall map of 1592. It is also shown on his smaller world map of 1594 and on world maps copied from Plancius. It was superseded by the twelve constellations which Petrus Plancius formed in late 1597 or early 1598 from the southern star observations of Pieter Dircksz Keyser and Frederik de Houtman.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2407898
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Monopole (mathematics) In mathematics, a monopole is a connection over a principal bundle "G" with a section of the associated adjoint bundle. Physically, the section can be interpreted as a "Higgs field", where the connection and Higgs field should satisfy the Bogomolny equations and be of finite action.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415128
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Pers sunshine recorder A is a sunshine recorder in which the movement of the sun provides the occurrence of the event.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415374
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Marvin sunshine recorder A is a sunshine recorder which uses a clock type mechanism to record the sun.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415376
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Jordan sunshine recorder A is a sunshine recorder in which the movement of the sun provides the occurrence of the event.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415379
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Sunshine recorder A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location or region at any time. The results provide information about the weather and climate as well as the temperature of a geographical area. This information is useful in meteorology, science, agriculture, tourism, and other fields. It has also been called a heliograph. There are two basic types of sunshine recorders. One type uses the sun itself as a time-scale for the sunshine readings. The other type uses some form of clock for the time scale. Older recorders required a human observer to interpret the results; recorded results might differ among observers. Modern sunshine recorders use electronics and computers for precise data that do not depend on a human interpreter. Newer recorders can also measure the global and diffuse radiation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2415390
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ESO 510-G13 is a spiral galaxy approximately 150 million light-years away in the constellation Hydra. The equatorial dust cloud is heavily warped; this may indicate that has interacted with another galaxy. If this is the case, it would provide an excellent illustration of the distortion caused by interacting galaxies, discussed in the article Galaxy formation and evolution under the "Spiral galaxy" heading. This galaxy was examined by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2001.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2416419
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Peter Hochachka Peter William Hochachka, (March 9, 1937 – September 16, 2002) was a Canadian professor and zoologist. Born in Bordenave, Alberta, the son of the very Rev. William and Pearl Hochachka, he obtained his B.Sc. from the University of Alberta in 1959. He received his M.Sc. from Dalhousie University and a Ph.D. from Duke University in 1964. From 1966 until his retirement in 2002, he taught at the University of British Columbia in the Department of Zoology. Along with George N. Somero, he pioneered the study of biochemical adaptation to the environment and remained a world leader in this field until his death. His work included studies of enzyme adaptation to temperature and pressure, the mechanisms underlying tolerance to low oxygen levels in animals, the bioenergetics of exercise, metabolism during diving in seals, allometric scaling, and human adaptations to high-altitude hypoxia. He authored articles for nearly 400 publications and wrote or co-wrote seven books. He is the co-author, with George Somero, of "Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution". Highly honoured, he was in 1993 awarded the Canada Council Killam Memorial Prize in Science and the NSERC Gold Medal for Science and Engineering in 1995. He was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal in 1990. In 1983, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1999, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was married to Brenda (née Clayton). They had three children: Claire, Gail and Gareth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2421860
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Peter Hochachka He died of prostate cancer and lymphoma.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2421860
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Ewine van Dishoeck Ewine Fleur van Dishoeck (born 13 June 1955 in Leiden) is a Dutch astronomer and chemist. She is Professor of Molecular Astrophysics at Leiden Observatory, and the president of the International Astronomical Union. She is one of the pioneers of astrochemistry, and her research is aimed at determination of the structure of cosmic objects using their molecular spectra. Van Dishoeck works on interstellar molecules; physical and chemical evolution during star formation and planet formation; submillimeter and mid-infrared astronomy; basic molecular processes; and the radiative transfer of line and continuum radiation. She was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows. Van Dishoeck was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society in 1994, the Spinoza Prize (Netherlands) in 2000, and the Bourke Award of the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK) in 2001. Since 2001, she is a Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences as well of the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2013, she became a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. She received the Gothenburg Lise Meitner Award (Sweden) in 2014, and the Albert Einstein World Award of Science (Mexico) in 2015. In 2018, Van Dishoeck was awarded the James Craig Watson Medal (US) and the Kavli Prize (Norway) for astrophysics. In the same year, she also has been elected an Honorary Member of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2427262
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