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Sarepta Therapeutics These results are similar to those in previous studies when the drug was given by intravenous injection. In December 2019 golodirsen (Vyondys 53) received FDA approval for the treatment of cases that can benefit from skipping exon 53 of the dystrophin transcript. In addition to development of Morpholinos as therapeutics, AVI has conducted six human trials for colorectal and pancreatic cancers using their cancer vaccine AVICINE.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2796300
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Chlamydiales The bacterial order includes only obligately intracellular bacteria that have a chlamydia-like developmental cycle of replication and at least 80% 16S rRNA or 23S rRNA gene sequence identity with other members of Chlamydiales. live in animals, insects, and protozoa. The order belongs to the class Chlamydiae, phylum Chlamydiae, domain Bacteria. At present, Chlamydiae and are essentially synonymous. Currently, the order includes the families Chlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, and Waddliaceae, which have Gram-negative extracellular infectious bodies (EBs), and Parachlamydiaceae, which has variable Gram staining of EBs. The family Rhabdochlamydiaceae has been proposed. ♠ Strain found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but has no standing with the Bacteriological Code (1990 and subsequent Revision) as detailed by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) as a result of the following reasons: • No pure culture isolated or available for prokaryotes. • Not validly published because the effective publication only documents deposit of the type strain in a single recognized culture collection. • Not approved and published by the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology or the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSB/IJSEM).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2797244
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Takeda Oncology Takeda Oncology, (originally Millennium Pharmaceuticals), is a biopharmaceutical company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a fully owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical. Takeda Oncology's research, development and commercialization activities focused in two therapeutic areas: oncology and inflammation to develop a line of new product candidates. It was one of the first companies to systematically search for genes linked to disease, although none of the drugs which it is marketing or has in clinical trial, with one partial exception, have been the results of that research. It is particularly known for bringing bortezomib (marketed as Velcade) through clinical trials to approval for treatment of patients with multiple myeloma by the U.S. FDA, but has a growing clinical development pipeline of other product candidates. On May 14, 2008, Japanese company Takeda Pharmaceutical announced the completion of its acquisition of Millennium for US$25.00 per share in cash—a deal worth $8.8 billion. Takeda completed the acquisition through a tender offer and subsequent merger as a wholly owned subsidiary Millennium: The Company - with the name being simplified to in 2013. Millennium was founded in 1993. In its early years, Millennium focused on building science and business teams. Beginning in 1994, Millennium created more than 20 strategic alliances with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
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Takeda Oncology These alliances provided Millennium with close to $2 billion of committed funding that was used to develop and enhance its pipeline. A merger with Leukosite in 1999 brought the company its first drug close-to-market, Campath (alemtuzumab) Injection, and additional investigational drugs in clinical trials. In 2000, a merger with Cambridge Discovery Chemistry gave Millennium a strong presence in the United Kingdom and added to the organization more than 100 scientists with expertise in chemistry. In a strategic business decision, Campath was later sold to the Millennium partner for the drug, ILEX Oncology, which in turn was acquired by Genzyme. In February 2002, there was a further merger with COR Therapeutics—among the largest such mergers in the history of the biotech industry at that time. In addition to creating a strong pipeline of novel therapeutics, the merger added cardiovascular research and drug development to the company's other key therapeutic areas: oncology and inflammation. The merger also brought Integrilin (eptifibatide) Injection, an intravenous anti-platelet drug for patients with severe cardiovascular diseases, into the Millennium fold. Millennium partnered with Schering-Plough on the development and marketing of Integrilin until 2005 when Millennium licensed the exclusive U.S. commercialization and development rights of Integrilin to Schering-Plough. In May 2003 Velcade was launched for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma – a cancer of the blood. At the time, the U.S
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Takeda Oncology Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval for the treatment of multiple myeloma for patients who had not responded to at least two other therapies for the disease. Velcade — the first FDA-approved proteasome inhibitor — reached the market in record time and represented the first treatment in more than a decade to be approved for patients with multiple myeloma. In late December 2007, Millennium successfully submitted a supplemental new drug application (sNDA) to the FDA for Velcade for previously untreated multiple myeloma. The sNDA submitted to the FDA for this indication included data from the Phase III VISTA. study, a large, well-controlled international clinical trial, comparing a Velcade-based regimen to a traditional standard of care. Priority review was granted by the FDA in January 2008. On June 20, 2008, the FDA approved VELCADE in combination for patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma. This means that Millennium can market Velcade to patients who have not had any prior therapies for multiple myeloma (a first-line therapy). In May 2008, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited purchased Millennium for $8.8 billion. Millennium was operating as an independent subsidiary, serving as the global center of excellence in oncology under its new name: "Millennium: The Company". This global footprint includes oncology research and marketing strategy and oversight
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Takeda Oncology In addition to Cambridge, MA, oncology resources include facilities in San Diego, San Francisco, Tsukuba and Osaka with Millennium as the global hub for this critical and rapidly expanding therapeutic area. In summer 2013 the decision was made by Takeda to drop the "Millennium" brand effectively renaming the subsidiary into Takeda Oncology. However, Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc is still a legal holding of Takeda and its name is still used for on-going legal processes. Velcade is the first oncology drug marketed and promoted by Millennium. Velcade was granted FDA approval little more than four and a half years after initiation of the first clinical trial. To discover and develop such treatments, the Company focuses on key molecular pathways that play crucial roles in underlying disease processes, and on identifying therapeutically significant differences that may exist among people. applies this approach broadly throughout its R&D program to develop novel treatments not just for cancer but also for a number of other important diseases. Velcade was co-developed by Millennium Pharmaceuticals. and Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development. Takeda is responsible for commercialization of Velcade in the U.S. and Janssen-Cilag is responsible for commercialization in Europe and the rest of the world. Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K. is responsible for commercialization in Japan. For a limited period of time, Takeda and Ortho Biotech. are co- promoting Velcade in the U.S
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Takeda Oncology Approved in 85 countries, at least 85,000 patients have been treated with Velcade globally.
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Bailey Ice Stream () is an ice stream on the northern margin of the Theron Mountains, flowing west-southwest to the Filchner Ice Shelf. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Jeremy Thomas Bailey (1941–65), a British Antarctic Survey glaciologist, who with two companions died in a crevasse accident during a radio echo sounding traverse inland from Halley Station on 12 October 1965. On an earlier traverse in April 1965, Bailey sounded the upper portion of this feature.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2802232
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Foundation Ice Stream is a major ice stream in Antarctica's Pensacola Mountains. The ice stream drains northward for along the west side of the Patuxent Range and the Neptune Range to enter the Ronne Ice Shelf westward of Dufek Massif. The United States Geological Survey mapped the stream from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1956–66. The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names named the stream in recognition of the National Science Foundation, which provided major support to the U.S. Antarctic Research Program during this period.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2802337
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Behzad Ghorbani (born March 26, 1971 in Tehran) is an Iranian zoologist and the first Iranian planarialogist. He graduated from the University of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti University (The National University of Iran). In 1997, he identified two new species ("Dugesia iranica" and "Dugesia persica"), that were found in the Karaj River.
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Evans Ice Stream The is a large ice stream draining from Ellsworth Land, between Cape Zumberge and Fowler Ice Rise, into the western part of the Ronne Ice Shelf. Mills Glacier flows adjacently into the ice stream from the southwest side. The feature was recorded on February 5, 1974 in Landsat imagery. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Stanley Evans, a British physicist who, starting in 1961, developed apparatus for radio echo sounding of icecaps and glaciers from aircraft; he carried out upper atmosphere research at Brunt Ice Shelf, 1956–57.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2803243
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Zero spacing flux In interferometry, the zero spacing flux is the integrated flux density of the sources in the field of view.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2803726
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Cassianus Bassus Cassianus Bassus, called Scholasticus (lawyer) was one of the "geoponici" — the group of writers on agricultural subjects. He lived at the end of the 6th or the beginning of the 7th century. He compiled from earlier writers a collection of agricultural literature; the principal source was Vindonius Anatolius. Dedicated to his son Bassus, his work was entitled "Eklogai peri georgias" ("Selections on farming"); the usual Latin version of this title is "Eclogae de re rustica". The original Greek text of has been lost, but some of the contents have survived as part of a collection entitled "Geoponica", completed about the year 950 and dedicated to the emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. In addition, a 7th-century Middle Persian translation and two different Arabic language translations of respectively the 8th and 9th century have also survived.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2807448
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AdS black hole In theoretical physics, an anti-de Sitter (AdS) black hole is a black hole solution of general relativity or its extensions which represents an isolated massive object, but with a negative cosmological constant. Such a solution asymptotically approaches anti-de Sitter space at spatial infinity, and is a generalization of the Kerr vacuum solution, which asymptotically approaches Minkowski spacetime at spatial infinity. In 3+1 dimensions, the metric is given by where t is the time coordinate, r is the radial coordinate, Ω are the polar coordinates, C is a constant and k is the AdS curvature. In general, in d+1 dimensions, the metric is given by According to the AdS/CFT correspondence, if gravity were quantized, an would be dual to a thermal state on the conformal boundary. In the context of say, AdS/QCD, this would correspond to the deconfinement phase of the quark–gluon plasma.
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Blood meal is a dry, inert powder made from blood, used as a high-nitrogen organic fertilizer and a high protein animal feed. N = 13.25%, P = 1.0%, K = 0.6%. It is one of the highest non-synthetic sources of nitrogen. It usually comes from cattle or hogs as a slaughterhouse by-product. can be used as a livestock dietary supplement and is mainly added to supply dietary lysine for cattle, fish and poultry. Prior to use, it is sometimes mixed with molasses. Blood meal, bone meal, and other animal by-products are permitted in certified organic production as soil amendments, though they cannot be fed to organic livestock. is different from bone meal in that blood meal contains a higher amount of nitrogen, while bone meal contains phosphorus. Alternatives to Blood Meal include feather meal and alfalfa meal. is sometimes used as a composting activator. can be spread on gardens to deter pest animals such as rabbits. The theory is that the animals smell the blood and are repelled by the odor. Blood needs to be dried before being used as blood meal. Several drying methods are available: solar drying, oven drying, drum drying, flash drying or spray drying.
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Charles R. Bentley Charles Raymond Bentley (December 23, 1929 – August 19, 2017) was an American glaciologist and geophysicist, born in Rochester, New York. He was a professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Mount Bentley and the Bentley Subglacial Trench in Antarctica are named after him. In 1957, he and a handful of other scientists including Mario Giovinetto set out on an expedition across West Antarctica in tracked vehicles to make the first measurements of the ice sheet. He was awarded the Seligman Crystal by the International Glaciological Society in 1990. He died on August 19, 2017 at the age of 87 in Oakland, California.
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Coccobacillus A coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli) is a type of bacterium with a shape intermediate between cocci (spherical bacteria) and bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria). Coccobacilli, then, are very short rods which may be mistaken for cocci. "Haemophilus influenzae", "Gardnerella vaginalis", and "Chlamydia trachomatis" are coccobacilli. "Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans" is a Gram-negative coccobacillus prevalent in subgingival plaques. "Acinetobacter" strains may grow on solid media as coccobacilli. "Bordetella pertussis" is a Gram-negative coccobacillus responsible for causing whooping cough. "Yersinia pestis", the bacteria that causes plague, is also coccobacillus. "Coxiella burnetti" is also a coccobacillus. Bacteria from the genus "Brucella" are medically important coccobacilli that cause brucellosis. "Haemophilus ducreyi", another medically important Gram-negative coccobacillus, is observed in sexually transmitted disease, chancroid, of Third World countries.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820241
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Office of Technology Assessment The (OTA) was an office of the United States Congress from 1972 to 1995. OTA's purpose was to provide Congressional members and committees with objective and authoritative analysis of the complex scientific and technical issues of the late 20th century, i.e. technology assessment. It was a leader in practicing and encouraging delivery of public services in innovative and inexpensive ways, including early involvement in the distribution of government documents through electronic publishing. Its model was widely copied around the world. The OTA was dismantled in 1995, following the 1994 mid-term elections which led to Republican control of the Senate and the House. Republican legislators characterized the OTA as wasteful and hostile to GOP interests. Princeton University hosts The OTA Legacy site, which holds "the complete collection of OTA publications along with additional materials that illuminate the history and impact of the agency". On July 23, 2008 the Federation of American Scientists launched a similar archive that includes interviews and additional documents about OTA. Congress established the with the Technology Assessment Act of 1972. It was governed by a twelve-member board, comprising six members of Congress from each party — half from the Senate and half from the House of Representatives. During its twenty-four-year life it produced about 750 studies on a wide range of topics, including acid rain, health care, global climate change, and polygraphs
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Office of Technology Assessment Criticism of the agency was fueled by "Fat City", a 1980 book by "Washington Times" journalist Donald Lambro that was regarded favorably by the Reagan administration; it called OTA an "unnecessary agency" that duplicated government work done elsewhere. OTA was abolished (technically "de-funded") in the "Contract with America" period of Newt Gingrich's Republican ascendancy in Congress. According to "Science" magazine, "some Republican lawmakers came to view [the OTA] as duplicative, wasteful, and biased against their party." When the 104th Congress withdrew funding for OTA, it had a full-time staff of 143 people and an annual budget of $21.9 million. The closed on September 29, 1995. The move was criticized at the time, including by Republican representative Amo Houghton, who commented at the time of OTA’s defunding that "we are cutting off one of the most important arms of Congress when we cut off unbiased knowledge about science and technology". Critics of the closure saw it as an example of politics overriding science, and a variety of scientists have called for the agency's reinstatement. While the OTA was closed down, the idea of technology assessment survived, in particular in Europe. The European Parliamentary Technology Assessment (EPTA) network coordinates members of technology assessment units working for various European governments. The US Government Accountability Office has meanwhile established a TA unit, taking on former duties of the OTA
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Office of Technology Assessment While campaigning in the 2008 US presidential election, Hillary Clinton pledged to work to restore the OTA if elected President. On April 29, 2009, House of Representatives member Rush Holt of New Jersey wrote an op-ed piece articulating the argument for restoring the OTA. In April 2010 The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars released a report entitled "Reinventing Technology Assessment" that emphasized citizen engagement and called for performing the functions of the OTA by creating a nationwide network of non-partisan policy research organizations, universities, and science museums: the Expert & Citizen Assessment of Science & Technology (ECAST) network. ECAST would conduct both expert and participatory technology assessments for Congress and other clients. The author of the report was Dr. Richard Sclove of the Loka Institute. The report states that the drive to modernize OTA was initiated by Darlene Cavalier, a popular citizen science advocate and author of the Science Cheerleader blog. Cavalier outlined the idea of the citizen network in a guest blog post for Discover Magazine's The Intersection. She introduced the concept in an article in Science Progress in July 2008. Andrew Yang became the first 2020 presidential candidate on April 4, 2019 to push for the idea to reestablish the OTA. He did so with a detailed proposal that includes refusing to sign any budget that doesn't include the OTA.
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Magomed Tolboyev Magomed Tolboev (Магомед Толбоев, born 20 January 1951) is a former high-profile Soviet-era test pilot who initially came to public attention as a test pilot for the Buran space shuttle. He is from Dagestan. He continued his career after the collapse of the Soviet Union, working on both civilian and military aircraft in Russia, and held several governmental appointments including in the Aviation Ministry. He was decorated with the title Hero of Russia and other honors before retiring from active service. He continues to be a part-time consultant and commentator on aviation issues. Tolboev was the focus of media attention due to an attack on him by police officers in Moscow. They brutally beat him because of his name that sounded like he was a Chechen, although he in fact was a member of Avar people.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2822702
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Photosensitizer A photosensitizer is a molecule that produces a chemical change in another molecule in a photochemical process. Photosensitizers are commonly used in polymer chemistry in reactions such as photopolymerization, photocrosslinking, and photodegradation. Photosensitizers are also used to generate triplet excited states in organic molecules with uses in photocatalysis, photon upconversion and photodynamic therapy. Photosensitizers generally act by absorbing ultraviolet or visible region of electromagnetic radiation and transferring it to adjacent molecules. Photosensitizers usually have large de-localized π systems, which lower the energy of HOMO orbitals and its absorption of light might be able to ionize the molecule. There are also examples of using semiconductor quantum dots as photosensitizers. Chlorophyll acts as a photosensitizer during the photosynthesis of carbohydrates in plants: 6CO + 6HO → CHO + 6O Photosensitisers are a part of photodynamic therapy (PDT) which is used to treat some cancers. They help to produce singlet oxygen to damage tumours. They can be divided into porphyrins, chlorophylls and dyes - See Photodynamic_therapy#Photosensitizers In February 2019, medical scientists announced that iridium attached to albumin, creating a photosensitized molecule, can penetrate cancer cells and, after being irradiated with light (a process called photodynamic therapy), destroy the cancer cells.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2825553
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Fuel fleas are microscopic hot particles of new or spent nuclear fuel. While small, they tend to be intensely radioactive. The fuel particles, the size about 10 micrometers, are a strong source of beta and gamma radiation and a weaker source of alpha radiation. The disparity between alpha and beta radiation (alpha activity is typically 100–1000 times weaker than beta, so the particle loses much more negatively charged particles than positively charged ones) leads to buildup of positive electrostatic charge on the particle, causing the particle to "jump" from surface to surface and easily become airborne. are typically rich in uranium 238 and contain an abundance of insoluble fission products. Due to their high beta activity, they can be detected by a Geiger counter. Their gamma output can allow analysis of their isotope composition (and therefore their age and origin) by a gamma-ray spectrometer. can be very dangerous if they become embedded within a person's body, but are generally not considered more dangerous than an equal amount of radioactive material evenly distributed throughout the body. An exception would be if the flea was embedded in a particularly vulnerable organ such as the cornea of the eye or inhaled into the lungs. The most likely cause of fuel fleas is when the cladding surrounding the nuclear fuel becomes ruptured or cracked (known as "fuel pin failure"), allowing the fuel particles to escape and allowing the coolant to enter the fuel rod, further accelerating the process
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Fuel fleas In water-cooled reactors, this can be due to the reaction of the zirconium alloy cladding with the cooling water, which produces hydrogen. The hydrogen can be absorbed into the cladding material, resulting in hydrogen embrittlement. Embrittled cladding is less ductile and more susceptible to cracking. This process is avoided in modern reactors by carefully monitoring the fuel assemblies, limiting operating lifetime of the fuel, and by using alloys developed to resist hydride formation.
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Andean-Saharan glaciation The occurred during the Paleozoic from 450 Ma to 420 Ma, during the late Ordovician and the Silurian period. For the Ordovician/Saharan part, see the more extensive article on the Late Ordovician glaciation. According to Eyles and Young, "A major glacial episode at c. 440 Ma, is recorded in Late Ordovician strata (predominantly Ashgillian) in West Africa (Tamadjert Formation of the Sahara), in Morocco (Tindouf Basin) and in west-central Saudi Arabia, all areas at polar latitudes at the time. From the Late Ordovician to the Early Silurian the centre of glaciation moved from northern Africa to southwestern South America." During this period glaciation is known from Arabia, Sahara, West Africa, the south Amazon, and the Andes. The center of glaciation migrated from Sahara in the Ordovician (450–440 Ma) to South America in the Silurian (440–420 Ma). The maximum extent of glaciation developed in Africa and eastern Brazil. A minor ice age, the Andean-Saharan was preceded by the Cryogenian ice ages (720–630 Ma, the Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations), often referred to as Snowball Earth, and followed by the Karoo Ice Age (350–260 Ma).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2830096
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Protonema A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of the life cycle of mosses. When a moss first grows from the spore, it start as a "germ tube" which lengthens and branches into a filamentous complex known as a "protonema", which develops into a leafy gametophore, the adult form of a gametophyte in bryophytes. Moss spores germinate to form an algae-like filamentous structure called the protonema. It represents the juvenile gametophyte. While the protonema is growing by apical cell division, at some stage, under the influence of the phytohormone cytokinin, buds are induced which grow by three-faced apical cells. These give rise to gametophores, stems and leaf like structures (bryophytes do not have true leaves (megaphyll). are characteristic of all mosses and some liverworts but are absent from hornworts. Protonemata of mosses are composed of two cell types: chloronemata, which form upon germination, and caulonemata, which later differentiate from chloronemata and on which buds are formed, which then differentiate to gametophores.
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Cryptogam A cryptogam (scientific name Cryptogamae) is a plant (in the wide sense of the word) that reproduces by spores, without flowers or seeds. "Cryptogamae" (Greek ', "hidden" + , ', "to marry") means "hidden reproduction", referring to the fact that no seed is produced, thus cryptogams represent the non-seed bearing plants. Other names, such as "thallophytes", "lower plants", and "spore plants" are also occasionally used. As a group, Cryptogamae are the opposite of the Phanerogamae (Greek , = "visible") or Spermatophyta (Greek , = "seed" and , = "plant"), the seed plants. The best-known groups of cryptogams are algae, lichens, mosses and ferns, but it also includes non-photosynthetic organisms traditionally classified as plants, such as fungi, slime molds, and bacteria.The classification is now deprecated in Linnaean taxonomy. At one time, the cryptogams were formally recognised as a group within the plant kingdom. In his system for classification of all known plants and animals, Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) divided the plant kingdom into 24 classes, one of which was the "Cryptogamia". This included all plants with "concealed" reproductive organs. He divided Cryptogamia into four orders: Algae, Musci (bryophytes), Filices (ferns), and Fungi. Not all cryptogams are treated as part of the plant kingdom; the fungi, in particular, are regarded as a separate kingdom, more closely related to animals than plants, while blue-green algae are now regarded as a phylum of bacteria
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Cryptogam Therefore, in contemporary plant systematics, "Cryptogamae" is not a taxonomically coherent group, but is cladistically polyphyletic. However, all organisms known as cryptogams belong to the field traditionally studied by botanists and the names of all cryptogams are regulated by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants". During World War II, the British Government Code and Cypher School recruited Geoffrey Tandy, a marine biologist expert in cryptogams, to Station X, Bletchley Park when someone confused these with cryptograms.
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Signal velocity The signal velocity is the speed at which a wave carries information. It describes how quickly a message can be communicated (using any particular method) between two separated parties. No signal velocity can exceed the speed of a light pulse in a vacuum (by Special Relativity). is usually equal to group velocity (the speed of a short "pulse" or of a wave-packet's middle or "envelope"). However, in a few special cases (e.g., media designed to amplify the front-most parts of a pulse and then attenuate the back section of the pulse), group velocity can exceed the speed of light in vacuum, while the signal velocity will still be less than or equal to the speed of light in vacuum. In electronic circuits, signal velocity is one member of a group of five closely related parameters. In these circuits, signals are usually treated as operating in TEM (Transverse ElectroMagnetic) mode. That is, the fields are perpendicular to the direction of transmission and perpendicular to each other. Given this presumption, the quantities: signal velocity, the product of dielectric constant and magnetic permeability, characteristic impedance, inductance of a structure, and capacitance of that structure, are all related such that if you know any two, you can calculate the rest. In a uniform medium if the permeability is constant, then variation of the signal velocity will be dependent only on variation of the dielectric constant
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Signal velocity In a transmission line, signal velocity is the reciprocal of the square root of the capacitance-inductance product, where inductance and capacitance are typically expressed as per-unit length. In circuit boards made of FR-4 material, the signal velocity is typically about six inches (15 cm) per nanosecond. In circuit boards made of Polyimide material, the signal velocity is typically about 16.3 cm per nanosecond or 6.146 ps/mm. In these boards, permeability is usually constant and dielectric constant often varies from location to location, causing variations in signal velocity. As data rates increase, these variations become a major concern for computer manufacturers. where formula_2 is the relative permittivity of the medium, formula_3 is the relative permeability of the medium, and formula_4 is the speed of light in vacuum. The approximation shown is used in many practical context because for most common materials formula_5.
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Nastic movements Nastic movement are directional responses to stimuli (e.g. temperature, humidity, light irradiance), and are usually associated with plants. The movement can be due to changes in turgor or changes in growth. Decrease in turgor pressure causes shrinkage while increase in turgor pressure brings about swelling. differ from tropic movements in that the direction of tropic responses depends on the direction of the stimulus, whereas the direction of nastic movements is independent of the stimulus's position. The tropic movement is growth movement but nastic movement may or may not be growth movement. The rate or frequency of these responses increases as intensity of the stimulus increases. An example of such a response is the opening and closing of flowers (photonastic response), movement of euglena, chlamydomonas towards the source of light. They are named with the suffix "-nasty" and have prefixes that depend on the stimuli: The suffix may come from Greek νάσσω = "I press", ναστός = "pressed", ἐπιναστια = "the condition of being pressed upon". For other types of movement, see:
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Isochoic wave This is a term used in ultrasound. Substances of a different medium are called isochoic if waves travel through them at the same speed.
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Polar front In meteorology, the polar front is the boundary between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell around the 60° latitude in each hemisphere. At this boundary a sharp gradient in temperature occurs between these two air masses, each at very different temperatures. The polar front arises as a result of cold polar air meeting warm tropical air. It is a stationary front as the air masses are not moving against each other. Off the coast of eastern North America, especially in winter, there is a sharp temperature gradient between the snow-covered land and the warm offshore currents. The polar front theory says that mid-latitude cyclones form on boundaries between warm and cold air. In winter, the polar front shifts towards the Equator, whereas high pressure systems dominate more in the summer.
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Hans Strøm (25 January 1726 – 1 February 1797) was a Norwegian clergyman. He also became a prominent zoologist and naturalist. He is best associated with his topographical description of the traditional district of Sunnmøre. was born at Borgund in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. His father was a clergyman and many other relatives of both his father and mother were ministers. He attended the Bergen Cathedral School. He was educated as a Lutheran clergyman and in 1745 took a theological degree at the University of Copenhagen. Then he worked from 1750 to 1764 as chaplain in Borgund. In 1764 he became parish priest, first in Volda where he served until 1779, when he went to Eiker where he served as Vicar for 18 years. He died at Hokksund in Øvre Eiker in Buskerud. was the first Norwegian who gave species descriptions for Norwegian animals. The results of his research was published as "Physisk og Oeconomisk Beskrivelse over Fogderiet Søndmør I–II" (Copenhagen, 1762–1766), a work that established his reputation as a scientific authority. He followed up this work with a number of articles, particularly where the natural sciences were strongly represented. He co-founded the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters in 1760, with Gerhard Schoning, the historian, and Johan Ernst Gunnerus, bishop of Trondheim. In 1779, Strøm was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was also elected as a member of a number of science academies in Norway, Denmark and Germany.
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Nitrate reductase test The nitrate reductase test is a test to differentiate between bacteria based on their ability or inability to reduce nitrate (NO) to nitrite (NO) using anaerobic respiration. Various assays for detecting nitrate reduction have been described. One method is performed as follows:
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Rudolf Signer (17 March 1903, Herisau, Switzerland – 1 December 1990, Gümlingen, Switzerland) contributed to the discovery of the DNA double helix. He was a Professor for organic chemistry at the University of Bern from 1935 until 1972. Signer was the son of Jakob Signer, a chemical scientist working in the textile industry, and his wife Dorothea Agnes Scherrer. went to high school in St. Gallen and matriculated at the ETH Zurich in 1921 to study chemistry, initially in order to become a teacher. 1927 he graduated with his doctorate under the supervision of Hermann Staudinger. Already 1926 he had become "Wissenschaftlicher Assistent" at the University of Fribourg, where he qualified as a professor with a Habilitation. Signer spent 1932–1933 in Uppsala and Manchester on a Rockefeller-scholarship. He became a non-tenured professor for general and inorganic chemistry at the University of Bern in 1935 and was tenured in 1939. He went on to become director of the university's Institute of Chemistry and retired as emeritus in 1972. Signer focused on macromolecular chemistry, in particular with regards to natural products. 1938 he measured and described the DNA, discovering its thread-like structure. 1950 Signer produced extraordinarily pure DNA from the Thymus of calves, of which he took 15 grams of extraordinarily pure DNA to London. In England he gave it to various scientists, among them Maurice Wilkins, in order to promote research in the field
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Rudolf Signer The analysis of X ray images of these DNA samples in Wilkins' laboratory allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to discover the double-helix structure of DNA. Rests of the DNA which Signer brought to England, survive today in the collection of King's College, London. Over 250 of Signer's scientific writings were published during his lifetime. The Lavoisier Medal was awarded to him for his scientific work and achievements.
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Siriometer The siriometer is an obsolete astronomical unit of length, defined to be equal to one million astronomical units (au). One siriometer is approximately . The distance from Earth to the star Sirius is then approximately 0.54 siriometers. The unit was proposed in 1911 by Carl V. L. Charlier who used the symbol 'sir.' Others have suggested denoting the unit with the symbol 'Sm'. The siriometer never gained widespread usage. The first General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union in 1922 adopted the parsec as the standard unit of stellar distances, which simplified the definition of absolute magnitude. Use of the siriometer seems to have disappeared from the astronomical literature by . Professional astronomers use the parsec as their primary unit of distances larger than the Solar System.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2849571
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Jiao Bingzhen Jiāo Bǐngzhēn (), 1689–1726) was a native of Jining, Shandong who became a noted painter and astronomer. In painting he is noteworthy as one of the first Qing dynasty painters to be influenced by the West. He is also among the more significant portrait and miniature painters in the early Qing. He was skilled in painting people, landscapes, and buildings. The Western influence in his art came from his exposure to the Jesuits at the Directorate of Astronomy. Their influence also exposed him to new ideas on astronomy and religion. At some point Jiao became a Roman Catholic and played a role on the Jesuit side of the Chinese Rites controversy.
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Q value (nuclear science) In nuclear physics and chemistry, the "Q" value for a reaction is the amount of energy absorbed or released during the nuclear reaction. The value relates to the enthalpy of a chemical reaction or the energy of radioactive decay products. It can be determined from the masses of reactants and products. "Q" values affect reaction rates. In general, the larger the positive "Q" value for the reaction, the faster the reaction proceeds, and the more likely the reaction is to "favor" the products. where the masses are in atomic mass units. Also both formula_2 and formula_3 are the sums of the reactant and product masses respectively. The conservation of energy, between the initial and final energy of a nuclear process (formula_4), enables the general definition of "Q" based on the mass–energy equivalence. For any radioactive particle decay, the kinetic energy difference will be given by: where "K" denotes the kinetic energy of the mass "m". A reaction with a positive "Q" value is exothermic, i.e. has a net release of energy, since the kinetic energy of the final state is greater than the kinetic energy of the initial state. A reaction with a negative "Q" value is endothermic, i.e. requires a net energy input, since the kinetic energy of the final state is less than the kinetic energy of the initial state. Observe that a chemical reaction is exothermic when it has a "negative" enthalpy of reaction, in contrast a positive "Q" value in a nuclear reaction
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Q value (nuclear science) The "Q" value can also be expressed in terms of the binding energies of the nuclear species as: formula_6 Proof: Note that the count of nucleons is conserved in a nuclear reaction. Hence, total reactant protons = total product protons and total reactant neutrons = total product neutrons. Hence, the sum of binding energy and rest mass energy of nuclei of both reactant and products are same. In other words, formula_7. Using the first relation (formula_8), this proof is complete. Chemical "Q" values are measurement in calorimetry. Exothermic chemical reactions tend to be more spontaneous and can emit light or heat, resulting in runaway feedback(i.e. explosions). "Q" values are also featured in particle physics. For example, Sargent's rule states that weak reaction rates are proportional to "Q". The "Q" value is the kinetic energy released in the decay at rest. For neutron decay, some mass disappears as neutrons convert to a proton, electron and antineutrino: where "m" is the mass of the neutron, "m" is the mass of the proton, "m" is the mass of the electron antineutrino, and "m" is the mass of the electron; and the "K" are the corresponding kinetic energies. The neutron has no initial kinetic energy since it is at rest. In beta decay, a typical "Q" is around 1 MeV. The decay energy is divided among the products in a continuous distribution for more than 2 products. Measuring this spectrum allows one to find the mass of a product
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Q value (nuclear science) Experiments are studying emission spectrums to search for neutrinoless decay and neutrino mass; this is the principle of the ongoing KATRIN experiment.
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Variational methods in general relativity refers to various mathematical techniques that employ the use of variational calculus in Einstein's theory of general relativity. The most commonly used tools are Lagrangians and Hamiltonians and are used to derive the Einstein field equations. The equations of motion in physical theories can often be derived from an object called the Lagrangian. In classical mechanics, this object is usually of the form, 'kinetic energy − potential energy'. In general, the Lagrangian is that function which when integrated over produces the Action functional. David Hilbert gave an early and classic formulation of the equations in Einstein's general relativity. This used the functional now called the Einstein-Hilbert action.
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Incubous The term incubous describes the way in which the leaves of a liverwort are attached to the stem. If one were to look down from above (dorsal side) on a plant where the leaf attachment is "incubous", the upper edge of each leaf would overlap the next higher leaf along the stem. Because of this, the upper edge of each leaf is visible from above, but the lower edge of each leaf is obscured by its neighboring leaf. The opposite of "incubous" is succubous.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2866348
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Oslo Graben The or Oslo Rift is a graben formed during a geologic rifting event in Permian time, the last phase of the Variscan orogeny. The main graben forming period began in the late Carboniferous, which culminated with rift formation and volcanism, with associated rhomb porphyry lava flows. This activity was followed by uplifting, and ended with intrusions about 65 million years after the onset of the formation. It is located in the area around the Norwegian capital Oslo. The lava production was high when the rhomb porphyry lavas were deposited. The lavas reflect a period of abundant earthquake-related movements, when tectonic forces tore the crust apart. In the Vestfold district, one lava flow was deposited on average every 250,000 years, resulting in a 3000-metre thick sequence of mainly volcanic material. In the Oslo area, lavas were deposited on average every 800,000 years. Only a few plant remains have been found between these lavas. The bedrock in this area, roughly from Skien to Oslo and Mjøsa, results in soil rich in nutrients important for plant growth. Since the Permian, erosion has removed the volcanic peaks and indeed most of the lava layer and laid bare the magma chambers and volcanic pipes deep below, allowing scientist a rare view of what goes on beneath a rift valley. Several of the old magma plumes are now quarried, the rich black larvikite (named from Larvik, a town south of Oslo) being one
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Oslo Graben The Särna alkaline complex in western Sweden, also of Late Carboniferous age, is thought to be related to the as it is aligned to it.
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Pohlmeyer charge In theoretical physics Pohlmeyer charge, named for , is a conserved charge invariant under the Virasoro algebra or its generalization. It can be obtained by expanding the holonomies (generating functions) with respect to the constant matrices "T". The gauge field formula_2 is defined as a combination of formula_3 and its conjugate. According to the logic of loop quantum gravity and algebraic quantum field theory, these charges are the right physical quantities that should be used for quantization. This logic is however incompatible with the standard and well-established methods of quantum field theory based on Fock space and perturbation theory.
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Tsegihi is a bright region in Titan's southern mid-latitudes. It is centered at . It is thought to be brighter than the surrounding areas because dark organic haze particles which settle elsewhere on Titan are washed from by methane storms. is named for a sacred place of the Navajo. The first line in the Navajo Nightsong "Tsegihi, The House Made of Dawn" runs:
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Temperateness (virology) In virology, temperate refers to the ability of some bacteriophages (notably coliphage λ) to display a lysogenic life cycle. Many (but not all) temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium's chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates the phage genome, and produces phage progeny, which then leave the bacterium. With phage the term virulent is often used as an antonym to temperate, but more strictly a virulent phage is one that has lost its ability to display lysogeny through mutation rather than a phage lineage with no genetic potential to ever display lysogeny (which more properly would be described as an obligately lytic phage). At some point, temperate bacteriophages switch from the lysogenic life cycle to the lytic life cycle. This conversion may happen spontaneously, although at very low frequencies (λ displays spontaneous conversion of 10 to 10 per cell). In the majority of observed switch events, stressors - such as the cell's SOS response (due to DNA damage) or a change in nutrients - induces the switch.
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Émile Argand (6 January 1879 – 14 September 1940) was a Swiss geologist. He was born in Eaux-Vives near Geneva. He attended vocational school in Geneva then worked as a draftsman. He studied anatomy in Paris, but gave up medicine to pursue his interest in geology. He was an early proponent of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, viewing plate tectonics and continental collisions as the best explanation for the formation of the Alps. He is also noted for his application of the theory of tectonics to the continent of Asia. He founded the Geological Institute of Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Daisuke Enomoto However, on August 21, 2006, a Russian Federal Space Agency spokesman announced that Enomoto was "deemed not ready to fly for exclusively medical reasons", although he hinted that Enomoto might recover and join a later mission. His replacement on this particular flight was Iranian-American businesswoman Anousheh Ansari. Enomoto was involved in a lawsuit against Virginia-based Space Adventures in which he hoped to reclaim the $21 million he paid the company over a two-year span. During the lawsuit, it was revealed that the "medical reason" was chronic kidney stones. Space Adventures claims it advised Enomoto to treat the kidney stones aggressively and when he did not, they had to disqualify him from spaceflight. Enomoto claims the real reason for his disqualification was his refusal to provide additional funds to Space Adventures. Enomoto would have been the first "self-funded" space tourist from Japan and Asia (journalist Toyohiro Akiyama flew on Soyuz TM-11 in 1990, and could be regarded as the first space business traveller). Enomoto's flight would have taken him to the International Space Station (ISS) after lifting off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the world's oldest spaceport. Enomoto made international news when it was revealed that he intended to go into space wearing a costume akin to that of Char Aznable, a character from the anime series "Mobile Suit Gundam". His planned experiment was to put together one or more Gundam models in zero gravity.
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Monandrous In botanical terms, monandrous simply means to have a single stamen. A distinction between monandrous and other flowers is particularly relevant in the classification of orchids. The monandrous orchids form a clade consisting of the subfamilies Orchidoideae, Vanilloideae, and Epidendroideae. The other subfamilies, Apostasioideae and Cypripedioideae, have at least two stamens. In animals, a monandrous system occurs when females have one mate at a time. For example, a female speckled wood butterfly will typically only mate once within her short lifetime. This is also common in certain bee species, like "Bombus terrestris" and "Bombus pratorum", where a female will only mate with one male during her nuptial flight and use the sperm reserves for the rest of her life. This is also seen in a few species of stingless bees, like "Plebeia remota", where the males will attempt to mate with the queen as she tries to leave the nest, but only one male will be successful in mating. In "Drosophila subobscura," monandry is practiced. This is a mating behavior that is not normally observed among the "Drosophila" genus.
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König's theorem (kinetics) In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculations of angular momentum and kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles. The theorem is divided in two parts. The first part expresses the angular momentum of a system as the sum of the angular momentum of the centre of mass and the angular momentum applied to the particles relative to the center of mass. formula_1 Considering an inertial reference frame with origin O, the angular momentum of the system can be defined as: formula_2 The position of a single particle can be expressed as: formula_3 And so we can define the velocity of a single particle: formula_4 The first equation becomes: But the following terms are equal to zero: formula_7 formula_8 So we prove that: formula_9 where M is the total mass of the system. The second part expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles and the centre of mass. Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the center of mass
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König's theorem (kinetics) formula_10 The total kinetic energy of the system is: formula_11 Like we did in the first part, we substitute the velocity: We know that formula_14 so if we define: formula_15 formula_16 we're left with: formula_17 The theorem can also be applied to rigid bodies, stating that the kinetic energy K of a rigid body, as viewed by an observer fixed in some inertial reference frame N, can be written as: formula_18 where formula_19 is the mass of the rigid body; formula_20 is the velocity of the center of mass of the rigid body, as viewed by an observer fixed in an inertial frame N; formula_21 is the angular momentum of the rigid body about the center of mass, also taken in the inertial frame N; and formula_22 is the angular velocity of the rigid body R relative to the inertial frame N.
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Celgene Corporation, incorporated in Delaware and headquartered in Summit, New Jersey, discovers, develops and commercializes medicines for cancer and inflammatory disorders. It is a subsidiary of Bristol-Myers Squibb. The company's major product is Revlimid (lenalidomide), in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma patients. Revlimid is also approved in the United States for the treatment of patients with transfusion-dependent anemia, due to Low- or Intermediate-1-riskMyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) associated with a deletion 5q cytogenetic abnormality with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities. Revlimid is sold through proprietary risk-management distribution programs, to ensure safe and appropriate use of these pharmaceuticals. Vidaza is approved for the treatment of patients with MDS. Cellular Therapeutics, a subsidiary, is a public cord blood bank. was originally a unit of Celanese. In 1986, Celanese completed the corporate spin-off of following the merger of Celanese with American Hoechst. In August 2000, acquired Signal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately held company that developed pharmaceuticals to regulate disease-related genes. Signal Pharmaceuticals was rebranded as Research San Diego. In December 2002, acquired Anthrogenesis, a privately held New Jersey-based biotherapeutics company and cord blood banking business, which is developing technology for the recovery of stem cells from placental tissues following the completion of full-term successful pregnancies
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Celgene Anthrogenesis was rebranded as Cellular Therapeutics. In 2006, certified McKesson Specialty, a specialty pharmacy, as one of a group of pharmacies contracted to launch lenalidomide (Revlimid). As a specialty drug, lenalidomide is only available through the a distribution network consisting of specialty pharmacies contracted by the company. In March 2008, acquired Pharmion Corporation for $2.9 billion. In January 2010, acquired Gloucester Pharmaceuticals. In June 2010, agreed to acquire Abraxis BioScience. In November 2011, relocated its United Kingdom headquarters from Windsor, Berkshire, to Stockley Park, near Heathrow airport which is also the home of GlaxoSmithKline's UK operations. In January 2012, agreed to acquire Avila Therapeutics, Inc., a privately held biotechnology company for $925 million, with $350 million in cash. Citing a market capitalization of US$67 billion, and stock appreciation of 107%, was Forbes Magazine's number 2 ranked drug company of 2013. In 2014, and OncoMed Pharmaceuticals joined a cancer stem cell therapeutic development agreement with demcizumab and five other biologics from OncoMed's pipeline. That same year, Sutro Biopharma entered into an agreement with Corporation to discover and develop multispecific antibodies and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). This followed the December 2012 collaboration between the two companies and focused on the field of immuno-oncology
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Celgene In April 2015, announced a collaboration with AstraZeneca, worth $450 million, to study their Phase III immuno-oncology drug candidate MEDI4736. That same month, announced it would acquire Quanticel for up to $485 million in order to enhance its cancer drug pipeline. had invested in Quanticel in April 2011. In June 2015, announced it had licensed Lyceras RORgamma agonist portfolio for up to $105 million to develop its Phase I lead compound LYC-30937 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. The licensing opportunity gave the option to acquire Lycera. In July 2015, the company announced it would acquire Receptos for $7.2 billion in a move to strengthen the company's inflammation and immunology areas. In May 2016, the company announced it would launch partnership with Agios Pharmaceuticals, developing metabolic immuno-oncology therapies. In October 2016, the company acquired EngMab AG for $600 million. In January 2017, the company announced it would acquire Delinia for $775 million, increasing the company's autoimmune disease therapy offerings. In January 2018, announced it would acquire Impact Biomedicines for $7 billion, adding fedratinib, a kinase inhibitor with potential to treat myelofibrosis. Also in January 2018, the company announced it would acquire Juno Therapeutics for $9 billion. In January 2019, the company announced it would be acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb for $74 billion ($95 billion including debt), a deal that would become the largest pharmaceutical company acquisition ever
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Celgene shareholders would receive one BMY share as well as $50 in cash for each share held, valuing at $102.43 a share; representing a 54% premium to the previous days closing price. The activist investor Starboard Value LP opposed the deal, nominating five alternative potential directors on the Bristol-Myers board. The deal was approved by shareholders in April 2019. In August 2019, Amgen announced it would acquire the Otezla drug programme from for $13.4 billion, as part of and Bristol-Myers Squibb's merger deal. The Bristol-Myers acquisition closed on November 20, 2019. The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list): In March 2016, Bob Hugin, the company's long serving CEO, retired from his position and took the role of executive chairman. Bob Hugin was succeeded in the CEO role by Mark Alles. At the same time, Jacqualyn Fouse was named as the company's president and COO; Fouse had joined the company in 2010 as the CFO. Effective June 30, 2017, Dr. Fouse will purportedly step down and be succeeded by Scott Smith, president of the company's Global Inflammation & Immunology Franchise, who joined the company in 2008. Dr. Fouse has been voted out by the board of directors on 2 April 2018. For the fiscal year 2017, reported earnings of US$2.539 billion, with an annual revenue of US$13.003 billion, an increase of 15.8% over the previous fiscal cycle
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Celgene Celgene's shares traded at over $74 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$51.8 billion in November 2018. As of 2019, focused on oncology and immunology. Cancer drugs include Revlimid (lenalidomide) and Pomalyst (pomalidomide) and the immunology drug Otezla (apremilast) accounted for around 90% of the company's total revenue as of 2019. In July 1998, received approval from the FDA to market Thalomid for the acute treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of moderate to severe ENL. In April 2000, reached an agreement with Novartis Pharma AG to license d-MPH, Celgene's chirally pure version of RITALIN. The FDA subsequently granted approval to market d-MPH, or Focalin, in November 2001. In December 2005, received approval from the FDA to market Revlimid for the treatment of patients with transfusion-dependent anemia due to Low- or Intermediate-1-risk MDS associated with a deletion 5q cytogenetic abnormality with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities. Focalin XR was later launched by and Novartis in 2005. In May 2006, received approval for Thalomid in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. In June 2007, received full marketing authorization for Revlimid in combination with dexamethasone as a treatment for patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy by the European Commission. In 2009, Dr
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Celgene Reddy's Laboratories requested, and refused to provide, a samples of Celgene's anticancer drug THALOMID (thalidomide). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories sought the material for bioequivalency studies required to bring its own, generic, version of thalidomide to market. In response to the refusal, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories filed a Citizen's Petition with the FDA asking the Agency to adopt procedures that would ensure generic applicants the right to buy sufficient samples to perform bioequivalence testing of drugs that were subject to REMS distribution restrictions. denied that it had behaved anti-competitively, arguing that the legislative history strongly suggested that Congress considered and rejected a proposed guaranteed access procedure like the one proposed by Dr. Reddy's. further argued that requiring innovator companies to sell their products to potential generic competitors would violate its intellectual property rights and subject it to liability risks in the event that patients were harmed in Dr. Reddy's studies. In 2018, was at the top of a list of companies that the FDA identified as refusing to release samples to competitors to create generics. Generic manufacturer Lannett Company initiated antitrust litigation that accused of using its REMS for THALOMID (thalidomide) to violate the anti-monopolization provisions of the Sherman Act. In early 2011, the district court denied Celgene's motion to dismiss
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Celgene The case was set for trial beginning in February 2012, but the parties settled before the trial began, thereby postponing further judicial review of antitrust claims premised on alleged abuse of REMS distribution restrictions. In July 2017, agreed to pay $280 million to government agencies to settle allegations that it caused the submission of false claims or fraudulent claims for non-reimbursable uses of its drugs Revlimid and Thalomid to Medicare and state Medicaid programs. In its July 2017 10-Q, disclosed that it resolved the matter in full for $315 million, including fees and expenses.The case was brought under the False Claims Act by Beverly Brown, a former sales representative.
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Hyporheic zone The hyporheic zone is the region of sediment and porous space beneath and alongside a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water. The flow dynamics and behavior in this zone (termed hyporheic flow or underflow) is recognized to be important for surface water/groundwater interactions, as well as fish spawning, among other processes. As an innovative urban water management practice, the hyporheic zone can be designed by engineers and actively managed for improvements in both water quality and riparian habitat. The assemblage of organisms which inhabits this zone are called hyporheos. The term hyporheic was originally coined by Traian Orghidan in 1959 by combining two Greek words: "hypo" (below) and "rheos" (flow). The hyporheic zone is the area of rapid exchange, where water is moved into and out of the stream bed and carries dissolved gas and solutes, contaminants, microorganisms and particles with it . Depending on the underlying geology and topography, the hyporheic zone can be only several centimeters deep, or extend up to 10s of meters laterally or deep. The conceptual framework of the hyporheic zone as both a mixing and storage zone are integral to the study of hydrology. The first key concept related to the hyporheic zone is that of residence time; water in the channel moves at a much faster rate compared to the hyporheic zone, so this flow of slower water effectively increases the water residence time within the stream channel
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Hyporheic zone Water residence times influence nutrient and carbon processing rates. Longer residence times promote dissolved solute retention, which can be later released back into the channel, delaying or attenuating the signals produced by the stream channel . The other key concept is that of hyporheic exchange , or the speed at which water enters or leaves the subsurface zone. Stream water enters the hyporheic zone temporarily, but eventually the stream water reenters the surface channel or contributes to groundwater storage. The rate of hyporheic exchange is influenced by streambed structure, with shorter water flow paths created by streambed roughness . Longer flowpaths are induced by geomorphic features, such as stream meander patterns, pool-riffle sequences, large woody debris dams, and other features. The hyporheic zone and its interactions influence the volume of stream water that is moved downstream. Gaining reaches indicate that groundwater is discharged into the stream as water moves downstream, so that the volume of water in the main channel increases from upstream to downstream. Conversely, when water infiltrates into the groundwater zone resulting in a net loss of surface water, the stream reach is considered to be "losing" water. A stream or river ecosystem is more than just the flowing water that can be seen on the surface: rivers are connected to the adjacent riparian areas . Therefore, streams and rivers include the dynamic hyporheic zone that lies below and lateral to the main channel
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Hyporheic zone Because the hyporheic zone lies underneath the surface water, it can be difficult to identify, quantify, and observe. However, the hyporheic zone is a zone of biological and physical activity, and therefore has functional significance for stream and river ecosystems . Research scientists use tools such as wells and piezometers, conservative and reactive tracers , and transport models that account for advection and dispersion of water in both the stream channel and the subsurface . These tools can be used independently to study water movement through the hyporheic zone and to the stream channel, but are often complementary for a more accurate picture of water dynamics in the channel as a whole. The hyporheic zone is an ecotone between the stream and subsurface: it is a dynamic area of mixing between surface water and groundwater at the sediment-water interface. From a biogeochemical perspective, groundwater is often low in dissolved oxygen but carries dissolved nutrients. Conversely, stream water from the main channel contains higher dissolved oxygen and lower nutrients. This creates a biogeochemical gradient, which can exist at varying depths depending on the extent of the hyporheic zone. Often, the hyporheic zone is dominated by heterotrophic microorganisms that process the dissolved nutrients exchanged at this interface.
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Assise An assise (from the Fr., derived from Latin "assidere", "to sit beside"), is a geological term for two or more beds or strata of rock united by the occurrence of the same characteristic species or genera. In the hierarchy of stratigraphic units, an assise lies between a stage (or sub-stage) and a stratum.
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Plastochron As the tip of a plant shoot grows, new leaves are produced at regular time intervals if temperature is held constant. This time interval is termed the plastochron (or plastochrone). The plastochrone index and the leaf plastochron index are ways of measuring the age of a plant dependent on morphological traits rather than on chronological age. Use of these indices removes differences caused by germination, developmental differences and exponential growth. The spatial pattern of the arrangement of leaves is called phyllotaxy whereas the time between successive leaf initiation events is called the plastochron and the rate of emergence from the apical bud is the phyllochron. In 1951, F. J. Richards introduced the idea of the plastochron ratio and developed a system of equations to describe mathematically a centric representation using three parameters: plastochron ratio, divergence angle, and the angle of the cone tangential to the apex in the area being considered. Emerging phyllodes or leaf variants experience a sudden change from a high humidity environment to a more arid one. There are other changes they encounter such as variations in light level, photoperiod and the gaseous content of the air.
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Dippel's oil (sometimes known as bone oil) is a nitrogenous by-product of the destructive distillation of bones. A dark, viscous, tar-like liquid with an unpleasant smell, it is named after its inventor, Johann Conrad Dippel. The oil consists mostly of aliphatic chains, with nitrogen functionalities and includes species such as pyrroles, pyridines and nitriles, as well as other nitrogenous compounds. had a number of uses which are now mostly obsolete. Its primary use was as an animal and insect repellent. It saw limited use as a chemical warfare harassing agent during the desert campaign of World War II. The oil was used to render wells undrinkable and thus deny their use to the enemy. By not being lethal, the oil was claimed to not be in breach of the Geneva Protocol.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2900811
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Carl Reinhold Sahlberg (January 22, 1779, Eura – October 18, 1860, Yläne) was a Finnish naturalist, primarily an entomologist specializing in beetles. In 1818 succeeded Carl Niclas Hellenius as professor of economy and natural history at Finland’s then only University in Turku (Åbo), the Academy of Åbo. In 1827 the town and the university were destroyed by fire. The remnants of the natural history collections were taken to Helsinki where the University then moved under the name of Imperial Alexander University in Finland (and eventually became University of Helsinki in 1918). Sahlberg replaced the lost collections, played a major role in establishing a new botanical garden in Helsinki, and with his pupils organised a scientific society "Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica". Its only scope was natural history. The society widened to include other sectors of biology only in 1921. Sahlberg's son Reinhold Ferdinand Sahlberg, grandson Johan Reinhold Sahlberg and his son Uunio Saalas were also entomologists. Sahlberg's insect collection is in the Finnish Museum of Natural History.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2904615
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Ammoniacum Ammoniacum, or gum ammoniac, is a gum-resin exuded from the stem of the perennial herb "Dorema ammoniacum" of the umbel family (Apiaceae). The plant grows to the height of 2½ or 3 meters (8 or 9 ft.) and its whole stem is pervaded with a milky juice, which oozes out on an incision being made at any part. This juice quickly hardens into round tears, forming the "tear ammoniacum" of commerce. "Lump ammoniacum", the other form of the substance, consists of aggregations of tears, frequently incorporating fragments of the plant itself, as well as other foreign bodies. has a faintly fetid, unpleasant odor, which becomes more distinct on heating; externally, it possesses a reddish-yellow appearance, and when the tears or lumps are freshly fractured they exhibit a waxy luster. It is chiefly collected in central Persia, and comes to the European market by way of Bombay. is closely related to asafoetida and galbanum (from which, however, it differs in yielding no umbelliferone) both in regard to the plant which yields it and its putative therapeutical effects. Internally it is used in conjunction with squills in bronchial affections. In asthma and chronic colds it is found useful, but it has no advantages over a number of other substances of more constant and active properties (Sir Thomas Richard Fraser). Only the "tear ammoniacum" is official
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2904678
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Ammoniacum African ammoniacum is the product of a plant said to be "Ferula tingitana", which grows in North Africa; it is a dark colored gum-resin, possessed of a very weak odor and a persistent acrid taste.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2904678
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Araroba powder is a drug occurring in the form of a yellowish-brown powder, varying considerably in tint, which derives an alternative name, Goa powder, from the Portuguese colony of Goa, where it appears to have been introduced about the year 1852, and is also known as Bahia powder. The tree which yields it is the "Andira Araroba" of the natural order "Leguminosae". It is met with in great abundance in certain forests in the province of Bahia, preferring as a rule low and humid spots. The tree is from 80 to 100 ft. high and has large imparipinnate leaves, the leaflets of which are oblong, about 12 in. long and 1 in. broad, and somewhat truncate at the apex. The flowers are papilionaceous, of a purple color and arranged in panicles. The Goa powder or araroba is contained in the trunk, filling crevices in the heartwood. It is a morbid product in the tree, and yields to hot chloroform 50% of a substance known officially as chrysarobin. It occurs as a micro-crystalline, odorless, tasteless powder, very slightly soluble in either water or alcohol; it also occurs in rhubarb root. This complex mixture contains pure chrysarobin, di-chrysarobin methylether, di-chrysarobin. Chrysarobin is a methyl trioxyanthracene and exists as a glucoside in the plant, but is gradually oxidized to chrysophanic acid (a dioxy-methyl anthraquinone) and glucose. This strikes a blood-red color in alkaline solutions, and may therefore cause much alarm if administered to a patient whose urine is alkaline
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2904730
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Araroba powder The British pharmacopoeia had an ointment containing one part of chrysarobin and 24 of benzoated lard. Both internally and externally the drug is a powerful irritant. The general practice amongst modern dermatologists is to use only chrysophanic acid, which may be applied externally and given by the mouth in doses of about one grain in cases of psoriasis and chronic eczema. The drug is a feeble antiparasitic, and has been used locally in the treatment of ringworm. It stains the skin and linen a deep yellow or brown, a coloration which may be removed by caustic alkali in weak solution.. Chrysarobin ointment was used in Sherborne School during my attendance there (1957/1958) where it was used to treat tinea cruris (followed by a week of Whitfield's ointment). At the end of treatment suits shirts and underwear were autoclaved to prevent re-infection. The heat of the autoclave changed the yellow stains to a permanent purple.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2904730
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Cajeput oil Cajuput oil is a volatile oil obtained by distillation from the leaves of the myrtaceous trees "Melaleuca leucadendra", "Melaleuca cajuputi", and probably other "Melaleuca" species. The trees yielding the oil are found throughout Maritime Southeast Asia and over the hotter parts of the Australian continent. The majority of the oil is produced on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. The name “cajeput” is derived from its Indonesian name, “"kayu putih"” or "white wood". The oil is prepared from leaves collected on a hot dry day, macerated in water, and distilled after fermenting for a night. This oil is extremely pungent, and has the odor of a mixture of turpentine and camphor. It consists mainly of cineol (see terpenes), from which cajuputene, having a hyacinth-like odor, can be obtained by distillation with phosphorus pentoxide. It is a typical volatile oil, and is used internally in doses of 2 to 3 minims, for the same purposes as, say, clove oil. It is frequently employed externally as a counterirritant. It is an ingredient in some liniments for sore muscles such as Tiger Balm and Indonesian traditional medicine Minyak Telon. It is also used as an ingredient in inhalants/decongestants and topical pain/inflammation remedies such as Olbas Oil. Cajeput is used for the treatment of bacterial or fungal infections in fish. Common brand names containing Cajeput are Melafix and Bettafix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2904845
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Cajeput oil Melafix is a stronger concentration and Bettafix is a lower concentration that makes it harder to overdose smaller fish, especially bettas. It is most commonly used to promote fin and tissue regrowth, but is also effective in treating other conditions, such as fin rot or velvet. The remedy is used mostly on betta fish.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2904845
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Comet seeker A comet seeker is a type of small telescope adapted especially to searching for comets: commonly of short focal length and large aperture, in order to secure the greatest brilliancy of light. This style of telescope was used to discover the asteroid 9 Metis in the 1848. A comet seeker telescope is a type of optical device that is known for having a short focal length but a wide field of view. A comet seeker with about 3.9 inch aperture was installed at the United States Naval Observatory in 1843, and later transferred to the Smithsonian Museum in 1866. It had an aperture of 4 inches (10.2 cm) and was made by Utzschneider & Fraunhofer in Munich. This was operated as part of suite of several other instruments including a larger refractor on an equatorial mounting, a meridian transit, mural circle, etc. Markree Observatory added a 3-inch aperture Comet Seeker on an equatorial mount by Ertel. It was ordered in 1842, and in place until 1874. The Markree Comet Seeker was used to discover 9 Metis in April 1848. It was discovered by Edward Cooper's assistant Andrew Graham, who worked at that observatory until 1860. Graham also observed and sketched the Orion nebula with this Ertel Comet seeker. A 8.6 cm (~3.39 in.) aperture Comet Seeker was used, with some customizations, to produce the Bonner Durchmusterung star catalog from Bonn Observatory, in the 19th century. In 1866 a Comet Seeker telescope of aperture by Martin was acquired by the Marseilles Observatory in France.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2906487
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Cystolith (Gr. "cavity" and "stone") is a botanical term for outgrowths of the epidermal cell wall, usually of calcium carbonate, formed in a cellulose matrix in special cells called lithocysts, generally in the leaf of plants. Cystoliths are present in certain families, including in many genera of Acanthaceae. Plants in the family Urticaceae, known as stinging nettles, also form leaf cystoliths, but only during their later flowering and seed setting stages. Other examples include Cannabis and other plants in the family Cannabaceae, which produce leaf and flower cystoliths, and "Ficus elastica", the Indian rubber plant of the family Moraceae. From a 1987 article on cystolith development and structure:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2906541
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Air current Air currents are concentrated areas of winds. They are mainly due to differences in pressure or temperature. They are divided into horizontal and vertical currents; both are present at mesoscale while horizontal ones dominate at synoptic scale. Air currents are not only found in the troposphere, but extend to the stratosphere and mesosphere. A difference in air pressure causes an air displacement and generates the wind. The Coriolis Force deflects the air movement to the right in the northern hemisphere and the left in the southern one, which makes the winds parallel to the isobars on an elevation in pressure card. It's called the geostrophic wind. Pressure differences depend, in turn, the average temperature in the air column. As the sun does not heat the Earth evenly, there is a temperature difference between the poles and the equator, creating air masses with more or less homogeneous temperature with latitude. Differences in atmospheric pressure are also at the origin of the general atmospheric circulation while the air masses are separated by ribbons where temperature changes rapidly. These are the fronts. Along these areas, higher winds aloft form. These horizontal jets (jet streams) can reach speeds of several hundred kilometers per hour and can span thousands of kilometers in length, but can only have a few tens or hundreds of kilometers of width. On the surface, the friction due to the terrain and other obstacles (buildings, trees, etc.) may contribute to a slowdown and/or a wind deflection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2906879
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Air current Thus, a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer. This wind can be channeled through narrows, like valleys. The wind will also be raised along the slopes of the mountains to give local air currents. In an air mass moving, vertical movements occur when there is convergence and divergence at different levels of the atmosphere. For example, when we are near the jet stream, winds increase when approaching its most intense region and decreases when it moves away. So there are areas where the air accumulates and must come down, while in other areas there is a loss and an updraft from lower layers. These upward or downward flows will be relatively diffused. On the other hand, barriers such as mountains force air up or down, sometimes rapidly. As the barriers are very localized, these currents will affect very limited areas and therefore will form corridors. Thermals are caused by local differences in temperature, pressure, or impurity concentration in the vertical. Temperature differences can cause air currents because warmer air is less dense than cooler air, causing the warmer air to appear "lighter." Thus, if the warm air is under the cool air, air currents will form as they exchange places. Air currents are caused because of the uneven heating of Earth's surface.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2906879
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Prime vertical In astronomy and astrology, the prime vertical is the vertical circle passing east and west through the zenith of a specific location, and intersecting the horizon in its east and west points. It is also known as the first vertical. It is the vertical circle which is perpendicular to the meridian, and passes through the east and west points, zenith, and nadir of any place.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2909015
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Upjohn The Company was a pharmaceutical manufacturing firm founded in 1886 in Kalamazoo, Michigan, by Dr. William E. Upjohn, an 1875 graduate of the University of Michigan medical school. The company was originally formed to make "friable pills", which were specifically designed to be easily digested. These could be "reduced to a powder under the thumb", a strong marketing argument at the time. In 1995, merged with Pharmacia AB to form Pharmacia & Upjohn; the company is now owned by Pfizer. developed a process for the large scale production of cortisone. The oxygen atom at the 11 position in this steroid is an absolute requirement for biological activity. There are however no known natural sources for starting materials that contain that feature. The only method for preparing this drug prior to 1952 was a lengthy synthesis starting from cholic acid isolated from bile. In 1952 two biochemists, Dury Peterson and Herb Murray announced that they were able to introduce this crucial oxygen atom by fermentation of the steroid progesterone with a common mold of the genus Rhizopus. Over the next several years a group of chemists headed by John Hogg developed a process for preparing cortisone from the soybean sterol stigmasterol. The microbiological oxygenation is a key step in this process. Subsequently, together with Schering biochemically converted cortisone into the more potent steroid prednisone by a bacterial fermentation. In chemical research, the company is best known for the development of the dihydroxylation by V
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2909281
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Upjohn VanRheenen, R. C. Kelly and D. Y. Cha in 1976. Upjohn's most well-known drugs before the acquisition by Pfizer were Xanax, Halcion, Motrin, Lincocin, and Rogaine. In 2015, Pfizer resurrected the name for a division which manufactures and licenses drugs for which patents have expired; as of 2019 it plans to divest itself of this business in 2020 .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2909281
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Sarmentose (botany) Sarmentose is a term describing plants which have long slender stolons, or "runners". An example of sarmentose plant is the strawberry.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2909406
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Secund (Lat. "secundus", "following") is a botanical term used of plants when similar parts are directed to one side only, as flowers on an axis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2909422
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Xie Shengwu (; born November 22, 1943) is a Chinese physicist who served as President of Shanghai Jiao Tong University from 1997 to 2006. Xie was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. From 1960 to 1966, he studied in the department of engineering physics at SJTU, majoring in nuclear reactors. From 1966 to 1970, he was a teaching assistant in the physics teaching office at SJTU. Xie later became a teaching assistant and vice director of the laser research lab. From 1978 to 1981, he studied optics in the department of applied physics at SJTU and obtained a master's degree. From 1981 to 1991, Xie was elevated to a full professor of physics, and later served as the chair of the physics department. From 1991, he served as the vice president of SJTU and a member of the University's CPC standing committee. He became the dean of the graduate school and a doctor's supervisor in 1994. From July 1997, Xie served as the president of SJTU until his retirement on November 27, 2006.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2911128
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Precipitable water is the depth of water in a column of the atmosphere, if all the water in that column were precipitated as rain. As a depth, the precipitable water is measured in millimeters or inches. Often abbreviated as "TPW" = total precipitable water. There are different measurement techniques:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2912664
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Bronzing is a process by which a bronze-like surface is applied to other materials (metallic or non-metallic). Some bronzing processes are merely simulated finishes (patinas) applied to existing metal surfaces, or coatings of powdered metal that give the appearance of a solid metal surface. In other cases, an actual layer of heavy copper is electroplated onto an object to produce a bronze-like surface. This electroplating is the method traditionally used for "bronzing" of baby shoes, but to electroplate a non-conductive item like a baby shoe, a conductive material must first be applied, then the copper plating is done.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2913560
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Alexander Barchenko Alexander Vasilyevich Barchenko (; 1881, Yelets — April, 1938) was a Russian biologist and researcher of anomalous phenomena from St. Petersburg. In 1904 Barchenko attended the medical faculty of Kazan University, and subsequently entered Yuryev University (today Tartu University). He is known first and foremost for his researchings of Hyperborea in Russian Far East region. In 1925, he met and corresponded with Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who assisted him in his research and studies of religious and mystical matters. He was executed in Moscow during the Great Purge on April 25, 1938.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2920417
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Snow field A snow field, snowfield or neve is an accumulation of permanent snow and ice, typically found above the snow line, normally in mountainous and glacial terrain. Glaciers originate in snowfields. The lower end of a glacier is usually free from snow and névé in summer. In the upper end and above the upper boundary of a glacier, the snow field is an ice field covered with snow. The glacier upper boundary, where it emerges from under a snow field, is ill-defined because of gradual transition.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2921967
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Helium line ratio The brightness of an atomic spectral line emitted by atoms in a gas (or plasma) can be proportional to the gas's temperature, pressure or a weighted sum of both. Due to the completeness and accuracy of collisional radiative models for helium the temperature and density of plasmas which have helium present can be measured by taking ratios of the emission intensities of various atomic spectral lines.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2923377
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Bathvillite is a naturally occurring organic substance. It is an amorphous, opaque, and very friable material of fawn-brown color, filling cavities in the torbanite or Boghead coal of Bathville, Lothian, Scotland. It has a specific gravity of 1.01, and is insoluble in benzene. It may resemble wood in its final stage of decay.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2924276
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Elaterite (also known as Aeonite, 'elastic bitumen' , 'mineral caoutchouc' or Wurtzilite) is a brown hydrocarbon varying somewhat in consistency, being sometimes soft, elastic and sticky, like India rubber, and occasionally hard and brittle. It is usually dark brown in color and slightly translucent. A substance of similar physical character is found at sites around the Coorong lagoon in South Australia, and is hence termed coorongite.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2927081
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Geomechanics (from the Greek prefix "geo-" meaning "earth"; and "mechanics") involves the study of the mechanics of soil and rock. The two main disciplines of geomechanics are soil mechanics and rock mechanics. The former deals with the behaviour of soil from a small scale to a landslide scale. The latter deals with issues in geosciences related to rock mass characterization and rock mass mechanics, such as applied to petroleum industry or high depths, tunnel design, rock breakage, and rock drilling. Many aspects of geomechanics overlap with parts of geotechnical engineering, engineering geology, and geological engineering. Modern developments relate to seismology, continuum mechanics, discontinuum mechanics, and transport phenomena. In the petroleum engineering industry, geomechanics is used to predict important parameters, such as in-situ rock stress, modulus of elasticity, leak-off coefficient and Poisson's ratio. Reservoir parameters that include: formation porosity, permeability and bottom hole pressure can be derived from geomechanical evaluation. The geotechnical engineers or geophysicist relies on various techniques to obtain reliable geomechanical models. These techniques that have evolved over the years, are: coring, log analysis; well testing methods like hydraulic fracturing, and geophysical sonar methods such as acoustic emission.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2931691
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Conditioner (chemistry) A conditioner is a substance or process that improves the quality of another material. Conditioning agents used in cosmetic products are also known as moisturizers in skincare products and usually are composed of various oils and lubricants. One method of their use is as a coating of the substrate to alter the feel and appearance. For cosmetic products, this effect is a temporary one but can help to protect skin and hair from further damage. In cosmetic products the types of conditioning agents used are as follows:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2931717
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Gaussian polar coordinates In the theory of Lorentzian manifolds, spherically symmetric spacetimes admit a family of nested round spheres. In each of these spheres, every point can be carried to any other by an appropriate rotation about the center of symmetry. There are several different types of coordinate chart which are "adapted" to this family of nested spheres, each introducing a different kind of distortion. The best known alternative is the Schwarzschild chart, which correctly represents distances within each sphere, but (in general) distorts radial distances and angles. Another popular choice is the isotropic chart, which correctly represents angles (but in general distorts both radial and transverse distances). A third choice is the Gaussian polar chart, which correctly represents radial distances, but distorts transverse distances and angles. There are other possible charts; the article on spherically symmetric spacetime describes a coordinate system with intuitively appealing features for studying infalling matter. In all cases, the nested geometric spheres are represented by coordinate spheres, so we can say that their "roundness" is correctly represented. In a Gaussian polar chart (on a static spherically symmetric spacetime), the metric (aka line element) takes the form Depending on context, it may be appropriate to regard formula_3 as undetermined functions of the radial coordinate formula_4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2934261
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Gaussian polar coordinates Alternatively, we can plug in specific functions (possibly depending on some parameters) to obtain an isotropic coordinate chart on a specific Lorentzian spacetime. Gaussian charts are often less convenient than Schwarzschild or isotropic charts. However, they have found occasional application in the theory of static spherically symmetric perfect fluids.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2934261
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Moon dog A moon dog, moondog, or mock moon, (scientific name paraselene, plural "paraselenae", meaning "beside the moon") is a relatively rare bright circular spot on a lunar halo caused by the refraction of moonlight by hexagonal-plate-shaped ice crystals in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds. Moon dogs appear as part of the 22° halo, roughly 10 Moon diameters outside the Moon. They are exactly analogous to sun dogs, but are rarer because the Moon must be bright, about quarter moon or more, for the moon dogs to be observed. Moon dogs show little color to the unaided human eye because their light is not bright enough to activate the cone cells.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2936643
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Cold water extraction (also called CWE) is the process whereby a substance is extracted from a mixture via cold water. It is a type of fractional crystallization. The process generally involves taking a mixture of substances, dissolving them in warm water, and then rapidly cooling the mixture. The insoluble compounds precipitate out of the water, while the soluble ones stay dissolved. The solution can then be separated by filtration or decantation. This process works by exploiting the differences in solubility of different substances in a low temperature mixture. Opiates are much more soluble in cold water than acetaminophen. It is used to separate out opiate drugs that have been mixed with common non-opiate analgesics. is often used with codeine/paracetamol, hydrocodone/paracetamol and oxycodone/paracetamol medications. The cold water extraction process is fairly simple not only due to the simplicity of the method but also because the items needed are minimal and can all be found in a common household. The items used in the process are usually 2 drinking glasses (or any other container), a screen (used to filter) and an item capable of crushing the tablets (mortar and pestle for example). The recommended screen to use is a simple coffee filter due to its high effectiveness when compared to other screens such as a piece of cloth or folded napkin. Extraction of controlled substances from over-the-counter or prescription drug formulations may be illegal in some countries.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2937493
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Erich Obst Karl August (13 September 1886 – 9 June 1981) was a German geographer and geopolitician. Between 1924 and 1944 he was the editor of the German geopolitical magazine ""Zeitschrift fur Geopolitik"".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2942770
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Superplasticizer Superplasticizers (SP's), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used in making high strength concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that enable the production of concrete with ca. 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more. These additives are employed at the level of a few weight percent. Plasticizers and superplasticizers retard the curing of concrete. SPs are used where well-dispersed particle suspension is required to improve the flow characteristics (rheology) of suspensions such as in concrete applications. Their addition to concrete or mortar allows the reduction of the water to cement ratio without negatively affecting the workability of the mixture, and enables the production of self-consolidating concrete and high performance concrete. They greatly improve the performance of the hardening fresh paste. The strength of concrete increases when the water to cement ratio decreases. The addition of SP in the truck during transit is a fairly modern development within the industry. Admixtures added in transit through automated slump management systems, such as Verifi, allows concrete producers to maintain slump until discharge without reducing concrete quality. Traditional plasticizers are lignosulphonates as their sodium salt. "Super"plasticizers are synthetic polymers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2945180
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Superplasticizer Compounds used as superplasticizers include sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensate, acetone formaldehyde condensate and polycarboxylate ethers. Cross-linked melamine- or naphthalene-sulfonates, referred to as PMS (polymelamine sulfonate) and PNS (polynaphthalene sulfonate), respectively, are illustrative. They are prepared by crosslinking of the sulfonated monomers using formaldehyde or by sulfonating the corresponding crosslinked polymer. The polymers that serve as plasticizers exhibit surfactant properties. They are often ionomers. They function as dispersants to minimize particle segregation (gravel, coarse and fine sands). The negatively charged polymer backbone adsorbs on the positively charged colloidal particles. However, their working mechanisms lack a full understanding, revealing in certain cases cement-superplasticizer incompatibilities.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2945180
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