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NGC 273 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 10, 1785 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51933204 |
Photopharmacology is an emerging approach in medicine in which drugs are activated and deactivated with light. The energy of light is used to change for shape and chemical properties of the drug, resulting in different biological activity. This is done to ultimately achieve control when and where drugs are active in a reversible manner, to prevent side effects and exposure to the environment of antibiotics. Switching drugs 'on' and 'off' is achieved by introducing photoswitches such as azobenzene, spiropyran or diarylethene into the drug. By introducing the photoswitch, the drug has two different states between which can be switched with light. Since both states have a different structure, the activity of the drug is different hence the 'on' and 'off' state of the drug An example is photostatin, which is an inhibitor that can be switched on and off "in vivo", to optically control microtubule dynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51934343 |
Oilfield scale inhibition is the process of preventing the formation of scale from blocking or hindering fluid flow through pipelines, valves, and pumps used in oil production and processing. Scale inhibitors (SIs) are a class of specialty chemicals that are used to slow or prevent scaling in water systems. Oilfield scaling is the precipitation and accumulation of insoluble crystals (salts) from a mixture of incompatible aqueous phases in oil processing systems. is a common term in the oil industry used to describe solid deposits that grow over time, blocking and hindering fluid flow through pipelines, valves, pumps etc. with significant reduction in production rates and equipment damages. Scaling represents a major challenge for flow assurance in the oil and gas industry. Examples of oilfield scales are calcium carbonate (limescale), iron sulfides, barium sulfate and strontium sulfate. Scale inhibition encompasses the processes or techniques employed to treat scaling problems. The three prevailing water-related problems that upset oil companies today are corrosion, gas hydrates and scaling in production systems. The reservoir water has a high composition of dissolved minerals equilibrated over millions of years at constant physicochemical conditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51937029 |
Oilfield scale inhibition As the reservoir fluids are pumped from the ground, changes in temperature, pressure and chemical composition shift the equilibria and cause precipitation and deposition of sparingly soluble salts that build up over time with the potential of blocking vital assets in the oil production setups. Scaling can occur at all stages of oil/gas production systems (upstream, midstream and downstream) and causes blockages of well-bore perforations, casing, pipelines, pumps, valves etc. Severe scaling issues have been reported in Russia and certain North Sea production systems. Two main classifications of scales are known; inorganic and organic scales and the two types are mutually inclusive, occurring simultaneously in the same system, referred to as mixed scale. Mixed scales may result in highly complex structured scales that are difficult to treat. Such scales require aggressive, severe and sometimes costly remediation techniques. Paraffin wax, asphaltenes and gas hydrates are the most often encountered organic scales in the oil industry. This article focuses on the simplest and common form of scales encountered; inorganic scales. Inorganic scales refer to mineral deposits that occur when the formation water mixes with different brines such as injection water. The mixing changes causes reaction between incompatible ions and changes the thermodynamic and equilibrium state of the reservoir fluids. Supersaturation and subsequent deposition of the inorganic salts occur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51937029 |
Oilfield scale inhibition The most common types of inorganic scales known to the oil/gas industry are carbonates and sulfates; sulfides and chlorites are often encountered. While, the solubility of most inorganic salts (NaCl, KCl, ...) increases with temperature (endothermic dissolution reaction) , some inorganic salts such as calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate have also a retrograde solubility, i.e., their solubility decreases with temperature. In the case of calcium carbonate, it is due to the degassing of CO whose solubility decreases with temperature as it is the case for most of the gases (exothermic dissolution reaction in water). In the case of calcium sulfate, the reason is that the dissolution reaction of calcium sulfate itself is exothermic and therefore is favored when the temperature decreases (then, the dissolution heat is more easily evacuated, see Le Chatelier's principle). In other terms, the solubility of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate increases at low temperature and decreases at high temperature, as it is also the case for calcium hydroxide (portlandite) often referred as a didactic case study to explain the reason of retrograde solubility. Water, noted for its high solvation power can dissolve certain gases such as carbon dioxide (CO) to form aqueous CO. Under the right conditions of temperature and/or pressure, HO and CO molecules react to yield carbonic acid (HCO) whose solubility increases at low temperature and high pressure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51937029 |
Oilfield scale inhibition The slightest changes in pressure and temperature dissolves HCO in water according to equation (3) to form hydronium and bicarbonate (HCO) ions. The two reactions (2) and (4) describe the equilibrium between bicarbonate ions (HCO), which are highly soluble in water and calcium carbonate (CaCO) salt. According to Le Chatelier's principle, drilling operations and extraction of the oil from the well bore decreases the pressure of the formation and the equilibrium shifts to the right (3) to increase the production of CO to offset the change in pressure. After years of oil production, wells may experience significant pressure drops resulting in large CaCO deposits as the equilibrium shifts to offset the pressure changes. Sulfates of Group (II) metal ions (M), generally decrease in solubility down the group. The most difficult scales to remove are those of Barium sulfate because of its high insolubility forming very hard scale deposits. A general representation of the reaction is summarized in reaction: 5. M + SO → MSO Sulfate scale usually forms when formation water and injected seawater mix together. The relationship between these and the degree of supersaturation is crucial in estimating the amount of sulfate salts that will precipitate in the system. Seawater has a high concentration of sulfate ions and mixing with formation water with lots of Ca and other M ions in the formation water. Severe problems with sulfate scale are common in reservoirs where seawater has been injected to enhance oil recovery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51937029 |
Oilfield scale inhibition Due to its relatively high solubility in water, Calcium sulfate is the easiest sulfate scale to remove chemically as compared to strontium and barium sulfate. Scale crystals are initially dispersed in production systems until accumulation of stable crystals of insoluble sulfates and scale growth occur at nucleation centers. Uneven pipeline surfaces and production equipment such as pumps and valves cause rapid scale growth to levels that can block pipelines. The scaling-tendency of an oil-well can be predicted based on the prevailing conditions such as pH, temperature, pressure, ionic strength and the mole fraction of CO in the vapor and aqueous phases. For instance the saturation index for CaCO scale is calculated using the formula; F= {[Ca][CO]}/K Where F is the scale saturation ratio, defined as the ratio of the activity product to the solubility product of the salt. Activity is defined as the product of the activity coefficients and the concentrations of Ca and SO ions. The ionic strength is a measure of the concentration of the dissociated ions dissolved in water also called as “total dissolved solids” (TDS). Different oilfield scale remediation techniques are known but majority are based on three basic themes: The first two methods may be used for short-term treatment and effective for mild-scaling conditions, however, continuous injection or chemical scale squeeze treatment with SIs have been proven over the years to be the most efficient and cost-effective preventative technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51937029 |
Oilfield scale inhibition Scale inhibitors are specialty chemicals that are added to oil production systems to delay, reduce and/or prevent scale deposition. acrylic acid polymers, maleic acid polymers and phosphonates have been used extensively for scale treatment in water systems due to their excellent solubility, thermal stability and dosage efficiency. In the water treatment industry, the major classes of SIs have inorganic phosphate, organophosphorous and organic polymer backbones and common examples are PBTC (phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid), ATMP (amino-trimethylene phosphonic acid) and HEDP (1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid), polyacrylic acid (PAA), phosphinopolyacrylates (such as PPCA), polymaleic acids (PMA), maleic acid terpolymers (MAT), sulfonic acid copolymers, such as SPOCA (sulfonated phosphonocarboxylic acid), polyvinyl sulfonates. Two common oilfield mineral SIs are Poly-Phosphono Carboxylic acid (PPCA) and Diethylenetriamine- penta (methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP). Inhibition of calcium carbonate scale deposition and crystal studies of its polymorphs have been conducted. Different SIs are designed for specific scaling conditions and biodegradability properties. The inhibitor molecules essentially bind ions in aqueous phase of production fluids that could potentially precipitate as scales. For instance, to bind positively charged ions in the water, anions must be present in the inhibitor molecular backbone structure and vice versa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51937029 |
Oilfield scale inhibition Group (II) metal ions are commonly sequestered by SIs with the following functionalities; - Phosphonate ions (-POH) - Phosphate ions (-OPOH) - Phosphonate ions (-POH) - Sulphonate ions (-SO) - Carboxylate ions (-CO) A SI with a combination of two or more of these functional groups is more efficient in managing scale problems. Usually the sodium salts of the carboxylic derivatives are synthesized as the anionic derivatives and are known to be the most effective due to their high solubilities. Interactions of these functional groups tend to prevent the crystal growth sites using dissociated or un-dissociated groups. The dissociation state is determined by the pH of the system, hence knowledge of the pKa values of the chemicals are important for different pH environments. Again, the inhibition efficiency of the SI depends on its compatibility with other production chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors. Generally, the environmental impacts of SIs are complicated further by combination of other chemicals applied through exploratory, drilling, well-completion and start-up operations. Produced fluids, and other wastes from oil and gas operations with high content of different toxic compounds are hazardous and harmful to human health, water supplies, marine and freshwater organisms. For instance trails of increased turbidity resulting from oil and gas exploratory activities on the eastern shelf of Sakhalin in Russia have been reported with consequential adverse effects on salmon, cod and littoral amphipods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51937029 |
Oilfield scale inhibition Efforts to develop more environmentally friendly SIs have been made since the late 1990s and an increasing number of such SIs are becoming commercially available. Recent environmental awareness over the past 15 years has resulted in the production and application of more environmentally friendly SIs, otherwise called 'Green Scale Inhibitors' (GSI). These GSIs are designed to have reduced bio-accumulating and high biodegradability properties and therefore reduce pollution of the waters around oil production systems. Phosphate ester SIs, commonly employed for treating calcium carbonate scales are known to be environmentally friendly but poor inhibition efficiency. Release of SIs containing Nitrogen and Phosphorus distorts the natural equilibrium of the immediate water body with adverse effects on aquatic life. Another alternative, polysaccharide SIs meet the requirements for environmentally friendly materials; they contain no Phosphorus or Nitrogen and are noted for their non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable properties. Carboxymethyl inulin (CMI), which is isolated from the roots of Inula helenium has been used in oil exploration and its very low toxicity and crystal growth inhibition power has been reported for treating calcite scales. Examples of poorly biodegradable SIs such as the amino-phosphonate and acrylate-based SIs are being phased-out by stringent environmental regulations as demonstrated in the North sea by Norway zero discharge policy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51937029 |
H band (infrared) In infrared astronomy, the H band refers to an atmospheric transmission window centred on 1.65 micrometres with a Full width at half maximum of 0.35 micrometres (in the near-infrared). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51990624 |
J band (infrared) In infrared astronomy, the J band refers to an atmospheric transmission window (1.1 to 1.4 um) centred on 1.25 micrometres (in the near-infrared). Betelgeuse is the brightest near-IR source in the sky with a J band magnitude of −2.99. The next brightest stars in the J band are Antares (−2.7), R Doradus (−2.6), Arcturus (−2.2), and Aldebaran (−2.1). In the J band Sirius is the 9th brightest star. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51991052 |
FESOM (Finite-Element/volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model) is a multi-resolution ocean general circulation model that solves the equations of motion describing the ocean and sea ice using finite-element and finite-volume methods on unstructured computational grids. The model is developed and supported by researchers at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), in Bremerhaven, Germany. implements the idea of using meshes with variable resolution to simulate the circulation of the global ocean with regional focus. Because of the broad range of scales characterizing the ocean circulation, downscaling is commonly needed to describe processes on regional scales. allows global multi-resolution cross-scale simulations without traditional nesting. The dynamical core of the new version (FESOM2) switches from the finite-element method used in the original version of to the finite-volume method for the sake of better computational efficiency. Both versions include the Finite-Element Sea Ice Model (FESIM). is also used as the ocean component of the AWI-CM, the coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model developed at AWI. The prototype version of appeared in 2004 due to work of Sergey Danilov, Gennady Kivman and Jens Schröter. Ralph Timmermann extended it to a full global ocean - sea ice configuration in 2009. Qiang Wang rewrote its numerical algorithm and parameterizations from 2008 through 2014, which led to essentially improved numerical and physical performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51992248 |
FESOM The last release of with the finite-element dynamical core is FESOM1.4 (Wang et al., 2014). The release of AWI-CM using is by Sidorenko et al. in 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51992248 |
NGC 274 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It is a pair of galaxies, the other being NGC 275, which it is currently interacting with. It was discovered on September 10, 1785 by William Herschel. It is roughly 120 million light-years away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51997781 |
NGC 275 is a barred spiral galaxy located approximately 63 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Cetus. It is one of a pair of galaxies, the other being NGC 274. It was discovered on October 9, 1828 by John Herschel. The galaxy was described as "very faint, small, round, southeastern of 2" by John Dreyer in the New General Catalogue, with the other of the two galaxies being NGC 274. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51997795 |
NGC 276 is a barred spiral galaxy located approximately 626 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1886 by Frank Muller and was later also observed by DeLisle Stewart. John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue describes the object as "extremely faint, pretty small, extended 265°, 11 magnitude star 3 arcmin to north". The galaxy's right ascension was later corrected in the Index Catalogue using the observation data by Stewart. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51997860 |
NGC 277 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 8, 1864 by Heinrich d'Arrest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51998268 |
NGC 279 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 1, 1785 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51999333 |
NGC 280 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered on December 5, 1785 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51999371 |
Infected cell protein 34.5 (ICP-34.5, ICP34.5, or GADD34) is a protein expressed by the ɣ34.5 gene in viruses such as herpes simplex virus; it blocks a cellular stress response to viral infection. It shares the C-terminal regulatory domain () with protein phosphatase 1 subunit 15A/B. When a cell is infected with a virus, protein kinase R is activated by the virus' double-stranded RNA. Protein kinase R then phosphorylates a protein called eukaryotic initiation factor-2A (eIF-2A), which inactivates eIF-2A. EIF-2A is required for translation so by shutting down eIF-2A, the cell prevents the virus from hijacking its own protein-making machinery. Viruses in turn evolved ICP34.5 to defeat the defense; it activates protein phosphatase-1A which dephosphorylates eIF-2A, allowing translation to occur again. A herpesvirus lacking the ɣ34.5 gene will not be able to replicate in normal cells because it cannot make proteins. The ICP34.5 deletion is useful for the construction of Oncolytic herpes viruses, as cancer cells do not restrict replication as strongly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52007407 |
NGC 282 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on October 13, 1879 by Édouard Stephan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52007903 |
NGC 283 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 2, 1886 by Francis Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52007918 |
NGC 284 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 2, 1886 by Francis Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52007927 |
NGC 285 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 2, 1886 by Francis Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52007945 |
NGC 286 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 2, 1886 by Francis Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52007956 |
NGC 287 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on November 22, 1827 by John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52007985 |
Chen Dong (astronaut) Chen Dong (; born 12 December 1978) is a Chinese pilot and astronaut selected as part of the Shenzhou program. A fighter pilot in the People's Liberation Army Air Force, he was selected to be a CNSA astronaut in 2010. Chen was born in Luoyang, Henan on 12 December 1978 from a working-class family. He holds a Master degree in Engineering from Xi'an Jiaotong University. He joined the People's Liberation Army Air Force in August 1997, achieving the rank of Colonel. Chen was selected for the second batch for Chinese astronauts in 2009 when he was a combat aircraft pilot. He was interviewed by Yang Liwei. He was selected to fly on the Shenzhou 11 mission in October 2016 with astronaut Jing Haipeng. The two underwent more than 3,000 hours of training before the launch of the spacecraft. On 17 October 2016 On 07:30 local time (23:30 GMT on 16 October), Chen lifted off with Shenzhou 11 for a 33-day space mission to the Tiangong-2 space station as his first spaceflight, launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center using a Long March 2F launch rocket. The crew landed successfully after the 33 day mission on 18 November 2016, marking China's longest manned space flight to date. The reentry module of the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft landed in Inner Mongolia around 2.15 p.m(China time) after detaching from the space lab on 17 November | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52009929 |
Chen Dong (astronaut) For his achievements on the Shenzhou 11 mission, Chen was awarded the Spaceflight Merit Medal (Third Class) along with the honorary title of "hero astronaut" on 26 December 2016 by the Central Military Commission. Chen has twin sons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52009929 |
K band (infrared) In infrared astronomy, the K band is an atmospheric transmission window centered on 2.2 μm (in the near-infrared 136 THz range). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52012421 |
NGC 291 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52019329 |
NGC 293 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52019358 |
NGC 294 is an open cluster located in the Small Magellanic Cloud in the constellation Tucana. It was discovered on April 11, 1834 by John Herschel, although it was possibly observed on September 5, 1826 by James Dunlop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52019383 |
NGC 297 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52019423 |
NGC 298 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52020068 |
NGC 299 is an open cluster of stars in the main body of the Small Magellanic Cloud – a nearby dwarf galaxy. It is located in the southern constellation of Tucana, just under 200,000 light years distant from the Sun. The cluster was discovered on August 12, 1834 by English astronomer John Herschel. The cluster is around 25 million years old with 600 times the mass of the Sun. It spans a radius of . The metallicity of the cluster, what astronomers term the abundance of elements more massive than helium, is almost identical to that of the Sun. The cluster is old enough that the stellar winds from the most massive members has dispersed all of the original dust and gas. Hence, star formation has come to a halt. Two eclipsing binaries and one probable Be star have been identified, but the cluster is lacking any low-amplitude pulsating variables. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52020120 |
NGC 301 is a spiral galaxy located approximately 204 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1886 by Frank Muller. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52020220 |
L band (infrared) In infrared astronomy, the L band is an atmospheric transmission window centred on 3.5 micrometres (in the mid-infrared). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52022163 |
M band (infrared) In infrared astronomy, the M band is an atmospheric transmission window centred on 4.7 micrometres (in the mid-infrared). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52022359 |
William Graham McIvor (1824 - 8 June 1876) was a Scottish gardener and superintendent of the Neilgherry Cinchona plantations in Ootacamund, India who was responsible for the successful introduction of cinchona plants in the Nilgiris in the 1860s. McIvor was born in Dollar in Scotland where his father John had settled after working to establish a nursery garden at Crieff. McIvor trained in horticulture and arboriculture and worked at Kew before taking up in 1848, a position in southern India as superintendent of the yet to be established Ootacamund botanical garden. At Kew, McIvor took an interest in bryophytes and published a pocket herbarium of British hepatics in 1847. He established the botanical garden at Ootacamund and worked there until his death. He married Anne, eldest daughter of Colonel Edwards of Iscoed, Denbighshire on 31 May 1850. McIvor received cinchona plants in 1861 that had been brought from South America by Clements Markham. The first set of plants died but later batches consisting of other species (especially "Cinchona succirubra") did well. McIvor found that removing strips of barks and allowing them to heal by covering them in moss improved the sustainability of harvesting bark from the trees. McIvor ran into troubles with the Madras Government on handling a subordinate who was given to drinking. He also faced labour shortages which were for a while solved by importing Chinese convicts from the Straits Settlements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52029639 |
William Graham McIvor The labour situation eased in 1877 due to the famine in the plains and an influx into the Niligiris. His funeral was attended by most government officers and among those present included Colonel R. H. Beddome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52029639 |
NGC 302 is a magnitude 16.6 star located in the constellation Cetus. It was recorded in 1886 by Frank Muller. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52039583 |
NGC 303 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1886 by Francis Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52039606 |
NGC 304 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered on October 23, 1878 by Édouard Stephan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52039643 |
William John Ansorge (6 April 1850 – 31 October 1913 at Luanda) was a physician who worked in Angola and Uganda and is known for exploring the fauna of the African region. He was posted as a medical officer in Uganda from 1895 to 1898. Several species of animals were named after him by museum taxonomists chiefly in Britain; these include Ansorge's cusimanse ("Crossarchus ansorgei"); several birds, including Ansorge's greenbul ("Andropadus ansorgei"), "Platysteira" ("concreta") "ansorgei", "Xenocopsychus ansorgei", and "Nesocharis ansorgei"; many fishes ("Polypterus ansorgii", "Microctenopoma ansorgii", "Phractura ansorgii", "Thysochromis ansorgii", "Enneacampus ansorgii", "Neolebias ansorgii", and "Epiplatys ansorgii"); and three reptiles ("Afrogecko ansorgii", "Hemidactylus ansorgii", and "Psammophis ansorgii"). Ansorge's ancestors came from Silesia, but William was born in Chapra, Bengal, to Rev. Paul Gotthold Ansorge (who worked in Krishnaghar, Bengal, and later at Mauritius, preaching in Bengali and Hindi in India) in 1850 and studied at the Royal College in Mauritius and then at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He worked briefly at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. He then became a professor at the Royal College in Mauritius (1872–1880) and senior professor from 1880 to 1886. He was also District Medical Officer in Uganda and in Southern Nigeria. He travelled across Africa (northern Angola, Benguella, Mossamedes, Portuguese Guinea) and wrote "" in 1899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52041518 |
William John Ansorge Ernst Hartert noted that Ansorge was a very valuable collector and contributor to the bird collection of Walter Rothschild at Tring. Hartert noted that Ansorge's knowledge of the species collected was limited and that he lacked a training in zoology. His early collections made from 1892 in Uganda were of poor quality and he received training from Hartert. Hartert notes that he died in Angola at just 64, although giving the appearance of an older man with his white beard. Ansorge married Mary Matilda, daughter of G.E. Ely of Edinburgh, in 1881. They had two sons and a daughter. He received two medals with clasps for his service in Uganda 1897–1898 and for his role in the Aro Expedition of 1901–1902. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52041518 |
NGC 307 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 6, 1831 by John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52048482 |
NGC 309 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1876 by Wilhelm Tempel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52048522 |
Building block (chemistry) Building block is a term in chemistry which is used to describe a virtual molecular fragment or a real chemical compound the molecules of which possess reactive functional groups. Building blocks are used for bottom-up modular assembly of molecular architectures: nano-particles, metal-organic frameworks, organic molecular constructs, supra-molecular complexes. Using building blocks ensures strict control of what a final compound or a (supra)molecular construct will be. In medicinal chemistry, the term defines either imaginable, virtual molecular fragments or chemical reagents from which drugs or drug candidates might be constructed or synthetically prepared. Virtual building blocks are used in drug discovery for drug design and virtual screening, addressing the desire to have controllable molecular morphologies that interact with biological targets. Of special interest for this purpose are the building blocks common to known biologically active compounds, in particular, known drugs, or natural products. There are algorithms for de novo design of molecular architectures by assembly of drug-derived virtual building blocks. Organic functionalized molecules (reagents), carefully selected for the use in modular synthesis of novel drug candidates, in particular, by combinatorial chemistry, or in order to realize the ideas of virtual screening and drug design are also called building blocks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52050131 |
Building block (chemistry) To be practically useful for the modular drug or drug candidate assembly, the building blocks should be either mono-functionalised or possessing selectively chemically addressable functional groups, for example, orthogonally protected. Selection criteria applied to organic functionalized molecules to be included in the building block collections for medicinal chemistry are usually based on empirical rules aimed at drug-like properties of the final drug candidates. Bioisosteric replacements of the molecular fragments in drug candidates could be made using analogous building blocks. The building block approach to drug discovery changed the landscape of chemical industry which supports medicinal chemistry. Major chemical suppliers for medicinal chemistry like Maybridge, Chembridge, Enamine adjusted their business correspondingly. By the end of the 1990th the use of building block collections prepared for fast and reliable construction of small-molecule sets of compounds (libraries) for biological screening became one of the major strategies for pharmaceutical industry involved in drug discovery; modular, usually one-step synthesis of compounds for biological screening from building blocks turned out to be in most cases faster and more reliable than multistep, even convergent syntheses of target compounds. There are online web-resources. Typical examples of building block collections for medicinal chemistry are libraries of fluorine-containing building blocks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52050131 |
Building block (chemistry) Introduction of the fluorine into a molecule has been shown to be beneficial for its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, therefore, the fluorine-substituted building blocks in drug design increase the probability of finding drug leads. Other examples include natural and unnatural amino acid libraries, collections of conformationally constrained bifunctionalized compounds and diversity-oriented building block collections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52050131 |
NGC 311 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on September 18, 1828 by John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52057576 |
NGC 312 is an elliptical galaxy / lenticular galaxy in the constellation Phoenix. It was discovered on September 5, 1836 by John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52057614 |
Jorge Muñoz Cristi (1898–1967) was a Chilean geologist active at the University of Chile. He obtained a degree in mining engineering in 1929, and stated to lecture in 1943. He was director of the Instituto de Geología in 1952. Muñoz Cristi was a student of Juan Brüggen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52058053 |
Daniel Frederik Eschricht (18 March 1798 – 22 February 1863) was a Danish zoologist, physiologist, and anatomist known as an authority on whales. He was born in Copenhagen, and studied medicine at Frederiks Hospital, graduating in 1822. He was a student of François Magendie in Paris from 1824-1825, composing a thesis on cranial nerves, after which he studied with prominent European naturalists and anatomists, including Georges Cuvier. He joined the University of Copenhagen in 1829, becoming Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in 1836. The gray whale genus "Eschrichtius" was named for him a year after his death. In 1861, Eschricht dissected an orca and found thirteen common porpoises and fourteen seals inside. Jules Verne referred to the incident in the Sargasso chapter of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52061383 |
NGC 314 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered on September 27, 1834 by John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52071403 |
NGC 315 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on September 11, 1784 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52071479 |
Eskebornite is a selenide mineral with the formula CuFeSe It crystallizes in the tetragonal system and it has a brassy colour. is sometimes found as thick tabular crystals, but is more often found intergrown with other selenides. It is part of the chalcopyrite group and forms a series with chalcopyrite. was first identified in 1949 by Paul Ramdohr in the Eskaborn Adit, Tilkerode (Abberode), Harz, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, which it was also named after. It is often found with other selenides, including clausthalite, tiemannite, berzelianite, naumannite, umangite, geffroyite, and chaméanite, but also with other minerals like chalcopyrite, uraninite, ankerite, and dolomite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52081652 |
Lalita Iyer is a journalist, writer and blogger based in Mumbai, India. She is the author of two books, ""I'm pregnant, not terminally ill, you idiot"" and ""The Boy Who Swallowed A Nail And Other Stories"", as well as writing two blogs: "Chickwit" and "Mommygolightly". Iyer is a graduate of the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (UDCT Mumbai), with an M.Pharm degree in Medicinal and Natural Products (Pharmacognosy). She was Assistant Editor of "Man’s World" magazine from October 2004 to November 2006, Deputy Editor at "Hindustan Times" from November 2006 to January 2010, Managing Editor of "Filmfare" magazine from April 2013 to May 2014, and has taught English at the Sahyadri School, Pune. Iyer is the author of two blogs. "Chickwit" was started as a women's column in the Hindustan Times. The second, Mommygolightly related to motherhood. Iyer has also authored two books. The first book, published by Amaryllis Books, is titled "I’m Pregnant, Not Terminally Ill, You Idiot!", and the second book published by Scholastic is titled "The Boy Who Swallowed a Nail and Other Stories". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52090945 |
NGC 317 is a pair of interacting galaxies, consisting of a lenticular galaxy (PGC 3442) and a spiral galaxy (PGC 3345), in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered on October 1, 1885 by Lewis Swift. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52102207 |
NGC 318 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on November 29, 1850 by Bindon Stoney. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52102225 |
NGC 319 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Phoenix. It was first discovered on September 5, 1834 by John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52102251 |
NGC 320 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was first discovered in 1886 by Francis Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52102273 |
NGC 322 is a lenticular galaxy located approximately 318 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Phoenix. It was discovered on September 5, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small, round, a little brighter middle, 3 stars to west." It apparently seems to be interacting with PGC 95427, another galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52110764 |
NGC 323 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Phoenix. It was discovered on October 3, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "pretty faint, small, round, brighter middle, preceding (western) of 2", the other being NGC 328. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52128609 |
NGC 324 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Phoenix. It was discovered on October 23, 1835 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "questionable, faint, small, stellar". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52128630 |
NGC 325 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52128652 |
Michael G. Rix Michael Gordon Rix is an Australian arachnologist, whose publications mainly concern spiders. , he was Principal Curator of Arachnology and Research Fellow in the Biodiversity and Geosciences Program at the Queensland Museum. He has held numerous professional appointments including President of the Society of Australian Systematic Biologists and Associate Editor of the "Journal of Arachnology". He is widely published and cited. The World Spider Catalog lists 166 species names and 22 genus names authored or co-authored by Rix, . "Pseudoanyphaena michaelrixi", discovered in 2003, "w"as named after him. His interest in spiders developed as a boy. He has interest in Australian trapdoor spiders and his research into their decline over the past decade. In early 2020 Rix expressed concern over the likely extinction of the assassin spider — "Zephyrarchaea austini" — also called the pelican spider, which is only known to occur in the Western River Wilderness Protection Area on Kangaroo Island, as a result of the catastrophic 2020 bush fires. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52131042 |
NGC 326 is a dumbbell galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on August 24, 1865 by Heinrich d'Arrest. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, a little extended, 9th or 10th magnitude star to southeast." X-shaped (or "winged") radio galaxies are a class of extragalactic radio source that exhibit two, low-surface-brightness radio lobes (the "wings") oriented at an angle to the active, or high-surface-brightness, lobes. Both sets of lobes pass symmetrically through the center of the elliptical galaxy that is the source of the lobes, giving the radio galaxy an X-shaped morphology as seen on radio maps. is a radio galaxy; in fact, it is one of the most prominent X-shaped galaxies ever observed. Several studies have been conducted to try to explain its morphology through either fluid motion or reorientation of the jet axis. The Chandra X-ray Observatory examined the emissions of the galaxy. The study revealed several features, including a high-temperature front that might indicate a shock, high-temperate knots around the rim of the radio emission, and a cavity associated with the eastern wing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52135883 |
NGC 327 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. It is described by Dreyer as "faint, small, extended." It is nearby galaxies NGC 329, NGC 325 and NGC 321. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52135906 |
NGC 328 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Phoenix. It was discovered on September 5, 1836 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, a little extended, very gradually brighter middle, following (eastern) of 2", the other being NGC 323. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52135953 |
NGC 329 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, extended." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52135978 |
NGC 331 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1886 by Francis Leavenworth. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, very small, round, a little brighter middle, 12th magnitude star 3 arcmin northeast." There are two candidates as to which object is NGC 331: PGC 2759 or PGC 3406, with the former being a much more likely candidate than the latter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52136034 |
NGC 332 is a compact and/or lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on October 22, 1886 by Lewis Swift. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, small, round, several stars near to south." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52136059 |
Leiden Bio Science Park The Leiden Bio Science park (LBSP) is the largest life sciences cluster in the Netherlands and ranks in the top five of the most successful science parks in Europe. It is part of Leiden and Oegstgeest and focuses on companies and universities in the Biotechnology sector. The park comprises 110 hectares (272 acres) with over 103 companies and knowledge-based institutions. The park is located mostly in Leiden and lies between Wassenaarseweg on the north and the Plesmanlaan on the south. The park focuses mostly on the use of biotechnology for medical and biopharmaceutical applications. The LBSP was founded in 1984 in the Leeuwenhoek area west of Leiden Central Station, between the Faculty of Science of the Leiden University and the former Academic Medical Hospital, known as the LUMC. The municipality decided that this area should primarily be focused on biotechnology. In 2005 the foundation" Leiden Life meets Science" was founded by the Leiden University, the municipality, the LUMC, TNO, Naturalis, Chamber of Commerce, the province South Holland, University of Applied Sciences, and the ROC Leiden, with the purpose of growth the park in size and quality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52141066 |
Boudewijn Karel Boom (1903–1980) was a Dutch botanist and author. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52148685 |
Tasia Maximova Stadnichenko Taisia Maximova Stadnichenko (9 October 1894 – 26 November 1958), a Russian born geologist and chemist, whose fieldwork focused on the distribution of germanium and the minor-element content in coal. She was born in Taganash, Crimea on October 9, 1894 and died on November 26,1958 at the age of sixty-four due to a heart ailment. She attended Petrograd University and joined the Russian Geological Survey before moving to the United States in 1918 to act as an interpreter for the Russian mission throughout World War I. After the war, she continued her professional life as a researcher at the University of Illinois and as a professor at Vassar College from 1922 to 1935. In 1935, Stadnichenko led the first U.S Geological Survey exploring the minor-element distribution within coal by collecting samples of coal ash for element content analysis, which found germanium and other elements within the coal ash. Stadnichenko is widely considered instrumental in the discovery and understanding of coal's structure and origin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52152136 |
NGC 333 is a lenticular galaxy located approximately 755 million light years away in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1877 by Wilhelm Tempel. It has a companion galaxy, named PGC 3073571, which is presumed to be a physical pair of NGC 333. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52157025 |
NGC 334 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered on September 25, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, small, round, gradually a little brighter middle, 2 stars of 11th magnitude to south." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52157121 |
NGC 1022 is a barred spiral galaxy located at approximately 66 million light years away in the constellation of Cetus. It was discovered on September 10, 1785 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52157981 |
Marine and Petroleum Geology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering marine and petroleum geology. It was established in 1984 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Massimo Zecchin (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale) and (Max) Qinhong Hu (The University of Texas at Arlington). The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.281. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52158722 |
Molybdenum carbide (MoC and MoC) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52163569 |
Peptone water is a microbial growth medium composed of peptic digest of animal tissue and sodium chloride. The pH of the medium is 7.2±0.2 at 25 °C and is rich in tryptophan. is also a non-selective broth medium which can be used as a primary enrichment medium for the growth of bacteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52167095 |
NGC 335 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 9, 1885 by Francis Leavenworth. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, pretty small, extended, brighter middle." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52168274 |
NGC 336 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 31, 1885 by Francis Leavenworth. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, small, round, suddenly brighter middle." It is also known as PGC 3470. Despite this, sometimes it is mistakenly identified as PGC 3526. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52168326 |
NGC 337 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 10, 1785 by William Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "pretty faint, large, extended, gradually a little brighter middle, 10th magnitude star 21 seconds of time to the east." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52168388 |
Weed Science Society of America The (WSSA) is a nonprofit, learned society focused on weed science. It was founded in 1956. The organization promotes research, education, and extension outreach, provides science-based information to the public and policy makers, and fosters awareness of weeds and their impact on both managed and natural ecosystems. President for 2018-19 is Scott Senseman from the University of Tennessee. WSSA has started the International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds initiative to collect herbicide resistances. The WSSA classifies all herbicides by the mode of action. In 2017, WSSA began a partnership with Cambridge University Press to continue publication of the three WSSA journals: "Weed Science" , "Weed Technology" , and "Invasive Plant Science and Management" . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52169764 |
NGC 338 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered in 1877 by Wilhelm Tempel. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small, irregular figure, brighter middle." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52178635 |
NGC 340 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, small, extended." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52187779 |
NGC 341 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 21, 1881 by Édouard Stephan. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, pretty large, round, a little brighter middle, mottled but not resolved." It has a companion galaxy, PGC 3627, which is sometimes called NGC 341B. For this, reason, it has been included in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52187839 |
HE 2359-2844 is a subdwarf located approximately 800 light years away in the constellation Sculptor, with a surface temperature of approximately . Along with stars HE 1256-2738 and LS IV-14 116, forms a new group of star called heavy metal subdwarfs. contains very high levels of lead - 10,000 times more than the Sun. It also contains 10,000 times more yttrium and zirconium than the Sun. It is suggested that there is a lead layer above the star that is thick and that contains 100 billion tonnes of lead. Dr. Naslim Neelamkodan explained that "the heavy-metal stars are a crucial link between bright red giants, stars thirty or forty times the size of the Sun, and faint blue subdwarfs, stars one fifth the size, but seven times hotter and seventy times brighter than the Sun." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52193704 |
HE 1256-2738 is a subdwarf located approximately 1,000 light years away in the constellation Hydra, with a surface temperature of approximately . Along with stars HE 2359-2844 and LS IV-14 116, forms a new group of star called heavy metal subdwarfs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52193743 |
Cinco (crater) Cinco is a small crater in the Descartes Highlands of the Moon visited by the astronauts of Apollo 16. The crater is one of a group of five (hence the name, Spanish for "five") craters that were collectively called the Cinco craters during the Apollo 16 mission. The craters were designated "a", "b", "c", "d", and "e", and the largest ("a") was officially named "Cinco" after the mission in 1973 by the IAU. On April 21, 1972, the Apollo 16 Apollo Lunar Module "Orion" landed about 4 km north of Cinco, northeast of the prominent South Ray crater. The astronauts John Young and Charles Duke explored the area over the course of three EVAs using a Lunar Roving Vehicle, or rover. They drove up Stone Mountain to Station 4, about 80 m west of Cinco crater, on EVA 2. The primary goal of sampling on Stone Mountain was to attempt to sample the Descartes Formation, although it remains unclear if the Descartes was sampled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52194820 |
NGC 342 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52200124 |
NGC 343 are a pair of interacting galaxies in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1886 by Frank Muller. It was described by Dreyer as "extremely faint, very small, irregularly round, suddenly brighter middle and nucleus (perhaps a star?)." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52200160 |
NGC 344 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1886 by Frank Muller. It was described by John Louis Emil Dreyer as "extremely faint, very small, irregularly round, suddenly brighter middle and nucleus (perhaps a star?)." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52200246 |
NGC 345 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on September 27, 1864 by Albert Marth. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small, gradually brighter middle." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52200267 |
Dissociation rate The dissociation rate in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology is the rate or speed at which a ligand dissociates from a protein, for instance, a receptor. It is an important factor in the binding affinity and intrinsic activity (efficacy) of a ligand at a receptor. The dissociation rate for a particular substrate can be applied to enzyme kinetics, including the Michaelis-Menten model. Substrate dissociation rate contributes to how large or small the enzyme velocity will be. In the Michaelis-Menten model, the enzyme binds to the substrate yielding an enzyme substrate complex, which can either go backwards by dissociating or go forward by forming a product. The dissociation rate constant is defined using K. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52203741 |
Sigma-D relation The Sigma-D relation, or Σ-D Relation, is the radio surface brightness to diameter relation of a supernova remnant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52206441 |
Ernest Olivier Joseph (January 6, 1844 – January 26, 1914) was a French entomologist and botanist, known as a specialist in fireflies (Lampyridae). He was founder and editor of the journal "Revue scientifique du Bourbonnais et du centre de la France". He was also involved in politics, serving as town councilor and later mayor of Chemilly, Allier, and was founder of the "Gazette de l'Allier" newspaper. He was a member of the Entomological Society of France and the Entomological Society of London. He was the grandson of entomologist Guillaume-Antoine Olivier. His botanical works include "Flore populaire de l' Allier". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52211130 |
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