text
stringlengths 11
1.65k
| source
stringlengths 38
44
|
|---|---|
Rodent cocktail is an anesthetic mixture used for rodents in research. The injectable, clear liquid is a mixture of ketamine, xylazine, and acepromazine. The ratio used depends on the species of rodent. This mixture is often preferred by researchers because of its low mortality in rodents, its relatively quick recovery time (one hour after injection), and low cost.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2947580
|
North American International Livestock Exposition (NAILE) is a livestock show held each November in Louisville, Kentucky and lasts for two weeks. It is billed as the "world's largest all-breed, purebred livestock exposition", with nine major livestock divisions with competitors from the 48 contiguous states. These divisions are beef cattle, Boer goats, dairy cattle, dairy goats, draft horses, quarter horses, llamas & alpacas, sheep, and swine. A PRCA rodeo, the North American Championship Rodeo, is also held. Visitors from 15 countries attend the Expo. Many of these go to the event to acquire purebred livestock semen and embryos to export from the United States. This makes the event attractive to American "seedstock producers". The events are held at the Kentucky Exposition Center. The giant expo was established in 1974. It is produced by the Commonwealth of Kentucky under the guidance of the Kentucky State Fair Board.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2948405
|
Argo (ROV) Argo is an unmanned deep-towed undersea video camera sled developed by Dr. Robert Ballard through Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute's Deep Submergence Laboratory. "Argo" is most famous for its role in the discovery of the wreck of the RMS "Titanic" in 1985. Argo would also play the key role in Ballard's discovery of the wreck of the battleship "Bismarck" in 1989. The towed sled, capable of operating depths of 6,000 meters (20,000 feet), meant 98% of the ocean floor was within reach. The original Argo, used to find Titanic, was 15 feet long, 3.5 feet tall, and 3.5 feet wide and weighed about 4,000 pounds in air. It had an array of cameras looking forward and down, as well as strobes and incandescent lighting to illuminate the ocean floor. It could acquire wide-angle film and television pictures while flying 50 to 100 feet above the sea floor, towed from a surface vessel, and could also zoom in for detailed views.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2951953
|
Stokes (Martian crater) Stokes is an impact crater on Mars, located on the Martian Northern plains at 55.9°N latitude and 188.8°W longitude. It measures approximately 63 kilometers in diameter and was named after Irish-born physicist George Gabriel Stokes (1819–1903). The crater's name was officially adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973. It is distinctive for its dark-toned sand dunes, which have been formed by the planet's strong winds. Research released in July 2010 showed that is one of at least nine craters in the northern lowlands that contains hydrated minerals. They are clay minerals, also called phyllosilicates.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2954181
|
Foot per second The foot per second (plural feet per second) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector quantity, which includes direction). It expresses the distance in feet (ft) traveled or displaced, divided by the time in seconds (s). The corresponding unit in the International System of Units (SI) is the metre per second. Abbreviations include ft/s, fps, and the scientific notation ft s.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2956372
|
Aphrodite Terra is a highland region on Venus, near the equator. is named after the goddess of love, the Greek equivalent of the Roman goddess Venus. It is about the same size as Africa, and much rougher than Ishtar Terra. The surface appears buckled and fractured which suggests large compressive forces. There are also numerous extensive lava flows. Channels cross this terrain and some have an interesting bow shape to them. also has mountain ranges but they are only about half the size of the mountains on Ishtar. has two main regions: Ovda Regio in the west and Thetis Regio in the east. Ovda Regio has ridges running in two directions, suggesting that the compressive forces are acting in several directions. There are dark regions that appear to be solidified lava flows. There are series of cracks where lava has welled up through the surface and flooded the surrounding terrain. 1. D. A. Senske, "Geology of the Venus equatorial region from Pioneer Venus radar imaging," Part 3 Regional Geology, "Earth, Moon, and Planets," July 1990, "Volume 50", Issue 1, Springer, pp 305–327. 2. L. S. Crumpler, "Eastern on Venus: Characteristics, structure, and mode of origin," Part 3 Regional Geology, "Earth, Moon, and Planets," July 1990, "Volume 50", Issue 1, Springer, pp 343–388. (Page 1).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2958235
|
Molecular chaos In the kinetic theory of gases in physics, the molecular chaos hypothesis (also called Stosszahlansatz in the writings of Paul Ehrenfest) is the assumption that the velocities of colliding particles are uncorrelated, and independent of position. This means the probability that a pair of particles with given velocities will collide can be calculated by considering each particle separately and ignoring any correlation between the probability for finding one particle with velocity and probability for finding another velocity in a small region . James Clerk Maxwell introduced this approximation in 1867 although its origins can be traced back to his first work on the kinetic theory in 1860. The assumption of molecular chaos is the key ingredient that allows proceeding from the BBGKY hierarchy to Boltzmann's equation, by reducing the 2-particle distribution function showing up in the collision term to a product of 1-particle distributions. This in turn leads to Boltzmann's H-theorem of 1872, which attempted to use kinetic theory to show that the entropy of a gas prepared in a state of less than complete disorder must inevitably increase, as the gas molecules are allowed to collide. This drew the objection from Loschmidt that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics and a time-symmetric formalism: something must be wrong (Loschmidt's paradox)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2960796
|
Molecular chaos The resolution (1895) of this paradox is that the velocities of two particles "after a collision" are no longer truly uncorrelated. By asserting that it was acceptable to ignore these correlations in the population at times after the initial time, Boltzmann had introduced an element of time asymmetry through the formalism of his calculation. Though the "Stosszahlansatz" is usually understood as a physically-grounded hypothesis, it was recently highlighted that it could also be interpreted as a heuristic hypothesis. This interpretation allows using the principle of maximum entropy in order to generalize the "ansatz" to higher-order distribution functions.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2960796
|
Peter Wyse Jackson Dr. Peter Sherlock Wyse Jackson was born (1955) in Kilkenny, Ireland, and is a graduate of Trinity College Dublin in Biology, with whose botanic gardens he was associated. His father, Robert Wyse Jackson, was Bishop of Limerick and Dean of Cashel. His brother Patrick, born 1960 in Cashel, Tipperary, Ireland, is an Associate Professor in Geology and Fellow of Trinity College Dublin. Dr. Wyse Jackson served for many years as Secretary-General of Botanic Gardens Conservation International, a global network of botanical gardens dedicated to conservation and biodiversity issues. In 2005 he was appointed Director of the Irish National Botanic Gardens in Glasnevin, Dublin. On 1 September 2010 he succeeded Dr. Peter Raven as President of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri. Concurrently with his selection as President of the Missouri Botanical Garden, he was named the George Engelmann Professor of Botany at Washington University in St. Louis. He has written academic papers on plant conservation, botanic gardens and endangered island flora conservation.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2965672
|
Mesoscale meteorology is the study of weather systems smaller than synoptic scale systems but larger than microscale and storm-scale cumulus systems. Horizontal dimensions generally range from around 5 kilometers to several hundred kilometers. Examples of mesoscale weather systems are sea breezes, squall lines, and mesoscale convective complexes. Vertical velocity often equals or exceeds horizontal velocities in mesoscale meteorological systems due to nonhydrostatic processes such as buoyant acceleration of a rising thermal or acceleration through a narrow mountain pass. Mesoscale Meteorology is divided into these subclasses: As a note, tropical and subtropical cyclones are classified by National Hurricane Center as synoptic scale rather than mesoscale. As in synoptic frontal analysis, mesoscale analysis uses cold, warm, and occluded fronts on the mesoscale to help describe phenomena. On weather maps mesoscale fronts are depicted as smaller and with twice as many bumps or spikes as the synoptic variety. In the United States, opposition to the use of the mesoscale versions of fronts on weather analyses, has led to the use of an overarching symbol (a trough symbol) with a label of outflow boundary as the frontal notation.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2966001
|
Tunnel injection is a field electron emission effect; specifically a quantum process called Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, whereby charge carriers are injected to an electric conductor through a thin layer of an electric insulator. It is used to program NAND flash memory. The process used for erasing is called tunnel release. An alternative to tunnel injection is the spin injection.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2973881
|
Cyanocarbon Cyanocarbons are a group of chemical compounds that contain several cyanide functional groups. Such substances generally are classified as organic compounds, since they are formally derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with a cyanide group. The parent member is C(CN) (tetracyanomethane, also known as carbon tetracyanide). Organic chemists often refer to cyanides as nitriles. In general, cyanide is an electronegative substituent. Thus, for example, cyanide-substituted carboxylic acids tend to be stronger than the parents. The cyanide group can also stabilize anions by delocalizing negative charge as revealed by resonance structures. "Cyanocarbons are organic compounds bearing enough cyano functional groups to significantly alter their chemical properties." Important cyanocarbons:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2977958
|
Mohammed Naseeb Qureshy (MN Qureshy) (4 January 1933 – 2005) was a prominent geologist from India. His main field of study was Exploration geophysics. He graduated from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) and earned his Dsc degree in Exploration geophysics from Colorado School of Mines. During the early 1970s, MN Qureshy designed and coordinated the first indigenous aerial geophysical survey of the Western Ghats and Chitradurga Copper District in India. He also initiated the national regional gravity mapping programme which culminated in publication of first comprehensive gravity maps of India. From 1983 to 1989, he served as the Advisor to the Government of India, Earth Sciences. During this time he helped establish some key Indian scientific organisations such as the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad and the National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), New Delhi. He also initiated the Natural Resources Data Management System (NRDMS) to better serve national needs related to exploitation of natural resources. In 1989, Dr. Qureshy planned and established the Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned (NAM) and other Developing Countries. 1. MN Qureshy's research is synthesized in a book entitled "Geophysical Framework of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan". 2. M. N QURESHY, N. KRISHNA BRAHMAM, S. C GARDE and B. K MATHUR, "Gravity Anomalies and the Godavari Rift, India"; 3. M. N. Qureshy and Waris E. K
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2982395
|
Mohammed Naseeb Qureshy Warsi, "A Bouguer anomaly map of India and its relation to broad tectonic elements of the sub-continent" 4. M. N QURESHY, "Relation of gravity to elevation and rejuvenation of blocks in India" 5.QURESHY, M.N. and IQBALLUDIN (1992) A review of geophysical constraints in modelling of the Gondwana crust in India. Tcctonophysics, v.2 12, pp. 14 1 - 1 5 1.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2982395
|
Condurrite is a name given to a mixture of cuprite, domeykite and tenorite. It takes its name from the Great Condurrow Mine at Troon, Cornwall in the United Kingdom, which is regarded as the type locality.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2985627
|
Auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) is the intense radio radiation emitted in the acceleration zone (at a height of three times the radius of the Earth) of the polar lights. The radiation mainly comes from cyclotron radiation from electrons orbiting around the magnetic field lines of the Earth. The radiation has a frequency of between 50 and 500 kHz and a total power of between about 1 million and 10 million watts. The radiation is absorbed by the ionosphere and therefore can only be measured by satellites positioned at vast heights, such as the Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST). According to the data of the Cluster mission, it is beamed out in the cosmos in a narrow plane tangent to the magnetic field at the source. The sound produced by playing AKR over an audio device has been described as "whistles", "chirps", and even "screams". As some other planets emit cyclotron radiation too, AKR could be used to learn more about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and to detect extrasolar planets.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2992945
|
Seeligerite is a rare complex lead chlorate iodate mineral with formula: PbCl(IO)O. It is a yellow mineral crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. It has perfect to good cleavage in two directions and a quite high specific gravity of 6.83 due to the lead content. It is translucent to transparent with refractive indices of n=2.120 n=2.320 n=2.320. It was first reported in 1971 from the Casucha Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Region, Chile.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2995450
|
Hans Stille Hans Wilhelm Stille (October 8, 1876 – December 26, 1966) was an influential German geologist working primarily on tectonics and the collation of tectonic events during the Phanerozoic. Stille adhered to the contracting Earth hypothesis and together with Leopold Kober he worked on the geosyncline theory to explain orogeny. Stille's ideas emerged in the aftermath of Eduard Suess' book "Das Antlitz der Erde" (1883–1909). Stille's and Kober's school of thought was one of two that emerged in the post-Suess era the other being headed by Alfred Wegener and Émile Argand. This competing view rejected Earth contraction and argued for continental drift. As Stille opposed continental drift he came to be labelled a "fixist". Part of Stille's work dealt with massifs and sedimentary basins in Central Europe; differing from Suess' interpretations for the same area showing that between the Bohemian and Rhine massifs Mesozoic rocks were folded. A central tenet in Stille's geology was that geosynclines became depressions without any faulting with any fault found being the product of later processes like the final collapse of the geosyncline. In 1933 Stille would shorten Leopold Kober's concept of "kratogen", that was used to describe those portions of the continental crust that were old and stable, into "kraton" (). The "Geotectonic Research" journal was founded in 1937 by and Franz Lotze. The Hans-Stille-Medaille of German Geological Society, awarded annually, is named after him
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2997272
|
Hans Stille Also named for him is the mineral stilleite (ZnSe) and the wrinkle ridge Dorsa Stille on the Moon.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2997272
|
Astronomical Observatory of Trieste ( or OAT) is an astronomical center of studies located in the city of Trieste in northern Italy. The observatory traces its origins from the Nautical School founded in Trieste by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria in 1753. Following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I and the annexation of Trieste by the Kingdom of Italy, the observatory joined the list of Italian astronomical observatories in 1923. Today the observatory is part of Italy's National Institute for Astrophysics ("Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica" or INAF), which includes 20 research institutions around the country. The scientific production of the exceeds 130 papers per year, mostly published in international peer-reviewed journals. The main research activities done at the observatory concern extragalactic astronomy and cosmology (large-scale structure of the universe, intergalactic media), stellar physics, interstellar medium and the galaxy, the physics of the Sun and the Solar System (radioastronomy, coronal plasma, cometary and interplanetary dust), high energy astrophysics (supernovae, gamma-ray bursts), astronomical technologies (computer systems for data acquisition and control, including remote control, acquisition, handling and analysis of images, supercomputing) and space astronomy (development of space technologies and space observations)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3000093
|
Astronomical Observatory of Trieste Of special importance is the participation in the projects of the European Southern Observatory (ESO): the Very Large Telescope (VLT) operated by ESO in Chile; the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) in Arizona, the "Planck" spacecraft operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013; and the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). The is integrated with all the major local scientific institutions in and around Trieste (the AREA Science Park, the International School for Advanced Studies and the University of Trieste) and cooperates with major national and international astronomical institutions, such as the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the European Space Agency (ESA).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3000093
|
Ionochromism Ionochromic materials, similar to photochromic, thermochromic and other chromic materials, alter colour in the presence of a factor and reverse to their initial state when the factor is removed. The factor which causes colour change in ionochromic substances are ions. A flow of ions through an ionochromic material results in a reaction/colour change from the material. This material is in many ways similar to electrochromic materials which change colour when electrons flow through them. Electrons, just like anions, carry a negative charge. Both electrochromic and ionochromic substances have their colour change activated by the flow of charged particles. Ionochromic substances are suitable for detection of charged particles. Some ionochromic substances can be used as indicators for complexometric titrations.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3000978
|
Halochromism A halochromic material is a material which changes color when pH changes occur. The term ‘chromic’ is defined as materials that can change colour reversibly with the presence of a factor. In this case, the factor is pH. The pH indicators have this property. Halochromic substances are suited for use in environments where pH changes occur frequently, or places where changes in pH are extreme. Halochromic substances detect alterations in the acidity of substances, like detection of corrosion in metals. Halochromic substances may be used as indicators to determine the pH of solutions of unknown pH. The colour obtained is compared with the colour obtained when the indicator is mixed with solutions of known pH. The pH of the unknown solution can then be estimated. Obvious disadvantages of this method include its dependency on the colour sensitivity of the human eye, and that unknown solutions that are already coloured cannot be used. The colour change of halochromic substances occur when the chemical binds to existing hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution. Such bonds result in changes in the conjugated systems of the molecule, or the range of electron flow. This alters the wavelength of light absorbed, which in turn results in a visible change of colour. Halochromic substances do not display a full range of colour for a full range of pH because, after certain acidities, the conjugated system will not change
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3000988
|
Halochromism The various shades result from different concentrations of halochromic molecules with different conjugated systems.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3000988
|
Toxicophore A toxicophore is a chemical structure or a portion of a structure (e.g., a functional group) that is related to the toxic properties of a chemical. Toxicophores can act directly (e.g., dioxins) or can require metabolic activation (e.g., tobacco-specific nitrosamines). Most toxic substances exert their toxicity through some interaction (e.g., covalent bonding, oxidation) with cellular macromolecules like proteins or DNA. This interaction leads to changes in the normal cellular biochemistry and physiology and downstream toxic effects. Occasionally, the toxicophore requires bioactivation, mediated by enzymes, to produce a more reactive metabolite that is more toxic. For example, tobacco-specific nitrosamines are activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes to form a more reactive substance that can covalently bind to DNA, causing mutations that, if not repaired, can lead to cancer. Generally, different chemical compounds that contain the same toxicophore elicit similar toxic effects at the same site of toxicity. Medicinal chemists and structural biologists study toxicophores in order to predict (and hopefully avoid) potentially toxic compounds early in the drug development process. Toxicophores can also be identified in lead compounds and removed or replaced later in the process with less toxic moieties. Both techniques, "in silico" (predictive) and "a posteriori" (experimental), are active areas of chemoinformatics research and development, within the field known as "Computational Toxicology"
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3001891
|
Toxicophore For example, in the United States, the EPA's National Center for Computational Toxicology sponsors several toxicity databases based on predictive modeling as well as high-throughput screening experimental methods.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3001891
|
Kálmán Kittenberger (Léva, 10 October 1881 - Nagymaros, 4 January 1958) was a Hungarian traveller, natural historian, biologist and collector. He was born in Léva, now in Slovakia ("Levice"). He made six travels to Africa, the first time in 1902, where he was sent by the Hungarian Royal Society in Budapest. He spent altogether ten and a half years in Africa. During his journeys he faced financial difficulties as he received no sponsorship, but he was still able to grant 60,000 items to the biological collections of the Hungarian National Museum, including 300 new animal species. (Almost 40 of them were named after Kittenberger, including "Pachyonomastus kittenbergeri") Part of that collection was annihilated by a fire in 1956.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3007856
|
Nitratine or nitratite, also known as cubic niter (UK: nitre), soda niter or Chile saltpeter (UK: Chile saltpetre), is a mineral, the naturally occurring form of sodium nitrate, NaNO. Chemically it is the sodium analogue of saltpeter. crystallizes in the trigonal system, but rarely occurs as well formed crystals. It is isostructural with calcite. It is quite soft and light with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 2.24 to 2.29. Its refractive indices are nω=1.587 and nε=1.336. The typical form is as coatings of white, grey to yellowish brown masses. The rare crystals when found typically have the scalenohedral form of the calcite structure. It is found only as an efflorescence in very dry environments. It is very soluble in water such that it is deliquescent and will absorb water out of the air and turn into a "puddle" of sodium nitrate solution when exposed to humid air. was once an important source of nitrates for fertilizer and other chemical uses including fireworks. It has been known since 1845 from occurrences in the Confidence Hills, Southern Death Valley, California and the Atacama Desert, Chile. It is still used in organic farming (where Haber-Bosch ammonia is forbidden) in the US, but prohibited in international organic agriculture.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3009810
|
Richard Levins Richard "Dick" Levins (June 1, 1930 – January 19, 2016) was an ex-tropical farmer turned ecologist, a population geneticist, biomathematician, mathematical ecologist, and philosopher of science who had researched diversity in human populations. Until his death, Levins was a university professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and a long-time political activist. He was best known for his work on evolution and complexity in changing environments and on metapopulations. Levins' writing and speaking is extremely condensed. This, combined with his Marxism, has made his analyses less well-known than those of some other ecologists and evolutionists who were adept at popularization. One story of his Chicago years is that, in order to understand his lectures, his graduate students each needed to attend Levins' courses three times: the first time to acclimate themselves to the speed of his delivery and the difficulty of his mathematics; the second to get the basic ideas down; and the third to pick up his subtleties and profundities. Levins also had written on philosophical issues in biology and modelling. One of his influential articles is "The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology". He has influenced a number of contemporary philosophers of biology. Levins often boasted publicly that he was a 'fourth generation Marxist' and often had said that the methodology in his "Evolution in Changing Environments" was based upon the introduction to Marx's "Grundrisse", the rough draft of "Das Kapital"
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3010875
|
Richard Levins With the evolutionary geneticist Richard Lewontin, Levins had written a number of articles on methodology, philosophy, and social implications of biology. Many of these are collected in "The Dialectical Biologist". In 2007, the duo published a second thematic collection of essays titled "Biology Under the Influence: Dialectical Essays on Ecology, Agriculture, and Health". Also with Lewontin, Levins had co-authored a number of satirical articles criticizing sociobiology, systems modeling in ecology, and other topics under the pseudonym Isadore Nabi. Levins and Lewontin managed to place a ridiculous biography of Nabi and his achievements in "American Men of Science", thereby showing how little editorial care and fact-checking work went on in that respected reference work. was of Ukrainian Jewish heritage and was born on June 1, 1930, in Brooklyn, New York. He recorded reminiscences of his politically and scientifically precocious childhood in an article in . He reportedly had read Paul de Kruif's Microbe Hunters (1926) at age 8 (in 1938) and his first of Charles Darwin's books at age 12 (in 1942). At the age of 10, Levins had been inspired by the essays of the Marxist biological polymath J. B. S. Haldane, whom Levins considers to be the equal of Albert Einstein in scientific importance. Levins studied agriculture and mathematics at Cornell. He married Puerto Rican writer Rosario Morales in 1950
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3010875
|
Richard Levins Blacklisted on his graduation from Cornell, he and Rosario moved to Puerto Rico, where they farmed and did rural organizing. They returned to New York in 1956, where he earned his PhD at Columbia University (awarded 1965). Levins taught at the University of Puerto Rico from 1961 to 1967 and was a prominent member of the Puerto Rican independence movement. He visited Cuba for the first time in 1964, beginning a lifelong scientific and political collaboration with Cuban biologists. His active participation in the independence and anti-war movements in Puerto Rico led to his being denied tenure at the University of Puerto Rico, and in 1967 he and Rosario and their three children - Aurora, Ricardo, and Alejandro - moved to Chicago, where he taught at the University of Chicago and constantly interacted with Lewontin. Both Richard and Rosario later moved to Harvard with the sponsorship of E. O. Wilson, with whom they had later disputes over sociobiology. Levins was elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences but resigned because of the Academy's role in advising the US military during the war. He had been a member of the US and Puerto Rican Communist Parties, the Movimiento Pro Independencia (the Independence movement in Puerto Rico), and the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, and he was on an FBI surveillance list. Until his death, Levins was John Rock Professor of Population Sciences and head of the Human Ecology program in the Department of Global Health and Population of the Harvard School of Public Health
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3010875
|
Richard Levins In the early 1990s, Levins and others formed the Harvard Working Group on New and Resurgent Diseases. Their work showed that alarming new infections had sprung from changes in the environment, either natural or caused by humans (Wilson et al. 1994). During his final two decades, Levins had concentrated on application of ecology to agriculture, particularly in the economically less-well-developed nations of this planet. As a member of the OXFAM-America Board of Directors and former chair of their subcommittee on Latin America and the Caribbean, worked from a critique of the industrial-commercial pathway of development and promoted alternative development pathways which focused attention upon (a) economic viability with (b) population equity, (c) ecological and social sustainability, and (d) empowerment of the dispossessed. When his wife Rosario died in 2011, his daughter Aurora moved in with her father in his Cambridge, Massachusetts home. One of Levins's grandchildren is Minneapolis-based hip hop artist Manny Phesto. Levins died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on January 19, 2016. A species of lizard, "Sphaerodactylus levinsi", is named in his honor. Prior to Levins' work, population genetics had assumed the environment to be constant, while mathematical ecology assumed the genetic makeup of the species involved to be constant. Levins modelled the situation in which evolution is taking place while the environment changes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3010875
|
Richard Levins One of the surprising consequences of his model is that selection need not maximize adaptation, and that species can select themselves to extinction. He encapsulated his major early results in "Evolution in Changing Environments", a book based on lectures he delivered in Cuba in the early 1960s. Levins made extensive use of mathematics, some of which he invented himself, although it had been previously developed in other areas of pure mathematics or economics without his awareness of it. For instance, Levins makes extensive use of convex set theory for fitness sets, (resembling the economic formulations of J. R. Hicks) and extends Sewall Wright's path analysis to the analysis of causal feedback loops. The term metapopulation was coined by Levins in 1969 to describe a "population of populations". Populations inhabit a landscape of suitable habitat patches, each capable of hosting a local sub-population. Local populations may become extinct and be subsequently recolonized by immigration from patches; the fate of such a system of local populations (i.e., the metapopulation) depends on the balance between extinctions and colonizations. Levins introduced a model consisting of a single differential equation, nowadays known as the Levins model, to describe the dynamics of average patch occupancy in such systems. Metapopulation theory has since become an important area of spatial ecology, with applications in conservation biology, population management, and pest control.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3010875
|
Entropy of vaporization The entropy of vaporization is the increase in entropy upon vaporization of a liquid. This is always positive, since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from a liquid in a relatively small volume to a vapor or gas occupying a much larger space. At standard pressure "P" = 1 bar, the value is denoted as Δ"S" and normally expressed in J mol K. In a phase transition such as vaporization, both phases coexist in equilibrium, so the difference in Gibbs free energy is equal to zero. where formula_2 is the heat or enthalpy of vaporization. Since this is a thermodynamic equation, the symbol "T" refers to the absolute thermodynamic temperature, measured in kelvins (K). The entropy of vaporization is then equal to the heat of vaporization divided by the boiling point. According to Trouton's rule, the entropy of vaporization (at standard pressure) of most liquids is about 85 to 88 J mol K.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3011538
|
Flying serpent (asterism) Flying Serpent ("Tengshe" 螣蛇) is an asterism in the Chinese constellation Encampment ("Shixiu" 室宿). The "Jin Shu" describes this asterism as: "Flying/Ascending Serpent, 22 stars north of the Ying "Camp" constellation, [a.k.a.] Heavenly Snake, chief of the water reptiles." (腾蛇二十二星，在营室北，天蛇也，主水虫。)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3011979
|
Lucien Cayeux (26 March 1864–1 November 1944) was a French sedimentary petrographer. In 1902, he joined the "l'Ecole des Mines" and become a professor of geology. In 1912, he was named as professor of geology at the Collège de France. He was admitted to the Académie des Sciences in 1928. He is noted for his study of sediments with the polarizing microscope, and was one of the pioneers in this field. The wrinkle ridge Dorsum Cayeux on the moon is named after him. He also published a number of scientific papers.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3012803
|
List of recombinant proteins The following is a list of notable proteins that are produced from recombinant DNA, using biomolecular engineering. In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine. The prefix "rh" for "recombinant human" appears less and less in the literature. A much larger number of recombinant proteins is used in the research laboratory. These include both commercially available proteins (for example most of the enzymes used in the molecular biology laboratory), and those that are generated in the course specific research projects.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3016399
|
Oldřich Pelčák (born November 2, 1943 in Zlín, Czechoslovakia) was a Czech cosmonaut and engineer. He graduated from Gagarin Air Force Military Academy. In 1976, Pelčák was selected as backup of Vladimír Remek for the Soyuz 28 mission. They were the first cosmonauts who were neither Americans nor Soviets.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3018033
|
Jørgen Matthias Christian Schiødte (20 April 1815 – 22 April 1884), or Jørgen Christian Matthias Schiødte, was a Danish entomologist. He was Professor at University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum. His work was widely read "for, as Schiodte remarks: "'We accordingly look upon the subterranean faunas as small ramifications which have penetrated into the earth from the geographically limited faunas of the adjacent tracts, and which, as they extended themselves into darkness, have been accommodated to surrounding circumstances. Animals not far remote from ordinary forms, prepare the transition from light to darkness. Next follow those that are constructed for twilight; and, last of all, those destined for total darkness, and whose formation is quite peculiar".' These remarks of Schiodte's it should be understood, apply not to the same, but to distinct species." - Charles Darwin His best known publications were In addition, he described numerous species of insects as well as the spider genus Liphistius.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3018881
|
NMG (radio station) NMG is the callsign of the National Hurricane Center's Atlantic basin radiofax radio station. It broadcasts from the United States Coast Guard station in New Orleans, Louisiana with 4 kilowatts of power. TAFB weather forecasts are transmitted full-time on the following frequencies: NMG also broadcasts at 17146.4 kHz between 1200 and 2045 UTC.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3019450
|
Hydathode A hydathode is a type of pore, commonly found in angiosperms, that secretes water through pores in the epidermis or leaf margin, typically at the tip of a marginal tooth or serration. Hydathodes occur in the leaves of submerged aquatic plants such as "Ranunculus fluitans" as well as herbaceous plants of drier habitats such as "Campanula rotundifolia". They are connected to the plant vascular system by a vascular bundle. Hydathodes are commonly seen in water lettuce, water hyacinth, rose, balsam, and many other species. Hydathodes are made of a group of living cells with numerous intercellular spaces filled with water, but few or no chloroplasts, and represent modified bundle-ends. These cells (called "epithem cells") open out into one or more sub-epidermal chambers. These, in turn, communicate with the exterior through an open water stoma or open pore. The water stoma structurally resembles an ordinary stoma, but is usually larger and has lost the power of movement. Hydathodes are involved in the process of guttation, in which positive xylem pressure (due to root pressure) causes liquid to exude from the pores. Some halophytes possess glandular trichomes that actively secrete salt in order to reduce the concentration of cytotoxic inorganic ions in their cytoplasm; this may lead to the formation of a white powdery substance on the surface of the leaf. Hydathodes are of two types:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3023266
|
Stephan Angeloff () (1878–1964) was a Bulgarian microbiologist. He was a member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, and served as rector of Sofia University from 1941 to 1942.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3025570
|
Exoelectron emission In atomic physics, exoelectron emission (EE) is a weak electron emission, appearing only from pretreated (irradiated, deformed etc.) objects. The pretreatment ("excitation") turns the objects into an unequilibrial state. EE accompanies the relaxation of these unequilibria. The relaxation can be stimulated e.g. by slight heating or longwave illumination, not causing emission from untreated samples. Accordingly, thermo- and photostimulated EE (TSEE, PSEE) are distinguished. Thus, EE is an electron emission analogue of such optical phenomena as phosphorescence, thermo- and photostimulated luminescence.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3025604
|
Georgi Bliznakov ( (14 November 1920 – April 2004) was an eminent Bulgarian chemist. He was head of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry and rector at Sofia University, director of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and vice-chairman of the academy. Bliznakov was born in 1920 in Berkovitsa, Bulgaria. After graduating in chemistry in 1943 from Sofia University he worked in industry until 1946, when he joined the University of Varna as an assistant in inorganic and physical chemistry. In 1949 he joined the Department of Physical Chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute in Sofia (now the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy) as an assistant where he stayed until moving to the Department of Inorganic Chemistry at Sofia University in 1951, becoming full professor and head of department in 1960. He stayed in that post until 1989, serving as university rector from 1981 to 1985. Bliznakov's main area of research was crystallization. He was the first to introduce adsorption as a thermodynamic factor in crystal growth, and studied catalysis, particular in relation to ammonia oxidation, the preparation of pure substances, radiochemical processes, and the effect of impurities on the linear crystallization rate. He is the co-author of some of the most popular secondary school chemistry text books in Bulgaria.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3025648
|
Asen Zlatarov () (4 February 1885 – 22 December 1936) was a Bulgarian biochemist, writer and social activist. He was born in Haskovo on 4 February 1885. He studied chemistry at the University of Geneva (1904-07). In 1908 he became a Ph.D. in Chemistry and Physics at Grenoble University. He taught in Plovdiv, and in Munich (1909-1910). He edited the magazines "Chemistry and Industry" and "Nature and Science" and the libraries "Naturfilosophical Reading" and "Science and Life". From 1924, he was visiting professor, and from 1935 a regular professor at the Sofia University. He is the author of literary articles, poems, lyrical prose and a novel. In the period (1925 - 1927) he is a member of the literary circle "Sagittarius". He collaborated with the literary period in the 1930s. An active participant is in the Bulgarian People's Maritime Agreement. Prof. Assen Zlatarov participated in the establishment of the Committee for the Protection of the Jews, together with the widow of the statesman Petko Karavelov - the public actress Ekaterina Karavelova, the writer Anton Strashimirov, Prof. Petko Staynov and others. The former "Mir" and "Word" newspapers published articles against the established committee, saying that it was not the job of Bulgaria, even more so for individual citizens, to be confused with the affairs of great Germany. On July 3, 1933, a meeting was thwarted, where lecturers were Ekaterina Karavelova and Anton Strashimirov.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3025668
|
Georgi Manev () (15 January 1884 – 15 July 1965) was a Bulgarian physicist, founder of the Sofia University Department of Theoretical Physics, rector of Sofia University (1936–37) and education minister of Bulgaria (1938). His work, mostly known as the Manev field, is used today in aerospace science. The articles he published in the 1920s have been noticed by Yusuke Hagihara and have been further analysed by Florin Diacu and co-workers.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3025692
|
Georgi Nadjakov (also spelled Georgi Nadzhakov) () (26 December 1896 – 24 February 1981) was a Bulgarian physicist. He became a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1940) in Germany, member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1945) and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1958). Sofia University sent him to specialize in the laboratories of Paul Langevin and Marie Curie in Paris, where he investigated photoelectricity for one year. experimentally investigated photoconducting properties of sulphur. He prepared the permanent photoelectret state of matter for the first time and published his paper in 1937 Photoelectrets were the most notable achievement of Georgi Nadjakov. Its practical application led to the invention of the photocopier by Chester Carlson some years later. The study of Georgy Nadjakov is a Historic Site of the European Physical Society since 23 May 2014.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3025722
|
Thermotropic crystal A liquid crystal (LC) is thermotropic if the is determined or changed by temperature. If temperature is too high, the rise in energy and therefore in motion of the components will induce a phase transition: the LC will become an isotropic liquid. If, on the contrary, temperature is too low to support a thermotropic phase, the LC will change to glass phase. There is therefore a range of temperatures at which we observe thermotropic LCs; and most of these have several "subphases" (nematic, smectic...), which we may observe by modifying the temperature.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3028112
|
Dumitru Dediu (12 May 1942 in Galaţi – July 2013) was pilot in the Romanian Air Force and cosmonaut candidate that was assigned as the backup for Dumitru Prunariu. In 1978, Dediu was selected as the backup for Dumitru Prunariu for the Soyuz 40 mission. He served in the Romanian Army and lived in Bucharest. He died in early July 2013 after a serious illness (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's). He was buried on July 11, 2013.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3030113
|
Q0906+6930 is the most distant known blazar (redshift 5.47 / 12.2 billion light years), discovered in July, 2004. The engine of the blazar is a supermassive black hole (SMBH) approximately 2 billion times the mass of the Sun (the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is around 1.5 trillion solar masses). The event horizon volume is on the order of 1,000 times that of the Solar System. It is one of the most massive black holes on record. The "distance" of a far away galaxy depends on what distance measurement you use. With a redshift of 5.47, light from this active galaxy is estimated to have taken around 12.3 billion light-years to reach us. But since this galaxy is receding from Earth at an estimated rate of 285,803 km/s (the speed of light is 299,792 km/s), the present (co-moving) distance to this galaxy is estimated to be around 26 billion light-years (7961 Mpc).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3031317
|
Anatoly Babko (15 October 1905 in Sudzhenskoye, Tomsk Governorate – 7 January 1968) was a famous Ukrainian chemist, specializing in analytical chemistry and in the chemistry of complex compounds. Babko was a student of Professor N. Tananaev, a Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic (since 1957), and an Honoured Science Worker of the Ukrainian SSR (after 1966). In 1939, he organized the research department at the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Ukrainian SSR, and managed it until the end of his life. In 1943 he was appointed to a professorship, and in 1944 became the Head of the Department of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Kiev. Babko's main works are devoted to the physical chemistry of complex compounds and their use in analytical chemistry as well as photometric and fluorescence methods of analysis. He published more than 450 scientific works and 9 books that have been translated into several languages.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3031629
|
Glaciokarst Examples of glaciokarst landscapes are found in the Dinaric Alps especially at Orjen, and in the Alps (e.g. the Kanin Plateau with the Vrtiglavica shaft).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3037677
|
José Antonio Balseiro (March 29, 1919 in Córdoba – March 26, 1962 in Bariloche) was an Argentine physicist. Balseiro studied at the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba in his home city, before moving to La Plata to study and research, obtaining a doctorate in physics at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. His doctoral dissertation was directed by Dr. Guido Beck, an Austrian physicist who arrived as a refugee in 1943. In 1950 he received a scholarship granted by the British Council. Due to the limited funds provided by the scholarship, his wife and daughter remained in Argentina. Balseiro did his post-doctoral research at the University of Manchester, in the group directed by Léon Rosenfeld. His father was Galician and his mother was French. The Argentine government requested that he return to Argentina in 1952, a few months before the expiration of his scholarship, to serve in the scientific review panel of the Huemul Project, a study on nuclear fusion conducted by Ronald Richter. Balseiro's report and those of other members of the panel finally convinced the government that the Huemul Project had no scientific merit. Based on this, and reports from a second review panel (composed of physicists Richard Gans and Antonio Rodríguez), the Huemul Project was abandoned. Afterwards, Balseiro remained in Argentina where he was appointed director of the physics department of the Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales of the Universidad de Buenos Aires in 1952
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3037911
|
José Antonio Balseiro In 1955, using part of the old installations of the Huemul Project, the National Atomic Energy Commission created the "Instituto de Física de Bariloche". Balseiro played an important role in this decision and served as the first director of the new institution. Upon his untimely death from leukemia in 1962, the institute was renamed Instituto Balseiro. In 2005 the Instituto Balseiro celebrated 50 years of existence, having grown to become one of the country's leading centers for research in new technology, Physics, and Nuclear Engineering.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3037911
|
Cascading gauge theory In theoretical physics, a cascading gauge theory is a gauge theory whose coupling rapidly changes with the scale in such a way that Seiberg duality must be applied many times. Igor Klebanov and Matthew Strassler studied this kind of N=1 gauge theory in the context of the AdS-CFT correspondence, which is dual to the warped deformed conifold.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3037964
|
Composite gravity In theoretical physics, composite gravity refers to models that attempted to derive general relativity in a framework where the graviton is constructed as a composite bound state of more elementary particles, usually fermions. A theorem by Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten shows that this is not possible in Lorentz covariant theories: massless particles with spin greater than one are forbidden. The AdS/CFT correspondence may be viewed as a loophole in their argument. However, in this case not only the graviton is emergent; a whole spacetime dimension is emergent, too.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3038539
|
Camanchaca Camanchacas are marine stratocumulus cloud banks that form on the Chilean coast, by the Earth's driest desert, the Atacama Desert, and move inland. (In Peru, camanchaca is called garúa) On the side of the mountains where these cloud banks form, the camanchaca is a dense fog that does not produce rain. The moisture that makes up the cloud measure between 1 and 40 microns across, too fine to form rain droplets. In 1985, scientists devised a fog collection system of polyolefin netting to capture the water droplets in the fog to produce running water for villages in these otherwise desert areas. The Camanchacas Project installed 50 large fog-collecting nets on a mountain ridge, which capture some 2% of the water in the fog. In 2005, another installation of panels of producing per square meter per day.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3038633
|
Johann Gottlieb Kugelann (2 January 1753 – 8 September 1815) was a German entomologist. A pharmacist by profession, Kugelann worked on Coleoptera. He published (with Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger and Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig) in 1798 "Verzeichniss der Käfer Preussens".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3045056
|
James Nathaniel Halbert was an Irish entomologist. He was born 30 August 1872 and died 7 May 1948 in Dalkey, Dublin, Ireland. In 1892, Halbert began work at the Science and Art Museum, in Dublin (now the National Museum of Ireland). He was appointed Technical Assistant in 1904 and then Assistant Naturalist, in place of George Herbert Carpenter, a few months later. His first publications were on Coleoptera and appeared in the Irish Naturalist starting in 1892. He also worked with other insects, mainly Neuroptera and Hemiptera. He also worked with fresh water mites, described more than forty insect species and subspecies from Ireland, and was the author of several new genera.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3046263
|
Leo Palatnik Leo Samoylovich Palatnik (); (1909–1994) was an outstanding Ukrainian physicist known for his contributions in the field of thin film physics and film material.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3052162
|
Caspar Erasmus Duftschmid properly Kaspar was an Austrian naturalist and physician who made significant contributions to entomology, especially Coleoptera. He was born in Gmunden 19 November 1767 and died in Linz 17 December 1821. His best-known work, introducing many new genera and species is "Fauna Austriaca. Oder Beschreibung der österreischischen Insekten für angehande Freunde der Entomologie". Volume 1 1804 1805?, Volume 2 1812, Volume 3 1825. Linz and Leipzig. His collection of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera from Upper Austria is in Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum - Biologiezentrum The natural history museum of Upper Austria (in German), Linz. The labels are lost and the insects incorporated into the general collection.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3052962
|
MINDO MINDO, or Modified Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. It is based on the Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) method of John Pople. It was developed by the group of Michael Dewar and was the original method in the MOPAC program. The method should actually be referred to as MINDO/3. It was later replaced by the MNDO method, which in turn was replaced by the PM3 and AM1 methods.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3052975
|
Johann Nepomuk von Laicharting was an Austrian entomologist. He was born in Innsbruck on 4 February 1754 and died in the same city on 7 May 1797, and was a Professor of Natural Science (Naturgeschichte) in Innsbruck. He described new species and genera,of Coleoptera in "Verzeichniss und Beschreibung der Tyroler-Insecten. 1. Teil. Kaferartige Insecten." 1. Band. 1781: I-XII, 1-248. - Zurich, bey Johann Casper Fuessly 1781. In English, lists and descriptions of Tyrol insects - beetles. Presumably this was intended to cover all Austrian insects but no further parts were published.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3054054
|
Valence bond programs Valence bond (VB) computer programs for modern valence bond calculations:- Note that several other programs, as well as some of those above, can do Goddard's Generalized Valence Bond (GVB) methods. GAMESS (US) does this either without the VB2000 interface or with it.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3059333
|
Lehmann discontinuity The is an abrupt increase of "P"-wave and "S"-wave velocities at the depth of , discovered by seismologist Inge Lehmann. The thickness is 220 km . It appears beneath continents, but not usually beneath oceans, and does not readily appear in globally averaged studies. Several explanations have been proposed: a lower limit to the pliable asthenosphere, a phase transition, and most plausibly, depth variation in the shear wave anisotropy. Further discussion of the can be found in the book "Deformation of Earth Materials" by Shun-ichirō Karato.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3066768
|
Section (botany) In botany, a section () is a taxonomic rank below the genus, but above the species. The subgenus, if present, is higher than the section, and the rank of series, if present, is below the section. Sections may in turn be divided into subsections. Sections are typically used to help organise very large genera, which may have hundreds of species. A botanist wanting to distinguish groups of species may prefer to create a taxon at the rank of section or series to avoid making new combinations, i.e. many new binomial names for the species involved. Examples:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3069014
|
Formula unit A formula unit in chemistry is the empirical formula of any ionic or covalent network solid compound used as an independent entity for stoichiometric calculations. It is the lowest whole number ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound. Examples include ionic NaCl and KO and covalent networks such as SiO and C (as diamond or graphite). Ionic compounds do not exist as individual molecules; a formula unit thus indicates the lowest reduced ratio of ions in the compound. A "chemical formula" shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of a substance. In mineralogy, as minerals are almost exclusively either ionic or network solids, the formula unit is used. The number of formula units (Z) and the dimensions of the crystallographic axes are used in defining the unit cell.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3069929
|
Orthometric height The orthometric height of a point is the distance H along a plumb line from the point to a reference height. When the reference height is a geoid model, orthometric height is for practical purposes "height above sea level". In the US, the current NAVD88 datum is tied to a defined elevation at one point rather than to any location's exact mean sea level. Orthometric heights are usually used in the US for engineering work, although dynamic height may be chosen for large-scale hydrological purposes. Heights for measured points are shown on National Geodetic Survey data sheets, data that was gathered over many decades by precise spirit leveling over thousands of miles. Alternatives to orthometric height include dynamic height and normal height, and various countries may choose to operate with those definitions instead of orthometric. They may also adopt slightly different but similar definitions for their reference surface. Since gravity is not constant over large areas the orthometric height of a level surface other than the reference surface is not constant, and orthometric heights need to be corrected for that effect. For example, gravity is 0.1% stronger in the northern United States than in the southern, so a level surface that has an orthometric height of 1000 meters in Montana will be 1001 meters high in Texas. Practical applications must use a model rather than measurements to calculate the change in gravitational potential versus depth in the earth, since the geoid is below most of the land surface (e.g
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3073134
|
Orthometric height , the Helmert Orthometric heights of NAVD88). GPS measurements give earth-centered coordinates, usually displayed as height above the reference ellipsoid, which cannot be related accurately to orthometric height above the geoid without accurate gravity data for that location. In the US, NGS has undertaken the GRAV-D ten-year program to obtain such data with a goal of releasing a new definition in 2022.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3073134
|
Planar array radar The planar array radar is a type of radar that uses a high-gain planar array antenna. A fixed delay is established between horizontal arrays in the elevation plane. As the frequency is changed, the phase front across the aperture tends to tilt, with the result that the beam is moved in elevation. The differing frequencies cause each successive beam to be elevated slightly more than previous beams. A 27.5-degree elevation is scanned by the radar.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3077866
|
Riad Higazy Riad Abdel-Magid Higazy (1919–1967) was an Egyptian earth scientist. The wrinkle ridge Dorsum Higazy on the Moon is named after him.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3079616
|
Microstate continuum A microstate continuum is the fluctuation spectrum of a thermodynamic system in the classical limit of high temperatures. Classical here is to be understood in opposition to quantum statistical mechanics.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3080682
|
Alkermes (company) Alkermes plc is a biopharmaceutical company that focuses on central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as such as schizophrenia, depression, addiction and multiple sclerosis. The company was founded in 1987 by Michael Wall. In September 2011 Alkermes, Inc. merged with Elan Drug Technologies (EDT), the former drug formulation and manufacturing division of Élan Corporation, plc. The company is headquartered in Dublin, and has an R&D center in Waltham, Massachusetts, and manufacturing facilities in Athlone, Ireland, and Wilmington, Ohio. Alkermes has more than 20 commercial drug products and candidates that address serious and chronic diseases, such as addiction, schizophrenia, diabetes and depression. Among these products, five are primary to the company: risperidone long-acting Injection (generic for "Risperdal Consta") for schizophrenia and bipolar 1 disorder, paliperidone palmitate (generic for "Invega Sustenna" in the U.S., "Xeplion" in Europe) for schizophrenia, 4-aminopyridine (generic for "Ampyra" in the U.S., "Fampyra" in Europe) to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis, naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension (generic for "Vivitrol") for alcohol and opioid dependence, and exenatide extended-release for injectable suspension (generic for "Bydureon") for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "Bydureon" is a once-weekly, extended-release form of the drug, exenatide ("Byetta"), and was developed through a partnership between Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Alkermes and Eli Lilly
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3086375
|
Alkermes (company) It is approved in Europe and the U.S. Buprenorphine/samidorphan (ALKS-5461), a κ-opioid receptor antagonist, is a next-generation, novel antidepressant which is under development by Alkermes for treatment-resistant depression. Olanzapine/samidorphan (ALKS-3831) is an atypical antipsychotic and opioid modulator combination that is under development for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar mania.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3086375
|
Shangri-La (Titan) Shangri-La is a large, dark region of Saturn's moon Titan at . It is named after Shangri-La, the mythical paradise in Tibet. It is thought to be an immense plain of dark material. It is thought that these regions of Titan were seas, but that they are now dry. Shangri-La is studded with bright 'islands' of higher ground. It is bounded by the larger regions of high ground: Xanadu to the east, Adiri to the west, and Dilmun to the north. The "Huygens" probe landed on the west part of Shangri-La, close to the boundary with Adiri. The planned lander rotorcraft "Dragonfly" will land on Shangri-La, and will fly toward the Selk impact crater.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3087788
|
Global Forecast System The (GFS) is a global numerical weather prediction system containing a global computer model and variational analysis run by the United States' National Weather Service (NWS). The mathematical model is run four times a day, and produces forecasts for up to 16 days in advance, but with decreased spatial resolution after 10 days. The forecast skill generally decreases with time (as with any numerical weather prediction model) and for longer term forecasts, only the larger scales retain significant accuracy. It is one of the predominant synoptic scale medium-range models in general use. The GFS model is a spectral model with an approximate horizontal resolution of 13 km for the first 10 days and 27 km from 240 to 384 hours (16 days). In the vertical, the model is divided into 64 layers and temporally, it produces forecast output every hour for the first 120 hours, three hourly through day 10 and 12 hourly through day 16. The output from the GFS is also used to produce model output statistics. In addition to the main model, the GFS is also the basis of a lower-resolution 20-member (22, counting the control and operational members) ensemble that runs concurrently with the operational GFS and is available on the same time scales. This ensemble is referred to as the "Global Ensemble Forecast System" (GEFS). Ensemble model output statistics are available out to 8 days. The GFS ensemble is combined with Canada's Global Environmental Multiscale Model ensemble to form the North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3093634
|
Global Forecast System As with most works of the U.S. government, GFS data is not copyrighted and is available for free in the public domain under provisions of U.S. law. Because of this, the model serves as the basis for the forecasts of numerous private, commercial, and foreign weather companies. By 2015 the GFS model had fallen behind the accuracy of other global weather models. This was most notable in the GFS model incorrectly predicting Hurricane Sandy turning out to sea until 4 days before landfall, while the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' model predicted landfall correctly at 7 days. Much of this was suggested to be due to limits in computational resources within the National Weather Service. In response, the NWS purchased new supercomputers, increasing processing power from 776 teraflops to 5.78 petaflops. In 2018, the processing power was increased again to 8.4 petaflops, The agency also tested a potential replacement model with different mechanics, the flow-following, finite-volume icosahedral model (FIM), in the early 2010s; it abandoned that model around 2016 after it did not show substantial improvement over the GFS. In 2019, as a result of the recent tenfold increase in computing power, an upgrade to the GFS model is planned that will increase its horizontal resolution to 9 km and 128 layers out to 16 days, compared to the current run of 13 km and 64 layers out to 10 days. As of the 12z run on 19 July 2017, the GFS model has been upgraded
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3093634
|
Global Forecast System Unlike the recently upgraded ECMWF, the new GFS behaves a bit differently in the tropics and in other regions compared to the previous version. This version accounts more accurately for variables such as the Madden–Julian oscillation and the Saharan Air Layer. On June 12, 2019, after several years of testing, NOAA upgraded the GFS with a new dynamical core, the GFDL Finite-Volume Cubed-Sphere Dynamical Core (FV3), which uses the finite volume method instead of the spectral method used by earlier versions of the GFS. The resulting model, initially developed under the name FV3GFS, inherited the GFS moniker, with the legacy GFS continuing to be run until September 2019. Initial testing of the FV3-based GFS showed promise, improving upon the large-scale prediction skill and hurricane track accuracy of the legacy GFS.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3093634
|
Vishniac (crater) Vishniac is the larger crater of the Martian surface feature called the Giant's Footprint. It was named after Wolf V. Vishniac, a microbiologist who died on an expedition to Antarctica. Fittingly, the crater lies in the Antarctic of Mars. The feature was originally observed by Mariner 7 in 1969. In 1999, the Mars Global Surveyor's Mars Orbiter Camera was able to provide more detailed pictures. The crater measures approximately 80 kilometers in diameter. Its name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1976.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3094227
|
Pavol Adami (Slovak), Adámi Pál (Hungarian), Paul Adami (German) (9 July 1739, in Beluša – 21 September 1795) was a Slovak scientist and scholar, considered one of the world's first veterinarians. He was one of the first recorded experts in the infectious diseases of animals.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3094392
|
Pacific Cordillera (Canada) The is a top-level physiographic region of Canada. This cordillera is part of the North American Cordillera. The mountain ranges in this region were covered during the Pleistocene by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The extent of the Cordilleran ice sheet gives perspective on the geographic extent of this region, extending from coastal mountains in Alaska, south through most of the Yukon and British Columbia, bordered by the Rocky Mountains to the East, to stretch its margin beyond the Canada–United States border with five extensive lobes reaching into the mountain valleys of Montana and Washington. The Cordillera mountains were formed by the collision of tectonic plates and stray islands from the far East coast, causing the crust to buckle forming the mountains that we know today. This is the youngest of the three primary geographic regions of Canada, the others being the Canadian Shield and Great Plains. This designation is peculiar to Canada because the country's intramontane plateaus are narrow and may be considered together with adjoining ranges. Well known mountain ranges can be found at the Pacific Cordillera, including the famous Rocky Mountain range, and the coastal mountain range stretching across British Columbia. Such places are major tourist attractions and are basis of economy for the province of British Columbia.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3097643
|
Aerodynamic force An aerodynamic force is a force exerted on a body by the air (or other gas) in which the body is immersed, and is due to the relative motion between the body and the gas. There are two causes of aerodynamic force: Pressure acts normal to the surface, and shear force acts parallel to the surface. Both forces act locally. The net aerodynamic force on the body is equal to the pressure and shear forces integrated over the body's total exposed area. When an airfoil (such as a wing) moves relative to the air, it generates an aerodynamic force in a rearward direction, at an angle determined by the direction of relative motion. This aerodynamic force is commonly resolved into two components, acting through the body's center of pressure: In addition to these two forces, the body may experience an aerodynamic moment. The force created by propellers and jet engines is called "thrust", and is also an aerodynamic force (since it acts on the surrounding air). The aerodynamic force on a powered airplane is commonly represented by three vectors: thrust, lift and drag. The other force acting on an aircraft during flight is its weight, which is a body force and not an aerodynamic force.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3100319
|
Relic particles are superheavy particles hypothesized to be remnants of early cosmological expansion.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3104334
|
Vladimír Zoubek (21 September 1903 in Heřmanův Městec – 24 May 1995 in Prague) was a Czech geologist. He won the Lomonosov Prize for his contributions to geology. The mineral Zoubekite is named after him.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3104923
|
Piezochromism describes the tendency of certain materials to change color with the application of pressure. This effect is closely related to the electronic band gap change, which can be found in plastics, semiconductors (e.g. hybrid perovskites) and hydrocarbons.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3105510
|
Corrected fuel flow is the fuel flow that is required by an engine if the freestream total head conditions are equivalent to ambient conditions at Sea Level on a Standard Day (i.e. 14.696 lb/in², 288.15K ). Corrected Fuel Flow can be calculated as follows, assuming Imperial units: So-called Non-Dimensional Fuel Flow formula_2) is proportional to Corrected Fuel Flow: Corrected Fuel Flow (or Non-Dimensional Fuel Flow) is one of several non-dimensional groups associated with gas turbine performance calculations. The equivalent equations for Preferred SI Units are: Nomenclature:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3109122
|
Colure Colure, in astronomy, is either of the two principal meridians of the celestial sphere. The "equinoctial colure" is the meridian or great circle of the celestial sphere which passes through the celestial poles and the two equinoxes: the first point of Aries and the first point of Libra. The "solstitial colure" is the meridian or great circle of the celestial sphere which passes through the poles and the two solstices: the first point of Cancer and the first point of Capricorn. There are several stars closely aligned with the solstitial colure: Pi Herculis, Delta Aurigae, and Theta Scorpii. This makes the solstitial colure point towards the North Celestial Pole and Polaris.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3116066
|
Moulin (geomorphology) A moulin (or glacier mill) is a roughly circular, vertical (or nearly vertical) well-like shaft within a glacier or ice sheet which water enters from the surface. The term is derived from the French word for mill. They can be up to 10 meters wide and are typically found on ice sheets and flat areas of a glacier in a region of transverse crevasses. Moulins can reach the bottom of the glacier, hundreds of meters deep, or may only reach the depth of common crevasse formation (about 10–40 m) where the stream flows englacially. They are the most typical cause for the formation of a glacier cave. Moulins are parts of the internal structure of glaciers, that carry meltwater from the surface down to wherever it may go. Water from a moulin often exits the glacier at base level, sometimes into the sea, and occasionally the lower end of a moulin may be exposed in the face of a glacier or at the edge of a stagnant block of ice. Water from moulins may help lubricate the base of the glacier, affecting glacial motion. Given an appropriate relationship between an ice sheet and the terrain, the head of water in a moulin can provide the power and medium with which a tunnel valley may be formed. The role of this water in lubricating the base of ice sheets and glaciers is complex and it is implicated in accelerating the speed of glaciers and thus the rate of glacial calving.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3123653
|
Haidingerite is a calcium arsenate mineral with formula Ca(AsOOH)·HO. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system as short prismatic to equant crystals. It typically occurs as scaly, botryoidal or fibrous coatings. It is soft, Mohs hardness of 2 to 2.5, and has a specific gravity of 2.95. It has refractive indices of nα = 1.590, nβ = 1.602 and nγ = 1.638. It was originally discovered in 1827 in Jáchymov, Czech Republic. It was named to honor Austrian mineralogist Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger (1795–1871). It occurs as a dehydration product of pharmacolite in the Getchell Mine, Nevada.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3124147
|
Per Andersen Per Oskar Andersen (12 January 1930 – 17 February 2020) was a Norwegian brain researcher at the University of Oslo. Research by his lab, specifically by Terje Lømo (and Timothy Bliss, who helped characterize the phenomenon years later), led to the discovery of long-term potentiation in 1966. He was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Society. He held honorary degrees at the University of Zürich and the University of Stockholm. He resided in Blommenholm.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3133192
|
Lakshmi Planum is a plateau feature approximately 2 million sq km ringed by rugged mountains, the surface of Venus on the Western Ishtar Terra. It is named after Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth. It is roughly above the mean planetary radius. is ringed by intensely deformed terrain, some of which is shown in the southern portion of the image and is called Clotho Tessera. The plains of Lakshmi are made up of radar-dark, homogeneous, smooth lava flows.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3134521
|
Richard Scott Perkin Richard "Dick" Scott Perkin (1906 – 1969) was an American entrepreneur. At an early age he developed an interest in astronomy, and began making telescopes and grinding lenses and mirrors. He only spent a year in college studying chemical engineering before he began working at a brokerage firm on Wall Street. During the 1930s he met Charles Elmer when the latter was presenting a lecture. The two had a mutual interest in astronomy and decided to go into business together. In 1937, they founded Perkin-Elmer as an optical design and consulting company. Richard served as president of the company until 1960, then became chairman of the board. The crater Perkin on the Moon was named after him, while Elmer was named after his business partner. Perkin was married to Gladys Frelinghuysen Talmage who became CEO after he died. A decade later, Gladys commissioned a commemorative history to be written. One hundred copies were printed and distributed to friends.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3135403
|
Alexander Tropsha is a chemist and professor at the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill. Tropsha is Associate Dean for Pharmacoinformatics and Data Science at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy. His primary fields of research are cheminformatics and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling in the context of drug discovery. As of 2015, Tropsha has been an associate editor of the American Chemical Society’s "Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling". In 1982, Tropsha earned his master's degree chemistry from Moscow State University. Tropsha continued his studies under Lev S. Yaguzhinski earning his PhD in biochemistry and pharmacology in 1986. Tropsha immigrated to the USA in 1989 where he began his career in academics as an assistant professor and director of the Laboratory for Molecular Modeling at the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill in 1991. Tropsha became a professor in 2004, and, in 2008, he became the K.H. Lee Distinguished Professor at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy. Research in his laboratory includes the development and application of "k"-nearest neighbor pattern recognition methods to the field of QSARs and application of the Delaunay tessellation technique to protein structure analysis. His recent work focuses on methods of rigorous validation of QSAR models and the development of best-practice QSAR workflows. Tropsha's group has also raised concerns over the utility of structural alerts in toxicology and for PAINS.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3136342
|
Thermal velocity The velocity or thermal speed is a typical velocity of the thermal motion of particles that make up a gas, liquid, etc. Thus, indirectly, thermal velocity is a measure of temperature. Technically speaking, it is a measure of the width of the peak in the Maxwell–Boltzmann particle velocity distribution. Note that in the strictest sense "thermal velocity" is not a velocity, since "velocity" usually describes a vector rather than simply a scalar speed. Since the thermal velocity is only a "typical" velocity, a number of different definitions can be and are used. Taking formula_1 to be the Boltzmann constant, formula_2 the absolute temperature, and formula_3 the mass of a particle, we can write the different thermal velocities: If formula_4 is defined as the root mean square of the velocity in any one dimension (i.e. any single direction), then If formula_4 is defined as the mean of the magnitude of the velocity in any one dimension (i.e. any single direction), then If formula_4 is defined as the most probable speed, then If formula_4 is defined as the root mean square of the total velocity (in three dimensions), then If formula_4 is defined as the mean of the magnitude of the velocity of the atoms or molecules, then All of these definitions are in the range At 20 °C (293.15 kelvins), the mean thermal velocity of common gasses is:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3136883
|
Batchelor vortex In fluid dynamics, Batchelor vortices, first described by George Batchelor in a 1964 article, have been found useful in analyses of airplane vortex wake hazard problems. The is an approximate solution to the Navier-Stokes equations obtained using a boundary layer approximation. The physical reasoning behind this approximation is the assumption that the axial gradient of the flow field of interest is of much smaller magnitude than the radial gradient. <br> The axial, radial and azimuthal velocity components of the vortex are denoted formula_1,formula_2 and formula_3 respectively and can be represented in cylindrical coordinates formula_4 as follows:<br> The parameters in the above equations are <br> Note that the radial component of the velocity is zero and that the axial and azimuthal components depend only on formula_13. <br> We now write the system above in dimensionless form by scaling time by a factor formula_14. Using the same symbols for the dimensionless variables, the can be expressed in terms of the dimensionless variables as <br> where formula_16 denotes the free stream axial velocity and formula_17 is the Reynolds number. If one lets formula_18 and considers an infinitely large swirl number then the simplifies to the Lamb–Oseen vortex for the azimuthal velocity: where formula_20 is the circulation.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3139737
|
Kaufmann (Scully) vortex The Kaufmann vortex, also known as the Scully model, is a mathematical model for a vortex taking account of viscosity. It uses an algebraic velocity profile. Kaufmann and Scully's model for the velocity in the Θ direction is: The model was suggested by Scully and Sullivan in 1972 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and earlier by W. Kaufmann in 1962.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3139954
|
Dielectric breakdown model (DBM) is a macroscopic mathematical model combining the diffusion-limited aggregation model with electric field. It was developed by Niemeyer, Pietronero, and Weismann in 1984. It describes the patterns of dielectric breakdown of solids, liquids, and even gases, explaining the formation of the branching, self-similar Lichtenberg figures.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3140673
|
J-type asteroid J-type asteroids are asteroids with spectra similar to that of diogenite meteorites and so, presumably, to the deeper layers of the crust of 4 Vesta. Their spectra are rather similar to that of the V-type asteroids but have a particularly strong 1 μm absorption band. Examples are 2442 Corbett, 3869 Norton, 4005 Dyagilev, and 4215 Kamo.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3142071
|
Major actinide Major actinides is a term used in the nuclear power industry that refers to the plutonium and uranium present in used nuclear fuel, as opposed to the minor actinides neptunium, americium, curium, berkelium, and californium.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3148927
|
Cacholong Cacholong, also known as Kalmuck agate, is a form of common opal, although it is often mistaken for agate or chalcedony. A milky white colour with a Mohs hardness of about 6, it is used for carving, cameos, etc. Found in Austria, Czech Republic, Mongolia and Uzbekistan, its name possibly comes from a river in Uzbekistan.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3156395
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.